Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Template:Infobox rocket/payload

2026-07-18T18:37:49Z

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Template:Infobox rocket/payload

2026-07-18T18:36:41Z

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Template:Infobox rocket/Payload

2026-07-18T18:36:30Z

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Vikram-1

2026-07-18T18:35:36Z

Simba: Vikram-1

{{Short description|Indian small-lift launch vehicle developed by Skyroot Aerospace}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Rocket
| name = Vikram-1
| image = [[File:Skyroot’s Vikram-I on the Launch Pad at SDSC SHAR.webp|290px]]
| caption = Vikram-I on the First Launch Pad at SDSC SHAR
| function = [[Small-lift launch vehicle]]
| manufacturer = [[Skyroot Aerospace]]
| country-origin = India
| cpl =
| height = {{cvt|24|m}}
| diameter =
| mass =
| stages = 4
| capacities =
{{infobox rocket/Payload
| location = [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] (500 km @ 45° inclination)
| mass = I:{{cvt|350|kg}} IU:{{cvt|550|kg}}
}}
{{Infobox rocket/Payload
| location = [[Polar orbit|SSPO]] (500 km)
| mass = {{cvt|260|kg}}
}}
| status = Active
| sites = {{ubil
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| [[SSLV Launch Complex]]
}}
| launches = 1
| success = 1
| fail =
| partial =
| first =
| last =
| payloads =
| stagedata =
{{Infobox rocket/stage
| type = stage
| stageno = First
| engines = Kalam 1200
| length =
| diameter =
| solid = yes
| thrust = {{cvt|1000|kN}}
| burntime =
| SI =
| fuel = Solid
| empty =
| gross =
| propmass =
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
| type = stage
| stageno = Second
| length =
| diameter =
| engines = Kalam 250
| thrust = {{cvt|250|kN}}
| SI =
| burntime =
| fuel = Solid
| empty =
| gross =
| propmass =
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
| type = stage
| stageno = Third
| length =
| diameter =
| engines = Kalam 100
| solid = yes
| thrust = {{cvt|100|kN}}
| SI =
| burntime =
| fuel = Solid
| empty =
| gross =
| propmass =
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
| type = stage
| stageno = Fourth
| length =
| diameter =
| engines = 4 x [[Raman (rocket engine)|Raman-I]]
| thrust = {{cvt|3.4|kN}}
| SI =
| burntime =
| fuel = [[N2O4]]/[[Monomethylhydrazine|MMH]]
| empty =
| gross =
| propmass =
}}
| comparable = {{flatlist|
* [[Agnibaan]]
* [[Firefly Alpha|Alpha]]
* [[Rocket Lab Electron|Electron]]
* [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]}}
}}

'''Vikram-1''' ([[Sanskrit]], {{literally|Brave}}; [[Namesake]]: [[Vikram Sarabhai]], also referred to as '''Vikram-I''') is a four-stage [[Expendable launch system|expendable]] [[small-lift launch vehicle]] developed by [[Skyroot Aerospace]]. The vehicle employs [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid propulsion]] for its first three stages, while its final stage is powered by a [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid engine]]. Its maiden mission, designated '''Aagaman''', was launched on 18 July 2026 and successfully completed its flight objectives.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=2026-07-18 |title=Skyroot Aerospace reaches orbit on first Vikram-1 launch |url=https://spacenews.com/skyroot-aerospace-reaches-orbit-on-first-vikram-1-launch/ |access-date=2026-07-18 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Development ==
[[File:Vikram-1.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.35|Schematic representation of Vikram-I]]

[[Skyroot Aerospace]] officially introduced the Vikram-1 launch vehicle in October 2023 during an event held at its MAX-Q headquarters in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thathoo |first=Chetan |date=2023-10-24 |title=Shooting For The Stars: Skyroot Unveils Orbital Rocket Vikram-I At Its New HQ In Hyderabad |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/shooting-for-the-moon-skyroot-unveils-orbital-rocket-vikram-i-at-its-new-hq-in-hyderabad/ |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> According to the company, the rocket was designed to address the increasing demand for launches within the global [[small satellite]] market.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Skyroot {{!}} On-Demand Space Launch Vehicles |url=https://www.skyroot.in/ |access-date=2026-07-18 |website=www.skyroot.in |language=en}}</ref>

Development of Vikram-1 followed the successful flight of the [[Vikram-S]] suborbital demonstrator in November 2022. That mission made Skyroot the first privately owned Indian company to launch a rocket from facilities operated by [[ISRO]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully launches Vikram-S, first privately made rocket |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/india-successfully-launches-vikram-s-first-privately-made-rocket |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2022, the company carried out a full-duration static firing test of the Kalam-100 solid rocket stage, one of the propulsion elements intended for Vikram-1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alamalhodaei |first=Aria |date=2022-05-20 |title=Skyroot successfully completes full-duration stage test |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/20/indian-launch-startup-skyroot-successfully-completes-full-duration-stage-test/ |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Further qualification activities, including avionics validation and stage separation testing, were conducted during 2024 and 2025.<ref name=":0" />

In November 2025, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] unveiled the flight-ready version of Vikram-1 while inaugurating Skyroot's Infinity Campus in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Skyroot's Infinity Campus, unveil Vikram-I Orbital Rocket today |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/pm-to-inaugurate-skyroots-infinity-campus-unveil-vikram-i-orbital-rocket-on-november-27/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251208154942/https://ddnews.gov.in/en/pm-to-inaugurate-skyroots-infinity-campus-unveil-vikram-i-orbital-rocket-on-november-27/ |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=ddnews.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Design ==
Vikram-1 is a four-stage orbital launch vehicle measuring about 20 metres in height and 1.7 metres in diameter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-26 |title=Skyroot readies Vikram-1 for India's first private orbital launch - Manufacturing Today India |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/skyroot-readies-vikram-1-for-indias-first-private-orbital-launch |access-date=2026-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Solid propulsion is used for the first three stages, whereas the upper kick stage is powered by a liquid propulsion system that performs orbital insertion and subsequent orbital adjustment manoeuvres.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=India's Skyroot launches Vikram-1 in first private orbital rocket mission |url=https://www.reuters.com/science/indias-skyroot-launches-vikram-1-first-private-orbital-rocket-mission-2026-07-18/}}</ref>

The vehicle is finished with a blue first stage, while the remaining three stages are painted white.<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lLd1cI7v0U |title=Vikram-1 {{!}} Test Flight-1 {{!}} Skyroot {{!}} Mission Aagaman{{!}} India's First Private Orbital Rocket Launch |date=2026-07-16 |last=Skyroot Aerospace |access-date=2026-07-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Its structure makes extensive use of [[Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer|carbon-composite]] airframes to reduce overall weight. According to Skyroot, the rocket also incorporates [[3D printing|3D-printed]] liquid engines together with a modular avionics architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skyroot Aerospace and Dhawan-II's More Powerful 3D-Printed Cryogenic Engine |url=https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/index.php?option=com_dailyplanetblog&view=entry&category=industry-news&id=178:skyroot-aerospace-and-dhawan-ii-s-more-powerful-3d-printed-cryogenic-engine |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=www.cryogenicsociety.org}}</ref>

The Kalam 250 stage is equipped with [[Thrust vectoring|thrust vector control]] to steer the vehicle during flight, while the upper stage employs [[Reaction control system|reaction control system (RCS)]] thrusters to maintain and adjust its attitude.<ref name=":0" />

Skyroot describes Vikram-1 as a responsive launch vehicle intended for rapid integration and launch, with relatively low ground infrastructure requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/insight/skyroot-aerospace-nears-maiden-orbital-rocket-launch-milestone/gm-GMCAD8DC86?gemSnapshotKey=GMCAD8DC86-snapshot-3&uxmode=ruby |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> The launcher is designed to support both dedicated payload missions and rideshare launches.<ref name=":3" />

== Launch history ==
The inaugural mission of Vikram-1, named '''Aagaman''' ([[Sanskrit]], 'Arrival'), was launched on 18 July 2026. During the flight, the vehicle successfully deployed several miniaturized satellites into low Earth orbit, marking the first successful orbital launch by the rocket.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-07-17 |title='The dawn of a new space era': Vikram-1, India's 1st private orbital rocket, aces debut launch |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/skyroot-aerospace-india-first-private-orbital-launch-vikram-1 |access-date=2026-07-18 |website=Space |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-11 |title=With Skyroot at the head of the class, India's private space industry seeks to take off |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/05/with-skyroot-at-the-head-of-the-class-indias-private-space-industry-seeks-to-take-off/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/skyroot-vikram-1-mission-aagaman-indias-1st-private-rocket-lifts-off-for-historic-mission-from-sriharikota-11787468
|title=Hello Space, Vikram-1 Has Arrived: Skyroot Scripts India's Historic Rocket Mission|date=2026-07-18|access-date=2026-07-18|website=NDTV|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Flight
! scope="col" | Rocket (Configuration)
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Orbit
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| rowspan="2" |18 July 2026 06:35:30
| Aagaman
| Vikram-1
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]] FLP
|{{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|India}} SCOPE
*{{flagicon|India}} SOLARAS S3
}}
| [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
| {{Success}}
|-
| colspan="7" |The maiden flight of Vikram-1 also carried Cosmoserve Space's robotic arm '''Embrace''' and hosted an in-orbit technology demonstration by the [[Germany|German]] company DCUBED on the vehicle's upper stage. The mission successfully achieved orbit on the rocket's first launch attempt.<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |Q1 2027
| TBA
| Vikram-1U
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]]
| {{flagicon|India}} TBA
| [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
| {{Planned}}
|-
| colspan="7" |The first flight of the Vikram-1U configuration, an upgraded version of Vikram-1 equipped with additional solid rocket boosters, is planned for the first quarter of 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=2026-07-08 |title=Skyroot prepares for first orbital launch attempt |url=https://spacenews.com/skyroot-prepares-for-first-orbital-launch-attempt/ |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Vikram-2]]
* [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]
* [[Agnibaan]]
* [[Space industry of India]]
* [[List of Vikram launches]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://skyroot.in/}}

{{Expendable launch systems}}
{{Indian space programme}}

[[Category:Expendable space launch systems]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2026]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib

2026-07-02T16:37:38Z

Simba:

{{Short description|Historic Sikh gurdwara in Punjab, Pakistan}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib
| native_name = {{nq|گردوارہ سری گرو سنگھ سبھا صاحب}} ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਭਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ
| image = Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib demolition 2026.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib before its partial demolition in 2026
| location_town = [[Farooqabad]] (formerly Chuharkana), [[Sheikhupura District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| location_country = [[Pakistan]]
| construction_start_date = c. 1900–1901
| architectural_style = [[Sikh architecture]]
}}

'''Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib''',{{efn|[[Shahmukhi]]: {{Nastaliq|گردوارہ سری گرو سنگھ سبھا صاحب}} [[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਭਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ}} also known simply as '''Gurdwara Singh Sabha''', is a historic [[gurdwara]] located in [[Farooqabad]] (formerly Chuharkana), [[Sheikhupura District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. Constructed around the beginning of the 20th century, the shrine is associated with the [[Singh Sabha movement]], the Sikh reform movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century and played a significant role in the revival of Sikh religious and educational institutions.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=What to know about 125-year-old Gurdwara Singh Sabha demolished in Pakistan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/what-to-know-about-125-year-old-gurdwara-singh-sabha-demolished-in-pakistan-punjab-india-condemns-act-101782962592295.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Pakistan's 125-year-old Gurdwara was demolished. Here's its story |url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/pakistans-125-year-old-gurdwara-was-demolished-here-is-its-story-11716666 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The gurdwara stands close to [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]], one of the principal shrines associated with [[Guru Nanak]], and historically served the Sikh community of Chuharkana before the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |title=125-year-old gurdwara demolished in Pakistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistan/articleshow/132075211.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=125-year-old Gurdwara demolished by businessman without permission; restoration ordered |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/pakistan/125-year-old-gurdwara-singh-sabha-demolished-in-pakistan-by-businessman-without-permission-restoration-ordered/ |work=The Tribune |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The shrine attracted international attention in June 2026 after portions of the historic structure were demolished during an alleged illegal demolition, prompting protests by Sikh organisations, condemnation by the [[Government of India]], and assurances from Pakistani authorities that the gurdwara would be restored.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=India condemns demolition of 125-year-old Gurdwara in Pakistan, seeks restoration |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/india-condemns-demolition-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-in-pakistan-seeks-restoration/articleshow/132140477.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

==Location==

The gurdwara is situated in the town of '''Farooqabad''', historically known as '''Chuharkana''', in [[Sheikhupura District]] of Pakistan's Punjab province. The town lies approximately 35 kilometres west of [[Nankana Sahib]] and is closely associated with Sikh history owing to the presence of [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]], where [[Guru Nanak]] is believed to have performed the episode known as ''Sacha Sauda'' ("True Bargain").<ref name="NDTV" />

Located only a short distance from Gurdwara Sacha Sauda, Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib formed part of the historic Sikh religious landscape of the town during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref name="ToI" />

==Significance==

The gurdwara derives its historical importance from its association with the '''[[Singh Sabha movement]]''', a reform movement founded in 1873 that sought to revive Sikh religious institutions, promote Punjabi education in the [[Gurmukhi]] script, standardise Sikh practices, and strengthen Sikh identity during the colonial period.<ref name="NDTV" />

Constructed approximately 125 years before its demolition in 2026, the shrine became a local centre for Sikh religious and community activities and was regarded as one of the surviving pre-Partition Sikh monuments in Farooqabad.<ref name="HT" />

Following the Partition of India in 1947 and the migration of the town's Sikh population, the gurdwara ceased functioning as an active place of worship but continued to survive as an important reminder of the region's Sikh heritage.<ref name="NDTV" />

==History==

===Construction===

Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib was established around 1900–1901 during the expansion of the Singh Sabha movement across undivided Punjab. Contemporary reports describe the building as approximately 125 years old, with its year of construction reportedly inscribed above the main entrance.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Historic Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan's Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/historic-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistans-punjab-sikh-community-protests/article71173204.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The shrine served the Sikh residents of Chuharkana during the late colonial period, when the town possessed a vibrant Sikh community and several religious institutions connected with the life of Guru Nanak.<ref name="NIE">{{cite news |title=125-year-old Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan; Sikh groups seek intervention |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2026/Jul/02/125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistan-mea-condemns-act-sikh-groups-seek-intervention |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

===After Partition===

Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the Sikh population of Farooqabad migrated to India, leaving the gurdwara without a resident congregation. According to later reports, the property was subsequently occupied for residential purposes, while the historic structure largely remained standing for decades despite neglect.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="Hindu" />

Despite no longer functioning as an active gurdwara, the building continued to be recognised by Sikh organisations as a significant historic monument because of its connection with the Singh Sabha movement and its proximity to Gurdwara Sacha Sauda.<ref name="HT" />

==Demolition==

[[File:125-Year-Old Gurdwara Singh Sabha Demolished In Pakistan.jpeg|thumb|The gurdwara after portions of the historic structure were demolished in June 2026.]]

During the night of 24–25 June 2026, substantial portions of Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib were demolished by heavy machinery, reportedly at the direction of a local businessman seeking to redevelop the property.<ref name="NDTV_News">{{cite news |title=Pakistani businessman demolishes 125-year-old Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib in Farooqabad, sparks protest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistani-businessman-demolishes-125-year-old-gurdwara-sri-guru-singh-sabha-sahib-in-farooqabad-sparks-protest-11715534 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="Hindu" />

According to Pakistani authorities, the demolition was carried out without approval from the relevant government departments. Initial reports indicated that most of the historic building had been razed, leaving only sections of the front façade and boundary walls standing. The demolition attracted widespread attention after photographs and videos circulated on social media showing rubble scattered across the site and construction machinery operating within the compound.<ref name="NIE" /><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=Historic 125-year-old Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-news-historic-125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-pakistan-punjab-lhore-mea-reaction-2939213-2026-07-02 |work=India Today |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

Reports stated that the businessman had allegedly purchased or occupied part of the surrounding property and intended to replace the historic structure with a commercial complex. Local Sikh representatives disputed the legality of the demolition and argued that the shrine was a historic religious monument that should have been protected irrespective of ownership claims.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="HT" />

The incident was widely condemned by Sikh organisations in Pakistan and abroad, who described the demolition as an attack on Sikh religious heritage. Community leaders demanded criminal proceedings against those responsible and called for the complete reconstruction of the shrine using its original architectural design.<ref name="Hindu" />

===Government response===

Soon after the incident became public, officials of the [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]] (ETPB), the [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]], and the district administration visited the site to assess the damage. Pakistani authorities stated that the demolition had been undertaken without official permission and ordered an inquiry into the incident.<ref name="NDTV_News" />

Police arrested several individuals in connection with the demolition, including the businessman alleged to have organised the operation. Officials also announced that the demolished portions of the shrine would be reconstructed under government supervision.<ref name="Pragativadi">{{cite news |title=Pakistan orders restoration after demolition of historic Sikh shrine |url=https://www.pragativadi.com/pakistan-announces-restoration-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-after-india-condemns-demolition/ |work=Pragativadi |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]] stated that the restoration would seek to preserve the historic appearance of the gurdwara and that action would be taken against those found responsible for violating heritage and property regulations.<ref name="Hindu" />

==Reactions==
{{Tweet
| name = Randhir Jaiswal
| username = MEAIndia
| text = Our response to media queries regarding reported demolition of 125-year-old Gurdwara in Pakistan ⬇️
| date = 1 July 2026
| ID = 2072315705840771575
}}

The demolition prompted condemnation from Sikh organisations, heritage activists and political leaders in India and Pakistan.

The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] described the demolition as a "highly deplorable and targeted act of vandalism" and urged the Government of Pakistan to ensure the immediate restoration of the shrine and take strict action against those responsible. The ministry further stated that the incident reflected a broader pattern of attacks on the religious heritage of minority communities in Pakistan.<ref name="ET" /><ref name="NDTV_Slams">{{cite news |title=Highly deplorable: India slams demolition of 125-year-old Pakistan gurdwara |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/highly-deplorable-india-slams-demolition-of-125-year-old-pak-gurdwara-11714884 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The [[Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee]] (DSGMC) condemned the demolition and appealed to international organisations, including [[UNESCO]], to intervene for the protection of Sikh religious heritage in Pakistan.<ref name="ANI">{{cite news |title=Regrettable: Delhi minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa condemns demolition of 125-year-old gurdwara in Pakistan |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/regrettable-delhi-minister-manjinder-singh-sirsa-condemns-demolition-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-in-pakistan20260702142624 |work=ANI |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

Several Sikh organisations within Pakistan also expressed concern over the destruction of the shrine and urged the authorities to strengthen legal protections for historic gurdwaras and other minority religious sites.<ref name="Hindu" />

==Conservation and restoration==

Following public criticism and diplomatic protests, Pakistani authorities announced that the demolished portions of Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib would be reconstructed. Officials from the Evacuee Trust Property Board stated that restoration work would be undertaken under official supervision and that legal proceedings would continue against those accused of carrying out the demolition.<ref name="Pragativadi" />

The incident renewed debate regarding the preservation of Sikh religious heritage in Pakistan and highlighted concerns about the protection of historic places of worship that no longer serve active congregations but remain culturally and historically significant.<ref name="HT" />

==See also==

* [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]]
* [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]]
* [[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur]]
* [[Singh Sabha movement]]
* [[Sikhism in Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]
* [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]]

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sheikhupura District]]
[[Category:Sheikhupura District]]
[[Category:Singh Sabha movement]]
[[Category:Gurdwaras associated with Guru Nanak]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1901]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures demolished in 2026]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2026]]
[[Category:Demolished religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Attacks on Sikh places of worship]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan–India relations]]
[[Category:2026 controversies]]
[[Category:2026 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2026 in religion]]

Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib

2026-07-02T16:36:24Z

Simba: Images

{{Short description|Historic Sikh gurdwara in Punjab, Pakistan}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib
| native_name = {{nq|گردوارہ سری گرو سنگھ سبھا صاحب}} ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਭਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ
| image = Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib demolition 2026.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib before its partial demolition in 2026
| location_town = [[Farooqabad]] (formerly Chuharkana), [[Sheikhupura District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| location_country = [[Pakistan]]
| construction_start_date = c. 1900–1901
| architectural_style = [[Sikh architecture]]
}}

'''Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib''',{{efn|[[Shahmukhi]]: {{Nastaliq|گردوارہ سری گرو سنگھ سبھا صاحب}} [[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਭਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ}} also known simply as '''Gurdwara Singh Sabha''', is a historic [[gurdwara]] located in [[Farooqabad]] (formerly Chuharkana), [[Sheikhupura District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. Constructed around the beginning of the 20th century, the shrine is associated with the [[Singh Sabha movement]], the Sikh reform movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century and played a significant role in the revival of Sikh religious and educational institutions.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=What to know about 125-year-old Gurdwara Singh Sabha demolished in Pakistan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/what-to-know-about-125-year-old-gurdwara-singh-sabha-demolished-in-pakistan-punjab-india-condemns-act-101782962592295.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Pakistan's 125-year-old Gurdwara was demolished. Here's its story |url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/pakistans-125-year-old-gurdwara-was-demolished-here-is-its-story-11716666 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The gurdwara stands close to [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]], one of the principal shrines associated with [[Guru Nanak]], and historically served the Sikh community of Chuharkana before the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |title=125-year-old gurdwara demolished in Pakistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistan/articleshow/132075211.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=125-year-old Gurdwara demolished by businessman without permission; restoration ordered |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/pakistan/125-year-old-gurdwara-singh-sabha-demolished-in-pakistan-by-businessman-without-permission-restoration-ordered/ |work=The Tribune |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The shrine attracted international attention in June 2026 after portions of the historic structure were demolished during an alleged illegal demolition, prompting protests by Sikh organisations, condemnation by the [[Government of India]], and assurances from Pakistani authorities that the gurdwara would be restored.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=India condemns demolition of 125-year-old Gurdwara in Pakistan, seeks restoration |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/india-condemns-demolition-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-in-pakistan-seeks-restoration/articleshow/132140477.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

==Location==

The gurdwara is situated in the town of '''Farooqabad''', historically known as '''Chuharkana''', in [[Sheikhupura District]] of Pakistan's Punjab province. The town lies approximately 35 kilometres west of [[Nankana Sahib]] and is closely associated with Sikh history owing to the presence of [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]], where [[Guru Nanak]] is believed to have performed the episode known as ''Sacha Sauda'' ("True Bargain").<ref name="NDTV" />

Located only a short distance from Gurdwara Sacha Sauda, Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib formed part of the historic Sikh religious landscape of the town during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref name="ToI" />

==Significance==

The gurdwara derives its historical importance from its association with the '''[[Singh Sabha movement]]''', a reform movement founded in 1873 that sought to revive Sikh religious institutions, promote Punjabi education in the [[Gurmukhi]] script, standardise Sikh practices, and strengthen Sikh identity during the colonial period.<ref name="NDTV" />

Constructed approximately 125 years before its demolition in 2026, the shrine became a local centre for Sikh religious and community activities and was regarded as one of the surviving pre-Partition Sikh monuments in Farooqabad.<ref name="HT" />

Following the Partition of India in 1947 and the migration of the town's Sikh population, the gurdwara ceased functioning as an active place of worship but continued to survive as an important reminder of the region's Sikh heritage.<ref name="NDTV" />

==History==

===Construction===

Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib was established around 1900–1901 during the expansion of the Singh Sabha movement across undivided Punjab. Contemporary reports describe the building as approximately 125 years old, with its year of construction reportedly inscribed above the main entrance.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Historic Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan's Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/historic-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistans-punjab-sikh-community-protests/article71173204.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The shrine served the Sikh residents of Chuharkana during the late colonial period, when the town possessed a vibrant Sikh community and several religious institutions connected with the life of Guru Nanak.<ref name="NIE">{{cite news |title=125-year-old Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan; Sikh groups seek intervention |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2026/Jul/02/125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistan-mea-condemns-act-sikh-groups-seek-intervention |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

===After Partition===

Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the Sikh population of Farooqabad migrated to India, leaving the gurdwara without a resident congregation. According to later reports, the property was subsequently occupied for residential purposes, while the historic structure largely remained standing for decades despite neglect.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="Hindu" />

Despite no longer functioning as an active gurdwara, the building continued to be recognised by Sikh organisations as a significant historic monument because of its connection with the Singh Sabha movement and its proximity to Gurdwara Sacha Sauda.<ref name="HT" />

==Demolition==

[[File:125-Year-Old Gurdwara Singh Sabha Demolished In Pakistan|thumb|The gurdwara after portions of the historic structure were demolished in June 2026.]]

During the night of 24–25 June 2026, substantial portions of Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib were demolished by heavy machinery, reportedly at the direction of a local businessman seeking to redevelop the property.<ref name="NDTV_News">{{cite news |title=Pakistani businessman demolishes 125-year-old Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib in Farooqabad, sparks protest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistani-businessman-demolishes-125-year-old-gurdwara-sri-guru-singh-sabha-sahib-in-farooqabad-sparks-protest-11715534 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="Hindu" />

According to Pakistani authorities, the demolition was carried out without approval from the relevant government departments. Initial reports indicated that most of the historic building had been razed, leaving only sections of the front façade and boundary walls standing. The demolition attracted widespread attention after photographs and videos circulated on social media showing rubble scattered across the site and construction machinery operating within the compound.<ref name="NIE" /><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=Historic 125-year-old Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-news-historic-125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-pakistan-punjab-lhore-mea-reaction-2939213-2026-07-02 |work=India Today |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

Reports stated that the businessman had allegedly purchased or occupied part of the surrounding property and intended to replace the historic structure with a commercial complex. Local Sikh representatives disputed the legality of the demolition and argued that the shrine was a historic religious monument that should have been protected irrespective of ownership claims.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="HT" />

The incident was widely condemned by Sikh organisations in Pakistan and abroad, who described the demolition as an attack on Sikh religious heritage. Community leaders demanded criminal proceedings against those responsible and called for the complete reconstruction of the shrine using its original architectural design.<ref name="Hindu" />

===Government response===

Soon after the incident became public, officials of the [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]] (ETPB), the [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]], and the district administration visited the site to assess the damage. Pakistani authorities stated that the demolition had been undertaken without official permission and ordered an inquiry into the incident.<ref name="NDTV_News" />

Police arrested several individuals in connection with the demolition, including the businessman alleged to have organised the operation. Officials also announced that the demolished portions of the shrine would be reconstructed under government supervision.<ref name="Pragativadi">{{cite news |title=Pakistan orders restoration after demolition of historic Sikh shrine |url=https://www.pragativadi.com/pakistan-announces-restoration-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-after-india-condemns-demolition/ |work=Pragativadi |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]] stated that the restoration would seek to preserve the historic appearance of the gurdwara and that action would be taken against those found responsible for violating heritage and property regulations.<ref name="Hindu" />

==Reactions==
{{Tweet
| name = Randhir Jaiswal
| username = MEAIndia
| text = Our response to media queries regarding reported demolition of 125-year-old Gurdwara in Pakistan ⬇️
| date = 1 July 2026
| ID = 2072315705840771575
}}

The demolition prompted condemnation from Sikh organisations, heritage activists and political leaders in India and Pakistan.

The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] described the demolition as a "highly deplorable and targeted act of vandalism" and urged the Government of Pakistan to ensure the immediate restoration of the shrine and take strict action against those responsible. The ministry further stated that the incident reflected a broader pattern of attacks on the religious heritage of minority communities in Pakistan.<ref name="ET" /><ref name="NDTV_Slams">{{cite news |title=Highly deplorable: India slams demolition of 125-year-old Pakistan gurdwara |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/highly-deplorable-india-slams-demolition-of-125-year-old-pak-gurdwara-11714884 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The [[Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee]] (DSGMC) condemned the demolition and appealed to international organisations, including [[UNESCO]], to intervene for the protection of Sikh religious heritage in Pakistan.<ref name="ANI">{{cite news |title=Regrettable: Delhi minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa condemns demolition of 125-year-old gurdwara in Pakistan |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/regrettable-delhi-minister-manjinder-singh-sirsa-condemns-demolition-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-in-pakistan20260702142624 |work=ANI |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

Several Sikh organisations within Pakistan also expressed concern over the destruction of the shrine and urged the authorities to strengthen legal protections for historic gurdwaras and other minority religious sites.<ref name="Hindu" />

==Conservation and restoration==

Following public criticism and diplomatic protests, Pakistani authorities announced that the demolished portions of Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib would be reconstructed. Officials from the Evacuee Trust Property Board stated that restoration work would be undertaken under official supervision and that legal proceedings would continue against those accused of carrying out the demolition.<ref name="Pragativadi" />

The incident renewed debate regarding the preservation of Sikh religious heritage in Pakistan and highlighted concerns about the protection of historic places of worship that no longer serve active congregations but remain culturally and historically significant.<ref name="HT" />

==See also==

* [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]]
* [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]]
* [[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur]]
* [[Singh Sabha movement]]
* [[Sikhism in Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]
* [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]]

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sheikhupura District]]
[[Category:Sheikhupura District]]
[[Category:Singh Sabha movement]]
[[Category:Gurdwaras associated with Guru Nanak]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1901]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures demolished in 2026]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2026]]
[[Category:Demolished religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Attacks on Sikh places of worship]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan–India relations]]
[[Category:2026 controversies]]
[[Category:2026 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2026 in religion]]

File:125-Year-Old Gurdwara Singh Sabha Demolished In Pakistan.jpeg

2026-07-02T16:35:16Z

Simba:

File:Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib demolition 2026.jpg

2026-07-02T16:34:42Z

Simba:

Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib

2026-07-02T16:31:57Z

Simba: MEA tweet

{{Short description|Historic Sikh gurdwara in Punjab, Pakistan}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib
| native_name = {{nq|گردوارہ سری گرو سنگھ سبھا صاحب}} ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਭਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ
| image =
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib before its partial demolition in 2026
| location_town = [[Farooqabad]] (formerly Chuharkana), [[Sheikhupura District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| location_country = [[Pakistan]]
| construction_start_date = c. 1900–1901
| architectural_style = [[Sikh architecture]]
}}

'''Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib''',{{efn|[[Shahmukhi]]: {{Nastaliq|گردوارہ سری گرو سنگھ سبھا صاحب}} [[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਭਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ}} also known simply as '''Gurdwara Singh Sabha''', is a historic [[gurdwara]] located in [[Farooqabad]] (formerly Chuharkana), [[Sheikhupura District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. Constructed around the beginning of the 20th century, the shrine is associated with the [[Singh Sabha movement]], the Sikh reform movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century and played a significant role in the revival of Sikh religious and educational institutions.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=What to know about 125-year-old Gurdwara Singh Sabha demolished in Pakistan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/what-to-know-about-125-year-old-gurdwara-singh-sabha-demolished-in-pakistan-punjab-india-condemns-act-101782962592295.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Pakistan's 125-year-old Gurdwara was demolished. Here's its story |url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/pakistans-125-year-old-gurdwara-was-demolished-here-is-its-story-11716666 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The gurdwara stands close to [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]], one of the principal shrines associated with [[Guru Nanak]], and historically served the Sikh community of Chuharkana before the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |title=125-year-old gurdwara demolished in Pakistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistan/articleshow/132075211.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=125-year-old Gurdwara demolished by businessman without permission; restoration ordered |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/pakistan/125-year-old-gurdwara-singh-sabha-demolished-in-pakistan-by-businessman-without-permission-restoration-ordered/ |work=The Tribune |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The shrine attracted international attention in June 2026 after portions of the historic structure were demolished during an alleged illegal demolition, prompting protests by Sikh organisations, condemnation by the [[Government of India]], and assurances from Pakistani authorities that the gurdwara would be restored.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=India condemns demolition of 125-year-old Gurdwara in Pakistan, seeks restoration |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/india-condemns-demolition-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-in-pakistan-seeks-restoration/articleshow/132140477.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

==Location==

The gurdwara is situated in the town of '''Farooqabad''', historically known as '''Chuharkana''', in [[Sheikhupura District]] of Pakistan's Punjab province. The town lies approximately 35 kilometres west of [[Nankana Sahib]] and is closely associated with Sikh history owing to the presence of [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]], where [[Guru Nanak]] is believed to have performed the episode known as ''Sacha Sauda'' ("True Bargain").<ref name="NDTV" />

Located only a short distance from Gurdwara Sacha Sauda, Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib formed part of the historic Sikh religious landscape of the town during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref name="ToI" />

==Significance==

The gurdwara derives its historical importance from its association with the '''[[Singh Sabha movement]]''', a reform movement founded in 1873 that sought to revive Sikh religious institutions, promote Punjabi education in the [[Gurmukhi]] script, standardise Sikh practices, and strengthen Sikh identity during the colonial period.<ref name="NDTV" />

Constructed approximately 125 years before its demolition in 2026, the shrine became a local centre for Sikh religious and community activities and was regarded as one of the surviving pre-Partition Sikh monuments in Farooqabad.<ref name="HT" />

Following the Partition of India in 1947 and the migration of the town's Sikh population, the gurdwara ceased functioning as an active place of worship but continued to survive as an important reminder of the region's Sikh heritage.<ref name="NDTV" />

==History==

===Construction===

Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib was established around 1900–1901 during the expansion of the Singh Sabha movement across undivided Punjab. Contemporary reports describe the building as approximately 125 years old, with its year of construction reportedly inscribed above the main entrance.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Historic Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan's Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/historic-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistans-punjab-sikh-community-protests/article71173204.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The shrine served the Sikh residents of Chuharkana during the late colonial period, when the town possessed a vibrant Sikh community and several religious institutions connected with the life of Guru Nanak.<ref name="NIE">{{cite news |title=125-year-old Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan; Sikh groups seek intervention |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2026/Jul/02/125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistan-mea-condemns-act-sikh-groups-seek-intervention |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

===After Partition===

Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the Sikh population of Farooqabad migrated to India, leaving the gurdwara without a resident congregation. According to later reports, the property was subsequently occupied for residential purposes, while the historic structure largely remained standing for decades despite neglect.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="Hindu" />

Despite no longer functioning as an active gurdwara, the building continued to be recognised by Sikh organisations as a significant historic monument because of its connection with the Singh Sabha movement and its proximity to Gurdwara Sacha Sauda.<ref name="HT" />

==Demolition==

[[File:Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib demolition 2026.jpg|thumb|The gurdwara after portions of the historic structure were demolished in June 2026.]]

During the night of 24–25 June 2026, substantial portions of Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib were demolished by heavy machinery, reportedly at the direction of a local businessman seeking to redevelop the property.<ref name="NDTV_News">{{cite news |title=Pakistani businessman demolishes 125-year-old Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib in Farooqabad, sparks protest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistani-businessman-demolishes-125-year-old-gurdwara-sri-guru-singh-sabha-sahib-in-farooqabad-sparks-protest-11715534 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="Hindu" />

According to Pakistani authorities, the demolition was carried out without approval from the relevant government departments. Initial reports indicated that most of the historic building had been razed, leaving only sections of the front façade and boundary walls standing. The demolition attracted widespread attention after photographs and videos circulated on social media showing rubble scattered across the site and construction machinery operating within the compound.<ref name="NIE" /><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=Historic 125-year-old Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-news-historic-125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-pakistan-punjab-lhore-mea-reaction-2939213-2026-07-02 |work=India Today |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

Reports stated that the businessman had allegedly purchased or occupied part of the surrounding property and intended to replace the historic structure with a commercial complex. Local Sikh representatives disputed the legality of the demolition and argued that the shrine was a historic religious monument that should have been protected irrespective of ownership claims.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="HT" />

The incident was widely condemned by Sikh organisations in Pakistan and abroad, who described the demolition as an attack on Sikh religious heritage. Community leaders demanded criminal proceedings against those responsible and called for the complete reconstruction of the shrine using its original architectural design.<ref name="Hindu" />

===Government response===

Soon after the incident became public, officials of the [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]] (ETPB), the [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]], and the district administration visited the site to assess the damage. Pakistani authorities stated that the demolition had been undertaken without official permission and ordered an inquiry into the incident.<ref name="NDTV_News" />

Police arrested several individuals in connection with the demolition, including the businessman alleged to have organised the operation. Officials also announced that the demolished portions of the shrine would be reconstructed under government supervision.<ref name="Pragativadi">{{cite news |title=Pakistan orders restoration after demolition of historic Sikh shrine |url=https://www.pragativadi.com/pakistan-announces-restoration-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-after-india-condemns-demolition/ |work=Pragativadi |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]] stated that the restoration would seek to preserve the historic appearance of the gurdwara and that action would be taken against those found responsible for violating heritage and property regulations.<ref name="Hindu" />

==Reactions==
{{Tweet
| name = Randhir Jaiswal
| username = MEAIndia
| text = Our response to media queries regarding reported demolition of 125-year-old Gurdwara in Pakistan ⬇️
| date = 1 July 2026
| ID = 2072315705840771575
}}

The demolition prompted condemnation from Sikh organisations, heritage activists and political leaders in India and Pakistan.

The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] described the demolition as a "highly deplorable and targeted act of vandalism" and urged the Government of Pakistan to ensure the immediate restoration of the shrine and take strict action against those responsible. The ministry further stated that the incident reflected a broader pattern of attacks on the religious heritage of minority communities in Pakistan.<ref name="ET" /><ref name="NDTV_Slams">{{cite news |title=Highly deplorable: India slams demolition of 125-year-old Pakistan gurdwara |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/highly-deplorable-india-slams-demolition-of-125-year-old-pak-gurdwara-11714884 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The [[Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee]] (DSGMC) condemned the demolition and appealed to international organisations, including [[UNESCO]], to intervene for the protection of Sikh religious heritage in Pakistan.<ref name="ANI">{{cite news |title=Regrettable: Delhi minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa condemns demolition of 125-year-old gurdwara in Pakistan |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/regrettable-delhi-minister-manjinder-singh-sirsa-condemns-demolition-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-in-pakistan20260702142624 |work=ANI |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

Several Sikh organisations within Pakistan also expressed concern over the destruction of the shrine and urged the authorities to strengthen legal protections for historic gurdwaras and other minority religious sites.<ref name="Hindu" />

==Conservation and restoration==

Following public criticism and diplomatic protests, Pakistani authorities announced that the demolished portions of Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib would be reconstructed. Officials from the Evacuee Trust Property Board stated that restoration work would be undertaken under official supervision and that legal proceedings would continue against those accused of carrying out the demolition.<ref name="Pragativadi" />

The incident renewed debate regarding the preservation of Sikh religious heritage in Pakistan and highlighted concerns about the protection of historic places of worship that no longer serve active congregations but remain culturally and historically significant.<ref name="HT" />

==See also==

* [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]]
* [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]]
* [[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur]]
* [[Singh Sabha movement]]
* [[Sikhism in Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]
* [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]]

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sheikhupura District]]
[[Category:Sheikhupura District]]
[[Category:Singh Sabha movement]]
[[Category:Gurdwaras associated with Guru Nanak]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1901]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures demolished in 2026]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2026]]
[[Category:Demolished religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Attacks on Sikh places of worship]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan–India relations]]
[[Category:2026 controversies]]
[[Category:2026 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2026 in religion]]

Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib

2026-07-02T16:24:30Z

Simba: Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib

{{Short description|Historic Sikh gurdwara in Punjab, Pakistan}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib
| native_name = {{nq|گردوارہ سری گرو سنگھ سبھا صاحب}} ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਭਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ
| image =
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib before its partial demolition in 2026
| location_town = [[Farooqabad]] (formerly Chuharkana), [[Sheikhupura District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| location_country = [[Pakistan]]
| construction_start_date = c. 1900–1901
| architectural_style = [[Sikh architecture]]
}}

'''Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib''',{{efn|[[Shahmukhi]]: {{Nastaliq|گردوارہ سری گرو سنگھ سبھا صاحب}} [[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਭਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ}} also known simply as '''Gurdwara Singh Sabha''', is a historic [[gurdwara]] located in [[Farooqabad]] (formerly Chuharkana), [[Sheikhupura District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. Constructed around the beginning of the 20th century, the shrine is associated with the [[Singh Sabha movement]], the Sikh reform movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century and played a significant role in the revival of Sikh religious and educational institutions.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=What to know about 125-year-old Gurdwara Singh Sabha demolished in Pakistan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/what-to-know-about-125-year-old-gurdwara-singh-sabha-demolished-in-pakistan-punjab-india-condemns-act-101782962592295.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Pakistan's 125-year-old Gurdwara was demolished. Here's its story |url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/pakistans-125-year-old-gurdwara-was-demolished-here-is-its-story-11716666 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The gurdwara stands close to [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]], one of the principal shrines associated with [[Guru Nanak]], and historically served the Sikh community of Chuharkana before the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |title=125-year-old gurdwara demolished in Pakistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistan/articleshow/132075211.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=125-year-old Gurdwara demolished by businessman without permission; restoration ordered |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/pakistan/125-year-old-gurdwara-singh-sabha-demolished-in-pakistan-by-businessman-without-permission-restoration-ordered/ |work=The Tribune |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The shrine attracted international attention in June 2026 after portions of the historic structure were demolished during an alleged illegal demolition, prompting protests by Sikh organisations, condemnation by the [[Government of India]], and assurances from Pakistani authorities that the gurdwara would be restored.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=India condemns demolition of 125-year-old Gurdwara in Pakistan, seeks restoration |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/india-condemns-demolition-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-in-pakistan-seeks-restoration/articleshow/132140477.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

==Location==

The gurdwara is situated in the town of '''Farooqabad''', historically known as '''Chuharkana''', in [[Sheikhupura District]] of Pakistan's Punjab province. The town lies approximately 35 kilometres west of [[Nankana Sahib]] and is closely associated with Sikh history owing to the presence of [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]], where [[Guru Nanak]] is believed to have performed the episode known as ''Sacha Sauda'' ("True Bargain").<ref name="NDTV" />

Located only a short distance from Gurdwara Sacha Sauda, Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib formed part of the historic Sikh religious landscape of the town during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref name="ToI" />

==Significance==

The gurdwara derives its historical importance from its association with the '''[[Singh Sabha movement]]''', a reform movement founded in 1873 that sought to revive Sikh religious institutions, promote Punjabi education in the [[Gurmukhi]] script, standardise Sikh practices, and strengthen Sikh identity during the colonial period.<ref name="NDTV" />

Constructed approximately 125 years before its demolition in 2026, the shrine became a local centre for Sikh religious and community activities and was regarded as one of the surviving pre-Partition Sikh monuments in Farooqabad.<ref name="HT" />

Following the Partition of India in 1947 and the migration of the town's Sikh population, the gurdwara ceased functioning as an active place of worship but continued to survive as an important reminder of the region's Sikh heritage.<ref name="NDTV" />

==History==

===Construction===

Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib was established around 1900–1901 during the expansion of the Singh Sabha movement across undivided Punjab. Contemporary reports describe the building as approximately 125 years old, with its year of construction reportedly inscribed above the main entrance.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Historic Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan's Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/historic-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistans-punjab-sikh-community-protests/article71173204.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The shrine served the Sikh residents of Chuharkana during the late colonial period, when the town possessed a vibrant Sikh community and several religious institutions connected with the life of Guru Nanak.<ref name="NIE">{{cite news |title=125-year-old Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan; Sikh groups seek intervention |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2026/Jul/02/125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-in-pakistan-mea-condemns-act-sikh-groups-seek-intervention |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

===After Partition===

Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the Sikh population of Farooqabad migrated to India, leaving the gurdwara without a resident congregation. According to later reports, the property was subsequently occupied for residential purposes, while the historic structure largely remained standing for decades despite neglect.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="Hindu" />

Despite no longer functioning as an active gurdwara, the building continued to be recognised by Sikh organisations as a significant historic monument because of its connection with the Singh Sabha movement and its proximity to Gurdwara Sacha Sauda.<ref name="HT" />

==Demolition==

[[File:Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib demolition 2026.jpg|thumb|The gurdwara after portions of the historic structure were demolished in June 2026.]]

During the night of 24–25 June 2026, substantial portions of Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib were demolished by heavy machinery, reportedly at the direction of a local businessman seeking to redevelop the property.<ref name="NDTV_News">{{cite news |title=Pakistani businessman demolishes 125-year-old Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib in Farooqabad, sparks protest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistani-businessman-demolishes-125-year-old-gurdwara-sri-guru-singh-sabha-sahib-in-farooqabad-sparks-protest-11715534 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="Hindu" />

According to Pakistani authorities, the demolition was carried out without approval from the relevant government departments. Initial reports indicated that most of the historic building had been razed, leaving only sections of the front façade and boundary walls standing. The demolition attracted widespread attention after photographs and videos circulated on social media showing rubble scattered across the site and construction machinery operating within the compound.<ref name="NIE" /><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=Historic 125-year-old Gurdwara demolished in Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-news-historic-125-year-old-gurdwara-demolished-pakistan-punjab-lhore-mea-reaction-2939213-2026-07-02 |work=India Today |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

Reports stated that the businessman had allegedly purchased or occupied part of the surrounding property and intended to replace the historic structure with a commercial complex. Local Sikh representatives disputed the legality of the demolition and argued that the shrine was a historic religious monument that should have been protected irrespective of ownership claims.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="HT" />

The incident was widely condemned by Sikh organisations in Pakistan and abroad, who described the demolition as an attack on Sikh religious heritage. Community leaders demanded criminal proceedings against those responsible and called for the complete reconstruction of the shrine using its original architectural design.<ref name="Hindu" />

===Government response===

Soon after the incident became public, officials of the [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]] (ETPB), the [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]], and the district administration visited the site to assess the damage. Pakistani authorities stated that the demolition had been undertaken without official permission and ordered an inquiry into the incident.<ref name="NDTV_News" />

Police arrested several individuals in connection with the demolition, including the businessman alleged to have organised the operation. Officials also announced that the demolished portions of the shrine would be reconstructed under government supervision.<ref name="Pragativadi">{{cite news |title=Pakistan orders restoration after demolition of historic Sikh shrine |url=https://www.pragativadi.com/pakistan-announces-restoration-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-after-india-condemns-demolition/ |work=Pragativadi |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]] stated that the restoration would seek to preserve the historic appearance of the gurdwara and that action would be taken against those found responsible for violating heritage and property regulations.<ref name="Hindu" />

==Reactions==

The demolition prompted condemnation from Sikh organisations, heritage activists and political leaders in India and Pakistan.

The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] described the demolition as a "highly deplorable and targeted act of vandalism" and urged the Government of Pakistan to ensure the immediate restoration of the shrine and take strict action against those responsible. The ministry further stated that the incident reflected a broader pattern of attacks on the religious heritage of minority communities in Pakistan.<ref name="ET" /><ref name="NDTV_Slams">{{cite news |title=Highly deplorable: India slams demolition of 125-year-old Pakistan gurdwara |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/highly-deplorable-india-slams-demolition-of-125-year-old-pak-gurdwara-11714884 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

The [[Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee]] (DSGMC) condemned the demolition and appealed to international organisations, including [[UNESCO]], to intervene for the protection of Sikh religious heritage in Pakistan.<ref name="ANI">{{cite news |title=Regrettable: Delhi minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa condemns demolition of 125-year-old gurdwara in Pakistan |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/regrettable-delhi-minister-manjinder-singh-sirsa-condemns-demolition-of-125-year-old-gurdwara-in-pakistan20260702142624 |work=ANI |date=2 July 2026}}</ref>

Several Sikh organisations within Pakistan also expressed concern over the destruction of the shrine and urged the authorities to strengthen legal protections for historic gurdwaras and other minority religious sites.<ref name="Hindu" />

==Conservation and restoration==

Following public criticism and diplomatic protests, Pakistani authorities announced that the demolished portions of Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Sahib would be reconstructed. Officials from the Evacuee Trust Property Board stated that restoration work would be undertaken under official supervision and that legal proceedings would continue against those accused of carrying out the demolition.<ref name="Pragativadi" />

The incident renewed debate regarding the preservation of Sikh religious heritage in Pakistan and highlighted concerns about the protection of historic places of worship that no longer serve active congregations but remain culturally and historically significant.<ref name="HT" />

==See also==

* [[Gurdwara Sacha Sauda]]
* [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]]
* [[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur]]
* [[Singh Sabha movement]]
* [[Sikhism in Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]
* [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]]

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sheikhupura District]]
[[Category:Sheikhupura District]]
[[Category:Singh Sabha movement]]
[[Category:Gurdwaras associated with Guru Nanak]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1901]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures demolished in 2026]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2026]]
[[Category:Demolished religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Attacks on Sikh places of worship]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan–India relations]]
[[Category:2026 controversies]]
[[Category:2026 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2026 in religion]]

File:XMwVGdxmiCNdzPsN.mp4

2026-06-25T17:50:16Z

Simba: Young schoolgirls protesting against the Government of Pakistan in Pakistan-occupide Kashmir.

== Summary ==
Young schoolgirls protesting against the Government of Pakistan in Pakistan-occupide Kashmir.

2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests

2026-06-25T17:23:49Z

Simba: Expand

{{Short description|Protests in Pakistan-administered Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2026}}

{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2026 Azad Kashmir protests
| name = 2026 Azad Kashmir protests
| date = {{Start date|2026|6|5}} – ongoing
| place = [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Azad Kashmir]]
| status = Ongoing
| causes =
* Dispute over 12 reserved refugee seats
* Political representation
* Governance concerns
* Economic grievances
* Electricity tariffs and subsidies
| goals =
* Abolition of refugee seats
* Implementation of JAAC's 38-point charter
* Greater political representation
* Governance reforms
| methods =
* General strikes
* Long marches
* Demonstrations
* Road blockades
* Rallies
* Sit-ins
| result =
* JAAC banned under anti-terror legislation
* Internet and communication restrictions imposed
* Arrests and sedition cases filed
* Multiple deaths and injuries
| side1 = [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee|Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee (JAAC / JKJAAC)]]
| side2 =
* [[Government of Pakistan]]
* [[Government of Azad Kashmir]]
* [[Azad Kashmir Police]]
* [[Punjab Rangers]]
* [[Federal Constabulary]]
| casualties1 =
* At least 30 protesters reported killed
* More than 200 reported injured
| casualties2 =
* Unknown
}}

The '''2026 Azad Kashmir protests''' (also referred to as the '''2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests''') are an ongoing protest movement that began in June 2026 across '''[[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]''' (PoK), officially administered by Pakistan as '''[[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]''' (AJK), a territory claimed by India as part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. The demonstrations were organised primarily by the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC / JKJAAC), a coalition of traders, lawyers, transport workers, students and civil society organisations. Initially centred on opposition to the continued reservation of 12 seats in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] for refugees residing elsewhere in Pakistan, the movement subsequently expanded to include demands for constitutional reforms, greater political representation, administrative accountability and implementation of the JAAC's 38-point charter.<ref name="Reuters9Jun"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

The protests intensified after the Government of Azad Kashmir designated the JAAC as a prohibited organisation under anti-terrorism legislation on 5 June 2026. Authorities arrested activists, imposed restrictions on communications and movement, and deployed additional police and paramilitary forces throughout the territory. Clashes between protesters and security personnel, particularly in [[Rawalakot]], resulted in multiple deaths and injuries, prompting criticism from human rights organisations including [[Amnesty International]], which expressed concern over the use of anti-terror legislation, arbitrary arrests and restrictions on freedom of assembly.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun"/><ref name="ReutersRawalakot"/><ref name="BBCClashes"/>

Following the expiry of the JAAC's ultimatum on 23 June, demonstrations continued across [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]], [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] and other districts. Protest leaders rejected reports that the planned long march towards Muzaffarabad had been postponed and stated that the movement would continue until meaningful progress had been made on constitutional amendments and political reforms. Women, students and schoolchildren emerged as prominent participants in the demonstrations, transforming the movement from a trader-led campaign into a broader civil society mobilisation.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

During the later stages of the protests, demonstrators accused Pakistani authorities of restricting the movement of food, fuel and medicines into the territory, resulting in reported shortages of essential commodities in several districts. Pakistani authorities denied imposing a blockade and maintained that transportation disruptions resulted from security measures introduced during the unrest. By late June 2026, the protests had become one of the largest sustained political movements in Pakistan-administered Kashmir in recent years, attracting extensive attention from regional and international media.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="IndiaCom25Jun2026"/>

==Background==
Mass protest movements have periodically emerged in PoK over issues relating to governance, economic conditions and political representation. During 2024 and 2025, demonstrations organised by traders, transport workers and civil society groups focused on electricity tariffs, wheat subsidies, taxation and the distribution of public resources. These movements resulted in negotiations with authorities and partial concessions, but many demands remained unresolved.<ref name="Frontline">{{cite web |title=Why Pakistan-administered Kashmir is witnessing mass protests |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/why-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-is-witnessing-mass-protests/article71080112.ece |publisher=Frontline |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

The Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee (JAAC / JKJAAC) emerged as the principal umbrella organisation representing a broad coalition of traders' associations, transport unions, lawyers, students and activists. The organization previously led major protest movements in 2024 and 2025 concerning electricity tariffs, flour prices and governance issues. Since 2023, many protests were held in Pakistan-administered Kashmir addressing economic and political grievances of the locals. In May 2023, residents began protesting rising electricity tariffs alongside allegations of flour smuggling and shortages of subsidised wheat. The JKJAAC-led movement escalated in May 2024, when protesters undertook a long march towards Muzaffarabad, leading to violent clashes that resulted in at least five deaths. In September and October 2025, the JKJAAC issued a 38-point charter of demands and called for a lockdown, after which the government imposed a communications blackout in response.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Deadly protests in Pakistan-administered Kashmir: What’s going on? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/6/9/deadly-protests-in-pakistan-administered-kashmir-whats-going-on |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Clashes in Pakistan-administered Kashmir kill 7 after court upholds refugee legislative seats |work=Associated Press |date=8 June 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/d9a51c10d6389e33e70232fd187c3338}}</ref>

The movement increasingly shifted its focus from economic issues to constitutional and political questions, particularly representation within the territory's legislative institutions. In 2026, the movement focused mostly on the twelve seats reserved in the [[Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] for refugees from Jammu and Kashmir living in Pakistan. JKJAAC leaders argued that the seats provide political influence to individuals who do not reside in Azad Kashmir and affect the political representation of local residents.<ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref>{{cite news |title=A banned group's call for a strike halts business and transport across Pakistan-administered Kashmir |work=Associated Press |date=9 June 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/7b4f5e038abd227415dd0aeb32e5ebe3}}</ref>

Ahead of the 2026 legislative elections, controversy intensified regarding the 12 seats reserved for refugees from Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir living elsewhere in Pakistan. JAAC leaders argued that the arrangement diluted the political influence of residents living in Azad Kashmir and gave disproportionate electoral weight to voters residing outside the territory. Government officials and supporters of the system maintained that the reserved seats reflected the historical circumstances of the Kashmir dispute and ensured representation for displaced communities.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="TheHinduClashes">{{cite news |title=Pakistan-administered Kashmir clashes: Joint Awami Action Committee protestors killed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-occupied-kashmir-clashes-joint-awami-action-committee-protestors-killed/article71075418.ece |work=The Hindu |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

In May 2026, talks between a federal ministerial team and the JKJAAC leadership broke down with the latter finally calling for protests. Subsequently, on 5 June 2026, the local government proscribed the Committee under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2014 and banned it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=What the Banning of the JAAC Reveals About Power in Azad Kashmir |url=https://thediplomat.com/2026/06/what-the-banning-of-the-jaac-reveals-about-power-in-azad-kashmir/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The dispute gained further prominence after legal and administrative decisions upheld the continuation of the refugee-seat arrangement. In response, the JAAC announced a region-wide campaign demanding constitutional reforms and the abolition of the reserved seats. Protest organisers warned that failure to address the issue would result in a long march and general strike across the territory.<ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum">{{cite web |title=PAJK protest movement issues election ultimatum, threatens June long march |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/news/pajk-protest-movement-issues-election-ultimatum-threatens-june-long-march |publisher=Kashmir Times |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="WIONBan">{{cite web |title=Protests intensify in Pakistan-administered Kashmir after government bans JAAC ahead of elections |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/protests-intensify-in-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-after-govt-bans-primary-advocacy-body-jaac-ahead-of-elections-1780835112422 |publisher=WION |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

==Demands==
The JAAC's programme combined economic, political and constitutional demands. Protest organisers argued that the existing political structure of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir provided inadequate representation to residents and disproportionately favoured political elites and refugee constituencies located outside the territory.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="Frontline" />

One of the principal demands of the Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee (JAAC / JKJAAC) during the 2026 protests was the abolition of the 12 seats reserved in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] for refugees from Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir and their descendants residing in Pakistan. Protest organizers argued that political representation in Azad Kashmir should be limited to residents of the territory and maintained that the reserved seats allowed non-residents to influence its political affairs. The issue gained prominence ahead of the 2026 Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, as elections for the refugee seats were scheduled alongside those for the territorial constituencies. The JAAC included the abolition of the refugee-seat system among its key political demands and organized demonstrations across Azad Kashmir on the issue.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" />

Supporters of the reserved seats argued that they provide representation to displaced Kashmiris and are an integral part of the constitutional framework of Azad Kashmir. On 7 June 2026, the Supreme Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir ruled that the seats could not be abolished through executive action and could only be altered through a constitutional amendment. Following the ruling, protests continued in several parts of Azad Kashmir, with the issue remaining one of the central points of contention between the JAAC and the authorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Protesters clash with police in Pakistani Kashmir as strike shutters cities |work=Reuters |date=9 June 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/protesters-clash-with-police-pakistani-kashmir-strike-shutters-cities-2026-06-09/}}</ref><ref name="k">{{cite news |title=Pakistan Kashmir's top court upholds refugee seats and clears the way for upcoming elections |work=Associated Press |date=7 June 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/9dafaae025057b018f3afe7b30bb96d6}}</ref>

The movement also demanded lower electricity tariffs, increased subsidies for wheat and essential commodities, greater local control over revenues generated by hydroelectric projects, reforms to public administration and increased accountability among elected officials. Protest organisers further called for the reduction of privileges and allowances granted to political officeholders and senior government officials.<ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="WIONBan" />

In May 2026, the JAAC issued a 38-point charter of demands and warned that a territory-wide strike and long march would be organised if negotiations with authorities failed to produce satisfactory results.<ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" /><ref name="WIONBan" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

The movement's demands evolved during the course of the protests, with constitutional reforms becoming increasingly prominent alongside its original economic and governance-related objectives. Protest leaders argued that the existing constitutional framework governing [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] limited the political authority of locally elected institutions and called for amendments that would provide greater autonomy and democratic representation to residents of the territory.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The JAAC also reiterated its demand for the abolition of the 12 seats reserved in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] for refugees residing elsewhere in Pakistan. Protest organisers argued that the arrangement reduced the political representation of residents living within the territory and no longer reflected contemporary political realities. Government officials defended the system as part of the historical constitutional framework relating to the Kashmir dispute.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK protests & Pakistan: Newsmaker of the Week |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pok-protests-pakistan-kashmir/2958714/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

In addition, protest leaders called for the implementation of the JAAC's 38-point charter, which included measures relating to administrative accountability, judicial independence, electoral reforms, local control over natural resources, reductions in public expenditure on elected officials and greater transparency in public administration. They maintained that these reforms were necessary to strengthen democratic governance and improve public confidence in the territory's institutions.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

During negotiations with government representatives in late June 2026, JAAC leaders stated that the planned long march and other protest activities would continue until meaningful progress had been achieved on constitutional amendments and the implementation of the movement's principal demands. They rejected reports that the demonstrations would be suspended before an agreement had been reached with the authorities.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="ABP25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests against Pakistani government continue, thousands gather in Rawalakot |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/pok-protests-against-pakistani-government-continue-thousand-of-peopel-gather-in-rawalakot-ann-3150499 |website=ABP Live |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

==Supreme Court ruling==
On 7 June 2026, the Supreme Court of Azad Kashmir ruled that the twelve refugee seats are constitutionally protected and cannot be abolished without a constitutional amendment. The court further stated that elections to the Legislative Assembly should proceed within the constitutional framework. The decision strengthened the government's position ahead of the legislative elections scheduled for July 2026 but was rejected by the JKJAAC, which announced the continuation of its protest campaign.<ref>{{cite news |title=Protesters clash with police in Pakistani Kashmir as strike shutters cities |work=Reuters |date=9 June 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/protesters-clash-with-police-pakistani-kashmir-strike-shutters-cities-2026-06-09/}}</ref><ref name="k" />

==Ban of the JAAC==
On 5 June 2026, the Government of Azad Kashmir designated the Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee as a prohibited organisation under anti-terror legislation. Authorities stated that the measure was necessary to preserve public order and prevent unrest ahead of the planned demonstrations and the upcoming legislative elections.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APArrests">{{cite news |title=Police arrest supporters of banned group ahead of rally in Pakistan-administered Kashmir |url=https://apnews.com/article/006859907010f8f66cf4fb5ceb2ec6cb |work=Associated Press |date=7 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="WIONBan" />

The decision was condemned by JAAC leaders, who rejected accusations that the movement posed a security threat. Protest organisers argued that the ban represented an attempt to suppress political opposition and prevent demonstrations relating to electoral representation and governance issues.<ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" />

Following the ban, authorities initiated a broad security operation targeting the movement's leadership. According to Reuters and Associated Press reporting, numerous activists were detained, sedition cases were filed against prominent JAAC leaders and rewards were announced for information leading to the arrest of certain organisers. The government also imposed temporary internet and mobile network restrictions and increased the deployment of security personnel in various areas. On 9 June, [[NetBlocks]] stated that its data revealed that access to the web remained severely restricted in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APArrests" /><ref name=":0" />

Additional police and paramilitary personnel were deployed throughout the territory, particularly in Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot and other urban centres expected to host demonstrations. Road checkpoints were established and security measures were strengthened ahead of the planned long march. Helicopter surveillance flights were set up over Rawalakot and Muzaffarabad.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="USEmbassy">{{cite web |title=Demonstration Alert – June 9 Protests in Azad Kashmir |url=https://pk.usembassy.gov/demonstration-alert-june-9-protests-in-azad-kashmir/ |publisher=U.S. Embassy in Pakistan |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="AJ9Jun" />

===Reaction to the ban===
The ban drew criticism from human-rights organisations and civil society groups. Amnesty International described the designation of the JAAC as a dangerous escalation and warned that anti-terror legislation should not be used to criminalise peaceful political dissent.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

Amnesty further expressed concern regarding reports of arbitrary arrests, restrictions on freedom of assembly and the use of communication shutdowns during the unrest. The organisation called upon Pakistani authorities to respect international human-rights standards and ensure that any restrictions on protest activity complied with international law.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

Several commentators and analysts viewed the ban within the broader context of growing political tensions ahead of the 2026 elections. Reporting by Frontline, Al Jazeera and other outlets noted that the dispute over refugee representation had become one of the most significant political controversies in Azad Kashmir in recent years.<ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

==Timeline==
===Pre-strike developments===
During late May and early June 2026, negotiations between protest leaders and authorities failed to resolve disagreements regarding the JAAC's demands. Following the collapse of talks, the movement intensified preparations for a region-wide shutdown and long march toward Muzaffarabad.<ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" /><ref name="WIONBan" /><ref name="Frontline" />

Authorities responded by increasing security deployments and imposing restrictions in anticipation of demonstrations. Activists reported increased surveillance and detentions, while government officials warned that any attempts to disrupt public order would be met with legal action.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APArrests" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" />

On the eve of the planned protests, the United States Embassy in Pakistan issued a demonstration alert warning of possible disruptions to transportation, communications and public services in Azad Kashmir. The advisory urged American citizens to avoid areas where demonstrations were expected to take place and to monitor local developments closely.<ref name="USEmbassy" />

Reports from local media and civil society organisations indicated that checkpoints had been established on major roads and that movement between districts was being closely monitored by security forces.<ref name="WIONBan" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="Frontline" />

===Rawalakot clashes===
The most serious violence associated with the protests occurred in and around [[Rawalakot]], where confrontations between demonstrators and security forces took place prior to the planned region-wide strike. The clashes followed arrests of JAAC activists and growing tensions surrounding the government's decision to prohibit the organisation and prevent planned demonstrations.<ref name="AJ8Jun">{{cite web |title=At least 11 killed in Pakistan-administered Kashmir clashes before rally |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/6/8/at-least-11-killed-in-pakistan-administered-kashmir-clashes-before-rally |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ReutersRawalakot">{{cite news |title=Clashes in Pakistan-administered Kashmir kill 11 ahead of planned protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/clashes-pakistan-administered-kashmir-kill-11-ahead-protest-2026-06-08/ |work=Reuters |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ABCClashes">{{cite news |title=Clashes in Pakistan-administered Kashmir kill seven ahead of planned protest |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/clashes-pakistan-administered-kashmir-kill-7-ahead-planned-133678094 |work=ABC News |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Following the Supreme Court's decision upholding the constitutional status of the twelve legislative seats reserved for Kashmiri refugees residing in Pakistan, demonstrations intensified across Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). Public rallies, road blockades, sit-ins and shutter-down strikes were reported in Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot, Mirpur, Kotli, Bagh and several other towns. By official estimates, at least 10,000 protestors had gathered outside the city of Rawalakot.<ref name="k" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-06-11 |title=At least 15 dead after deadly clashes in Pakistan-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdxdyn5716xo |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 8 June 2026, clashes erupted between protesters and security forces in Rawalakot and surrounding areas. According to regional authorities and media, between eleven and fifteen people were killed and more than seventy were injured during the unrest, including protesters and security personnel. Official figures during the first week of protests also put the casualties at 7 people killed in Kotli and 1 killed in Mirpur.<ref name="j">{{cite news |title=Clashes in Pakistan-administered Kashmir kill 11 ahead of protest |work=Reuters |date=8 June 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/clashes-pakistan-administered-kashmir-kill-11-ahead-protest-2026-06-08/}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2026-06-14 |title=Pakistan defense minister urges ‘complete obedience to state’ amid Azad Kashmir unrest |url=https://arab.news/4779x |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

Thousands of protesters gathered in Rawalakot and surrounding areas despite restrictions imposed by authorities. Demonstrators accused the government of attempting to suppress political dissent and prevent mobilisation against the refugee-seat system. Security personnel were deployed throughout the city and road access to several locations was restricted.<ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="Frontline" />

Accounts of the violence differed between officials and protest organisers. Government representatives stated that demonstrators attacked security personnel, attempted to breach security cordons and damaged public property. Protest organisers, eyewitnesses and several media outlets alleged that police and paramilitary forces opened fire on demonstrators and used excessive force, including live ammunition, against largely unarmed protesters. JKJAAC leader Shaukat Nawaz Mir described the events in Rawalakot as a "massacre" and vowed to continue the protest movement despite the crackdown.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" /><ref name="TheHinduClashes" /><ref name="KTFire" /><ref name="NDTV30" /><ref name="HTFire" /><ref name="j" />

Independent reporting confirmed that live ammunition was used during at least some of the confrontations, although accounts differed regarding the circumstances that led to the shootings and the sequence of events preceding the violence.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" />

The clashes quickly became the deadliest episode of unrest in Azad Kashmir since the protest movements of 2024 and 2025 and attracted extensive international media coverage.<ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="BBCClashes" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" />

==Casualties and injuries==
===Deaths===
Casualty figures reported during the protests varied substantially between sources.

Reuters, Associated Press, ABC News and Al Jazeera initially reported that at least 11 people were killed and more than 70 injured during clashes between protesters and security forces in Rawalakot and surrounding areas.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" /><ref name="ABCClashes" /><ref name="APStrike" />

Subsequent reporting by NDTV, Frontline, Times of India, Kashmir Times and other outlets cited protest organisers and activists who alleged that the death toll exceeded 30 and that more than 200 people had been injured during the crackdown.<ref name="NDTV30">{{cite news |title=Over 30 dead, 200 injured as security forces open fire on protesters in PoK |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/over-30-dead-200-injured-as-security-forces-open-fire-on-protesters-in-pok-11611606 |work=NDTV |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="TOI30">{{cite news |title=Pakistan launches manhunt for four PoK protesters after crackdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-launches-manhunt-for-four-pok-protesters-after-crackdown-killing-19-kids-7-pregnant-women/articleshow/131625952.cms |work=The Times of India |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="KTFire">{{cite web |title=Police open fire on protesters in PAJK, killing at least eleven |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/news/police-open-fire-on-protesters-in-pajk-killing-at-least-eleven |publisher=Kashmir Times |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Authorities disputed several of the higher casualty estimates, while human-rights organisations called for independent investigations into the deaths and injuries reported during the unrest.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

===Injuries===
More than 70 people were reported injured during the Rawalakot clashes, including protesters, civilians and members of the security forces.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" />

Hospitals in Rawalakot and neighbouring districts treated victims suffering from gunshot wounds, injuries caused by crowd-control measures and other protest-related violence.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="TheHinduClashes" />

Additional injuries were reported during demonstrations and confrontations that occurred during the region-wide strike on 9 June.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" />

===Use of force allegations===

The actions of Pakistani security forces during the protests became a major source of controversy. Protest organisers, civil society groups and several media outlets alleged that police and paramilitary personnel used excessive force against demonstrators, including the use of live ammunition, tear gas and baton charges during efforts to disperse crowds.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" /><ref name="KTFire">{{cite web |title=Police open fire on protesters in PAJK, killing at least eleven |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/news/police-open-fire-on-protesters-in-pajk-killing-at-least-eleven |publisher=Kashmir Times |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

According to Reuters, clashes erupted after authorities attempted to prevent demonstrations organised by the banned JAAC, resulting in deaths and injuries among both protesters and security personnel.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" /> Protest leaders and eyewitnesses alleged that security forces opened fire on demonstrators in Rawalakot and other locations, contributing to the high casualty figures reported during the unrest.<ref name="KTFire" /><ref name="NDTV30">{{cite news |title=Over 30 dead, 200 injured as security forces open fire on protesters in PoK |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/over-30-dead-200-injured-as-security-forces-open-fire-on-protesters-in-pok-11611606 |work=NDTV |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="HTFire">{{cite news |title=PoK erupts over a ban, Pak forces fire at protesters; several killed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pok-erupts-over-a-ban-pak-forces-fire-at-protesters-several-killed-as-asim-munirs-kashmir-claims-exposed-again-101781011036554.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Several reports alleged that women and children were among those killed or injured during the crackdown. The Times of India, citing activists and protest organisers, reported allegations that numerous minors and pregnant women were among the victims. These claims could not be independently verified by international news agencies at the time of reporting.<ref name="TOICasualties">{{cite news |title=Pakistan launches manhunt for four PoK protesters after crackdown killing 19 kids, 7 pregnant women |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-launches-manhunt-for-four-pok-protesters-after-crackdown-killing-19-kids-7-pregnant-women/articleshow/131625952.cms |work=The Times of India |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Authorities rejected accusations that security forces had deliberately targeted peaceful protesters. Government representatives maintained that force was used only after demonstrators attacked security personnel, damaged public property and attempted to breach security cordons. Officials stated that law-enforcement personnel acted in accordance with security procedures and denied allegations of indiscriminate firing.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="APStrike" />

Amnesty International criticised the authorities' response to the protests and called for independent investigations into allegations of excessive force, arbitrary arrests and restrictions on freedom of assembly. The organisation stated that anti-terror legislation should not be used to suppress peaceful political dissent and urged Pakistani authorities to ensure accountability for any human-rights violations committed during the unrest.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

The allegations of excessive force became a central issue in subsequent domestic and international discussions regarding the protests, with human-rights advocates, diaspora organisations and opposition groups demanding transparent investigations into the deaths and injuries reported during the crackdown.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="TOIDiaspora" /><ref name="IndiaTodayUK">{{cite news |title=PoK killings spark protests in UK; British MPs express concern |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-killing-news-protest-in-united-kingdom-pak-consulate-british-mps-concern-2923954-2026-06-09 |work=India Today |date=9 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Several media organisations continued to report allegations by protest organisers that civilians, including women and children, were among those affected during the government's crackdown on the demonstrations. Protest leaders accused Pakistani security forces of employing excessive force to disperse gatherings and suppress the movement, while also alleging arbitrary arrests and intimidation of activists.<ref name="Hawk25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests: Pakistan accused of targeting women, children using starvation tactics |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/world/pok-protests-pakistan-accused-of-targeting-women-children-using-starvation-tactics |website=The Hawk |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18Starving25Jun2026">{{cite news |title='People Are Starving': PoK Protesters Accuse Pakistan Of Failing Them And Crushing Dissent |url=https://www.news18.com/world/people-are-starving-pok-protesters-accuse-pakistan-of-failing-them-and-crushing-dissent-ws-l-10170336.html |work=News18 |date=24 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

According to protest representatives, the continued deployment of police and paramilitary personnel, combined with restrictions on movement and the transportation of essential supplies, intensified humanitarian concerns in several districts. Activists alleged that these measures disproportionately affected vulnerable groups, including women, children and elderly residents. Pakistani authorities denied deliberately targeting civilians and maintained that security operations were conducted solely to restore public order and prevent further violence.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Human rights advocates and protest organisers continued to call for independent investigations into the deaths, injuries and arrests reported during the unrest. They also urged Pakistani authorities to ensure accountability for any unlawful use of force and to safeguard the rights to peaceful assembly, freedom of expression and political participation.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

===General strike of 9 June===
On 9 June 2026, the JAAC's call for a shutter-down and wheel-jam strike was widely observed across Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. A region-wide strike called by the JKJAAC on 9 June resulted in the closure of markets, businesses, educational institutions and transport services across much of Azad Kashmir. Thousands of supporters participated in demonstrations despite restrictions imposed by the authorities. Reports from Muzaffarabad and other urban centres indicated that commercial activity was largely suspended and public transport services were significantly disrupted.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="TheHinduMarkets">{{cite news |title=Markets, streets deserted in different parts of Azad Kashmir after JAAC protest call |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/markets-streets-deserted-in-different-parts-of-pok-after-jaacs-protest-call/article71083633.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="p">{{cite news |title=A banned group's call for a strike halts business and transport across Pakistan-administered Kashmir |work=Associated Press |date=9 June 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/7b4f5e038abd227415dd0aeb32e5ebe3}}</ref>

Markets remained closed in Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot, Kotli, Bagh, Mirpur and other towns as protesters responded to the strike call. Streets in several cities were reported to be largely deserted, while public transport services were significantly disrupted.<ref name="TheHinduMarkets" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

According to Reuters, the strike represented one of the largest coordinated shutdowns in the territory in recent years. Protest leaders declared that the movement would continue until authorities addressed demands relating to political representation, governance and economic reforms.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" />

Associated Press reported that the strike affected businesses and transportation across large parts of the territory, demonstrating the organisational capacity of the JAAC despite the government's decision to ban the movement.<ref name="APStrike" />

===Long march===

A central component of the protest campaign was a planned long march toward Muzaffarabad. Organisers described the march as a peaceful demonstration intended to pressure authorities into addressing longstanding grievances regarding governance and representation.<ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" />

Government authorities attempted to prevent the march through arrests, checkpoints and restrictions on movement. Protest organisers accused officials of seeking to obstruct peaceful political activity, while authorities argued that restrictions were necessary to prevent violence and maintain public order.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APArrests" /><ref name="WIONBan" />

Despite these measures, groups of demonstrators continued to assemble and attempted to proceed toward Muzaffarabad from various districts, leading to additional confrontations with security forces and further arrests.<ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="TheHinduMarkets" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

===Continuation of the long march===

Following the expiry of the JAAC's 23 June deadline, protest leaders announced that the planned long march towards [[Muzaffarabad]] would proceed as scheduled despite increased security measures and reports that authorities were attempting to prevent demonstrators from reaching the capital. JAAC representatives rejected speculation that the march had been postponed, stating that the movement would continue until its constitutional and political demands were addressed.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Speaking at public gatherings in [[Rawalakot]], JAAC leaders urged supporters to remain peaceful while continuing preparations for the march. Organisers stated that discussions with government representatives had failed to produce an agreement on the movement's principal demands, including the abolition of the 12 refugee seats in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], constitutional reforms and the implementation of the committee's 38-point charter.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Thousands of demonstrators continued to participate in rallies and public meetings across [[Rawalakot]], [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]] and other districts. Protest organisers described the mobilisation as one of the largest sustained protest movements in Pakistan-administered Kashmir in recent years, with traders, lawyers, transport workers, students and civil society organisations continuing to support the campaign despite the government's designation of the JAAC as a prohibited organisation.<ref name="ABP25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests against Pakistani government continue, thousands gather in Rawalakot |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/pok-protests-against-pakistani-government-continue-thousand-of-peopel-gather-in-rawalakot-ann-3150499 |website=ABP Live |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

Pakistani authorities maintained extensive security deployments throughout the territory, including checkpoints on major highways and roads leading towards Muzaffarabad. Protest leaders alleged that security forces were attempting to prevent participants from joining the march by restricting movement between districts and monitoring the activities of organisers. Officials maintained that the measures were necessary to preserve public order and prevent further violence.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

JAAC leaders stated that the movement would continue until political prisoners were released, restrictions imposed following the ban on the organisation were withdrawn and meaningful negotiations commenced regarding constitutional reforms. They further reiterated that the long march represented a peaceful campaign intended to secure greater political representation and institutional reforms rather than a violent confrontation with the authorities.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

===Negotiations===

Throughout late June 2026, representatives of the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC) continued discussions with officials of the [[Government of Azad Kashmir]] in an attempt to resolve the ongoing protests. Despite multiple rounds of negotiations, protest leaders stated that no agreement had been reached on the movement's principal constitutional and political demands.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

JAAC representatives stated that the government had requested additional time to consider the movement's proposals, including constitutional amendments, the abolition of the 12 refugee seats in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], and implementation of the committee's 38-point charter. Protest leaders, however, maintained that demonstrations and preparations for the proposed long march would continue while negotiations remained inconclusive.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/>

According to JAAC leaders, the movement was prepared to suspend protest activities only after the government formally accepted its principal demands. They rejected reports suggesting that the proposed long march had been cancelled or indefinitely postponed, reiterating that the campaign would continue until meaningful progress had been achieved through negotiations.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/>

Government representatives continued to urge restraint while discussions remained ongoing. Authorities maintained that dialogue represented the preferred mechanism for resolving the dispute but also stated that security measures would remain in force until public order had been restored across the territory.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="ABP25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests against Pakistani government continue, thousands gather in Rawalakot |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/pok-protests-against-pakistani-government-continue-thousand-of-peopel-gather-in-rawalakot-ann-3150499 |website=ABP Live |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

===Participation of women, students and children===

As the protests entered a prolonged phase in late June, women, students and schoolchildren emerged as some of the most visible participants in demonstrations organised by the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC). Large numbers of women attended rallies, public meetings and protest marches across [[Rawalakot]], [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]] and neighbouring districts, while students participated in demonstrations demanding constitutional reforms and greater political representation for residents of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]].<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Women, schoolchildren fuel massive PoK protests against Pakistan as June 23 deadline ends today |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/women-schoolchildren-fuel-massive-pok-protests-against-pakistan-as-june-23-deadline-ends-today-article-13956326.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=23 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

According to protest organisers, women assumed increasingly prominent leadership roles as demonstrations continued despite the government's ban on the JAAC. Local committees organised neighbourhood meetings and rallies in which women addressed crowds alongside lawyers, traders and student representatives. Organisers stated that broad participation by women and young people reflected growing public dissatisfaction with the territory's political and constitutional arrangements.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

Several media organisations reported that schoolchildren and university students also joined the demonstrations, carrying banners and chanting slogans supporting the movement's demands. Protest leaders described the participation of younger residents as evidence that the movement had expanded beyond its original economic grievances to encompass wider constitutional and governance issues.<ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

Protest organisers further alleged that Pakistani security personnel attempted to prevent women from travelling to demonstration sites by establishing checkpoints on major roads and restricting access to protest venues. According to News18, activists accused members of the [[Pakistan Rangers]] of stopping vehicles carrying female demonstrators and preventing them from joining public gatherings in some areas.<ref name="News18Women25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Pakistan Rangers Crack Down On Women In PoK, Block Them From Joining Protests |url=https://www.news18.com/world/pakistan-rangers-crack-down-on-women-in-pok-block-them-from-joining-protests-ws-l-10172344.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The allegations were rejected by Pakistani authorities, who maintained that security measures introduced across the territory were intended to preserve public order and regulate public gatherings rather than target any particular group of demonstrators. Protest leaders nevertheless continued to encourage the participation of women and students, describing their involvement as central to the movement's campaign for constitutional reforms and political representation.<ref name="News18Women25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

Political analysts observed that the sustained participation of women, students and children distinguished the 2026 protests from earlier demonstrations in the territory, transforming the movement from a predominantly trader-led campaign into a broader civil society mobilisation encompassing multiple sections of the population.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/><ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026"/>

===Military helicopter crash===
On 10 June 2026, a Pakistan Army MI-17 helicopter crashed near Muzaffarabad, killing all military personnel on board. According to the Pakistani military, the helicopter crashed shortly after takeoff because of a technical fault. The aircraft was reportedly transporting security personnel deployed in the region during the ongoing protest-related security operation. One of the military helicopters used in surveillance crashed over Muzaffarabad, killing all 22 personnel onboard.<ref name="APHelicopter">{{cite news |title=Pakistan army helicopter crashes in Kashmir because of technical fault, killing all on board |url=https://apnews.com/article/ead694987cabae2f7f4be9cdd5fabaec |work=Associated Press |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ReutersHelicopter">{{cite news |title=Pakistan says all aboard military helicopter killed in crash in Pakistani Kashmir |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-says-all-aboard-military-helicopter-killed-crash-pakistani-kashmir-2026-06-10/ |work=Reuters |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Pakistani authorities stated that there was no indication that the crash was connected to the protests or unrest in the region and announced an investigation into the incident. President Asif Ali Zardari, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Chief of Army Staff Asim Munir issued condolence messages following the crash. Prime Minister [[Faisal Mumtaz Rathore]] stated that dialogue remained possible but maintained that constitutionally protected issues could not be altered without following legal procedures.<ref name="APHelicopter" /><ref name="ReutersHelicopter" />

==Communications restrictions==

Throughout the protests, authorities imposed restrictions on communications and movement across several parts of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]. Human rights organisations, protest leaders and media reports alleged that internet services were periodically disrupted and that security checkpoints were established on major highways connecting [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]] and other districts.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun"/><ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Protest organisers alleged that the restrictions were intended to prevent demonstrators from travelling between districts and to hinder the organisation of rallies and the proposed long march towards [[Muzaffarabad]]. According to activists, vehicles transporting protesters were subjected to searches and delays at security checkpoints, while movement on several highways was monitored by police and paramilitary personnel.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Reports published during the later stages of the protests also described interruptions in the movement of commercial vehicles transporting food, fuel and medicines into the territory. Protest leaders argued that these restrictions contributed to shortages of essential commodities in several districts, while Pakistani authorities maintained that temporary transportation disruptions resulted from security operations rather than an official blockade.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/><ref name="IndiaCom25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Pakistan's internal crisis: Blockade imposed in occupied Kashmir, cutting off food, medicine supplies amid protests |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/pakistans-internal-crisis-blockade-imposed-in-occupied-kashmir-cutting-off-food-medicine-supplies-amid-protests-8456862/ |website=India.com |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Amnesty International criticised the use of communication restrictions during the protests, stating that measures affecting internet access and freedom of assembly should comply with international human rights standards. The organisation called upon Pakistani authorities to refrain from using security legislation to suppress peaceful political activity and urged an end to arbitrary restrictions on communications and movement.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun"/>

Government officials defended the restrictions as temporary security measures introduced to preserve public order during the unrest. Authorities stated that roadblocks, checkpoints and communication controls were necessary to prevent violence and facilitate law enforcement operations while rejecting allegations that the measures were intended to suppress peaceful political dissent.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/>

==Blockade and humanitarian situation==

Following the expiry of the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC)'s 23 June ultimatum, protest leaders accused Pakistani authorities of imposing an effective blockade on [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] by restricting the movement of essential commodities into the territory. According to protest organisers, security forces established checkpoints on major highways connecting the region with [[Punjab, Pakistan]], delaying or preventing the movement of trucks carrying food, fuel and medicines into several districts.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Residents in [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]] and the [[Neelum Valley]] reported shortages of flour, vegetables, cooking oil, petrol and medicines as commercial supplies were disrupted. Pharmacies and grocery stores reportedly experienced difficulty replenishing stocks, while long queues formed outside fuel stations in several towns. Protest organisers alleged that the restrictions were intended to weaken the movement by creating economic and humanitarian pressure on the local population.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/><ref name="IndiaCom25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Pakistan's internal crisis: Blockade imposed in occupied Kashmir, cutting off food, medicine supplies amid protests |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/pakistans-internal-crisis-blockade-imposed-in-occupied-kashmir-cutting-off-food-medicine-supplies-amid-protests-8456862/ |website=India.com |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Several residents told media organisations that they had travelled to [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Islamabad]] to purchase essential medicines and household supplies that had become unavailable locally. Protest leaders also alleged that trucks carrying flour, vegetables and other necessities were prevented from entering the territory, contributing to rising prices and shortages in local markets.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

The JAAC accused Pakistani authorities of employing "starvation tactics" against civilians by restricting access to essential goods. According to protest representatives, women, children and elderly residents were disproportionately affected by the shortages. Some activists described the measures as an attempt to force demonstrators to abandon the protest movement through economic hardship rather than direct confrontation.<ref name="Hawk25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests: Pakistan accused of targeting women, children using starvation tactics |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/world/pok-protests-pakistan-accused-of-targeting-women-children-using-starvation-tactics |website=The Hawk |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18Starving25Jun2026">{{cite news |title='People Are Starving': PoK Protesters Accuse Pakistan Of Failing Them And Crushing Dissent |url=https://www.news18.com/world/people-are-starving-pok-protesters-accuse-pakistan-of-failing-them-and-crushing-dissent-ws-l-10170336.html |work=News18 |date=24 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Pakistani authorities denied imposing a blockade and maintained that security measures introduced across the territory were intended to preserve public order during the ongoing unrest. Officials rejected allegations that humanitarian supplies had been deliberately restricted and stated that transportation disruptions were the result of security operations and protest-related road closures rather than government policy.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/>

The reported shortages became a significant issue during the later phase of the protests, with both domestic and international media highlighting growing humanitarian concerns alongside the movement's political demands. Protest organisers warned that unless restrictions were lifted and negotiations resumed, shortages of food, fuel and medicines would continue to worsen across the territory.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="News18Starving25Jun2026"/>

==Government response==
The Government of Azad Kashmir and federal authorities defended the measures taken during the unrest, arguing that the restrictions were necessary to maintain public order and prevent further violence. Officials accused elements within the protest movement of encouraging confrontation with security forces and disrupting public services.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="ABCClashes" /> Authorities maintained that the designation of the JAAC under anti-terror legislation was justified by concerns regarding security and stability. Government representatives stated that law enforcement agencies had acted to prevent escalation and to ensure the safety of residents during the protests. Pakistan Defence Minister [[Khawaja Asif]] urged "complete obedience to state."<ref name=":3" />

Following the outbreak of violence, security deployments were increased throughout the territory. Police, paramilitary personnel and other security forces were stationed in major urban centres, while checkpoints were established on roads leading to Muzaffarabad and other strategic locations.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="USEmbassy" />

Authorities also defended internet restrictions and movement controls imposed during the unrest, arguing that such measures were necessary to prevent the spread of violence and misinformation. Protest organisers and human-rights groups rejected this justification, claiming that the restrictions hindered freedom of expression and access to information.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="WIONBan" />

Government officials rejected allegations that security forces had deliberately targeted peaceful protesters, maintaining that force was used only when demonstrations became violent. Protest leaders disputed these claims and accused security personnel of employing excessive force against demonstrators.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" /><ref name="TheHinduClashes" />

===Negotiations and continued security measures===

Following the expiry of the JAAC's 23 June ultimatum, authorities continued negotiations with representatives of the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC) in an effort to defuse the protests. Protest leaders, however, maintained that no agreement had been reached on the movement's principal demands and rejected reports that the planned long march had been postponed. They stated that demonstrations would continue until meaningful constitutional and political reforms were implemented.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Pakistani authorities maintained an extensive security presence throughout Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, with police and paramilitary personnel deployed at major intersections, government buildings and highways connecting the territory with [[Punjab, Pakistan]]. Checkpoints remained in place on routes leading to [[Muzaffarabad]] and other major towns, while security personnel continued to monitor the movement of protesters and organisers.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

According to protest organisers, security forces continued to restrict travel between districts by establishing roadblocks and conducting vehicle inspections, making it difficult for demonstrators to reach planned protest sites. JAAC leaders alleged that these measures were intended to reduce participation in rallies and the proposed long march, while government officials maintained that they were necessary to preserve law and order and prevent further violence.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/>

Authorities also continued to defend the decision to prohibit the JAAC under anti-terrorism legislation, maintaining that the organisation's activities posed a threat to public order. Protest leaders rejected the designation, arguing that the movement remained peaceful and that the ban had been used to justify arrests, restrictions on public assembly and increased surveillance of activists.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Despite the continued security measures, demonstrations persisted in several districts throughout late June, with protest organisers reiterating that negotiations would continue only if the government agreed to discuss constitutional amendments, electoral reforms and the implementation of the JAAC's 38-point charter.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="ABP25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests against Pakistani government continue, thousands gather in Rawalakot |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/pok-protests-against-pakistani-government-continue-thousand-of-peopel-gather-in-rawalakot-ann-3150499 |website=ABP Live |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

==International reaction==

===Amnesty International===

Amnesty International strongly criticised the government's response to the protests. The organisation condemned the designation of the JAAC as a terrorist organisation and described the move as a dangerous escalation in the treatment of political dissent in Azad Kashmir.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

The organisation expressed concern regarding reports of arbitrary arrests, internet shutdowns, restrictions on freedom of assembly and allegations of excessive force against protesters. Amnesty called upon Pakistani authorities to respect international human-rights obligations and ensure accountability for any violations committed during the unrest.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

===United States===

Prior to the planned demonstrations, the United States Embassy in Pakistan issued a security advisory warning of possible disruptions associated with the protests. The advisory noted the possibility of transportation interruptions, communication restrictions and security incidents and advised American citizens to avoid areas where demonstrations were expected to occur.<ref name="USEmbassy" />

The advisory was widely cited by international media as evidence of concerns regarding the potential scale of the unrest and the likelihood of significant disruptions across the territory.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" />

===India===

The protests received significant attention in India, where officials and media outlets monitored developments in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Indian media extensively reported on the JAAC's demands, the ban imposed on the organisation, the violence in Rawalakot and allegations of human-rights violations.<ref name="TheHinduClashes" /><ref name="TheHinduMarkets" /><ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="WIONBan" />

The Ministry of External Affairs reiterated India's longstanding position regarding territories administered by Pakistan and criticised political developments affecting the region. Coverage of the protests frequently appeared within broader discussions relating to the Kashmir dispute and governance issues in Pakistan-administered territories.<ref name="MEA2026">{{cite web |title=India lodges strong protest regarding holding of General Elections in Gilgit-Baltistan |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases?dtl/41268/India_lodges_strong_protest_regarding_holding_of_General_Elections_in_GilgitBaltistan |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

===Pakistan===

The continued protests prompted renewed debate within Pakistan regarding the constitutional status and political identity of residents of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]. During the unrest, Pakistan's Defence Minister [[Khawaja Asif]] stated that residents of the territory were "not Kashmiris" but Pakistanis, arguing that they should identify themselves with Pakistan rather than as a separate political entity. His remarks drew criticism from protest leaders and opposition figures, who argued that the statement contradicted Pakistan's longstanding official position regarding the disputed status of the region.<ref name="Firstpost25Jun2026">{{cite news |title='You're Not Kashmiris': Pak Defence Minister Dismisses Identity Of PoK Residents Amid Ongoing Protests |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/youre-not-kashmiris-pak-defence-minister-dismisses-identity-of-pok-residents-amid-ongoing-protests-14025750.html |work=Firstpost |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Leaders of the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC) accused the federal government of attempting to undermine the political identity of the territory while refusing to address longstanding constitutional and governance concerns. Protest organisers stated that the movement sought greater political representation, constitutional reforms and increased local autonomy rather than the abolition of the territory's distinct political identity.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Political commentators observed that the Defence Minister's remarks generated additional controversy at a time when demonstrations were expanding across the territory. Several analysts argued that the comments further strengthened the protesters' claims that residents of Pakistan-administered Kashmir lacked meaningful political representation within Pakistan's constitutional framework.<ref name="PrintOpinion25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK protests & Pakistan: Newsmaker of the Week |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pok-protests-pakistan-kashmir/2958714/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Despite the controversy, Pakistani authorities continued to maintain that the security measures adopted during the protests were intended solely to preserve public order and denied allegations that the federal government was attempting to suppress peaceful political dissent.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

===Human rights organisations===

In addition to Amnesty International, several civil-society organisations and activists expressed concern regarding the treatment of protesters and the use of anti-terror legislation against a political movement. Critics argued that criminalising protest activity risked undermining freedoms of assembly, association and expression.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="Frontline" />

Advocacy groups called for transparent investigations into the deaths and injuries reported during the unrest and urged authorities to release individuals detained solely for peaceful political activities.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

==Diaspora response==

The protests received significant attention among members of the Kashmiri diaspora, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]], where demonstrations, public meetings and solidarity campaigns were organised following reports of clashes between protesters and Pakistani security forces. Diaspora organisations called for international scrutiny of the situation in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and urged foreign governments and human rights organisations to monitor developments in the territory.<ref name="IndiaTodayUK">{{cite news |title=PoK killings spark protests in UK; British MPs express concern |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-killing-news-protest-in-united-kingdom-pak-consulate-british-mps-concern-2923954-2026-06-09 |work=India Today |date=9 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="TOIDiaspora">{{cite web |title=Kashmiri diaspora stages massive UK protests against alleged military crackdown in PoJK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/videos/kashmiri-diaspora-stages-massive-uk-protests-against-alleged-military-crackdown-in-pojk/videoshow/131601146.cms |website=The Times of India |date=June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Demonstrators gathered outside Pakistani diplomatic missions and organised rallies in support of the protest movement, condemning the reported use of force against demonstrators and expressing support for the constitutional and political demands advanced by the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC). Protesters also criticised the designation of the JAAC as a prohibited organisation and called for the release of detained activists.<ref name="IndiaTodayUK"/><ref name="TOIDiaspora"/>

Diaspora organisations continued to highlight reports of alleged restrictions on movement, shortages of food, fuel and medicines and the participation of women and students in the demonstrations. Several groups appealed to international human rights organisations to investigate allegations of excessive force, arbitrary arrests and restrictions on freedom of assembly during the protests.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The continued demonstrations in late June sustained international attention on the movement, with diaspora groups maintaining public campaigns through rallies, petitions and social media. Activists stated that these efforts were intended to increase international awareness of the protesters' demands and encourage external scrutiny of developments in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name="TOIDiaspora"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

===Political and media commentary===

The continued demonstrations attracted widespread attention from political commentators and regional media, many of whom described the protests as the most significant challenge to Pakistan's administration of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] since the large-scale demonstrations of 2024 and 2025. Analysts noted that the movement had evolved from an economic campaign into a broader constitutional movement centred on political representation, governance reforms and the relationship between the territory and the federal government.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK protests & Pakistan: Newsmaker of the Week |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pok-protests-pakistan-kashmir/2958714/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Several commentators observed that the participation of traders, lawyers, transport workers, women, students and civil society organisations distinguished the 2026 protests from previous movements in the territory. They argued that the broad social composition of the demonstrations reflected growing public dissatisfaction with existing constitutional arrangements and governance in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Women, schoolchildren fuel massive PoK protests against Pakistan as June 23 deadline ends today |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/women-schoolchildren-fuel-massive-pok-protests-against-pakistan-as-june-23-deadline-ends-today-article-13956326.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=23 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Coverage of the later stages of the protests increasingly focused on allegations of restrictions on movement, shortages of food, fuel and medicines, and the continuation of the proposed long march despite the government's security measures. While protest organisers described these developments as evidence of an escalating humanitarian situation, Pakistani authorities maintained that the restrictions were temporary security measures implemented to preserve public order.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18Starving25Jun2026">{{cite news |title='People Are Starving': PoK Protesters Accuse Pakistan Of Failing Them And Crushing Dissent |url=https://www.news18.com/world/people-are-starving-pok-protesters-accuse-pakistan-of-failing-them-and-crushing-dissent-ws-l-10170336.html |work=News18 |date=24 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

==Aftermath==

By late June 2026, the protests had developed into one of the largest sustained protest movements in the history of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]. Despite the ban on the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC), arrests of activists and an extensive security deployment across the territory, demonstrations continued in [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]], [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] and other districts. Protest leaders stated that the movement would continue until the government accepted their principal constitutional and political demands.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The demonstrations increasingly evolved beyond their initial focus on electoral representation and the abolition of the 12 reserved refugee seats in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]. Political analysts observed that the movement had broadened into a wider campaign calling for constitutional reforms, greater local autonomy, administrative accountability and increased control over the territory's political and economic affairs.<ref name="PrintOpinion25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK protests & Pakistan: Newsmaker of the Week |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pok-protests-pakistan-kashmir/2958714/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The prolonged demonstrations also attracted increased participation from women, students, lawyers, traders and transport workers, transforming what had initially been a trader-led protest movement into a broader civil society mobilisation. Observers noted that participation by multiple sections of society contributed to the movement's ability to sustain demonstrations despite continuing arrests and security restrictions.<ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Women, schoolchildren fuel massive PoK protests against Pakistan as June 23 deadline ends today |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/women-schoolchildren-fuel-massive-pok-protests-against-pakistan-as-june-23-deadline-ends-today-article-13956326.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=23 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

Reports of shortages of food, fuel and medicines during the protests also attracted wider attention. Protest leaders accused Pakistani authorities of using restrictions on transportation and movement to pressure demonstrators by disrupting supplies of essential commodities. Pakistani authorities denied imposing a blockade, maintaining that temporary disruptions resulted from security measures implemented during the unrest.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndiaCom25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Pakistan's internal crisis: Blockade imposed in occupied Kashmir, cutting off food, medicine supplies amid protests |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/pakistans-internal-crisis-blockade-imposed-in-occupied-kashmir-cutting-off-food-medicine-supplies-amid-protests-8456862/ |website=India.com |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The protests received extensive coverage in Indian and international media, with several commentators describing the unrest as one of the most significant political challenges faced by the Government of Pakistan in the territory since the large-scale demonstrations of 2024 and 2025. Analysts suggested that the movement reflected broader dissatisfaction over governance, political representation and constitutional arrangements in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, while also exposing tensions between local political groups and the federal government.<ref name="PrintOpinion25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

As of late June 2026, no comprehensive political settlement had been reached between the government and the JAAC. Protest leaders reiterated that demonstrations, public meetings and preparations for the proposed long march would continue until substantive progress was made on their constitutional, political and economic demands, while authorities maintained that security measures would remain in force to preserve public order.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="ABP25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests against Pakistani government continue, thousands gather in Rawalakot |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/pok-protests-against-pakistani-government-continue-thousand-of-peopel-gather-in-rawalakot-ann-3150499 |website=ABP Live |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

==Impact==

The protests significantly disrupted daily life across [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]], with repeated strikes, demonstrations and security operations affecting transportation, commerce and public services in several districts. Markets and businesses remained closed during periods of the unrest, while public transport services were suspended or operated on a limited basis in response to strike calls issued by the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC).<ref name="Reuters9Jun"/><ref name="TheHinduMarkets"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The movement also affected the supply of essential commodities in parts of the territory. Residents and protest organisers reported shortages of food, fuel and medicines, alleging that security restrictions on highways disrupted commercial transportation into the region. Pakistani authorities denied imposing a blockade and stated that temporary disruptions resulted from measures introduced to maintain public order during the protests.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndiaCom25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Pakistan's internal crisis: Blockade imposed in occupied Kashmir, cutting off food, medicine supplies amid protests |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/pakistans-internal-crisis-blockade-imposed-in-occupied-kashmir-cutting-off-food-medicine-supplies-amid-protests-8456862/ |website=India.com |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Educational institutions, commercial establishments and government offices experienced intermittent disruptions as demonstrations continued throughout June. Public gatherings, road closures and security checkpoints affected travel between districts, while authorities maintained an increased police and paramilitary presence in major towns including [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]] and [[Kotli]].<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/>

The prolonged demonstrations also elevated constitutional reform and political representation to the forefront of public debate within Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Analysts observed that issues previously discussed primarily by political organisations became subjects of wider public mobilisation, contributing to one of the most sustained protest movements in the territory in recent years.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

===Media bias===
As the movement expanded, sections of Pakistan's mainstream electronic media and pro-establishment commentators tried to frame the JKJAAC in security-centric terms, portraying it as a potential "anti-state actor." These claims, often presented without substantive evidence, tried to shift the public discourse away from issues of governance, economic hardship, and political accountability toward narratives centred on patriotism and national security.<ref name=":1" />

==Political analysis==

Political analysts described the 2026 protests as a significant shift in the political landscape of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]], arguing that the movement had evolved beyond economic grievances into a broader campaign for constitutional reform and political representation. Commentators observed that while earlier protest movements in 2024 and 2025 had primarily focused on electricity tariffs, subsidies and taxation, the 2026 demonstrations centred on questions of governance, electoral representation and the constitutional relationship between Pakistan and the territory.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK protests & Pakistan: Newsmaker of the Week |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pok-protests-pakistan-kashmir/2958714/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

According to ''ThePrint'', the movement represented an unprecedented challenge to Pakistan's administrative framework in the territory because its demands increasingly focused on constitutional amendments rather than solely economic concessions. Analysts noted that the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC) had broadened its support base by bringing together traders, lawyers, transport workers, students, women and civil society organisations under a common political platform.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Several commentators observed that the continued participation of women, students and young people distinguished the protests from previous movements in the territory. Rather than remaining a campaign led primarily by traders' associations, the demonstrations expanded into a wider civil society movement encompassing multiple professional and social groups. Analysts suggested that this broader participation contributed to the protests' ability to continue despite the government's ban on the JAAC and the deployment of additional security forces.<ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Women, schoolchildren fuel massive PoK protests against Pakistan as June 23 deadline ends today |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/women-schoolchildren-fuel-massive-pok-protests-against-pakistan-as-june-23-deadline-ends-today-article-13956326.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=23 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

Commentary published by several media organisations argued that the unrest exposed longstanding tensions over governance and political representation in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The continuing demonstrations, coupled with allegations of restrictions on movement and shortages of essential commodities, were described as reflecting wider dissatisfaction among sections of the territory's population with existing constitutional and administrative arrangements.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Some analysts further suggested that the movement demonstrated a transition from issue-specific protests towards a sustained political mobilisation seeking institutional reform. They argued that the prominence of constitutional demands, together with calls for greater local representation and administrative accountability, differentiated the 2026 protests from previous waves of unrest in the territory.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

==See also==

* [[2024 Azad Kashmir protests]]
* [[2025 Azad Kashmir protests]]
* [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]]
* [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad Kashmir protests, 2026}}

[[Category:2026 protests]]
[[Category:2026 in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:June 2026 events in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politics of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political controversies in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Protests in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Civil disorder in Asia]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Political movements in Kashmir]]

2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests

2026-06-25T17:16:28Z

Simba:

{{Short description|Protests in Pakistan-administered Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2026}}

{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2026 Azad Kashmir protests
| date = {{Start date|2026|6|5}} – ongoing
| place = [[Pakistan occupide Kashmir]]
| causes =

* Dispute over 12 reserved refugee seats
* Political representation
* Governance concerns
* Economic grievances
* Electricity tariffs and subsidies
| goals =
* Abolition of refugee seats
* Implementation of JAAC's 38-point charter
* Greater political representation
* Governance reforms
| methods =
* General strikes
* Long marches
* Demonstrations
* Road blockades
| result =
* JAAC banned under anti-terror legislation
* Internet and communication restrictions imposed
* Arrests and sedition cases filed
* Multiple deaths and injuries
| side1 = [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]]
| side2 =
* [[Government of Pakistan]]
* [[Government of Azad Kashmir]]
* [[Azad Kashmir Police]]
* [[Punjab Rangers]]
* [[Federal Constabulary]]
| casualties1 =
* At least 30 protesters reported killed
* More than 200 reported injured
| casualties2 =
* Unknown
}}

The '''2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests''' are an ongoing protest movement that began in June 2026 across '''[[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]''' (PoK), officially administered by Pakistan as '''[[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]''' (AJK), a territory claimed by India as part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. The demonstrations were organised primarily by the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC), a coalition of traders, lawyers, transport workers, students and civil society organisations. Initially centred on opposition to the continued reservation of 12 seats in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] for refugees residing elsewhere in Pakistan, the movement subsequently expanded to include demands for constitutional reforms, greater political representation, administrative accountability and implementation of the JAAC's 38-point charter.<ref name="Reuters9Jun"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

The protests intensified after the Government of Azad Kashmir designated the JAAC as a prohibited organisation under anti-terrorism legislation on 5 June 2026. Authorities arrested activists, imposed restrictions on communications and movement, and deployed additional police and paramilitary forces throughout the territory. Clashes between protesters and security personnel, particularly in [[Rawalakot]], resulted in multiple deaths and injuries, prompting criticism from human rights organisations including [[Amnesty International]], which expressed concern over the use of anti-terror legislation, arbitrary arrests and restrictions on freedom of assembly.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun"/><ref name="ReutersRawalakot"/><ref name="BBCClashes"/>

Following the expiry of the JAAC's ultimatum on 23 June, demonstrations continued across [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]], [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] and other districts. Protest leaders rejected reports that the planned long march towards Muzaffarabad had been postponed and stated that the movement would continue until meaningful progress had been made on constitutional amendments and political reforms. Women, students and schoolchildren emerged as prominent participants in the demonstrations, transforming the movement from a trader-led campaign into a broader civil society mobilisation.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

During the later stages of the protests, demonstrators accused Pakistani authorities of restricting the movement of food, fuel and medicines into the territory, resulting in reported shortages of essential commodities in several districts. Pakistani authorities denied imposing a blockade and maintained that transportation disruptions resulted from security measures introduced during the unrest. By late June 2026, the protests had become one of the largest sustained political movements in Pakistan-administered Kashmir in recent years, attracting extensive attention from regional and international media.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="IndiaCom25Jun2026"/>

==Background==

Mass protest movements have periodically emerged in POK over issues relating to governance, economic conditions and political representation. During 2024 and 2025, demonstrations organised by traders, transport workers and civil society groups focused on electricity tariffs, wheat subsidies, taxation and the distribution of public resources. These movements resulted in negotiations with authorities and partial concessions, but many demands remained unresolved.<ref name="Frontline">{{cite web |title=Why Pakistan-administered Kashmir is witnessing mass protests |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/why-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-is-witnessing-mass-protests/article71080112.ece |publisher=Frontline |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

The JAAC emerged as the principal umbrella organisation representing a broad coalition of traders' associations, transport unions, lawyers, students and activists. The movement increasingly shifted its focus from economic issues to constitutional and political questions, particularly representation within the territory's legislative institutions.<ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

Ahead of the 2026 legislative elections, controversy intensified regarding the 12 seats reserved for refugees from Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir living elsewhere in Pakistan. JAAC leaders argued that the arrangement diluted the political influence of residents living in Azad Kashmir and gave disproportionate electoral weight to voters residing outside the territory. Government officials and supporters of the system maintained that the reserved seats reflected the historical circumstances of the Kashmir dispute and ensured representation for displaced communities.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="TheHinduClashes">{{cite news |title=Pakistan-administered Kashmir clashes: Joint Awami Action Committee protestors killed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-occupied-kashmir-clashes-joint-awami-action-committee-protestors-killed/article71075418.ece |work=The Hindu |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

The dispute gained further prominence after legal and administrative decisions upheld the continuation of the refugee-seat arrangement. In response, the JAAC announced a region-wide campaign demanding constitutional reforms and the abolition of the reserved seats. Protest organisers warned that failure to address the issue would result in a long march and general strike across the territory.<ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum">{{cite web |title=PAJK protest movement issues election ultimatum, threatens June long march |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/news/pajk-protest-movement-issues-election-ultimatum-threatens-june-long-march |publisher=Kashmir Times |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="WIONBan">{{cite web |title=Protests intensify in Pakistan-administered Kashmir after government bans JAAC ahead of elections |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/protests-intensify-in-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-after-govt-bans-primary-advocacy-body-jaac-ahead-of-elections-1780835112422 |publisher=WION |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

==Demands==

The JAAC's programme combined economic, political and constitutional demands. Protest organisers argued that the existing political structure of Pakistan occupide Kashmir provided inadequate representation to residents and disproportionately favoured political elites and refugee constituencies located outside the territory.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="Frontline" />

Among the movement's principal demands was the abolition of 12 seats reserved in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] for refugees from Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir residing elsewhere in Pakistan. JAAC leaders argued that the arrangement distorted electoral representation and reduced the influence of residents living within the territory itself.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" />

The movement also demanded lower electricity tariffs, increased subsidies for wheat and essential commodities, greater local control over revenues generated by hydroelectric projects, reforms to public administration and increased accountability among elected officials. Protest organisers further called for the reduction of privileges and allowances granted to political officeholders and senior government officials.<ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="WIONBan" />

In May 2026, the JAAC issued a 38-point charter of demands and warned that a territory-wide strike and long march would be organised if negotiations with authorities failed to produce satisfactory results.<ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" /><ref name="WIONBan" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

The movement's demands evolved during the course of the protests, with constitutional reforms becoming increasingly prominent alongside its original economic and governance-related objectives. Protest leaders argued that the existing constitutional framework governing [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] limited the political authority of locally elected institutions and called for amendments that would provide greater autonomy and democratic representation to residents of the territory.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The JAAC also reiterated its demand for the abolition of the 12 seats reserved in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] for refugees residing elsewhere in Pakistan. Protest organisers argued that the arrangement reduced the political representation of residents living within the territory and no longer reflected contemporary political realities. Government officials defended the system as part of the historical constitutional framework relating to the Kashmir dispute.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK protests & Pakistan: Newsmaker of the Week |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pok-protests-pakistan-kashmir/2958714/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

In addition, protest leaders called for the implementation of the JAAC's 38-point charter, which included measures relating to administrative accountability, judicial independence, electoral reforms, local control over natural resources, reductions in public expenditure on elected officials and greater transparency in public administration. They maintained that these reforms were necessary to strengthen democratic governance and improve public confidence in the territory's institutions.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

During negotiations with government representatives in late June, JAAC leaders stated that the planned long march and other protest activities would continue until meaningful progress had been achieved on constitutional amendments and the implementation of the movement's principal demands. They rejected reports that the demonstrations would be suspended before an agreement had been reached with the authorities.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="ABP25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests against Pakistani government continue, thousands gather in Rawalakot |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/pok-protests-against-pakistani-government-continue-thousand-of-peopel-gather-in-rawalakot-ann-3150499 |website=ABP Live |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

==Ban of the JAAC==

On 5 June 2026, the Government of Azad Kashmir designated the Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee as a prohibited organisation under anti-terror legislation. Authorities stated that the measure was necessary to preserve public order and prevent unrest ahead of the planned demonstrations and the upcoming legislative elections.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APArrests">{{cite news |title=Police arrest supporters of banned group ahead of rally in Pakistan-administered Kashmir |url=https://apnews.com/article/006859907010f8f66cf4fb5ceb2ec6cb |work=Associated Press |date=7 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="WIONBan" />

The decision was condemned by JAAC leaders, who rejected accusations that the movement posed a security threat. Protest organisers argued that the ban represented an attempt to suppress political opposition and prevent demonstrations relating to electoral representation and governance issues.<ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" />

Following the ban, authorities initiated a broad security operation targeting the movement's leadership. According to Reuters and Associated Press reporting, numerous activists were detained, sedition cases were filed against prominent JAAC leaders and rewards were announced for information leading to the arrest of certain organisers.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APArrests" />

Additional police and paramilitary personnel were deployed throughout the territory, particularly in Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot and other urban centres expected to host demonstrations. Road checkpoints were established and security measures were strengthened ahead of the planned long march.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="USEmbassy">{{cite web |title=Demonstration Alert – June 9 Protests in Azad Kashmir |url=https://pk.usembassy.gov/demonstration-alert-june-9-protests-in-azad-kashmir/ |publisher=U.S. Embassy in Pakistan |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="AJ9Jun" />

===Reaction to the ban===

The ban drew criticism from human-rights organisations and civil society groups. Amnesty International described the designation of the JAAC as a dangerous escalation and warned that anti-terror legislation should not be used to criminalise peaceful political dissent.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

Amnesty further expressed concern regarding reports of arbitrary arrests, restrictions on freedom of assembly and the use of communication shutdowns during the unrest. The organisation called upon Pakistani authorities to respect international human-rights standards and ensure that any restrictions on protest activity complied with international law.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

Several commentators and analysts viewed the ban within the broader context of growing political tensions ahead of the 2026 elections. Reporting by Frontline, Al Jazeera and other outlets noted that the dispute over refugee representation had become one of the most significant political controversies in Azad Kashmir in recent years.<ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

==Timeline==

===Pre-strike developments===

During late May and early June 2026, negotiations between protest leaders and authorities failed to resolve disagreements regarding the JAAC's demands. Following the collapse of talks, the movement intensified preparations for a region-wide shutdown and long march toward Muzaffarabad.<ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" /><ref name="WIONBan" /><ref name="Frontline" />

Authorities responded by increasing security deployments and imposing restrictions in anticipation of demonstrations. Activists reported increased surveillance and detentions, while government officials warned that any attempts to disrupt public order would be met with legal action.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APArrests" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" />

On the eve of the planned protests, the United States Embassy in Pakistan issued a demonstration alert warning of possible disruptions to transportation, communications and public services in Azad Kashmir. The advisory urged American citizens to avoid areas where demonstrations were expected to take place and to monitor local developments closely.<ref name="USEmbassy" />

Reports from local media and civil society organisations indicated that checkpoints had been established on major roads and that movement between districts was being closely monitored by security forces.<ref name="WIONBan" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="Frontline" />

===Rawalakot clashes===

The most serious violence associated with the protests occurred in and around [[Rawalakot]], where confrontations between demonstrators and security forces took place prior to the planned region-wide strike. The clashes followed arrests of JAAC activists and growing tensions surrounding the government's decision to prohibit the organisation and prevent planned demonstrations.<ref name="AJ8Jun">{{cite web |title=At least 11 killed in Pakistan-administered Kashmir clashes before rally |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/6/8/at-least-11-killed-in-pakistan-administered-kashmir-clashes-before-rally |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ReutersRawalakot">{{cite news |title=Clashes in Pakistan-administered Kashmir kill 11 ahead of planned protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/clashes-pakistan-administered-kashmir-kill-11-ahead-protest-2026-06-08/ |work=Reuters |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ABCClashes">{{cite news |title=Clashes in Pakistan-administered Kashmir kill seven ahead of planned protest |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/clashes-pakistan-administered-kashmir-kill-7-ahead-planned-133678094 |work=ABC News |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Thousands of protesters gathered in Rawalakot and surrounding areas despite restrictions imposed by authorities. Demonstrators accused the government of attempting to suppress political dissent and prevent mobilisation against the refugee-seat system. Security personnel were deployed throughout the city and road access to several locations was restricted.<ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="Frontline" />

Accounts of the violence differed between officials and protest organisers. Government representatives stated that demonstrators attacked security personnel, attempted to breach security cordons and damaged public property. Protest organisers, eyewitnesses and several media outlets alleged that police and paramilitary forces opened fire on demonstrators and used excessive force, including live ammunition, against largely unarmed protesters.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" /><ref name="TheHinduClashes" /><ref name="KTFire" /><ref name="NDTV30" /><ref name="HTFire" />

Independent reporting confirmed that live ammunition was used during at least some of the confrontations, although accounts differed regarding the circumstances that led to the shootings and the sequence of events preceding the violence.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" />

The clashes quickly became the deadliest episode of unrest in Azad Kashmir since the protest movements of 2024 and 2025 and attracted extensive international media coverage.<ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="BBCClashes" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" />

==Casualties and injuries==

===Deaths===

Casualty figures reported during the protests varied substantially between sources.

Reuters, Associated Press, ABC News and Al Jazeera initially reported that at least 11 people were killed and more than 70 injured during clashes between protesters and security forces in Rawalakot and surrounding areas.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" /><ref name="ABCClashes" /><ref name="APStrike" />

Subsequent reporting by NDTV, Frontline, Times of India, Kashmir Times and other outlets cited protest organisers and activists who alleged that the death toll exceeded 30 and that more than 200 people had been injured during the crackdown.<ref name="NDTV30">{{cite news |title=Over 30 dead, 200 injured as security forces open fire on protesters in PoK |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/over-30-dead-200-injured-as-security-forces-open-fire-on-protesters-in-pok-11611606 |work=NDTV |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="TOI30">{{cite news |title=Pakistan launches manhunt for four PoK protesters after crackdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-launches-manhunt-for-four-pok-protesters-after-crackdown-killing-19-kids-7-pregnant-women/articleshow/131625952.cms |work=The Times of India |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="KTFire">{{cite web |title=Police open fire on protesters in PAJK, killing at least eleven |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/news/police-open-fire-on-protesters-in-pajk-killing-at-least-eleven |publisher=Kashmir Times |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Authorities disputed several of the higher casualty estimates, while human-rights organisations called for independent investigations into the deaths and injuries reported during the unrest.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

===Injuries===

More than 70 people were reported injured during the Rawalakot clashes, including protesters, civilians and members of the security forces.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" />

Hospitals in Rawalakot and neighbouring districts treated victims suffering from gunshot wounds, injuries caused by crowd-control measures and other protest-related violence.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="TheHinduClashes" />

Additional injuries were reported during demonstrations and confrontations that occurred during the region-wide strike on 9 June.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" />

===Use of force allegations===

The actions of Pakistani security forces during the protests became a major source of controversy. Protest organisers, civil society groups and several media outlets alleged that police and paramilitary personnel used excessive force against demonstrators, including the use of live ammunition, tear gas and baton charges during efforts to disperse crowds.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" /><ref name="KTFire">{{cite web |title=Police open fire on protesters in PAJK, killing at least eleven |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/news/police-open-fire-on-protesters-in-pajk-killing-at-least-eleven |publisher=Kashmir Times |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

According to Reuters, clashes erupted after authorities attempted to prevent demonstrations organised by the banned JAAC, resulting in deaths and injuries among both protesters and security personnel.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" /> Protest leaders and eyewitnesses alleged that security forces opened fire on demonstrators in Rawalakot and other locations, contributing to the high casualty figures reported during the unrest.<ref name="KTFire" /><ref name="NDTV30">{{cite news |title=Over 30 dead, 200 injured as security forces open fire on protesters in PoK |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/over-30-dead-200-injured-as-security-forces-open-fire-on-protesters-in-pok-11611606 |work=NDTV |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="HTFire">{{cite news |title=PoK erupts over a ban, Pak forces fire at protesters; several killed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pok-erupts-over-a-ban-pak-forces-fire-at-protesters-several-killed-as-asim-munirs-kashmir-claims-exposed-again-101781011036554.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Several reports alleged that women and children were among those killed or injured during the crackdown. The Times of India, citing activists and protest organisers, reported allegations that numerous minors and pregnant women were among the victims. These claims could not be independently verified by international news agencies at the time of reporting.<ref name="TOICasualties">{{cite news |title=Pakistan launches manhunt for four PoK protesters after crackdown killing 19 kids, 7 pregnant women |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-launches-manhunt-for-four-pok-protesters-after-crackdown-killing-19-kids-7-pregnant-women/articleshow/131625952.cms |work=The Times of India |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Authorities rejected accusations that security forces had deliberately targeted peaceful protesters. Government representatives maintained that force was used only after demonstrators attacked security personnel, damaged public property and attempted to breach security cordons. Officials stated that law-enforcement personnel acted in accordance with security procedures and denied allegations of indiscriminate firing.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="APStrike" />

Amnesty International criticised the authorities' response to the protests and called for independent investigations into allegations of excessive force, arbitrary arrests and restrictions on freedom of assembly. The organisation stated that anti-terror legislation should not be used to suppress peaceful political dissent and urged Pakistani authorities to ensure accountability for any human-rights violations committed during the unrest.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

The allegations of excessive force became a central issue in subsequent domestic and international discussions regarding the protests, with human-rights advocates, diaspora organisations and opposition groups demanding transparent investigations into the deaths and injuries reported during the crackdown.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="TOIDiaspora" /><ref name="IndiaTodayUK">{{cite news |title=PoK killings spark protests in UK; British MPs express concern |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-killing-news-protest-in-united-kingdom-pak-consulate-british-mps-concern-2923954-2026-06-09 |work=India Today |date=9 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Several media organisations continued to report allegations by protest organisers that civilians, including women and children, were among those affected during the government's crackdown on the demonstrations. Protest leaders accused Pakistani security forces of employing excessive force to disperse gatherings and suppress the movement, while also alleging arbitrary arrests and intimidation of activists.<ref name="Hawk25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests: Pakistan accused of targeting women, children using starvation tactics |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/world/pok-protests-pakistan-accused-of-targeting-women-children-using-starvation-tactics |website=The Hawk |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18Starving25Jun2026">{{cite news |title='People Are Starving': PoK Protesters Accuse Pakistan Of Failing Them And Crushing Dissent |url=https://www.news18.com/world/people-are-starving-pok-protesters-accuse-pakistan-of-failing-them-and-crushing-dissent-ws-l-10170336.html |work=News18 |date=24 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

According to protest representatives, the continued deployment of police and paramilitary personnel, combined with restrictions on movement and the transportation of essential supplies, intensified humanitarian concerns in several districts. Activists alleged that these measures disproportionately affected vulnerable groups, including women, children and elderly residents. Pakistani authorities denied deliberately targeting civilians and maintained that security operations were conducted solely to restore public order and prevent further violence.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Human rights advocates and protest organisers continued to call for independent investigations into the deaths, injuries and arrests reported during the unrest. They also urged Pakistani authorities to ensure accountability for any unlawful use of force and to safeguard the rights to peaceful assembly, freedom of expression and political participation.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>
===General strike of 9 June===

On 9 June 2026, the JAAC's call for a shutter-down and wheel-jam strike was widely observed across Pakistan occupide Kashmir. Businesses, transport services and commercial establishments closed in many urban centres, while protesters organised rallies and attempted to continue long-march activities despite government restrictions.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="TheHinduMarkets">{{cite news |title=Markets, streets deserted in different parts of Azad Kashmir after JAAC protest call |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/markets-streets-deserted-in-different-parts-of-pok-after-jaacs-protest-call/article71083633.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Markets remained closed in Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot, Kotli, Bagh, Mirpur and other towns as protesters responded to the strike call. Streets in several cities were reported to be largely deserted, while public transport services were significantly disrupted.<ref name="TheHinduMarkets" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

According to Reuters, the strike represented one of the largest coordinated shutdowns in the territory in recent years. Protest leaders declared that the movement would continue until authorities addressed demands relating to political representation, governance and economic reforms.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" />

Associated Press reported that the strike affected businesses and transportation across large parts of the territory, demonstrating the organisational capacity of the JAAC despite the government's decision to ban the movement.<ref name="APStrike" />

===Long march===

A central component of the protest campaign was a planned long march toward Muzaffarabad. Organisers described the march as a peaceful demonstration intended to pressure authorities into addressing longstanding grievances regarding governance and representation.<ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" />

Government authorities attempted to prevent the march through arrests, checkpoints and restrictions on movement. Protest organisers accused officials of seeking to obstruct peaceful political activity, while authorities argued that restrictions were necessary to prevent violence and maintain public order.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APArrests" /><ref name="WIONBan" />

Despite these measures, groups of demonstrators continued to assemble and attempted to proceed toward Muzaffarabad from various districts, leading to additional confrontations with security forces and further arrests.<ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="TheHinduMarkets" /><ref name="Reuters9Jun" />

===Continuation of the long march===

Following the expiry of the JAAC's 23 June deadline, protest leaders announced that the planned long march towards [[Muzaffarabad]] would proceed as scheduled despite increased security measures and reports that authorities were attempting to prevent demonstrators from reaching the capital. JAAC representatives rejected speculation that the march had been postponed, stating that the movement would continue until its constitutional and political demands were addressed.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Speaking at public gatherings in [[Rawalakot]], JAAC leaders urged supporters to remain peaceful while continuing preparations for the march. Organisers stated that discussions with government representatives had failed to produce an agreement on the movement's principal demands, including the abolition of the 12 refugee seats in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], constitutional reforms and the implementation of the committee's 38-point charter.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Thousands of demonstrators continued to participate in rallies and public meetings across [[Rawalakot]], [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]] and other districts. Protest organisers described the mobilisation as one of the largest sustained protest movements in Pakistan-administered Kashmir in recent years, with traders, lawyers, transport workers, students and civil society organisations continuing to support the campaign despite the government's designation of the JAAC as a prohibited organisation.<ref name="ABP25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests against Pakistani government continue, thousands gather in Rawalakot |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/pok-protests-against-pakistani-government-continue-thousand-of-peopel-gather-in-rawalakot-ann-3150499 |website=ABP Live |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

Pakistani authorities maintained extensive security deployments throughout the territory, including checkpoints on major highways and roads leading towards Muzaffarabad. Protest leaders alleged that security forces were attempting to prevent participants from joining the march by restricting movement between districts and monitoring the activities of organisers. Officials maintained that the measures were necessary to preserve public order and prevent further violence.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

JAAC leaders stated that the movement would continue until political prisoners were released, restrictions imposed following the ban on the organisation were withdrawn and meaningful negotiations commenced regarding constitutional reforms. They further reiterated that the long march represented a peaceful campaign intended to secure greater political representation and institutional reforms rather than a violent confrontation with the authorities.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

===Negotiations===

Throughout late June 2026, representatives of the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC) continued discussions with officials of the [[Government of Azad Kashmir]] in an attempt to resolve the ongoing protests. Despite multiple rounds of negotiations, protest leaders stated that no agreement had been reached on the movement's principal constitutional and political demands.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

JAAC representatives stated that the government had requested additional time to consider the movement's proposals, including constitutional amendments, the abolition of the 12 refugee seats in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], and implementation of the committee's 38-point charter. Protest leaders, however, maintained that demonstrations and preparations for the proposed long march would continue while negotiations remained inconclusive.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/>

According to JAAC leaders, the movement was prepared to suspend protest activities only after the government formally accepted its principal demands. They rejected reports suggesting that the proposed long march had been cancelled or indefinitely postponed, reiterating that the campaign would continue until meaningful progress had been achieved through negotiations.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/>

Government representatives continued to urge restraint while discussions remained ongoing. Authorities maintained that dialogue represented the preferred mechanism for resolving the dispute but also stated that security measures would remain in force until public order had been restored across the territory.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="ABP25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests against Pakistani government continue, thousands gather in Rawalakot |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/pok-protests-against-pakistani-government-continue-thousand-of-peopel-gather-in-rawalakot-ann-3150499 |website=ABP Live |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

===Participation of women, students and children===

As the protests entered a prolonged phase in late June, women, students and schoolchildren emerged as some of the most visible participants in demonstrations organised by the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC). Large numbers of women attended rallies, public meetings and protest marches across [[Rawalakot]], [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]] and neighbouring districts, while students participated in demonstrations demanding constitutional reforms and greater political representation for residents of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]].<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Women, schoolchildren fuel massive PoK protests against Pakistan as June 23 deadline ends today |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/women-schoolchildren-fuel-massive-pok-protests-against-pakistan-as-june-23-deadline-ends-today-article-13956326.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=23 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

According to protest organisers, women assumed increasingly prominent leadership roles as demonstrations continued despite the government's ban on the JAAC. Local committees organised neighbourhood meetings and rallies in which women addressed crowds alongside lawyers, traders and student representatives. Organisers stated that broad participation by women and young people reflected growing public dissatisfaction with the territory's political and constitutional arrangements.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

Several media organisations reported that schoolchildren and university students also joined the demonstrations, carrying banners and chanting slogans supporting the movement's demands. Protest leaders described the participation of younger residents as evidence that the movement had expanded beyond its original economic grievances to encompass wider constitutional and governance issues.<ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

Protest organisers further alleged that Pakistani security personnel attempted to prevent women from travelling to demonstration sites by establishing checkpoints on major roads and restricting access to protest venues. According to News18, activists accused members of the [[Pakistan Rangers]] of stopping vehicles carrying female demonstrators and preventing them from joining public gatherings in some areas.<ref name="News18Women25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Pakistan Rangers Crack Down On Women In PoK, Block Them From Joining Protests |url=https://www.news18.com/world/pakistan-rangers-crack-down-on-women-in-pok-block-them-from-joining-protests-ws-l-10172344.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The allegations were rejected by Pakistani authorities, who maintained that security measures introduced across the territory were intended to preserve public order and regulate public gatherings rather than target any particular group of demonstrators. Protest leaders nevertheless continued to encourage the participation of women and students, describing their involvement as central to the movement's campaign for constitutional reforms and political representation.<ref name="News18Women25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

Political analysts observed that the sustained participation of women, students and children distinguished the 2026 protests from earlier demonstrations in the territory, transforming the movement from a predominantly trader-led campaign into a broader civil society mobilisation encompassing multiple sections of the population.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/><ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026"/>

===Military helicopter crash===

On 10 June 2026, a Pakistan Army MI-17 helicopter crashed near Muzaffarabad, killing all military personnel on board. According to the Pakistani military, the helicopter crashed shortly after takeoff because of a technical fault. The aircraft was reportedly transporting security personnel deployed in the region during the ongoing protest-related security operation.<ref name="APHelicopter">{{cite news |title=Pakistan army helicopter crashes in Kashmir because of technical fault, killing all on board |url=https://apnews.com/article/ead694987cabae2f7f4be9cdd5fabaec |work=Associated Press |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ReutersHelicopter">{{cite news |title=Pakistan says all aboard military helicopter killed in crash in Pakistani Kashmir |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-says-all-aboard-military-helicopter-killed-crash-pakistani-kashmir-2026-06-10/ |work=Reuters |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Pakistani authorities stated that there was no indication that the crash was connected to the protests or unrest in the region and announced an investigation into the incident. President Asif Ali Zardari, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Chief of Army Staff Asim Munir issued condolence messages following the crash.<ref name="APHelicopter" /><ref name="ReutersHelicopter" />

==Communications restrictions==

Throughout the protests, authorities imposed restrictions on communications and movement across several parts of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]. Human rights organisations, protest leaders and media reports alleged that internet services were periodically disrupted and that security checkpoints were established on major highways connecting [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]] and other districts.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun"/><ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Protest organisers alleged that the restrictions were intended to prevent demonstrators from travelling between districts and to hinder the organisation of rallies and the proposed long march towards [[Muzaffarabad]]. According to activists, vehicles transporting protesters were subjected to searches and delays at security checkpoints, while movement on several highways was monitored by police and paramilitary personnel.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Reports published during the later stages of the protests also described interruptions in the movement of commercial vehicles transporting food, fuel and medicines into the territory. Protest leaders argued that these restrictions contributed to shortages of essential commodities in several districts, while Pakistani authorities maintained that temporary transportation disruptions resulted from security operations rather than an official blockade.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/><ref name="IndiaCom25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Pakistan's internal crisis: Blockade imposed in occupied Kashmir, cutting off food, medicine supplies amid protests |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/pakistans-internal-crisis-blockade-imposed-in-occupied-kashmir-cutting-off-food-medicine-supplies-amid-protests-8456862/ |website=India.com |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Amnesty International criticised the use of communication restrictions during the protests, stating that measures affecting internet access and freedom of assembly should comply with international human rights standards. The organisation called upon Pakistani authorities to refrain from using security legislation to suppress peaceful political activity and urged an end to arbitrary restrictions on communications and movement.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun"/>

Government officials defended the restrictions as temporary security measures introduced to preserve public order during the unrest. Authorities stated that roadblocks, checkpoints and communication controls were necessary to prevent violence and facilitate law enforcement operations while rejecting allegations that the measures were intended to suppress peaceful political dissent.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/>

==Blockade and humanitarian situation==

Following the expiry of the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC)'s 23 June ultimatum, protest leaders accused Pakistani authorities of imposing an effective blockade on [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] by restricting the movement of essential commodities into the territory. According to protest organisers, security forces established checkpoints on major highways connecting the region with [[Punjab, Pakistan]], delaying or preventing the movement of trucks carrying food, fuel and medicines into several districts.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Residents in [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]] and the [[Neelum Valley]] reported shortages of flour, vegetables, cooking oil, petrol and medicines as commercial supplies were disrupted. Pharmacies and grocery stores reportedly experienced difficulty replenishing stocks, while long queues formed outside fuel stations in several towns. Protest organisers alleged that the restrictions were intended to weaken the movement by creating economic and humanitarian pressure on the local population.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/><ref name="IndiaCom25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Pakistan's internal crisis: Blockade imposed in occupied Kashmir, cutting off food, medicine supplies amid protests |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/pakistans-internal-crisis-blockade-imposed-in-occupied-kashmir-cutting-off-food-medicine-supplies-amid-protests-8456862/ |website=India.com |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Several residents told media organisations that they had travelled to [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Islamabad]] to purchase essential medicines and household supplies that had become unavailable locally. Protest leaders also alleged that trucks carrying flour, vegetables and other necessities were prevented from entering the territory, contributing to rising prices and shortages in local markets.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

The JAAC accused Pakistani authorities of employing "starvation tactics" against civilians by restricting access to essential goods. According to protest representatives, women, children and elderly residents were disproportionately affected by the shortages. Some activists described the measures as an attempt to force demonstrators to abandon the protest movement through economic hardship rather than direct confrontation.<ref name="Hawk25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests: Pakistan accused of targeting women, children using starvation tactics |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/world/pok-protests-pakistan-accused-of-targeting-women-children-using-starvation-tactics |website=The Hawk |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18Starving25Jun2026">{{cite news |title='People Are Starving': PoK Protesters Accuse Pakistan Of Failing Them And Crushing Dissent |url=https://www.news18.com/world/people-are-starving-pok-protesters-accuse-pakistan-of-failing-them-and-crushing-dissent-ws-l-10170336.html |work=News18 |date=24 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Pakistani authorities denied imposing a blockade and maintained that security measures introduced across the territory were intended to preserve public order during the ongoing unrest. Officials rejected allegations that humanitarian supplies had been deliberately restricted and stated that transportation disruptions were the result of security operations and protest-related road closures rather than government policy.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/>

The reported shortages became a significant issue during the later phase of the protests, with both domestic and international media highlighting growing humanitarian concerns alongside the movement's political demands. Protest organisers warned that unless restrictions were lifted and negotiations resumed, shortages of food, fuel and medicines would continue to worsen across the territory.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="News18Starving25Jun2026"/>

==Government response==

The Government of Azad Kashmir and federal authorities defended the measures taken during the unrest, arguing that the restrictions were necessary to maintain public order and prevent further violence. Officials accused elements within the protest movement of encouraging confrontation with security forces and disrupting public services.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="ABCClashes" />

Authorities maintained that the designation of the JAAC under anti-terror legislation was justified by concerns regarding security and stability. Government representatives stated that law enforcement agencies had acted to prevent escalation and to ensure the safety of residents during the protests.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APArrests" />

Following the outbreak of violence, security deployments were increased throughout the territory. Police, paramilitary personnel and other security forces were stationed in major urban centres, while checkpoints were established on roads leading to Muzaffarabad and other strategic locations.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="USEmbassy" />

Authorities also defended internet restrictions and movement controls imposed during the unrest, arguing that such measures were necessary to prevent the spread of violence and misinformation. Protest organisers and human-rights groups rejected this justification, claiming that the restrictions hindered freedom of expression and access to information.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" /><ref name="WIONBan" />

Government officials rejected allegations that security forces had deliberately targeted peaceful protesters, maintaining that force was used only when demonstrations became violent. Protest leaders disputed these claims and accused security personnel of employing excessive force against demonstrators.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" /><ref name="TheHinduClashes" />

===Negotiations and continued security measures===

Following the expiry of the JAAC's 23 June ultimatum, authorities continued negotiations with representatives of the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC) in an effort to defuse the protests. Protest leaders, however, maintained that no agreement had been reached on the movement's principal demands and rejected reports that the planned long march had been postponed. They stated that demonstrations would continue until meaningful constitutional and political reforms were implemented.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Pakistani authorities maintained an extensive security presence throughout Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, with police and paramilitary personnel deployed at major intersections, government buildings and highways connecting the territory with [[Punjab, Pakistan]]. Checkpoints remained in place on routes leading to [[Muzaffarabad]] and other major towns, while security personnel continued to monitor the movement of protesters and organisers.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

According to protest organisers, security forces continued to restrict travel between districts by establishing roadblocks and conducting vehicle inspections, making it difficult for demonstrators to reach planned protest sites. JAAC leaders alleged that these measures were intended to reduce participation in rallies and the proposed long march, while government officials maintained that they were necessary to preserve law and order and prevent further violence.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/>

Authorities also continued to defend the decision to prohibit the JAAC under anti-terrorism legislation, maintaining that the organisation's activities posed a threat to public order. Protest leaders rejected the designation, arguing that the movement remained peaceful and that the ban had been used to justify arrests, restrictions on public assembly and increased surveillance of activists.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Despite the continued security measures, demonstrations persisted in several districts throughout late June, with protest organisers reiterating that negotiations would continue only if the government agreed to discuss constitutional amendments, electoral reforms and the implementation of the JAAC's 38-point charter.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="ABP25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests against Pakistani government continue, thousands gather in Rawalakot |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/pok-protests-against-pakistani-government-continue-thousand-of-peopel-gather-in-rawalakot-ann-3150499 |website=ABP Live |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

==International reaction==

===Amnesty International===

Amnesty International strongly criticised the government's response to the protests. The organisation condemned the designation of the JAAC as a terrorist organisation and described the move as a dangerous escalation in the treatment of political dissent in Azad Kashmir.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

The organisation expressed concern regarding reports of arbitrary arrests, internet shutdowns, restrictions on freedom of assembly and allegations of excessive force against protesters. Amnesty called upon Pakistani authorities to respect international human-rights obligations and ensure accountability for any violations committed during the unrest.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

===United States===

Prior to the planned demonstrations, the United States Embassy in Pakistan issued a security advisory warning of possible disruptions associated with the protests. The advisory noted the possibility of transportation interruptions, communication restrictions and security incidents and advised American citizens to avoid areas where demonstrations were expected to occur.<ref name="USEmbassy" />

The advisory was widely cited by international media as evidence of concerns regarding the potential scale of the unrest and the likelihood of significant disruptions across the territory.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="AJ9Jun" />

===India===

The protests received significant attention in India, where officials and media outlets monitored developments in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Indian media extensively reported on the JAAC's demands, the ban imposed on the organisation, the violence in Rawalakot and allegations of human-rights violations.<ref name="TheHinduClashes" /><ref name="TheHinduMarkets" /><ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="WIONBan" />

The Ministry of External Affairs reiterated India's longstanding position regarding territories administered by Pakistan and criticised political developments affecting the region. Coverage of the protests frequently appeared within broader discussions relating to the Kashmir dispute and governance issues in Pakistan-administered territories.<ref name="MEA2026">{{cite web |title=India lodges strong protest regarding holding of General Elections in Gilgit-Baltistan |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases?dtl/41268/India_lodges_strong_protest_regarding_holding_of_General_Elections_in_GilgitBaltistan |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

===Pakistan===

The continued protests prompted renewed debate within Pakistan regarding the constitutional status and political identity of residents of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]. During the unrest, Pakistan's Defence Minister [[Khawaja Asif]] stated that residents of the territory were "not Kashmiris" but Pakistanis, arguing that they should identify themselves with Pakistan rather than as a separate political entity. His remarks drew criticism from protest leaders and opposition figures, who argued that the statement contradicted Pakistan's longstanding official position regarding the disputed status of the region.<ref name="Firstpost25Jun2026">{{cite news |title='You're Not Kashmiris': Pak Defence Minister Dismisses Identity Of PoK Residents Amid Ongoing Protests |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/youre-not-kashmiris-pak-defence-minister-dismisses-identity-of-pok-residents-amid-ongoing-protests-14025750.html |work=Firstpost |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Leaders of the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC) accused the federal government of attempting to undermine the political identity of the territory while refusing to address longstanding constitutional and governance concerns. Protest organisers stated that the movement sought greater political representation, constitutional reforms and increased local autonomy rather than the abolition of the territory's distinct political identity.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Political commentators observed that the Defence Minister's remarks generated additional controversy at a time when demonstrations were expanding across the territory. Several analysts argued that the comments further strengthened the protesters' claims that residents of Pakistan-administered Kashmir lacked meaningful political representation within Pakistan's constitutional framework.<ref name="PrintOpinion25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK protests & Pakistan: Newsmaker of the Week |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pok-protests-pakistan-kashmir/2958714/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Despite the controversy, Pakistani authorities continued to maintain that the security measures adopted during the protests were intended solely to preserve public order and denied allegations that the federal government was attempting to suppress peaceful political dissent.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

===Human rights organisations===

In addition to Amnesty International, several civil-society organisations and activists expressed concern regarding the treatment of protesters and the use of anti-terror legislation against a political movement. Critics argued that criminalising protest activity risked undermining freedoms of assembly, association and expression.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="Frontline" />

Advocacy groups called for transparent investigations into the deaths and injuries reported during the unrest and urged authorities to release individuals detained solely for peaceful political activities.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

==Diaspora response==

The protests received significant attention among members of the Kashmiri diaspora, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]], where demonstrations, public meetings and solidarity campaigns were organised following reports of clashes between protesters and Pakistani security forces. Diaspora organisations called for international scrutiny of the situation in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and urged foreign governments and human rights organisations to monitor developments in the territory.<ref name="IndiaTodayUK">{{cite news |title=PoK killings spark protests in UK; British MPs express concern |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-killing-news-protest-in-united-kingdom-pak-consulate-british-mps-concern-2923954-2026-06-09 |work=India Today |date=9 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="TOIDiaspora">{{cite web |title=Kashmiri diaspora stages massive UK protests against alleged military crackdown in PoJK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/videos/kashmiri-diaspora-stages-massive-uk-protests-against-alleged-military-crackdown-in-pojk/videoshow/131601146.cms |website=The Times of India |date=June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Demonstrators gathered outside Pakistani diplomatic missions and organised rallies in support of the protest movement, condemning the reported use of force against demonstrators and expressing support for the constitutional and political demands advanced by the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC). Protesters also criticised the designation of the JAAC as a prohibited organisation and called for the release of detained activists.<ref name="IndiaTodayUK"/><ref name="TOIDiaspora"/>

Diaspora organisations continued to highlight reports of alleged restrictions on movement, shortages of food, fuel and medicines and the participation of women and students in the demonstrations. Several groups appealed to international human rights organisations to investigate allegations of excessive force, arbitrary arrests and restrictions on freedom of assembly during the protests.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The continued demonstrations in late June sustained international attention on the movement, with diaspora groups maintaining public campaigns through rallies, petitions and social media. Activists stated that these efforts were intended to increase international awareness of the protesters' demands and encourage external scrutiny of developments in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name="TOIDiaspora"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

===Political and media commentary===

The continued demonstrations attracted widespread attention from political commentators and regional media, many of whom described the protests as the most significant challenge to Pakistan's administration of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] since the large-scale demonstrations of 2024 and 2025. Analysts noted that the movement had evolved from an economic campaign into a broader constitutional movement centred on political representation, governance reforms and the relationship between the territory and the federal government.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK protests & Pakistan: Newsmaker of the Week |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pok-protests-pakistan-kashmir/2958714/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Several commentators observed that the participation of traders, lawyers, transport workers, women, students and civil society organisations distinguished the 2026 protests from previous movements in the territory. They argued that the broad social composition of the demonstrations reflected growing public dissatisfaction with existing constitutional arrangements and governance in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Women, schoolchildren fuel massive PoK protests against Pakistan as June 23 deadline ends today |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/women-schoolchildren-fuel-massive-pok-protests-against-pakistan-as-june-23-deadline-ends-today-article-13956326.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=23 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Coverage of the later stages of the protests increasingly focused on allegations of restrictions on movement, shortages of food, fuel and medicines, and the continuation of the proposed long march despite the government's security measures. While protest organisers described these developments as evidence of an escalating humanitarian situation, Pakistani authorities maintained that the restrictions were temporary security measures implemented to preserve public order.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18Starving25Jun2026">{{cite news |title='People Are Starving': PoK Protesters Accuse Pakistan Of Failing Them And Crushing Dissent |url=https://www.news18.com/world/people-are-starving-pok-protesters-accuse-pakistan-of-failing-them-and-crushing-dissent-ws-l-10170336.html |work=News18 |date=24 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

==Aftermath==

By late June 2026, the protests had developed into one of the largest sustained protest movements in the history of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]. Despite the ban on the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC), arrests of activists and an extensive security deployment across the territory, demonstrations continued in [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]], [[Kotli]], [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] and other districts. Protest leaders stated that the movement would continue until the government accepted their principal constitutional and political demands.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Long March Not Postponed: PoK Protest Leaders Keep Pressure On Pakistan Government |url=https://www.news18.com/world/long-march-not-postponed-pok-protest-leaders-keep-pressure-on-pakistan-government-ws-l-10172443.html |work=News18 |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The demonstrations increasingly evolved beyond their initial focus on electoral representation and the abolition of the 12 reserved refugee seats in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]. Political analysts observed that the movement had broadened into a wider campaign calling for constitutional reforms, greater local autonomy, administrative accountability and increased control over the territory's political and economic affairs.<ref name="PrintOpinion25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK protests & Pakistan: Newsmaker of the Week |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pok-protests-pakistan-kashmir/2958714/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The prolonged demonstrations also attracted increased participation from women, students, lawyers, traders and transport workers, transforming what had initially been a trader-led protest movement into a broader civil society mobilisation. Observers noted that participation by multiple sections of society contributed to the movement's ability to sustain demonstrations despite continuing arrests and security restrictions.<ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Women, schoolchildren fuel massive PoK protests against Pakistan as June 23 deadline ends today |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/women-schoolchildren-fuel-massive-pok-protests-against-pakistan-as-june-23-deadline-ends-today-article-13956326.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=23 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

Reports of shortages of food, fuel and medicines during the protests also attracted wider attention. Protest leaders accused Pakistani authorities of using restrictions on transportation and movement to pressure demonstrators by disrupting supplies of essential commodities. Pakistani authorities denied imposing a blockade, maintaining that temporary disruptions resulted from security measures implemented during the unrest.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndiaCom25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Pakistan's internal crisis: Blockade imposed in occupied Kashmir, cutting off food, medicine supplies amid protests |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/pakistans-internal-crisis-blockade-imposed-in-occupied-kashmir-cutting-off-food-medicine-supplies-amid-protests-8456862/ |website=India.com |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The protests received extensive coverage in Indian and international media, with several commentators describing the unrest as one of the most significant political challenges faced by the Government of Pakistan in the territory since the large-scale demonstrations of 2024 and 2025. Analysts suggested that the movement reflected broader dissatisfaction over governance, political representation and constitutional arrangements in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, while also exposing tensions between local political groups and the federal government.<ref name="PrintOpinion25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

As of late June 2026, no comprehensive political settlement had been reached between the government and the JAAC. Protest leaders reiterated that demonstrations, public meetings and preparations for the proposed long march would continue until substantive progress was made on their constitutional, political and economic demands, while authorities maintained that security measures would remain in force to preserve public order.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/><ref name="ABP25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=PoK protests against Pakistani government continue, thousands gather in Rawalakot |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/pok-protests-against-pakistani-government-continue-thousand-of-peopel-gather-in-rawalakot-ann-3150499 |website=ABP Live |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

==Impact==

The protests significantly disrupted daily life across [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]], with repeated strikes, demonstrations and security operations affecting transportation, commerce and public services in several districts. Markets and businesses remained closed during periods of the unrest, while public transport services were suspended or operated on a limited basis in response to strike calls issued by the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC).<ref name="Reuters9Jun"/><ref name="TheHinduMarkets"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

The movement also affected the supply of essential commodities in parts of the territory. Residents and protest organisers reported shortages of food, fuel and medicines, alleging that security restrictions on highways disrupted commercial transportation into the region. Pakistani authorities denied imposing a blockade and stated that temporary disruptions resulted from measures introduced to maintain public order during the protests.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndiaCom25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Pakistan's internal crisis: Blockade imposed in occupied Kashmir, cutting off food, medicine supplies amid protests |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/pakistans-internal-crisis-blockade-imposed-in-occupied-kashmir-cutting-off-food-medicine-supplies-amid-protests-8456862/ |website=India.com |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Educational institutions, commercial establishments and government offices experienced intermittent disruptions as demonstrations continued throughout June. Public gatherings, road closures and security checkpoints affected travel between districts, while authorities maintained an increased police and paramilitary presence in major towns including [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]] and [[Kotli]].<ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026"/>

The prolonged demonstrations also elevated constitutional reform and political representation to the forefront of public debate within Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Analysts observed that issues previously discussed primarily by political organisations became subjects of wider public mobilisation, contributing to one of the most sustained protest movements in the territory in recent years.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

==Political analysis==

Political analysts described the 2026 protests as a significant shift in the political landscape of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]], arguing that the movement had evolved beyond economic grievances into a broader campaign for constitutional reform and political representation. Commentators observed that while earlier protest movements in 2024 and 2025 had primarily focused on electricity tariffs, subsidies and taxation, the 2026 demonstrations centred on questions of governance, electoral representation and the constitutional relationship between Pakistan and the territory.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK protests & Pakistan: Newsmaker of the Week |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pok-protests-pakistan-kashmir/2958714/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

According to ''ThePrint'', the movement represented an unprecedented challenge to Pakistan's administrative framework in the territory because its demands increasingly focused on constitutional amendments rather than solely economic concessions. Analysts noted that the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JAAC) had broadened its support base by bringing together traders, lawyers, transport workers, students, women and civil society organisations under a common political platform.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026"/><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Students, women and children at forefront as PoK protests continue, demand constitutional amendments |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/students-women-and-children-at-forefront-as-pok-protests-continue-demand-constitutional-amendments/2966901/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Several commentators observed that the continued participation of women, students and young people distinguished the protests from previous movements in the territory. Rather than remaining a campaign led primarily by traders' associations, the demonstrations expanded into a wider civil society movement encompassing multiple professional and social groups. Analysts suggested that this broader participation contributed to the protests' ability to continue despite the government's ban on the JAAC and the deployment of additional security forces.<ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=Women, schoolchildren fuel massive PoK protests against Pakistan as June 23 deadline ends today |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/women-schoolchildren-fuel-massive-pok-protests-against-pakistan-as-june-23-deadline-ends-today-article-13956326.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=23 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026"/>

Commentary published by several media organisations argued that the unrest exposed longstanding tensions over governance and political representation in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The continuing demonstrations, coupled with allegations of restrictions on movement and shortages of essential commodities, were described as reflecting wider dissatisfaction among sections of the territory's population with existing constitutional and administrative arrangements.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026">{{cite web |title=Protests rage on in PoK, agitators firm on demands despite govt crackdown, blockade |url=https://thefederal.com/category/international/protests-rage-on-in-pok-agitators-firm-on-demands-despite-govt-crackdown-blockade-247935 |website=The Federal |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026">{{cite news |title=PoK faces food, fuel, medicine shortage as Pakistan blockade intensifies amid protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pok-news-pakistan-blockade-occupied-kashmir-protest-food-fuel-medicine-shortage-jaac-protests-2933438-2026-06-25 |work=India Today |date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref>

Some analysts further suggested that the movement demonstrated a transition from issue-specific protests towards a sustained political mobilisation seeking institutional reform. They argued that the prominence of constitutional demands, together with calls for greater local representation and administrative accountability, differentiated the 2026 protests from previous waves of unrest in the territory.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026"/><ref name="Federal25Jun2026"/>

==See also==

* [[2024 Azad Kashmir protests]]
* [[2025 Azad Kashmir protests]]
* [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]]
* [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad Kashmir protests, 2026}}

[[Category:2026 protests]]
[[Category:2026 in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:June 2026 events in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politics of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political controversies in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Protests in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Civil disorder in Asia]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Political movements in Kashmir]]

2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests

2026-06-25T17:13:35Z

Simba:

2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests

2026-06-25T17:11:21Z

Simba: Additional details

{{Short description|Ongoing protests in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2026}}

{{Infobox civil conflict
| name = 2026 Azad Kashmir protests
| title = 2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests
| image =
| caption =
| date = June 2026 – present ({{Start date|2026|6|5}} – ongoing)
| place = [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] (officially administered by Pakistan as [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]])
| status = Ongoing
| causes =
* Opposition to the reservation of 12 refugee seats in the Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly
* Dispute over political representation
* Governance concerns
* Economic grievances including electricity tariffs and flour subsidies
| goals =
* Abolition of the 12 refugee seats
* Implementation of the JKJAAC's 38-point charter of demands
* Greater political representation and constitutional reforms
* Governance and administrative reforms
| methods = Demonstrations, strikes, rallies, road blockades, long marches
| result =
* JKJAAC banned under anti-terror legislation
* Internet and communication restrictions imposed
* Arrests and sedition cases filed
* Multiple deaths and injuries
| side1 = [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JKJAAC / JAAC)
| side2 =
* [[Government of Azad Kashmir]]
* [[Government of Pakistan]]
* [[Azad Kashmir Police]]
* [[Punjab Rangers]]
* [[Federal Constabulary]]
| casualties1 = At least 11–30 protesters reported killed (disputed); more than 70–200 reported injured (disputed)
| casualties2 = Unknown; some security personnel reported affected
}}

The '''2026 Azad Kashmir protests''' (also known as the '''2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests''') are a series of ongoing demonstrations, strikes, clashes and long marches in [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] (officially administered by Pakistan as [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]), that began in June 2026. The protests are primarily organised by the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JKJAAC or JAAC), a coalition of civil society groups, traders, lawyers, transport workers, students and activists. They initially focused on opposition to the reservation of twelve seats in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] for refugees from Jammu and Kashmir residing elsewhere in Pakistan, arguing that the arrangement allows non-residents to influence the political affairs of the territory. The movement expanded to include broader demands for constitutional reforms, greater political representation for local residents, administrative accountability, economic relief and implementation of the JAAC's 38-point charter of demands.<ref name="Al">{{cite news |title=Deadly protests in Pakistan-administered Kashmir: What's going on? |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 June 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/6/9/deadly-protests-in-pakistan-administered-kashmir-whats-going-on}}</ref><ref name="Reuters9Jun">{{cite news |title=Protesters clash with police in Pakistani Kashmir as strike shutters cities |work=Reuters |date=9 June 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/protesters-clash-with-police-pakistani-kashmir-strike-shutters-cities-2026-06-09/}}</ref><ref name="Frontline">{{cite web |title=Why Pakistan-administered Kashmir is witnessing mass protests |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/why-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-is-witnessing-mass-protests/article71080112.ece |publisher=Frontline |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

The protests intensified following a ruling by the Supreme Court of Azad Kashmir on 7 June 2026 upholding the constitutional status of the refugee seats. Demonstrations spread across Rawalakot, Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Kotli, Bagh and other areas. On 5 June 2026, the Government of Azad Kashmir proscribed the JKJAAC under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2014. Clashes, particularly in Rawalakot, resulted in multiple deaths and injuries. Authorities imposed communications restrictions and deployed additional security forces. Human rights organisations including [[Amnesty International]] criticised the response, raising concerns over the use of anti-terror legislation, arrests, excessive force and restrictions on assembly and movement.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun">{{cite web |title=Pakistan: “Terrorism” designation of protest movement marks dangerous escalation in Jammu and Kashmir crackdown |publisher=Amnesty International |date=9 June 2026 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2026/06/pakistan-terrorism-designation-of-protest-movement-marks-dangerous-escalation-in-jammu-and-kashmir-crackdown/}}</ref><ref name="APStrike">{{cite news |title=A banned group's call for a strike halts business and transport across Pakistan-administered Kashmir |work=Associated Press |date=9 June 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/7b4f5e038abd227415dd0aeb32e5ebe3}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee emerged as a coalition advocating economic and political reforms in Azad Kashmir. It previously led major protest movements in 2024 and 2025 concerning electricity tariffs, flour prices, wheat subsidies, taxation and governance issues. Since 2023, protests in Pakistan-administered Kashmir have addressed similar local grievances. In May 2023, residents protested rising electricity tariffs and flour shortages. The JKJAAC-led movement escalated in May 2024 with a long march to Muzaffarabad resulting in violent clashes and deaths. In September–October 2025, the JAAC issued a 38-point charter and called for a lockdown, prompting a government-imposed communications blackout.<ref name="Al" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Deadly protests in Pakistan-administered Kashmir: What’s going on? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/6/9/deadly-protests-in-pakistan-administered-kashmir-whats-going-on |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

In 2026, focus shifted to the twelve seats reserved in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly for refugees residing elsewhere in Pakistan. JAAC leaders argued these seats grant disproportionate political influence to non-residents. Ahead of the 2026 elections, the issue gained prominence as elections for refugee seats were scheduled alongside territorial constituencies. In May 2026, talks with a federal ministerial team broke down, leading to the call for protests.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=What the Banning of the JAAC Reveals About Power in Azad Kashmir |url=https://thediplomat.com/2026/06/what-the-banning-of-the-jaac-reveals-about-power-in-azad-kashmir/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=thediplomat.com}}</ref><ref name="WIONBan">{{cite web |title=Protests intensify in Pakistan-administered Kashmir after government bans JAAC ahead of elections |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/protests-intensify-in-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-after-govt-bans-primary-advocacy-body-jaac-ahead-of-elections-1780835112422 |publisher=WION |date=June 2026 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref>

Mass protest movements have periodically emerged in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir over issues relating to governance, economic conditions and political representation. The JAAC emerged as the principal umbrella organisation representing a broad coalition of traders' associations, transport unions, lawyers, students and activists. The movement increasingly shifted its focus from economic issues to constitutional and political questions, particularly representation within the territory's legislative institutions.<ref name="Frontline" />

== Demands ==
One of the principal demands of the JKJAAC was the abolition of the 12 refugee seats. Protest organisers argued that political representation should be limited to residents of the territory and that the reserved seats allowed non-residents to influence its political affairs. The issue gained prominence ahead of the 2026 Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. Supporters of the reserved seats argued that they provide representation to displaced Kashmiris and are an integral part of the constitutional framework of Azad Kashmir.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="APStrike" />

The JAAC's programme combined economic, political and constitutional demands. The movement also demanded lower electricity tariffs, increased subsidies for wheat and essential commodities, greater local control over revenues generated by hydroelectric projects, reforms to public administration, increased accountability among elected officials, reduction of privileges and allowances granted to political officeholders and senior government officials, judicial independence, electoral reforms and transparency. In May 2026, the JAAC issued a 38-point charter of demands.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026" /><ref name="KashmirTimesUltimatum" /><ref name="Federal25Jun2026" />

The movement's demands evolved during the course of the protests, with constitutional reforms becoming increasingly prominent alongside its original economic and governance-related objectives. Protest leaders argued that the existing constitutional framework governing Pakistan-occupied Kashmir limited the political authority of locally elected institutions and called for amendments that would provide greater autonomy and democratic representation to residents of the territory.

== Supreme Court ruling ==
On 7 June 2026, the Supreme Court of Azad Kashmir ruled that the twelve refugee seats are constitutionally protected and cannot be abolished without a constitutional amendment. The court further stated that elections to the Legislative Assembly should proceed within the constitutional framework. The decision strengthened the government's position ahead of the legislative elections scheduled for July 2026 but was rejected by the JKJAAC, which announced the continuation of its protest campaign.<ref name="k">{{cite news |title=Pakistan Kashmir's top court upholds refugee seats and clears the way for upcoming elections |work=Associated Press |date=7 June 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/9dafaae025057b018f3afe7b30bb96d6}}</ref>

== Ban of the JAAC ==
On 5 June 2026, the Government of Azad Kashmir designated the JKJAAC as a prohibited organisation under anti-terrorism legislation. Authorities stated that the measure was necessary to preserve public order and prevent unrest ahead of the planned demonstrations and the upcoming legislative elections. The decision was condemned by JAAC leaders, who rejected accusations that the movement posed a security threat. Protest organisers argued that the ban represented an attempt to suppress political opposition and prevent demonstrations relating to electoral representation and governance issues.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="APArrests" /><ref name="WIONBan" />

Following the ban, authorities initiated a broad security operation targeting the movement's leadership. Numerous activists were detained, sedition cases were filed against prominent JAAC leaders and rewards were announced for information leading to the arrest of certain organisers. Additional police and paramilitary personnel were deployed throughout the territory, particularly in Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot and other urban centres. Road checkpoints were established and security measures were strengthened ahead of the planned long march.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="USEmbassy" />

=== Reaction to the ban ===
The ban drew criticism from human-rights organisations and civil society groups. Amnesty International described the designation of the JAAC as a dangerous escalation and warned that anti-terror legislation should not be used to criminalise peaceful political dissent. Amnesty further expressed concern regarding reports of arbitrary arrests, restrictions on freedom of assembly and the use of communication shutdowns during the unrest.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" />

Several commentators and analysts viewed the ban within the broader context of growing political tensions ahead of the 2026 elections.

== Timeline ==
=== Pre-strike developments ===
During late May and early June 2026, negotiations between protest leaders and authorities failed to resolve disagreements regarding the JAAC's demands. Following the collapse of talks, the movement intensified preparations for a region-wide shutdown and long march toward Muzaffarabad. Authorities responded by increasing security deployments and imposing restrictions in anticipation of demonstrations.<ref name="Reuters9Jun" /><ref name="Frontline" />

On the eve of the planned protests, the United States Embassy in Pakistan issued a demonstration alert. Reports from local media indicated that checkpoints had been established on major roads.<ref name="USEmbassy" />

=== Rawalakot clashes ===
On 8 June 2026, clashes erupted between protesters and security forces in Rawalakot and surrounding areas. According to regional authorities and media, between eleven and fifteen people were killed and more than seventy were injured during the unrest, including protesters and security personnel. Official figures during the first week of protests also put the casualties at 7 people killed in Kotli and 1 killed in Mirpur. Higher estimates from protest organisers and some outlets reported over 30 dead and more than 200 injured.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="AJ8Jun" /><ref name="BBCClashes" /><ref name="NDTV30" />

Authorities stated that some demonstrators attacked security personnel and government property, while protest organizers accused the authorities of using excessive force against largely peaceful demonstrators. JKJAAC leader Shaukat Nawaz Mir described the events in Rawalakot as a "massacre". Accounts of the violence differed between officials and protest organisers. Independent reporting confirmed that live ammunition was used during at least some of the confrontations. Allegations emerged that women, children and pregnant women were among those killed or injured. These claims could not be independently verified by all international news agencies.<ref name="Al" /><ref name="TOI30" />

=== General strike of 9 June ===
A region-wide strike called by the JKJAAC on 9 June resulted in the closure of markets, businesses, educational institutions and transport services across much of Azad Kashmir. Thousands of supporters participated in demonstrations despite restrictions imposed by the authorities. Markets remained closed in Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot, Kotli, Bagh, Mirpur and other towns. The strike represented one of the largest coordinated shutdowns in the territory in recent years.<ref name="APStrike" /><ref name="TheHinduMarkets" />

=== Long march ===
A central component of the protest campaign was a planned long march toward Muzaffarabad. Government authorities attempted to prevent the march through arrests, checkpoints and restrictions on movement. Despite these measures, groups of demonstrators continued to assemble and attempted to proceed toward Muzaffarabad from various districts.

Following the expiry of the JAAC's ultimatum on 23 June, protest leaders announced that the planned long march towards Muzaffarabad would proceed as scheduled. JAAC representatives rejected speculation that the march had been postponed. Thousands of demonstrators continued to participate in rallies and public meetings across Rawalakot, Muzaffarabad, Bagh, Kotli and other districts.<ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026" /><ref name="ABP25Jun2026" />

=== Negotiations ===
Throughout late June 2026, representatives of the JKJAAC continued discussions with officials of the Government of Azad Kashmir. Despite multiple rounds of negotiations, protest leaders stated that no agreement had been reached on the movement's principal constitutional and political demands. JAAC leaders stated that the movement was prepared to suspend protest activities only after the government formally accepted its principal demands.<ref name="Federal25Jun2026" /><ref name="News18LongMarch25Jun2026" />

=== Participation of women, students and children ===
As the protests entered a prolonged phase in late June, women, students and schoolchildren emerged as prominent participants in the demonstrations. Large numbers of women attended rallies and addressed crowds. Schoolchildren and university students also joined, carrying banners supporting the movement's demands. Protest organisers described the participation of younger residents as evidence that the movement had expanded beyond its original economic grievances.<ref name="PrintWomen25Jun2026" /><ref name="Moneycontrol25Jun2026" />

=== Military helicopter crash ===
On 10 June 2026, one of the military helicopters used in surveillance crashed over Muzaffarabad, killing all 22 personnel onboard. According to the Pakistani military, the helicopter crashed because of a technical fault. Pakistani authorities stated that there was no indication that the crash was connected to the protests.<ref name="APHelicopter" />

== Casualties and injuries ==
Casualty figures reported during the protests varied substantially between sources. Initial reports cited at least 11 killed and more than 70 injured. Subsequent reporting cited higher figures exceeding 30 dead and 200 injured. Additional injuries were reported during demonstrations and confrontations. Hospitals treated victims suffering from gunshot wounds and other injuries. Allegations of excessive force, including the use of live ammunition, tear gas and baton charges, were made by protest organisers and some media outlets. Authorities rejected accusations that security forces had deliberately targeted peaceful protesters.<ref name="ReutersRawalakot" /><ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="TOICasualties" />

== Communications restrictions ==
Throughout the protests, authorities imposed restrictions on communications and movement. NetBlocks stated that access to the web remained severely restricted. Protest organisers alleged that the restrictions were intended to prevent demonstrators from travelling between districts and to hinder the organisation of rallies.<ref name="Al" />

== Blockade and humanitarian situation ==
During the later stages of the protests, demonstrators accused Pakistani authorities of restricting the movement of food, fuel and medicines into the territory, resulting in reported shortages of essential commodities in several districts including Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot, Bagh, Kotli and the Neelum Valley. Protest leaders alleged that these measures constituted "starvation tactics" and disproportionately affected women, children and elderly residents. Pakistani authorities denied imposing a blockade and maintained that transportation disruptions resulted from security measures introduced during the unrest.<ref name="IndiaToday25Jun2026" /><ref name="Federal25Jun2026" /><ref name="News18Starving25Jun2026" />

== Government response ==
The government deployed additional security personnel, detained activists and increased security measures. Prime Minister Faisal Mumtaz Rathore stated that dialogue remained possible but maintained that constitutionally protected issues could not be altered without following legal procedures. Pakistan Defence Minister Khawaja Asif urged "complete obedience to state." Authorities defended the measures as necessary to maintain public order.<ref name=":3" />

== International reaction ==
[[Amnesty International]] criticised the government's response, expressing concern over reports of internet shutdowns, arbitrary arrests and the use of force against protesters. The United States Embassy issued a demonstration alert. The protests received significant attention in India. The Kashmiri diaspora, particularly in the United Kingdom, organised protests and called for international scrutiny.<ref name="Amnesty9Jun" /><ref name="IndiaTodayUK" />

== Diaspora response ==
The protests received significant attention among members of the Kashmiri diaspora, particularly in the United Kingdom, where demonstrations and solidarity campaigns were organised. Diaspora organisations called for international scrutiny and urged foreign governments and human rights organisations to monitor developments.<ref name="TOIDiaspora" />

== Aftermath ==
By late June 2026, the protests had become one of the largest sustained political movements in Pakistan-administered Kashmir in recent years. Demonstrations continued without a comprehensive political settlement. The movement highlighted ongoing disputes regarding political representation, constitutional reform and governance in the territory. Political analysts described the protests as a significant shift, evolving from economic grievances into a broader campaign for constitutional reform with broad participation across society.<ref name="PrintAnalysis25Jun2026" /><ref name="Federal25Jun2026" />

== See also ==
*[[2024 Azad Kashmir protests]]
*[[2025 Azad Kashmir protests]]
*[[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]]
*[[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Kashmir conflict]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad Kashmir protests, 2026}}
[[Category:2026 protests]]
[[Category:2026 in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:June 2026 events in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politics of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political controversies in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Protests in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Civil disorder in Asia]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Political movements in Kashmir]]

2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests

2026-06-10T21:03:41Z

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2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests

2026-06-10T21:01:25Z

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2026 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir protests

2026-06-10T20:56:46Z

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Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University

2026-06-03T09:16:30Z

Simba: New redirect page

#redirect [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow]]

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

2026-06-03T09:15:33Z

Simba: New page Faculty of Architecture and Planning

{{Infobox university
| name = Faculty of Architecture and Planning
| native_name = FoAP
| established = 1911
| type = Constituent faculty
| parent = [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]]
| city = [[Lucknow]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|https://foaaktu.ac.in}}
}}

'''Faculty of Architecture and Planning''' ('''FoAP''') is a constituent faculty of [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]] (AKTU) in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="About">{{cite web |url=https://foaaktu.ac.in/new_foap/about.aspx |title=About Faculty of Architecture and Planning |publisher=Faculty of Architecture and Planning, AKTU |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Established in 1911 as a department of the Government College of Arts and Crafts, Lucknow, it is among the oldest institutions for architectural education in India.<ref name="About" />

The faculty offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programmes in architecture and planning, including Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.), Master of Architecture (M.Arch.), Master of Planning (M.Plan.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programmes.<ref name="BArch">{{cite web |url=https://foaaktu.ac.in/new_foap/barch.aspx |title=Bachelor of Architecture Programme |publisher=Faculty of Architecture and Planning, AKTU |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="MArch">{{cite web |url=https://foaaktu.ac.in/new_foap/march.aspx |title=Master of Architecture Programme |publisher=Faculty of Architecture and Planning, AKTU |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="PhD">{{cite web |url=https://foaaktu.ac.in/new_foap/phd.aspx |title=Doctoral Programme |publisher=Faculty of Architecture and Planning, AKTU |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref>

== History ==

Architectural education at the institution began in 1911 as a department within the Government College of Arts and Crafts, Lucknow.<ref name="About" />

In 1976, the department was reorganised as the '''Government School of Architecture'''.<ref name="About" /> In 1980, it became the '''Government College of Architecture, Lucknow''' and functioned as a constituent college of the [[University of Lucknow]].<ref name="About" />

During the academic session 2000–01, the college was transferred to the newly established [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University]] (UPTU).<ref name="About" /><ref name="UPTUAct">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/19199/1/technical_university-_23-2000_eng_.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh Technical University Act, 2000 |publisher=India Code |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref>

In 2010, UPTU was divided into Gautam Buddha Technical University and Mahamaya Technical University.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/up-overrules-maya-decision-merges-gbtu-mtu/ |title=UP overrules Maya decision, merges GBTU and MTU |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> The two institutions were merged again in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/up-overrules-maya-decision-merges-gbtu-mtu/ |title=UP overrules Maya decision, merges GBTU and MTU |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref>

In 2015, the university was renamed '''Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University''' after former President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/uptu-renamed-as-apj-abdul-kalam-tech-university-285847-2015-08-01 |title=UPTU renamed as APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University |publisher=India Today |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref>

== Academics ==

The faculty offers programmes in architecture and planning at undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral levels.<ref name="BArch" /><ref name="MArch" /><ref name="PhD" />

Its academic offerings include the Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.), Master of Architecture (M.Arch.), Master of Planning (M.Plan.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.).<ref name="BArch" /><ref name="MArch" /><ref name="PhD" />

The programmes are approved by the [[Council of Architecture]].<ref name="COA">{{cite web |url=https://foaaktu.ac.in/new_foap/coa.aspx |title=Council of Architecture Approval |publisher=Faculty of Architecture and Planning, AKTU |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref>

== Research ==

The faculty conducts research in architecture, planning, heritage conservation, environmental design and sustainable development through doctoral studies and sponsored research projects.<ref name="PhD" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://foaaktu.ac.in/new_foap/research_projects.aspx |title=Research Projects |publisher=Faculty of Architecture and Planning, AKTU |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref>

The Centre of Excellence for Indian Knowledge Systems (DHAROHAR) supports research related to architectural heritage and indigenous knowledge systems.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/aktu-gets-142-crore-infra-welfare-boost/articleshow/123394652.cms |title=AKTU gets infrastructure and welfare boost |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref>

== Campus ==

The faculty is located on a six-acre campus in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="About" />

== Rankings ==

In the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2025, the faculty was ranked 39th among architecture institutions in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ArchitectureRanking.html |title=NIRF 2025 Architecture Rankings |publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of India |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref>

The faculty has also appeared in national rankings published by India Today and Outlook–ICARE.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite web |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/college-details/16/faculty-of-architecture-and-planning-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-technical-university |title=Faculty of Architecture and Planning, AKTU |publisher=India Today |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/faculty-of-architecture-and-planning-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam-technical-university-lucknow-181469/ranking |title=Faculty Rankings |publisher=Shiksha |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref>

== Accreditation ==

The academic programmes of the faculty are approved by the [[Council of Architecture]] and operate under the academic framework of [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]].<ref name="COA" />

As a constituent faculty of AKTU, it is covered under the university's accreditation by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.htsyndication.com/ht-lucknow/article/aktu-gets-naac--a--grade-in-first-cycle-of-evaluation/91260646 |title=AKTU receives NAAC A Grade |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/higher-education/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-technical-university-awarded-naac-a-grade-after-appeal/125614764 |title=AKTU awarded NAAC A+ Grade after appeal |work=The Economic Times |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]]
* [[Architecture education in India]]
* [[Council of Architecture]]
* [[University of Lucknow]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://foaaktu.ac.in}}

[[Category:Architecture schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1911]]
[[Category:1911 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Architecture in Uttar Pradesh]]

Babu Banarasi Das University

2026-06-03T07:19:00Z

Simba: Babu Banarasi Das University new page

{{Infobox university
| image_name =
| name = Babu Banarasi Das University
| established = 12 October 2010
| campus = Suburban, spread over 100 acres
| motto = We Believe in Shaping Generations
| type = Private
| nickname = BBDU
| founder = [[Akhilesh Das]]
| chancellor = Alka Das
| vice_chancellor = Arun Kumar Mittal
| city = [[Lucknow]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| students = 20,000+
| website = {{URL|http://www.bbdu.ac.in}}
}}

'''Babu Banarasi Das University''' (BBDU)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbdu.ac.in |title=Babu Banarasi Das University |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820041548/https://bbdu.ac.in/ |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a private university located in [[Lucknow]], the capital city of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was established in 2010 by [[Akhilesh Das]], the son of [[Banarasi Das|Babu Banarasi Das]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]

Vaisakh

2026-06-03T07:16:41Z

Simba: New page Vaisakh

{{Short description|Second month of the Punjabi calendar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2010}}{{For|the month of the Hindu calendar|Vaisakha}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Vaisakh''' ([[Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|{{nq|وساکھ}}}}; [[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਵਿਸਾਖ}}, {{IPA|pa|ʋɪsaːkʰᵊ}}) is the first month in the [[Punjabi calendar]] and the second month of the [[Nanakshahi calendar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Vinod K. |title=Calendars of India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2020 |isbn=9788120842762 |pages=34–35 |chapter=4.3 The Nanakshahi Calendar (Tropical-Solar) - Months of Nanakshahi Calendar}}</ref> The Nanakshahi solar month begins on 14 April, after [[Chet (month)|Chet]], and ends on 5 May, with 1 [[Jeth]] following.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |date=Sep 13, 2011 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9781598842067 |editor-last=Melton |editor-first=J. Gordon |pages=162–163 |chapter=The Nanakshahi Calendar of the Sikhs |quote=}}</ref> The traditional Punjabi Bikrami lunisolar month begins on the day after the Chet full moon and ends on the Vaisakh full moon.

This month coincides with April and May in the [[Gregorian calendar]], [[Boishakh]] in the [[Bengali calendar]], and [[Vaisakha]] in the [[Hindu calendar]] and the [[Indian national calendar]]; it comprises the time of crop-harvesting in the [[Punjab region]].

[[Vaisakhi]] is the most important festival in the [[Sikh]] calendar, taking place on the first day of Vaisakh, which falls on 14 April each year. On this day, the [[Khalsa]] was created and much celebration takes place in the form of Samagams, [[Kirtan|Nagar Kirtan]], Gatka exhibitions, Akand Paths and so on. Chet is the first month of the Nanakshahi calendar, however the Punjabi peasantry celebrate their new year on 1 Vaisakh (14 April) as it is when their harvest is due.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=Jun 11, 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781442236011 |edition=3rd |pages=223–224 |chapter=NANAKSHAHI CALENDAR}}</ref> The Nanakshahi solar calendar used by Sikhs observes 14 April as 1 Vaisakh, while the traditional Punjabi lunisolar calendar used primarily by Hindus and farmers observes all months based on the lunar cycle, thus the first day of Vaisakh is the day after the Chet full moon in the lunar calendar. In the traditional Punjabi lunisolar calendar, the festival of Vaisakhi may fall in either Chet or Vaisakh.

==Important events during this month==
===April===
* 14 April (1 Vaisakh) - Vaisakhi (see above)
* 16 April (3 Vaisakh) - ''[[Joti Jot]]'' of [[Guru Angad Dev]] Ji
* 16 April (3 Vaisakh) - ''Gur Gadi'' of [[Guru Amar Das]] Ji
* 16 April (3 Vaisakh) - ''Joti Jot'' [[Guru Har Krishan]] Ji
* 16 April (3 Vaisakh) - ''Gur Gadi'' of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] Ji
* 18 April (5 Vaisakh) - Birth of [[Guru Angad Dev]] Ji
* 18 April (5 Vaisakh) - Birth of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] Ji

===May===
* 2 May (19 Vaisakh) - Birth of [[Guru Arjan Dev]] Ji
* 15 May (1 Jeth) - The end of the month Vaisakh and the start of [[Jeth]]

=== Hindu Festivals Based on Lunar Dates ===
* 3 Vaisakh (lunar reckoning): [[Akha Teej]] (ਅੱਖਾ ਤੀਜ) - A festival considered auspicious to start any new beginnings, new ventures, charity, and large purchases especially purchases of gold. Any good deeds or investments made on this day are believed to be everlasting. Lord [[Vishnu]] and Goddess [[Lakshmi]] are worshipped on this day.

=== Hindu Festivals Based on Solar Dates ===
The following festival may fall in the month of Chet or Vaisakh:

* April 13/14: [[Vaisakhi]] (ਵਿਸਾਖੀ) - A festival marking the sun's transit into ''[[Hindu astrology|Mesha]]'' ([[Aries (astrology)|Aries]]), the approaching summer, and the beginning of the Hindu solar year. It is observed as a day of thanksgiving to celebrate the harvest of the [[Rabi crop|Rabi]] crops. Devotees take purifying dips into local waterbodies, rivers, and [[Temple tank|sarovars]] while offering prayers to [[Surya]] and donate fruits, water pitchers, and other summer items to the poor for the approaching summer heat. Vaisakhi is also a very important holy day for Sikhs as it commemorates the day when [[Guru Gobind Singh]] established the [[Khalsa Panth]]. The Sikh celebrations usually involve ''[[nagar kirtan]]s''. In other regions of South Asia, this festival has various names, including [[Mesha Sankranti]], [[Puthandu]], [[Vishu]], [[Bisu Parba]], [[Buisu]], [[Bohag Bihu]], [[Maha Bishuba Sankranti]], [[Pohela Boishakh]], [[Jur Sital]], [[Bizhu]], and [[Sangken]].

== Sources ==
* [http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=133&english=t&id=5450#l5450 p. 133 of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib on ''Sri Granth'']

==See also==
*[[Vaisakha]] (Hindu and Indian calendars)

== References ==
<references />
{{PunjabiCalendar}}
{{SikhCalendar}}

[[Category:Months of the Punjabi calendar]]
[[Category:Months of the Nanakshahi calendar]]
[[Category:Sikh practices]]

Salute (2022 Indian film)

2026-06-03T07:16:02Z

Simba: New page film

{{short description|2022 Indian film by Roshan Andrrews}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Salute
|image = Salute Malayalam Poster.jpg
|caption = Official release poster
|director = [[Rosshan Andrrews]]
|producer = [[Dulquer Salmaan]]
|writer = [[Bobby Sanjay|Bobby-Sanjay]]
|starring = {{Unbulleted_list|Dulquer Salmaan
|[[Manoj K. Jayan]]
|[[Diana Penty]]
|[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
|[[Saniya Iyappan]]}}
|music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
|cinematography = Aslam K. Purayil
|editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
|studio = [[Wayfarer Films Production|Wayfarer Films]]
|distributor = [[SonyLIV]]
|released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|3|17}}
|runtime = 143 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/salute-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdaxodu0|title=Salute|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
|country = India
|language = Malayalam
|budget = 

}}

'''''Salute''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Crime film|crime thriller]] film directed by [[Rosshan Andrrews]], written by [[Bobby-Sanjay]], and produced by [[Dulquer Salmaan]] under his banner [[Wayfarer Films]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dulquer-salmaan-transforms-into-a-cop-in-salute-first-look-malayalam-action-flick-to-also-star-diana-penty-9394691.html |title=Dulquer Salmaan transforms into a cop in Salute first look; Malayalam action flick to also star Diana Penty |date=9 March 2021 |work=Firstpost |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dulquer-presents-first-look-poster-upcoming-film-salute-144836 |title=Dulquer presents first look poster from upcoming film 'Salute' |date=8 March 2021 |website=The News Minute |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> The film stars Dulquer Salmaan, [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Diana Penty]] (in her Malayalam debut), [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], and [[Saniya Iyappan]]. The cinematography and editing was handled by Aslam K. Purayil and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] respectively. The background score was composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]].

Initially scheduled for a theatrical release, it was indefinitely postponed due to the rise of [[COVID-19 cases]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=13 March 2022 |title=SonyLIV to premiere Dulquer Salmaan's 'Salute' |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/sonyliv-to-premiere-dulquer-salmaan-s-salute-11647152164276.html |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Father-son duo Mammootty, Dulquer head to OTT with 'Salute' and 'Puzhu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/mar/16/father-son-duo-mammootty-dulquer-head-to-ott-with-salute-and-puzhu-2430784.html |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's 'Salute' To Have A Digital Release |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/dulquer-salmaan-starrer-salute-to-have-a-digital-release-news-185684 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> The film eventually premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 17 March 2022 to positive reviews from critics.<ref name=":2" />

==Plot==
[[Sub-inspector|SI]] Aravind Karunakaran, along with his colleagues and superior, [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Ajith, who is also his brother, arrest a man named Murali, whom they believe to be a murderer that they were searching for, forging false evidence against him. However, much to their shock, they discover that the real murderer was someone else. While Ajith and the others remain silent about their misconduct, risking their jobs, Aravind quits after refusing to be a part of the charade and to avoid getting condemned by his colleagues.

A few years later, when Aravind returns to his hometown along with his girlfriend Dia for his niece's wedding, he discovers certain leads that could lead him to the actual culprit, thereby saving Murali. Aravind then rejoins the force and begins to conduct the investigation in his own time, narrowing on a potential serial killer and identity thief who has been behind several murders around Kerala over the years using fake identities, while his brother and accomplices continue to sabotage his plans by transferring him to the Kasaragod Branch only to find out that Aravind was getting closer to finding the culprit. However, by the time Aravind tracks down his house, he discovers that the culprit was killed in a car accident while using another fake identity and his face is deformed. He nonetheless uses this in order to free Murali. Aravind is later suspended alongside Ajith, Pramod and Alex.

Aravind reads the culprit's letter, which acknowledges Aravind's findings, but after reading the date of the stamp, he realizes that the letter was written the day before the culprit died.

==Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Dulquer Salmaan]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Aravind Karunakaran
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Ajith Karunakaran, Aravind's brother
*[[Diana Penty]] as Dia, Aravind's girlfriend
*[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] as Dr Radhika Nambiar, Ajith's wife
*[[Saniya Iyappan]] as Malavika Karunakaran
*[[Saikumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Anthony Thomas
*[[Indrans]] as Babu
*[[Binu Pappu]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Alex Koruth
*[[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Maraar
*[[Boban Alummoodan]] as Mahesh
*[[Shaheen Siddique]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Mahesh R.
*[[Sudheer Karamana]] as Chandran Pillai
*[[Anandaraj]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Prithviraj
*[[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Sam Eapen Koshy [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Rajith
*[[Aruldoss]] as Prabhu
*[[Vinod Sagar]] as Murali T. S.
*[[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Thampi
*[[Shaji Chen]] as [[Minister (government)|Minister]] Namboothiri
*[[Mime Gopi]] as Selvam
*[[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad]] as Royce
*[[Ganapathi S. Poduval]] as Thampi's son
*[[Maala Parvathi]] as [[Women's Commission]] Staff
*[[Nitin Thomas]] as Naveen
*[[Monisha Arshak]] as Jhansi
}}

==Production==
===Development===
In May 2020, on the seventh anniversary of [[Mumbai Police (film)|''Mumbai Police'']], director Rosshan Andrrews announced that he would be working with Dulquer Salmaan on a thriller. The film's story and screenplay would be written by his regular collaborators Bobby and Sanjay, in their sixth film together.<ref>{{cite web|title='ഇനി ദുല്ഖറിനൊപ്പമുള്ള ത്രില്ലര്'; മുംബൈ പൊലീസിന്റെ ഏഴാം വാര്ഷികത്തില് റോഷന് ആന്ഡ്രൂസ്|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/rosshan-andrrews-about-his-next-film-with-dulquer-salmaan-q9r4h8|access-date=22 March 2021|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml}}</ref> The film's first poster was unveiled in March 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began on 3 February 2021 in [[Kollam district|Kollam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=റോഷന് ആന്ഡ്രൂസും ദുല്ഖറും ഒന്നിക്കുന്നു; നായികയാകാൻ ഡയാന പെന്റി|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/roshan-andrews-and-dulquer-salmaan-new-movie-qnyg2m|access-date=21 March 2021|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml}}</ref> [[Diana Penty]] joined the sets on 9 February 2021 in her debut Malayalam film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diana Penty joins Dulquer Salmaan-Rosshan Andrrews film; the diva says she is excited to make her debut in Malayalam - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/diana-penty-joins-dulquer-salmaan-rosshan-andrrews-film-the-diva-says-she-is-excited-to-make-her-debut-in-malayalam/articleshow/80765155.cms|access-date=21 March 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Manoj K. Jayan]] joined shooting on 12 February 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=ഒരു വർഷത്തെ കാത്തിരിപ്പിനു ശേഷം വീണ്ടും ക്യാമറയുടെ മുന്നിലേക്ക്; ദുൽഖർ ചിത്രത്തിൽ മനോജ്.കെ.ജയനും|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/manoj-k-jayan-in-dulquer-salmaan-roshan-andrews-movie-1.5435811|access-date=10 October 2022|website=Mathrubhumi|date=13 February 2021}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam]], [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], and [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Diana Penty To Star Alongside Dulquer Salmaan In Her Malayalam Film Debut|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/film-theatre/diana-penty-dulquer-salmaan/|last=Hazra|first=Priya|date=9 February 2021|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

==Release==
''Salute'' released on [[SonyLIV|SonyLiv]] on 17 March 2022 as a [[Over-the-top media service|Direct-to-OTT]] release.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 March 2022|title=Salute trailer: Dulquer Salmaan promises a gripping investigative thriller|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/salute-trailer-dulquer-salmaan-promises-a-gripping-investigative-thriller-7805214/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> The film was originally planned to release in April 2021, but was postponed multiple times due to waves of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. The premiere was rescheduled multiple times before it was finally released on the platform on 17 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dulquer-salmaan-s-salute-postponed-due-to-spike-in-covid-19-omicron-cases-1898564-2022-01-11|title=Dulquer Salmaan's Salute postponed due to Spike in Covid-19, Omicron cases|work=India Today|first=Rishity Roy|last=Chowdhury|date=11 January 2022|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Legal issues ===
On 15 March 2022, ahead of the film's release, the [[Film Exhibitors United Organisation of Kerala|Film Exhibitors United Organisation of Kerala (FEUOK)]], banned [[Dulquer Salmaan]]'s films from releasing in theatres anymore since the lead actor, producer, makers had violated the rules and given the film out for a direct OTT release even though they had confirmed that it would have a theatrical release first. They also banned [[Wayfarer Films]] and Dulquer Salmaan projects. They said the ban would be permanent and refused to co-operate with Dulquer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/feuok-dulquer-salmaan-movies-in-theaters-7821366|title=FEUOK bans Dulquer Salmaan movies |date=15 March 2022|access-date=3 August 2022|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Later the ban was withdrawn by them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/feuok-withdraws-ban-on-dulquer-salmaan/articleshow/90565631.cms|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=FEUOK withdraws ban on Dulquer Salmaan|date=31 March 2022|access-date=10 October 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
In a review for ''[[Firstpost]]'', [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, “For the most part, ''Salute'' remains engaging (...) Somewhere in the second half though, the narrative begins to stretch itself, mistaking length for ruminativeness and needless additional seconds for detail.”<ref>{{cite news|date=18 March 2022|title=Salute movie review: Dulquer Salmaan takes on an unconventional police drama|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/salute-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-takes-on-an-unconventional-police-drama-10469501.html|access-date=10 October 2022|work=Firstpost}}</ref>'' [[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote ," A cop drama with a difference." [[Rediff.com]] gave 3.5/5 and wrote, "Salute explores narratives of [[police brutality]] and unethical practices, power-hungry politicians who will stop at nothing and the helplessness of innocent victims of crime, observes Divya Nair". ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote, "Dulquer's thriller is an engaging police procedural". Filmibeat gave 3/5 and wrote, "Salute is a realistic, unconventional, and intriguing cop drama that dares to take a different route. This Dulquer Salmaan starrer is definitely worth a watch". ''[[The Quint]]'' gave 3/5 and wrote, "Dulquer Salmaan's Gripping Thriller Deserves a Salute, Almost". [[Pinkvilla]] gave 3/5 and wrote, "A cold, detached character study in the guise of a crime procedural". "Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote "Dulquer Salmaan's riveting cop drama is replete with new ideas".<ref>{{cite news|title=Salute Movie Review: Dulquer Salmaan's riveting cop drama failed to replete with new ideas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/salute-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-s-riveting-cop-drama-is-replete-with-new-ideas-1926619-2022-03-17|author=Janani K|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> Shilpa Nair Anand of ''[[The Hindu]]'' commented "Dulquer Salmaan scores with his restrained performance as a cop". Mirchi9 gave 2.5/5 and wrote, " Dulquer's thriller is an engaging police procedural". [[Indian Express]] Reviewed "Dulquer Salmaan shines in absorbing investigative drama".<ref name=":2">{{cite news|date=18 March 2022|author=Goutham VS|title=Salute movie review: Dulquer Salmaan shines in absorbing investigative drama|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/salute-movie-review-dulquer-salmaans-investigative-drama-questions-the-integrity-of-police-force-7825036/|access-date=10 October 2022|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13978658}}
{{Rosshan Andrrews}}
{{Wayfarer Films}}

[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rosshan Andrrews]]
[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Direct-to-video thriller films]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Police films]]
[[Category:Films about identity theft]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jakes Bejoy]]

Raja Nahar Singh‌‌ (Ballabhgarh) metro station

2026-06-03T07:14:57Z

Simba: New page Raja Nahar Singh‌‌ (Ballabhgarh) metro station

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Raja Nahar Singh‌‌ (Ballabhgarh)
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Violet}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Raja Nahar Singh (Ballabgarh) metro station.jpg
| address = Ballabhgarh, Faridabad, Haryana 121004
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
| other = {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Ballabhgarh}}
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[side platform]]|Platform-1 → [[Terminal train station|Terminus]]|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|11|19}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former = Ballabhgarh metro station
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Violet|left=Sant Surdas (Sihi)}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Violet Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Violet}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
The '''Raja Nahar Singh metro station''' (formerly known as '''Ballabhgarh metro station''') is terminating station on the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. Finance Minister of Haryana urged to name Ballabhgarh Metro station after martyr [[Raja Nahar Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Raja Nahar Singh|url=http://www.uniindia.com/cm-urged-to-name-ballabhgarh-metro-station-after-martyr-raja-nahar-singh/states/news/1281492.html|website=uniindia|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>

==History==
As part of [[Delhi Metro#Phase III|Phase III]] of the extension of Delhi Metro, Raja Nahar Singh is the extension of [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]]. It was opened on 19 November 2018 for public use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-metro-s-violet-line-to-run-till-ballabgarh-from-5pm-on-monday-after-being-flagged-off-by-pm-modi/story-48H82MmUb8XDVXXLDOXrIL.html|title=Delhi Metro's Violet Line to run till Ballabhgarh from 5pm today after being flagged off by PM Modi|date=19 November 2018 }}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → Train Terminates Here
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sant Surdas (Sihi)}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Violet}};"| Raja Nahar Singh metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||

|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[Faridabad]]
*[[Haryana]]
*[[Nahar Singh]]
*[[Ballabhgarh]]
*[[National Highway 44 (India)]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[Faridabad district]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.] (Official site)
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=2010-06-19 |df= dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/search/Ballabhgarh+Metro+Station/@28.3394733,77.3160523,1270m/data=!3m1!1e3|title= Raja Nahar Singh metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|violet line=yes}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Faridabad district]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Haryana]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Haryana-railstation-stub}}

Indian palm squirrel

2026-06-03T07:13:21Z

Simba: Indian palm squirrel pae

{{Short description|Species of rodent}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}{{Speciesbox
| name = Indian palm squirrel
| image = Funambulus palmarum (Bengaluru).jpg
| image2 = Three Striped Palm Squirrel (Funambulus palmarum).wav
| image2_caption = Image from [[Bangalore]] and recording from [[Tirupati]], India
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Nameer, P.O. |author2=Molur, S. |year=2016 |errata=2017 |title=''Funambulus palmarum'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T8701A115087934 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8701A22259902.en |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>
| genus = Funambulus
| species = palmarum
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|1766]])
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="Thorington">{{cite book|last1=Thorington|first1=R.W. Jr.|last2=Hoffmann|first2=R.S.|year=2005|pages=754–818|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=D.E.|editor2-last=Reeder|editor2-first=D.M|url=http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3|chapter=Family Sciuridae|chapter-url=https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12400001|title=Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference|edition=3rd|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-8221-4|oclc=26158608}}</ref>
| subdivision =
* ''F. p. palmarum''
* ''F. p. brodiei''
* ''F. p. robertsoni''
* ''F. p. bellaricus''
| synonyms = ''Sciurus brodei'' {{small|Blyth, 1849}} 
''Sciurus indicus'' {{small|Lesson, 1835}} 
''Sciurus kelaarti'' {{small|Layard, 1851}} 
''Sciurus palmarum'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}} 
''Sciurus pencillatus'' {{small|Leach, 1814}}
}}

The '''Indian palm squirrel''' or '''three-striped palm squirrel''' ('''''Funambulus palmarum''''') is a species of [[rodent]] in the family [[Sciuridae]] found naturally in [[India]] (south of the [[Vindhyas]]), [[Bangladesh]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. In the late 19th century, the palm squirrel was introduced to [[Madagascar]], [[Réunion]], [[Mayotte]], [[Comoro Islands]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Seychelles]]. The closely related [[Northern palm squirrel|five-striped palm squirrel]] (''F. pennantii'') is found in northern India, and its range partly overlaps with this species.
[[File:Three_Striped_Palm_Squirrel_Habitat_Map.png|thumb|Native range of the Three Striped Palm Squirrel]]

==Description==
{{unsourced section|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Indian Palm Squirrel (Funambulus palmarum).jpg|thumb|upright|left|In Bangalore, India]]
The palm squirrel is about the size of a large [[chipmunk]], with a bushy tail slightly shorter than its body. The back is a grizzled, grey-brown colour with three conspicuous white stripes which run from head to tail. The two outer stripes run from the forelegs to the hind legs only. It has a creamy-white belly and a tail covered with interspersed, long, black and white hair. The ears are small and triangular. Juvenile squirrels have significantly lighter coloration, which gets progressively darker as they age. [[Albinism]] is rare, but exists in this species<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nameer |first1=P.O. |last2=Molur |first2=S. |year=2008 |title=Funambulus palmarum |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8704/13156029 |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref>.

==Life cycle==
The Indian palm squirrel exhibits a variety of reproductive behaviors; some display cyclical periodicity activity while others show continuous reproductive activity.<ref>{{cite journal|author=REDDI, A. H.|author2= PRASAD, M. R. N. |year=1968|title= The Reproductive Cycle of the Male Indian Palm Squirrel, Funambulus Pennanti Wroughton|journal=Reproduction|volume= 17|issue=2|pages= 235–245|doi= 10.1530/jrf.0.0170235 |pmid= 5723780 }}</ref> The [[gestation]] period is 34 days; breeding takes place in grass nests during the autumn. Litters of two or three are common, and average 2.75. The young are weaned after about 10 weeks and are sexually mature at 9 months. The adult weight is 100 grams. Little is known about their longevity, but one specimen lived 5.5 years in captivity.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Human Ageing Genomic Resources|work= AnAge database|access-date=30 July 2007 |url=http://www.genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Funambulus_palmarum |title=AnAge entry for ''Funambulus palmarum''}}</ref>

==Diet and behaviour==
{{unsourced section|date=October 2024}}
[[File: Baby Squirrels.png|thumb|A pair of baby three-striped Indian palm squirrels, a week after they were rescued after they fell from a coconut tree]]The Indian palm squirrel is a solitary animal, spending a majority of its life without interaction with others their own species, with the exception of mating and child rearing. While nuts and fruits make up a majority of its diet, the Indian palm squirrel will also eat insects, other smaller mammals, and reptiles. They are fairly vocal, with a cry that sounds like "chip chip chip" when danger is present. They are opportunists in urban areas, and can be easily tamed and trained to accept food from humans. Naturally active, their activity reaches levels of frenzy during the mating season. They tend to be very protective of their food sources, often guarding and defending them from birds and other squirrels.[[File:Mother's love.jpg|thumbnail|An Indian palm squirrel with its pup]]Unlike some other species of squirrel, the Indian palm squirrel does not hibernate.

==Importance in Hinduism==
Squirrels are considered sacred by [[Hindus]] and are not to be harmed. They are even fed by many Hindu families because of their association with [[Rama]].[[Image:Three-Striped Palm Squirrel (Funambulus palmarum) nest in Hyderabad W IMG 4466.jpg|thumb|right|An Indian palm squirrel nest]]

A legend explains the stripes on the back of most of the squirrels. During the construction of the [[Rama Setu]] (bridge) at [[Rameswaram]] by Sri Rama and the Vanara Sena or monkey army, a little squirrel also contributed in its own little way. It rolled in the beach sand and then ran to the end of the bridge to shake off the sand from its back. [[Rama|Sri Rama]], pleased by the creature's dedication, caressed the squirrel's back and ever since, the Indian squirrel carried white stripes on its back, which are believed to be the mark of Rama's fingers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ecoheritage.cpreec.org/Viewcontall.php?$mFJyBfK$MkoNJ@juGn2 |title=::: Envis ::: |access-date=2013-03-04 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810053212/http://www.ecoheritage.cpreec.org/Viewcontall.php?$mFJyBfK$MkoNJ@juGn2 }}</ref> Sri Rama and the squirrel are mentioned in one of the hymns of the [[Alvars]].

==Subspecies==
Generally four valid subspecies are described according to the geographic distribution. But many more subspecies are also described, but not given validity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/35?class=&where_classif=10&1_=1&2_=2&3_=4&4_=21&5_=30&6_=125&7_=225&8_=1003&9_=&10_=&11_=&go=& |title=Classification of Mammals: Taxonomy table {{!}} Mammals'Planet |website=www.planet-mammiferes.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210111811/http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/35?class=&where_classif=10&1_=1&2_=2&3_=4&4_=21&5_=30&6_=125&7_=225&8_=1003&9_=&10_=&11_=&go=& |archive-date=2015-02-10}}</ref>

* Valid subspecies
** ''Funambulus palmarum bellaricus'' (Wroughton, 1916)
** ''Funambulus palmarum palmarum'' (Linnaeus, 1766)
** ''Funambulus palmarum brodiei'' (Blyth, 1849)
** ''Funambulus palmarum robertsoni'' (Wroughton, 1916)
* Invalid subspecies
**''Funambulus palmarum bengalensis'' (Wroughton, 1916)
**''Funambulus palmarum comorinus'' (Wroughton, 1905)
**''Funambulus palmarum gossei'' (Wroughton and Davidson, 1919)
**''Funambulus palmarum kelaarti'' (Layard, 1851)
**''Funambulus palmarum matugamensis'' (Lindsay, 1926)
**''Funambulus palmarum olympius'' (Thomas and Wroughton, 1915)
**''Funambulus palmarum penicillatus'' (Leach, 1814)
**''Funambulus palmarum favonicus'' (Thomas and Wroughton, 1915)
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[[Species:Funambulus palmarum|''Funambulus palmarum'']] on [[Wikispecies]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:squirrel, palm, Indian}}
[[Category:Funambulus|Indian palm squirrel]]
[[Category:Rodents of India]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1766|Indian palm squirrel]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Dasheri

2026-06-03T07:12:36Z

Simba: Dasheri mango

{{Short description|Mango cultivar}}
{{nofootnotes|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = ''Mangifera'' 'Dasheri'
| image = Dosehri.JPG
| genus = ''[[Mangifera]]''
| cultivar = 'Dasheri'
| origin = [[India]]
}}

[[File:'Dasheri' mango (sliced).jpg|thumb|Dasheri mango, sliced]]
The '''Dasheri mango''' is a [[mango cultivar]] which originated in a village near [[Malihabad]] in [[Lucknow district]] and was recognised in the 18th century. It is a sweet and fragrant variety of [[mango]] grown in [[North India]], the southern state [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Nepal]], and [[Pakistan]]. [[Malihabad]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] is the largest producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Rohit |date=2023-02-08 |title=Dasheri Mango- Health Benefits, Uses and Important Facts |url=https://www.potsandpans.in/blogs/articles/dasheri-mango-health-benefits-uses-and-important-facts |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=PotsandPans India}}</ref>

==History==

Dasheri mango was originated in the Lucknow district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The first plant of Dasheri mango, today known as "Mother Dasehri Tree", originated in the Dasehri village, Block Kakori Dist. Lucknow in the Orchard of Nawab Syed Anser Zaidi Sahab. The Mother Dasehri is still in the possession of Nawab Anser's family. This tree is approximately 185 years old and still bears fruits.[[File:'Dasheri' mango.jpg|thumb|left|Dasheri mango]]

== Nutritional benefits ==
Dasheri mangoes are great source of fibre to help with digestion and vitamin C to boost the immune system. The fruits are an excellent source of [[zinc]], [[vitamin E]], iron, calcium, and other quantities of zinc, [[vitamin A]], folate, and other minerals that support proper organ function. Dasheri mangoes include phytochemicals in the skin that may have antioxidant-like qualities to alleviate inflammation in addition to vitamins and minerals.

==Exports==
The Dasheri mango is exported internationally to various countries including Singapore, Hong Kong, The Philippines, Malaysia, The UAE, Saudi Arabia and other countries in South-East Asia.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qzs8OX-54QQC&q=the+great+book+of+mango Dasheri Mango]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gQh6OI7GcC&q=dasheri+mango+information Dasheri Mango plant propagation]
* [http://www.facebook.com/dasehrimango Oldest Plant of Dasehri]

== External links ==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10530311.stm Dasheri Village]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711021421/http://billionaires.forbes.com/article/0dD524fanda4n?q=India Dasheri Mango's Mother Plant]
* [instagram@Dasehri_mango]
{{Mangoes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasheri}}
[[Category:Mango cultivars of India]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Environment of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Environment of Uttar Pradesh]]

{{fruit-stub}}

Counter-Strike in esports

2026-06-03T07:12:08Z

Simba: New page counter strike in esports

{{short description|none}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Counter-Strike'' in esports}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = ''Counter-Strike''
| image = MLG_Columbus_-_Luminosity_vs_Navi.jpg
| alt =
| imagesize =
| caption = [[Luminosity Gaming]] competing against [[Natus Vincere]] at the [[MLG Columbus 2016]]
| union = [[Valve Corporation|Valve]]
| nickname =
| first = 2000
| firstlabel =
| region =
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact =
| team =
| mgender =
| type = [[Esports]]
| equipment = {{hlist|[[Computer]]|[[Computer mouse|mouse]]|[[Computer keyboard|keyboard]]|[[headphones]]}}
| venue =
| olympic =
| world =
| paralympic =
| obsolete =
}}

'''Professional ''Counter-Strike'' competition''' involves [[Esports|professional gamers]] competing in the [[first-person shooter]] game series ''[[Counter-Strike]]''. The [[Counter-Strike (video game)|original game]], released in 1999, is a [[Mod (video gaming)|mod]] developed by [[Minh Le|Minh "Gooseman" Le]] and [[Jess Cliffe]] of the 1998 video game ''[[Half-Life (video game)|Half-Life]]'', published by [[Valve Corporation|Valve]]. Currently, the games that have been played competitively include ''[[Counter-Strike (video game)|Counter-Strike]]'' (''CS'' also called ''CS 1.6''), ''[[Counter-Strike: Condition Zero]]'' (''CS:CZ''), ''[[Counter-Strike: Source]]'' (''CS:S''), ''[[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive]]'' (''CS:GO''), and ''[[Counter-Strike 2]]'' (''CS2''). Major esports championships began in 2001 with the [[Cyberathlete Professional League]] Winter Championship, won by [[Ninjas in Pyjamas]].<ref name="espo_Espo">{{Cite web| title = Esports Essentials: The Impact of the Counter-Strike Majors| author = Mitchell, Ferguson| work = The Esports Observer| date = 2018-09-19| access-date = 27 December 2019| url = https://esportsobserver.com/esports-essentials-counter-strike-majors/| archive-date = 2019-12-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191227200121/https://esportsobserver.com/esports-essentials-counter-strike-majors/| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="blog_AneS">{{Cite web| title = An eSports phenomenon: Counter-Strike| author = Llewellyn, Thomas| work = National Science and Media Museum| date = 2018-09-17| access-date = 27 December 2019| url = https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/counter-strike-esports/}}</ref>

==History==
The ''Counter-Strike'' series has over 25 years of competitive history beginning with the original [[Counter-Strike (video game)|''Counter-Strike'']]. Tournaments for early versions of the game have been hosted since 2000, but the first prestigious international tournament was hosted in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] at the 2001 [[Cyberathlete Professional League]] (CPL) Winter Championship, won by the Swedish team Ninjas in Pyjamas. The tournament offered a $150,000 prize pool and became known as the first "[[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Major Championships|Major]]".<ref name="espo_Espo"/> The final significant update to the original ''Counter-Strike'' game was version 1.6 in 2003, and so the game became known as ''Counter-Strike 1.6'' (''CS 1.6'').

[[File:cplwinter2001.jpg|thumb|2001 Winter CPL Counter-Strike tournament]]

In 2002, the [[World Cyber Games]] became the next tournament to host competitive ''Counter-Strike'', followed by the [[Electronic Sports World Cup]] in 2003. These, along with the bi-annual CPL tournaments, were the dominant Majors of ''CS 1.6'' through 2007. CPL ceased operation in 2008, but another league, [[ESL (company)|ESL]], then added ''Counter-Strike'' to its [[Intel Extreme Masters]] (IEM) series. These tournaments continued for four years.<ref name="espo_Espo"/> The years of 2002-07 are considered ''Counter-Strike's'' first Golden Age, as the game's popularity and market-share eclipsed all others in the fledgling [[esports]] industry.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Valve struggled to iterate and evolve on ''CS 1.6'' because of its high skill ceiling and gameplay. The ''Counter-Strike'' [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]] release had limited success as compared to that of ''[[Halo (franchise)|Halo]]'' and ''[[Call of Duty]]''. The first official sequel was ''[[Counter-Strike: Source]]'' (''CS:S''), released on October 7, 2004. The game was criticized by the competitive community, who believed the game's skill ceiling was significantly lower than that of ''CS 1.6''. This caused a divide in the competitive community as to which game to play competitively.<ref name="Kane2008">{{cite book|author=Michael Kane|title=Game Boys: Triumph, Heartbreak, and the Quest for Cash in the Battleground of Competitive Videogaming|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bulcI9PHJsC|date=19 June 2008|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4406-3188-7}}</ref> Valve, sponsors, and tournament organizers were advocating for the newer ''CS:S'' to be played at tournaments, but the large majority of professional CS players refused to play it due to its perceived shortcomings.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} ''Counter-Strike'' esports gradually decreased in popularity during the late 2000s and early 2010s. This was in part due to the fractured competitive scene, but also due to the newcomer [[MOBA]] genre overcoming Counter-Strike's previous stranglehold on the team-based esport market.

The release of ''[[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive]]'' (''CS:GO'') in 2012 reunited the competitive community of ''Counter-Strike'', ushering in a new era of esports relevance for the franchise. Initially, the game was criticized for imbalanced gameplay, poor mechanics and bugs. However, within several months the gameplay improved after updates from Valve. The advent of [[Video game live streaming|video game streaming]] services such as [[UStream]], [[Justin.tv]] and [[Twitch.tv|Twitch]] increased the popularity of competitive ''Counter-Strike''. On September 16, 2013, Valve announced a US$250,000 community-funded prize pool for its first [[Counter-Strike Major Championships|''CS:GO'' Major Championship]]; the money was funded through the "Arms Deal" update, which created in-game cosmetics that players could purchase. Valve also announced that the first Major would take place in Sweden at [[DreamHack Winter 2013]].<ref name="espo_Espo"/> The Valve-sponsored Majors would go on to be the most important and prestigious tournaments in the ''Global Offensive'' esports scene.

In October 2015, a number of professional [[eSports|esports]] organizations with ''Counter-Strike'' teams announced the formation of a [[trade union]] that set several demands for future tournament attendance. The announcement was a publicly posted email written by Alexander Kokhanovsky, CEO of Natus Vincere, that was sent to organizers of major esports events. Teams that were part of the union included [[Natus Vincere]], [[Team Liquid]], [[Counter Logic Gaming]], [[Cloud9]], [[Virtus.pro]], [[Team SoloMid]], [[Fnatic]], [[Ninjas in Pyjamas]], [[Titan (esports)|Titan]] and [[Team EnVyUs]]. Teams in this union would not attend ''Counter-Strike: Global Offensive'' tournaments with prize pools of less than $75,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thescoreesports.com/csgo/news/4164|title=Report: eSports team union forms, outlines requirements for CS:GO, Dota 2 tournaments|first=Daniel|last=Rosen|date=October 4, 2015|access-date=November 17, 2015|archive-date=June 22, 2017|website=The Score Esports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622013749/https://www.thescoreesports.com/csgo/news/4164|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, the [[World Esports Association]] (WESA) was founded by [[ESL (company)|ESL]] with many esports teams, including Fnatic, Natus Vincere, Team EnVyUs and [[FaZe Clan]],<ref name="wesapoly">{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/5/13/11668182/what-is-wesa|title=The who, what and why of the World Esports Association|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|access-date=June 22, 2017|archive-date=June 22, 2017|url-status=live|first=Colin|last=Campbell|date=May 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622014052/https://www.polygon.com/2016/5/13/11668182/what-is-wesa}}</ref> though FaZe Clan left soon after the league's formation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/05/surprise-the-world-esports-association-is-already-in-trouble|title=Surprise, The World Esports Association Is Already In Trouble|first=Alex|last=Walker|access-date=June 22, 2017|archive-date=June 22, 2017|url-status=dead|website=[[Kotaku]]|publisher=[[Gawker Media]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622014317/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/05/surprise-the-world-esports-association-is-already-in-trouble/|date=May 19, 2016}}</ref> In its announcement, WESA said it would "further professionalize eSports by introducing elements of player representation, standardized regulations, and revenue sharing for teams". They also planned to help fans and organizers by "seeking to create predictable schedules."<ref name="wesapoly"/>

Valve's decisions have a strong influence on the competitive [[metagame]]. Decisions such as the removal of old maps and additions of new maps are often met with criticism, as well as changes made to certain weapons' performance characteristics. In 2016, Valve was "heavily criticized" for the removal of the map [[Inferno (Counter-Strike)|Inferno]] and its replacement, [[Nuke (Counter-Strike)|Nuke]], in the competitive map pool.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-26 |title=Removing One Of Counter-Strike's Best Maps Was A Mistake |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/04/removing-one-of-counter-strikes-best-maps-was-a-mistake/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427114009/http://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/04/removing-one-of-counter-strikes-best-maps-was-a-mistake/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 27, 2016 |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=Kotaku Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author1=Mike Stubbs |date=2016-08-18 |title=Top CS:GO pros weigh in on the Nuke and Inferno map switch |language=en |work=PC Gamer |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/top-csgo-pros-weigh-in-on-the-nuke-and-inferno-map-switch/ |access-date=2023-04-17}}</ref> The release of ''CS 1.6'' in 2003 saw a contentious [[game balance|nerf]] of the iconic [[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare|AWP]] sniper rifle by increasing its draw time. This significantly reduced the ability of a player armed with an AWP to simultaneously engage multiple targets. The AWP was again the subject of a controversial nerf in 2015 when players' movement speed and acceleration was decreased while the weapon was equipped. Valve has also implemented new coaching rules restricting the ability of communication between coaches and players during a match, and altered a 15-year precedent by increasing the duration of each round and bomb timer in 2015.<ref name="dote_TheV">{{Cite web| title = The Valve Meta: An Alternative History of Competitive CS:GO| author = wallabeebeatle| work = Dot Esports| date = 2017-02-08| access-date = 27 December 2019| url = https://dotesports.com/counter-strike/news/the-valve-meta-an-alternative-history-of-competitive-csgo-11737}}</ref>

By 2014, 25 million copies of the ''Counter-Strike'' series were sold. The game's fan base remains strong, having reached a new record of 1.4 million concurrent players in March 2023, surpassing the game's previous record of 1.3 million concurrent players in 2020 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="game_Dust">{{Cite web| title = Dust to Dust: The History of Counter-Strike| author = Te, Zorine| work = GameSpot| date = 2014-05-26| access-date = 27 December 2019| url = https://www.gamespot.com/articles/dust-to-dust-the-history-of-counter-strike/1100-6419676/}}</ref><ref name="blog_AneS"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crew |first=The |date=2023-03-12 |title=CS:GO Hits 1.4 Million Concurrent Players Amid Rumors of Source 2 Update |url=https://www.talkesport.com/news/csgo-hits-1-4-million-players/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=TalkEsport |language=en-US}}</ref>

On November 12, 2023, [[Perfect World (company)|Perfect World]] announced the [[Perfect World Shanghai Major 2024|second ''Counter-Strike 2'' Major]]. Played from November 30 to December 15, 2024, in Shanghai, it marked the first Major in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perfect World announce Shanghai Major |url=https://www.hltv.org/news/37498/perfect-world-announce-shanghai-major |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=HLTV.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Shanghai Major is the last CS2 tournament of 2024 |url=https://froggy.skin/en/blog/shanghai-major-what-to-expect-from-the-upcoming-tournament/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=FRGG |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=Perfect World Shanghai Major peaks at 1.3m viewers |url=https://esportsinsider.com/2024/12/perfect-world-shanghai-major-viewership |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=esportsinsider.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Tournament system ==
''Counter-Strike'' tournaments can be hosted by any entity, and do not have a single official event organizer (like [[FIFA]] in [[football association]], for example). The Major Championships, sponsored by [[Valve Corporation|Valve]] and held by different organizers twice a year, are the most prestigious tournaments, although they may not necessarily have the highest prizes. Most of the big teams compete, most of the time, in world tournaments that bring together teams from all corners of the world.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|access-date=2023-07-29|date=2022-10-18|first=Josse van|language=en-US|last=Dessel|title=CSGO Tournaments: The guide to everything you need to know|url=https://www.jaxon.gg/csgo-tournaments-the-guide-to-everything-you-need-to-know/|website=Jaxon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-07-29|date=2022-07-16|first=Digital|language=en-US|last=Ghost|title=CS:GO Tournaments and Majors Explained|url=https://www.corrosionhour.com/csgo-tournaments-and-majors-explained/|website=Corrosion Hour}}</ref> Some of the most notable major tournaments are organized by ESL, such as the Intel Extreme Masters and [[ESL Pro League]], and by Blast, such as the [[Blast Premier]] series. Tournaments that do not have a worldwide character are usually organized for teams of lower level, serving as qualifiers for the main tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-07-28|date=2023-07-06|first=Ivan|last=Šimić|title=What are the most popular Counter-Strike esports events?|url=https://esportsinsider.com/2023/07/popular-counter-strike-esports-events|website=Esports Insider}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

Teams rankings are published by [[HLTV]] and ESL, who use various criteria to determine the best ranked teams from the most recent tournaments. Until 2025, these rankings were then used by some tournament organizers to directly invite teams, depending on their rank.

===Valve tournament system (from 2025)===
In 2023, Valve announced that starting in 2025, only the official Valve ranking system, known as the Valve Regional Standings (VRS), could be used to generate invitations, done to combat franchised systems like the ESL Pro Tour and BLAST Premier. The detailed system, unveiled in 2024, separates all non-Major tournaments into Tier 1, Tier 2, Wildcard and Unranked tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Striker |title=Valve unveils rulebook for hosting licensed events from 2025 |url=https://www.hltv.org/news/39397/valve-unveils-rulebook-for-hosting-licensed-events-from-2025 |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=[[HLTV|HLTV.org]] |date=16 July 2024}}</ref>

====Tier 1 tournaments====
Tier 1 tournaments are the highest ranking non-Major events, typically consisting of the best teams in the world with a high prize pool and have the most impact on the Valve rankings. The top 20 teams in the chosen Valve rankings (Global, Europe, Americas, Asia and/or subdivisions of Americas and Asia if applicable) are invited, with at least 8 teams participating in the main stage of the tournament, defined as the final stage where teams enter. For every 8 teams invited via the rankings, the organizer may invite two Wildcard teams in place of the bottom 2 invites; these are teams that made the finals of any tournament or have cores that previously were in Valve's top 12 in the past 6 months. Open qualifiers can also be used to fill spots if needed.

For example, IEM Katowice and Cologne invite the top 8 teams in the global Valve standings straight to the group stage (which is classified as its main stage), while the next 16 teams enter the play-in for the final 8 spots.

====Tier 2 tournaments====
Tier 2 tournaments are events with not as much status or prize money as their Tier 1 equivalents, and as such don't have the same impact on the Valve rankings. The top 12 teams in the chosen Valve rankings cannot be invited to these events, with all tournament organizers having to start from 13th in the rankings and work their way down; they can otherwise use filtered standings by region or forgo ranking invites and use entirely open qualifiers or signups. Unlike their higher counterparts, organizers can filter invites based on team nationality or gender, but not to the point where specific teams are invited. Tier 2 event finalists can be invited to Tier 1 or Tier 2 events as Wildcards for up to 6 months after their win, but Tier 1 finalists can't be invited to a Tier 2 event as Wildcards.

====Wildcard tournaments====
For every three events in either Tier 1 or Tier 2 that an organizer runs, they can organize a Wildcard tournament, which are considered a special type of event for that tier. A tournament organizer has to declare which tournaments are connected to the Wildcard tournament, but can otherwise invite however many Wildcards they want and have them enter the main stage of the tournament. These Wildcards have to match the makeup of the organizer's qualifying tournaments. As an example, a tournament organizer with two European Tier 1 tournaments and two global Tier 1 tournaments must have half of their Wildcards be European Wildcards, with the rest being Global Wildcards. Organizers may also use the Valve rankings to invite more teams or use open qualifiers.

====Unranked tournaments====
Unranked tournaments let tournament organizers invite whoever they want to the main tournament or closed qualifiers, but do not contribute to the Valve rankings. These tournaments are also limited by prize pool, as no one tournament can exceed $100,000 and a tournament organizer can't have their overall unranked circuit go over $250,000 in a calendar year.

==Media coverage==
As the game and the scene grew in popularity, companies, including [[WME/IMG]] and [[Turner Broadcasting]], began to televise ''Global Offensive'' professional games, with the first being [[ELEAGUE Major 2017]], held at the [[Fox Theatre (Atlanta)|Fox Theatre]] and broadcast on [[Cable television in the United States|US cable television]] network [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/turner-wme-img-esports-league-tbs-1201600921/|title=Turner, WME/IMG Form E-Sports League, With TBS to Air Live Events|first=Todd|last=Spangler|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]|date=September 23, 2015|access-date=November 13, 2015|url-status=live|archive-date=June 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622133854/http://variety.com/2015/tv/news/turner-wme-img-esports-league-tbs-1201600921/}}</ref> On August 22, 2018, Turner announced its further programming of ''Global Offensive'' with ''ELeague''{{'}}s ''Esports 101: CSGO'' and ''[[ELEAGUE CS:GO Premier 2018]]'' [[Television documentary|docuseries]] on TBS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fansided.com/2018/08/22/eleague-announces-csgo-premier-tv-plans-esports-101-special/|title=ELEAGUE announces CSGO Premier TV plans, Esports 101 special|last=Frederick|first=Brittany|date=August 22, 2018|website=Fansided|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823120841/https://fansided.com/2018/08/22/eleague-announces-csgo-premier-tv-plans-esports-101-special/|archive-date=August 23, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=September 19, 2018}}</ref> In 2019 Danish television station [[TV 2 (Danish TV channel)|TV 2]] secured exclusive TV rights to broadcast ESL Pro League and Dreamhack's ESL Pro Tour in Danish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esportsinsider.com/2019/10/tv-2-denmark-esl-pro-tour|title=TV 2 Denmark acquires Danish broadcast rights for ESL Pro Tour|last=Martinello|first=Eva|date=October 21, 2019|website=Esports insider|access-date=November 26, 2023}}</ref> In 2023 TV 2 announced it would no longer broadcast ''Counter-Strike'' from 2024 onwards citing a lack of commercial sustainability given free alternatives, such as Twitch, and the downturn in results from the Danish superteam [[Astralis]] leading to a decline in popularity within Denmark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journalisten.dk/tv-2-dropper-counter-strike/|title=TV 2 dropper Counter-Strike|last=Goos|first=Sebastian|date=August 31, 2023|website=Journalisten|access-date=November 26, 2023}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Cheating===
Cheating, particularly through the use of [[Cheating in online games#Bots and software assistance|software hacks]] on online servers, has been a problem throughout the history of ''Counter-Strike'' and generally results in a game ban if discovered. A [[Valve Anti-Cheat]] (VAC) ban is the most common way in which players are banned. VAC is a system designed by Valve to detect cheats on computers. Any time a player connects to a VAC-secured server and a cheat is detected, the user is kicked from the server, given a permanent lifetime ban and barred from playing on any VAC-secured servers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.steampowered.com/kb/7849-RADZ-6869/#whatisvac|title=Valve Anti-Cheat System (VAC)|website=Steam|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref> Professional players play online on independent platform servers hosted by leagues such as [[ESEA League|ESEA]] or [[Faceit]], which have proprietary anti-cheat programs.<ref name="espo_Mass">{{Cite web| title = Massive exploitation in CSGO enables wall-hacks without being detected| author = Ingram, Finn| work = EsportsJunkie.com| date = 2019-09-07| access-date = 27 December 2019| url = https://esportsjunkie.com/2019/09/07/massive-exploitation-in-csgo-enables-wall-hacks-without-being-detected/}}</ref>

Linus "b0bbzki" Lundqvist was the first known professional player to be banned in ''Global Offensive''. Hovik "KQLY" Tovmassian was one of the highest-profile players to be issued a VAC ban. KQLY was banned, along with several other professional players, such as Gordon "Sf" Giry, while KQLY was playing for France's best team, [[Titan (eSports)|Titan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hltv.org/news/13651/kqly-ban-was-justified|title=KQLY: "BAN WAS JUSTIFIED"|first=Luis|last=Mira|website=HLTV.org|date=November 21, 2014|access-date=September 11, 2018}}</ref> Vinicius “v$m” Moreira from Brazil was VAC-banned while he was playing for Detona Gaming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com.br/esports/artigo/_/id/4948323/valve-aplica-banimento-em-vm-esl-isenta-jogador|title=Valve aplica banimento em v$m; ESL isenta jogador|first=Roque|last=Marques|website=[[ESPN]]|date=November 5, 2018|access-date=November 5, 2018}}</ref>

Cheating has also occurred at LAN tournaments, and players who cheat at organized tournaments may receive permanent bans or may be dismissed from their team. In 2018, at the eXTREMESLAND ZOWIE Asia ''CS:GO'', Nikhil "forsaken" Kumawat of OpTic India was caught cheating mid-match using aimbot during a tournament game against Revolution, a Vietnamese ''Counter-Strike: Global Offensive'' team.<ref name="dexe_OpTi">{{Cite web| title = OpTic India disqualified from eXTREMESLAND CS:GO event after player is caught with hacks Update – Roster released| author = Deason, Ross| work = Dexerto.com| date = 2018-10-19| access-date = 27 December 2019| url = https://www.dexerto.com/csgo/optic-india-disqualified-from-extremesland-csgo-event-after-player-is-caught-with-hacks-194651}}</ref> The tournament had a $100,000 prize pool.<ref name="poly_Watc">{{Cite web| title = Watch a Counter-Strike pro get caught cheating during a major esports tournament| author = Good, Owen S.| work = Polygon| date = 2019-10-21| access-date = 27 December 2019| url = https://www.polygon.com/2018/10/21/18006358/counter-strike-esports-cheating-shanghai-video}}</ref> OpTic India was disqualified and Kumawat was dismissed from the team.<ref name="dexe_Form">{{Cite web| title = Former OpTic India player Forsaken explains why he cheated| author = Porter, Matt| work = Dexerto.com| date = 2018-10-24| access-date = 27 December 2019| url = https://www.dexerto.com/csgo/former-op-tic-india-player-forsaken-explains-why-he-cheated-199549}}</ref>

In 2020, the [[Esports Integrity Commission]] (ESIC) banned over 37 coaches<ref>{{Cite web|title=ESIC issues bans to 37 coaches for spectator bug use|url=https://www.hltv.org/news/30351/esic-issues-bans-to-37-coaches-for-spectator-bug-use|access-date=2021-02-09|website=HLTV.org|language=en}}</ref> due to abuse of a [[Counter-Strike coaching bug scandal|spectator mode bug]]. Valve also has punished these coaches from a number of ''CS:GO'' Majors with the severity dependant on the number of times the bug was abused.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Counter-Strike: Global Offensive » 2021 RMR Update|url=https://blog.counter-strike.net/index.php/2021/01/32375/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-23|website=blog.counter-strike.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127234450/https://blog.counter-strike.net/index.php/2021/01/32375/ |archive-date=2021-01-27 }}</ref>

On 15 April 2021, Valve updated event guidelines to allow players with VAC banned accounts to compete again in Valve sponsored events.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Counter-Strike: Global Offensive » New RMR Eligibility Guidelines|url=https://blog.counter-strike.net/index.php/2021/04/33750/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-23|website=blog.counter-strike.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415172033/https://blog.counter-strike.net/index.php/2021/04/33750/ |archive-date=2021-04-15 }}</ref> The updated rules state: A VAC ban will only disqualify a player from an event if it was either received fewer than 5 years prior, or if it was received at any time after their first participation in a Valve-sponsored event.

===Match fixing===
Players have also been banned for [[match fixing]]. In August 2014, two ''CS:GO'' teams, iBUYPOWER and NetcodeGuides.com, were involved in a [[Counter-Strike match fixing scandal|match-fixing scandal]] that has been cited as "the first large match fixing scandal" in the ''CS:GO'' community.<ref name="esportsinsider">{{cite news|work=Esports Insider|title=Phil Kornychev – Forget the TV show, this is the real Skins drama|url=http://www.esportsinsider.com/2016/08/phil-kornyshev-forget-the-tv-show-this-is-the-real-skins-drama/|first=Sam|last=Cooke|date=18 August 2016|access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> iBUYPOWER, who was heavily favored to win, lost in a resounding 16-to-4 defeat to NetcodeGuides.com. It was later discovered in a tip to ''[[Dot Esports]]'' that the match was fixed.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://dotesports.com/counter-strike/news/match-fixing-counter-strike-ibuypower-netcode-guides-1256|title=Leaked screengrabs hint of match-fixing at CEVO|last=Lewis|first=Richard|date=22 August 2014|work=Dot Esports|access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref>

On 20 January 2021, the ESIC issued sanctions against 35 players for betting-related offences primarily in the Australian ''CS:GO'' scene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ESIC issues 35 bans for betting-related offences in Australia|url=https://www.hltv.org/news/31037/esic-issues-35-bans-for-betting-related-offences-in-australia|access-date=2021-02-09|website=HLTV.org|language=en}}</ref>

On 31 March 2021, ESIC Commissioner Ian Smith revealed that the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) was now involved in the ongoing investigation into match-fixing in North American ''Counter-Strike'', which has been underway since September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ESIC involves FBI in North American match-fixing investigation|url=https://www.hltv.org/news/31478/esic-involves-fbi-in-north-american-match-fixing-investigation|access-date=2021-04-15|website=HLTV.org|language=en}}</ref> ESIC is collaborating with federal law enforcement as part of a larger investigation into players bribed to fix matches by outside "betting syndicates".

In May 2025, multiple players and staff from ATOX Esports' Counter-Strike 2 team were banned for match-fixing. ESIC investigated suspicious betting patterns during lower-tier matches, uncovering evidence of coordinated manipulation. Those involved received multi-year suspensions.

===Gambling===
{{main|Skin gambling}}
Following the introduction of [[Skin (computing)#Video gaming|weapon skins]] into ''Global Offensive'' with the ''Arms Deal'' update in August 2013, a virtual economy formed around the skins based on rarity and desirability. Because of this, a number of skin-trading and gambling sites using the [[Steamworks]] [[API]] were created. Initially, these sites focused on wagering skins on the outcomes of professional and semi-professional ''CS:GO'' matches, in the vein of [[sports betting]]. However, some of these sites began to offer casino gambling functionality in 2015, allowing users to gamble their skins on the outcome of roulette spins, coin flips, dice rolls, and other games of chance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Counter-Strike spawned a $5 billion gambling market you've never heard of |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/18510975/how-counter-strike-turned-teenager-compulsive-gambler |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maciej |first=Martin |date=June 3, 2015 |title=CS:GO-Jackpot – was ist das und wie funktioniert es? |url=http://www.giga.de/spiele/counter-strike-global-offensive/specials/cs-go-jackpot-was-ist-das-und-wie-funktioniert-es/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109091420/http://www.giga.de/spiele/counter-strike-global-offensive/specials/cs-go-jackpot-was-ist-das-und-wie-funktioniert-es/ |archive-date=January 9, 2016 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |website=GIGA Games |language=de}}</ref> According to research firm Eilers & Krejcik Gaming, players and esports fans wagered $2.3 billion in 2015,<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite web |last1=Brustein |first1=Joshua |last2=Novy-Williams |first2=Eben |date=April 20, 2016 |title=Virtual Weapons are Turning Teen Gamers into Serious Gamblers |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-virtual-guns-counterstrike-gambling/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720090610/http://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-virtual-guns-counterstrike-gambling/ |archive-date=July 20, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2016 |work=[[Bloomberg Business]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> and $5 billion in 2016<ref name="espn 2017">{{Cite web |last=Assael |first=Shaun |date=January 23, 2017 |title=Skin in the Game |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/18510975/how-counter-strike-turned-teenager-compulsive-gambler |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170123035817/http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/18510975/how-counter-strike-turned-teenager-compulsive-gambler |archive-date=January 23, 2017 |access-date=January 23, 2017 |work=[[ESPN]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> on ''CS:GO'' skins. In June and July of that year, two lawsuits were filed against specific gambling sites and Valve, arguing that Valve allowed their skins to be used for illegal underage gambling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/7/7/12116902/csgo-lotto-and-owners-sued-over-illegal-gambling-allegations|title=CSGO Lotto and owners sued over 'illegal gambling' allegations|website=Polygon|date=7 July 2016 |access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Crecente |first1=Brian |title=Lawyer: Valve's silence while helping gambling sites is 'unconscionable' |url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/7/6/12109022/valve-csgo-lawsuit-interview |website=Polygon |access-date=8 March 2021 |language=en |date=6 July 2016}}</ref> Valve began to take steps to prevent these sites from using Steamworks for gambling purposes, and several of the sites ceased operating as a result.<ref name="polygon gambling overview">{{Cite web | url = http://www.polygon.com/2016/7/11/12129136/counter-strike-global-offensive-cs-go-skins-explainer | title = How do Counter-Strike: Global Offensive skins work? | first = Samit | last = Sarkar | date = July 11, 2016 | access-date = July 11, 2016 | work = [[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] | publisher = [[Vox Media]] | archive-date = June 22, 2017 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170622133640/https://www.polygon.com/2016/7/11/12129136/counter-strike-global-offensive-cs-go-skins-explainer | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In July 2018, Valve disabled the opening of containers in Belgium and the Netherlands after the in-game [[loot boxes]] appeared to violate Dutch and Belgium gambling laws.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/counter-strike-global-offensive/csgo-lootbox-netherlands|title=Valve disables CS:GO loot boxes in Belgium and the Netherlands|last=Jones|first=Ali|date=July 13, 2018|website=PCGamesN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907103437/https://www.pcgamesn.com/counter-strike-global-offensive/csgo-lootbox-netherlands|archive-date=September 7, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=September 19, 2018}}</ref> However, some parties have tried to contest Valve's gambling rules.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/why-the-csgo-gambling-lawsuit-against-valve-is-fundamentally-flawed/|title=The CS:GO gambling lawsuit against Valve is fundamentally flawed|website=PCGamer|date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313180600/https://www.pcgamer.com/why-the-csgo-gambling-lawsuit-against-valve-is-fundamentally-flawed/|archive-date=March 13, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=July 15, 2020|last1=Sayer |first1=Matt }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of competitive Counter-Strike maps|List of competitive ''Counter-Strike'' maps]]
*[[Counter-Strike coaching bug scandal|''Counter-Strike'' coaching bug scandal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Counter-Strike professional competition}}
[[Category:Counter-Strike]]
[[Category:Esports games]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]

Breadfruit

2026-06-03T07:10:54Z

Simba: New page Breadfruit

{{short description|Edible fruit-bearing tree in family Moraceae}}
{{other uses|List of plants known as breadfruit}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{speciesbox
|name = Breadfruit
|image = Artocarpus altilis (fruit).jpg
|image_caption = Breadfruit at [[Tortuguero, Costa Rica|Tortuguero]], Costa Rica
|genus = Artocarpus
|species = altilis
|authority = ([[Sydney Parkinson|Parkinson]]) [[Francis Raymond Fosberg|Fosberg]]
|synonyms = * ''Artocarpus altilis var. non-seminiferus'' (Duss) Fournet
* ''Artocarpus altilis var. seminiferus '' (Duss) Fournet 
* ''Artocarpus communis'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. 
* ''Artocarpus incisifolius'' Stokes [Illegitimate]
* ''Artocarpus incisus'' (Thunb.) L.f. 
* ''Artocarpus incisus var. non-seminiferus'' Duss 
* ''Artocarpus incisus var. seminiferus'' Duss 
* ''Artocarpus laevis '' Hassk. 
* ''Artocarpus papuanus'' Diels [Illegitimate] 
* ''Artocarpus rima '' Blanco 
* ''Radermachia incisa '' Thunb. [Unplaced] 
* ''Saccus laevis'' Kuntze 
* ''Sitodium altile'' Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2653919 |title=Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg |website=The Plant List |access-date= 12 January 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''Breadfruit''' ('''''Artocarpus altilis''''') is a species of [[Flowering plant|flowering tree]] in the [[morus (plant)|mulberry]] and [[jackfruit]] family ([[Moraceae]])<ref name="morton">{{cite web |url= http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/breadfruit.html |first=Julia F |last=Morton |year=1987 |title= Breadfruit | work= Fruits of Warm Climates |pages=50–58 |publisher= NewCROP, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| place= West Lafayette, Indiana |access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> believed to have been [[selectively bred]] in [[Polynesia]] from the breadnut (''[[Artocarpus camansi]]'').<ref name="Nparks">{{cite web |url= https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens'-bulletin-singapore/-/media/sbg/gardens-bulletin/gbs_73_02_y2021/73_02_08_y2021_v7302_gbs_pg309.pdf |title= Taxonomic updates to Artocarpus subgenus Artocarpus (Moraceae) and allied taxa with a particular focus on the species native to Singapore |author= E.M. Gardner & N.J.C. Zerega |date= 2021|volume=73 |issue=2 |page= 332|doi= 10.26492/gbs73(2).2021-08|publisher= Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore |access-date=January 27, 2026 |url-status=live
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260127021150/https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens%27-bulletin-singapore/-/media/sbg/gardens-bulletin/gbs_73_02_y2021/73_02_08_y2021_v7302_gbs_pg309.pdf |archive-date= January 27, 2026 }}</ref> Breadfruit was spread into Oceania via the [[Austronesian expansion]] and to further tropical areas during the [[Colonial Era]].<ref name=morton/><ref name="Matisoo-Smith2015">{{cite journal |last1=Matisoo-Smith |first1=Elizabeth A. |title=Tracking Austronesian expansion into the Pacific via the paper mulberry plant |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=3 November 2015 |volume=112 |issue=44 |pages=13432–13433 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.1518576112|pmid=26499243 |pmc=4640783 |bibcode= 2015PNAS..11213432M |doi-access= free }}</ref> British and French navigators introduced a few Polynesian seedless varieties to Caribbean islands during the late 18th century.<ref name=morton/>

It is grown in 90 countries throughout South and Southeast Asia, islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea, Central America, and Africa.<ref name=Nparks/> Its name is derived from the texture of the moderately ripe fruit when cooked, similar to freshly baked bread and having a potato-like flavor.<ref name= Nparks/><ref name="kew">{{cite web |year=2017 |title=''Artocarpus altilis'' (breadfruit) |url= http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:582598-1 |access-date=17 January 2017 | website= kew.org |publisher= Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens| place= Kew Gardens, Richmond, Surrey, UK}}</ref>

The trees have been widely planted in tropical regions, including lowland Central America, northern South America, and the [[Caribbean]].<ref name=morton/><ref name=Nparks/> In addition to the fruit serving as a [[staple food]] in many cultures, the light, sturdy timber of breadfruit has been used for making furniture, houses, and [[surfboard]]s in the tropics.<ref name=morton/>

Breadfruit is closely related to ''A. camansi'' (breadnut or seeded breadfruit) of New Guinea, the [[Maluku Islands]], and the [[Philippines]], ''[[Artocarpus blancoi|A. blancoi]]'' (''tipolo'' or ''antipolo'') of the Philippines, and slightly more distantly to ''[[Artocarpus mariannensis|A. mariannensis]]'' (''dugdug'') of [[Micronesia]], all of which are sometimes also referred to as "breadfruit". It is also closely related to the [[jackfruit]].<ref name="Diane Ragone- Breadfruit"/>

== Description ==

Breadfruit trees grow to a height of {{convert|26|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="morton" /> The large and thick [[leaves]] are deeply cut into [[pinnate]] lobes. All parts of the tree yield [[latex]],<ref name="morton" /> which is useful for boat [[caulking]].<ref name="kew" />

The trees are [[monoecious]], with male and female flowers growing on the same tree. The male [[flower]]s emerge first, followed shortly afterward by the female flowers. The latter grow into [[Head (botany)|capitula]], which are capable of [[pollination]] just three days later. Pollination occurs mainly by [[fruit bats]], but cultivated varieties produce fruit without pollination.<ref name="kew" /> The compound, false fruit develops from the swollen [[perianth]], and originates from 1,500 to 2,000 flowers visible on the skin of the fruit as hexagon-like disks.<ref name=Nparks/>

Breadfruit is one of the highest-yielding food plants, with a single tree producing up to 200 or more grapefruit-sized fruits per season, requiring limited care. In the South Pacific, the trees yield 50 to 150 fruits per year, usually round, oval, or oblong, and weighing {{convert|0.25| to |6.0|kg|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Nparks" /> Productivity varies between wet and dry areas. Studies in [[Barbados]] indicate a reasonable potential of {{convert|6.7| to |13.4|ST/acre|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name="morton" /> The ovoid fruit has a rough surface, and each fruit is divided into many [[achene]]s, each surrounded by a fleshy [[perianth]] and growing on a fleshy [[receptacle (botany)|receptacle]]. Most selectively bred [[cultivar]]s have [[seedless fruit]], whereas seeded varieties are grown mainly for their edible seeds.<ref name="kew" /> Breadfruit is usually propagated using [[root cutting]]s.<ref name="Nparks" />

Breadfruit is closely related to the [[Artocarpus camansi|breadnut]].<ref name="Nparks" /> It is similar in appearance to its relative of the same [[genus]], the [[jackfruit]] (''[[Artocarpus heterophyllus]]''). The closely related ''[[Artocarpus camansi]]'' can be distinguished from ''A. altilis'' by having spinier fruits with numerous seeds. ''[[Artocarpus mariannensis]]'' can be distinguished by having dark green, elongated fruits with darker yellow flesh, as well as entire or shallowly lobed leaves.<ref name="Diane Ragone- Breadfruit" />

=== Propagation ===
Breadfruit is [[plant propagation|propagated]] mainly by seeds, though [[seedless fruit|seedless]] breadfruit can be propagated by transplanting [[sucker (botany)|suckers]] that grow off the surface roots of the tree.<ref name="morton" /> The roots can be purposefully injured to induce the growth of suckers, which are then separated from the root and planted in a pot or directly transplanted into the ground.<ref name="morton" /> Pruning also induces sucker growth.<ref name="morton" /> Sucker cuttings are placed in plastic bags containing a mixture of soil, [[peat]], and sand, and kept in the shade while moistened with liquid [[fertilizer]]. When roots are developed, the transplant is put in full sun until time for planting in the orchard.<ref name="morton" />

For large-scale propagation, root cuttings are preferred, using segments about {{convert|2|in|cm|-1|disp=flip|abbr=on}} thick and {{convert|9|in|cm|-1|disp=flip|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="morton" /> Rooting may take up to 5 months to develop, with the young trees ready for planting when they are {{convert|2|ft|cm|-1|disp=flip|abbr=on}} high.<ref name="morton" />

===Etymology and common names===
The term "breadfruit" was first used in the 17th century to describe the bread-like texture of the fruit when baked.<ref name="Nparks"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Breadfruit |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/breadfruit_n |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=18 November 2023 |year=2023}}</ref> Breadfruit has hundreds of [[variety (botany)|varieties]] and numerous common names varying by its geographic distribution.<ref name="morton" /><ref name="Nparks"/>

== Taxonomy ==
{{See also|Artocarpus camansi|Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia}}

According to [[DNA fingerprinting]] studies, the seeded wild ancestor of breadfruit is the breadnut (''A. camansi''){{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}, which is native to [[New Guinea]], the [[Maluku Islands]], and the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jarrett |first1=Frances |title=Studies in Artocarpus and Allied Genera, III. A Revision of Artocarpus Subgenus Artocarpus |journal=Journal of the Arnold Arboretum |date=July 1959 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=298–326 |publisher=JSTOR |doi=10.5962/p.186034 |jstor=43798512 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

''A. camansi'' was domesticated and [[selectively bred]] in Polynesia, giving rise to the mostly seedless ''A. altilis''. Micronesian breadfruit also show evidence of [[Hybridisation (biology)|hybridization]] with the native ''[[Artocarpus mariannensis|A. mariannensis]]'', while most Polynesian and Melanesian cultivars do not. This indicates that Micronesia was initially colonized separately from Polynesia and Melanesia through two different migration events, later coinciding in eastern Micronesia.<ref name="Matisoo-Smith2015" /><ref name="zerega">{{cite journal |author1=Zerega, N. J. C. |author2=Ragone, D. |author3=Motley, T.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=The complex origins of breadfruit (''Artocarpus altilis'', Moraceae): Implications for human migrations in Oceania |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=760–766 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.5.760 |pmid=21653430 |bibcode=2004AmJB...91..760Z }}</ref><ref name="Diane Ragone- Breadfruit" /><ref name="ragone2" /><ref name="Nparks" /><ref name="kew" />

Breadfruit was one of the [[canoe plants]] spread by [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] voyagers around 3,000 years ago into [[Micronesia]], [[Melanesia]], and [[Polynesia]], where it was not native.<ref name="Matisoo-Smith2015" /><ref name="zerega" /><ref name="Diane Ragone- Breadfruit" /><ref name="ragone2" />

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Extent of the [[Austronesian expansion]] that carried crops like breadfruit, bananas, and [[coconut]]s throughout the [[Indo-Pacific]] islands]]

Breadfruit is an equatorial, lowland species. It has been spread from its Pacific source to many tropical regions.<ref name="Matisoo-Smith2015" /><ref name="morton" />

In 1769, [[Joseph Banks]] was stationed in [[Tahiti]] as part of the {{HMS|Endeavour||2}} expedition commanded by [[Captain James Cook]].<ref name="kew" /><ref name="Anne">{{cite book |last1=Salmond |first1=Anne |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Kad7vgAACAAJ|page=190}} |title=Aphrodite's Island |date=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520261143 |location=Berkeley |pages=190, 197, 307–308}}</ref> The late-18th-century quest for cheap, high-energy food sources for [[slaves]] in British colonies prompted colonial administrators and plantation owners to call for breadfruit to be brought to the Caribbean. As president of the [[Royal Society]], Banks provided a cash bounty and gold medal for success in this endeavor and successfully lobbied for a British Naval expedition. After an unsuccessful voyage to the South Pacific to collect the plants as commander of {{HMS|Bounty}}, in 1791, [[William Bligh]] commanded a second expedition with {{HMS|Providence|1791|2}} and {{HMS|Assistant||2}}, which collected [[seedless]] breadfruit plants in Tahiti and transported these to [[St. Helena]] in the Atlantic and [[Saint Vincent (Antilles)|St. Vincent]] and [[Jamaica]] in the West Indies.<ref name="Nparks" /><ref name="kew" />

The plant grows best at elevations below {{convert|650|m|ft|abbr=on}}, but is found at elevations of {{convert|1550|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Its preferred soils are neutral to [[alkali]]ne ([[Soil pH|pH]] of 6.1–7.4) and either sand, sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay [[loam]]. Breadfruit is able to grow in [[coral sand]]s and [[Soil salinity|saline soils]]. The breadfruit is ultra-tropical, requiring a temperature range of {{convert|16|-|38|C}} and an annual rainfall of {{Convert|2000-2500|mm|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="morton" />

==Nutrition==
{{nutritional value
| name = Breadfruit, raw
| water = 70.65 g
| kJ = 431
| protein = 1.07 g
| fat = 0.23 g
| carbs = 27.12 g
| fiber = 4.9 g
| sugars = 11 g
| calcium_mg = 17
| iron_mg = 0.54
| magnesium_mg = 25
| phosphorus_mg = 30
| potassium_mg = 490
| sodium_mg = 2
| zinc_mg = 0.12
| manganese_mg = 0.06
| vitC_mg = 29
| thiamin_mg = 0.11
| riboflavin_mg = 0.03
| niacin_mg = 0.9
| pantothenic_mg = 0.457
| vitB6_mg = 0.1
| folate_ug = 14
| choline_mg = 9.8
| lutein_ug = 22
| vitE_mg = 0.1
| vitK_ug = 0.5
| source_usda = 1
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171714/nutrients Full Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
Breadfruit is 71% water, 27% [[carbohydrate]]s, and 1% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and contains negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g|sigfig=2}}, raw breadfruit supplies 103 [[calorie]]s, is a rich source of [[vitamin C]] (32% of the [[Daily Value]], DV), and provides a moderate source of [[potassium]] (16% DV), with no other nutrients in significant content.

== Uses ==
[[File:Fried Bread Fruit.jpg|thumb|upright|Sliced and fried breadfruit]]

===Food===
{{Cookbook}}{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2018}}
Breadfruit is a [[staple food]] in many tropical regions. Most breadfruit varieties produce fruit throughout the year. Both ripe and unripe fruit have culinary uses; unripe breadfruit is cooked before consumption.<ref name="janick">{{cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=cjHCoMQNkcgC |page=476}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts |last1=Janick |first1=Jules |last2=Paull |first2=Robert E. |publisher=CABI |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-638-7 |pages=476}}</ref> Before being eaten, the fruit is roasted, baked, fried, or boiled. When cooked, the taste of moderately ripe breadfruit is described as potato-like, or similar to freshly baked bread.

One breadfruit tree can produce {{convert|450|lb|kg|disp=flip}} each season.<ref>{{cite news |title='Food of the Future' Has One Hitch: It's All But Inedible |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203752604576645242121126386 |access-date=6 August 2019 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=1 November 2011}}</ref> Because breadfruit trees usually produce large crops at certain times of the year, the preservation of harvested fruit is an issue. One traditional preservation technique known throughout Oceania is to bury peeled and washed fruits in a leaf-lined pit, where they [[Fermentation (food)|ferment]] over several weeks and produce a [[List of fermented foods#Fermented fruits and vegetables|sour, sticky paste]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Breadfruit Fermentation Practices in Oceania|pages=151–64|journal=Journal de la Société des Océanistes |year=1984 |volume=40 |issue=79 |first=Nancy |last=Pollock |doi=10.3406/jso.1984.2544 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jso_0300-953x_1984_num_40_79_2544}}</ref> Stored in this way, the product may endure a year or more. Some pits are reported to have produced edible contents more than 20 years after burial.<ref>{{cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=4SdXGwAACAAJ}} |title=Plants, People, and Culture: The Science of Ethnobotany |last1=Balick |first1=Michael J. |last2=Cox |first2=Paul Alan |publisher=Scientific American Library |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7167-6027-6}} {{pn|date=September 2021}}</ref> Remnants of pit-like formations with stone scattered around (presumed to line them) are often clues indicating prehistoric settlement to archaeologists studying precontact history of [[French Polynesia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kahn |first1=Jennifer G. |last2=Ragone |first2=Diane |title=Identification of Carbonized Breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis ) Skin: Refining Site Function and Site Specialization in the Society Islands, East Polynesia |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology |date=November 2013 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=242–3 |doi=10.2993/0278-0771-33.2.237}}</ref>

In addition to being edible raw, breadfruit can be dried and ground into flour and the seeds can be cooked for consumption.<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[United States Department of the Army]] |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=33 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref>

====Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands and Madagascar====
[[File:Kolo (breadfruit) slices, Philippines.jpg|thumb|Breadfruit (''kolo'') slices to be used for cooking in [[Filipino cuisine]]]]

The seedless breadfruit is found in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Malaysia]], where it is called {{lang|ms|sukun|i=on}}. It is commonly made into [[fritters]] and eaten as snacks. Breadfruit fritters are sold as local street food.

In the [[Philippines]], breadfruit is known as {{lang|tl|rimas}} in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and {{lang|ceb|kolo}} in the [[Visayan languages]]. It is also called {{lang|ceb|kamansi}} (also spelled {{lang|ceb|camansi}}), along with the closely related ''[[Artocarpus camansi]]'', and the [[endemic]] ''[[Artocarpus blancoi]]'' ({{lang|ceb|tipolo}} or {{lang|tl|antipolo}}). All three species, as well as the closely related [[jackfruit]], are commonly used much in the same way in savory dishes. The immature fruits are most commonly eaten as {{lang|ceb|[[Ginataang langka|ginataang rimas]]}} (cooked with [[coconut milk]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamansi |url=https://www.specialtyproduce.com/produce/Kamansi_13742.php |website=Specialty Produce |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Diane Ragone- Breadfruit">{{cite journal|last=Ragone|first=Diane|title=''Artocarpus camansi'' (breadfruit), ver.2.1 |journal=Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry |date=April 2006 |access-date=18 April 2012 |publisher=Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR) |location=[[Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i]] |editor-last=Elevitch |editor-first=C.R. |url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/A.camansi-breadnut.pdf}}</ref><ref name="ragone2">{{cite book |author-last=Ragone |author-first=Diane |editor-last=Elevitch |editor-first=Craig R. |title=Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry |chapter=Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Breadfruit (''Artocarpus altilis'') |publisher=Permanent Agriculture Resources |location=[[Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0970254481 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237250411}}</ref>

In the Hawaiian staple food called {{lang|haw|[[Poi (Hawaiian food)|poi]]}}, the traditional ingredient of mashed [[taro]] root can be replaced by, or augmented with, mashed breadfruit ({{lang|haw|{{okina}}ulu}} in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]). The resulting "breadfruit poi" is called {{lang|haw|poi {{okina}}ulu}}.

====South Asia====

In [[Sri Lanka]], it is cooked as a curry using coconut milk and spices (which becomes a side dish) or boiled. Boiled breadfruit is a famous main meal. It is often consumed with scraped coconut or ''coconut sambol'', made of scraped coconut, red chili powder, and salt mixed with a dash of [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] juice. A traditional sweet snack made of finely sliced, sun-dried breadfruit chips deep-fried in coconut oil and dipped in heated treacle or sugar syrup is known as ''rata del petti''.<ref>Apé Lamā Lōkaya:1950, Chapter 31 (Vijitha Yapa Publications) {{ISBN|978-955-665-250-5}}</ref> In India, [[fritter]]s of breadfruit, called ''paatponnos/nirponnos'' in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] or ''kadachakka varuthath'' in [[Malayalam]], are a local delicacy in coastal [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. In [[Seychelles]], it was traditionally eaten as a substitute for rice, as an accompaniment to the mains. It would either be consumed boiled (''friyapen bwi'') or grilled (''friyapen griye''), where it would be put whole in the wood fire used for cooking the main meal and then taken out when ready. It is also eaten as a dessert, called ''ladob friyapen'', where it is boiled in coconut milk, sugar, vanilla, cinnamon, and a pinch of salt.

====Caribbean and Latin America====

In [[Belize]], the Mayan people call it ''masapan''.

In [[Puerto Rico]], breadfruit is called ''mapén'', ''panapén'' or ''pana'', for short, although the name ''pana'' is often used to refer to [[Artocarpus camansi|breadnut]], seeds of which have traditionally been boiled, peeled, and eaten whole. In some inland regions, it is also called ''mapén'' and used to make ''[[pasteles]]'' and ''[[alcapurria]]s''. Breadfruit is often served boiled with a mixture of sauteed ''[[Dried and salted cod|bacalao]]'' (salted cod fish), olive oil, and onions, mostly as ''[[tostones]]'' where about 1-inch chunks are fried, lighty flattened, and fried again. ''[[Mofongo]] de panapén'' is fried breadfruit mashed with olive oil, garlic, broth, and ''[[chicharrón]]''. ''Rellenos de panapén'' is the breadfruit version of ''[[papa rellena]]''. Dipping sauce can be made from boiled, ripe breadfruit, similar to [[chutney]], using spices, sesame seeds, herbs, lentil, coconut milk, and fruit. Both ripe and unripe fruit are boiled together and mashed with milk and butter to make ''[[pastelón|pastelón de panapén]]'', a dish similar to [[lasagna]]. Ripe breadfruit is used in desserts, including ''[[Flan (pie)|flan]] de pana'' (breadfruit custard). ''[[Cazuela#Puerto Rican cazuela|Cazuela]]'' is a crustless pie with ripe breadfruit, spices, raisins, coconut milk, and sweet potatoes. Breadfruit flour is sold all over Puerto Rico and used for making bread, pastries, cookies, pancakes, waffles, crepes, and ''[[almojábana]]''{{Citation needed|reason=May not be accurate|date=March 2026}}. A ''Breadfruit Festival'' in which traditional and novel breadfruit-based dishes are sold is celebrated on the last Friday of August in Barrio [[Mariana, Humacao, Puerto Rico]].<ref>Victoria840, ''Festival de la Pana dedicará su 37ª edición a Victoria 840'' , https://www.victoria840.com/festival-de-la-pana-dedicara-su-37a-edicion-a-victoria-840/, August 27, accessed 1 March 2026</ref>

In the [[Dominican Republic]], it is called ''buen pan'' or "good bread". Breadfruit is not popular in Dominican cookery and is used mainly for feeding pigs.

In [[Barbados]], breadfruit is boiled with salted meat and mashed with butter to make breadfruit coucou. It is usually eaten with saucy meat dishes.

In [[Haitian cuisine|Haiti]], steamed breadfruit is mashed to make a dish called ''tonmtonm'' which is eaten with a sauce made with okra and other ingredients, such as fish and crab.

In [[Trinidad and Tobago]], breadfruit is boiled, then fried and eaten with saucy meat dishes like curried duck.

In [[Jamaica]], breadfruit is boiled in soups or roasted on stove top, in the oven or on wood coal. It is eaten with the national dish [[ackee]] and salt fish. The ripe fruit is used in salads or fried as a side dish.

In [[St. Vincent and the Grenadines]], it is eaten boiled in soups, roasted, and fried. Roasted breadfruit, served with fried jackfish, is the country's national dish. The ripe fruit is used as a base to make drinks, cakes, and ice cream.

===Timber and other uses===

Breadfruit was widely used in a variety of ways among [[Pacific Islanders]]. Its lightweight wood ([[specific gravity]] of 0.27)<ref name="CFTH">{{cite web |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Artocarpus_altilis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030071228/http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Artocarpus_altilis.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2014 |title=ʻUlu, breadfruit |first=Elbert L. Jr. |last=Little |author2=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref> is resistant to [[termite]]s and [[shipworm]]s, so it is used as timber for structures and [[outrigger canoe]]s.<ref name=Nparks/> Its [[Pulp (paper)|wood pulp]] can also be used to make paper, called breadfruit [[tapa cloth|''tapa'']].<ref name=Nparks/> The wood of the breadfruit tree was one of the most valuable timbers in the construction of traditional houses in [[Architecture of Samoa|Samoan architecture]].

Breadfruit contains [[phytochemical]]s having potential as an [[insect repellent]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=A. Maxwell P. Jones |author2=Jerome A. Klun |author3=Charles L. Cantrell |author4=Diane Ragone |author5=Kamlesh R. Chauhan |author6=Paula N. Brown |author7=Susan J. Murch |name-list-style=amp |year=2012|title=Isolation and Identification of Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Biting Deterrent Fatty Acids from Male Inflorescences of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg)|volume=60|issue=15|pages=3867–3873|doi=10.1021/jf300101w|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |pmid=22420541|bibcode=2012JAFC...60.3867J }}</ref><ref name="Agricultural-Research-Service">{{cite web|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2013/studies-confirm-breadfruits-ability-to-repel-insects/|title=Studies Confirm Breadfruit's Ability to Repel Insects|publisher=US Department of Agriculture|author=Avant, Susan|date=15 November 2013|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> The parts of the fruits that are discarded can be used to feed livestock. The leaves of breadfruit trees can also be browsed by cattle.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Heuzé|first1=V.|last2=Tran|first2=G.|last3=Hassoun|first3=P.|last4=Bastianelli|first4=D.|last5=Lebas|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)|website=Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO|url=https://www.feedipedia.org/node/523}}</ref>

Breadfruit, however, exudes latex upon harvesting, causing the plant sap to adhere to the surface, leading to the staining of the epicarp. Proper methods of breadfruit harvesting usually include the process of draining the latex and disposing of it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Siti-Balqis |first1=Zulfigar |last2=Rosma |first2=Ahmad |last3=Kim-Teck |first3=Leow |last4=Ismail |first4=Mohd Nazri |date=1 October 2018 |title=Artocarpus altilis latex polypeptides: An insight into its fibrino(geno)lytic activity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1878818118303955 |journal=Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology |volume=16 |pages=467–475 |doi=10.1016/j.bcab.2018.08.013 |issn=1878-8181|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sticky white sap or latex is present in all parts of the breadfruit tree and has been used for glue, caulk, and even chewing gum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Uses |url=https://ntbg.org/breadfruit/about-breadfruit/traditional/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=National Tropical Botanical Garden |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Native Hawaiians]] used its sticky [[latex]] to [[Birdlime|trap]] birds, whose [[feather]]s were made into [[Feather cloak|cloaks]].<ref name="morton" />

== In culture ==

On [[Puluwat]] in the [[Caroline Islands]], in the context of sacred ''yitang'' lore, breadfruit (''poi'') is a figure of speech for knowledge. This lore is organized into five categories: war, magic, meetings, navigation, and ''breadfruit''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_80_1971/Volume_80%2C_No._2/The_Poi_of_the_meeting%2C_by_Saul_H._Riesenberg%2C_p_217_-_227/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=|title=The Poi of the Meeting|publisher=Journal of the Polynesian Society, Auckland University|year=1971|first1=Saul H.|last1=Riesenberg |first2=Samuel H. |last2=Elbert|quote= Breadfruit is used here as a figure of speech for knowledge. And the breadfruit of knowledge is contained in all five bowls, even though the names of only three of them include the word for pounded breadfruit, and even though only the last contains knowledge about breadfruit in that word's literal meaning.}}</ref>

According to an [[etiological]] [[Hawaiian mythology|Hawaiian myth]], the breadfruit originated from the sacrifice of the war god [[Kū]]. After deciding to live secretly among mortals as a farmer, Kū married and had children. He and his family lived happily until a famine seized their island. When he could no longer bear to watch his children suffer, Kū told his wife that he could deliver them from starvation, but to do so he would have to leave them. Reluctantly she agreed, and at her word, Kū descended into the ground right where he had stood until only the top of his head was visible. His family waited around the spot he had last been, day and night, watering it with their tears until suddenly, a small green shoot appeared where Kū had stood. Quickly, the shoot grew into a tall and leafy tree that was laden with heavy breadfruits that Kū's family and neighbors gratefully ate, joyfully saved from starvation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mauimagazine.net/breadfruit/|title=Breadfruit|publisher=Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine, Haynes Publishing Group|author=Shannon Wianecki|date=May–June 2013|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> It also known as a symbol of abundance and famine relief<ref>{{cite web |title=The Importance and Meaning Behind Breadfruit |url=https://www.timberskauai.com/the-importance-and-meaning-behind-breadfruit/ |access-date=23 September 2025 |date=March 22, 2022}}</ref>

Many breadfruit [[Hybrid (biology)#Plant hybrid|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s are widely distributed throughout the Pacific though they are seedless or otherwise biologically incapable of naturally dispersing long distances. It is therefore clear that humans aided distribution of the plant in the Pacific, specifically prehistoric groups who colonized the Pacific Islands. To investigate the patterns of human migration throughout the Pacific, scientists have used molecular dating of breadfruit hybrids and cultivars in concert with anthropological data. Results support the west-to-east migration hypothesis, in which the [[Lapita]] people are thought to have traveled from [[Melanesia]] to numerous [[Polynesia]]n islands.<ref name=zerega/>

The world's largest collection of breadfruit varieties was established by botanist Diane Ragone, from over 20 years' travel to 50 Pacific islands, on a {{convert|10|acre|ha|0|disp=flip|adj=on}} plot outside of [[Hana, Hawaii|Hana]], on the isolated east coast of [[Maui]] (Hawaii).<ref name="StelleWolfordHanaHou">{{cite web |url= http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=801&MagazineID=51 |title= Tree of Plenty |author1=Julia Steele |author2=photos by Jack Wolford |work= [[Hana Hou!]] |volume=12 |issue= 4 |date= August–September 2009 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Breadfruit Tree.jpg|A breadfruit tree in [[Honolulu]], Hawaii
Sections of the Bread fruit - Project Gutenberg eText 15411.jpg|Sections of a breadfruit
麵包樹 - 新竹高峰植物園 Artocarpus altilis - Gaofeng Botanical Garden 20221007220123 03.jpg|Form of the buttress root
Artocarpus altilis 麵包樹 20210412100900 01.jpg|Male inflorescence
Artocarpus altilis 麵包樹 20210412100900 02.jpg|Female inflorescence
Artocarpus altilis.jpg|''Artocarpus altilis'' in Hawaii
Breadfruit 4.jpg|alt=Artocarpus altilis|Breadfruit in [[Mangalore]]
Breadfruit-kadachakka.jpg|Breadfruit in [[Kasaragod]]
ARS breadfruit49.jpg|Breadfruit whole, sliced lengthwise, and in {{nowrap|cross-section}}
Characteres generum plantarum plate 51.a Artocarpus.jpg|Breadfruit, named and described in ''[[Characteres generum plantarum]]'' (1776)
Breadfruit drawing.jpg|Drawing of breadfruit by [[John Frederick Miller]]
Breadfruit pounder, French Polynesia, Tahitian people, polished basalt, HAA.JPG|A polished [[basalt]] breadfruit pounder
Artocarpus altilis (Hawaii).jpg|''Artocarpus altilis'' ([[Hawaii]])
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Artocarpus camansi|Breadnut]] (''Artocarpus camansi'')
* [[Cempedak]] (''Artocarpus integer'')
* [[Jackfruit]] (''Artocarpus heterophyllus'')
* ''[[Treculia]]''—known as African breadfruit
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Artocarpus altilis|''Artocarpus altilis''}}
{{Wikispecies|Artocarpus altilis|''Artocarpus altilis''}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Bread-Fruit |volume= IV | pages=241–242 |short=1}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517081548/http://www.breadfruit.org/ Breadfruit Institute]

{{Nuts}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q14677}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Artocarpus]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Asia]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the Pacific]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Flora of Malesia]]
[[Category:Flora of Melanesia]]
[[Category:Flora of Papuasia]]
[[Category:Flora of Polynesia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Southwestern Pacific]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Jamaican cuisine]]
[[Category:Malagasy cuisine]]
[[Category:Oceanian cuisine]]
[[Category:Polynesian cuisine]]
[[Category:Staple foods]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit]]
[[Category:Anguillian cuisine]]
[[Category:Barbadian cuisine]]
[[Category:Belizean cuisine]]
[[Category:Austronesian agriculture]]

Beach volleyball

2026-06-03T07:10:23Z

Simba: New page Beach volleyball

{{Short description|Team sport}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox sport
| image = ECSC East Coast Surfing Championships Beach Volleyball women open finals Pregowska pro FIVB.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| caption = A beach volleyball player prepares to serve during a match.
| union = [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]
| nickname =
| first = 1915, [[Waikiki]], [[Hawaii]], United States
| registered =
| region = Worldwide
| clubs =
| contact = No
| team = 2 or more per side
| mgender = Single and mixed
| category = Outdoor, [[team sport]], [[net and wall games|net sport]]
| ball = [[Volleyball (ball)|Beach volleyball]]
| glossary = [[Volleyball jargon]]
| olympic = Since [[Volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996]]
| IWGA = [[1993 World Games|1993]]
}}
[[File:Volleyball (beach) pictogram.svg|right|200px|thumb|Pictogram for [[Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics]]]]
'''Beach volleyball''' or '''beach volley''' for short, is a [[team sport]] played by two teams of two to six players each on a [[sand]] court divided by a net. Similar to [[indoor volleyball]], the objective of the game is to send the ball over the net and to ground it on the opponent's side of the court. Each team also works together to prevent the opposing team from grounding the ball on their side of the court.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bvbinfo.com/history.asp | title=Beach Volleyball History }}</ref>

Teams are allowed up to three touches to return the ball across the net, and individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively except after a touch off an attempted block. Making a block touch leaves only two more touches before the ball must be hit over. The ball is put in play with a serve—a hit by the server from behind the rear court boundary over the net to the opponents. The receiving team typically uses their three touches to pass the ball, set it up for an attack, and then attack the ball by sending it back over the net. Meanwhile, the team on defense typically has a blocker at the net and a defender to cover the ground. The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court, goes "out", or a fault is made in the attempt to return the ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Rules/bvrb0912_forweb_EN.pdf |title=Rules |publisher=fivb.org |access-date=2020-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920132152/http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Rules/bvrb0912_forweb_EN.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-BeachVolleyball_Rules2013-EN_20130531.pdf |title=Rules |publisher=fivb.org |access-date=2020-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004115746/http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-BeachVolleyball_Rules2013-EN_20130531.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> The team that wins the rally scores a point and serves to start the following rally. The players serve in the same sequence throughout the match, changing server each time a rally is won by the receiving team.

Beach volleyball was most likely originated in 1915 on [[Waikiki Beach]] in [[Hawaii]], while the modern two-player game originated in [[Santa Monica, California]], where the first volleyball courts were put up on the beach. It has been an [[Olympic sports|Olympic sport]] since the [[1996 Summer Olympics]]. The [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] (FIVB) is the international [[sports governing body|governing body]] for the sport, and organizes the [[FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships]] and the [[FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/beachvolleyball/PartnerOpportunities/2017/FIVB_BVE_WT_TC_v10.pdf|title=FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour Format Overview 2017-2020|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320172101/http://www.fivb.org/EN/beachvolleyball/PartnerOpportunities/2017/FIVB_BVE_WT_TC_v10.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fivb.com/en/beachvolleyball/thegame_bvb_glossary/history#1895-1920 | title=History - Beach Volleyball }}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

==History==
{{See also|Volleyball#Origin of volleyball}}

[[File:Early beach volleyball in hawaii.jpg|thumb|250px|Beach volleyball players at the Outrigger Canoe Club in [[Hawaii]], ca. 1915]]
Beach volleyball is a variant of [[indoor volleyball]], which was invented in 1895 by [[William G. Morgan]].<ref name=fivbhistory>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.com/en/beachvolleyball/thegame_bvb_glossary/history|title=History - Beach volleyball|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> Beach volleyball most likely originated in 1915 on [[Waikiki Beach]] in [[Hawaii]],<ref name=fivbhistory2/> at the Outrigger Canoe Club. According to a 1978 interview with an Outrigger Canoe Club member, George David "Dad" Center put a net up there, and the first recorded game of beach volleyball took place.<ref>{{cite web|title = Sneak Preview: The Sands of Time|url = http://www.bvbinfo.com/SandsSneak.asp?issue=1|website = bvbinfo.com|access-date = 2015-12-03|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110316/http://www.bvbinfo.com/SandsSneak.asp?issue=1|archive-date = 8 December 2015}}</ref> In 1920, new [[jetty|jetties]] in [[Santa Monica, California]] created a large sandy area for public enjoyment. This planted the seed for beach volleyball development in that region. The first permanent nets began to appear, and people soon began playing recreational games on public parts of the beach and in private beach clubs. Eleven such beach clubs appeared in the Santa Monica area, beginning in late 1922. The first inter-club competitions were staged in 1924.
[[File:Volleyball on the Beach (523163582).jpg|thumb|left|Public beach volleyball courts in [[Santa Monica]], where the modern two-man version originated.]]
Most of these early beach volleyball matches were played with teams of at least six players per side, much like indoor volleyball. The concept of the modern two-man beach volleyball game is credited to Paul "Pablo" Johnson of the Santa Monica Athletic Club.<ref name=sandsoftime>{{cite web |url=http://www.bvbinfo.com/SandsSneak.asp?issue=3 |title=Sneak Preview: The Sands of Time |publisher=Bvbinfo.com |access-date=2012-08-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813235054/http://www.bvbinfo.com/SandsSneak.asp?issue=3 |archive-date=13 August 2012}}</ref> In the summer of 1930, while waiting for players to show up for a six-man game at the [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]] Athletic Club, Johnson decided to try playing with only the four people present, forming two two-man teams for the first recorded beach volleyball doubles game. The players realized that with fewer players on the court, a taller player's height advantage could be neutralized by a shorter player's speed and ball control. The popularity of the two-man game spread to other nearby beach clubs and eventually to the public courts.<ref name=sandsoftime/> The two-player version of the game is the most widely played version as well as the only one contested at an elite level.

Beach volleyball grew in popularity in the United States during the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s as it was an inexpensive activity.<ref name=iochistory>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/net-gains-the-evolution-of-beach-volleyball|title=NET GAINS - THE EVOLUTION OF BEACH VOLLEYBALL|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|date=21 May 2015|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> The sport also began to appear in Europe during this time.<ref name=fivbhistory2>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/TheGame/BeachVolleyball_Origins.htm|title=Biography of Beach Volleyball|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> By the 1940s, doubles tournaments were being played on the beaches of Santa Monica for trophies. In 1948 the first tournament to offer a prize was held in [[Los Angeles]]. It awarded the best teams with a case of [[Pepsi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bvbinfo.com/history.asp |title=Beach Volleyball History |publisher=Bvbinfo.com |access-date=2012-08-01 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919211614/http://bvbinfo.com/history.asp |archive-date=19 September 2012}}</ref> In the 1960s, an attempt to start a professional volleyball league was made in Santa Monica. It failed, but a professional tournament was held in France for 30,000 French [[francs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volleyball.org/history_beach.html |title=Volleyball – General Information |publisher=Volleyball.org |date=1983-07-21 |access-date=2012-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903003112/http://www.volleyball.org/history_beach.html |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 1950s, the first Brazilian beach volleyball tournament was held, sponsored by a newspaper publishing company.<ref name=fivbhistory2/> The first [[Manhattan Beach Open]] was held in 1960, a tournament which grew in prestige to become, in the eyes of some, the "[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] of Beach Volleyball".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Manhattan Beach Open: The Wimbledon of Beach Volleyball|first=Arthur R.|last=Couvillon|year=2007}}</ref>
[[File:Photograph of a volleyball game between members of President Truman's vacation party at Key West, Florida. - NARA - 199042 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|250px|A beach volleyball game between members of President [[Harry S. Truman]]'s vacation party at [[Key West, Florida]] in 1950]]

In the meantime, beach volleyball gained popularity: in the 1960s [[The Beatles]] tried playing in Los Angeles and US president [[John F. Kennedy]] was seen attending a match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beach Volleyball Equipment and History |url=http://www.olympic.org/beach-volleyball-equipment-and-history?tab=history| publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> In 1974, there was an indoor tournament: "The $1500.00 World Indoor Two-Man Volleyball Championship" played in front of 4,000 volleyball enthusiast at the San Diego Sports Arena. Fred Zuelich teamed with [[Dennis Hare]] to defeat Ron Von Hagen and Matt Gage in the championship match, Winston Cigarettes was the sponsor. Dennis Hare went on to write the first book on the subject of beach volleyball: ''The Art of Beach Volleyball''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hare|first=Dennis|title=The Art of Beach Volleyball|year=1981|publisher=Hogar Pub. Co|page=255}}</ref>

The first professional beach volleyball tournament was the Olympia World Championship of Beach Volleyball, staged on Labor Day weekend, 1976, at [[Will Rogers State Beach]] in Pacific Palisades, California. The event was organized by David Wilk of ''Volleyball'' magazine, based in Santa Barbara. The winners, the first "world champions", were [[Greg Lee (basketball)|Greg Lee]] and [[Jim Menges]]. They split US$2,500 out of a total prize purse of US$5,000.

''Volleyball'' magazine staged the event the next year at the same location, this time sponsored by [[Schlitz beer|Schlitz Light Beer]]. In 1978 Wilk formed a sports promotion company named Event Concepts with Craig Masuoka and moved the World Championship of Beach Volleyball to [[Redondo Beach, California]]. [[Jose Cuervo]] signed on as sponsor and the prize purse. The event was successful and Cuervo funded an expansion the next year to three events. The California Pro Beach Tour debuted with events in [[Laguna Beach, California|Laguna Beach]], [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] and the World Championship in Redondo.

In following years the tour expanded nationally and was renamed the Pro Beach Volleyball Tour. It consisted of five events in California and tournaments in Florida, Colorado, and Chicago. By 1984, the Pro Beach consisted of 16 events around the country and had a total prize purse of US$300,000. At the end of the year, however, Event Concepts was forced out of the sport by a players' strike at the World Championship and the [[Association of Volleyball Professionals]] (AVP) was founded. In 1987 the Women's Professional Volleyball Association was founded and lasted until 1997 when the women joined the AVP tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beach Volleyball Database |url=http://www.bvbinfo.com/season.asp|access-date=23 March 2023|archive-date= October 27, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211027041955/http://www.bvbinfo.com/season.asp|url-status= live }})</ref>
[[File:Beach volleyball, Tanna, Vanuatu, 11 June 2009 (3620770466).jpg|thumb|left|A beach volleyball game in [[Tanna (island)|Tanna]], [[Vanuatu]] (2009)]]

At the professional level, the sport remained fairly obscure until the 1980s when beach volleyball experienced a surge in popularity with high-profile players such as [[Sinjin Smith]], [[Randy Stoklos]], and [[Karch Kiraly]]. Kiraly won an Olympic gold medal in beach volleyball in its first Olympic appearance in 1996, adding that to the two Olympic golds he won as part of the [[United States men's national volleyball team|USA men's indoor team]],<ref name="Lewis Nexis Academic">{{cite web|last=Moore|first=David|title=One last day at the beach; There's no one like Kiraly, the retiring volleyball legend}}</ref> In the 1980s, the sport gained popularity on the beaches of [[Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro|Copacabana]] and [[Ipanema]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil.<ref name=fivbhistory/> In 1986, the first international beach volleyball exhibition was held in Rio de Janeiro with 5,000 spectators.<ref name=fivbhistory2/>

In 1987, the first international [[FIVB]]-sanctioned tournament was played on [[Ipanema beach]] in Rio de Janeiro, with a prize purse of US$22,000. It was won by Sinjin Smith and Randy Stoklos.<ref name=fivbhistory2/> In 1989, the first FIVB-sanctioned international circuit, called the World Series, was organized with men's tournaments in Brazil, Italy and Japan.<ref name=fivbhistory2/> The FIVB and its [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball#Organization|continental confederations]] began organizing worldwide professional tournaments and laid the groundwork for the sport's [[Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic debut]] in [[Volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-volleyball.com/2017/11/15/the-history-of-the-great-fivb-and-the-way-it-changed-the-sport/|title=The History of FIVB and Beach Volleyball|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116083414/http://www.world-volleyball.com/2017/11/15/the-history-of-the-great-fivb-and-the-way-it-changed-the-sport/|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first [[FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships]] and [[FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour]] were held the following year.<ref name=fivbhistory2/> By 1998, the sport had been added to other multi-sport events including the [[Pan American Games]], [[Central American Games]], [[Southeast Asian Games]], [[Goodwill Games]] and [[Universiade]].<ref name=fivbhistory/> In 2001, the FIVB began organizing the annual [[FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships]], with the annual [[FIVB Beach Volleyball U19 World Championships]] beginning the following year.<ref name=fivbhistory/>

==Rules==
The [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] (FIVB) is the international [[sports governing body|governing body]] for the sport. The FIVB publishes the Official Beach Volleyball Rules every four years, as approved by the FIVB congress, which provides the framework for how beach volleyball is played internationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/2017-2020-official-rules-available-for-download?id=65913|title=2017-2020 OFFICIAL RULES AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|date=18 January 2017|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> The rules have changed through the years: the court size became smaller, [[side out scoring]] was replaced by rally scoring and let serves were allowed. Beach volleyball differs from indoor, especially in requiring "clean hands" while setting. In other words, both of your hands have to contact the ball during the set at the same time. The ball can also not be caught or thrown, otherwise, the referee will call your set a "double" or "lift".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wilson.com/en-us/blog/volleyball/how-tos/beach-volleyball-rules | title=Beach Volleyball Rules | date=20 November 2019 }}</ref>

===Court===
[[File:Chaoyang Park Beach Volleyball Ground (cropped).jpg|thumb|A beach volleyball match at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]]]
Beach volleyball is played on a rectangular sand court. The court is {{convert|16|m||1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|8|m|1|abbr=on}} wide, surrounded by a clear space, which is at least {{convert|3|m||1|abbr=on}} wide on all sides. The minimum height clearance for beach volleyball courts is {{convert|7|m||1|abbr=on}}. The sand should be as leveled as possible and free of potential hazards such as rocks that could cause injuries to players.<ref name=fivbrules2017>{{cite web|url=https://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/Documents/FIVB-BeachVolleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v05.pdf|title=OFFICIAL BEACH VOLLEYBALL RULES 2017-2020|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|year=2016|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013927/https://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/Documents/FIVB-BeachVolleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v05.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The court is divided into equal halves by a net that is {{convert|8.5|m||1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|m||1|abbr=on}} wide. The top of the net is 2.43 m (7 ft 11 11⁄16 in) above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m (7 ft 4 3⁄16 in) for women's competition, varied for veterans and junior competitions. An antenna, {{convert|1.8|m||1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|20|mm||1|abbr=on}} in diameter, is attached to each side edge of the net.
The antennas are considered part of the net and extend {{convert|80|cm||1|abbr=on}} above it, forming the lateral boundaries within which the ball is allowed to cross.<ref name=fivbrules2017/>

Two side lines and two end lines, measuring {{convert|5|cm||1|abbr=on}} wide, delineate the playing court.<ref name=fivbrules2017/>

===Ball===
[[File:Mikasa VLS300 official beach volleyball.jpg|thumb|[[Mikasa Sports|Mikasa]] VLS300, official ball for the [[2017 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour]]]]
{{Main|Volleyball (ball)}}

FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical and made of water resistant, flexible material, such that it is appropriate for outdoor conditions. A beach volleyball ball has a circumference of 66–68 cm, a weight of 260–280 g and an inside pressure of 0.175–0.225 kg/cm2.<ref name=fivbrules2017/> In 2022, the official ball of the AVP (Association of Volleyball Professionals) tour is the Wilson OPTX AVP, and the official ball of the FIVB (Fédération Internationale de Volleyball) beach volleyball tour is the Mikasa VLS300. This ball was replaced with the new Mikasa Beach Pro BV550C, and was introduced in 2023.This ball was also used in the 2024 Paris Olympics.

===Teams===
A team is composed exclusively of two players, who must always be in play and who cannot be subjected to any substitutions or replacement. At the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be within its own court (with the exception of the server), but there are no determined positions on the court, such that no positional faults can be committed.<ref name=fivbrules2017/>

===Scoring===
====Point, set, match====
[[File:2017-08-04-Paul Reimer-Beach Volleyball Medals-022 (35589437453).jpg|thumb|200px|left|Officials keep score during a beach volleyball match at the [[2017 Canada Summer Games]]]]
[[File:2017-07-30 Beach Volleyball Volunteers 06 (36247064866).jpg|thumb|right|A linesman signals that a ball is "in"]]
A team scores a point when: the ball lands on the opposing team's court; the opposing team hits the ball "out"; the opposing team commits a fault; or the opposing team receives a penalty. The team that won the point serves for the next point.<ref name=fivbrules2017/> The ball is considered "out" if it: lands on the ground completely outside the boundary lines (a ball is "in" if any part of it touches a sideline or end-line); touches an object or person (who is not a player) outside the court; touches the net's antennae; does not cross the net's lateral boundaries (within the antennae) during service or during a team's third contact; crosses completely under the net.<ref name=fivbrules2017/>

A set is won by the first team to reach 21 points (15 points in the deciding final set) with a two-point advantage.<ref name=fivbrules2017/> Thus, if the score is 20–all (or 14–all in a final set) or at any tie hereafter, whoever scores two straight points wins. A match is won by whoever wins two sets.<ref name=fivbrules2017/>

====Faults====
[[File:2017-07-30 Beach Volleyball Male ON vs YK 04 (36247045216).jpg|thumb|right|A beach volleyball referee determines if a fault has been committed.]]
A fault is committed when a referee judges that a team has made a playing action that violates the rules. When a team commits a fault, the opposing team receives a point and gains the right to serve. If both teams commit a fault simultaneously, the point is replayed.<ref name=fivbrules2017/> Common faults include:<ref name=fivbrules2017/>
*Four hits: when a team uses more than three contacts before returning the ball over the net
*Assisted hit: a player uses a teammate or any object as support to hit the ball within the playing area
*Double contact: when a player contacts the ball two times consecutively, except after a block touch
*Catch/lift: a player catches or throws the ball
*Service order fault: a team serves out of the service order
*Foot fault: a player's foot touches the court (including the end line) before or during a service hit
*Net touch: a player touches the net between the antennae or the antenna itself while playing the ball

===Major rule changes===
In the 1990s, the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] reduced the standard internal pressure for a beach volleyball ball from the indoor standard of 0.30–0.325 kgf/cm2 to 0.175–0.225 kgf/cm2, and increased the standard circumference of the beach volleyball ball from the indoor standard of 65–67 cm to 66–68 cm.<ref name=fivbrulechanges/>

In the 2001 season, the FIVB began testing rule changes to the court size and scoring system. The beach volleyball court dimension was reduced from the indoor court size of {{convert|9|x|18|m||1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|8|x|16|m||1|abbr=on}}, and the scoring system was changed from sideout scoring, wherein only the serving team can score a point, to rally scoring, wherein a point is scored on every serve.<ref name=fivbrulechanges>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/TheGame/TheGame_BeachVolleyballRules.htm|title=The Game - Beach Volleyball Rules: MAJOR CHANGES IN BEACH VOLLEYBALL RULES|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> The [[Association of Volleyball Professionals]] (AVP) adopted the FIVB's rule changes that same year, which upset many of the sport's purists at the time.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/vault/2001/09/03/309839/a-new-beachhead-after-years-of-infighting-nearly-killed-it-beach-volleyball-is-trying-a-comeback|title=A New Beachhead After years of infighting nearly killed it, beach volleyball is trying a comeback|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=3 September 2001|first=Kelli|last=Anderson}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.easyreadernews.com/archives/news2001/0531/coverstory.php|title=Cover Story - Bragging Rights|work=[[Easy Reader]]|date=31 May 2001|first=Kevin|last=Cody|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221180341/http://archive.easyreadernews.com/archives/news2001/0531/coverstory.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new rules were officially adopted by the FIVB in 2002.<ref name=fivbrulechanges/>

===Differences with the indoor game===
[[File:Nick Lucena at the AVP Austin Open 2017 (4).jpg |thumb|200px|Unlike [[indoor volleyball]], beach volleyball is played on soft sand which makes it safer for players to dive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenvl.com/2016/01/7327/|title=Eight Reasons Why You Should Try Beach Volleyball|work=thenvl.com|first=Dana|last=Seims|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> Picture shows [[Nick Lucena]] of the United States diving to "dig" the ball.]]
Beach volleyball is fundamentally similar to [[indoor volleyball]]. However, there are several differences between the two games that affect players' strategies, gameplay and techniques.

The main differences in the rules of beach and indoor volleyball for international competitions governed by the FIVB include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-BeachVolleyball_Rules2013-EN_20130531.pdf|title=Volleyball Rules|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004115746/http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-BeachVolleyball_Rules2013-EN_20130531.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
;Facilities and equipment
*Playing surface: Beach volleyball is played on sand courts instead of hard courts as in indoor volleyball. The softer sand makes it more difficult for players to move and jump,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/develop-your-sand-legs-3429214|title=Develop Your Sand Legs|work=[[ThoughtCo]]|first=Beverly|last=Oden|date=25 May 2017|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415071752/https://www.thoughtco.com/develop-your-sand-legs-3429214|url-status=dead}}</ref> but also reduces the likelihood of injuries such as [[jumper's knee]].<ref name=bahr/><ref name=reeser/> Footwear is not required and players usually play barefoot or with "sand socks".<ref name=fivbrules2017/>
*Environment: The beach game is often played outdoors, and environmental factors such as wind, rain and sun affect beach players' strategies.<ref name=usavclinic/>
*Court size: A beach volleyball court is {{convert|8|x|16|m||1|abbr=on}}, slightly smaller than the {{convert|9|x|18|m||1|abbr=on}} indoor court.<ref name=livestrong1>{{cite web|url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/475009-indoor-court-vs-beach-volleyball-rule-comparison/|title=Indoor Court vs. Beach Volleyball Rule Comparison|work=[[Livestrong.com]]|first=Susan|last=Diranian|date=11 September 2017|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>
*[[Volleyball (ball)|Balls]]: Beach volleyball balls are water-resistant and slightly larger than indoor balls, with a rougher external texture and a lower internal pressure to better suit the outdoor playing conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volleycountry.com/training/volleyball-ball-everything-need-know-volleyball-balls#indoor-vs-beach-volleyball-balls|title=EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT VOLLEYBALL BALLS|work=volleycountry.com|date=30 January 2017|access-date=21 March 2018|first=Jiri|last=Popelka}}</ref>
;Participants
*Number of players: There are two players on a beach volleyball team and no substitutions, compared to indoor volleyball which has six players and six substitutions per set. This means that beach volleyball players require a versatile skill set, as opposed to specializing in one skill.<ref name=usavclinic/> Fewer players on court also results in the utilization of a wider variety of attack shots in beach volleyball.<ref name=fivbattack/>
*Coaching during matches is not allowed, although exceptions are given for junior tournaments and can only occur when switching sides.<ref name=fivbrules2017/>
*Aside from alternating service order, there are no player-specific rules
**No restrictions on which players can attack from which locations (as for back-row players or liberos in indoor volleyball)
**No positional faults: players may switch positions at will
[[File:AVP Professional Beach Volleyball in Austin, Texas (2017-05-21) (34684816854).jpg|thumb|200px|Unlike [[indoor volleyball]], a touch off the block counts as one of the three allowed touches.]]
;Playing format
*Scoring system: Matches are best of 3 sets played to 21 points<ref name=usavclinic/> (15 points for a deciding set).
*Switching sides: Teams switch ends of the court every seven points<ref name=usavclinic/> (every five points on a deciding set). This ensures that neither team has an advantage due to environmental factors such as wind and sun glare.<ref name=livestrong1/>
;Playing actions
*Open hand tips and dinks are not allowed in two-man beach volleyball as they would allow players to score points too easily.<ref name=livestrong1/>
*A touch off the block counts as one of the three allowed touches, and either player may make the subsequent touch after the block.<ref name=usavclinic/><ref name=livestrong1/>
*It is legal to cross under the net as long as it does not interfere with opponents' play.<ref name=usavclinic/>
*A ball set over the net as an attack must travel perpendicularly to the player's shoulder line.<ref name=usavclinic/>
*Each team has one time out per set, and there is an official time out in first and second sets when the score sums up 21 total points for both teams.

==Gameplay==
[[File:2012-08-04-olympics-beach-volleyball.webm|thumbtime=8|thumb|200px|A typical beach volleyball rally at the 2012 Summer Olympics, consisting of a serve, pass, set and attack]]
The teams start on opposite sides of the net. One team is designated the ''serving'' team and opposing team is the ''receiving'' team. A [[coin toss]] is conducted by the referee before the warm-ups to determine which team serves first and which sides of the court the teams start on for the first two sets. If a third deciding set is needed, another coin toss will be conducted prior to the third set. The service order decided at the coin toss before a set is maintained throughout the set.<ref name=fivbrules2017/>

For each point, a player from the serving team initiates the ''serve'' by tossing the ball into the air and attempting to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court. The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the ball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the net, and individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively except after a block touch.<ref name=fivbrules2017/> The three contacts usually consist first of the ''bump'' or ''pass'' by the receiving player, second of the ''set'' by the receiving player's teammate so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where the receiving player can hit it, and third by the receiving player who ''spikes'' (jumping, raising one arm above the head and hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) or ''shoots'' to return the ball over the net. The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as described is said to be on ''offense''.

The team on ''defense'' attempts to prevent the attacking team from directing the ball into their court: a player at the net jumps and reaches above the top (and if possible, across the plane) of the net to ''block'' the attacked ball. If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive player positioned behind the blocker attempts to control the ball with a ''dig'' (usually a forearm pass). After a successful dig, the team transitions to offense.

The game continues in this manner, rallying back and forth, until the ball touches the court or until a fault is committed.

Teams switch ends of the court after every seven points (sets 1 and 2) and five points (set 3) played. There is a technical time-out when the total points of both teams add up to 21. Each team may also request one additional time-out per set.<ref name=fivbrules2017/>

===Player specializations===
While there are no fixed positions, competitive players generally have specialized defensive and offensive roles.<ref name=fivbthegame/>

On defense, players may specialize as either a blocker or a defender:<ref name=fivbdrill>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Development/Document/FIVB_BeachVolleyball_Drill-Book/English/files/assets/basic-html/page81.html|title=FIVB Beach Volleyball Drill Book:The Block and Defense Behind|page=81|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|year=2011}}</ref><ref name=heightmen>{{cite journal|last1=Tili|first1=Maria|last2=Giatsis|first2=George|journal=Journal of Human Sport & Exercise|url=https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/18929/1/jhse_Vol_VI_N_III_504-510.pdf|pages=504–510|year=2011|volume=6|issue=3|issn=1988-5202|title=The height of the men's winners FIVB Beach Volleyball in relation to specialization and court dimensions|doi=10.4100/jhse.2011.63.04|doi-access=free|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706043600/https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/18929/1/jhse_Vol_VI_N_III_504-510.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=heightwomen>{{cite journal|last2=Tili|first2=Maria|last1=Giatsis|first1=George|last3=Zetou|first3=Eleni|pages=497–503|journal=Journal of Human Sport & Exercise|type=pdf|year=2011|volume=6|issue=3|issn=1988-5202|title=The height of the women's winners FIVB Beach Volleyball in relation to specialization and court dimensions|doi=10.4100/jhse.2011.63.03|citeseerx=10.1.1.883.1451}}</ref>
* '''Blocker:''' A blocker is positioned at the net and is responsible for taking away part of the court (e.g. line or angle) with their block.<ref name=fivbdrill/> Height, jumping ability, timing and positioning are important factors in blocking.<ref name=ultimateguide>{{cite web|url=https://beachvolleyballspace.com/beachvolleyguide/|title=The Ultimate Guide To Beach Volleyball – Rules, Techniques, Tips & Tricks|website=beachvolleyballspace.com|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>
* '''Defender:''' A defender's responsibility is to position oneself in the backcourt area not covered by the block, so as to dig the hard-driven spike or chase down the soft shot.<ref name=fivbdrill/> Agility, speed and digging skills are important factors in defense.<ref name=heightmen/><ref name=heightwomen/>

Some competitive teams have no specializations, with the two players taking turns blocking and playing defense. This style of play is known as '''split blocking''' and allows teams to conserve energy since the demand for energy on the sand is higher.<ref name=heightwomen/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://avp.com/news/strategy-chat-karissa-cook/|title=Strategy Chat: Karissa Cook|first=Kim|last=Smith|date=10 July 2020|publisher=[[Association of Volleyball Professionals]]|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

On offense, players tend to specialize in playing on either the '''right side''' or '''left side''' of the court.<ref name=ultimateguide/> This allows for greater consistency in receiving serve and shot selection. Left-handed players generally prefer to play on the right side while right-handed players generally prefer to play on the left side, as it is easier to spike a ball that has not passed across the line of one's body.<ref name=fivbthegame>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/TheGame/TheGame_BeachVolleyball.htm|title=The Game - Beach Volleyball|website=fivb.org|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref> A player who is playing on the opposite side of their [[handedness]] is said to be playing on the on-hand side, while a player playing on the same side as their handedness is playing on the off-hand side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Glossary.asp|title=Here is your source to get familiar with Beach Volleyball's jargon|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>

===Characteristics of a hit===
[[File:AVP Professional Beach Volleyball in Austin, Texas (2017-05-21) (35525941495).jpg|thumb|200px|right|Two opposing players simultaneously contact the ball above the net with open hands, known as a "joust". The receiving team is entitled to another three contacts.<ref name=fivbcasebook2017>{{cite web|url=https://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/Documents/2017_Beach_Volleyball_Rules_Casebook_v21.04.2017.pdf|title=RULES OF THE GAME - BEACH VOLLEYBALL CASEBOOK: 2017 Edition|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=20 March 2018|year=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517091218/https://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/Documents/2017_Beach_Volleyball_Rules_Casebook_v21.04.2017.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The ball may touch any part of the body (except during the serve, when only the hand or arm may make contact), but must be hit, not caught or thrown. During a hit, a player may only make contact with the ball one time. When two players from the same team contact the ball simultaneously, it is counted as two hits, and either player may make the next contact. When two players from opposing teams contact the ball simultaneously over the net, in what is known as a '''joust''', the team whose side the ball ends up on is entitled to another three contacts.<ref name=fivbrules2017/><ref name=fivbcasebook2017/>
[[File:AVP Professional Beach Volleyball in Austin, Texas (2017-05-19) (34629625214).jpg|thumb|200px|left|Open-handed tips/dinks are not allowed. Players may instead use their knuckles to attack the ball<ref name=usavclinic/> for a "pokey" shot.]]

When receiving a ball overhand with fingers from a hit that is not hard driven, the ball must be contacted "cleanly". If a player receives the ball open-handed, the contact of each hand with the ball must be exactly simultaneous.<ref name=fivbrules2017/> In practice, this means that serves are never received open-handed. When receiving an opponent's hard-driven attack, a double contact (provided both contacts occur in a single action) and/or a slight lift of the ball is allowed. In particular, in defensive action of a hard driven ball, the ball can be held momentarily overhand with the fingers.<ref name=fivbrules2017/>

Attack-hits using an "open-handed tip or dink" directing the ball with the fingers are illegal, as are attack-hits using an overhand pass to direct the ball on a trajectory not perpendicular to the line of the shoulders (overhand passes which accidentally cross over the net are an exception).<ref name=fivbrules2017/> These differences between the rules of [[indoor volleyball]] and beach volleyball strongly affect tactics and techniques.

===Block signals===
Beach volleyball players use hand signals to indicate to their partners the type of block they either intend to make (if they are the designated blocker) or that they want their partner to make (if they are the designated defender). Block signals are important so that both the blocker and defender know which area of the court is their responsibility to cover.<ref name=fivbdrill/> Block signals are made behind the back to hide them from the opposing team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/volleyball/2016/04/25/rio-2016-olympics-beach-volleyball-guide/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/volleyball/2016/04/25/rio-2016-olympics-beach-volleyball-guide/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Rio 2016 Olympics: Beach volleyball guide|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=1 April 2016|access-date=22 March 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> They are usually given with both hands by the serving player's partner prior to the serve, with the left hand referring to the type of block that should be put up against the left-side attacker, and the right hand similarly referring to the right-side attacker.<ref name=avpsignals>{{cite web|url=https://avp.com/news/hand-signals-101-with-emily-day/|title=Hand Signals 101 with Emily Day|publisher=[[Association of Volleyball Professionals]]|date=18 May 2017|first=Emily|last=Day|author-link=Emily Day}}</ref> A player may also "wiggle" or "flash" one block signal to indicate which opponent to serve to.

Block signals may also be given during a rally while the opposing team is preparing their attack.<ref name=avpsignals/>

====Common block signals====
[[File:Beach volleyball at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls Bronze medal match.jpg|thumb|220px|Beach volleyball player from the United States signaling to her teammate.]]
* Closed fist: No block should be attempted for the opponent on that side of the court. The blocker should thus "pull-off" the net and play backcourt defense with the defender.<ref name=fivbdrill/><ref name=blockcalls>{{cite web|url=https://www.betteratbeach.com/blog/beachvolleyballblockingcalls101|title=Beach Volleyball Blocking Calls 101
|website=betteratbeach.com|access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref>
* One finger: The blocker should block an opponent's "line" hit, or a ball hit hard towards the nearest sideline. The defender's responsibility is to dig all "angle" attacks, as well as run down any "line" shot that goes high over the block.<ref name=fivbdrill/><ref name=blockcalls/>
* Two fingers: The blocker should block an opponent's "angle" hit, or a ball hit hard diagonally across the court. The defender's responsibility is to dig all "line" attacks, as well as run down any "angle" shot that goes high over the block.<ref name=fivbdrill/><ref name=blockcalls/>
* Three fingers: The blocker pretends to block an opponent's "angle" hit, but dives into a "line" block at the last moment. At the same time, the defender pretends to cover the "line" attack, but moves to cover the "angle" attack at the last moment. With this setup, the team on defense is trying to bait the opponent into a hard "line" hit or a cut shot.<ref name=avpsignals/><ref name=blockcalls/>
* Four fingers: The blocker pretends to block an opponent's "line" hit, but dives into an "angle" block at the last moment. At the same time, the defender pretends to cover the "angle" attack, but moves to cover the "line" attack at the last moment. With this setup, the team on defense is trying to bait the opponent into a hard "angle" hit or a high "line" shot.<ref name=avpsignals/><ref name=blockcalls/>
* Open hand: The blocker should read the attack and block "ball", deciding how to block based upon the opposing team's set, and the hitter's approach and arm-swing technique. Similarly, the defender has free rein to read the attack and defend accordingly.<ref name=blockcalls/>
* [[Shaka sign|Shaka]]: The blocker should spread their arms as wide as possible over the net for a "spread block", thus blocking all hard hits that travel low over the net. The defender's responsibility is to dig any shot that goes over or around the block.<ref name=blockcalls/>

Note: For some teams, closed fist and open hand signals have the opposite meaning of blocking. If the partner is showing the closed fist the blocker should block "ball" and open hand means that the blocker should "pull off" the net.

==Skills==
[[File:AVP Professional Beach Volleyball in Austin, Texas (2017-05-21) (35358811102) (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|A player jump serving]]
There are several basic skills competitive players need to master: serving, passing, setting, attacking, blocking, and digging.

===Serve===
Serving is the act of putting the ball into play by striking it with the hand or arm from behind the rear court boundary. It can take the form of an underhand serve or an overhand serve, and examples include: float serve, jump-float serve, top-spin serve, jump serve, sky ball serve and reverse sky ball serve.<ref name=zartman/> As beach volleyball is usually played outdoors, the direction and speed of the wind and the position of the sun are considered when choosing which serve to use.<ref name=zartman>{{cite book|title=Youth Volleyball: The Guide for Coaches & Parents|first1=Sharkie|last1=Zartman|first2=Pat|last2=Zartman|publisher=Writer's Digest Books|date=19 June 2006|page=174|isbn=9781558707870}}</ref> Wind can significantly affect the trajectory of a serve and so players can employ different serving strategies to take advantage of the wind conditions. For example, players may choose a top-spin serve when serving into the wind, causing the ball to drop short in front of the passer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.strength-and-power-for-volleyball.com/beach-volleyball-serve.html|title=Beach Volleyball Serve Serving Skills for Sand Volleyball|work=strength-and-power-for-volleyball.com|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> Players can also take advantage of the position of the sun. For example, a sky ball serve is especially effective at high noon, because the sun gets into the passer's eyes and can cause the passer to become disoriented.<ref name=usavclinic>{{cite web|url=https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Volleyball/SportKit/Beach/Hosting-a-successful-Beach-Clinic|title=Hosting a Successful Beach Clinic|publisher=[[USA Volleyball]]|first=John|last=Kessel|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063019/https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Volleyball/SportKit/Beach/Hosting-a-successful-Beach-Clinic|archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

Another factor the server considers is choosing which of the two opposing players to serve the ball to. Because of the three-contact rule, the player who receives the serve will likely also be the attacker,<ref name=cevguide>{{cite web|url=https://inside.cev.eu/sports/beach-volleyball/|title=Beach Volleyball: Our complete guide|publisher=[[European Volleyball Confederation]]|access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> and serving strategies can thus target an opposing player's relative weakness in passing, setting or attacking.<ref name=usavclinic/>

Although the serve can be used as an offensive weapon, most rallies are won by the receiving team, as they have the first attack opportunity.

===Pass===
[[File:Grand Slam Moscow 2012, Set 3 - 088.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Brazil's [[Maria Elisa Antonelli|Maria Antonelli]] making a forearm pass, also known as a bump]]
The pass is the first of a team's 3 allowed contacts. In indoor volleyball, passing involves two main techniques: forearm pass, or '''bump''', where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist line; and overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a hand set, above the head. However, unlike indoors you may not double contact the first ball using overhand with fingers action on the beach. In practice, this means that bump pass is much more popular in beach volleyball; similarly, beach players rarely use an overhand passing motion as the first (except on a hard driven attack) or last of the three allowed team contacts. '''Digging''' is a similar skill to passing, but the term is not used to describe receiving the serve or a free ball, but rather refers to an attempt to prevent an opponent's attack hit from touching the court.
[[File:20170527 Smart Beach Tour 2032.jpg|thumb|200px|A player hand sets the ball]]

===Set===
The set is the second team contact, and its purpose is to position the ball for an attack on the third hit. Similar to a pass, the ball can be set with either a forearm pass technique, known as a '''bump set''', or an overhand pass technique, known as a '''hand set'''.<ref name=koch/> Due to the environmental factors that make it harder to hand set a ball "cleanly",<ref name=usavclinic/> the bump set is more common in the beach game.<ref name=koch/><ref name=fivbset>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Development/Document/FIVB_BeachVolleyball_Drill-Book/English/files/assets/basic-html/page60.html|title=FIVB Beach Volleyball Drill Book: The Set|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> When hand setting, the player's hands must contact the ball simultaneously. If a referee determines that a double-hit has occurred, the point will be given to the other team. Excessive spin after a ball has been set is often used as an indicator of a double contact fault, but causing a ball to spin while setting is not explicitly prohibited. After completing the contact, the setter typically turns their attention to the defense and communicates to their partner whether a blocker is up and which area of the court is open. The second contact can also be used to attack the ball, known as an "over-on-two" attack.

===Attack===
[[File:Beach volley at the Beijing Olympics - Final USA v. Brazil.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Phil Dalhausser]] attempts to block [[Fábio Luiz Magalhães]]'s attack]]
A beach volleyball attack can be categorized as either a '''spike''' or a '''shot'''. A spike involves hitting the ball hard with one open hand on a downward trajectory from above the top of the net. A shot is a relatively soft attack used to place a ball into an open (undefended) area of the court.<ref name=koch/> Unlike indoor volleyball, a wide variety of shots are utilized in beach volleyball due to the fewer defenders on court.<ref name=fivbattack>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Development/Document/FIVB_BeachVolleyball_Drill-Book/English/files/assets/basic-html/page71.html|title=FIVB Beach Volleyball Drill Book: The Attack|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> Common shots used in beach volleyball include: roll shots, in which the attacker puts a lot of topspin on the ball so that it has an arcing trajectory that will go over the block then drop quickly; cut shots, in which the shot crosses the net at sharp angles; pokeys, in which the ball is contacted with the attacking player's knuckles; and dinks, in which the ball is directed very softly low over the net.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.missionbeachvolleyball.com/Beach-Volleyball-Slang.aspx|title=Beach volleyball slang|work=missionbeachvolleyball.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Block===
A block can be used to: score a direct point by directing an attack back into the opponent's court; channel an attack to the defender by "taking away" part of the court;<ref name=fivbdrill/> or slow down the ball so the defender has time to chase it down.<ref name=zartman/> At the competitive level, blockers will often reach across the net and "penetrate" the opposing team's side as much as possible to take away more hitting angles. Blockers may also attempt a shot block, where instead of maximum penetration across the net, the blocker reaches with their hands as high as possible to achieve maximum height above the net.<ref name=koch>{{cite journal|title=BEACH VOLLEYBALL TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS: A COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE PLAYING CHARACTERISTICS|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=60567|journal=Kinesiology|first1=Christina|last1=Koch|first2=Markus|last2=Tilp|volume=41|issue=1|year=2009|issn=1331-1441|pages=52–59}}</ref>

Players often decide against blocking (if the opposing team's pass and set are not in a good position to produce a spike attack) and instead opt to retreat and play defense. This skill is known as '''peeling''', '''dropping''' or '''pulling''' off the net,<ref name=usavclinic/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beachvolleyball.com.au/mysites/www.beachvolleyball.com.au/uploads/2012-02/peeling1.PDF|title=Beach Volleyball - Peeling off the Net|work=beachvolleyball.com.au|first=Victor|last=Anfiloff|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314050838/http://www.beachvolleyball.com.au/mysites/www.beachvolleyball.com.au/uploads/2012-02/peeling1.PDF|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is almost exclusive to beach volleyball.

===Training and skill development===
Training in beach volleyball typically combines technical repetition of the core contacts (serve, pass, set, attack, block and dig) with practice tasks designed to resemble match play and its constraints, including wind and sun. A common structure is to start with a warm-up, progress to targeted skill work, and then integrate those skills into serve–receive, transition and modified-game situations so that players practice decision-making and partner coordination under realistic conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beach Volleyball Drill-book |url=https://www.fivb.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/FIVB_Beachvolley_Drill-Book_EN.pdf |website=FIVB |access-date=30 December 2025}}{{Cite web |title=The Ultimate Path to Beach Volleyball Training and Skill Development |url=https://sunsetbeachcamps.com/blog/beach-volleyball-training-skill-development/ |website=Sunset Beach Volley Camps |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>

The warm-up is commonly described as serving multiple functions: preparing the body for high-level performance, reducing injury risk and allowing athletes to adjust to current environmental conditions, with ball activities used to help players calibrate to wind effects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beach Volleyball Drill-book |url=https://www.fivb.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/FIVB_Beachvolley_Drill-Book_EN.pdf |website=FIVB |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref> Coaching materials also describe progression by level. For beginners, emphasis is often placed on movement in sand, sustaining rallies and learning how environmental factors affect ball flight, sometimes using simple throw–catch or passing challenges to provide immediate feedback and encourage reading of the conditions. For intermediate and advanced athletes, practice may shift toward more specific skill objectives and higher-intensity sequences, while keeping injury-prevention and physical readiness as ongoing priorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beach Volleyball Drill-book |url=https://www.fivb.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/FIVB_Beachvolley_Drill-Book_EN.pdf |website=FIVB |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>

Some coaching resources also advocate training methods that prioritize representative, game-like scenarios over isolated drills, such as small-sided games, modified court dimensions or target zones, and constraint-based rules that force players to adapt their solutions. These approaches are presented as a way to develop perception and decision-making (e.g., reading opponent cues), teamwork and communication, and to link physical preparation (agility, jumping, stability and endurance) with the movement demands of play; video review and other feedback tools may be used to support reflective practice and track adaptation over time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ultimate Path to Beach Volleyball Training and Skill Development |url=https://sunsetbeachcamps.com/blog/beach-volleyball-training-skill-development/ |website=Sunset Beach Volley Camps |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>

==Governing bodies==
{{See also|:Category: Volleyball organizations}}
The primary international governing body for beach volleyball is the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] (FIVB). The regional governing bodies are:

*Asia and Oceania – [[Asian Volleyball Confederation]] (AVC)
*Africa – [[Confédération Africaine de Volleyball]] (CAV)
*Europe – [[European Volleyball Confederation]] (CEV)
*North and Central America – [[North, Central America and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation]] (NORCECA)
*South America – [[Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol]] (CSV)

In the United States, [[USA Volleyball]] is the governing body for beach volleyball, as well as [[indoor volleyball|indoor]] and [[sitting volleyball]].

==Levels of competition==
===Professional===
====International====
Until 2021 the [[FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour]] was the international professional tour for both men and women organized by the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] (FIVB). In 2022 the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour was replaced by the [[Volleyball World Beach Pro Tour]].

The inaugural tour of the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour was held in 1997, replacing the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Series that began in 1989 for men and 1992 for women.<ref name="fivbhistory2" /> World Tour tournaments are ranked from 1 to 5 stars, with 5-star tournaments offering the most prize money. The [[2018 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour|2018 World Tour]] has 47 international tournaments with a total prize purse of over US$7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldtour.2018.fivb.com/en/573/news/new-tournaments-to-take-beach-volleyball-further?id=73203|title=New tournaments to take beach volleyball further than ever before|date=8 November 2017|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Competing in the World Tour as well as other FIVB-recognized tournaments such as the [[Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] allows players to earn [[FIVB Beach Volleyball World Rankings|FIVB Ranking Points]], with higher-star events being worth more points.<ref name="fivbreg2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Document/2017FIVB_BVB_Sports_Regulations_Final_20161202.pdf|title=FIVB Sports Regulations: Beach Volleyball|date=1 December 2016|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202091837/http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Document/2017FIVB_BVB_Sports_Regulations_Final_20161202.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The World Tour concludes with the World Tour Finals at the end of each season.<ref name="fivbreg2017" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''[[FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour]] (as of [[2018 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour|2018 season]])<ref name=fivbreg2018/>'''
! style="width:125px;"|Event category
! style="width:200px;"|No. of teams in main draw (per gender)
! style="width:200px;"|Format
! style="width:150px;"|Prize money (per gender)
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| World Tour Finals || style="text-align:center;"|12 || rowspan="6"|[[Pool play]] (1st phase) [[Single-elimination]] (2nd phase) || style="text-align:right;"|[[US$]]400,000
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| 5-star || rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|32 || style="text-align:right;"|[[US$]]300,000
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| 4-star || style="text-align:right;"|[[US$]]150,000
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| 3-star || style="text-align:right;"|[[US$]]75,000
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| 2-star || style="text-align:center;"|24 || style="text-align:right;"|[[US$]]50,000
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| 1-star || style="text-align:center;"|16 || style="text-align:right;"|[[US$]]10,000
|}

The Volleyball World Beach Pro Tour comprises three level of competition: Elite, Challenge and Futures.

The FIVB also organizes the [[FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships]] every two years, held since 1997.<ref name="fivbhistory2" /> The World Championships have a 48-team main draw and prize purse of US$500,000 per gender.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/Documents/BVB_WCH_2017_HostingRequirements.pdf|title=FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships 2017—Hosting Requirements|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701071202/http://www.fivb.org/Documents/BVB_WCH_2017_HostingRequirements.pdf|archive-date=1 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Regional====
The five regional governing bodies also organize Continental Tours and Championships:
*[[Asian Volleyball Confederation]] (AVC) organizes the AVC Beach Volleyball Tour,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asianvolleyball.net/2018/01/avc-launches-2018-avc-and-fivb-beach-volleyball-competition-calendar-in-asia/|title=AVC Launches the 2018 AVC and FIVB Beach Volleyball Competition Calendar in Asian|publisher=[[Asian Volleyball Confederation]]|date=23 January 2018|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321205745/http://asianvolleyball.net/2018/01/avc-launches-2018-avc-and-fivb-beach-volleyball-competition-calendar-in-asia/|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> culminating with the [[Asian Beach Volleyball Championships]] (since [[2002 Asian Beach Volleyball Championship|2002]]).
*[[African Volleyball Confederation]] (CAVB) organizes the [[African Beach Volleyball Championships]].
*[[European Volleyball Confederation]] (CEV) organizes the [[European Beach Volleyball Tour]] (since 1993), which consists of Satellite and Masters events, culminating with the [[European Beach Volleyball Championships]]. From the 2018 season onwards, the Satellite and Masters events have been merged into the FIVB World Tour, but are still organized by the CEV.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cev.lu/CEV-Area/cev.aspx|title= New FIVB-CEV joint venture incorporates European circuit in World Tour|date=26 February 2018|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref>
*[[North, Central America and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation]] (NORCECA) organizes the [[NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit]] (since [[NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit 2007|2007]]).
*[[Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol]] (CSV) organizes the [[South American Beach Volleyball Circuit]] (since [[2005–06 South American Beach Volleyball Circuit|2005]]).

Players can only participate in the Continental Tour that their national federation is a member of. In addition to prize money, Continental Tour events award players with FIVB ranking points and their national federations with National Federation ranking points.<ref name=fivbreg2018>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Document/2018_FIVB_BVB_Sports_Regulations_V.15.01.2018.pdf|title=FIVB Sports Regulations: Beach Volleyball|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|date=30 November 2017|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127170305/http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Document/2018_FIVB_BVB_Sports_Regulations_V.15.01.2018.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter determines how many teams a national federation can send to the World Championships and the Summer Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vienna2017.fivb.com/en/qualification|title=Qualification - FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships Vienna 2017|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>

====National====
[[File:AVP Hermosa Beach Open 2017 (35299992654).jpg|thumb|left|A women's match at the [[2017 AVP Pro Beach Volleyball Tour|2017 Hermosa Beach Open]], one of the tournaments in the [[Association of Volleyball Professionals|AVP]] tour.]]
Some countries also have domestic professional tours, but only FIVB-approved national tours can award FIVB ranking points.<ref name=fivbreg2017/> As of 2017, there are 21 FIVB-approved national tours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/NationalTour.asp|title=Directory of FIVB-recognized National Tours|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Association of Volleyball Professionals]] (AVP) is the main domestic professional tour, organizing tournaments annually such as the [[Manhattan Beach Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://volleymob.com/avp-announces-2018-pro-beach-tour-schedule/|title=AVP ANNOUNCES 2018 PRO BEACH TOUR SCHEDULE|work=Volleymob.com|date=28 November 2017|first=Braden|last=Keith}}</ref> The AVP tour is not FIVB-approved and has had conflicts with the FIVB in the 1980s and 1990s over regulations and sponsorship, leading to an initial boycott of FIVB events by the top American players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beachmajorseries.com/en/61/about-beach-volleyball-history|title=The history of beach volleyball|work=beachmajorseries.com|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=International Sports Law and Business, Volume 1|first1=Aaron N. |last1=Wise|first2=Bruce S.|last2=Meyer|page=680|chapter=The Internationalization of Sports|date=23 May 1997|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=9789041109774}}</ref>

In Germany, the [[Techniker Beach Tour]], previously known as the Smart Beach Tour, is the top domestic tour and is FIVB-approved. It is the organized by the [[German Volleyball Association]] and each season ends with the German Beach Volleyball Championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volleyball-verband.de/de/redaktion/2018/februar/techniker-beach-tour--die-techniker-beach-tour-2018-mit-drei-neuen-tourorten/|title=Die Techniker Beach Tour 2018 mit drei neuen Tourorten|date=19 February 2018|publisher=[[German Volleyball Association]]|language=de|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref>

In Brazil, the FIVB-approved [[Brazilian Beach Volleyball Circuit]] ([[:pt:Circuito Brasileiro de Voleibol de Praia]]) is the main national tour. It has been organized by the [[Brazilian Volleyball Confederation]] since 1991. The tour consists of the main Open Circuit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voleidepraia.cbv.com.br/open-sobre|title=Sobre o Open|language=pt|publisher=[[Brazilian Volleyball Confederation]]|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321175011/http://voleidepraia.cbv.com.br/open-sobre|url-status=dead}}</ref>
and a Challenger Circuit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voleidepraia.cbv.com.br/challenger-etapas|title=Etapas do Challenger|language=pt|publisher=[[Brazilian Volleyball Confederation]]|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713004745/http://voleidepraia.cbv.com.br/challenger-etapas|archive-date=13 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each season concludes with the Superpraia championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voleidepraia.cbv.com.br/superpraia-sobre|title=Sobre o Superpraia|language=pt|publisher=[[Brazilian Volleyball Confederation]]|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321220322/http://voleidepraia.cbv.com.br/superpraia-sobre|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:2012 Summer Olympics - Beach volleyball.jpg|thumb|right|[[Horse Guards Parade]] beach volleyball stadium at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in London]]

===Multi-sport events===
Men and women's beach volleyball has been contested in the [[Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] since [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]].<ref name=fivbhistory2/> It is also contested in other international [[multi-sport event]]s, including the [[Beach volleyball at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] (since [[2018 Commonwealth Games|2018]]), [[Beach volleyball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] (since [[1999 Pan American Games|1999]]), [[Beach volleyball at the Central American and Caribbean Games|Central American and Caribbean Games]] (since [[1998 Central American and Caribbean Games|1998]]), [[Beach volleyball at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] (since [[1998 Asian Games|1998]]), [[Beach volleyball at the Pacific Games|Pacific Games]] (since [[1999 South Pacific Games|1999]]), [[Beach volleyball at the African Games|African Games]] (since [[2011 All-Africa Games|2011]]), and [[Asian Beach Games]] (since [[Beach volleyball at the 2008 Asian Beach Games|2008]]).

===College===
====United States====
[[File:2016 National Champs USC.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[USC Trojans]] women's beach volleyball team poses with the National Championship trophy after winning the inaugural [[2016 NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship]].]]
{{main|NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship}}

{{See also|List of NCAA women's beach volleyball programs}}

In the 2010–2011 academic year, the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) began sponsoring women's beach volleyball, then called "sand volleyball", as an "emerging sport". Initially, it was sponsored only for [[NCAA Division II|Division II]], with [[NCAA Division I|Division I]] added the following academic year. NCAA competition follows standard beach volleyball rules, with competitions involving five doubles-teams from each participating school.<ref name="ncaaemerging">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Emerging Sports: Sand Volleyball |url=https://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/inclusion/emerging-sports-sand-volleyball |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108101843/https://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/inclusion/emerging-sports-sand-volleyball |archive-date=2014-01-08 |access-date=23 March 2018 |publisher=National Collegiate Athletic Association}}</ref> For a sport to classify as a championship, at least 40 schools must sponsor it. In 2015, sixty schools had teams, allowing it to become NCAA's 90th Championship sport.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 January 2015|first=Greg|last=Johnson|title=Sand volleyball to become Association's 90th championship|url=http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/sand-volleyball-become-association-s-90th-championship|access-date=2020-10-04|website=NCAA.org|language=en}}</ref> Beach volleyball became a fully sanctioned NCAA championship sport in the 2015–2016 school year, following votes by leaders of all three NCAA divisions to launch a single all-divisions national championship.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2015-01-17/ncaa-dii-diii-membership-approves-sand-volleyball-90th-championship |title=NCAA DII, DIII membership approves Sand Volleyball as 90th championship |publisher=National Collegiate Athletic Association |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref>

In 2019, the [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics]] (NAIA) approved women's collegiate beach volleyball as an "emerging sport" with 16 NAIA institutions fielding teams in the 2019–2020 school year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beach Volleyball Named Emerging Sport at NAIA Convention |url=https://www.naia.org/sports/beachvball/2018-19/releases/20190412vvng9 |access-date=25 February 2020 |publisher=NAIA |date=12 April 2019}}</ref>

====Philippines====
{{See also|NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship (Philippines)|UAAP Beach Volleyball Championship}}
Beach volleyball is a men's and women's championship sport in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines)|National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA)<ref name=ncaaphil>{{cite web|url=http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=11-4871-0-0-0&sID=61664&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=5121588%C2%A7ionID=61664|title=Profile: The NCAA Member Schools|work=sportstg.com|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> and the [[University Athletic Association of the Philippines]] (UAAP).<ref>{{cite web| url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/uaap/news/2017/10/02/look-updated-uaap-season-80-beach-volleyball-schedule-31711| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003220226/http://sports.abs-cbn.com/uaap/news/2017/10/02/look-updated-uaap-season-80-beach-volleyball-schedule-31711| url-status=dead| archive-date=3 October 2017|title=LOOK: Updated UAAP Season 80 beach volleyball schedule|work=[[ABS-CBN Sports and Action]]|date=2 October 2017|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> In the NCAA, it is contested at both the high school and college level.<ref name=ncaaphil/>

====Europe====
The [[European Universities Beach Volleyball Championships]] are held annually as part of the [[European Universities Championships]].

===Junior===
The FIVB organizes the annual [[FIVB Beach Volleyball U19 World Championships|U19]] and [[FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships|U21 World Championships]].<ref name=fivbreg2017/> World Championships for the [[FIVB Beach Volleyball U17 World Championships|U17]] and [[FIVB Beach Volleyball U23 World Championships|U23]] age-groups were previously held as well. Teams are awarded FIVB ranking points at these Championships, but not prize money. Instead, the winning U19 teams get a direct main draw entry into the next U21 World Championships, while the winning U21 teams get a direct main draw entry into a World Tour 4 or 5-star event of their choice.<ref name=fivbreg2017/>

Beach volleyball is also contested at the [[Youth Olympic Games]] (since [[Beach volleyball at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics|2014]]).

==Uniform==
[[File:Brooke Sweat and Jennifer Fopma at Hermosa Beach 2012 (2) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.1|US women's team has cited several advantages to [[bikini]] uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/|title=Here's Why the USA Women's Volleyball Team Refuses to Stop Wearing Bikinis |first=Lawrence |last=Bonk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815000000/http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/ |date=11 August 2016 |archive-date=15 August 2016 }} [https://ijrnew.flywheelsites.com/heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/ Alt URL]</ref> Photo shows US national team players ([[Jennifer Fopma]] (left) and [[Brooke Sweat]]) in their uniforms.]]

In 1999, the [[FIVB]] standardized beach volleyball uniforms, with the [[swimsuit]] becoming the required uniform for both men and women. Women were required to wear two-piece [[bikini]]s, while men were required to wear [[shorts]] that were no longer than {{convert|20|cm|abbr=on}} above the knees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/|title=Bikini blues – Beach volleyball makes the swimsuit standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809191530/http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/|archive-date=9 August 2015|date=13 January 1999|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/591787.stm|title=Aussies opt for bikini cover-up |work=BBC News|date=5 January 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217043533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/591787.stm|archive-date=17 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> This drew the ire of some athletes.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/olympics/sports/beach-volleyball.htm ''Beach Volleyball''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419043317/http://www.abc.net.au/news/olympics/sports/beach-volleyball.htm |date=19 April 2010 }}, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.</ref>

According to current FIVB rules, female beach volleyball players have the option of playing in shorts or a one-piece swimsuit.<ref>[http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Rules/bvrb0912_forweb_EN.pdf FIVB: Official BEACH VOLLEYBALL Rules 2009–2012], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920132152/http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Rules/bvrb0912_forweb_EN.pdf |date=20 September 2009 }}, Rule 5.1.1: "A player's equipment consists of shorts or a bathing suit. A jersey or 'tank-top' is optional except when specified in Tournament Regulations."</ref><ref>[http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyBall/Competitions/Olympics/WATH2004/2004%20Specific%20Events%20Regulations.pdf FIVB: Olympic Beach Volleyball Tournaments Specific Competition Regulations], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621113233/http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyBall/Competitions/Olympics/WATH2004/2004%20Specific%20Events%20Regulations.pdf |date=21 June 2007 }}, Regulations 24.2 and 24.4.</ref> Most players, however, prefer the two-piece bikini.<ref name="mcpeak_uniform">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/China/story?id=5589206&page=1 |title=Olympic Uniforms: Less Clothing Means Better Result |work=ABC News |first=Sarah |last=Netter |date=18 August 2008 |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref> Competitors such as [[Natalie Cook]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/beijing_olympics/story/0,,24130706-5014104,00.html |title=Skimpy bikinis part of the plan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908051422/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/beijing_olympics/story/0,,24130706-5014104,00.html |archive-date=8 September 2008 |website=news.com.au |first=Jenny |last=McAsey |date=5 August 2008}}</ref> and [[Holly McPeak]] have confirmed the FIVB's claims that the uniforms are practical for a sport played on sand during the heat of summer, with McPeak saying that the two-piece is more comfortable and allows for a greater range of motion while the one-piece has the further problem of trapping sand.<ref name="mcpeak_uniform" /> British Olympian [[Denise Johns]] claimed that the regulation uniform is intended to be "sexy" and to draw attention.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/olympics/article4357036.ece?print=yes&randnum=1151003209000 |title=Denise Johns: There is more to beach volleyball than girls in bikinis |work=The Times |date=2012-03-13 |access-date=2012-08-01}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Other players have argued that the bikini is tied to the sport's "beach culture".<ref>{{cite book|title=Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women's Sport|author=Jaime Schultz|page=193|year=2014|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|isbn=9780252079740}}</ref>

During the 2004 Summer Olympic Games, a study was conducted on the camera angles during the beach volleyball games. 20% of the camera angles were focused on the chest area and 17% of the angles were focused on the buttock area. The study concludes that this implies the look of the players is having a greater impact on fans than their actual athleticism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bissell|first1=Kimberly|first2=Andera|last2= Duke|title=Bump, Set, Spike: An Analysis of Commentary|journal=Journal of Promotion Management|year=2007|pages=35–53|doi=10.1300/J057v13n01_04|volume=13|issue=1–2|s2cid=167803591}}</ref>

Some conservative cultures have expressed religious objections to the swimsuit as a uniform. At the [[2007 South Pacific Games]], rules were adjusted to require less revealing shorts and cropped sports tops. At the [[2006 Asian Games]], only one Muslim country fielded a team in the women's competition, amid concerns the uniform was inappropriate.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

In early 2012, the FIVB announced it would allow shorts (maximum length {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} above the knee) and sleeved tops at the London 2012 Olympics. The federation spokesman said that "many of these countries have religious and cultural requirements so the uniform needed to be more flexible".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/volleyball/9169429/London-2012-Olympics-female-beach-volleyball-players-permitted-to-wear-less-revealing-uniforms.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/volleyball/9169429/London-2012-Olympics-female-beach-volleyball-players-permitted-to-wear-less-revealing-uniforms.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=London 2012 Olympics: female beach volleyball players permitted to wear less revealing uniforms |work=The Telegraph |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=2012-08-01}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In fact, the weather was so cold for the evening games at London 2012 that the players sometimes had to wear shirts and leggings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/olympics/news-london-2012/beach-volleyball-but-not-beach-weather-aussies-lose-close-match-as-cold-bites-20120729-23562.html|title=Beach volleyball but not beach weather: Aussies lose close match as cold bites|work=The Canberra Times|date=2012-07-29 |access-date=2012-08-01}}</ref>

==Lifestyle and culture==
[[File:Grand Slam Moscow 2012, Set 4 - 047.jpg|thumb|right|Dancers during a match at the 2012 FIVB Moscow Grand Slam]]
Beach volleyball culture includes the people, language, fashion, and life surrounding the sport of modern beach volleyball. With its origins in Hawaii and California, beach volleyball is strongly associated with a casual, beach-centric lifestyle. As it developed nearly in parallel with modern [[surfing]], beach volleyball culture shares some similarities with [[surf culture]]. The beach bum archetype is one such example. Professional beach volleyball matches often have a "party atmosphere", with loud music, announcers and dancers in between points and during time-outs.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCCNAgAAQBAJ&q=beach+volleyball+party+atmosphere+music+dancers&pg=PT305|title=Managing Sport Business: An Introduction|first1=Linda|last1=Trenberth|first2=David|last2=Hassan|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=15 October 2011|chapter=Keeping the party going - the rise and rise of beach volleyball at successive summer Olympiads|isbn=978-0415570299}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-volleyball-beach-music/chinese-learn-to-party-at-olympics-beach-volleyball-idUKPEK20033620080815|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324223821/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-volleyball-beach-music/chinese-learn-to-party-at-olympics-beach-volleyball-idUKPEK20033620080815|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2018|title=Chinese learn to party at Olympics beach volleyball|work=[[Reuters]]|date=15 August 2008|first=Jane|last=Barrett|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref>

Fashion often extends from the clothing worn during play, like the [[bikini]] or [[boardshorts]]. And much like surfers, beach volleyball players are at the mercy of the weather; patterns of play often develop based on weather conditions like sun and wind.


Beyond professional competition, beach volleyball has developed a recreational travel culture, with casual and amateur players participating in beach volleyball camps and training holidays at coastal destinations worldwide. These programs typically combine coaching, skill development, and social activities, allowing players to improve their game while experiencing the sport in different international locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mynextcamp.io/blog/beach-volleyball-camp-the-ultimate-guide-to-finding-your-perfect-match|title=How to Choose Your Beach Volleyball Camp|date=25 January 2026|publisher=MyNextCamp|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

===Naturist volleyball===
{{main|Nudity in sport}}

[[Naturism|Naturists]] were early adopters of the game. Records of regular games in clubs can be found as early as the 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Merrill|first=Frances|title=Among The Nudists|year=1931|publisher=Garden City Publishing Company, Inc.|location=Garden City, New York|pages=Illustration Plate following p. 188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Merrill|first=Frances|title=Nudism wing p. 57}}</ref> Given the outdoor nature of naturism, a beach version of volleyball was naturally adopted. By the 1960s, a volleyball court could be found in almost all [[naturist clubs]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Weinberg|first=M. S.|title=The Nudist Camp: Way of Life and Social Structure.|journal=Human Organization|year=1967|volume=26|issue=3|pages=91–99|doi=10.17730/humo.26.3.t61k16213r005707 |doi-broken-date=4 December 2025 }}</ref> A large (over 70 teams) nude volleyball tournament has been held each fall since 1971 at White Thorn Lodge in western Pennsylvania,<ref>{{cite news|last=Matz|first=Eddie|title=No shirts, no shorts... lots of service!|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/news/story?id=4537381|access-date=27 April 2013|newspaper=ESPN The Magazine|date=9 October 2009}}</ref> and several smaller tournaments occur each year throughout North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=NudistVolleyball.com|url=http://www.nudistvolleyball.com/tournaments.html|access-date=1 May 2013}}</ref>

==Common injuries==
[[File:Grand Slam Moscow 2011, Set 1 - 083.jpg|thumb|200px|Germany's [[Sara Goller]] (left) and [[Laura Ludwig]] with blue [[kinesio tape]].]]
{{See also|Volleyball injuries}}
The most common injuries in beach volleyball are knee, ankle, shoulder and finger injuries.<ref name=bahr>{{cite journal|first1=Roald|last1=Bahr|first2=Jonathan|last2=Reeser|title=Injuries Among World-Class Professional Beach Volleyball Players|journal=[[American Journal of Sports Medicine]]|year=2003|volume=31|issue=1|pages=119–125|doi=10.1177/03635465030310010401|pmid=12531768|s2cid=7047553|issn=1552-3365}}</ref> Pain due to overuse of the knee, lower back, and especially shoulder is common as well, but is less prevalent than in indoor volleyball due to the soft landing surface.<ref name=bahr/><ref name=reeser>{{cite journal|title=Strategies for the prevention of volleyball related injuries|author=Reeser, JC|display-authors=et al|journal=[[British Journal of Sports Medicine]]|date=July 2006|volume=40|issue=7|pages=594–600|issn=1473-0480|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2005.018234|pmid=16799111|pmc=2564299}}</ref> Acute lost-time injuries are also relatively rare in beach volleyball compared to other team sports.<ref name=bahr/><ref name=reeser/> Many players use [[Elastic therapeutic tape|kinesiology tape]].<ref name="lim_tape">{{cite web|last=Lim|first=Desmond|title=What's that tape; Athletes use therapy tape that's said to provide pain relief and support for muscles and joints|work=10-3-12}}</ref> Interest in this tape has surged after American beach volleyball player and three-time Olympic gold medalist [[Kerri Walsh Jennings|Kerri Walsh]] wore it at the [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics]].<ref name="lim_tape"/>
{{clear}}

==Variants==
{{see also|Volleyball variations}}

===4x4 beach volleyball===
4x4 beach volleyball is a variant of the regular two-man beach game that is popular in the United States and Brazil. FIVB-sanctioned matches are best of 3 sets played to 21 points (15 points in a third set tie-break), with four starting players and up to two substitutes in a team. 4x4 is contested at the [[World Beach Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fivb.com/en/worldbeachgames4x4/news4x4/beach-volleyball-4x4---rules-of-the?id=89076|title=Beach Volleyball 4x4 – Rules of the Game|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|date=October 4, 2019|access-date=December 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Document/2019/World_Beach_Games/FIVB-4x4_BeachVolleyball_Rules2018_2019-EN-v01.pdf|title=Official Beach Volleyball Rules (Version 4 vs 4): 2018–2019|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=December 15, 2022}}</ref>

===Snow volleyball===
{{main|Snow volleyball}}

Snow volleyball is a [[winter sport]] played by two teams on a snow court divided by a net. Originating as a variant of beach volleyball, the rules of snow volleyball are similar to the beach game,<ref name=snownbc>{{cite web|url=http://olympics.nbcsports.com/2017/02/27/snow-volleyball-winter-olympics/|title=Snow volleyball hopes to stake claim in Winter Olympics|publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|date=February 27, 2017|access-date=December 22, 2018}}</ref> with the main differences being the playing surface, the scoring system and the number of players. As in the beach version, matches were originally best of 3 sets played to 21 points, with two players in a team. In December 2018, the FIVB approved new rules for snow volleyball which changed the scoring system to a best of 3 sets played to 15 points, and the number of players to three starters and one substitute in a team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-old.cev.eu/SnowVolley-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?NewsID=28202&ID=1141|title=New Snow Volleyball rules approved and ready for Moscow season-opener|publisher=[[European Volleyball Confederation]]|date=December 18, 2018|access-date=December 15, 2022}}</ref> Another difference is that unlike beach volleyball, a touch off block does not count as one of the three allowed touches, and any player may make the subsequent touch after the block.<ref name=fivbrules2018>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/SnowVolleyball/SnowVolleyball_Rules_2019_EN.pdf|title=Snow Volleyball Rules of the Game 2018–2020|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]]|access-date=December 23, 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Beach handball]]
* [[Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics]]
* [[List of American beach volleyball players]]

{{Commons category|position=right}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{International Beach Volleyball}}
{{Summer Olympic sports}}
{{Sports of the World Games program}}
{{Portal bar|Sports|Volleyball}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Beach volleyball| ]]
[[Category:Sports originating in the United States]]
[[Category:Beach sports|volleyball]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic disciplines]]
[[Category:Volleyball variations]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Games and sports introduced in 1915]]

Alfalfa

2026-06-03T07:09:26Z

Simba: Alfalfa pae

{{Taxobox
| name = Alfalfa
| image = 75_Medicago_sativa_L.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''Medicago sativa''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Faboideae]]
| tribus = [[Trifolieae]]
| genus = ''[[Medicago]]''
| binomial = ''Medicago sativa''}}

'''Alfalfa''' (''Medicago sativa'') is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Fabaceae]]. It is also known as the '''lucerne'''. It is [[wikt:native|native]] to the [[Near East]] and central [[Asia]]. It has been [[introduced species|introduced]] to [[Europe]], central [[Africa]], [[China]], [[North America]], and [[South America]]. Alfalfa is a [[crop]]. It is used to feed [[livestock]].

==Nutritional value==

[[Image:Sprouted Alfalfa.jpg|thumb|right|Sprouted alfalfa seeds.]]

Alfalfa is high in [[protein]], [[calcium]] and other minerals, [[Vitamin B|vitamins in the B group]], [[vitamin C]], [[vitamin D]], [[vitamin E]], and [[vitamin K]].<ref>
* [http://www.nutritionresearchcenter.org/healthnews/alfalfas-nutritional-value/ Nutrition Research Center, Alfalfa Nutritional Value] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414171352/http://www.nutritionresearchcenter.org/healthnews/alfalfas-nutritional-value/ |date=2010-04-14 }}. Nutritionresearchcenter.org (21 March 2008). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
* [http://www.anapsid.org/iguana/alfalfa.html The Facts About Alfalfa, Melissa Kaplans' Herb Care]. Anapsid.org. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
* {{cite book|last=Diamond|first=Marilyn|title=The American Vegetarian Cookbook from the Fit For Life Kitchen|url=https://archive.org/details/americanvegetari00diam|year=1990|publisher=Warner Books|location=New York|isbn=0-446-51561-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanvegetari00diam/page/379 379]}}</ref> The sun-dried hay of alfalfa has been found to be a source of vitamin D, containing 48 ng/g (1920 IU/kg){{clarification|date=April 2025}} vitamin D2 and 0.63 ng/g (25 IU/kg) vitamin D3.<ref>Horst R.L. ''et al'' 1984. The isolation and identification of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 from Medicago sativa (alfalfa plant). ''Archives of biochemistry and biophysics'' '''231''' (1): 67–71. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6326678]</ref> There is reference to vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 being found in the alfalfa [[shoot]]; this is awaiting verification.<ref>[http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/chemdisp.xsql?chemical=VITAMIN-D-3 Chemical Information]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mushrooms are not allowed in [[Jain]] [[vegetarianism]], making alfalfa the only known source which Jains can use to make vitamin D2 supplements.

==External links==

* [http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Medicago_sativa.htm ''Medicago sativa'' at Tropical Forages]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{biology-stub}}

[[Category:Faboideae]]
[[Category:Territory symbols of Delhi]]

Blindfold chess

2026-05-30T05:09:42Z

Simba: New page with proper sources.

{{Short description|Chess variant}}

'''Blindfold chess''', also known as '''''sans voir''''', is a form of [[chess]] in which players do not see the board or pieces and must maintain the game position entirely through memory and mental visualization. Moves are communicated through [[chess notation]] or verbal announcement.

The earliest known literary reference to blindfold chess-like play is found in ancient Indian Buddhist literature. The [[Brahmajala Sutta]] refers to ''Akasam Astapadam'' ("Ashtapada played in the sky"), a variant of [[Ashtapada]] played without a physical board. A correspondent in the ''American Chess Bulletin'' identified this as likely the earliest literary mention of a blindfold chess variant.<ref name="ACB">{{cite journal|title=Imagining Boards in the Air|journal=American Chess Bulletin|year=1918|pages=104–105}}</ref>

Blindfold chess was considered remarkable for centuries and later evolved into a recognized form of competitive and exhibition play. Modern blindfold chess has been studied extensively by psychologists because of the memory and visualization skills it requires.

== Origins in ancient India ==

The earliest known reference to blindfold chess-like play occurs in ancient Indian Buddhist literature. The ''Brahmajala Sutta'', one of the earliest texts of the Buddhist canon, mentions ''Akasam Astapadam'', literally meaning "Ashtapada played in the sky". The game was played without a physical board and required participants to visualize positions mentally.<ref name="ACB" />

The passage appears in a list of games and amusements discouraged for monks:

{{quote|Monks were addicted to such idle pursuits as eight-row or ten-row games, chess in the air, hopscotch, spillikins, dicing, ball games, guessing letters and other amusements.|''Brahmajala Sutta'', translated by Maurice Walshe}}

In an article entitled ''Imagining Boards in the Air'', published in the ''American Chess Bulletin'', a correspondent identified this passage as likely the earliest literary mention of a blindfold chess variant.<ref name="ACB" />

''Akasam Astapadam'' was a variant of [[Ashtapada]], an ancient Indian board game widely regarded as one of the predecessors of [[Chaturanga]], from which chess ultimately developed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=H. J. R.|title=A History of Chess|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1913|pages=48–54}}</ref> Although not identical to modern chess, the reference demonstrates that the concept of playing a strategic board game entirely through mental visualization was already known in ancient India.<ref name="ACB" />

The reference is notable because it predates by many centuries the better-documented blindfold chess exhibitions of the medieval and modern eras. Historians of board games have frequently cited India as the birthplace of several early strategy games, including ''Ashtapada'' and later [[Chaturanga]]. The mention of a version played "in the sky" suggests that participants were expected to maintain the game position mentally rather than relying on a physical board.

== Early documented blindfold chess ==

The earliest named individual associated with blindfold chess in surviving chess literature is [[Sa'id ibn Jubayr]] (665–714 CE), who was reported to play without the use of a material board.<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=H. J. R.|title=A History of Chess|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1913|page=151}}</ref> His name appears in historical accounts from the early Islamic world and is frequently cited by chess historians as the earliest known practitioner of boardless chess play.

During the medieval period, chess flourished throughout the Islamic world, where players and scholars contributed significantly to the game's theory and development. Blindfold play appears to have been regarded as a demonstration of exceptional memory and analytical ability. Although surviving accounts are limited, references to players conducting games without sight of a board indicate that the practice was already known centuries before it became a public spectacle in Europe.

[[H. J. R. Murray]] also recorded accounts of Central Asian horsemen who played chess while riding side by side, announcing moves verbally without the use of a board or pieces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=H. J. R.|title=A History of Chess|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1913}}</ref> These accounts suggest that forms of mental chess were used not only as displays of skill but also as practical recreations during travel.

In Europe, blindfold chess became popular as a means of handicapping stronger players and demonstrating exceptional memory and analytical ability. The first known blindfold chess exhibition in Europe took place in [[Florence]] in 1266. Later accounts describe blindfold play as both an intellectual curiosity and a public entertainment, with masters using such exhibitions to showcase their abilities and attract patrons.

By the eighteenth century, blindfold chess had become sufficiently established that leading masters began performing simultaneous blindfold exhibitions. These displays laid the foundation for the record-breaking exhibitions and scientific interest that would characterize blindfold chess in the modern era.

== Development in Europe ==

In 1783, [[François-André Danican Philidor]] demonstrated the ability to play three blindfold games simultaneously. His exhibitions attracted widespread attention throughout Europe and helped establish blindfold chess as a public spectacle.<ref name="HearstKnott">{{cite book|last=Hearst|first=Eliot|author2=John Knott|title=Blindfold Chess: History, Psychology, Techniques, Champions, World Records and Important Games|publisher=McFarland|year=2009}}</ref>

Contemporary newspapers treated Philidor's performances as extraordinary intellectual achievements. According to later accounts, Philidor developed his visualization abilities by mentally reconstructing chess positions while lying awake at night. His success convinced many observers that blindfold chess represented one of the highest demonstrations of human memory and concentration.

The popularity of Philidor's exhibitions inspired later generations of masters. Throughout the nineteenth century, blindfold chess increasingly became associated with professional chess culture, with exhibitions attracting spectators who viewed them as both competitive events and demonstrations of mental skill.

By the nineteenth century, masters such as [[Paul Morphy]], [[Louis Paulsen]], [[Joseph Henry Blackburne]], and [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] further expanded the practice. Simultaneous blindfold exhibitions became common features of chess clubs, tournaments, and public events, helping to popularize the game among wider audiences.<ref name="HearstKnott" />

== Nineteenth century ==

During the nineteenth century, blindfold chess evolved from an occasional curiosity into a recognized demonstration of chess mastery. Improvements in chess organization, the growth of chess clubs, and increased newspaper coverage contributed to the popularity of blindfold exhibitions throughout Europe and North America.

Among the most celebrated practitioners was [[Paul Morphy]], who in 1858 conducted a blindfold exhibition in [[Paris]] against eight strong opponents, scoring six wins and two draws. The display attracted considerable attention and reinforced Morphy's reputation as one of the strongest players of his era. His performances demonstrated that blindfold play could be conducted successfully against experienced competitors rather than merely as a novelty against weaker opposition.

Another influential figure was [[Louis Paulsen]], whose exceptional powers of concentration enabled him to conduct numerous simultaneous blindfold games. Paulsen's exhibitions helped establish standards for large-scale blindfold displays and influenced later masters who sought to expand the limits of human memory and visualization.

[[Joseph Henry Blackburne]], one of the most popular chess masters of the Victorian era, became particularly renowned for blindfold exhibitions. Nicknamed "The Black Death", Blackburne reportedly played as many as sixteen blindfold games simultaneously. His extensive tours throughout Britain and abroad brought blindfold chess to large public audiences and demonstrated its commercial appeal as a form of entertainment.

The first [[World Chess Championship|World Chess Champion]], [[Wilhelm Steinitz]], also practiced blindfold chess. In 1867 he conducted a simultaneous blindfold exhibition in [[Dundee]], playing six opponents simultaneously and scoring three wins and three draws. Such exhibitions were often an important source of income for professional masters and helped sustain chess careers before the establishment of substantial tournament prize funds.

One of the earliest known female practitioners of blindfold chess was [[Ellen Gilbert]], an American player active during the 1870s. Gilbert became famous for her remarkable memory and visualization skills, particularly in correspondence chess. Her blindfold performances challenged contemporary assumptions about women's participation in competitive chess and earned her recognition among leading players of the period.

By the end of the nineteenth century, blindfold exhibitions had become an established feature of chess culture. Newspapers frequently reported on simultaneous displays, and leading masters were increasingly judged not only by their tournament achievements but also by their ability to perform complex blindfold feats.

== Record-setting exhibitions ==

As blindfold chess gained popularity, masters began competing to establish new records for the largest number of simultaneous games played without sight of the board.

In 1900, [[Harry Nelson Pillsbury]] conducted a blindfold exhibition involving twenty simultaneous chess games in [[Philadelphia]]. Pillsbury was widely regarded as one of the greatest blindfold players of his generation. In addition to his chess exhibitions, he became famous for demonstrations of memory in which he recalled long lists of words, numbers, and other information after brief exposure.

Pillsbury later attempted the unusual feat of conducting fifteen blindfold chess games and fifteen blindfold [[checkers]] games simultaneously. Such performances reinforced the public perception that blindfold masters possessed extraordinary mental abilities.

The record was subsequently advanced by [[Richard Réti]], one of the leading figures of the [[hypermodern school]] of chess. Réti's exhibitions demonstrated both remarkable memory and the growing prestige associated with blindfold records.

== Twentieth century ==

The twentieth century witnessed significant advances in simultaneous blindfold chess and produced some of the most famous exhibitions in the history of the game.

Among the foremost practitioners was [[Alexander Alekhine]], who combined world-class playing strength with exceptional powers of visualization. In 1924, at the Alamac Hotel in [[New York City]], Alekhine played twenty-six simultaneous blindfold games against a field that included strong masters such as [[Isaac Kashdan]] and [[Hermann Steiner]]. He scored sixteen wins, five losses, and five draws, in what has frequently been described as one of the strongest blindfold exhibitions ever organized.

The following year, Alekhine improved upon this achievement in [[Paris]], where he faced twenty-eight teams of players simultaneously and achieved a score of twenty-two wins, three losses, and three draws. These performances attracted international attention and helped popularize blindfold chess among both chess enthusiasts and the general public.

In the same period, [[Richard Réti]] conducted a simultaneous blindfold exhibition against twenty-nine opponents in [[São Paulo]], surpassing Alekhine's numerical record. Réti reportedly joked about his imperfect memory after accidentally leaving his briefcase behind following the exhibition.

On 16 July 1934, Alekhine established another world record in [[Chicago]] by conducting thirty-two simultaneous blindfold games. Acting as referee was [[Edward Lasker]], who later documented the event. Alekhine scored nineteen wins, four losses, and nine draws, further strengthening his reputation as the leading blindfold player of his era.

The next major milestone was achieved by [[George Koltanowski]], who on 20 September 1937 conducted thirty-four simultaneous blindfold games in [[Edinburgh]]. The exhibition lasted approximately thirteen hours and resulted in twenty-four wins and ten losses. Koltanowski's achievement attracted widespread coverage and established a new benchmark for future challengers.

Koltanowski became one of the most influential ambassadors of blindfold chess. Beyond his simultaneous exhibitions, he was famous for conducting blindfold [[Knight's Tour]] demonstrations and for promoting chess throughout North America. His performances helped sustain public interest in blindfold chess during the mid-twentieth century.

A further advance came from [[Miguel Najdorf]], who conducted a record exhibition against forty opponents in [[Rosario]], [[Argentina]], in 1943. Najdorf scored thirty-six wins, one draw, and three losses. The event carried personal significance because he hoped the publicity would reach family members in Europe from whom he had become separated during [[World War II]].

Najdorf improved his own record in 1947 in [[São Paulo]], where he played forty-five simultaneous blindfold games, scoring thirty-nine wins, four draws, and two losses. Although some contemporaries questioned aspects of the conditions under which the exhibitions were conducted, modern chess historians generally regard the records as legitimate.

The Hungarian master [[János Flesch]] later claimed a new record in 1960 by playing fifty-two simultaneous blindfold games in [[Budapest]]. However, debate surrounded the exhibition because Flesch was permitted to recount game scores verbally during play. As a result, historians have differed in their assessments of the record's significance.

In the same year, Koltanowski established another notable achievement in [[San Francisco]], where he played fifty-six consecutive blindfold games at a rapid pace of approximately ten seconds per move. The exhibition lasted nine hours and resulted in fifty wins and six losses, demonstrating both endurance and exceptional visualization ability.

== 21st century ==

Blindfold chess continued to attract interest in the twenty-first century, particularly through record attempts and elite-level tournaments. Although large simultaneous exhibitions became less common than during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, advances in communication technology and growing public interest in cognitive performance helped sustain the tradition.

In November 2010, German master [[Marc Lang]] established a new European blindfold record in [[Sontheim an der Brenz]], [[Germany]], by playing thirty-five opponents simultaneously over a period of approximately twenty-three hours. Lang scored nineteen wins, thirteen draws, and three losses.

The following year, Lang improved upon his own achievement by conducting forty-six simultaneous blindfold games, scoring twenty-five wins, nineteen draws, and only two losses. The exhibition was widely reported in chess media and was regarded as one of the most significant blindfold performances of the modern era.

On 3 December 2016, [[Timur Gareyev]] conducted a blindfold exhibition against forty-eight opponents while wearing a blindfold and riding an exercise bicycle. Gareyev scored thirty-five wins, seven draws, and six losses. The exhibition received extensive international media coverage and established a new benchmark for modern simultaneous blindfold play.

Despite such achievements, blindfold chess in the twenty-first century has increasingly focused on elite competition rather than record-setting exhibitions. Many leading grandmasters have continued to demonstrate blindfold skills through specialized tournaments and exhibition events.

== Health concerns ==

Throughout its history, blindfold chess has been associated with debates concerning mental fatigue and potential health effects. Because players must maintain complete mental representations of multiple positions while calculating variations, blindfold play is generally regarded as more demanding than conventional chess.

During the early twentieth century, some chess authorities expressed concern that extensive blindfold exhibitions could be harmful to a player's health. These concerns became sufficiently widespread that simultaneous blindfold exhibitions were officially prohibited in the [[Soviet Union]] during the 1930s. Soviet officials regarded large-scale blindfold displays as potentially damaging because of the sustained concentration they required.

Former [[World Chess Champion]] [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] also warned against excessive blindfold play. Although he acknowledged its value as a training exercise, he believed that repeated large-scale exhibitions could impose unusual mental strain on players.

Modern assessments generally regard blindfold chess as safe when practiced in moderation. Nevertheless, players frequently report greater levels of mental exhaustion than in ordinary chess games, particularly during simultaneous exhibitions involving numerous opponents. The cognitive demands arise not only from calculating moves but also from continuously updating multiple mental representations of chess positions.

== Psychology ==

Blindfold chess has long attracted the attention of psychologists because it appears to involve exceptional memory, visualization, and concentration. Scientific investigation of blindfold chess began in the nineteenth century and has continued into the modern era as researchers have sought to understand the cognitive processes underlying expert performance.

One of the earliest major studies was conducted by the French psychologist [[Alfred Binet]] in 1893. Binet interviewed leading blindfold chess players and concluded that their abilities were not based on photographic memory. Instead, they relied on complex mental representations of chess positions and extensive knowledge acquired through years of practice.

Research was later continued by chess master and psychoanalyst [[Reuben Fine]], who examined the psychological dimensions of master-level chess performance. Subsequent studies by cognitive scientists explored how skilled players maintain accurate mental representations of numerous positions simultaneously.

Modern research generally concludes that expert blindfold performance depends primarily upon pattern recognition rather than extraordinary raw memory. Strong players are able to encode positions as familiar strategic structures rather than as collections of individual pieces. This allows them to process and recall information far more efficiently than inexperienced players.

Studies by [[Fernand Gobet]] and [[Guillermo Campitelli]] have emphasized the importance of acquired chess knowledge in blindfold performance. Their research suggests that expert players use the same cognitive mechanisms employed in ordinary chess, but operate entirely without visual support. Blindfold masters effectively reconstruct the board in their "mind's eye" and update that representation after every move.

Psychological research has therefore challenged popular misconceptions about blindfold chess. Rather than demonstrating photographic memory, successful blindfold play appears to reflect the interaction of long-term chess knowledge, pattern recognition, visualization skills, and sustained concentration.

== Techniques ==

Blindfold chess players employ a variety of techniques to maintain accurate mental representations of positions.

Many players visualize the board using algebraic coordinates, mentally tracking pieces according to their squares. Others rely on patterns and strategic relationships rather than attempting to remember every individual piece separately.

Experienced blindfold players often report that they do not consciously visualize a photographic image of the board. Instead, they maintain an abstract representation consisting of piece locations, tactical relationships, and strategic features. This approach reduces cognitive load and allows the player to concentrate on calculation and planning.

In simultaneous blindfold exhibitions, players typically review each game sequentially and update their mental representation after every reported move. Strong players may also divide positions into recognizable patterns or "chunks", a phenomenon frequently discussed in cognitive research on chess expertise.

Blindfold training is sometimes used by competitive players as a method of improving calculation, board vision, and concentration. Training methods include solving chess problems without sight of a board, replaying master games mentally, and conducting blindfold games against training partners or computer programs.

== Modern status ==

Blindfold chess tournaments continue to be organized internationally, although they remain relatively uncommon compared with traditional chess events. The most prominent modern competition devoted to blindfold play was the [[Amber chess tournament|Amber Tournament]], later known as the [[Melody Amber]] tournament, held annually in [[Monte Carlo]] between 1992 and 2011.

The tournament combined blindfold and rapid chess and attracted many of the world's strongest grandmasters. Its unique format provided a rare opportunity to compare elite blindfold performance under tournament conditions.

Among the most successful competitors were [[Vladimir Kramnik]], [[Viswanathan Anand]], [[Alexei Shirov]], [[Alexander Morozevich]], and [[Levon Aronian]]. Their performances demonstrated that blindfold chess remained an important aspect of elite chess skill even in the era of computer preparation and advanced analytical tools.

Blindfold events have also featured in competitions such as the [[SportAccord World Mind Games]], where leading grandmasters competed in specialized formats designed to test memory, concentration, and calculation.

The growth of online chess platforms has further expanded opportunities for blindfold play. Many websites and software programs allow users to hide the board while playing or training, making blindfold practice more accessible than at any previous point in history.

== Legacy ==

Blindfold chess remains one of the most demanding demonstrations of memory and visualization in strategic games. Throughout history, successful blindfold players have attracted public fascination because their performances appear to transcend ordinary limits of concentration and recall.

The practice has contributed significantly to scientific understanding of expertise and memory. Research on blindfold chess has influenced studies in cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, and human problem-solving. Investigations of blindfold players helped demonstrate that expert performance is often based on structured knowledge and pattern recognition rather than innate photographic memory.

Blindfold exhibitions have also played an important role in the cultural history of chess. From the demonstrations of [[François-André Danican Philidor]] in the eighteenth century to the record-setting performances of [[Alexander Alekhine]], [[George Koltanowski]], [[Miguel Najdorf]], [[Marc Lang]], and [[Timur Gareyev]], blindfold chess has remained a symbol of intellectual achievement and mental discipline.

While organized blindfold competition evolved through medieval and modern chess traditions, the earliest documented literary reference to blindfold chess-like play remains the description of ''Akasam Astapadam'' in ancient Indian Buddhist literature.<ref name="ACB" />

== See also ==

* [[Ashtapada]]
* [[Chaturanga]]
* [[Kriegspiel (chess)]]
* [[Mental calculation]]
* [[Chess variant]]
* [[Simultaneous exhibition]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.blindfoldchess.net Blindfold Chess: History, Psychology, Techniques, Champions, World Records and Important Games]
* [https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic274.html George Koltanowski]
* [http://members.shaw.ca/berry5868/blind.htm Canadian blindfold chess timeline]

{{Chess}}

[[Category:Blindfold chess]]
[[Category:Chess variants]]
[[Category:Chess terminology]]
[[Category:Memory]]
[[Category:Cognitive psychology]]

User talk:Pixerark324

2021-11-10T03:22:18Z

Simba: /* Your submission at Articles for creation: Roi Ben David (November 10) */ new section

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Pixerark324}}

-- [[User:ShoutWiki|ShoutWiki]] ([[User talk:ShoutWiki|talk]]) 22:23, 9 November 2021 (IST)

== Your submission at [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]]: [[Draft:Roi Ben David|Roi Ben David]] (November 10) ==

<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time.<nowiki> </nowiki>The reason left by Simba was:

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[[User:Simba|Simba]] ([[User talk:Simba|talk]]) 08:52, 10 November 2021 (IST)</div>

Draft:Roi Ben David

2021-11-10T03:18:06Z

Simba: Submission declined

{{AfC submission|D|blp|ts=20211109225227|u=Pixerark324|ns=118}}


{{Infobox person
| name = Roi Ben David {{verified}}
| image = Roibendavid.png
| alt = Shahin
| caption = Picture of Roi Ben David
| birth_date = 23/01/1997
| birth_place = [[israel]]
| height = 5' 5"
| death_date =
| occupation = Technician & Developer
| years_active = 2021
| known_for = Apple Certified Support Professional , Technician, Developer.
}}
== Introduce ==
'''Roi Ben David''' is known as a Apple Certified Support Professional.

== Early Life ==
'''Roi''' was born on '''23, January 1997'''. He was born in Israel
== Career ==

Roi Ben David is an Israeli Developer, Technician And Apple Certified Support Professional who spends his time solving Apple products problems for his clients. he works at iDigital, a Apple Premium Reseller, as Expert, since 2018. He loves using and working with Apple products and wants to impart that excitement about technology to others. In hisspare time, he develops applications, games and websites

== References ==

BP:COI

2021-08-03T08:26:09Z

Simba: Redirected page to Bharatpedia:Conflict of interest

#REDIRECT [[Bharatpedia:Conflict of interest]]

BP:N

2021-08-03T08:25:51Z

Simba: Redirected page to Bharatpedia:Notability

#REDIRECT [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]

User talk:Hembram Bakhul

2021-08-03T08:24:51Z

Simba: /* Sockpuppetry? */ new section

{{Template:Welcome|realName=Bidu Hembram|name=Hembram Bakhul}}

-- [[User:ShoutWiki|ShoutWiki]] ([[User talk:ShoutWiki|talk]]) 17:59, 17 June 2021 (IST)

== June 2021 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/Hembram Bakhul|your recent contributions]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance on my talk page. Thanks.{{Z186}} [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 11:55, 29 June 2021 (IST)
:Also, please stop moving drafts that are not ready for the main namespace or are poorly/unsourced. If you continue moving incomplete drafts you will be blocked from editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 11:58, 29 June 2021 (IST)

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Regardless, if you are receiving or expect to receive compensation for your edits, broadly construed, you are '''required to disclose your employer, client and affiliation.''' You can post such a mandatory disclosure to your user page at [[User:Hembram Bakhul]]. The template {{tl|Paid}} can be used for this purpose – e.g. in the form: {{tlc|paid|2=user=Hembram Bakhul|3=employer=<var>InsertName</var>|4=client=<var>InsertName</var>}}. If I am mistaken – you are not being directly or indirectly compensated for your edits – please state that in response to this message. Otherwise, please provide the required disclosure. In either case, '''do not edit further''' until you answer this message. {{Z159}} [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 12:24, 29 June 2021 (IST)

== India edit-a-thon: Write for glory ==

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== The Tireless Contributor Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | I award you this condign and well-deserved barnstar for all your outstanding contributions. Keep up the good work. [[User:Simba|Simba]] ([[User talk:Simba|talk]]) 18:15, 5 July 2021 (IST)
|}

== Photo upload ==

Hi will you please help me to upload a photo ? --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:02, 8 July 2021 (IST)

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[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Welcome to Bharatpedia. Bharatpedia invites everyone to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, but one of your recent edits to the page [[:Pranav Mangal]] suggests that you have been recruited to make that edit by someone else, whether it be a friend, family member, coworker, or public figure. Please understand that Bharatpedia [[BP:MEAT|does not condone]] such activity; users should act in their individual capacity, rather than editing under the direction or influence of others. Additionally, please ensure that any articles you create abide by the [[BP:N|notability guidelines]] and that you do not make edits to topics in which you have a [[BP:COI|conflict of interest]]. Thank you. [[User:Simba|Simba]] ([[User talk:Simba|talk]]) 13:54, 3 August 2021 (IST)

Sameer Bhati

2021-07-25T06:16:50Z

Simba: Added tags to the page using Page Curation (uncategorised, citation style)

{{citation style|date=July 2021}}

'''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and Education industry experience. He is a Healthcare entrepreneur and management guru who has designed many marketing and management theories.

==Early life==
Sameer Bhati hails from Rajasthan but he had completed all his education from schooling to MBA-M.Phil from Delhi. He has also started his professional journey from Delhi. Presently he is the Director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute.

==Career==
During COVID19 time he initiated the awareness programs in association with Delhi Police, actively participate in Delhi Police’s YUVA and then E-YUVA projects to help the deprived children, conducting the COVID-19 testing of patients under quarantine with Delhi Govt. He has also participated in “VANDE BHARAT MISSION”, delivering innovative and extensive efforts in Covid testing i.e. our COVID booth, COVID home collection facility, COVID Van, COVID-19 kit, free doctor teleconsultation for cancer patients, COVID and non-COVID patients as a preventive measure to fight against Coronavirus. He has been involved in Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) including IIT Delhi Covid Test Kit validation and Testing with Delhi Government and other State Governments. He is also contributing towards IPR and researches part too.

==Achievements==
CIMS Healthcare Awards (Inspiring Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016 , 6th MT India Healthcare Awards(Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016, ABS Achievement in Business & Services Awards-2016 (Visionary Leader of the Year), Excellence Awards -2015 (The Oscar of Indian Healthcare Pearl Blue Innovative Business Strategy Designer of the Year Awards 2015, Indus Foundation Summit & Expo 2015 and Healthcare Excellence Awards 2015 (Healthcare Entrepreneur of the Year), Leaders Awards 2015 (Most Promising Healthcare Leader for Marketing of the Year) 4th eHealth Healthcare Leaders Awards 2015 For Project “Diagnostics, Pathological Lab & Healthcare Educational Institute” , Global Quality Awards 2015 for Quality of Service, Two Awards from ICMH-AIIMS Awards for Outstanding Services In the field of Healthcare Marketing & Modern/Indian/Alternative/System of Medicine, 2013-2014, Indo-Global healthcare Excellence Award 2014 (Excellence in Public Health), Brand Academy Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Influential Marketer of the Year in Delhi-NCR), Worldwide Achievers Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013(Healthcare Marketing), Six Sigma Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Best Healthcare Marketing), Medico Pride Award 2014 (Best Voted Innovation in Healthcare- Marketing in India), MT India Healthcare Awards 2014 (Best Innovation in Healthcare in India).

Member of Indian Association of Radiology Technologist Member of Quality Council of India Member of Indian Red Cross Society Member of National Thalassemia Welfare Society India Member of Indian Association of Entrepreneurs & Service Providers Member of Hospital Administrators’ Association of India Shree Shirdi Sai Prachar Samiti (REGD.)(Medical Officer) Advisor Editorial in Aditiya Media House Member of Jansanskriti Social Media House.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{Cite web|title=Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL): Breaking barriers in Healthcare |work= hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/star-imaging-and-path-lab-pvt-ltd-sipl-breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-101611835828373.html|access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt Ltd (SIPL) started journey when diagnostics was a new concept |work=businessworld.in|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/SIPL-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-Indian-healthcare-system/26-01-2021-370149/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= SIPL standing as strong pillar of Indian healthcare system|work= aninews.in |url= https://aninews.in/news/business/business/sipl-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-indian-healthcare-system20210126220706/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Mr. Sameer Bhati is the director of Star Imaging and Path lab |work= nationalreport.in |url= https://nationalreport.in/f/medanta-e-clinic-inauguration-at-star-imaging-and-path-lab |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Medanta E-clinic inauguration at Star Imaging & Path Lab to help the patients for timely consultation from the Expert Physician timely in New Delh |work= sameerbhati.com |url= https://sameerbhati.com/img/news/7-delhi-page-2.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= कोरोना वायरस टेस्ट कराने की सोच रहे हैं, तो इन बातों का रखें ध्यान |work= fit.thequint.com |url= https://fit.thequint.com/hindi/health-news-update/coronavirus-covid-19-test-things-to-keep-in-mind |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने और बनाए रखने के लिए लाइफस्टाइल में कुछ आदतें अपनाएं और कुछ से करें किनारा|work= jagran.com |url=https://m.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-good-and-balance-lifestyle-may-prevent-from-any-kind-of-infection-20615349.html |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Antibody test or Sero-Survey|work= hellopost.in |url= https://hellopost.in/antibody-test-or-sero-survey/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= We have done a commendable job with a small but highly efficient work force: Dr Sameer Bhati|work= expresshealthcare.in |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/we-have-done-a-commendable-job-with-a-small-but-highly-efficient-work-force-dr-sameer-bhati/424131/#respond |access-date=23 July 2021}}

{{uncategorised|date=July 2021}}

Sameer Bhati

2021-07-25T06:15:12Z

Simba: clean up

'''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and Education industry experience. He is a Healthcare entrepreneur and management guru who has designed many marketing and management theories.

==Early life==
Sameer Bhati hails from Rajasthan but he had completed all his education from schooling to MBA-M.Phil from Delhi. He has also started his professional journey from Delhi. Presently he is the Director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute.

==Career==
During COVID19 time he initiated the awareness programs in association with Delhi Police, actively participate in Delhi Police’s YUVA and then E-YUVA projects to help the deprived children, conducting the COVID-19 testing of patients under quarantine with Delhi Govt. He has also participated in “VANDE BHARAT MISSION”, delivering innovative and extensive efforts in Covid testing i.e. our COVID booth, COVID home collection facility, COVID Van, COVID-19 kit, free doctor teleconsultation for cancer patients, COVID and non-COVID patients as a preventive measure to fight against Coronavirus. He has been involved in Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) including IIT Delhi Covid Test Kit validation and Testing with Delhi Government and other State Governments. He is also contributing towards IPR and researches part too.

==Achievements==
CIMS Healthcare Awards (Inspiring Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016 , 6th MT India Healthcare Awards(Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016, ABS Achievement in Business & Services Awards-2016 (Visionary Leader of the Year), Excellence Awards -2015 (The Oscar of Indian Healthcare Pearl Blue Innovative Business Strategy Designer of the Year Awards 2015, Indus Foundation Summit & Expo 2015 and Healthcare Excellence Awards 2015 (Healthcare Entrepreneur of the Year), Leaders Awards 2015 (Most Promising Healthcare Leader for Marketing of the Year) 4th eHealth Healthcare Leaders Awards 2015 For Project “Diagnostics, Pathological Lab & Healthcare Educational Institute” , Global Quality Awards 2015 for Quality of Service, Two Awards from ICMH-AIIMS Awards for Outstanding Services In the field of Healthcare Marketing & Modern/Indian/Alternative/System of Medicine, 2013-2014, Indo-Global healthcare Excellence Award 2014 (Excellence in Public Health), Brand Academy Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Influential Marketer of the Year in Delhi-NCR), Worldwide Achievers Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013(Healthcare Marketing), Six Sigma Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Best Healthcare Marketing), Medico Pride Award 2014 (Best Voted Innovation in Healthcare- Marketing in India), MT India Healthcare Awards 2014 (Best Innovation in Healthcare in India).

Member of Indian Association of Radiology Technologist Member of Quality Council of India Member of Indian Red Cross Society Member of National Thalassemia Welfare Society India Member of Indian Association of Entrepreneurs & Service Providers Member of Hospital Administrators’ Association of India Shree Shirdi Sai Prachar Samiti (REGD.)(Medical Officer) Advisor Editorial in Aditiya Media House Member of Jansanskriti Social Media House.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{Cite web|title=Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL): Breaking barriers in Healthcare |work= hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/star-imaging-and-path-lab-pvt-ltd-sipl-breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-101611835828373.html|access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt Ltd (SIPL) started journey when diagnostics was a new concept |work=businessworld.in|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/SIPL-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-Indian-healthcare-system/26-01-2021-370149/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= SIPL standing as strong pillar of Indian healthcare system|work= aninews.in |url= https://aninews.in/news/business/business/sipl-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-indian-healthcare-system20210126220706/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Mr. Sameer Bhati is the director of Star Imaging and Path lab |work= nationalreport.in |url= https://nationalreport.in/f/medanta-e-clinic-inauguration-at-star-imaging-and-path-lab |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Medanta E-clinic inauguration at Star Imaging & Path Lab to help the patients for timely consultation from the Expert Physician timely in New Delh |work= sameerbhati.com |url= https://sameerbhati.com/img/news/7-delhi-page-2.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= कोरोना वायरस टेस्ट कराने की सोच रहे हैं, तो इन बातों का रखें ध्यान |work= fit.thequint.com |url= https://fit.thequint.com/hindi/health-news-update/coronavirus-covid-19-test-things-to-keep-in-mind |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने और बनाए रखने के लिए लाइफस्टाइल में कुछ आदतें अपनाएं और कुछ से करें किनारा|work= jagran.com |url=https://m.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-good-and-balance-lifestyle-may-prevent-from-any-kind-of-infection-20615349.html |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Antibody test or Sero-Survey|work= hellopost.in |url= https://hellopost.in/antibody-test-or-sero-survey/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= We have done a commendable job with a small but highly efficient work force: Dr Sameer Bhati|work= expresshealthcare.in |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/we-have-done-a-commendable-job-with-a-small-but-highly-efficient-work-force-dr-sameer-bhati/424131/#respond |access-date=23 July 2021}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Events/Edit-a-thon

2021-07-12T16:25:10Z

Simba: /* Participants */ add more articles

Bharatpedia team is organizing an edit-a-thon. The goal of this edit-a-thon is to create [[India]]-related articles. The event will start on July 6, 2021 at 23:59 IST and will run for complete 30 days.
 
<center>{{Clickable button 2|#Participants|'''Join NOW'''|class=mw-ui-destructive}} '''{{Green|It's time to create and expand articles. Go ahead. {{Smiley}}}}'''</center>

== Expectations ==
It is announced that ''{{Tq|User that adds the most number of words or bytes during this edit-a-thon will be awarded a trophy and prize money of $100}}'' We expect that if you participate in this edit-a-thon, you'll create at least 10 articles. However, you may work on as many articles as you want.

== Who can join? ==
Any registered user with or without autoconfirmed user right can join. If your account is 5 days old and you have made a minimum of 20 edits you can post articles directly to the article namespace, but if you do not have the autoconfirmed user right yet, you can post a page in draft space and submit it for a review using the template <code>{{tl|submit}}</code> please see [[Bharatpedia:New user landing page]] for more.

== Rules ==
;For an article to be considered as part of this India Edit-a-thon, it must adhere to the following rules:
# '''{{red|Creation rule}}''': '''If you are creating a new article''' the new article must have a minimum length of 200 words (the prose count excludes templates, infoboxes, references, etc.)
# The articles should not copyright violation content and should follow verifiability.
# We strongly recommend you create your own content, but if you copy articles from Wikipedia you must add <code><nowiki>{{Source Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> tag at the end of the article.

;Points that you will earn per article:
* Creating a new article: 10
* Copying article from Wikipedia: 5
* Expanding existing article: 3

== Participants ==
Please add four tildes <nowiki>(~~~~)</nowiki>; this will automatically add your name:
*[[User:Simba|Simba]] ([[User talk:Simba|talk]]) (Articles: [[Surjit Patar]], [[Sukhvinder Amrit]], [[Satyapal Anand ‎]], [[Daya Singh Arif]], [[Bawa Balwant]], [[Shiv Kumar Batalvi]], [[Harbans Bhalla]], [[Chaman Lal Chaman]], [[Amarjit Chandan]])
*[[User:Hembram Bakhul |Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])
*[[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 11:31, 3 July 2021 (IST)
*[[User:Marvel|Marvel]][[User talk:Marvel|(talk)]] 11:35, 3 July 2021 (IST)
*[[User:Khan786|Khan786]] ([[User talk:Khan786|talk]]) 12:12, 3 July 2021 (IST)
*SonOfZeus 12:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)
*[[User:Ahimang|Ahimang]] ([[User talk:Ahimang|talk]]) 16:51, 3 July 2021 (IST)(Articles: [[Rana Kharkongor]])
* [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 16:59, 3 July 2021 (IST)
* [[User:Botaviq|Botaviq]] ([[User talk:Botaviq|talk]]) 23:41, 3 July 2021 (IST)
* [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 17:12, 5 July 2021 (IST) (Articles: [[14th Dalai Lama]], [[Life as the Dalai Lama]])
* [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 13:12, 12 July 2021 (IST)

== Coordinator ==
#[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]]

== Article suggestion ==
You can create any article directly related to India. It may be—
# a place (town, village)
# an educational institution (high school, college, university anywhere in India)
# Creations (book, movie, music album)
# any notable event
# anything else related to India
In brief write on anything that a is a) notable and b) connects India

== Prize ==
*1st position: A trophy and $100
*2nd position: $50
*3rd position: $30
*4th position: $20

== Articles created as part of this event ==
*Links pointing to their talk pages
So far, the following articles were created as part of this editathon:

== Statistics on the accomplishments of the event ==
This will be provided in due time.

Template:Pakistan-poet-stub

2021-07-12T16:18:28Z

Simba: Created page with "{{asbox | icon = {{Flagicon|Pakistan|30}} alt=Stub icon | pix = 30 | subject = | qualifier = about a Pakistani poet | catego..."

{{asbox
| icon = {{Flagicon|Pakistan|30}} [[Image:Quill and ink.svg|40x30px|alt=Stub icon]]
| pix = 30
| subject =
| qualifier = about a Pakistani poet
| category = Pakistani poet stubs
| tempsort = Poet
| name = Template:Pakistan-poet-stub
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<noinclude>
[[Category:Literature stub templates]]
</noinclude>

Damodar Gulati

2021-07-12T16:16:49Z

Simba: Created page with "'''Damodar Gulati''' (Punjabi: ਦਮੋਦਰ ਦਾਸ ਅਰੋੜਾ, {{Nq|دمودر داس اروڑا}}) also known as '''Damodar Das Arora''',..."

'''Damodar Gulati''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਦਮੋਦਰ ਦਾਸ ਅਰੋੜਾ, {{Nq|دمودر داس اروڑا}}) also known as '''Damodar Das [[Arora]]''', was a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] poet. He wrote the ''[[Punjabi Qisse|qissa]]'' ''[[Heer Ranjha|Heer and Ranjha]]'' (ہیر رانجھے دا قصہ), adapted from a legend.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Bharati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC|title=Different Types of History|date=2009|publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Education India]]|isbn=978-81-317-1818-6|pages=204|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gaur|first=I. D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ4CWDeKSxUC|title=Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of Bhagat Singh|date=2008|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-81-905835-0-3|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> He states in the poem that he is from [[Jhang]]—the home of Heer, one of the poem's two main characters.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=Geoffrey V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nj8rDwAAQBAJ|title=Performing Identities: Celebrating Indigeneity in the Arts|date=2017-07-05|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-351-55462-6|pages=51|language=en}}</ref> According to the ''Encyclopædia of Indian Literature'', Gulati's work had [[Sikhism|Sikh]] influences.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.124515/page/n535/mode/1up|title=Encyclopædia of Indian Literature|date=1949|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|editor-last=Datta|editor-first=Amaresh|volume=3|location=New Delhi|page=2418}}</ref> [[Waris Shah]] later adapted ''Heer and Ranjha''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shah|first=Waris|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12897/page/n1105/mode/1up|title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology|date=1959|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|year=1959|volume=3|location=New Delhi|pages=1090|translator-last=Kanda|translator-first=K. C.|chapter=Heer-Ranjha}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|last=Gulati|first=Damodar|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12897/page/n1004/mode/1up|title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology|date=1959|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|volume=3|location=New Delhi|pages=988–996|translator-last=Neki|translator-first=J. R.|chapter=Heer}} Selections from Gulati's ''Heer and Ranjha''.
{{Pakistan-poet-stub}}
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:Heer Ranjha]]

Amarjit Chandan

2021-07-12T16:15:51Z

Simba: Created page with "{{short description|Punjabi poet (born 1946)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{EngvarB|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox writer | name = Amarjit Chandan | native_name_lang =..."

{{short description|Punjabi poet (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Amarjit Chandan
| native_name_lang = pa
| native_name = ਅਮਰਜੀਤ ਚੰਦਨ
| image = Amarjit Chandan.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Chandan in 2011
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1946}}
| birth_place = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]
| language = Punjabi
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]]
| genre = Poetry, essays
| website = {{url|amarjitchandan.tripod.com/index.html}}
}}

'''Amarjit Chandan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਅਮਰਜੀਤ ਚੰਦਨ, born 1946) is a Punjabi writer, editor, translator and activist. He has written eight collections of poetry and five collections of essays in Punjabi. He has been called "the global face of modern Punjabi poetry".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbZUDwAAQBAJ&q=amarjit+chandan&pg=PT186|title=Legacies of the Homeland: 100 Must Read Books by Punjabi Authors|last=Singh|first=Paramjeet|date=2018-04-07|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=9781642494242|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/amarjit-chandans-world/|title=Chandan's world|last=Editor|first=T. N. S.|date=2014-09-21|website=TNS - The News on Sunday|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref>

He has published over 25 books of poetry and essays. He has edited over 15 books of poetry and essays. His work has been translated into many languages including Arabic, Brazilian-Portuguese, Greek, Italian, Slovene and Turkish.

== Biography ==

=== Initial years in Kenya ===

He was born in Nairobi, Kenya in 1946 where his father Gopal Singh Chandan, worked in the railways and later on took up photography as full-time profession.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/565986-writing-poetry-mystical-experience|title="Writing poetry is a mystical experience" {{!}} Encore {{!}} thenews.com.pk|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> He was also a leader of the clandestine Kenyan Ghadar Party, he worked as the general secretary of the Labour Trade Union of East Africa from 1940 to 1947 and the local Sikh community. He facilitated the travel of quite a few Ghadris through Kenya en route Moscow where they studied in the [[Communist University of the Toilers of the East]] (KUTV) also known as the Far East University. It was a revolutionary training school that operated under the umbrella of the Communist International and was in existence from 1921 until the late 1930s.

=== Move to (East) Punjab, India ===

In 1957 they moved to their ancestral town Nakodar in Punjab, India at the age of eight. He pursued higher studies at Panjab University, Chandigarh. Before Chandan joined the Maoist-Naxalite movement in East Punjab in 1971, he worked as a sub-editor in ''Nawan Zamana'' (New Age) daily newspaper published by the Punjabi communist party and later under Baba Gurmukh Singh of Lalton in Desh Bhagat Yadgar Jalandhar editing Yadgar's journal ''Desh Bhagat Yadan''. He also edited a special issue of ''Bharat Sewak'' on Indian national freedom fighters and actively assisted with the publications of Yuvak Kender.

He joined the [[Naxalite|Maoist movement]] in Punjab in 1969 and started ''Dastavez'' (The Document), the first ever revolutionary underground literary magazine in Punjabi. It proved to be the trend setter of militant or Jujhar phase in the history of Punjabi literature. It introduced Lal Singh Dil, Pash, Sant Ram Udasi, Darshan Khatkar, Harbhajan Halvarvi and others. Because of ''Dastavez'', he was proclaimed an offender during the Naxalite movement and carried a cash reward on his head.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikhchic.com/people/a_poet_for_all_seasons_amarjit_singh_chandan|title=sikhchic.com {{!}} Article Detail|website=sikhchic.com|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/society/she-wrote-their-destiny/648856.html|title=She wrote their destiny|last=Bharti|first=Vishav|date=9 September 2018|work=The Tribune|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> Later on he edited ''Lokyudh'' (People's War) and ''Baghawat'' (Revolt) political and literary magazines published by the CPI(ML) Punjab.

In August 1971, he was arrested in Amritsar and was tried on false charges of carrying bombs and bank robbery. He was given three years sentence and he underwent solitary confinement in Jalandhar and Amritsar jails.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/amarjit-chandan-psn606gm30v|title=Amarjit Chandan|last=Scott|first=Interview by Caroline|date=2005-04-17|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=2019-11-05|language=en|issn=0956-1382}}</ref>

After his release in August 1973 the first task he did was to collect letters of Shaheed Bhagat Singh and his comrades from National Archives New Delhi and publish them in Punjabi under the title ''Chithian: Shaheed Bhagat Singh te Sathi'' (Letters of Shahid Bhagat Singh & Comrades). He found and translated Bhagat Singh's famous article ''Why I am an Atheist''. Since then it has been reprinted many times. He founded the Shaheed Bhagat Singh Research Committee. Its other members were Professors Bipan Chander, Bhagwan Josh, Harish Puri and Jagmohan Singh, Bhagat Singh's nephew. During 1977-1979 he researched under Bipan Chander, the historian, on the Pepsu Muzara Lehar (Land tenants’ militant movement of the Pepsu) fought under the leadership of Lal Communist Party led by Teja Singh Sutantar. He edited ''Hem Jyoti'' when it was relaunched in 1974 under the Punjabi Sahit Sabhyachar Manch. Harbhajan Halvarvi and Pash were also on the editorial team. During 1977-80 he was also a correspondent from East Punjab for ''Economic & Political Weekly'' published in Bombay.

Chandan worked as an editor of ''Preet Lari'' during 1976-1977 and before that as the founding editor of short-lived literary magazine ''Disha'' (The Direction) published in Chandigarh.

A list of more than 100 naxalites killed in fake police encounters in East Punjab was published under his name in 1977. He was one of the founders of Jamhuri Adhikar Sabha Punjab (Association for the Protection of Democratic Rights, Punjab). In 1977 he was on the national Fact-Finding Team in Andhra Pradesh to investigate the murders of naxalites in police custody.

=== Migration to UK ===
[[File:Amarjit_Chandan_and_John_Berger_01.jpg|alt=|thumb|Amarjit Chandan and John Berger in 2016]]

In 1980, Chandan moved to the UK <ref name=":0" /> where he has been living ever since.<ref name=":1" /> He completed post-graduate Diploma in Translation with distinction from the Institute of Linguists in 1991. He was language consultant to the National Community Folklore Centre based at Middlesex Polytechnic. He worked as a part-time Lecturer in Punjabi at School of Languages, Polytechnic of Central London, 1983–1984. He worked for Translation & Interpreting Services, London Borough of Haringey from 1986 to 2003. He also translated for several publishing concerns, including the Indian Council of Historical Research, National Book Trust India, books of history, economics, fiction, non-fiction, children's literature, drama and poetry. He has translated works of [[Bertolt Brecht]], [[Pablo Neruda]], [[Yiannis Ritsos]], [[Nâzım Hikmet|Nazim Hikmet]], [[John Berger]] and others into Punjabi.<ref name=":2" />

English versions of his poems have appeared in magazines Artrage, Atlas, Bazaar, Brand, Brittle Star, Critical Quarterly, The Independent, Index on Censorship, Modern Poetry in Translation, Poetry Review, Race Today, Wasafiri (UK), Little Magazine (India), Papirus and Akköy (Turkey), Erismus, Ombrela and OdosPanos (Greece), Lettre Internationale (Romania) and Poetry International website.

Chandan’s short poem both in Punjabi and English engraved in 40-foot granite by Eric Peever is installed in a square in Slough High Street, UK.

He was one of ten British poets selected by Andrew Motion, the Poet Laureate, on BBC Radio 3 on National Poetry Day, 2001. He has participated in the Alderburgh, Ledbury, King’s Lynn, Winchester, Ó Bhéal poetry festivals and Poetry Parnassus in London in 2012. He represented the Punjab/UK in the International Literary Festival, Didim, Turkey in July 2006, Ljubljana (Slovenia) International Poetry Festival in 2015, Al-Marbed International Poetry Festival Basra Iraq in February 2017, Karachi Literary Festival in February 2018 and 6th Ó Bhéal Winter Warmer Poetry Festival, Cork City, Ireland (Nov 22nd - 25th 2018). He also participated in the Bradford Literature Festival (2016 and 2017) speaking on ‘WW1 and the Punjab’ and Partition respectively.

During World War 1 Centenary commemorations Chandan read his essay on Punjabi Folk Songs on WW1 at several events. In Edinburgh Art Festival Bani Abidi, Berlin-based acclaimed Pakistani artist, did a sound-sculpture ''Memorial to Lost Words'' on his poem on a Punjabi soldier’s letter written home set to music and sung by Ali Aftab Saeed. Chandan also wrote songs for musical ''The Troth'' (Dir. Gary Clarke, The Akademi, 2018. Based on Chandradhar Sharma Guleri’s classic Punjabi-Hindi story ''Uss ne kahaa tha'') staged in London, New Delhi and other Indian cities.

He worked on a British Library Sound Archive Project ''Between Two Worlds: Non-Anglophone Poets in England: Readings and Histories'' recording more than 30 poets.

Chandan formed a long-term association with [[John Berger]]. On Berger's 90th birthday in 2016, he co-edited ''A Jar of Wild Flowers: Essays in Celebration of John Berger''<ref name=":2" /> and anthology of poems by 90 poets ''The Long White Thread of Words''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smokestack-books.co.uk/book.php?book=124|title=The Long White Thread of Words|last=Books|first=Smokestack|website=smokestack-books.co.uk|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref>

Learning from John Berger: http://guftugu.in/2017/03/learning-from-john-berger-amarjit-chandan/

=== Association with (West) Punjab, Pakistan ===

He is known as the bridge between East and West Punjabi literature. He co-edits with Zubair Ahmad an annual magazine in Punjabi ''Baramah'' (lit. ‘Twelve Months’ – a poetic genre) published in the [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] script in Lahore.

=== Archives ===

Chandan has donated much rare material and many sound recordings of his interviews with eminent writers, artists and activists including his correspondence with John Berger to the British Library, [[Panjab Digital Library]], Chandigarh and Desh Bhagat Yadgar, Jalandhar.

In 1998 Chandan did oral history recordings of 12 early Punjabi immigrant workers in London for the Museum of London.

== Works ==

=== Works in Gurmukhi Punjabi ===

==== Poetry ====

*''Kaun Nahin Chahega'' (1975)
*''Kavitavan'' (1984)
*''Jarhan'' (1995)<ref name=":2" />
*''Beejak'' (1996)
*''Chhanna'' (1998)
*''Gurhti'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swWQDwAAQBAJ&q=Kaun+Nahi+Chahega+Amarjit+Chandan&pg=PT146|title=Identities in South Asia: Conflicts and Assertions|last1=Sachdeva|first1=Vivek|last2=Pradhan|first2=Queeny|last3=Venugopalan|first3=Anu|date=2019-04-09|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780429627798|language=en}}</ref>
*''Annjall'' (2006)
*''Paintee'' (2009)
*''Prem Kavitavan'' (2012)
*''Pardesi Dhola'' (2013)
*''Lammi Lammi Nadi Vahe'' (2014)
*''Sachi Taksaal'' (2016)
*''Sandook'' (2017)
*''Eh kāgad nahin hai: Ghadar virasat diān likhtān'' (2020)

==== Essays ====

*''Failsufian'' (1990)
*''Nishani'' (1997)
*''Hun Khin'': Conversations with Sohan Qadri (2001)
*''Potli'' (2009)
*''Likhat Parhat'' (2013, Reprint 2014)
*''Sakaar'' (2020)

==== Translated and edited works ====

*''Mera Nam Tera Nam Vietnam,'' anthology of Vietnamese poetry, (1968)
*''Mitti da Rung'' (1971)
*''Do Kināré'' (1982)
*''Apne aap ton dur'' (1984)
*''Vilaytiye'' (1986)
*''Meri Aap-Beeti,'' Autobiography of Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna. (2014)
*''Unni sau churasi'': Harbhajan Singh's Poems and Essays on 1984 (2017)
*''San Santali: Punjab de Ujarhey di shayri'': Punjabi Poetry on the 1947 Holocaust (2017)
*''Kanchan Kaya: Ajoki Punjabi Prem Kavita (Modern Punjabi Love Poetry)'', National Book Trust India (2021)
* ''Sirlekh: 20veen sadee de nibandh (20th Century Punjabi Essays)'', National Book Trust India (2021)

=== Works in Persian Punjabi ===

==== Poetry ====

* ''Guthli'' (1999)
* ''AnaraN vala Vehrha'' (2001)
* ''Nuqta'' (2007)

==== Essays ====

* ''Likhtam Parhtam (''2009)

=== Works in English ===

*''The Parrot, the Horse and the Man'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=St08jgEACAAJ&q=Amarjit+Chandan|title=The Parrot, the Horse and the Man|last=Chandan|first=Amarjit|date=2017-06-30|publisher=Arc Publications|isbn=9781910345252|language=en}}</ref>
*''Sonata For Four Hands'' (2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://poets.org/poet/amarjit-chandan|title=About Amarjit Chandan {{!}} Academy of American Poets|last=Poets|first=Academy of American|website=poets.org|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref>
*''Indians in Britain'' (1986)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTpnAAAAMAAJ&q=Indians+in+Britain+Amarjit+Chandan|title=Indians in Britain|last=Candana|first=Amarajīta|date=1986|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=9788120706309|language=en}}</ref>

==== Edited works ====

*''A Jar of Wild Flowers: Essays in Celebration of John Berger'' (2016), co-edited with Yasmin Gunaratnam, London: Zed Books<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPRiDgAAQBAJ&q=Amarjit+Chandan|title=A Jar of Wild Flowers: Essays in Celebration of John Berger|last=Gunaratnam|first=Yasmin|date=2016-11-05|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=9781783608829|language=en}}</ref>
*''The Long White Thread of Words: Poems for John'' Berger (2016), co-edited with Gareth Evans and Yasmin Gunaratnam. Ripon: Smokestack Books

=== Works translated in other languages ===

* ''ΦΟΡΕΣΕΜΕ (''2015) - translation in Greek by Christina Linardaki & Andreas Pitsillides
* رسالةٌتصلُمتأخرةً (A Letter Reaches Late) 2021. Selected poems in Arabic translation by Abdulkareem Kasid, Cairo: Arweqah

== Awards ==

* Lifetime Achievement Award - Languages Department, Punjab, India<ref name=":0" />
*Anād Kāv Sanmān in 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anadfoundation.org/anad-kav-sanman-poetry-award/kav-sanman/|title=Kāv Sanmān|date=2012-01-15|website=The Anād Foundation|language=en|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref>
*Lifetime Achievement Award from the Punjabis in Britain, All-Party Parliamentary Group, London in 2006<ref name=":1" />

== In film TV & Music ==
* Video: A short film by Kuldip Powar and Madi Boyd on Amarjit Chandan's two poems on [http://vimeo.com/41975072 ਮੋਰ مور Peacock (2012)]

* [[Awazzan]] (2019) - a documentary film by [[Gurvinder Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/on-wings-of-poetry-rests-john-berger-s-link-to-punjab/345986.html|title=On wings of poetry rests John Berger's link to Punjab|last=Sharma|first=Sarika|date=4 January 2019|work=The Tribune|access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref>
* [https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xu6bsp Likhat] (Lahore, 2009) - Interview by Mandana Zaidi. Directed by Syed Wajahat Hussain

* An archive film on him was made by the University of California, Santa Barbara in May 2007.

* Chandan’s poems and lyrics have been put to music by Saira Altaf, Mrityanjay Awasthi, Arieb Azhar (Islamabad), Anjana Kaul, Ali Aftab Saeed (Beygairat Brigade Lahore), Shrikant Shriram, Harpreet Singh and Madan Gopal Singh.

* Greek composer Andreas Pitsillides an alumnus of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama London has set Chandan's poetry to instrumental music.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://sounds.bl.uk/resources/betweentwoworlds.pdf?_ga=2.161116340.801347107.1552431554-868050744.1552431554 Amarjit Chandan reading "Between Two Worlds: Poetry & Translation"] at [[British Library Sound Archive]]
*[https://vimeo.com/327463323 Awazzan] on Vimeo
*https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xu6bsp
*https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/10489/Amarjit-Chandan
*https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100214/spectrum/book8.htm
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4moWNKCCaRc Interview with Sidhu Damdami (2011)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1Zba-5Srxk&t=19s Interview with Yadwinder Singh, ABP Sanjha (2019)]
* Interview with Baljit Balli, Day and Night TV: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3D_nXl1xMJg Part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmOkvsI_IdY Part 2]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcaDszh2NAU Interview with Punjabi Oral Histories (2018)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XkWcND-zhTk The Punjabi Muse - In Conversations with Harris Khaliqe, Karachi Literature Festival (2018)]
*[http://amarjitchandan.blogspot.com/2010/10/ Amarjit Chandan- Bridge Between Punjabs]
*'''Reading Selected Poems -''' http://apnaorg.com/audio/chandan/
*'''Reads a poem -''' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLaeT9Yvk8k
*'''Sukhan Lok -''' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGWQbUY2-H8
*'''Sukhan Lok -''' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcWub3rLGXo

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandan, Amarjit}}
[[Category:Poets from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]

Chaman Lal Chaman

2021-07-12T16:15:04Z

Simba: Created page with "{{EngvarB|date=April 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{disputed|date=December 2012}} {{Infobox writer | name = Chaman Lal Chaman | image = Chaman Lal Chaman (b1934).j..."

{{EngvarB|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{disputed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Chaman Lal Chaman
| image = Chaman Lal Chaman (b1934).jpg
| image_size =
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| caption =
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| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|74|2008|July|30}}<ref name="dna"/>
| birth_place = Pasla (now [[Jalandhar district]]), [[British Punjab]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[Lyricist]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Panjabi]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| nationality =
| citizenship = British
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = [[Folk music of Punjab|Panjabi]], [[Filmi]]
| subject = Social
| movement =
| notableworks = ''saun da mahina'' (song)
| spouse =
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'''Chaman Lal Chaman''' is a London-based noted [[Punjabi people|Panjabi]] poet, lyricist and radio broadcaster.<ref name="dna">{{cite web | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_poetry-and-lyrics-are-my-first-love_1180598 | title = 'Poetry and lyrics are my first love' | publisher = DNAIndia.com | date = 30 July 2008 | accessdate = 23 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b019lxj6 | title=Chaman Lal Chaman talks about his life | publisher=[[BBC]] | accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> He is the writer of a popular [[Punjabi language|Panjabi]] song, ''saun da mahina'', sung by [[Jagjit Singh]] in 1979.<ref name="dna"/><ref name="aa">{{cite web | url = http://asianaffairs.in/january2010/press-release.html | title = Chaman blooms in Britain | publisher = AsianAffairs.in | date = January 2010 | accessdate = 23 November 2012 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130217210427/http://asianaffairs.in/january2010/press-release.html | archivedate = 17 February 2013 }}</ref> He also writes in [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]].

He wrote a [[Bhangra (popular music)|Bhangra]] song for Gurinder Chadha's [[Bride and Prejudice]], starring [[Aishwarya Rai]] with music by [[Anu Malik]], and many songs and ghazals for [[Jagjit Singh]] and his wife [[Chitra Singh]]. His lyrics has also been sung by noted Indian singers like [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Sonu Nigam]].<ref name="r">{{cite web | url=http://www.glamour.raafatrola.com/songs-and-lyrics/chaman-lal-chaman-song-lyrics | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104105307/http://www.glamour.raafatrola.com/songs-and-lyrics/chaman-lal-chaman-song-lyrics | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 January 2013 | title=Chaman Lal Chaman Song-Lyrics | accessdate=25 November 2012 }}</ref>

He worked as a radio presenter in [[Kenya]] and [[Great Britain|Britain]] and interviewed more than a hundred celebrities including, [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] and [[Naushad]].

He was honored in [[London]] in 2010 and was presented the Asian Achievers Gold Award for his achievements in media, art and culture.<ref name="aa"/><ref name="oa">{{cite web | url=http://www.openarticle.com/article.cfm?id=70E8E412-123D-4467-847611E4ABFED874 | title=CHAMAN BLOOMS IN BRITAIN - Veteran Broadcaster, Poet, Lyricist and Journalist Honoured with a Major Award | publisher=OpenArticle.com | accessdate=25 November 2012 }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Chaman Lal Chaman died in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandan|first=Amarjit|date=2019-04-01|title=Chaman Lal Chaman obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/apr/01/chaman-lal-chaman-obituary|access-date=2021-06-28|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and works ==

Chaman was born in a small village of [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]], Pasla.<ref name="dna"/> His mother died when he was a child and his father called him to [[Kenya]] where he worked as a presenter for Kenyan Radio, The Voice of Kenya, in [[Nairobi]] during the 1950s and 1960s<ref name="dna"/> and interviewed more than a hundred celebrities, including a noted [[Bollywood]] actor [[Sunil Dutt]] when he visited Kenya.

Later, spending nearly 18 years, from 1956 to 1974,<ref name="aa"/> he moved to [[Great Britain|Britain]] and worked at the Asian service of [[BBC]] and Panjab Radio, UK.

He started the first Indian commercial radio programme in London called ''Geetmala'' which became a rage among the Asian diaspora. He also anchored the weekly programmes on BBC's TV One and BBC Radio Four during the 1990s.<ref name="dna"/>

=== Literary works ===

At the age of 13, he wrote a poem on [[Guru Nanak Dev]]'s birthday and was given rupee 1 as an award which stirred his inner poet. After that he wrote many poems and has published three anthologies of his poems.

On the 50th anniversary of India and Pakistan's independence, he penned a play, ''Sare Jahan Se Achha'', directed by the noted Punjabi writer [[Balwant Gargi]] and the music was composed by ghazal singer, [[Jagjit Singh]].<ref name="aa"/> It was a major success when played in [[London]] and other cities of Britain in 1997 and 98.<ref name="oa"/>

== See also ==
*[[Balwant Gargi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaman, Chaman Lal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language songwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:BBC radio presenters]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]

Harbans Bhalla

2021-07-12T16:14:18Z

Simba: Created page with "{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}} '''Harbans Bhalla ''' (7 May 1930 – 5 April 1993) was the author of ''Peelay Pattar'',<ref nam..."

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
'''Harbans Bhalla ''' (7 May 1930 – 5 April 1993) was the author of ''[[Peelay Pattar]]'',<ref name="Indian Express">{{ cite news | title=Prolific writer, but not in limelight | url=http://www.harbansbhalla.com/userfiles/images/Untitled-4.jpg | author=Neha Amin | access-date=14 April 2013 | publisher=Indian Express }}</ref> a long [[Urdu language|Urdu]] [[epic poetry|epic poem]], a creation realized after 14 years of writing. He was a writer, poet, philosopher, and a scholar, who wrote in the [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Shahmukhi]] and [[Urdu language]]s.

==Biography==
Harbans Bhalla was born in [[Pasrur]], now in the [[Sialkot District]] of [[Pakistan]]. To his mother's pride, he wrote his first story in the 7th standard; It was titled ''Meri Mehbooba''.<ref name="Indian Express" /> After the [[partition of India]] in 1947 he moved to [[Amritsar]], India.<ref name=HB>{{ cite web | url=http://www.harbansbhalla.com/index.php | title=Harbans Bhalla (main page) | publisher=Harbans Bhalla.com | access-date=14 April 2013 }}</ref> Rather than having been inspired by other writers, Bhalla's works came organically from his feelings. Bhalla had a unique writing style: for a given topic he wrote 20 – 1,000 verses and each started with the same word.<ref name="Indian Express" /> He wrote more than 14 books which were written and published in several languages.<ref name=HB />

He penned an [[Urdu language|Urdu]] [[epic poetry|epic poem]]{{#tag:ref|The ''[[Epic of Manas]]'' is claimed to be the longest epic poem in history, according to the authors of "Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art." ''[[Mahabharata]]'' is also claimed to be the longest poem in history, according to Meta Chaya Hirschl, author of "Vital Yoga." The previous "longest verse poem", ''[[Shahnameh|Shâhnameh]]'', was written by [[Ferdowsi]] (or Phirdousi) in the 10th century. It was a 60 thousand verse poem that took 35 years to write.|group="nb"}} titled ''Peelay Pattar'' (meaning ''yellow leaves'') with 70,000 verses. Peelay Pattar is originally written in Shahmukhi language which is a variant of the Perso-Arabic script used to write the Punjabi language. It took him 14 years (From 1978 to 1992 )to complete the work and he hoped that it would make the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref name="Indian Express" /> The first of ten volumes of the work will be released at the [[Punjabi University]] on 7 May 2013, which is the 83rd anniversary of his birth.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

One of his stories ''Tazaaka'' was selected for a [[Hindi film]]. He subsequently received offers for his works to be included in Indian movies, but he rejected the offers.<ref name="Indian Express" /> His works were published in newspapers.<ref>Images of his works in newspapers: [http://www.harbansbhalla.com/userfiles/images/Untitled-3(1).jpg Image 1][http://www.harbansbhalla.com/userfiles/images/Untitled-2.jpg newspaper image ]{{cite press release | url=http://www.harbansbhalla.com/userfiles/images/Untitled-2.jpg | title=Bhalla breaks Ferdowsi record of Longest Poetry | access-date=15 April 2013}} and [http://www.harbansbhalla.com/userfiles/images/Untitled-4.jpg Image 2]. HarbansBhalla.com. Retrieved 14 April 2013.</ref> During his lifetime he was considered a "lesser known figure in the literary circles of [[Gujarat]]," India. After suffering from cancer,<ref name="Indian Express" /> he died on 5 April 1993.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

== Published works ==
Some of his published works include:
* ''Peelay Pattar'' (Punjabi)
* ''Rekha'' (Gujarati)
* ''Ik Lehar Du Pathar''<ref>{{ cite book | title=Ik Lehar Du Pathar | author=Harbans Bhalla | publisher=Arsi Publications | year=1982 }}</ref>
* ''Jad Phul Khidey'' (Punjabi)
* ''Zhanjar Dharti Di'' (Punjabi)
* ''Kani Kani Chandani'' (Punjabi)
* ''Piase Rishtey'' (Punjabi)<ref>{{ cite book | title=Piase rishte | author=Harbans Bhalla | publisher=Arsi Publications | year=1992 }}</ref>
* ''Nike Nike Ghungru'' (Punjabi)<ref>{{ cite book | title=Nike Nike Ghungru | author=Harbans Bhalla | publisher=Arsi Publications | year=1988 }}</ref>
* ''Nari Ba Roop'' (Sindhi)
* ''Pyarji Rah Anagee'' (Sindhi)
* ''Khoon Patthar Pyar'' ( Sindhi)
* ''Akinchan Sambandho'', a novel With N. A. Vora<ref>{{ cite book | title=Akinchan Sambandho | author=Harbans Bhalla, N. A. Nora | publisher=Harsh | year=1993 }}</ref>

==Poetic Journey==
Harbans Bhalla is famous for his literary poetic work ''peele pattar''which has almost 70,000 verses or rhythmic couplets. He took fourteen years to complete. Peelay Pattar is originally written in Shahmukhi language which is a variant of the Perso-Arabic script used to write the Punjabi language. It took him 14 years to complete the work and he hoped that it would make the Limca Book of Records.The first of ten volumes of the work will be released at the Punjabi University on 7 May 2013, which is the 83rd anniversary of his birth.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://rangpunjabi.org/punjabi-personalities/harbans-bhalla| title= harbans bhalla peehle pattar| access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> 10 volumes of the magnum opus, “Peelay Pattar” was released at the [[6th World Punjabi Conference]] by [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Vidhan Sabha]] speaker, [[Rana KP Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/national/news/late-harbans-bhallas-magnum-opus-peelay-pattar-released-at-world-punjabi-conference--73281.aspx|title=Late Harbans Bhalla's magnum opus, "Peelay Pattar" released at World Punjabi Conference|website=www.punjabnewsexpress.com|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=70490&headline=Late-Harbans-Bhalla%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9CPeelay-Pattar%E2%80%9D-released-at-World-Punjabi-Conference|title=Late Harbans Bhalla's "Peelay Pattar" released at World Punjabi Conference|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalla, Harbans}}
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sialkot District]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]

Shiv Kumar Batalvi

2021-07-12T16:13:24Z

Simba: Created page with "{{cleanup reorganize|date=May 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date= October 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see :Template:I..."

{{cleanup reorganize|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date= October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Shiv Kumar Batalvi
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = Shiv Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1936|10|08}}
| birth_place = [[Barapind]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] (now [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1973|5|6|1936|07|23}}
| death_place = [[Pathankot district|Kiri Mangyal]], [[Punjab, India]]
| occupation = Poet, author, playwright, lyricist
| nationality = Indian
| period = 1960–1973
| genre = poetry, [[prose]], play
| subject = [[Pathos]], [[passion (emotion)|passion]],
| movement = [[Romanticism]]
| notableworks = ''[[Loona (Punjabi epic)|Loona]]'' (1965)
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| spouse = Aruna Batalvi
| signature = Shiv_Kumar_Batalvi_signature.svg
}}

'''Shiv Kumar Batalvi''' (23 July, 1936<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shodhganga|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/104123/4/04_chapter%201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Shodhganga|hdl=10603/104123|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/104123|url-status=live}}</ref> - 6 May, 1973<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shodhganga|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/104123/4/04_chapter%201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-07|title=Remebering Shiv Kumar Batalvi: Fan recalls time when poet was the hero|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/remebering-batalvi-fan-recalls-time-when-poet-was-the-hero-shiv-kumar-batalvi-sahitya-akademi-award-punjab-amrita-pritam/story-osTPqIJedSso5AMHQcQmBP.html|access-date=2021-05-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>) was an [[India]]n poet, writer and playwright of the [[Punjabi language]]. He was most known for his romantic poetry, noted for its heightened passion, pathos, separation and lover's agony.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA258&dq=Jaswant+Singh+Neki&hl=en&ei=vnaQTtPqF4PSrQfLvumoAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=Jaswant%20Singh%20Neki&f=false Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India]'', by Nalini Natarajan, Emmanuel Sampath Nelson. Greenwood Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-313-28778-3}}. ''Page 258''</ref>

He became the youngest recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1967, given by the [[Sahitya Akademi]] (India's National Academy of Letters), for his epic [[verse play]] based on the ancient legend of [[Puran Bhagat]], ''[[Loona (Punjabi epic)|Loona]]'' (1965),<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10316.htm#punjabi List of Punjabi language awardees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234058/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10316.htm |date=31 March 2009 }} [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] Official listings.</ref> now considered a masterpiece in modern [[Punjabi literature]],<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?page=2006%5C11%5C16%5Cstory_16-11-2006_pg13_4 World Performing Arts Festival: Art students awed by foreign artists] ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]'', 16 November 2006.</ref> and which also created a new genre, of modern [[Punjabi Kisse|Punjabi kissa]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030504/spectrum/book6.htm Shiv Kumar] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 4 May 2003.</ref> Today, his poetry stands in equal footing, amongst that by stalwarts of modern [[Punjabi literature|Punjabi poetry]], like [[Mohan Singh (poet)]] and [[Amrita Pritam]],<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040111/spectrum/book10.htm Pioneers of modern Punjabi love poetry] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 11 January 2004.</ref> all of whom are popular on both sides of [[Indo-Pakistan border]].<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_19-5-2004_pg3_5 The Batala phenomenon] ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]'', 19 May 2004.</ref>

==Biography==

Shiv Kumar Batalvi was born on 23 July 1936 (though a few documents related to him state 8 October 1937) in village [[Barapind|Bara Pind Lohtian]], [[Shakargarh Tehsil]], [[Sialkot]] District (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province, [[Pakistan]]), to Pandit Krishan Gopal, village [[tehsildar]] in the revenue department, and Shanti Devi, a housewife.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

In 1947, when he was aged 11, his family moved to [[Batala]], [[Gurdaspur district]] after [[partition of India]], where his father continued his work as a [[patwari]] and young Shiv received his primary education.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000430/spectrum/main2.htm#3 Shiv Kumar Batalvi] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 30 April 2000.</ref> Allegedly, he was a dreamy child, often vanishing for the duration of the day, to be found lying under trees by the riverbank close to the [[Mandir]] or Hindu temple outside the village, lost in a brown reverie. He appears to have been fascinated by local renditions of the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', as well as wandering [[minstrel]] singers, [[snake charmers]] and the like – which feature as metaphors in his poetry, giving it a uniquely rural flavour.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

=== Personal life ===
He met a girl named Maina at a fair in [[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh|Baijnath]]. When he went back to look for her in her hometown, he heard the news of her death and wrote his elegy Maina. This episode was to prefigure numerous other partings that would serve as material to distil into poems. Perhaps the most celebrated such episode is his fascination for Gurbaksh Singh Preetlari's daughter who left for the US and married someone else. When he heard of the birth of her first child, Shiv wrote 'Main ik shikra yaar banaya', perhaps his most famous love poem. It's said that when she had her second child, someone asked Shiv whether he would write another poem. Shiv replied "Have I become responsible for her? Am I to write a poem on her every time she gives birth to a child?"

The poem 'Main ek shikra yaar banaya' is in the Punjabi Language, the English translation of this poem is also equally beautiful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sarkarinaukri.ws/maye-ni-maiye-shiv-kumar-batalvi-songs-english/|title=Maye Ni Maiye - Shiv Kumar Batalvi Songs - English Translation - Sarkari Naukri|date=27 June 2020}}</ref> Shiv Kumar Batalvi's poems have been sung by famous singers such as Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Ghulam Ali, Jagjit Singh, Hans Raj Hans, and many others.

On 5 February 1967 he married, Aruna,<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030508/cth1.htm#7 Batalvi’s better half comes calling] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 8 May 2003.</ref> a Brahmin girl from his own caste. She is from [[Kiri Mangyal]], [[Gurdaspur district]], and later the couple had two children, Meharban (1968) and Puja (1969).

===Education===

He completed his matriculation in 1953, from [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Panjab University]], and enrolled in the F.Sc. program at Baring Union Christian College, [[Batala]], though before completing his degree he moved to S.N. College, [[Qadian]], where he joined the Arts program more suited to his persona, though he left that too in the second year. Thereafter he joined a school at [[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh]] to do a diploma in Civil Engineering, here again he left it in the middle.<ref name="Sikh">[http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/arts/shiv%20batalvi/Shiv%20batalvi.htm Shiv Kumar Batalvi] ''sikh-heritage.co.uk''.</ref> Next he studied for some time at Govt. Ripudaman College, [[Nabha]].

===Youngest recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award===
Later in life, his father got a job as [[patwari]] at Qadian, it was during this period, that he produced some of his best work. His first anthology of poems was published in 1960, titled ''Piran da Paraga'' (The Scarf of Sorrows), which became an instant success. Some senior writers of Batlaviji, including [[Jaswant Singh Rahi]], Kartar Singh Balgan and Barkat Ram Yumman, as the saying goes, took him under their wings. In 1965, he became the youngest recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1967, for his [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]], a [[verse play]] ''Loona'' (1965).<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10316.htm#punjabi Sahitya Akademi Award Punjabi 1957–2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234058/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10316.htm|date=31 March 2009}} ''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] Official listings.''</ref> His poetry recitations, and singing his own verse, made he and his work even more popular amongst the masses.

Soon after his marriage, in 1968, he shifted to [[Chandigarh]], where he joined the [[State Bank of India]], as a PRO. In the following years, bad health plagued him, though he continued to write prolifically.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

===Trip to England===
In May 1972, Shiv visited [[England]] on the invitation of Dr. Gupal Puri and Mrs. Kailash Puri. He had been looking forward to his first trip abroad as a welcome relief from the drudgery of his life in [[Chandigarh]]. When he arrived in England, his popularity and fame had already reached a high point among the Punjabi community. His arrival was announced in the local Indian papers with headlines and pictures. [Takhar. Int. 2002]. He spent a busy time in England. A number of public functions and private parties were arranged in his honour where he recited his poetry. Dr. Gupal Puri arranged the first large function in Coventry, near London, to welcome Shiv. A large number of his fans and Punjabi poets, including Santokh Singh Dhir, Kuldip Takhar and Tarsem Purewal and many others attended this function. Another large gathering was organised at Rochester (Kent) in his honour. The famous artist S. Sobha Singh was also present who had travelled on his own expense to see Shiv. His engagements in England were regularly reported in the local Indian media and the BBC Television once interviewed him. While Punjabi community got their opportunity to listen to Shiv on various occasions, his stay in London proved to be the last straw for his failing health. He would stay late and continue to drink until 2:00 or 2:30 in the morning at parties or at home engaged in discussions with his hosts and other people who would come to visit him. He would wake up after a short sleep around 4:00 A.M. and begin his day by again taking a couple of sips of Scotch.[Kaur 1998].

===Final days===
When Shiv returned from England in September 1972, his health had declined visibly. He was now bitterly complaining about the undue criticism of his poetry by the progressive and leftist writers. He openly started talking about his disappointment at the unjustified condemnation of his poetry. [Gargi 2000 'Surme Walee Akhah' ]. Within a couple of months after his return from England, his health started sinking, never to recover again. He was in a dire financial predicament during those days and felt that most of his friends had deserted him in his time of need. His wife Arun, somehow managed to get him admitted in a hospital in Sector 16 of Chandigarh where he received treatment for a few days. A couple of months later, he was admitted in a hospital in Amritsar, but left it on his own against the advice of his doctors. He didn't want to die in a hospital and simply walked out of the hospital and went to his family home in Batala. He was later shifted to the village of his in-laws, Kiri Mangial, a small village near the border with Pakistan. Shiv Kumar Batalvi died in Kiri Mangial during the early morning hours of 6 May 1973.

==Death==
After Shiv Kumar Batalvi returned from his England tour in 1972, he got affected by liver cirrhosis. His health issues put the family in a financial crisis. This was possibly the reason Shiv Kumar Batalvi along with his wife Aruna Batalvi moved to Shiv's maternal village, where he breathed his last.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/a-wife-remembers/584735.html A wife remembers] ''[[The Tribune]]'', 6 May 2018.</ref>

==Legacy==
One of his anthology, ''Alvida'' (Farewell) was published posthumously in 1974, by the [[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar]]. 'Shiv Kumar Batalvi Award' for Best Writer, is given each year.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031021/ldh2.htm 7 Punjabi writers, folk singers honoured] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 21 October 2003.</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020416/region.htm Shiv Kumar Batalvi Award] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 16 April 2002.</ref>

Shiv Kumar Batalvi Auditorium is constructed to commemorate 75th Birth anniversary of the eminent poet of Punjab in Batala. It is situated in Jalandhar Road, Batala. A world-class auditorium to inspire generations to come in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2020-06-28|title=Shiv Kumar Batalvi|url=https://sarkarinaukri.ws/shiv-kumar-batalvi-biography-4-phase-love-life/,%20https://sarkarinaukri.ws/shiv-kumar-batalvi-biography-4-phase-love-life/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-08|website=sarkarinaukri.ws|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Publications==
[[File:Aloona Tola (Shiv Kumar Batalvi Sahb).jpg|thumb|Aloona Tola]]
* ''Piran da Paraga'' (The Scarful of Sorrows) (1960)
*''Lajwanti'' (1961)
*''Aate Diyan Chiriyaan'' (1962)
* ''Mainu Vida Karo'' (Bid Me Farewell) (1963)
*''Dardmandan Diyan Aahin'' (1964)
*''Birha Tu Sultan'' (1964)
*''[[Loona (Punjabi epic)|Loona]]'' (1965)
*''Main Te Main'' (I and Me) (1970)
* ''Aarti'' (Prayer) (1971)
Source:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shiv Kumar Batalvi, His life, Works and Place in Panjabi Literature|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/104123/6/06_chapter%203.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In media==
Many of his poems were sung by Deedar Singh Pardesi. [[Jagjit Singh]]-[[Chitra Singh]], and Surinder Kaur, have also sung many of his poems.<ref>[http://readerswords.wordpress.com/2006/05/07/shiv-kumar-batalvi/ Shiv Kumar Batalvi]</ref> [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]'s rendition of one of his poem "Maye Ni Maye" is known for its soulfulness and imagery. [[Rabbi Shergill]]'s debut album [[Rabbi (album)|Rabbi]] (2004) features his poem "Ishtihar". [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] folk singer, [[Hans Raj Hans]] also did a popular album, 'Gham', on the poetry of Shiv Kumar. In 2005, a compilation album was released, titled, ''Ek Kudi Jida Naa Mohabbat... 'Shiv Kumar Batalvi'', with numbers sung by [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Jagjit Singh]] and [[Asa Singh Mastana]].<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000VEOV6O ''Ek Kudi Jida Naa Mohabbat...''] ''[[Amazon.com]]''.</ref>

In 2004, Punjabi play titled ''Dardaan Da Darya'' based on the life of Shiv Kumar was performed at 'Punjab Kala Bhavan', [[Chandigarh]].<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=86249 In the deep sea of power, and poetry of pain, pathos] ''[[Indian Express]]'', 1 June 2004.</ref>

Several of his poems have been adapted for movies, e.g. "Ajj Din Chhadeya Tere Rang Varga," was adapted in 2009 [[Hindi]] movie [[Love Aaj Kal]] which became an instant hit.

In 2012, Album titled "Panchee Ho javan" based on a same-titled poem written by Shiv Kumar Batalvi was sung by [[Jasleen Royal]] and the album also contains another song "Maye Ni" based on the poem "Maye Ni Maye".

In 2014, rap duo "Swet Shop Boys", consisting of Indo-American Himanshu Suri, and British Pakistani Riz Ahmed, released a song entitled "Batalvi" which sampled Shiv Kumar Batalvi's own recitation of "Ikk Kudi Jihda Naam Mohabbat Ghum Hai" from an interview done with Aikam TV in the early 1970s. The song's lyrics explore issues regarding cultural identity faced by many second-generation south Asians living in the west.

Also in 2014, Pakistani pop singer Sarmad Qadeer scored a hit single on the official Asian Download chart in the UK with his interpretation of "Maiye Ni Maiye".<ref>[http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/ Asian Download Chart]. officialcharts.com</ref>

His poem "Ikk Kudi Jihda Naam Mohabbat Ghum Hai" was made into a song featured in [[Udta Punjab]]. Featuring [[Alia Bhatt]], it was sung by [[Shahid Mallya]] and later reprised by [[Diljit Dosanjh]].

In 2016, Punjabi rapper [[Kay Kap]]'s album "Kaagaz" featured a song entitled ''Pind Bewafaayiyaan'' which was inspired & conceptualized from Shiv Kumar Batalvi's poem "Ikk Kudi Jihda Naam Mohabbat Ghum Hai". The song's lyrics concluded from the lost girl named 'Mohabbat (Love)' belonging to the village named 'Bewafaayiyaan (Betrayal)' thus, giving birth to a new theory based on Shiv Kumar's poetry that forms a different set of consequences.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=bmFYZANvqRoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Shiv+Kumar+Batalvi&lr=&sig=ACfU3U01iY5-5ji7WbHry4NRZ0hknOCs9A Makers of Indian Literature: ''Shiv Kumar Batalvi''], by [[Prof. S.Soze]], Published by Sahitya Akademi, 2001. {{ISBN|81-260-0923-3}}.
* Shiv Kumar Batalvi : Jeevan Ate Rachna
* ''Shiv Batalvi: A Solitary and Passionate singer'', by Om Prakash Sharma, 1979, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi LCCN: 79-905007.
* ''Shiv Kumar Batalvi, Jiwan Te Rachna'', by Jeet Singh Sitola. LCCN: 83-900413
* ''Shiv Kumar da Kavi Jagat'', by Dharam Pal Singola. LCCN: 79-900386
* ''Shiv Kumar, Rachna Samsar'', by Amarik Singh Punni. LCCN: 90-902390
* ''Shiv Kumar, Kavi vich Birah''; by Surjit Singh Kanwal. LCCN: 88-901976

==External links==
* [http://poshampa.org/writers/shiv-kumar-batalvi/ Poems of Shiv Kumar Batalvi]
* [http://www.shivbatalvi.com/ Shiv Batalvi www.Shivbatalvi.com]
* [http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/punjabi-poets/26380-shiv-kumar-batalvi-1936-1973-a.html A biography on Shiv Kumar Batalvi]
* [http://folkpunjab.com/literature/shiv-kumar-batalvi A great collection of Shiv Kumar Batalvi's Poems]
* [http://hook2book.com/index.php?rt=product/search&keyword=Shiv%20Kumar%20Batalvi All Poetry Books of Shiv Kumar Batalvi]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWYCoZXM8wI Shiv Kumar Batalvi’s interview by BBC]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Batalvi, Shiv Kumar}}
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[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]
[[Category:People from Barapind]]
[[Category:Deaths from cirrhosis]]
[[Category:Romantic poets]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
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[[Category:Poets from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Bawa Balwant

2021-07-12T16:12:40Z

Simba: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}} {{short description|Punjabi poet}} {{Infobox person |name = Bawa Balwant |image = |alt = |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = August 1915..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{short description|Punjabi poet}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Bawa Balwant
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = August 1915
|birth_place = Neshta (now [[Amritsar district]]), [[British Punjab]]
|death_date = June {{death year and age|1972|1915}}
|death_place = New Delhi, India
|nationality = Indian
|other_names = Bava Balwant
|known_for = Poetry
|occupation = Poet, Writer
}}

'''Mangal Sen''' (1915–1972) was a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] writer, poet and essayist in [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]], India.<ref name="bb">{{cite book | title=Bawa Balwant | publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] | author=Kaang, Kulbir Singh | authorlink=Kulbir Singh Kaang | year=1998| isbn=81-26005629 | series=Makers of Indian Literature}}</ref><ref name="ti2">{{Cite news |title=Bawa Balwant's sad saga |date=2 June 2005 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Chandigarh, India |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050602/aplus.htm#2 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Rqxn2dIu?url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050602/aplus.htm |archive-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> He wrote first under the name '''Balwant Rai''', but is most famous for his poetry under his [[pen name]] '''Bawa Balwant'''. He started writing poetry in [[Urdu]] but later switched to his [[mother tongue]] of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="ti2" /><ref name="ao">{{Cite web|title=Bawa Balwant|publisher=Academy of the Punjab in North America| url=http://www.apnaorg.com/books/tasneem/Ch-31-Poetry-7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505081525/http://apnaorg.com/books/tasneem/Ch-31-Poetry-7.html|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Balwant is credited with helping start the progressive movement in Punjabi poetry.<ref name="bb" /><ref name="ao" /> He also made a contribution to the freedom struggle of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Virsa Vihar to celebrate birth centenary of Bawa Balwant |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/virsa-vihar-to-celebrate-birth-centenary-of-bawa-balwant-155909 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Mangal Sen was born in August 1915<ref name=bb/> to a middle-class family, in the ancient<ref name="ti1">{{Cite news |author=Walia, Varinder |date=2 June 2005 |title='Garden of beautiful girl' in ruins |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Chandigarh, India |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050602/aplus.htm#1 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Rqxn2dIu?url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050602/aplus.htm |archive-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> village of Neshta in the [[Indian Punjab]].<ref name="ti2" /> Neshta ({{lang-pa|ਨੇਸ਼ਟਾ}})<ref name="vp">{{cite web | url=http://www.veerpunjab.com/page.php?id=516 | title=ਬਾਵਾ ਬਲਵੰਤ | publisher=VeerPunjab | access-date=5 May 2012}}</ref> is near [[Wagah|Wagah border]] and now falls under the [[Amritsar district]]<ref name="ti1" /> He received his primary education from his father, Thakur Dina Nath, and learned [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<ref name="ti2" /> and [[Sanskrit]]. He got a job in [[Amritsar]] where he developed a passion for music.<ref name="ti2" /> He was heavily influenced by the Urdu poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]].<ref name="bb" /><ref name="ao" />

His father, Thakur Dina Nath, was a ''hakeem'' (English:desi doctor). He had two brothers and two sisters.<ref name="bb" /><ref name="ti2" /> His brothers was unmarried while his marriage was followed by a quick separation.<ref name="ti2" /> [[Sujan Singh]], a noted story writer of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref name="ss">{{cite book | title=Sujan Singh | publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] | author=Kaang, Kulbir Singh | authorlink=Kulbir Singh Kaang | year=2003 | pages=53 | isbn=81-260-1742-2 | series=Makers of Indian Literature}}</ref> was one of his close friends.

== Literary works ==

Greatly influenced by [[Mohammad Iqbal]], he started writing [[Urdu]] poetry<ref name="ao" /> and later switched over to his [[mother tongue]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. His first book in Urdu, ''Sher-E-Hind'', was banned by the British administration.<ref name="bb" /><ref name="ti2" /> His poetic collections include ''Amar Geet'', ''Maha Nach'',<ref name="ao" /> ''Jwalamukhi'', ''Sugand-Sameer'' and ''Bandergah''.<ref name="ti2" /> He published one essay collection, ''Kis Taraan De Naach''.<ref name="bb" />

== Legacy ==

He died due to the heat of June in 1972 in New Delhi.<ref name="bb" /><ref name="ti2" /> Today, except his literal works, nothing belonging to him is traceable.<ref name="ti2" /> Neshta, the Punjab's most ancient village lies neglected with his house ruined.<ref name="bb" /><ref name="ti2" /> His two sisters are unknown.<ref name="ti2" /> Nobody knows where they live.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Balwant, Bawa}}
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
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[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
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Daya Singh Arif

2021-07-12T16:11:15Z

Simba: Created page with "{{short description|Punjabi poet and theologist}} {{More citations needed|date=November 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {..."

{{short description|Punjabi poet and theologist}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Daya Singh Arif
| subject =
| signature_alt =
| signature =
| awards =
| relatives =
| children =
| partner =
| spouse =
| notableworks = ''Zindagi Bilas'', ''Fanah da Makan'', ''Suputtar Bilas''
| movement = Punjabi Dalit Literature
| genre = [[Punjabi literature]]
| birth_date = 1894
| period = British Raj Era
| alma_mater =
| education =
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| occupation = Poet, Writer, Composer and Singer.
| resting_place =
| death_place = [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date = 1945
| birth_place = Jalalabad East, [[Kot Ise Khan]], [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| website =
}}

[[Sadhu]] '''Daya Singh Arif''' (1894–1945) was a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] poet, theologist and balladeer.

== Personal life ==
Daya Singh was born into [[Mazhabi Sikh]] community to Santa Singh at Punjab, British India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gujral|first=Maninder S.|title=DAYA SINGH, ARIF|url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/famous-sikh-personalities/daya-singh-arif|access-date=2020-11-19|website=The Sikh Encyclopedia -ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-04-01|title=Waiting for spring|url=https://www.himalmag.com/dalit-sikhism-waiting-spring/|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Himal Southasian|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Career ==
He read wide range of secular literature and as also reached the stage of ‘[[brahmgiani]]’ through meditation and contemplation like Sadhu Wazir Singh which is apparent from his assuming the title of ‘Arif’.

His book, ''Atam Hamrahi'', is one of prominent among Punjabi Dalit literature.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Abraham|first1=Joshil K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph4-CgAAQBAJ&q=sadhu+daya+singh+arif&pg=PA192|title=Dalit Literatures in India|last2=Misrahi-Barak|first2=Judith|date=2015-07-24|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-40880-2|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arif, Daya Singh}}
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
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Satyapal Anand

2021-07-12T16:10:17Z

Simba: Created page with "{{short description|Indian-American poet, critic and writer|bot=PearBOT 5}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}} {{Infobox person | name = Satyapal Ananad {{..."

{{short description|Indian-American poet, critic and writer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satyapal Ananad {{Nastaliq|ستیا پال آ'نند}}
| image =
| alt =
| caption =SatyaPal Anand in 2016
| birth_name =
| birth_date = April 24, 1931
| birth_place = [[Kot Sarang]], District [[Chakwal]], now in [[Pakistan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Author and poet
| known_for =
}}

'''Satyapal Anand''' ({{lang-hi| सत्य पाल आनंद }}, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|ستیا پال آنند}}}}; born April 24, 1931) is an [[Indian-American]] poet, critic and writer.<ref name="viewpointonline.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.viewpointonline.net/modernity-in-sub-continental-literature-is-linked-to-english-satyapal-anand.html|title=In Urdu poetry, the first experimentation|publisher=ViewPointOnline.net|date=February 17, 2012|accessdate=February 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name="milligazette.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/2294-yaum-e-azadi-mushaira-in-the-us|title=Yaum-e-Azadi musha'ira in the US|publisher=MilliGazette.com|date=September 16, 2011|accessdate=February 19, 2012}}</ref> He has written several fictional and poetry books in four languages: English, Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi.<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/><ref name="milligazette.com"/> He has also received awards for his literary work.<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/>

== Personal life ==

Anand was born in [[Kot Sarang]], [[Chakwal]] district, now in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/> He finished his primary education there and attended secondary school in [[Rawalpindi]] in 1947.<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/> After the [[partition of India]], his family moved to [[Ludhiana]] in [[East Punjab]],<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/> where he received his college education, earning a Masters in English from the [[Punjab University, Chandigarh|Punjab University in Chandigarh]] with academic distinction.<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/> Later, he earned his first doctoral degree in English Literature<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/> with a thesis titled "Changing concept of the nature of reality and literary techniques of expression." He earned his second doctoral degree in Philosophy from the [[Trinity University (Texas)|Trinity University]], [[Texas]].<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/>

Anand married Promila Anand in November 1957 and the couple had two sons (Pramod and Sachin) and a daughter (Daisy).

==Career==
===Academic===

Anand has spent most of his life in teaching graduate and post-graduate students in universities around the globe. Starting with the Punjab University in Chandigarh in 1961,<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/> he has held teaching positions at other universities, including the [[University of District of Columbia]] (UDC) in Washington, DC. He has also been a visiting professor at South Eastern University in Washington, D.C., [[University of British Columbia]], Vancouver, Canada, and [[Open University]] in England.<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/> From 1992–95 he was on special assignment as a Professor of Education in the Department of Technical Education, [[Saudi Arabia]]. He has availed many invitations in his professorship life,having nickname "Air Port Professor" by his pupils and friends.<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/> He visited several countries including UK, Germany, [[Turkey]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]] and North America.<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/>

===Literary===

Anand's writing career started in the early 50s when in a span of just two years he published a poetry collection, a collection of stories, and novels, all in Urdu. He had his brush with authorities when the [[Government of Punjab, India]] banned his Hindi novel "Chowk Ghanta Ghar" in 1957 and ordered his arrest.<ref name="Shair"/> His first book of short stories was published in 1953, when he was a 22-year young student.<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/> He has been highly praised by the Urdu writers and poets for his best literary work in [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]] and English.<ref name="twocircles.net">{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2011jul10/first_bilingual_literary_urduhindi_poetry_recitation_embassy_india_washington.html|title=Poetry Recitation at Embassy of India in Washington|publisher=Twocircles.net|date=July 10, 2011|accessdate=February 19, 2012}}</ref> He mostly writes poems rather than ghazals.<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/> His poems are based on history, mythology or mixed culture of the West and the East.<ref name="dailytimes.com.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C01%5C17%5Cstory_17-1-2012_pg9_7|title=Outpourings of a philosophical mind|publisher=Daily times.com.pk|date=February 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2012}}</ref>

Anand's English poem "Thus Spake The Fish" has qualified for the award in an international competition by UN sponsored committee for "Earth Preservation Day Celebration."<ref name="tripod.com">{{cite web|url=http://istaara0.tripod.com/id22.html|title=Thus Spake The Fish:Satyapal Anand|publisher=Tripod.com|accessdate=February 19, 2012}}</ref> The poem,

{{blockquote|'''THUS SPAKE THE FISH''' 

Thus spake the fish to the dwellers of the deep _ Take heed, O brothers _ How this, our ocean was once clean 
How dirty has it become _ a muddy pond! _ Wasn't it but a recent event _ That gods of heaven and demons of earth 
Joined hands to churn it up _ In an unholy 'manthuna'? _ Used air blowers to awaken the fire demons asleep in the deep

Fired up a hearth of cascading earthquakes! _ Where was the elixir of life _ Indeed where was it? 
What they found was poison _ Poison that broke the surface _ And now boils and broils all life forms. 
Where are the nymphs – my sisters of yore _ That played with the waves? _ Thus spake the half-dead fish

To the half-dead dwellers of the deep. _ Take heed, my friends _ We're but dead already. 
The demons and gods have used a ruse _ To churn up the ocean _ And to turn it into a mud heap.<ref name="tripod.com"/>}}

== Awards ==

* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] for his book Promises to Keep; [[Ahmad Adaya]]
* Urdu Markaz Award, Los Angeles<ref name="viewpointonline.net"/>
* Shiromani Sahityakar Award by the [[Government of Punjab, India]]

== Bibliography ==

;Short stories
* ''Jeeney Key Liye''<ref name="Shair">Shair" Monthly Urdu Literary Magazine,Mumbai,India.Issue,on literary work of Satyapal Anand,.January 2006,p.back on the title.Retrieved.2012-02-20</ref>
* ''Apney Markaz Ki Taraf''<ref name="Shair"/>
* ''Dil Ki Basti''<ref name="Shair"/><ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Apni Apni Zanjeer''<ref name="Shair"/><ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Patthar Ki Saleeb''<ref name="google.nl"/>

;Novels
* ''Aahat''<ref name="Shair"/><ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Chowk Ghanta Ghar''<ref name="Shair"/>
* ''Ishq Maut Aur Zindagi''<ref name="Shair"/>
* ''Shehr Ka Ek Din''<ref name="Shair"/><ref name="google.nl"/>

;Urdu poetry
* ''Dast e Barg''<ref name="Shair"/><ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Waqt La Waqt''<ref name="Shair"/><ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Aaney Wali Sahar Band Khirki Hai''<ref name="Shair"/>
* ''Lahu Bolta Hai''<ref name="Shair"/><ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Mustaqbil aa Mujh Se Mil''<ref name="Shair"/>
* ''Aakhri Chattan Tak''<ref name="Shair"/><ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Mujhay Kar Vida''<ref name="Shair"/>
* ''Mere Andar Ek Samandar''<ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Meri Muntakhab Nazmen''<ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Byaz e Umr''

;Books in Hindi
* ''Yug Ki Awaz''
* ''Painter Bawrie''
* ''Azadi Ki Pukar, Bhoori''
* ''Dil Ki Basti''<ref name="Shair"/>
* ''Chowk Ghanta Ghar''<ref name="Shair"/>
* ''Geet Aur Ghazles''
* ''Ghazlon Ka Guldasta''

;In Punjabi

* ''Saver Dopeher Shaam''<ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Makhu Mittha''
* ''Ghazal Ghazal Darya''<ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Ghazal Ghazal Sagar''
* ''Ghazal Ghazal Leher''
* ''Rajneetak Chetana Ate Sutantarta Sangraam''

;In English

* ''The Dream Weaver''<ref name="google.nl">{{cite web|url=http://www.google.nl/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ix=seb&ie=UTF-8&ion=1#q=satyapal+anand&hl=nl&site=webhp&prmd=imvnso&source=lnms&tbm=bks&ei=jPlAT-K6JsKi-gbE8YG4BQ&sa=X&oi=mode_link&ct=mode&cd=2&ved=0CBMQ_AUoATjUAg&prmdo=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_cp.,cf.osb&fp=b34f1c0631cab5fc&ix=seb&ion=1&biw=1366&bih=631|title= Google Books-Satyapal Anand|publisher=Google.nl|accessdate=February 19, 2012}}</ref>
* ''A Vagrant Mirror''<ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''One Hundred Buddhas''<ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''If Winter Comes''<ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Sunset Strands''<ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Some shallow, some deep''<ref name="google.nl"/>
* ''Life's a tale''<ref name="google.nl"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Urdu language writers]]
* [[List of Urdu language poets]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.theguardian.com/books/data/book/poetry/9781426996962/the-dream-weaver Book Review]
* [http://www.bol.com/nl/p/engelse-boeken/sunset-strands/9200000001294515/index.html Sunset Strands (digitaal boek)]
* [http://www.lybrary.com/satyapal-anand-m-88613.html Satyapal Anand products]
* [http://www.angusrobertson.com.au/by/satyapal-anand/ All books by Satyapal Anand]
* [http://pakistanlink.org/Community/2010/Oct10/15/02.HTM Fourth Independence Day Bilingual Poetry Recitation in Washington]
* [http://theindianawaaz.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3731&catid=11 Mushaira-Kavi Sammelan in US]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Satyapal}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:English-language poets from India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:People from Chakwal District]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]

Sukhvinder Amrit

2021-07-12T16:09:27Z

Simba: Created page with "{{short description|Punjabi poet and Ghazal singer}} {{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Sukhvinder..."

{{short description|Punjabi poet and Ghazal singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Sukhvinder Amrit
|image = Sukhvinder Amrit , Punjabi language poetess,.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sukhvinder Amrit
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sadarpura]], [[Punjab, India]]
| occupation = Poet, Ghazal singer
| years_active =
}}

'''Sukhvinder Amrit''' (born 1963) is a [[Punjabi literature|Punjabi poet]] and [[Ghazal]] singer.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|author=Surinder Sohal|title=Gunjit's rise in Punjabi ghazal's ghost-collection Sukhwinder Amrit's 'Lot of Colors|url=http://www.likhari.org/archive/Likhari%20Pages%202008/5324%20surinder%20sohal_13_lekh%20sukhvinder%20da%20gazzal%20sangreh%2012%20December%202008.htm|date=20 December 2008}}</ref> In November 2017 she was among nine female poets who received a [[Sulabh Sahitya Akademi Award]] at the All-India Poetess Conference.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/60-poetesses-receive-awards/495835.html 60 poetesses receive awards], ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 11 November 2017.</ref><ref>Swati Walia,
[http://punjabnewsexpress.com/chandigarh/news/3-day-all-india-poetess-conference-concludes-69585.aspx 3-day All-India Poetess Conference concludes], 13 November 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021141/http://punjabnewsexpress.com/chandigarh/news/3-day-all-india-poetess-conference-concludes-69585.aspx |date=11 March 2018 }}</ref>

== Life ==
Sukhwinder was in [[Sadarpura]], in [[Jagraon]] tehsil, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-03-28|title=Sukhwinder Amrit|url=https://anadfoundation.org/guru-gaurav-350/performers/january-4-2017/sukhwinder-amrit/|access-date=2020-07-23|website=The Anād Foundation|language=en}}</ref> She had one brother and was the eldest among her four sisters. She started writing poetry in her childhood though she had a terrible childhood. One day, her mother came across her notebook where she used to write poems. The end result was her notebook was burnt and she was beaten badly. She got married at an early age of seventeen<ref name=":0" /> when she was only in class nine. Life did not change much after her marriage, but due to her strong conviction and determination to learn and continue writing poems, she won the heart of her husband, Amarjit, and started her education. Surprisingly, she started her schooling from 10th class when her kids were also studying in the same school. She subsequently completed a M.A. degree in Punjabi literature. She served as a lecturer at Govt college, Ludhiana for one year.

She is at her artistic best in her short poems. In these the poetess recedes into the Ivory tower of her desires. She tries to fathom the depth of her feelings for the object of desire .< Niranjan Singh Tasneem > https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010504/ldh.htm ,

Sukhwinder Amrit is one who has contributed to making the Ghazal form perfect in Punjabi and really created a flutter in literary circles. < Jaspal Singh < https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov21/book.htm#5

Breaking the shackles and soaring high, poet Sukhwinder Amrit has come along way from frowning family and societal pressure to confirm. She is woman of words and traces her struggle and ultimate triumph.< Shaina Chawla > https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060818/jplus.htm

== Works ==

=== Collection of her poems ===
* "Kanian/Kaniyaan" (2000)
* "Dhupp di Chunni" (2006)
* "Chirian" (2014)
* "Dhuan" (Poem in Book Kanian Page 28 )
* "Sabak" (Poem in Book Kanian Page 31)
* "Neeleya Mora ve" (Geet)(2012)
* "Lafjaa di Dargaah" (Edit) (1999)
* "Risteyaa Di Rangoli" (Edit) (2014)
* "Kannuprya (Translation of Poetry Book Kannuprya of Padamsri Dharamvir Bharati For Punjabi Academy Delhi 2018)

=== Collection of her Ghazals ===
* ''Suraj di Dehleez'' (1997)
* ''Chiraghan di Daar''(1999)
* ''Patjhar/Patjhad wich Pungarde Patte''(2002)
* ''Hazar Rangan Di Laat''(2008)
* ''Punian/Puniyaan'' (2011)
* ''Kesar De Chhitte'' (edited 2003)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amrit, Sukhvinder}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Women ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Events/Edit-a-thon

2021-07-12T15:44:10Z

Simba: /* Participants */ add

Bharatpedia team is organizing an edit-a-thon. The goal of this edit-a-thon is to create [[India]]-related articles. The event will start on July 6, 2021 at 23:59 IST and will run for complete 30 days.
 
<center>{{Clickable button 2|#Participants|'''Join NOW'''|class=mw-ui-destructive}} '''{{Green|It's time to create and expand articles. Go ahead. {{Smiley}}}}'''</center>

== Expectations ==
It is announced that ''{{Tq|User that adds the most number of words or bytes during this edit-a-thon will be awarded a trophy and prize money of $100}}'' We expect that if you participate in this edit-a-thon, you'll create at least 10 articles. However, you may work on as many articles as you want.

== Who can join? ==
Any registered user with or without autoconfirmed user right can join. If your account is 5 days old and you have made a minimum of 20 edits you can post articles directly to the article namespace, but if you do not have the autoconfirmed user right yet, you can post a page in draft space and submit it for a review using the template <code>{{tl|submit}}</code> please see [[Bharatpedia:New user landing page]] for more.

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# '''{{red|Creation rule}}''': '''If you are creating a new article''' the new article must have a minimum length of 200 words (the prose count excludes templates, infoboxes, references, etc.)
# The articles should not copyright violation content and should follow verifiability.
# We strongly recommend you create your own content, but if you copy articles from Wikipedia you must add <code><nowiki>{{Source Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> tag at the end of the article.

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Please add four tildes <nowiki>(~~~~)</nowiki>; this will automatically add your name:
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