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Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw

2026-05-07T11:19:04Z

SilviaVanwinkle:

{{short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw HD2014 crop.jpg
| caption = Mazumdar-Shaw in 2014
| name = Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw
| birth_name = Kiran Mazumdar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|3|23}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], India
| occupation = Founder & chairperson of [[Biocon]]
| alma_mater = [[Bangalore University]] ([[B.Sc.]]) [[Melbourne University]] ([[M.S.]])
| spouse = {{marriage|John Shaw|1998|2022|end=d.}}<ref name=Battle>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-biocons-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-battled-cancer-plaguing-her-husband-best-friend/articleshow/34138170.cms |title=How Biocon's Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw battled cancer plaguing her husband & best friend – The Economic Times|publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=24 April 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Husband">{{cite news |title=John Shaw, husband of Kiran Mazumdar dies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/john-shaw-husband-of-kiran-mazumdar-dies/article66051665.ece |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=24 October 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024101805/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/john-shaw-husband-of-kiran-mazumdar-dies/article66051665.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| footnotes =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1989) [[Padma Bhushan]] (2005) [[Othmer Gold Medal]] (2014)
}}

'''Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw''' (born 23 March 1953) is an Indian [[billionaire]] entrepreneur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mybtechlife.com/the-list-of-great-entrepreneurs-in-india-2015/ |title=The List of Great Entrepreneurs of India in 2015 |publisher=MyBTechLife |author=Srikar Muthyala |date=29 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114000446/http://mybtechlife.com/the-list-of-great-entrepreneurs-in-india-2015/ |archive-date=14 January 2016 }}</ref> She is the executive chairperson and founder of [[Biocon]] Limited and Biocon Biologics Limited,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kiran Mazumdar Shaw - Executive Chairperson|url=https://www.biocon.com/about-us/board-of-directors-biocon/kiran-mazumdar-shaw-biocon/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Biocon|date=11 May 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108085838/https://www.biocon.com/about-us/board-of-directors-biocon/kiran-mazumdar-shaw-biocon/|url-status=live}}</ref> a biotechnology company based in [[Bangalore]], India<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13036670|title=Start-up stories: Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw|work=BBC News|date=11 April 2011|access-date=5 March 2013|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510095349/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13036670|url-status=live}}</ref> and the former chairperson of [[Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/kiran-mazumdarshaw-replaces-mukesh-ambani-as-iim-bangalore-chairperson/1227334 |title=Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw replaces Mukesh Ambani as IIM Bangalore chairperson |work=Financial Express |date=19 February 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224033431/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/kiran-mazumdarshaw-replaces-mukesh-ambani-as-iim-bangalore-chairperson/1227334 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, she was awarded the [[Othmer Gold Medal]] for outstanding contributions to the progress of science and chemistry.<ref name=CHFAll>{{cite web|title=Othmer Gold Medal|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/othmer-gold-medal|publisher=[[Science History Institute]]|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130646/https://www.sciencehistory.org/othmer-gold-medal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=2014BioSpectrum>{{cite news|title=Dr Kiran Mazumdar first Indian to receive 'Othmer Gold Medal 2014'|url=http://www.biospectrumasia.com/biospectrum/news/214825/dr-kiran-mazumdar-indian-receive-othmer-gold-medal-2014|access-date=12 June 2014|work=BioSpectrum|date=16 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519194020/http://www.biospectrumasia.com/biospectrum/news/214825/dr-kiran-mazumdar-indian-receive-othmer-gold-medal-2014|archive-date=19 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=2014USPC>{{cite news|last1=Laranang-Mutlu|first1=Theresa|title=USP Congratulates Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Recipient of 2014 Othmer Gold Medal|url=http://www.usp.org/news/usp-congratulates-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-recipient-2014-othmer-gold-medal|access-date=12 June 2014|publisher=U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention|date=16 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602154615/http://www.usp.org/news/usp-congratulates-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-recipient-2014-othmer-gold-medal|archive-date=2 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=2014ET>{{cite news|title=Biocon chief Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw receives Othmer Gold Medal 2014|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-19/news/49948890_1_kiran-mazumdar-shaw-chemical-heritage-foundation-outstanding-activity|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719061527/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-19/news/49948890_1_kiran-mazumdar-shaw-chemical-heritage-foundation-outstanding-activity|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2014|access-date=12 June 2014|work=The Economic Times|date=19 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=2014MW>{{cite news|last1=Gussman|first1=Neil|title=CHF Presents Awards to Innovators from Around the World at Heritage Day 2014|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/chf-presents-awards-to-innovators-from-around-the-world-at-heritage-day-2014-2014-05-19|access-date=12 June 2014|work=MarketWatch: The Wall Street Journal|date=19 May 2014|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163336/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/chf-presents-awards-to-innovators-from-around-the-world-at-heritage-day-2014-2014-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> She was on the ''[[Financial Times]]'' 2011 top 50 women in business list.<ref name=FT2011>{{cite web|title=Women at the Top: 37. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/58e8cccc-0b46-11e1-ae56-00144feabdc0.html#axzz363ytv2sp|work=Financial Times |date=15 November 2011|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> In 2019, she was listed as the 68th most powerful woman in the world by ''Forbes''.<ref name=Forbes2015>{{Cite web|title = World's Most Powerful Women|url = https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall|website = Forbes|access-date = 13 December 2019|archive-date = 20 September 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170920073036/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall|url-status = live}}</ref> She was named EY World Entrepreneur Of The Year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Avik Das|date=6 Jun 2020|title=Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw wins EY World Entrepreneur award - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kiran-mazumdar-shaw-second-woman-to-ever-win-ey-world-entrepreneur-award/articleshow/76226676.cms|access-date=2021-03-23|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108112931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kiran-mazumdar-shaw-second-woman-to-ever-win-ey-world-entrepreneur-award/articleshow/76226676.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{asof|2025}}, Mazumdar-Shaw is ranked 93rd-wealthiest in India, with a net worth of $3.42 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's 100 Richest|website=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/|accessdate=2024-10-25|date=2024-10-09|archive-date=3 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103210346/https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Kiran Mazumdar was born on 23 March 1953 in Bangalore, Karnataka state,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kiran-Mazumdar-Shaw|title=Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw {{!}} Biography & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-01-29|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627204625/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kiran-Mazumdar-Shaw|url-status=live}}</ref> to Gujarati parents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bengal too 'safe' for start-ups|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-too-safe-for-start-ups/cid/1505981|access-date=2020-12-21|website=|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008121920/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-too-safe-for-start-ups/cid/1505981|url-status=live}}</ref> She was educated at Bangalore's [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School|Bishop Cotton Girl's High School]], graduating in 1968. She then attended [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]], a women's college offering pre-university courses as an affiliate of Bangalore University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw - Who Am I ? By Meet Kamani|url=https://sites.google.com/site/whoamibymeetkamani/women-entrepreneurs/dr-kiran-mazumdar-shaw|website=sites.google.com|access-date=2020-05-20|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108124237/https://sites.google.com/site/whoamibymeetkamani/women-entrepreneurs/dr-kiran-mazumdar-shaw|url-status=dead}}</ref> She studied biology and zoology, graduating from [[Bangalore University]] with a bachelor's degree in zoology in 1973.<ref name=Manjunath>{{cite book|last1=Manjunath|first1=V.S.|last2=Nagendra|first2=S.|title=Entrepreneurship and Management|date=2010|publisher=Pearson Education|location=India|isbn=9788131732502|page=154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63fI9Ft2kPMC&pg=PA154|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=WEF /><ref>She did not receive an M.Sc. or Ph.D. in 1973. She has been given a number of honorary degrees since then.</ref> Mazumdar hoped to go to medical school, but was not able to obtain a scholarship.<ref name=WomenInChemistryTranscript>{{cite web|title=Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/kiran-mazumdar-shaw|website=[[Science History Institute]]|date=29 June 2016|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530211039/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/kiran-mazumdar-shaw|url-status=live}}</ref>

Her father, Rasendra Mazumdar, was the head brewmaster at [[United Breweries Group|United Breweries]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Breaking myths: This is how Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw started Biocon India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/how-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-started-biocon-india-biotechnology-company-woman-brewmaster-lifest-328958-2016-07-13|date=13 July 2016|magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-05-20|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108140858/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/how-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-started-biocon-india-biotechnology-company-woman-brewmaster-lifest-328958-2016-07-13|url-status=live}}</ref> He suggested that she study [[fermentation]] science, and train to be a brewmaster, a very non-traditional field for women.<ref name=WomenInChemistryTranscript /> Mazumdar went to Ballarat College, [[Melbourne University]] in Australia to study malting and brewing. In 1974, she was the only woman enrolled in the brewing course and topped in her class.<ref name=Australia2004>{{cite web |first1= Di |last1= Campbell |date= 13 March 2015 |title= Mazumdar-Shaw, Dr. Kiran Brewer and biotechnologist, BCAE student, 1974 |publisher= [[Federation University]] |url= https://federation.edu.au/about-us/our-university/history/geoffrey-blainey-research-centre/honour-roll/m/dr.-kiran-mazumdar-shaw |access-date= 6 July 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250321142841/https://federation.edu.au/about-us/our-university/history/geoffrey-blainey-research-centre/honour-roll/m/dr.-kiran-mazumdar-shaw |archive-date= 21 March 2025 |url-status= live}}</ref> She earned the degree as master brewer in 1975.<ref name=BioconBio>{{cite web |url=http://www.biocon.com/biocon_aboutus_people_kmt_cmd.asp |title=Key Management Team – Profile of Kiran Mazumdar Shaw |publisher=Biocon |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620112032/http://www.biocon.com/biocon_aboutus_people_kmt_cmd.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=WEF>{{cite web|title=Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw|url=http://www.weforum.org/contributors/kiran-mazumdar-shaw|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=16 September 2014|archive-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190652/http://www.weforum.org/contributors/kiran-mazumdar-shaw|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Australia2004 />

She worked as a trainee brewer in [[Carlton and United Breweries]], Melbourne and as a trainee maltster at Barrett Brothers and Burston, Australia. She also worked for some time as a technical consultant at Jupiter Breweries Limited, Calcutta and as a technical manager at Standard Maltings Corporation, Baroda between 1975 and 1977.<ref name=WEF /><ref name="AnnualReport2010">{{cite web|url=http://biocon.com/ |title=Biocon Annual Report 2010 |publisher=Biocon |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807042606/http://www.biocon.com/ |archive-date= 7 August 2014 }}</ref> However, when she investigated the possibility of advancing her career in Bangalore or Delhi, she was told that she could not be hired as a master brewer in India because "It's a man's work."<ref name=Breaking>{{cite book|last1=Krishnan|first1=Janaki|title=Breaking barriers : success stories of India's leading businesswomen|date=2013|publisher=Jaico Pub. House|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=978-81-8495-395-4}}</ref>{{rp|152–153}} <ref name=Pota>{{cite book|last1=Pota|first1=Vikas|title=India Inc.: How India's Top Ten Entrepreneurs are Winning Globally|date=2010|publisher=Nicholas Brealey Publishing|location=London, Boston|isbn=978-1-85788-524-8|pages=103}}</ref> She began to look abroad for opportunities and was offered a position in Scotland.<ref name=Breaking />{{rp|154}}<ref name=Leading />{{rp|108}}

== Biocon ==
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage=[[File:Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw Women in Chemistry from video.png|210px]] | video1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/kiran-mazumdar-shaw "I managed to do things with a lot of common sense, a lot of determination, and a lot of foolish courage"], Women in Chemistry, [[Science History Institute]] | video2 = [http://vimeo.com/channels/chfinterviews/96252872 "Keep trying to find a differentiated model, don't just try to do what others are doing.... that's where innovation comes."], History Live, [[Science History Institute]]}}

Before Mazumdar could move, she met [[Leslie Auchincloss]], the founder of Biocon Biochemicals Limited, of [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland. Auchincloss's company produced [[enzyme]]s for use in the brewing, food-packaging and textile industries. Auchincloss was looking for a partner in India to help establish an Indian subsidiary to supply him with [[Papain]]. Mazumdar agreed to undertake the job on the condition that if she did not wish to continue six months later she would be given a brewmaster's position comparable to the one she was giving up.<ref name=Leading>{{cite book|last1=Leading|first1=Sudha|title=Leading ladies : women who inspire India|date=2010|publisher=Fortytwo Bookz Galaxy|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-908411-8-4|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1= Mary Ellen |last1= Egan |title= Big Shot in Bangalore |date= 18 October 2024 |access-date= 5 July 2025 |url= https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/1018/088.html |work= [[Forbes]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230315173842/https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/1018/088.html?sh=5efa66424278 |archive-date= 15 March 2023 |url-status= live}}</ref>

=== Beginning with enzymes ===
After a brief period as a trainee manager at Biocon Biochemicals Limited, of Cork, Ireland, to learn more about the business, Kiran Mazumdar Shaw returned to India.<ref name=Leading /> She started Biocon India in 1978 in the garage of her rented house in Bengaluru with a seed capital of Rs. 10,000.<ref name=CNN2012>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/15/business/kiran-mazumdar-shaw/index.html|title=$800 million biotech business started in a garage|date=15 November 2012|publisher=CNN|access-date=10 January 2013|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121112458/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/15/business/kiran-mazumdar-shaw/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Although it was a joint venture, Indian laws restricted foreign ownership to only 30% of the company, which meant that 70% of the company belonged to Kiran Mazumdar Shaw.<ref name=Forbes2004>{{cite news|title=Big Shot in Bengaluru|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/1018/088.html|access-date=18 September 2014|work=Forbes|date=18 October 2004|archive-date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620180810/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/1018/088.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Initially, she faced credibility challenges because of her youth, gender and her untested business model, She was unable to secure funding for her company in the early stages of her business. A chance meeting with a banker at a social event finally enabled her to get her first financial backing.<ref name=Breaking /><ref name=Pota /><ref name=Leading /> She also found it difficult to recruit people to work for her start-up, her first employee was a retired garage mechanic<ref name=WomenInChemistryTranscript /> and her first unit was in a nearby {{convert|3000|sqft|m2|abbr=off|adj=on|order=flip}} shed.<ref name=Breaking /> The most complicated piece of equipment in her lab at that time was a [[spectrophotometer]].<ref name=HistoryLive2014>{{cite web|title=History Live: Building a Global Biotech Enterprise|date=23 May 2014|url=http://vimeo.com/channels/chfinterviews/96252872|publisher=Science History Institute|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120214620/https://vimeo.com/channels/chfinterviews/96252872|url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, she faced the technological challenges associated with trying to build a biotech business in a country with poor infrastructure.<ref name=Breaking />{{rp|156}}<ref name=Pota />{{rp|114}} Uninterrupted power, good quality water, sterile labs, imported research equipment, and workers with advanced scientific skills were not easily available in India at that period of time.<ref name=CNN2008>{{cite news|title=Quiz India's mother of invention|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/14/india.mazumdarshaw/index.html?iref=newssearch|access-date=22 September 2014|work=CNN/Asia|date=28 November 2008|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831223456/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/14/india.mazumdarshaw/index.html?iref=newssearch|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The company's initial projects were the extraction of [[papain]] (an enzyme from papaya used to tenderize meat) and [[isinglass]] (obtained from tropical catfish and used to clarify beer).<ref name=Pota /> Within a year of its inception, Biocon India was able to manufacture enzymes and export them to the US and Europe, the first Indian company to do so.<ref name=Breaking /> At the end of her first year, Mazumdar used her earnings to buy an {{convert|20|acre|ha|0|order=flip|adj=on|spell=in}} property with plans to expand in the future.<ref name=WomenInChemistryTranscript />

=== Expanding into biopharmaceuticals ===

Mazumdar spearheaded Biocon's evolution from an industrial enzymes manufacturing company to a fully integrated biopharmaceutical company with a well-balanced business portfolio of products and a research focus on diabetes, oncology and auto-immune diseases.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite web|title=Need To Change Mindset: Kiran Mazumdar Shaw|url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/6569/need-to-change-mindset:-kiran-mazumdar-shaw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406014150/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/6569/need-to-change-mindset:-kiran-mazumdar-shaw|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 April 2014|publisher=Bloomberg TV}}</ref><ref name="ForbesProfile">{{cite web|title=Power Women #92 Kiran Mazumdar Shaw|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/kiran-mazumdar-shaw/|work=Forbes|date=October 2013}}</ref> She also established two subsidiaries: Syngene (1994) which provides early research and development support services on a contract basis and Clinigene (2000) which focuses on clinical research trials and the development of both generic and new medicines. Clinigene was later merged with Syngene. Syngene was listed on BSE/NSE in 2015 and has a current market cap of ₹23,000 crores.<ref name="AnnualReport2010" /><ref name=Breaking /><ref name=Pota /><ref name=Leading /><ref name=art>{{cite book|last1=Balasubramanian|first1=S.|title=The art of business leadership : Indian experiences|date=2007|publisher=Response Books|location=Los Angeles|isbn=978-0-7619-3587-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Syngene Intl Share Price, Syngene Intl Stock Price, Syngene International Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Syngene International Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Syngene International Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/miscellaneous/syngeneinternational/SI10|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-23|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123213003/https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/miscellaneous/syngeneinternational/SI10|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1984, Kiran began to develop a research and development team at Biocon, focusing on the discovery of novel enzymes and on development of novel techniques for [[solid substrate fermentation]] technology.<ref name=Ghose>{{cite book|last1=Ghose|first1=T.K.|last2=Ghosh|first2=P.|title=Biotechnology in India|date=2003|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-540-00563-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-UsrSQrRI4C&pg=PA33|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref> The company's first major expansion came in 1987, when [[Narayanan Vaghul]] of [[ICICI Bank|ICICI Ventures]] supported creation of a venture capital fund of US$250,000.<ref name=Leading /> This money enabled Biocon to expand its research and development efforts. They built a new plant featuring proprietary solid substrate fermentation technology based on a semi-automated tray culture process, inspired by Japanese techniques.<ref name=Breaking /><ref name=Leading /><ref name=Ghose /> In 1989, Biocon became the first Indian biotech company to receive U.S. funding for proprietary technologies.<ref name=Breaking />

In 1990, Mazumdar incorporated Biocon Biopharmaceuticals Private Limited (BBLP) to manufacture and market a select range of biotherapeutics in a joint venture with the Cuban [[Center of Molecular Immunology]].<ref name=Breaking />

=== Establishing independence ===
Biocon Biochemicals of Ireland was acquired from Leslie Auchincloss by [[Unilever]] in 1989.<ref name=Fernando>{{cite book|last1=Fernando|first1=A.C.|title=Business Ethics An Indian Perspective.|date=2009|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Chennai|isbn=978-8131711736|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-k_uWkGCEUC&pg=PA50|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref>{{rp|50}} The partnership with Unilever helped Biocon to establish global best practices and quality systems.<ref name=HistoryLive2014 /> In 1997, Unilever sold its specialty chemicals division, including Biocon, to [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI).<ref name=Forbes2004 /> In 1998, Kiran Mazumdar's fiancée, Scotsman John Shaw, personally raised $2 million to purchase the outstanding Biocon shares from ICI.<ref name=Leading /><ref name=Hiscock>{{cite book|last1=Hiscock|first1=Geoff|title=India's global wealth club : the stunning rise of its billionaires and the secrets of their success|date=2008|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-82238-8|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiLBD_IpgIkC&pg=PA225|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref> The couple married in 1998, whereupon she became known as Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw. John Shaw left his position as chairman at Madura Coats to join Biocon.<ref name=Ghosh>{{cite book|last1=Amarnath|first1=Nischinta|last2=Ghosh|first2=Debashish|title=The voyage to excellence : the ascent of 21 women leaders of India Inc.|date=2005|publisher=Pustak Mahal|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8122309041|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihSAxpz1e4EC&pg=PA67|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref> He became Biocon's vice chairman in 2001.<ref name=WomenInChemistryTranscript />

In 2004, after seeking the advice of [[N. R. Narayana Murthy|Narayana Murthy]], Mazumdar-Shaw decided to list Biocon on the stock market.<ref name=Leading /> Her intent was to raise capital to further develop Biocon's research programs. Biocon was the first biotechnology company in India to issue an [[IPO]].<ref name=Breaking />{{rp|159}} Biocon's IPO was oversubscribed 33 times and its first day of trading closed with a market value of $1.11 billion,<ref name=Breaking /> making Biocon the second Indian company to cross the $1-billion mark on the first day of listing.<ref name=Estudio>{{cite web|title=India: Biocon|url=http://estudioagml.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207:india-biocon&catid=1:actualidad&Itemid=72|website=Estudio AGML|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Affordable innovation ===
Mazumdar-Shaw's belief in "affordable innovation" has always been a driving philosophy behind Biocon's expansion. Inspired by the need for [[affordable drugs]] in less-wealthy countries, she has looked for opportunities to develop cost-effective techniques and low-cost alternatives.<ref name=Estudio /><ref name=Scitable>{{cite journal|last1=Weidmann|first1=Bhavana|title=Healthcare Innovation: An Interview with Dr. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw|journal=Scitable by Nature Education|date=4 January 2014|url=http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/the-success-code/healthcare_innovation_an_interview_with|access-date=22 September 2014|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901005726/https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/the-success-code/healthcare_innovation_an_interview_with/|url-status=live}}</ref> She has also proposed that drug companies be cost-sensitive in marketing to developing countries, so that people can afford the drugs they need, particularly chronic therapies.<ref name=Breaking /><ref name=Scitable />

Mazumdar-Shaw noticed the market potential for [[statins]] (cholesterol-fighting drugs) early on. When the patent of the cholesterol-lowering drug [[lovastatin]] expired in 2001, Biocon got involved in its development. Then the company expanded to other forms of statins. Part of her strategy was to enter into long-term supply contracts, establishing a dependable market base over time. Statins soon accounted for over 50 per cent of the company's revenue. The company's revenue went up from ₹70 crore in 1998, to ₹500 crore in 2004 when it went public.<ref name=Estudio />

Biocon continues to expand into new areas. [[Yeast expression platforms]] offer a desirable alternative to mammalian [[cell cultures]] for the genetic manipulation of cells for use in a variety of drug treatments. Unicellular methylotrophic yeasts such as [[Pichia pastoris]] are used in the production of [[vaccines]], [[antibody fragment]]s, [[hormones]], [[cytokines]], matrix proteins, and [[biosimilar]]s.<ref name=Rios>{{cite journal|last1=Rios|first1=Maribel|title=A Decade of Microbial Fermentation|journal=BioProcess International|date=1 June 2012|url=http://www.bioprocessintl.com/upstream-processing/fermentation/a-decade-of-microbial-fermentation-331179/|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref>

Biocon's major areas of research now include cancer, [[diabetes]], and other [[Autoimmune disease|auto-immune diseases]] such as [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[psoriasis]].<ref name=Leading /><ref name=psoriasis2013>{{cite news|title=Biocon to launch psoriasis drug novel biologic in July|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/biocon-to-launch-psoriasis-drug-novel-biologic-in-july/|access-date=24 September 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=28 April 2013}}</ref> Because of the high percentage of people in India who chew [[betel]] or [[tobacco]], India accounts for eighty-six per cent of [[oral cancer]] in the world, known locally as "cancer cheek".<ref name=NewYorker2012 /><ref name=ForbesAsia20114 /> Diabetes is prevalent, and people who do not wear shoes are at risk to have a minor scrape or injury develop into [[gangrene]], or "diabetes foot".<ref name=NewYorker2012 /><ref name=ForbesAsia20114 /> Biocon is also working on drugs to treat [[psoriasis]], a skin pigment disease.<ref name=NewYorker2012 />

Bio-pharmaceuticals developed by the company include Pichia-derived recombinant human [[insulin]] and insulin analogs for diabetes, an anti-EGFR [[monoclonal antibody]] for head and neck cancer, and a [[Biologic medical product|biologic]] for psoriasis.<ref name="Scitable" /> Biocon is Asia's largest insulin producer,<ref name=keck>{{cite web|title=KGI Welcomes India's Leading Biotech Executive |url=http://www.kgi.edu/news-and-events/news-stories/2010/news-story-kgi-welcomes-india%E2%80%99s-leading-biotech-executive.html |access-date=22 September 2014 |publisher=Keck Graduate Institute |date=11 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041853/http://www.kgi.edu/news-and-events/news-stories/2010/news-story-kgi-welcomes-india%E2%80%99s-leading-biotech-executive.html |archive-date=24 September 2014 }}</ref> and has the largest perfusion-based antibody production facilities.<ref name=APBN2007>{{cite journal|title=A Woman's Dream Come True (Interview)|journal=Asia Pacific Biotech News|date=2007|volume=11|issue=14|pages=1011–1015|url=http://www.asiabiotech.com/publication/apbn/11/english/preserved-docs/1114/1011_1015.pdf|access-date=22 September 2014|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831212117/https://www.asiabiotech.com/publication/apbn/11/english/preserved-docs/1114/1011_1015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 2014, Biocon directed about 10% of its revenue into research and development, a much higher proportion than most Indian pharmacological companies.<ref name=ChangeMaestros /> Biocon has filed at least 950 patent applications based on its research activity.<ref name=ChangeMaestros /> Mazumdar-Shaw has remained actively engaged in acquisitions, partnerships and in-licensing in the pharmaceuticals and bio-pharmaceutical areas, entering into more than 2,200 high-value R&D licensing and other deals between 2005 and 2010.<ref name=Estudio />

== Philanthropic activities ==

In 2004, Mazumdar-Shaw started a corporate social responsibility wing at Biocon, the Biocon Foundation. The Foundation focuses on health, education and infrastructure, especially in rural areas of [[Karnataka]] which lack healthcare facilities.<ref name=Estudio />

Mazumdar-Shaw dislikes the term "[[philanthropy]]", believing that it often provides temporary fixes rather than addressing the root cause or the underlying situation.<ref name=NewYorker2012>{{cite magazine|last1=Levy|first1=Ariel|title=Drug Test Can one self-made woman reform health care for India, and the world?|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/01/02/drug-test|access-date=23 September 2014|magazine=The New Yorker|date=2 January 2012|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727034021/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/01/02/drug-test|url-status=live}}</ref> She prefers the term "compassionate capitalist", believing that properly applied business models can provide an ongoing foundation for sustainable social progress. Mazumdar once said, "Innovation and commerce are as powerful tools for creating social progress as they are for driving technological advancement. When they are put to use for social progress, the implementation is a lot cheaper, a lot more people benefit, and the effect is more lasting."<ref name=BABL2013 /> In 2015, she joined [[The Giving Pledge]], promising that at least half of her wealth will be dedicated to philanthropy.<ref name="Giving">{{cite news|title=Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Herbert and Nicole Wertheim Join Giving Pledge|url=http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/kiran-mazumdar-shaw-herbert-and-nicole-wertheim-join-giving-pledge|access-date=4 February 2016|work=Philanthropy News Digest|date=17 December 2015|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034515/http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/kiran-mazumdar-shaw-herbert-and-nicole-wertheim-join-giving-pledge|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Health ===
Rural areas in India are estimated to have only one doctor for every two thousand people, it is estimated that 70 million people do not have the money to pay for a doctor's visit or for medicine.<ref name=Kamdar>{{cite book|last1=Kamdar|first1=Mira|title=Planet India : the turbulent rise of the world's largest democracy|date=2008|publisher=Pocket|location=London|isbn=978-1-84739-077-6|pages=253–260|edition=Paperback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc4j9-JaTtcC&pg=PA253|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref> The Biocon Foundation is involved in numerous health and education outreach programs to benefit the economically weaker sections of Indian society.<ref name=Estudio />

==== Arogya Raksha Yojana ====
With [[Devi Shetty]] of Narayana Hrudayalaya Hospital, Mazumdar-Shaw has supported the development of Arogya Raksha Yojana (Health Protection Program/Health Help).<ref name=Pota /> Through this program Biocon Foundation establishes clinics to offer clinical care, generic medicines and basic tests for those who cannot afford them.<ref name=BABL2013>{{cite news|last1=Read|first1=Stuart|last2=Wiltbank|first2=Robert|title=HEALTHY CHANGE How one social entrepreneur creates progress and profits|url=http://www.imd.org/research/challenges/healthy-change-stuart-read-robert-wiltbank.cfm|access-date=23 September 2014|work=British Airways Business Life|date=February 2013|archive-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113100733/http://www.imd.org/research/challenges/healthy-change-stuart-read-robert-wiltbank.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ARY>{{cite web|title=Arogya Raksha Yojana Trust|url=http://www.arogyarakshayojana.org/trust.html|access-date=23 September 2014|archive-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818163923/http://arogyarakshayojana.org/trust.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2010, seven clinics each served a population of 50,000 patients living within a radius of 10 km, treating in total more than 3,00,000 people per year.<ref name="AnnualReport2010"/> Clinics organize regular general health checks in remote villages by bringing in physicians and doctors from network hospitals. To improve early detection of cancer, they have trained young women as community health workers, using smartphones to send photographs of suspicious lesions to oncologists at the cancer center.<ref name=ForbesAsia20114 /><ref name=Biospectrum2013>{{cite news|title=Biocon Foundation – Social impact through sustainable community development|url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/features/198926/biocon-foundation-social-impact-sustainable-community-development|access-date=24 September 2014|work=Biospectrum|date=22 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109101705/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/features/198926/biocon-foundation-social-impact-sustainable-community-development|archive-date=9 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Public health campaigns such as "Queen of Heart" educate people about specific health issues and promote early detection of problems such as cardiovascular diseases.<ref name=Heart2013>{{cite news|title=Biocon puts the spotlight on heart disease in women via 'Queen of Heart' campaign |url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=76821&sid=2 |access-date=23 September 2014 |work=PharmaBiz.com |date=1 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824051930/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=76821&sid=2 |archive-date=24 August 2013 }}</ref>

The clinics operate based on a model of micro-financed health insurance.<ref name=Pota /> Biocon provides low-cost drugs, making a negligible profit on a unit basis, but an overall profit on volume due to the participation of large numbers of people.<ref name=Kamdar /> Clinics also use a "subsidised convenience" pricing plan, under which more wealthy patrons pay full price in return for the convenience of scheduling their visits and procedures at desirable times, while poorer patients can obtain cheap or even free services by choosing less desirable times.<ref name=BABL2013 /> Doctors and researchers look for opportunities to use cutting-edge technology in ways that will drive down costs and ensure quality of service.<ref name=Kamdar />

==== Mazumdar-Shaw Medical Foundation ====
The death of her best friend, Nilima Rovshen, and the illnesses of her husband and her mother with cancer, have motivated Mazumdar-Shaw to support cancer research and treatment.<ref name=Battle /> In 2009, she established a 1,400-bed cancer care center, the Mazumdar-Shaw Medical Foundation, at the Narayana Health City campus in Bangalore, collaborating with Devi Shetty of [[Narayana Health|Narayana Hrudayalaya]].<ref name=MSCC2009>{{cite news|title=500-bed Mazumdar Shaw Cancer Centre provides hope|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/500-bed-Mazumdar-Shaw-Cancer-Centre-provides-hope/articleshow/4790851.cms|access-date=23 September 2014|work=The Times of India|date=18 July 2009|archive-date=17 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217122203/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/500-bed-Mazumdar-Shaw-Cancer-Centre-provides-hope/articleshow/4790851.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, she added a center for advanced therapeutics with a bone marrow transplant unit and a research center.<ref name=DNAIndia>{{cite news|title=New facility opened at Bangalore's Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-new-facility-opened-at-bangalores-mazumdar-shaw-cancer-center-1540399|access-date=23 September 2014|work=DNA India|date=7 May 2011|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006160719/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-new-facility-opened-at-bangalores-mazumdar-shaw-cancer-center-1540399|url-status=live}}</ref> Her goal is to create a world-class cancer center.<ref name=NewYorker2012 /><ref name=ForbesAsia20114>{{cite news|last1=Raghunathan|first1=Anuradha|title=Heroes Of Philanthropy: Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw's Affordable Health Care Legacy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2013/05/29/heroes-of-philanthropy-kiran-mazumdar-shaws-affordable-health-care-legacy/|access-date=17 September 2014|work=Forbes Asia|date=10 June 2013|archive-date=30 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930165608/http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2013/05/29/heroes-of-philanthropy-kiran-mazumdar-shaws-affordable-health-care-legacy/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation is a non-profit organization and has two arms to support its cause, which are Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research and Mazumdar Shaw Cancer outreach program.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

=== Education ===
In collaboration with McMillan India Limited and teacher Prathima Rao, Mazumdar-Shaw has supported development and use of a basic mathematics textbook, introduced in Kannada schools in 2006.<ref name=Leading />{{rp|117}}<ref name=Chinnara2006>{{cite news|title=Biocon Foundation Launches 'Chinnara Ganitha' |url=http://www.bioconfoundation.org/bfound-news-main-220906.asp |access-date=24 September 2014 |work=Biocon Foundation |date=21 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045315/http://www.bioconfoundation.org/bfound-news-main-220906.asp |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>

She funded a multi-year research program by creating the Biocon Cell for Innovation Management with Prasad kaipa at the [[Indian School of Business]] in 2009.<ref name=BusLine2009>{{cite news|title=Biocon to invest in cell for innovation at ISB|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/biocon-to-invest-in-cell-for-innovation-at-isb/article1054465.ece|access-date=23 September 2014|work=Business Line|date=9 June 2009|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222153102/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/biocon-to-invest-in-cell-for-innovation-at-isb/article1054465.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Panthry>{{cite news|last1=Panthry|first1=Pallavee Dhaundiyal|title=Biocon helps ISB students bring home the bacon|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-06-14/news/27652480_1_isb-students-ajit-rangnekar-innovation-management|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140923230814/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-06-14/news/27652480_1_isb-students-ajit-rangnekar-innovation-management|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2014|access-date=23 September 2014|work=The Economic Times|date=14 June 2009}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
Mazumdar-Shaw speaks about the importance of improving India's infrastructure,<ref name=Pota />{{rp|112}}<ref name=amruta>{{cite web|title=Dr. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw inaugurating MBA Program|url=http://www.aiems.in/dr-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-inaugurating-mba-program/|access-date=24 September 2014|publisher=Amruta Institute of Engineering and Management Sciences|archive-date=15 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915074225/http://www.aiems.in/dr-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-inaugurating-mba-program/|url-status=dead}}</ref> emphasizing the need to address issues such as efficient governance, job creation, and food, water, and health insecurity.<ref name=BJP2014>{{cite news|last1=Mazumdar-Shaw|first1=Kiran|title=Kiran Mazumdar Shaw on 5 reasons why BJP's manifesto stands apart|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-08/news/48971094_1_bjp-manifesto-the-bjp-water-security|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411061549/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-08/news/48971094_1_bjp-manifesto-the-bjp-water-security|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2014|access-date=24 September 2014|work=The Economic Times|date=8 April 2014}}</ref>

[[Biocon]], [[Infosys]] and other companies have had a significant impact on [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. These companies attract many scientists who would otherwise go overseas. Once a "pensioner's paradise", Bangalore is now called "the best urban working environment in India".<ref name=Flight>{{cite book|last1=Heenan|first1=David|title=Flight capital the alarming exodus of America's best and brightest|date=2005|publisher=Davies-Black Pub.|location=Mountain View, Calif.|isbn=978-0-89106-202-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_m5x2/page/113 113]|edition=1st|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_m5x2/page/113}}</ref> Biocon Park, built in 2005, is a {{convert|90|acre|ha|round=5|order=flip|adj=on}} campus with 5000 employees. Outside the developed city, however, infrastructure is still poor.<ref name=NewYorker2012 />

Mazumdar-Shaw is a proponent of good government and infrastructure. She supported the [[Bangalore Agenda Task Force]], an initiative of [[S. M. Krishna]] and [[Nandan Nilekani]] to improve the city's infrastructure and standard of living.<ref name=Flight /><ref name=Aravind2013 /> Mazumdar-Shaw is part of the Bangalore City Connect Foundation, a non-profit trust for discussion of civic issues, involving both urban stakeholders and the government. Mazumdar-Shaw is actively engaged in urban reform, partnering with Jana Urban Space Foundation and local government to improve roads.<ref name=Aravind2013>{{cite news|last1=Aravind|first1=Indulekha|title=Kiran Majumdar Shaw, the city crusader|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/kiran-majumdar-shaw-the-city-crusader-113120500581_1.html|access-date=24 September 2014|work=Business Standard|date=6 December 2013|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130211200/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/kiran-majumdar-shaw-the-city-crusader-113120500581_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She is also involved in the [[Bangalore Political Action Committee|Bangalore Political Action Committee (B.PAC)]], which is a not-for-profit organisation operating in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news|title=Right time for action plan to fulfil dreams: Narayana Murthy|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-company/corporate-trends/right-time-for-action-plan-to-fulfil-dreams-narayana-murthy/articleshow/18322188.cms|access-date=3 February 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203171849/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-company/corporate-trends/right-time-for-action-plan-to-fulfil-dreams-narayana-murthy/articleshow/18322188.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BPAC agenda for better city governance unveiled|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1449057.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311112747/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1449057.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2013|newspaper=New Indian Express}}</ref>

After the 2009 flood, Biocon, Infosys and [[Wipro]] all committed to rebuilding homes for flood victims in north Karnataka. Biocon committed to building 3,000 houses at a cost of Rs 30 crore.<ref name=Mangalorean>{{cite news|title=Infosys, Wipro, Biocon to generously contribute for flood relief works |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=149316 |access-date=24 September 2014 |work=Mangalorean |date=9 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015161924/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=149316 |archive-date=15 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name=FloodRelief2009>{{cite news|title=Flood Relief: Infy, Biocon, Wipro to rescue K'taka|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/10/09/karnataka-flood-relief-infosys-biocon-wipro.html|access-date=24 September 2014|work=One India News|date=9 October 2009|archive-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018141306/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/10/09/karnataka-flood-relief-infosys-biocon-wipro.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Board memberships ==
Mazumdar-Shaw is a member of the board of governors of the [[Indian School of Business]],<ref>[http://www.isb.edu/KnowISB/ExecutiveBoard.Shtml Executive Board, KnowISB – Indian School of Business (ISB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421110944/http://www.isb.edu/knowISB/ExecutiveBoard.Shtml |date=21 April 2012 }}. Isb.edu. Retrieved on 17 July 2012.</ref> a term member on the board of [[MIT]], USA till 2023, and a past member of the board of governors of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad]].<ref name=IITH>{{cite web|title=Board of Governors (Past)|url=http://www.iith.ac.in/administration/bogpast.html|website=IITH|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad|access-date=17 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220012805/http://www.iith.ac.in/administration/bogpast.html|archive-date=20 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Kiran-Shahrukh.jpg|thumb|
[http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/8422 Dr Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Chairperson, Board of Governors, IIMB, with Shah Rukh Khan during IIMBUE 2015 on Dec 11]
]]
As of February 2014, Mazumdar-Shaw became the first woman to head the board of governors of the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] (IIMB).<ref name=Times2014>{{cite news|title=Mukesh Ambani quits, Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw to head IIM-Bangalore board|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Mukesh-Ambani-quits-Kiran-Mazumdar-Shaw-to-head-IIM-Bangalore-board/articleshow/30642316.cms|access-date=17 September 2014|work=The Times of India|date=19 February 2014|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130215700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Mukesh-Ambani-quits-Kiran-Mazumdar-Shaw-to-head-IIM-Bangalore-board/articleshow/30642316.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=IIMB2014>{{cite web|title=Dr. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw is Chairperson of Board of Governors at IIM Bangalore|url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/4336|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIMB)|access-date=17 September 2014|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222084101/http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/4336|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/about-iimb/board-governor |title=Board of Governors: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore |publisher=Iimb.ernet.in |date=11 February 2009 |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=27 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627001905/http://www.iimb.ernet.in/about-iimb/board-governor |url-status=live }}</ref>

She is an independent director on the board of Infosys.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.infosys.com/about/management-profiles/|title=Infosys - Management Profiles - Board of Directors |publisher= [[Infosys]] |access-date= 29 March 2017 |archive-date= 30 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211130200122/https://www.infosys.com/about/management-profiles/ |url-status= live}}</ref> She is also a member of the General Body of Maharashtra State Innovation Society. She is also a member of the advisory board of the [[MIT Jameel Clinic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=People|url=https://www.jclinic.mit.edu/people|access-date=2020-11-13|website=J-Clinic|language=en|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130200807/https://www.jclinic.mit.edu/people|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dr Kiran currently serves as an expert on the [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/jun/06/special-task-force-to-look-into-development-of-bengaluru-2582218.html Brand Bengaluru Task Force] committee, alongside notable members including politician and [https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/about-us/ Bridge India] Advisory Board Member, [[Rajeev Gowda]]. The committee comprises several officials and stakeholders who deliberate on issues including traffic, water supply and waste management that concern Bengaluru's development. The committee met on [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/committee-with-stakeholders-and-officials-to-create-a-roadmap-for-the-city-in-six-months-dk-shivakumar/article66980527.ece 17 June 2023] to chalk out a roadmap for the city development project, under the guidance of Karnataka's Deputy Chief Minister and Bengaluru Development Minister [[D. K. Shivakumar|D.K. Shivakumar]]. The committee most recently met on [https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/aug/26/biocon-founder-meetsdks-discusses-brand-bengaluru-initiative-2608774.html 25 August 2023] to discuss Bengaluru's urban development blueprint.

== Awards and honours ==
[[File:Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw HD2014 Othmer Gold Medal 0127.JPG|thumb|right| Mazumdar-Shaw with the Othmer Gold Medal, 2014]]

As of 2010, Mazumdar-Shaw was named among [[TIME magazine]]'s 100 most influential people in the world.<ref name=TIME2010>{{cite news|last1=Armstrong|first1=Lance|title=The 2010 TIME 100: Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984949_1985233,00.html|access-date=17 September 2014|work=TIME Magazine|date=29 April 2010|archive-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018070624/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984949_1985233,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She is on the 2011 ''Financial Times''' top 50 women in business list.<ref name="FT2011" /> As of 2014, she was listed as the 92nd most powerful woman in the world by ''Forbes''.<ref name=Forbes2014>{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall|work=Forbes|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622133454/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, she had risen to 85th in the Forbes ranking.<ref name=Forbes2015 /> She was voted global Indian of the year by Pharma Leaders Magazine in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Biocon Chief Dr. Kiran Majumdar Shaw & NMC Chief Dr B.R.Shetty Declared Global Indian Of The Year {{!}} Pharmaleaders TV|url = http://pharmaleaders.tv/biocon-chief-dr-kiran-majumdar-shaw-nmc-chief-dr-b-r-shetty-declared-global-indian-of-the-year-2/|website = pharmaleaders.tv|access-date = 4 February 2016|archive-date = 24 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205347/http://pharmaleaders.tv/biocon-chief-dr-kiran-majumdar-shaw-nmc-chief-dr-b-r-shetty-declared-global-indian-of-the-year-2/|url-status = live}}</ref>

She was placed #14th in the Hurun India Philanthropy List 2019 for a donation of {{INRConvert|72|c|0}} and was ranked #2 in the list of Women Philanthropist of 2019, by the Hurun Report India Philanthropy List 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=2019 Hurun Report India |url=https://www.edelgive.org/documents/251134/0/EdelGive%20Hurun%20India%20Philanthropy%20List%202019%20(2).pdf |publisher=Edelgive.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== International awards ===
Mazumdar-Shaw is the recipient of several international awards including the [[Othmer Gold Medal]] (2014) for outstanding contributions to the progress of science and chemistry,<ref name=CHFAll />

-The [[Nikkei Asia Prize]] (2009) for regional growth,<ref name="NikkeiPressRelease">{{cite web|last1=Sengupta|first1=Paula|last2=Sharma|first2=Sonia|title=Kiran Mazumdar Shaw awarded the prestigious 'Nikkei Asia Prize' 2009 for Regional Growth|url=http://www.biocon.com/biocon_inv_press_releases_11may2009.asp|publisher=Biocon Limited|access-date=11 May 2009|archive-date=22 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622001321/http://www.biocon.com/biocon_inv_press_releases_11may2009.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BusinessLine">{{cite journal|title=Nikkei Asia Prize for Kiran Mazumdar Shaw|journal=The Hindu Business Line|date=13 May 2009|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/nikkei-asia-prize-for-kiran-mazumdar-shaw/article1051456.ece|access-date=17 September 2014|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222152119/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/nikkei-asia-prize-for-kiran-mazumdar-shaw/article1051456.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Darpan">{{cite journal|title=Nikkei Asia Prize won by Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw|journal=Pratiyogita Darpan|date=July 2009|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UikfR0vpMAsC&pg=PT24|access-date=17 September 2014|last1=Darpan|first1=Pratiyogita}}</ref> the ‘Veuve Clicquot Initiative For Economic Development For Asia' Award (2007),<ref name="Veuve">{{cite web|title=Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw awarded the 'Veuve Clicquot Initiative For Economic Development For Asia'|url=http://www.evaluategroup.com/Universal/View.aspx?type=Story&id=140833|website=Evaluate|publisher=Press Release|access-date=16 October 2007}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

-[[Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award]] for Life Sciences & Healthcare (2002),<ref name="EY2002">{{cite web|title=EY Building a Better World: Past Winners |url=http://www.ey.com/IN/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/Entrepreneur_of_the_Year_Award-Hall_of_Fame |website=Ernst & Young |access-date=17 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927002439/http://www.ey.com/IN/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/Entrepreneur_of_the_Year_Award-Hall_of_Fame |archive-date=27 September 2014 }}</ref>

-'Technology Pioneer' recognition by [[World Economic Forum]] (2002).

-In May 2015 Federation University Australia (formerly the University of Ballarat) named a road in its Mt Helen campus as Mazumdar Drive. Kiran and Shaw attended the opening ceremony.<ref name="Seijts">{{cite book|last1=Seijts|first1=Gerard|title=Good Leaders Learn: Lessons from Lifetimes of Leadership|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-65976-5|page=xxv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXcKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR25|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref>

-She was the 2015 winner of [[Academy of International Business]] (AIB)The International Executive of the Year Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Executive of the Year Award |url=https://www.aib.world/about/awards/executive-award/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Academy of International Business (AIB) |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110105638/https://www.aib.world/about/awards/executive-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

-In 2016 and again in 2020, she was named a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.

-She was elected as a member of the [[United States National Academy of Engineering]] (NAE) in 2019 for the development of affordable biopharmaceuticals and the biotechnology industry in India.<ref name="NAE">{{Cite web|url=https://nae.edu/204037/National-Academy-of-Engineering-Elects-86-Members-and-18-Foreign-Members|title=National Academy of Engineering Elects 86 Members and 18 Foreign Members|website=NAE Website|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430204659/https://www.nae.edu/204037/National-Academy-of-Engineering-Elects-86-Members-and-18-Foreign-Members|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the first Indian woman to get this honor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/oct/09/kiran-mazumdar-shaw-inducted-into-nae-2045004.html|title=Kiran Mazumdar Shaw inducted into NAE|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 October 2019|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203234606/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/oct/09/kiran-mazumdar-shaw-inducted-into-nae-2045004.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

-In January 2020, Kiran became the fourth Indian citizen to be honoured with Australia's highest civilian honour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/jan/18/kiran-mazumdar-shah-fourth-indian-to-be-honoured-with-australias-highest-civilian-honour-2091231.html|title=Kiran Mazumdar-Shah fourth Indian to be honoured with Australia's highest civilian honour|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=19 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119153642/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/jan/18/kiran-mazumdar-shah-fourth-indian-to-be-honoured-with-australias-highest-civilian-honour-2091231.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

-She was the 2020 EY World Entrepreneur of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://www.ey.com/en_gl/weoy/class-of-2020/country-winner-india |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.ey.com |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219073957/https://www.ey.com/en_gl/weoy/class-of-2020/country-winner-india |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Indian awards ===
Her work in the biotechnology sector has earned her numerous national awards, including the Padma Shri (1989) and the Padma Bhushan (2005) from the government of India.<ref name=ChangeMaestros /><ref name=Seijts /> She was given the [[Economic Times Awards|Economic Times Award]] for 'Businesswoman of the Year' in 2004.<ref name=ECTimes2004>{{cite news|title=Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw: Businesswoman of the year|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-10-18/news/27408028_1_entrepreneur-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-biocon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527074555/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-10-18/news/27408028_1_entrepreneur-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-biocon|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2013|access-date=17 September 2014|work=Economic Times|date=18 October 2004}}</ref> At the Pharmaleaders Pharmaceutical Leadership Summit she was named "Global Indian Woman of the Year" (2012);<ref name=BWI2012>{{cite news|title=Aanjaneya Lifecare Bagged Coveted BSE Award for Best Return to Investors, Padmashree Dr Mukesh Batra is Business Leader of the Year, Dr Mukesh Hariawala as India's Most Admired Surgeon & Thirty Three top Asia Pharmaleaders Felicitated|url=http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/aanjaneya-lifecare-bagged-coveted-bse-award-best-return-investors-padm/32741|access-date=17 September 2014|work=Business Wire India|date=22 September 2012|archive-date=17 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917203716/http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/aanjaneya-lifecare-bagged-coveted-bse-award-best-return-investors-padm/32741|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Pharma2012>{{cite web|title=Pharmaleaders 5th Annual Pharmaceutical Leadership Summit & Awards 2012| date=22 September 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMHqwxHqkbE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/IMHqwxHqkbE |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Satya Brahma|access-date=17 September 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> she also received the Express Pharmaceutical Leadership Summit Award for "Dynamic Entrepreneur" in 2009.<ref name=ChangeMaestros>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|last2=Bhandarker|first2=Asha|title=In search of Change Maestros|date=2011|publisher=Sage|location=Los Angeles|isbn=9788132105862|page=402|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtPRQNjGN94C&pg=PA402|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> The Indian Merchants' Chamber Diamond Jubilee Endowment Trust's Eminent Businessperson of the Year Award was presented to Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw in 2006 by the [[List of Governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]], [[S. M. Krishna]].<ref name=Eminent2006>{{cite news|title=Kiran Mazumdar is 'Eminent Businessperson' |url=http://www.biocon.com/biocon_press_news_details.asp?subLink=news&Fileid=208 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=25 February 2006 |access-date=17 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213151427/http://biocon.com/biocon_press_news_details.asp?subLink=news&Fileid=208 |archive-date=13 December 2010 }}</ref>
She has also received the Indian Chamber of Commerce Lifetime Achievement Award (2005),<ref name=Hindu2005>{{cite news|title=Kiran Mazumdar gets ICC lifetime award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090603231700.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140917173110/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090603231700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 September 2014|access-date=17 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 September 2005}}</ref> the 'Corporate Leadership Award' by the American India Foundation (2005).<ref name=Money>{{cite web|title=Dr. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw Awarded The Corporate Leadership Award|url=http://m.moneycontrol.com/news/business/dr-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-awarded-the-corporate-leadership_184599.html|access-date=17 September 2014|website=MoneyControl|archive-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015133256/http://m.moneycontrol.com/news/business/dr-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-awarded-the-corporate-leadership_184599.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BusinessLine2005>{{cite news|title=Award for Biocon CMD|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/award-for-biocon-cmd/article2192050.ece|access-date=17 September 2014|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=11 October 2005}}</ref> and the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] (2002).<ref name=ChangeMaestros /><ref name=Rajyotsava>{{cite news|title=Rajyotsava Award for Nilekani|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/10/31/stories/2002103101151900.htm|access-date=17 September 2014|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=31 October 2002|archive-date=17 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817125458/http://thehindubusinessline.com/2002/10/31/stories/2002103101151900.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> She was honoured with the "H.K. Firodia Lifetime Achievement Award 2022" for her contributions to science and technology (2022).<ref>{{cite news |title=Mazumdar-Shaw awarded H.K. Firodia Lifetime Achievement Award 2022. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mazumdar-shaw-awarded-hk-firodia-lifetime-achievement-award-2022/article65932063.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 September 2022 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>

=== Honorary degrees ===
Mazumdar-Shaw received an honorary doctorate from her alma mater, [[Ballarat University]] in 2004, in recognition of her contributions to biotechnology.<ref name=Australia2004 /> She has been awarded honorary doctorates from the [[Abertay University|University of Abertay]], Dundee, UK (2007),<ref name=Abertay>{{cite web|title=Exploration, higher education, biotechnology, and business strategy honoured at Abertay graduations|url=http://www.abertay.ac.uk/about/news/newsarchive/2007/name,1572,en.html|publisher=Abertay University|date=2 July 2007|access-date=17 September 2014|archive-date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706113623/http://abertay.ac.uk/about/news/newsarchive/2007/name,1572,en.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[University of Glasgow]], UK (2008), [[Heriot-Watt University]], Edinburgh, UK (2008) and [[University College Cork]], Ireland (2012).<ref name=UCC2012>{{cite web|last1=Fitzpatrick|first1=Patrick|title=Dr Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Degree of Doctor of Science Introduced by Professor Patrick Fitzpatrick, Head of the College of Science, Engineering & Food Science, UCC|url=http://www.ucc.ie/en/current/conferrings/honoraryconferrings/introductoryspeeches/text-165911-en.html|publisher=University College Cork, Ireland|date=8 June 2012|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> She received an honorary doctorate from [[Davangere University]], India, at its first convocation, July 2013, in recognition of her contribution in the field of biotechnology.<ref name=Davangere2013>{{cite news|title=Davangere varsity maiden convocation on July 27|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/davangere-varsity-maiden-convocation-on-july-27/article4955059.ece|access-date=17 September 2014|work=The Hindu|date=26 July 2013}}</ref> She also received an Honorary Doctorate from [[Concordia University]], Montreal, Canada in October of 2024<ref name="Concordia University">{{cite news|title=Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw|url=https://www.concordia.ca/content/shared/en/profiles/hondocs/2024/kiran-mazumdar-shaw.html|access-date=8 January 2025|work=Concordia University|date=15 December 2024}}</ref>

== Personal ==

Kiran Mazumdar Shaw was married to John Shaw, who died on 24 October 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=John Shaw, Biocon chairperson Kiran Mazumdar Shaw's husband, passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/john-shaw-biocon-chairperson-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-s-husband-passes-away-101666603685801.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=24 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024101232/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/john-shaw-biocon-chairperson-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-s-husband-passes-away-101666603685801.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Husband"/> Both were named in the 2021 [[Pandora Papers]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-04 |title=India to investigate cases related to Pandora Papers |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-to-investigate-cases-related-to-pandora-papers-11633352822911.html |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=P. |date=2021-10-05 |title=Offshore entities of Kiran Mazumdar Shaw's husband have Biocon shares, $85 million; trust advisor banned by Sebi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/pandora-papers-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-husbands-offshore-trust-7550172/ |access-date=2021-10-05 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=66120284}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw}}
* [http://kiranmazumdarshaw.blogspot.com/ ''My Thoughts and Expressions''] — blog by Kiran Mazumdar Shaw
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kiran-Mazumdar-Shaw Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw] — entry at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumdar-Shaw, Kiran}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Federation University Australia alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Female billionaires]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:People named in the Pandora Papers]]
[[Category:Winners of the Nikkei Asia Prize]]
[[Category:Honorary members of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Women in brewing]]

2024 Indian general election in Assam

2026-05-05T16:56:56Z

SilviaVanwinkle:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha election in Assam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Assam
| previous_year = 2019
| election_date = 19 April- 7 May 2024
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Assam
| next_year = 2029
| seats_for_election = All 14 Assam seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| turnout = 81.87% ({{increase}} 0.27%)
| ongoing = no
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Assam
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Assam
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Assam#Opinion polls
| image_size = 120px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sarbananda Sonowal with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|bSize=135|cWidth=110|cHeight=140|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| color1 = {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| leaders_seat1 = [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| leader_since1 = 2018
| last_election1 = 36.41%, 9 seats
| seats1 = '''11'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}2
| percentage1 = '''46.32%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 9.91%

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Gaurav Gogoi and Manmohan Singh.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=110|cHeight=140|oLeft=5|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| leaders_seat2 = [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| leader_since2 = 2020
| last_election2 = 35.79%, 3 seats
| seats2 = 3
| seat_change2 = {{steady}}
| percentage2 = 39.47%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 2.04%

| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Assam Result Map.svg|300px]]|Partywise result|[[File:2024 Assam Lok Sabha Alliance Wise Election Result Map.svg|300px]]|Alliance-wise result}}
| map_size = 300px
| popular_vote1 = '''92,41,703'''
| popular_vote2 = 78,92,518
| map_caption = Results of the 2024 Indian general election in Assam
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] in [[Assam]] was held from 19 April to 7 May 2024, to elect the 14 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/bjp-targets-to-win-14-seats-in-assam-in-2024-lok-sabha-elections.html|title=BJP targets to win 14 seats in Assam in 2024 Lok Sabha elections}}</ref><ref name=":Mahajot Assam">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-congress-initiates-grand-alliance-move-against-bjp-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls/article66606515.ece|title=Assam Congress initiates grand alliance move against BJP for 2024 Lok Sabha polls|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2 | Poll event
! colspan="3" | Phase
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFACD | I
| bgcolor=#87CEFA | II
| bgcolor=#7B68EE | III
|-
! Notification date
| 20 March
| 28 March
| 12 April
|-
! Last date for filing nomination
| 27 March
| 4 April
| 19 April
|-
! Scrutiny of nomination
| 28 March
| 5 April
| 20 April
|-
! Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
| 30 March
| 8 April
| 22 April
|-
! Date of poll
| '''19 April'''
| '''26 April'''
| '''7 May'''
|-
! Date of counting of votes/Result
| colspan="3" | '''4 June 2024'''
|-
! '''''No. of constituencies'''''
| 5
| 5
| 4
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
[[File:Assam 2024 NDA seat share.png|right|350px]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50x50px|centre]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50x50px|centre]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| 11
|-
| {{party color cell|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50x50px|centre]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50x50px|centre]]
| [[Atul Bora]]
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|United People's Party Liberal}}
| [[United People's Party Liberal]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50x50px|centre]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50x50px|centre]]
| [[Urkhao Gwra Brahma]]
| 1
|-
!
! colspan=4 | '''Total'''
! 14
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
[[File:Assam 2024 INDIA seat share.png|right|350px]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[Gourav Gogoi]]
| 13
|-
| {{party color cell|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| [[Assam Jatiya Parishad]]
| [[File:AJP FLAG.jpg|50px|center]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol ship.png|50px]]
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| 1
|-
!
! colspan=4 | '''Total'''
! 14
|}

=== Others ===
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:center"
|+ Recognised parties
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Bodoland People's Front}}
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| [[File:BPF-Flag.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Nangol.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[Hagrama Mohilary]]
| 4
|-
| {{party color cell|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| [[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag (2).svg|50px]]
| [[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|50px]]
| [[Ripun Bora]]
| 4
|-
| {{party color cell|All India United Democratic Front}}
| [[All India United Democratic Front]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50x50px|centre]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lock And Key.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| 3
|-
| {{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| [[File:Aam Aadmi Party logo (English).svg|50px]]
| [[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]
| Bhaben Choudhury
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[Suprakash Talukdar]]
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India ]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| Kanak Gogoi
| 1
|-
!
! colspan=4 | Total
! 15
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Unrecognised parties
! colspan="2" | Party
! Leader
! Symbol
! Seats contested
|-
| Rowspan=2 {{Party colour cell|Other}}
| Voters Party International
|
|
| 8
|-
| Bharatiya Gana Parishad
|
|
| 6
|-

| {{Party colour cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| Chandralekha Das
|
| 6
|-
| {{Party colour cell|Gana Suraksha Party}}
| [[Gana Suraksha Party]]
| [[Heera Saraniya]]
|
| 4
|-
| {{Party colour cell|Rashtriya Ulama Council}}
| [[Rashtriya Ulama Council]]
|
|
| 4
|-
| {{Party colour cell|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
|
|
| 4
|-
| rowspan=3 {{Party colour cell|Other}}
| Asom Jana Morcha
|
|
| 3
|-
| Bahujan Maha Party
|
|
| 3
|-
| Bangali Nabanirman Sena
|
|
| 2
|-
| {{Party colour cell|Ikkjutt Jammu}}
| [[Ekam Sanatan Bharat Dal]]
|
|
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
| [[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]
| [[Jayanta Rongpi]]
|
| 1
|-
| {{Party colour cell|Bharatheeya Jawan Kisan Party}}
| Bharatheeya Jawan Kisan Party
|
|
| 1
|-
| rowspan=3 {{Party colour cell|Other}}
| Hindu Samaj Party
|
|
| 1
|-
| Jai Prakash Janata Dal
|
|
| 1
|-
| The National Road Map Party of India
|
|
| 1
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Total
!
! 47
|}

== Candidates ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Others}}" |Others
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" {{party color cell |United People's Party Liberal}}
| rowspan="2" | [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| rowspan="2" {{party color cell |Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="2" | Garjan Mushahary
| {{party color cell |Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| Gauri Shankar Sarania
|-
| {{party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| Kampa Borgoyari
|-
! 2
| [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| {{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| [[Zabed Islam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3
| rowspan="2" | [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| rowspan="2" {{party color cell |Asom Gana Parishad}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| rowspan="2" {{party color cell |Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="2" | Deep Bayan
| {{party color cell |Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| Abul Kalam Azad
|-
| {{party color cell |Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| [[Manoranjan Talukdar]]
|-
! 4
| [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
| {{party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| [[Durga Das Boro]]
|-
! 5
| [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bijuli Kalita Medhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Mira Barthakur Goswami
|
| [[Ekam Sanatan Bharat Dal|ESBD]]
| Amitabh Sharmah
|-
! 6
| [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Amar Sing Tisso
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Joyram Engleng]]
| {{Party colour cell|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
| [[Autonomous State Demand Committee|ASDC]]
| Jotson Bey
|-
! 7
| [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Kripanath Mallah]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Rashid Ahmed Choudhary
| {{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| Sahabul Islam Choudhary
|-
! 8
| [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Surjya Kanta Sarkar
| {{party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Radheshyam Biswas]]
|-
! 9
| [[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Suresh Bora
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| [[Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1972)|Aminul Islam]]
|-
! 10
| [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
|
| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
| Salesh Ahmed Mazumdar
|-
! rowspan="2" | 11
| rowspan="2" | [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="2" | Premlal Ganju
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| Rishiraj Sharma
|-
| {{party color cell|Bodoland People's Front}}
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| Raju Deuri
|-
! rowspan="2" | 12
| rowspan="2" | [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Pradan Baruah]]
| rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Uday Shankar Hazarika]]
| {{party color cell |Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| Ghana Kanta Chutia
|-
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Dhiren Kachari
|-
! 13
| [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| Manoj Dhanuar
|-
! 14
| [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{party color cell|Ikkjutt Jammu}}
| [[Ekam Sanatan Bharat Dal|ESBD]]
| Arun Chandra Handique
|}

== Surveys and polls ==

=== Opinion polls ===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Assam (14)}}

=== Exit polls ===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Assam}}

== Voter turnout ==

=== Phase-wise ===
{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
! Phase
! Poll date
! Constituencies
! Voter turnout (%)
|-
! I
| 19 April 2024
| [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]], [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]], [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]], [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]], [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| 78.25%
|-
! II
| 26 April 2024
| [[Darrang-Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]], [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu (ST)]], [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]], [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar (SC)]], [[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| 81.17%
|-
! III
| 7 May 2024
| [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar (ST)]], [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]], [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]], [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| 85.45%
|-
! colspan="3" | Total
! 81.62%
|}

=== Constituency-wise ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! Poll date
! Turnout
! Swing
|-
! 1
| [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#7B68EE | 7 May 2024
| 83.55%
| 0.25%{{increase}}
|-
! 2
| [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| 92.08%
| 1.42%{{increase}}
|-
! 3
| [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| 85.24%
| 1.33%{{decrease}}
|-
! 4
| [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| bgcolor=#87CEFA | 26 April 2024
| 82.01%
| {{steady}}
|-
! 5
| [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| bgcolor=#7B68EE | 7 May 2024
| 78.39%
| 2.48%{{decrease}}
|-
! 6
| [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]] (ST)
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#87CEFA | 26 April 2024
| 75.74%
| 1.89%{{decrease}}
|-
! 7
| [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]
| 80.48%
| 1.3%{{increase}}
|-
! 8
| [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]] (SC)
| 79.05%
| 0.46%{{decrease}}
|-
! 9
| [[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| 84.97%
| 1.74%{{increase}}
|-
! 10
| [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#FFFACD | 19 April 2024
| 79.33%
| {{steady}}
|-
! 11
| [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| 78.46%
| {{steady}}
|-
! 12
| [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| 76.42%
| 1.25%{{increase}}
|-
! 13
| [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| 76.75%
| 0.55%{{decrease}}
|-
! 14
| [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| 79.89%
| 2.32%{{increase}}
|}

== Results ==

=== Results by alliance or party ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Parties
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="4"style="background:#fef3e8" | [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| {{formatnum:7467558}}
| 37.43
| {{increase}} 1.38
| 11
| 9
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| {{formatnum:1289464}}
| 6.46
| {{decrease}} 1.85
| 2
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|United People's Party Liberal}}
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| {{formatnum:484681}}
| 2.43
| {{increase}}0.09
| 1
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | '''Total'''
| style="background:#fef3e8" | '''{{formatnum:9241703}}'''
| style="background:#fef3e8" | '''46.32'''
| style="background:#fef3e8" |
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 14
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 11
| style="background:#fef3e8" | {{increase}} 2
|-
| rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! rowspan="3" style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| {{formatnum:7478077}}
| 37.48
| {{increase}} 2.04
| 13
| 3
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| [[Assam Jatiya Parishad|AJP]]
| {{formatnum:414441}}
| 1.99
| ''New''
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF" | '''Total'''
| style="background:#E5F8FF" |'''{{formatnum:7892518}}'''
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | '''39.47'''
| style="background:#E5F8FF" |
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | 14
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | 3
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
|-
| rowspan="17" {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
! rowspan="17"style="background:#E5FFDA" | Others
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}"|
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| {{formatnum:777570}}
| 3.86
|
| 4
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India United Democratic Front}}
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| {{formatnum:624305}}
| 3.13
| {{decrease}} 4.74
| 3
| 0
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference|APHLC]]
| {{formatnum:187017}}
| 0.86
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| {{formatnum:170912}}
| 0.85
|
| 2
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Gana Suraksha Party}}
| [[Gana Suraksha Party|GSP]]
| {{formatnum:123365}}
| 0.56
|
| 4
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| {{formatnum:96138}}
| 0.48
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| 74,641
| 0.37
|
| 4
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]]
| 26,270
| 0.12
|
| 6
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 19,631
| 0.10
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Ekam Sanatan Bharat Dal}}
| [[Ekam Sanatan Bharat Dal|ESBD]]
| 16,613
| 0.07
|
| 2
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
| 14,317
| 0.06
|
| 4
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Rashtriya Ulama Council}}
| [[Rashtriya Ulama Council|RUC]]
| 12,952
| 0.05
|
| 4
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
| [[Autonomous State Demand Committee|ASDC]]
| 9,633
| 0.04
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatheeya Jawan Kisan Party}}
| BJKP
|
|
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|
|
|
| 53
| 0
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#E5FFDA" | '''Total'''
| style="background:#E5FFDA" | '''{{formatnum:3725964}}'''
| style="background:#E5FFDA" | '''17.05'''
| style="background:#E5FFDA" |
| style="background:#E5FFDA" |
| style="background:#E5FFDA" | 0
| style="background:#E5FFDA" | {{decrease}}2
|-
| bgcolor="Black" |
| colspan="3" | [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
| {{formatnum:238276}}
| 1.19
|
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! {{formatnum:20864200}}
! 100
!
! 143
! 14
!
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Constituency
! rowspan="2" | Turnout
! colspan="5" | Winner
! colspan="5" | Runner-up
! colspan="2" | Margin
!Total
|-
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
!Votes
|-
! 1
| [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]] (ST)
| 83.95
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| {{party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 488,995
| 39.39%
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 4,37,412
| 35.23%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 51,583
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 4.16%
|1254499
|-
! 2
| [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| 92.30
| style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,471,885
| 59.99%
| style="text-align: centre;" |[[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| {{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| 4,59,409
| 18.72%
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 10,12,476
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 41.27%
|2458780
|-
! 3
| [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| 85.40
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 8,60,113
| 51.02%
| Deep Bayan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 6,37,762
| 37.83%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 2,22,351
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 13.19%
|1690051
|-
! 4
| [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| 82.21
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 8,68,387
| 47.95%
| [[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5,39,375
| 29.78%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 3,29,012
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 18.17%
|1820644
|-
! 5
| [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| 78.56
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 8,94,887
| 55.95%
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 6,43,797
| 40.25%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 2,51,090
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 15.70%
|1602455
|-
! 6
| [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]] (ST)
| 76.20
| Amar Sing Tisso
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 3,34,620
| 49.01%
| J.I. Kathar
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
| 1,87,017
| 27.39%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,47,603
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 21.62%
|687376
|-
! 7
| [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]
| 81.13
| [[Kripanath Mallah]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5,45,093
| 47.53%
| Hafiz Rashid Ahmed Choudhury
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5,26,733
| 45.93%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 18,360
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1.60%
|1147607
|-
! 8
| [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]] (SC)
| 79.37
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 6,52,405
| 59.89%
| Surya Kanta Sarkar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3,88,094
| 35.62%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 2,64,311
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 24.27%
|1090948
|-
! 9
| [[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| 85.15
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 7,88,850
| 50.89%
| Suresh Borah
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5,76,619
| 37.20%
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 2,12,331
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 13.69%
|1550628
|-
! 10
| [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]
| 79.64
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 8,97,043
| 55.04%
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 6,48,096
| 39.76%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 2,48,947
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 15.28%
|1635636
|-
! 11
| [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| 78.74
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 7,75,788
| 60.21%
| Premlal Ganju
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4,14,380
| 32.16%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 3,61,408
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 28.05%
|1290556
|-
! 12
| [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| 76.83
| [[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 6,63,122
| 54.75%
| [[Uday Shankar Hazarika]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4,61,865
| 38.13%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 2,01,257
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 16.62%
|1214239
|-
! 13
| [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| 76.92
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 6,93,762
| 54.27%
| [[Lurinjyoti Gogoi]]
| {{party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 4,14,441
| 32.42%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 2,79,321
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 21.85%
|1278464
|-
! 14
| [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| 80.57
| [[Gourav Gogoi]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 7,51,771
| 54.04%
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 6,07,378
| 43.66%
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 1,44,393
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 10.38%
|1396283
|}

== Assembly-wise lead of parties ==

=== Party-wise leads ===
[[File:2024 Assam Lok Sabha Election Assembly Wise Lead Map.svg|2024 Assam Lok Sabha Election Assembly Wise Lead Map|thumb|right|400px]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 | Party
! Assembly segments
! Current Position in the Assembly
|-
| rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="4"style="background:#fef3e8" | [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 75
| 82
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
! [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 10
| 10
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}"|
! [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 3
| 10
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}"|
! [[United People's Party, Liberal|UPPL]]
| 7
| 0
|-
| colspan="4"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 95
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 102
|-
| rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! rowspan="4"style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 31
| 19
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 0
| 0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Raijor Dal}}"|
! [[Raijor Dal|RD]]
| 0
| 1
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF" | Total
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | 31
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | 21
|-
| rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
! rowspan="4"style="background:#E5FFDA" | Others
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}"|
! [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 0
| 2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
! [[Independent politician|Independents]]
| 0
| 0
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#E5FFDA" | Total
| style="background:#E5FFDA" | 3
| style="background:#E5FFDA" | 23
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! colspan=2 | 126
|}

=== Assembly seat-wise leads ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="5" | Winner
! colspan="5" | Runner-up
! rowspan="2"data-sort-type="number"|Margin
|-
! #
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type="number" |Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type="number" |Votes
! %
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 1
| [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 35,173
| 38.41
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 20,330
| 22.20
| style="background:{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}; color:black;" | 14,843
|-
| 2
| [[Dotma Assembly constituency|Dotma]] (ST)
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 36,490
| 41.38
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 31,933
| 36.21
| style="background:{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}; color:black;" | 4,557
|-
| 3
| [[Kokrajhar Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar]] (ST)
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 48,207
| 41.62
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 46,032
| 39.74
| style="background:{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}; color:white;" | 2,175
|-
| 4
| [[Baokhungri Assembly constituency|Baokhungri]]
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 55,015
| 41.21
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 48,660
| 36.45
| style="background:{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}; color:black;" | 6,355
|-
| 5
| [[Parbatjhora Assembly constituency|Parbatjhora]]
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 56,840
| 37.66
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 47,302
| 31.34
| style="background:{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}; color:white;" | 9,538
|-
| 19
| [[Sidli–Chirang Assembly constituency|Sidli–Chirang]] (ST)
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 75,317
| 42.35
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 67,788
| 38.12
| style="background:{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}; color:black;" | 7,529
|-
| 20
| [[Bijni Assembly constituency|Bijni]]
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 62,763
| 40.52
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 47,609
| 30.73
| style="background:{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}; color:black;" | 15,154
|-
| 41
| [[Manas Assembly constituency|Manas]]
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 68,623
| 41.87
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 57,927
| 35.34
| style="background:{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}; color:black;" | 10,696
|-
| 42
| [[Baksa Assembly constituency|Baksa]] (ST)
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 57,966
| 37.89
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 53,474
| 34.96
| style="background:{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}; color:black;" | 4,492
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 6
| [[Golakganj Assembly constituency|Golakganj]]
| [[Zabed Islam]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 97,833
| 52.98
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 68,808
| 37.26
| style="background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}; color:black;" |29,025
|-
| 7
| [[Gauripur Assembly constituency|Gauripur]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,91,689
| 69.07
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| {{Party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| 39,451
| 14.21
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,52,238
|-
| 8
| [[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,25,094
| 59.52
| [[Zabed Islam]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 43,393
| 20.64
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |81,701
|-
| 9
| [[Birsing Jarua Assembly constituency|Birsing Jarua]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,63,211
| 64.66
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| {{Party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| 66,305
| 26.27
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |96,906
|-
| 10
| [[Bilasipara Assembly constituency|Bilasipara]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 78,371
| 45.62
| [[Zabed Islam]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 73,948
| 43.04
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |4,423
|-
| 11
| [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,63,792
| 59.47
| [[Zabed Islam]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 63,960
| 23.22
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |99,832
|-
| 12
| [[Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency|Jaleshwar]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,37,048
| 63.24
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| {{Party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| 56,545
| 26.09
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |80,503
|-
| 14
| [[Goalpara East Assembly constituency|Goalpara East]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,26,453
| 62.44
| [[Zabed Islam]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 41,691
| 20.58
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |84,762
|-
| 17
| [[Srijangram Assembly constituency|Srijangram]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,20,369
| 60.16
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| {{Party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| 48,602
| 24.29
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |71,767
|-
| 22
| [[Mandia Assembly constituency|Mandia]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,44,773
| 61.79
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| {{Party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| 70,152
| 29.94
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |74,621
|-
| 23
| [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,48,941
| 67.68
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| {{Party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| 52,371
| 23.79
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |96,570
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 16
| [[Abhayapuri Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri]]
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 98,791
| 63.12
| Deep Bayan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 43,682
| 27.91
| style="background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}; color:black;" |55,109
|-
| 18
| [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 98,323
| 65.51
| Deep Bayan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 38,723
| 25.80
| style="background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}; color:black;" |59,600
|-
| 21
| [[Bhowanipur–Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Bhowanipur–Sorbhog]]
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 93,927
| 52.51
| Deep Bayan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 57,174
| 31.96
| style="background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}; color:black;" |36,753
|-
| 24
| [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]] (SC)
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 91,587
| 65.28
| Deep Bayan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 34,159
| 24.35
| style="background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}; color:black;" |57,428
|-
| 25
| [[Pakabetbari Assembly constituency|Pakabetbari]]
| Deep Bayan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,75,341
| 74.45
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 25,355
| 10.77
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,49,986
|-
| 26
| [[Bajali Assembly constituency|Bajali]]
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 76,170
| 58.69
| Deep Bayan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 34,584
| 26.65
| style="background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}; color:black;" |41,586
|-
| 30
| [[Hajo–Sualkuchi Assembly constituency|Hajo–Sualkuchi]] (SC)
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 80,230
| 50.05
| Deep Bayan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 65,866
| 41.09
| style="background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}; color:black;" |14,364
|-
| 38
| [[Barkhetry Assembly constituency|Barkhetry]]
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 94,944
| 50.00
| Deep Bayan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 81,755
| 43.05
| style="background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}; color:black;" |13,189
|-
| 39
| [[Nalbari Assembly constituency|Nalbari]]
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 1,04,817
| 61.75
| Deep Bayan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 48,515
| 28.58
| style="background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}; color:black;" |56,302
|-
| 40
| [[Tihu Assembly constituency|Tihu]]
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 89,498
| 54.48
| Deep Bayan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 55,612
| 33.85
| style="background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}; color:black;" |33,886
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 31
| [[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangiya]]
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 99,469
| 57.93
| [[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 59,219
| 34.49
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |40,250
|-
| 32
| [[Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 98,247
| 64.25
| [[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 43,212
| 28.26
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |55,035
|-
| 43
| [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]] (ST)
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 80,412
| 49.63
| [[Durga Das Boro]]
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 52,887
| 32.64
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |27,525
|-
| 44
| [[Goreswar Assembly constituency|Goreswar]]
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 86,494
| 54.66
| [[Durga Das Boro]]
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 37,580
| 23.75
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |48,914
|-
| 45
| [[Bhergaon Assembly constituency|Bhergaon]]
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 68,980
| 55.22
| [[Durga Das Boro]]
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 34,045
| 27.25
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |34,935
|-
| 46
| [[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri]] (ST)
| [[Durga Das Boro]]
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 50,374
| 38.55
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 46,949
| 35.93
| style="background:{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}; color:white;" |3,425
|-
| 47
| [[Majbat Assembly constituency|Majbat]]
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 70,656
| 48.25
| [[Durga Das Boro]]
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 44,383
| 30.31
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |26,273
|-
| 48
| [[Tangla Assembly constituency|Tangla]]
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 74,089
| 53.01
| [[Durga Das Boro]]
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 30,319
| 21.69
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |43,770
|-
| 49
| [[Sipajhar Assembly constituency|Sipajhar]]
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,11,781
| 66.48
| [[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 43,903
| 26.11
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |67,878
|-
| 50
| [[Mangaldoi Assembly constituency|Mangaldoi]]
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 96,213
| 57.85
| [[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 58,288
| 35.04
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |37,925
|-
| 51
| [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]
| [[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2,07,735
| 73.37
| [[Durga Das Boro]]
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 34,055
| 12.03
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,73,680
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 13
| [[Goalpara West Assembly constituency|Goalpara West]] (ST)
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 80,825
| 58.58
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 52,063
| 37.73
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |28,762
|-
| 15
| [[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudhnoi]] (ST)
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 90,502
| 60.39
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 52,008
| 34.71
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |38,494
|-
| 27
| [[Chamaria Assembly constituency|Chamaria]]
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,81,943
| 86.42
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 21,674
| 10.29
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,60,269
|-
| 28
| [[Boko–Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Boko–Chaygaon]] (ST)
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 96,937
| 61.19
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 53,583
| 33.82
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |43,354
|-
| 29
| [[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]]
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,04,347
| 60.42
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 59,998
| 34.74
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |44,349
|-
| 33
| [[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]]
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,03,933
| 61.53
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 59,631
| 35.30
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |44,302
|-
| 34
| [[Dimoria Assembly constituency|Dimoria]] (SC)
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,08,983
| 64.91
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 52,496
| 31.53
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |56,487
|-
| 35
| [[New Guwahati Assembly constituency|New Guwahati]]
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 78,387
| 59.27
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 49,629
| 37.53
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |28,758
|-
| 36
| [[Guwahati Central Assembly constituency|Guwahati Central]]
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,02,578
| 73.24
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 33,611
| 23.99
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |68,967
|-
| 37
| [[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]
| [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,03,735
| 66.44
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 47,401
| 30.36
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |56,334
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 108
| [[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan]] (ST)
| [[Amarsing Tisso]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 52,097
| 44.91
| Jones Ingti Kathar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 31,180
| 26.88
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |20,917
|-
| 109
| [[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat]] (ST)
| [[Amarsing Tisso]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 74,427
| 52.22
| Jones Ingti Kathar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 37,995
| 26.66
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |36,432
|-
| 110
| [[Diphu Assembly constituency|Diphu]] (ST)
| [[Amarsing Tisso]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 58,621
| 44.18
| Jones Ingti Kathar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 47,247
| 35.61
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |11,374
|-
| 111
| [[Rongkhang Assembly constituency|Rongkhang]] (ST)
| [[Amarsing Tisso]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 57,261
| 57.56
| Jones Ingti Kathar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 24,408
| 24.53
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |32,853
|-
| 112
| [[Amri Assembly constituency|Amri]] (ST)
| [[Amarsing Tisso]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 30,413
| 42.32
| Jones Ingti Kathar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 27,458
| 38.21
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |2,955
|-
| 113
| [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]] (ST)
| [[Amarsing Tisso]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 59,621
| 51.49
| [[Joyram Engleng]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 35,270
| 30.46
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |24,351
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 121
| [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
| [[Kripanath Mallah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,10,083
| 62.89
| Hafiz Rashid Ahmed Choudhury
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 55,556
| 31.74
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |54,527
|-
| 122
| [[Algapur–Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Algapur–Katlicherra]]
| Hafiz Rashid Ahmed Choudhury
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,59,994
| 73.82
| [[Kripanath Mallah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 40,757
| 18.81
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,19,237
|-
| 123
| [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]]
| [[Kripanath Mallah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,03,230
| 48.43
| Hafiz Rashid Ahmed Choudhury
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 96,328
| 45.15
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |6,992
|-
| 124
| [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]
| Hafiz Rashid Ahmed Choudhury
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,36,384
| 62.79
| [[Kripanath Mallah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 60,357
| 27.79
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |76,027
|-
| 125
| [[Patharkandi Assembly constituency|Patharkandi]]
| [[Kripanath Mallah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,09,547
| 74.57
| Hafiz Rashid Ahmed Choudhury
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 30,734
| 20.92
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |78,813
|-
| 126
| [[Ram Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency|Ram Krishna Nagar]] (SC)
| [[Kripanath Mallah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,17,246
| 68.51
| Hafiz Rashid Ahmed Choudhury
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 45,394
| 26.52
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |71,852
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 114
| [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]]
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 91,152
| 69.29
| Suryakanta Sarkar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 35,381
| 26.89
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |55,771
|-
| 115
| [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 96,680
| 65.98
| Suryakanta Sarkar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 44,517
| 30.38
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |52,163
|-
| 116
| [[Katigorah Assembly constituency|Katigorah]]
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,01,904
| 58.16
| Suryakanta Sarkar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 68,409
| 39.04
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |33,495
|-
| 117
| [[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Borkhola]]
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,03,071
| 61.99
| Suryakanta Sarkar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 57,596
| 34.64
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |45,475
|-
| 118
| [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,08,626
| 66.84
| Suryakanta Sarkar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 45,248
| 27.84
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |63,378
|-
| 119
| [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]
| Suryakanta Sarkar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 94,466
| 63.47
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 44,241
| 29.72
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |50,225
|-
| 120
| [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai]] (SC)
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,01,898
| 67.16
| Suryakanta Sarkar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 40,836
| 26.91
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |61,062
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 52
| [[Jagiroad Assembly constituency|Jagiroad]] (SC)
| Suresh Borah
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,34,665
| 66.84
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 57,865
| 27.84
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |76,800
|-
| 53
| [[Laharighat Assembly constituency|Laharighat]]
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,72,340
| 67.16
| Suresh Borah
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 40,803
| 15.90
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,31,537
|-
| 54
| [[Morigaon Assembly constituency|Morigaon]]
| Suresh Borah
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,07,984
| 65.79
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 48,642
| 29.63
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |59,342
|-
| 55
| [[Dhing Assembly constituency|Dhing]]
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,28,337
| 65.93
| [[Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1972)|Aminul Islam]]
| {{Party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| 32,170
| 16.52
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |96,167
|-
| 56
| [[Rupohihat Assembly constituency|Rupohihat]]
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,31,562
| 69.08
| [[Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1972)|Aminul Islam]]
| {{Party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
| 28,938
| 15.19
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,02,624
|-
| 58
| [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,28,580
| 67.49
| Suresh Borah
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 42,017
| 22.05
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |86,563
|-
| 60
| [[Nagaon–Batadraba Assembly constituency|Nagaon–Batadraba]]
| Suresh Borah
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 90,730
| 58.27
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 57,540
| 36.95
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |33,190
|-
| 61
| [[Raha Assembly constituency|Raha]] (SC)
| Suresh Borah
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,04,534
| 55.25
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 61,754
| 32.64
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |42,780
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 57
| [[Kaliabor Assembly constituency|Kaliabor]]
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,05,247
| 68.21
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 41,126
| 26.65
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |61,121
|-
| 59
| [[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,02,625
| 68.21
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 68,686
| 26.65
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |33,939
|-
| 62
| [[Binnakandi Assembly constituency|Binnakandi]]
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1,54,164
| 73.92
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 40,920
| 19.62
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,13,244
|-
| 63
| [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,31,715
| 64.67
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 64,473
| 31.65
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |67,242
|-
| 64
| [[Lumding Assembly constituency|Lumding]]
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,29,014
| 64.99
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 61,253
| 30.85
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |67,761
|-
| 103
| [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]]
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 81,932
| 54.14
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 62,367
| 41.21
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,565
|-
| 104
| [[Dergaon Assembly constituency|Dergaon]]
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 75,890
| 56.11
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 52,060
| 38.49
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |23,830
|-
| 105
| [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat]]
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 73,434
| 62.51
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 38,361
| 32.65
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |35,073
|-
| 106
| [[Khumtai Assembly constituency|Khumtai]]
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 71,250
| 54.68
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 50,989
| 39.13
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |20,261
|-
| 107
| [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]]
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 80,739
| 57.16
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 52,641
| 37.27
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |28,098
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 65
| [[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli]]
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,11,235
| 64.57
| Premlal Gunju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 46,241
| 26.84
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |64,994
|-
| 66
| [[Barchalla Assembly constituency|Barchalla]]
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 84,207
| 57.39
| Premlal Gunju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 51,100
| 34.82
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |33,107
|-
| 67
| [[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]]
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 78,268
| 57.06
| Premlal Gunju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 48,168
| 35.11
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |30,100
|-
| 68
| [[Rangapara Assembly constituency|Rangapara]]
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 77,337
| 58.07
| Premlal Gunju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 45,716
| 34.32
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |31,621
|-
| 69
| [[Nadaur Assembly constituency|Nadaur]]
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 98,282
| 62.54
| Premlal Gunju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 50,063
| 31.86
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |48,219
|-
| 70
| [[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 87,267
| 58.13
| Premlal Gunju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 50,048
| 33.33
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |37,219
|-
| 71
| [[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali]] (SC)
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 70,919
| 56.85
| Premlal Gunju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 43,595
| 34.95
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |27,324
|-
| 72
| [[Gohpur Assembly constituency|Gohpur]]
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 92,668
| 68.46
| Premlal Gunju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 32,841
| 24.26
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |59,827
|-
| 73
| [[Bihpuria Assembly constituency|Bihpuria]]
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 70,835
| 56.96
| Premlal Gunju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 44,781
| 36.01
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |26,054
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 74
| [[Rongonadi Assembly constituency|Rongonadi]]
| [[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 71,182
| 49.63
| Uday Shankar Hazarika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 63,268
| 44.11
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |7,914
|-
| 75
| [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]] (SC)
| Uday Shankar Hazarika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 69,066
| 50.09
| [[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 62,014
| 44.98
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |7,052
|-
| 76
| [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| [[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 65,030
| 50.27
| Uday Shankar Hazarika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 56,548
| 43.72
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |8,482
|-
| 77
| [[Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency|Dhakuakhana]] (ST)
| [[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 67,017
| 54.25
| Uday Shankar Hazarika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 49,713
| 40.24
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |17,304
|-
| 78
| [[Dhemaji Assembly constituency|Dhemaji]] (ST)
| [[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 70,066
| 54.68
| Uday Shankar Hazarika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 47,423
| 37.01
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |22,643
|-
| 79
| [[Sissiborgaon Assembly constituency|Sissiborgaon]]
| [[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 73,053
| 57.18
| Uday Shankar Hazarika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 45,332
| 35.48
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |27,721
|-
| 80
| [[Jonai Assembly constituency|Jonai]] (ST)
| [[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,09,121
| 66.99
| Uday Shankar Hazarika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 40,675
| 24.97
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |68,446
|-
| 81
| [[Sadiya Assembly constituency|Sadiya]]
| [[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 78,254
| 55.47
| Uday Shankar Hazarika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 51,526
| 36.53
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |26,728
|-
| 82
| [[Doom Dooma Assembly constituency|Doom Dooma]]
| [[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 63,570
| 58.04
| Uday Shankar Hazarika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 35,169
| 32.11
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |28,401
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 83
| [[Margherita Assembly constituency|Margherita]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 76,537
| 59.02
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{Party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 35,904
| 27.68
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |40,633
|-
| 84
| [[Digboi Assembly constituency|Digboi]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 52,034
| 48.45
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{Party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 37,167
| 34.61
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |14,867
|-
| 85
| [[Makum Assembly constituency|Makum]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 61,627
| 51.56
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{Party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 36,416
| 30.47
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |25,211
|-
| 86
| [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 84,563
| 66.39
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{Party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 27,650
| 21.71
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |56,913
|-
| 87
| [[Chabua–Lahowal Assembly constituency|Chabua–Lahowal]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 71,170
| 51.67
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{Party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 41,860
| 30.39
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |29,310
|-
| 88
| [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 89,335
| 60.99
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{Party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 42,240
| 28.84
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |47,095
|-
| 89
| [[Khowang Assembly constituency|Khowang]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 60,624
| 49.46
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{Party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 46,851
| 38.22
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,773
|-
| 90
| [[Duliajan Assembly constituency|Duliajan]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 69,559
| 53.56
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{Party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 43,309
| 33.35
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |26,250
|-
| 91
| [[Tingkhong Assembly constituency|Tingkhong]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 68,017
| 50.16
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{Party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 50,366
| 37.14
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |17,651
|-
| 92
| [[Naharkatia Assembly constituency|Naharkatia]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 57,687
| 49.09
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| {{Party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
| 51,030
| 43.42
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |6,657
|-
! colspan="13" | [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
| 93
| [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 71,603
| 52.06
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 61,269
| 44.55
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |10,334
|-
| 94
| [[Mahmara Assembly constituency|Mahmora]]
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 62,680
| 52.57
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 53,030
| 44.47
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |9,650
|-
| 95
| [[Demow Assembly constituency|Demow]]
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 77,934
| 54.56
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 61,879
| 43.32
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |16,055
|-
| 96
| [[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibsagar]]
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 91,843
| 54.87
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 73,095
| 43.67
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |18,745
|-
| 97
| [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 70,727
| 48.62
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 70,600
| 48.54
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |127
|-
| 98
| [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli]] (ST)
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 59,276
| 51.98
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 52,690
| 46.21
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |6,586
|-
| 99
| [[Teok Assembly constituency|Teok]]
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 86,712
| 56.56
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 63,335
| 41.31
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |23,377
|-
| 100
| [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 60,697
| 54.47
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 48,567
| 43.58
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |12,130
|-
| 101
| [[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]]
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 70,916
| 55.41
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 54,131
| 42.30
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |16,785
|-
| 102
| [[Titabar Assembly constituency|Titabor]]
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 97,392
| 61.72
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 56,837
| 36.02
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |40,555
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Indian general election in Bihar]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Punjab]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{2024 Indian general election}}
{{Assam elections}}

[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Assam]]
[[Category:2020s in Assam|General election]]
[[Category:April 2024 in India|Assam]]
[[Category:May 2024 in India|Assam]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Assam]]

List of people from Patiala

2026-05-02T18:24:42Z

SilviaVanwinkle:

{{Short description|City in Punjab, India}}
{{morefootnotes|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
This is a list of notable people from [[Patiala]], a city in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name || Description
|-
| [[Maharaja]] [[Ala Singh|Baba Ala Singh]] || Founder and Maharaja of Princely State Patiala
|-
| [[Bibi Rajindar Kaur]] || Sikh princess and cousin of Maharaja Amar Singh
|-
| [[Mahendra Singh of Patiala]] || Maharaja of Princely State Patiala
|-
| [[Bibi Sahib Kaur]] || Sikh princess and elder sister of Raja Sahib Singh Sidhu of Patiala
|-
| [[Maharaja Rajinder Singh]] || Maharaja of Princely State Patiala
|-
| [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]] || Grandfather of Captain Amarinder Singh and Maharaja of Princely State Patiala
|-
| [[Rajmata Mohinder Kaur of Patiala|Mohinder Kaur]] || Rajmata of Patiala and Mother of Captain Amarinder Singh
|-
| [[Amarinder Singh|Captain Amarinder Singh]] || 29th Chief Minister of Punjab
|-
| [[Preneet Kaur]] || MP & Minister of State for External Affairs (Central Govt. under PM Manmohan Singh)
|-
| [[Ajit Pal Singh Kohli]] || MLA Patiala, Former Patiala Mayor and Businessman
|-
| [[Ranbir Pushp|Ranbir Pushp Kaushal]] || Bollywood Writer and Novelist. Nominated for Filmfare Award
|-
| [[Bibi Amtus Salam]] || Social worker
|-
| [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]] || Four times MP, Union Minister of India (twice)
|-
| [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]] || Member of Parliament from Patiala
|-
| [[Surjit Singh Rakhra]] || Member of Legislative Assembly
|-
| [[Raninder Singh]] || President of National Rifle Association of India (NRAI)
|-
| [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)]] || Singer and musician
|-
| [[Balraj Pandit]] || Theatre director, playwright
|-
| [[Jimmy Shergill]] || Actor
|-
| [[Gavie Chahal]] || Actor
|-
| [[Rakesh Sharma]] || First Indian [[astronaut]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/presrep95/c1b.htm|title=U.S. and Russian Human Spaceflights, 1961-Sep. 30, 1995|date=|accessdate=19 August 2011|publisher=NASA|author=|language=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/international/english/sharma_rakesh.htm|title=Biographies of International Astronauts|publisher=SpaceFacts|date=|accessdate=19 August 2011|author=|language=}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dalip Kaur Tiwana]] || Punjabi writer
|-
| [[Damandeep Singh Baggan]] || Dub-over voice actor
|-
| [[Roopinder Singh]] || Assistant Editor of ''The Tribune''; writer
|-
| [[Harpal Tiwana]] || Actor, writer and director
|-
| [[Sameksha|Samiksha]] || Actor
|-
| [[Smeep Kang]] || Actor, writer and director
|-
| [[Mahendra Sandhu]] || Actor and director
|-
| [[Dev Kharoud]] || Actor
|-
| [[Nav Bajwa]] || Actor
|-
| [[Satwinder Bitti]] || Punjabi singer
|-
| [[Harbhajan Mann]] || Punjabi singer and actor
|-
| [[Mika Singh]] || Punjabi singer and actor
|-
| [[Dilshad Khan]] || Husband of Parveen Sultana; member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Bade Fateh Ali Khan|Fateh Ali Khan]] || Member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Hamid Ali Khan]] || Member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Jagdish Prasad]] || Member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]] || Daughter of Ajoy Chakraborty; member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Lakshmi Shankar]] || Member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Munawar Ali Khan]] || Son of Bade Ghulam Ali Khan; member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Nirmala Devi]] || Member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Parveen Sultana]] || Member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Raza Ali Khan]] || Grandson of Bade Ghulam Ali Khan; member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Sanjukta Ghosh]] || Member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]] || Member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Mohammad Hussain Sarahang]] from [[Afghanistan]] || Member of Patiala Gharana; singer
|-
| [[Daler Mehndi]] || Punjabi singer
|-
| [[Pammi Bai]] || Punjabi singer
|-
| [[Malkit Singh]] || Punjabi singer
|-
| [[Vicky Dhaliwal]] || Lyricist
|-
| [[Kamal Khan (singer)]] || Singer
|-
| [[Tochi Raina]] || Singer
|-
| [[Harrdy Sandhu]] || Singer and Actor
|-
| [[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]] || Femina Miss India 2013
|-
| [[Rachel Gupta]] || [[Miss Grand International 2024]]
|-
| [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] || Former cricketer, actor, commentator and politician
|-
| [[Dhruv Pandove]] || Former cricketer
|-
| [[Mohinder Amarnath]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Sandeep Sharma]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Sarabjit Ladda]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Anmol Malhotra]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Anmolpreet Singh]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Prabhsimran Singh]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Karan Kaila]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Ish Sodhi]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Ravi Inder Singh (cricketer)|Ravi Inder Singh]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Jiwanjot Singh]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Mayank Markande]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Sanvir Singh]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Deepak Thakur]] || Hockey Player
|-
| [[Heena Sidhu]] || Shooter
|-
| [[Abhinav Bindra]] || First Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympics
|-
| [[Man Kaur]] || Athlete
|-
| [[Rishi Patialvi]] || Urdu poet
|-
| [[Narinder Singh Kapoor]] || Punjabi Writer
|-
| [[Gulzar Singh Sandhu]] || Journalism faculty
|-
| [[Gurdas Maan]] || Punjabi singer
|-
| [[Gurpreet Singh Lehal]] || Computer science faculty
|-
| [[Jagmeet Singh Brar]] || Politician, Lawyer, Writer and Poet
|-
| [[Parneet Kaur]] || Compound Archer
|-
| [[Sardar Anjum]] || Poet and Urdu faculty
|-
| [[Sardara Singh Johl]] || Economist
|-
| [[Surjit Patar]] || Punjabi poet
|-
| [[Bhagwant Singh Mann]] || Chief Minister Of Punjab
|-
| [[Binnu Dhillon]] || Actor and Comedian
|-
| [[Ammy Virk]] || Singer and Actor
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from Patiala]]

Haigam

2026-04-30T21:32:39Z

SilviaVanwinkle: New New Pg V1!

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haigam
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| motto =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir
| coordinates = {{coord|34.2420|74.4988|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sopore]]
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_acre =
| population_total = 6212
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=26 July 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193202<ref>{{cite web |title=HAIGAM Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/jammu-and-kashmir/baramulla/haigam-pincode-193202.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
| postal2_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = 01954
| registration_plate = JK-05
| blank_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank_info_sec1 = 56.81%
| blank_name_sec2 = Village Code
| blank_info_sec2 = 002219
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|barammulla.nic.in}}
| area_total_ha = 560.9
| elevation_m = 1584
}}
'''Haigam''' is a census village in [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |title=Delimitation of parliamentary and assembly constituencies order, 1976. |last2=Election Commission |publisher=Election Commission, India |year=1976 |location=New Delhi |pages=627 |language=English}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Haigam has a total population of 6,212 people including 3,148 males and 3,064 with a literacy rate of 60.61%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract data for scheduled tribes, Jammu and Kashmir - District Baramula - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6199/download/9276/DDW_PCA0108_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112553/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41906/download/45537/PCA_ST0108_2011_MDDS_DDW.xlsx |archive-date=23 July 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

A 4,800-year-old pot found in apple orchard at Haigam is named after American actress [[Kim Kardashian]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Qamrain |first=Noor Ul |title=Kashmir names neolithic pot ‘Kim Kardashian’ |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10930-kashmir-names-neolithic-pot-kim-kardashian |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=The Sunday Guardian Live |publisher=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |date=17 September 2017}}</ref>

Haigam is also one of the militancy-affected areas in Jammu & Kashmir district.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=India |last2=Parliament |last3=Lok Sabha |date=2001 |title=Lok Sabha Debates |journal=Lok Sabha Debates |language=English |pages=19 |issn=0445-6769 |via=WorldCat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Human Rights Watch (Organization) |title=World Report 2002 : Events of 2001, November 2000-November 2001 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-56432-267-8 |location=New York |pages=226 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pakistan |last2=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=2001 |title=Foreign Affairs Pakistan |journal=Foreign Affairs Pakistan |language=English |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=254, 257 |via=WorldCat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Aparna |title=The Practice of War : Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence |last2=Bollig |first2=Michael |last3=Böck |first3=Monika |publisher=Berghahn |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-85745-141-5 |location=Oxford |pages=264 |language=English}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
The Haigam lake is interest of tourist visit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lone |first=Farooq A |title=Palaeoethnobotany : Plants and Ancient Man in Kashmir |last2=Khan |first2=Maqsooda |last3=Buth |first3=Ghulam Mohd |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-003-07945-3 |location=Boca Raton, US |pages=5–97 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=Saligram |title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace |publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp. |others=Kashmir Education, Culture, and Science Society |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-313-0402-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=230 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nauk |first=Polska Akademia Nauk |last2=Orientalistyczna |first2=Komisja |date=1978 |title=Folia orientalia |journal=Folia orientalia |language=de |volume=19-21 |pages=134, 135 |issn=0015-5675 |via=WorldCat}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Baramulla district]]

Persimmon of My Love

2026-04-30T01:07:05Z

SilviaVanwinkle: put up new article - done

{{Infobox film
| name = Persimmon of My Love
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Maryus Vaysberg]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Vitaly Kolomytsev
* Vladislav Lutsenko
* Armen Poghosyan
* Evgeny Ilyin
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Lika Blank
* [[Tina Kandelaki]]
* Arkady Vodakhov
* Marina Razumova
* Boris Khanchalyan
* Sergey Kosinsky
* Vsevolod Zharov
* Alina Zinnatullina
* Aleksey Titov
* Asmik Movsisyan
* Olesya Lubotskaya
* Semyon Shcherbovich-Vecher
* Ivan Kalashnikov
* Elizaveta Anistarova
* Anastasia Mitina
* German Segura
* Tatyana Yuferova
* Maria Pugacheva
* Aleksandra Kivaylo
* Sergey Volkov
* Olga Kuptsova
* Yulia Gubankova
* Yulia Migunova
* Demis Karibidis
* [[Mikhail Galustyan]]
* Vitaly Kolomytsev
* Aleksandr Vyalykh
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Demis Karibidis
* [[Mikhail Galustyan]]
}}
| cinematography = Denis Alarcon Ramirez
| editing =
| music = {{Plainlist|
* Zurab Matua
* Oddie Neumel
* Nikita Savelyev
}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* My Way Studio
* [[TNT (Russian TV channel)|TNT]]
* [[Cinema Foundation of Russia]]
}}
| distributor = [[Central Partnership]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|4|1|Russia}}
| runtime = 111 minutes
| country = [[Russia]] [[India]]
| language = Russian
| budget = [[Russian ruble|₽]]608 million
| gross = ₽225 million<ref name=r1>[https://ekinobilet.fond-kino.ru/films/detail/111069526/ Box Office], [[Russian Cinema Fund]]`s Analytics (RCFA). Accessed April 15, 2026.</ref>
}}

'''''Persimmon of My Love''''', also known as '''''King of My Love''''' ({{langx|ru|Королёк моей любви}}) is a 2026 [[Cinema of Russia|Russian]]-[[Cinema of India|Indian]] musical action [[parody film]] directed by [[Maryus Vaysberg]]. The idea was conceived by Demis Karibidis, who also co-wrote the script. The film is a [[parody]] of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], a project of the [[TNT (Russian TV channel)|TNT channel]]. The film stars comedians Demis Karibidis and [[Mikhail Galustyan]] as two brothers separated in childhood, set against a backdrop of [[Mumbai]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2025/04/11/zavershilis-semki-bollivudskoj-komedii-s-galustianom-korolek-moej-liubvi.html |title=Filming of Bollywood comedy "The Kinglet of My Love" starring Galustyan has concluded}}</ref>

''Persimmon of My Love'' was released in [[Russia]] by [[Central Partnership]] on April 1, 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=В Москве прошла премьера российско-индийского фильма «Королек моей любви» с Михаилом Галустяном в главной роли |date=27 March 2026 |url=https://kino.mail.ru/news/120654-galustyan-s-vozlyublennoj-kandelaki-volya-s-utyashevoj-zvezdy-na-premere-komedii/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нагиева могли лишить роли в «Корольке моей любви» из-за репутации - Газета | Новости |date=28 March 2026 |url=https://www.gazeta.press/culture/news/2026/03/28/28151377.shtml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In the fictional Indian city of Khurmada, peace and order prevail thanks to the noble police officer Ramash (Demis Karibidis). However, the tranquility is shattered by the appearance of the greedy bandit Shamar ([[Mikhail Galustyan]]), who orchestrates a series of crimes. During their confrontation, it is revealed that Ramash and Shamar are brothers separated in childhood. They team up to investigate the causes of the fire that killed their parents. The investigation leads them to Khurmada's main philanthropist and patron, Sandurlay (Artur Vakha), whom the brothers must face in battle.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vokrug.tv/product/show/17329012211/ |title=The Kinglet of My Love (2026) - Russian comedy, a parody of Indian cinema from director Marius Weisberg. A TNT channel project. Starring Mikhail Galustyan and Demis Karibidis. |lang=en |website=Vokrug TV |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.starhit.ru/exclusive/lyubov-sposobna-ispravit-cheloveka-mikhail-galustyan-ob-otnosheniyakh-novom-filme-i-svoei-temnoi-storone-6916147/ |title=Mikhail Galustyan on the new film: the role of the villain Shamar and redemption in love |lang=RU |first=Indira |last=Lebedeva |website=StarHit |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kp.ru/afisha/msk/obzory/kino/film-korolek-moei-lyubvi/ |title=The film "The Kinglet of My Love" (2026): trailer, plot, actors and reviews |lang=ru-RU |website=kp.ru |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Demis Karibidis as Ramash, a police officer
* [[Mikhail Galustyan]] as Shamar, Ramash's brother
* Albina Kabalina as Jita, a policewoman
* Vasant Balan as Pereobush
* [[:commons:Category:Artur Vaha|Artur Vakha]] as Sandurlai
* [[Sergey Rost]] as a [[police chief]]
* Lyudmila Artemyeva
* Adila Ragimova as Shallti
* Viktor Zakharov as Shallti's father
* Aleksandr Bugin as Fartukh, a boy
* Vyacheslav Timerbulatov as a [[chief physician]]
* Vladimir Maysuradze as Prequel
* Polina Maknalti as Karolina
* Inna Serpokryl as a female [[master of ceremonies]]
* Artyom Gulaksizov as a male [[Compere (host)|compere]]

== Production ==
[[TNT (Russian TV channel)|TNT channel]] producers [[Tina Kandelaki]] and Arkady Vodakhov announced that work on the project would begin in late November 2024. They revealed the information during the presentation of the upcoming 2025/2026 season. [[Maryus Vaysberg]] will direct. The original plot was developed by screenwriters Vitaly Kolomytsev, Vladislav Lutsenko, Armen Pogosyan, and Evgeny Ilyin.

The film was produced by the film company "My Way Studio" with the participation of the [[TNT (Russian TV channel)|TNT channel]] and financial support from the [[Cinema Foundation of Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.film.ru/movies/korolyok-moey-lyubvi |title=Королёк моей любви (2026) — Фильм.ру}}</ref> The film crew itself was international, drawing on specialists from various countries, including Russia, India, China, Colombia, and the United States.

=== Casting ===
The actors for some of the roles have also been announced. They include Demis Karibidis, [[Mikhail Galustyan]], [[:commons:Category:Artur Vaha|Artur Vakha]], Adila Ragimova, [[Sergey Rost]], Lyudmila Artemyeva, and Vyacheslav Timerbulatov.

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in India in the winter of 2025, spanning several locations, including [[Udaipur]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Jodhpur]]. It concluded in mid-April 2025, according to [[TNT (Russian TV channel)|TNT]] representatives.

At the same time, the fictional city differs somewhat from real India. It's more picture-perfect, a composite of the most picturesque locations, with ironic references to [[Russian culture]]. Viewers should be prepared for the possibility that Indian versions of [[Krasny Oktyabr (confectionery brand)#Alyonka|Alyonka]] chocolate might be lurking among the crates of [[persimmon]]s and spices in the street stalls.

== Music ==
The film's score was composed specifically for the film and includes compositions in several languages. The choreography was directed by Jay Kumar, known for his work on R.R.R.: A Revolution Roars Nearby.

== Release ==
''Persimmon of My Love'' was released in the Russian Federation on April 1, 2026, by [[Central Partnership]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Фильм «Королёк моей любви» (2026) — трейлеры, дата выхода |url=https://kg-portal.ru/movies/korolekmoejljubvi/posters/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ТНТ и петербургский бренд представили свечу по мотивам фильма "Королёк моей любви" |url=https://piter.tv/event/svecha_po_motivam_filma_Korolek_moej_lyubvi/}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27930497}}



[[Category:2020s buddy cop films]]
[[Category:2020s musical comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s parody films]]
[[Category:2020s police comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s Russian films]]
[[Category:2020s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:2026 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 action films]]
[[Category:2026 musical films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian parody films]]
[[Category:Russian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian musical comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian parody films]]
[[Category:Russian-language musical comedy films]]

National Commission for Homoeopathy

2026-04-25T21:45:32Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Put Up Initial Article Added Tags

{{Short description|Statutory body of the Government of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = National Commission for Homoeopathy
| image = National Commission for Homoeopathy Logo.png
| image_border =
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| abbreviation = NCH
| formation = * {{start date and age|1973}}, as Central Council of Homoeopathy
* {{start date and age|2021}}, as National Commission for Homoeopathy
| type = 
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters =
| location = [[JanakPuri]] [[New Delhi]] – 1100 58
| coordinates = 
| region_served = [[India]]
| membership =
| language = 
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Dr. Pinakin N. Trivedi <ref>{{Official website|http://www.cchindia.com/chairman-person/}}</ref>
| main_organ = 
| parent_organisation = [[Ministry of AYUSH]]
| affiliations = 
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|https://nch.org.in/}}
| remarks =
}}
The '''National Commission for Homoeopathy''' (formerly known as '''Central Council of Homoeopathy''') is a [[Statutory corporation|statutory]] body under the [[Ministry of AYUSH]], Government of India. Central Council of Homoeopathy was set up by the [[Government of India]] in 1973. The National Commission for Homoeopathy was constituted on 5 July 2021 and on the same date, the Homoeopathy Central Council Act, 1973 was repealed and the Central Council of Homoeopathy was superseded. It is one of the [[University Grants Commission (India)#Professional councils|Professional Councils]] of [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), formed to monitor higher education in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professional Councils |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/pcouncil.html#CCH |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106075646/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/pcouncil.html#CCH |archive-date=2010-01-06 }}</ref> Any institution desiring to grant a qualification in [[homeopathy]] is required to apply to the Council, which prescribes course curriculum and maintains central registers of homeopaths.<ref name="Ed" />

==History==
The institution set up under the ''[[Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973|Central Council of Homeopathy Act 1973]], (Act 59)''. Any university or similar institution in India offering either a degree or a diploma in homeopathy can do so only if it is approved by CCH, apart from being listed under the schedules of the above-mentioned act.<ref>{{cite news |title=Homeopathy not attractive among medical aspirants|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/12/stories/2005091218710300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418051807/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/12/stories/2005091218710300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 September 2005 }}</ref>
The CCH also defines particular course curriculum and notifies benchmarks that need to be maintained by homeopathy teaching institutions, apart from maintaining a central registry of all homeopathy physicians in India.<ref name=Ed>{{cite news |title= Education Plus: Homeopathy |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2005/03/22/stories/2005032200250300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529061811/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2005/03/22/stories/2005032200250300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2006 |work= [[The Hindu]] |date=22 Mar 2005 }}</ref>

In 2007, the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Union Health Ministry]] set up the 'National Council for Clinical Establishments' for "determine minimum standards" for clinical establishments. A CCH representative is also a formal member of this National Council.<ref>{{cite news |title=National council for clinical establishments|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/18/stories/2007041800710900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501084810/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/18/stories/2007041800710900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2007 |date=18 Apr 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 January 2010}}</ref>

In October 2016, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) arrested the CCH's chief, Ramjee Singh and another man in relation to the alleged collection of money to provide a favorable report that would allow regulatory approval.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/central-council-of-homeopathy-chief-dr-ramjee-singh-held-for-graft/story-PZ9nVLQxxZSIr0NTSSZR8L.html |title=Central Council of Homeopathy chief Dr Ramjee Singh held for graft |work=The Hindustan Times |date=23 October 2016 |access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>

==Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery==

The council regulates the Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery (B.H.M.S.). It is a graduate degree awarded after five and a half years' study, including one-year internship.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mandhani|first1=Apoorva|title=Gujarat HC Quashes Rules Permitting Common Counselling By State For Management Quota Seats In Ayurveda Colleges [Read Judgment]|url=http://www.livelaw.in/gujarat-hc-quashes-rules-permitting-common-counselling-state-management-quota-seats-ayurveda-colleges-read-judgment/|publisher=Live Law|date=8 August 2017}}</ref>

==MD (Homeopathy) in India==
There is also a post-graduate degree awarded after three years' study upon completion of which an [[MD (Homeopathy) in India|MD (Homeopathy)]] post-graduate degree is awarded.

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cchindia.com/ Central Council of Homeopathy, Official website]

{{Higher education in India}}

[[Category:Homeopathic organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1973]]
[[Category:Medical education in India]]
[[Category:College accreditors in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Homeopathic education]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Ministry of Ayush]]

Janga Krishna Murthy

2026-04-24T18:52:32Z

SilviaVanwinkle: New Some Info Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Janga Krishna Murthy
| image =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = Elected by MLAs'
| term_start = 30 March 2019
| term_end = 29 March 2025
| successor = [[Kavali Greeshma]]
| party =
| other_party = [[The Indian National Congress]], [[YSR Congress Party]] (2014–2024) and [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| office1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency1 = [[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala]]
| term_end1 = 2009
| term_start1 = 1999
| successor1 = Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao
| predecessor1 = Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|6|4|df=yes}}
}}

'''Janga Krishna Murthy''' (born 4 June 1958) is an Indian politician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Backward Classes will never believe Chandrababu Naidu: YSRC MLC Janga Krishna Murthy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/nov/09/backward-classes-will-never-believe-chandrababu-naiduysrc-mlcjanga-krishna-murthy-2221348.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=9 November 2020 }}</ref> from [[Andhra Pradesh]], ex-MLA from [[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala Assembly Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Janga Krishna Murthy winner in Gurazala, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections 1999: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/1999/gurazala/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as Member of the Legislative Council of Andhra Pradesh from the MLA quota.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-28 |title=After Family Rule, Jagan's Election Stunt In Tirumala! |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/politics/after-family-rule-jagans-election-stunt-in-tirumala/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=mirchi9.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2020-11-09 |title=Only YSRCP striving for BCs' welfare, claims MLC Janga Krishna Murthy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/only-ysrcp-striving-for-bcs-welfare-claims-mlc-janga-krishna-murthy-655402 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=aplegislature |url=https://www.aplegislature.org/documents/10936/65242/4_English.pdf/13722da3-5b02-4f15-acc7-d8eef2e8fc36 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327192133/https://www.aplegislature.org/documents/10936/65242/4_English.pdf/13722da3-5b02-4f15-acc7-d8eef2e8fc36 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-20 |title=AP: శాసన మండలిలో ఇద్దరు విప్ల నియామకం |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/janga-krishna-murthy-dokka-manikya-vara-prasad-appointed-whips-1479847 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref><ref name="theleaderspage">{{Cite web |last=Teja |first=Sravya |date=2020-07-08 |title=Janga Krishna Murthy {{!}} MLC {{!}} Gamalapadu {{!}} Dachepalli {{!}} Gurazala |url=https://theleaderspage.com/janga-krishna-murthy/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=the Leaders Page |language=en-US}}</ref>

Janga Krishna Murthy resigned from the primary membership of the YSR Congress Party on 1 April 2024.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Biography ==
Janga Krishna Murthy was born to Pedda Veerayya and Veeramma.<ref name="theleaderspage"/>

== Political career ==
*1999–2009: MLA [[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala Assembly Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Official Website of ZILLA PRAJA PARISHAD-GUNTUR |url=http://www.zpguntur.org/mpmla.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=www.zpguntur.org}}</ref>
*2019–2025: MLC, MLA quota.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Janga Krishna}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Palnadu district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

List of ambassadors of Sweden to India

2026-04-24T09:48:05Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Put Up A Info W/ Infobox

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Ambassador
| body = Sweden to India
| native_name = 
| insignia = Coat of arms of Sweden.svg
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Sweden|Lesser coat of arms]] of the [[Sweden|Kingdom of Sweden]]
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize = 200
| flagalt =
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption =
| image = Ambassador Jan Thesleff.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Jan Thesleff]]{{Update after|2026|08|01|category|reason=Jan Thesleff > Petra Menander}}
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 2022{{Update after|2026|08|01|category|reason=2022 > August 2026}}
| department = [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] [[Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi|Swedish Embassy, New Delhi]]
| style = [[Excellency|His or Her Excellency]] (formal) Mr. or Madam Ambassador (informal)
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of =
| reports_to = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]]
| residence = 4-5 Nyaya Marg, [[Chanakyapuri]]{{efn|The ambassador's residence is at the same location as the [[Chancery (diplomacy)|chancery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sfv.se/vara-fastigheter/sok/utrikes/asien/new-delhi-indien-ambassadanlaggning/ |publisher=[[National Property Board of Sweden]] |title=New Delhi, Indien. Ambassadanläggning |trans-title=New Delhi, India. Embassy facility |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=sv}}</ref>}}
| seat = [[New Delhi]], India
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Government of Sweden]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = No fixed term
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[Gunnar Jarring]]
| formation = 1948
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/india-new-delhi/|Swedish Embassy, New Delhi}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Ambassador of Sweden to India''' (known formally as the '''Ambassador of the Kingdom of Sweden to the Republic of India''') is the official representative of the [[government of Sweden]] to the [[president of India]] and [[government of India]].

==History==
The first Swedish minister in India, envoy [[Gunnar Jarring]], presented his [[letter of credence|credentials]] to the Indian Governor-General [[C. Rajagopalachari]] on 9 November 1948.<ref name="SvD (1948-11-10), p. 4A">{{cite news |url=https://www.svd.se/arkiv/1948-11-10/SVNY/4 |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Svenske ministern i Indien |trans-title=Swedish minister in India |page=4A |date=1948-11-10 |access-date=10 September 2024 |language=sv |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In August 1956, an agreement was reached between the Swedish and Indian governments on the mutual elevation of the respective countries' [[legation]]s to [[Diplomatic mission|embassies]]. The [[diplomatic rank]] was thereafter changed to [[ambassador]] instead of [[Envoy (title)|envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.svd.se/arkiv/1956-08-21/SVNY/7 |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Tre nya ambassadörer |trans-title=Three new ambassadors |page=A7 |date=1956-08-21 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=sv |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The Swedish ambassador has been [[Dual accreditation|concurrently accredited]] to neighboring countries since 1950: Bangladesh (1972–1977), Burma/Myanmar (1956–1959), Bhutan (1985–present), Maldives (1995–present), Nepal (1961–present), and Sri Lanka (1950–present).

==List of representatives==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name||Period||Title||Notes||[[Letter of credence|Presented credentials]]||Ref
|-
|[[Gunnar Jarring]]||1948–1951||Envoy||[[Dual accreditation|Also accredited]] to [[Colombo]] (from 1950).||9 November 1948||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1963/0540.html |editor-last=Burling |editor-first=Ingeborg |year=1962 |title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1963 |trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1963 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Norstedt |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|9649168}} |page=524}}</ref><ref name="SvD (1948-11-10), p. 4A"/>
|-
|Per Wijkman||1951–1955||Envoy||Also accredited to Colombo.||||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1969/1049.html |editor-last=Lagerström |editor-first=Sten |year=1968 |title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1969 |trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1969 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Norstedt |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|3681519}} |page=1033}}</ref>
|-
|[[Alva Myrdal]]||3 December 1955 – 26 October 1956||Envoy||Also accredited to [[Yangon|Rangoon]] (1956–1959) and Colombo (from 1956).||||<ref name="Thullberg (1987-1989), p. 161">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=8622 |publisher=[[National Archives of Sweden]] |encyclopedia=[[Svenskt biografiskt lexikon]] |title=Alva Myrdal |first=Per |last=Thullberg |year=1987–1989 |volume=26 |page=161 |access-date=2023-08-22 |language=sv}}</ref>
|-
|[[Alva Myrdal]]||27 October 1956 – 1 April 1961||Ambassador||Also accredited to Rangoon and Colombo.||||<ref name="Thullberg (1987-1989), p. 161"/>
|-
|[[Klas Böök]]||1961–1965||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo and Kathmandu.||||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1969/0172.html |editor-last=Lagerström |editor-first=Sten |year=1968 |title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1969 |trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1969 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Norstedt |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|3681519}} |page=156}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gunnar Heckscher]]||1965–1970||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo and Kathmandu.||||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstreams/a9f9fe81-9168-4253-b303-3bd73fc3c9bb/download |title=Sveriges statskalender. 1970 |editor-first=Bengt |editor-last=Sköldenberg |year=1970 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |pages=350, 352, 355}}</ref>
|-
|[[Axel Lewenhaupt]]||1970–1975||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, [[Dhaka]] (from 1972), and Kathmandu.||||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstreams/b351b77c-eb88-4431-bdf0-cedb3b6d2e83/download |editor-last=Sköldenberg |editor-first=Bengt |title=Sveriges statskalender 1975 |year=1975 |publisher=Liber/Allmänna |location=Uppsala |isbn=91-38-02088-2 |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|3682757}} |pages=399, 408, 414, 420}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lennart Finnmark]]||1975–1983||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Dhaka (until 1977), and Kathmandu (1975–1983).||||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1993/0328.html |editor1-last=Uddling |editor1-first=Hans |editor2-last=Paabo |editor2-first=Katrin |year=1992 |title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1993 |trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1993 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Norstedt |isbn=91-1-914072-X |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|8261513}} |page=328}}</ref>
|-
|Torsten Örn||1978–1979||''Chargé d'affaires''||||||<ref name="Jönsson (2000), p. 1270">{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/2001/1270.html |editor-last=Jönsson |editor-first=Lena |title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 2001 |trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 2001 |year=2000 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=9172850426 |id={{SELIBR|8261515}} |page=1270}}</ref>
|-
|[[Axel Edelstam]]||1983–1987||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Kathmandu, and [[Thimphu]] (from 1985).||||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/59795/gupea_2077_59795_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |editor-last=Spiegelberg |editor-first=Christina |title=Sveriges statskalender 1987 |year=1987 |publisher=Allmänna |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-38-09751-6 |id={{SELIBR|3682766}} |pages=348, 355, 361, 366}}</ref>
|-
|[[Örjan Berner]]||1987–1989||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Kathmandu, and Thimphu.||||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1995/0122.html |editor1-last=Uddling |editor1-first=Hans |editor2-last=Paabo |editor2-first=Katrin |year=1994 |title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1995 |trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1995 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Norstedt |isbn=91-1-943202-X |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|8261514}} |page=122}}</ref>
|-
|Pär Kettis||1989–1994||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Kathmandu, and Thimphu.||||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1995/0592.html |editor1-last=Uddling |editor1-first=Hans |editor2-last=Paabo |editor2-first=Katrin |year=1994 |title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1995 |trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1995 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Norstedt |isbn=91-1-943202-X |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|8261514}} |page=592}}</ref>
|-
|Karl-Göran Engström||1994–1999||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Kathmandu, [[Malé]] (from 1995), and Thimphu.||||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/59833/gupea_2077_59833_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |editor-last=Spiegelberg |editor-first=Christina |title=Sveriges statskalender 1999 |year=1999 |publisher=Fritzes |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-38-31445-2 |id={{SELIBR|3682778}} |pages=175, 181, 187, 188, 194}}</ref>
|-
|Johan Nordenfelt||2000–2004||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Kathmandu, Malé, and Thimphu.||3 August 2000||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/59837/gupea_2077_59837_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |editor-last=Spiegelberg |editor-first=Christina |title=Sveriges statskalender 2004 |year=2004 |publisher=Fritzes |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-38-32120-3 |id={{SELIBR|89506762}} |pages=168, 175, 181, 183, 188}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/NTc3NA== |publisher=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] |title=The Ambassador-Designate of Sweden to India, HE Mr Johan Nordenfelt presenting his credentials to the President of India, Shri K R Narayanan at the Ashok Hall of Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on August 03, 2000 |date=3 August 2000 |access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|Inga Eriksson Fogh||2004–2006||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Kathmandu, Malé, and Thimphu.||7 May 2004||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/59889/gupea_2077_59889_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |editor-last=Spiegelberg |editor-first=Christina |title=Sveriges statskalender 2006 |year=2006 |publisher=Norstedts Juridik AB/Fritzes |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-38-32230-7 |id={{SELIBR|10156707}} |pages=173, 180, 186, 188, 194}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/NjYw |publisher=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] |title=The Ambassador-Designate of Sweden to India, HE Mr Inga Eriksson Fogh presenting his credentials to the President of India, Dr A P J Abdul Kalam at the Yellow Drawing Room of at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on May 07, 2004 |date=7 May 2004 |access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|Lars-Olof Lindgren||2007–2012||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Kathmandu, Malé, and Thimphu.||13 March 2007||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/59894/gupea_2077_59894_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=Norstedts Juridik AB/Fritzes |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=978-91-38-32520-9 |id={{SELIBR|11846164}} |pages=175, 182, 189, 191, 197}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/MjQ2Nw== |publisher=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] |title=The Ambassador-Designate of Sweden to India, HE Mr Lars Olof Lindgren presenting his credentials to the President of India, Dr A P J Abdul Kalam at the Yellow Drawing Room of Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on March 13, 2007 |date=13 March 2007 |access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|[[Harald Sandberg]]||2012–2017||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Kathmandu, Malé, and Thimphu.||13 July 2012||<ref>
*'''Bhutan''': {{cite web |url=https://www.bbs.bt/26239/ |publisher=[[Bhutan Broadcasting Service]] |title=Ambassadors of Europe present credentials to His Majesty |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=4 September 2025}}
*'''India''': {{cite web |url=http://www.swedenabroad.com/en-GB/Embassies/New-Delhi/Current-affairs/News/New-Ambassador-at-the-embassy-in-New-Delhi--sys/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116210234/http://www.swedenabroad.com/en-GB/Embassies/New-Delhi/Current-affairs/News/New-Ambassador-at-the-embassy-in-New-Delhi--sys/ |publisher=[[Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi]] |title=New Ambassador at the Embassy in New Delhi |date=14 July 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2016 |access-date=23 July 2024}}
*'''India (credentials)''': {{cite press release |url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/smt-pratibha-devisingh-patil/press_releases/envoys-five-nations-present-credentials-president-3 |publisher=[[President of India]] |title=Envoys of Five Nations Present Credentials to President of India |date=13 July 2012 |access-date=24 April 2026}}
*'''Maldives''': {{cite web |url=https://foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/media-center/news/new-swedish-ambassador-presents-credentials-to-the-president |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Maldives)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |title=New Swedish Ambassador Presents Credentials to the President |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=4 September 2025}}
*'''Nepal''': {{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/SwedeninIndia/posts/he-mr-harald-sandberg-ambassador-of-sweden-to-india-was-in-kathmandu-nepal-recen/449817815096782/ |publisher=[[Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi]] |title=H.E Mr Harald Sandberg, Ambassador of Sweden to India, was in Kathmandu, Nepal... |date=29 April 2013 |access-date=5 September 2025 |via=[[Facebook]]}}
*'''Sri Lanka''': {{cite web |url=https://mfa.gov.lk/en/amb-swed/ |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sri Lanka)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |title=Appointment of Ambassador of the Kingdom of Sweden to Sri Lanka |date=25 May 2018 |access-date=4 September 2025 |quote=The Government of the Kingdom of Sweden with the concurrence of the Government of Sri Lanka has appointed Mr. Klas Molin as the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Sweden to Sri Lanka in Succession of H.E. Mr. Harald Sandberg.}}
</ref>
|-
|Klas Molin||September 2017 – 2022||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Kathmandu, Malé, and Thimphu.||23 November 2017||<ref>
*'''Bhutan''': {{cite web |url=https://swedish-bhutan-society.org/svensk/sveriges-ambassador-overlamnar-sitt-kreditivbrev/ |publisher=Swedish-Bhutanese Association |title=Sveriges ambassadör överlämnar sitt kreditivbrev |trans-title=Sweden's ambassador presents his credentials |date=2 November 2018 |access-date=4 September 2025 |language=sv}}
*'''India''': {{cite press release |url=https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2017/08/ny-ambassador-i-indien/ |publisher=[[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] |title=Ny ambassadör i Indien |trans-title=New ambassador in India |date=24 August 2017 |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=sv}}
*'''India (credentials)''': {{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/SwedeninIndia/photos/swedens-ambassador-to-india-klas-molin-today-presented-his-credentials-to-the-pr/1567082920036927/ |publisher=[[Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi]] |title=Sweden's Ambassador to India Klas Molin today presented his credentials to the President of India, President Ram Nath Kovind, in a ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan |date=23 November 2017 |access-date=24 April 2026 |via=[[Facebook]]}}
*'''Maldives''': {{cite press release |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/19118 |publisher=[[President of the Maldives|The President's Office]] |title=The Non-Resident Ambassador of Sweden presents his Credentials to the President |date=28 June 2018 |access-date=4 September 2025}}
*'''Nepal''': {{cite news |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/index.php/news/ambassadors-present-credentials-to-president-1 |newspaper=[[Republica (newspaper)|Republica]] |title=Ambassadors present credentials to President |location=Katmandu |date=7 January 2019 |access-date=4 September 2025}}
*'''Sri Lanka''': {{Cite tweet |author=Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi |author-link=Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi |user=SwedeninIndia |number=1000984720321069056 |date=28 May 2018 |title=On Friday, Sweden’s Ambassador to Sri Lanka Klas Molin @SwedensAmbIndia presented his credentials to the President of Sri Lanka Maithripala Sirisena. @MaithripalaS @mfa_srilanka |location=Malé |access-date=4 September 2025}}
</ref>
|-
|[[Jan Thesleff]]||2022–present||Ambassador||Also accredited to Colombo, Kathmandu, Malé, and Thimphu.||26 October 2022||<ref>
*'''Bhutan''': {{cite press release |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-release-639/ |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade (Bhutan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade]] |title=Ambassador of the Kingdom of Sweden to Bhutan |date=8 May 2024 |access-date=4 September 2025 |language=sv}}
*'''India''': {{cite press release |url=https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2022/02/jan-thesleff-ny-ambassador-i-indien/ |publisher=[[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] |title=Jan Thesleff ny ambassadör i Indien |trans-title=Jan Thesleff new ambassador in India |date=10 February 2022 |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=sv}}
*'''India (credentials)''': {{cite web |url=https://envoyexcellency.com/the-ambassador-designate-of-sweden-presenting-his-credential-to-the-president-of-india-on-october-26-2022/ |website=envoyexcellency.com |title=The Ambassador-designate of Sweden presenting his credential to the President of India on October 26, 2022 |date=2 December 2022 |access-date=24 April 2026 |language=sv}}
*'''Maldives''': {{cite press release |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/28045 |publisher=[[President of the Maldives|The President's Office]] |title=The Swedish Ambassador presents credentials to the President |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=4 September 2025}}
*'''Nepal''': {{cite web |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/sv/utlandsmyndigheter/indien-new-delhi/aktuellt/nyheter/ambassad%C3%B6r-jan-thesleff-ackrediterad-i-nepal/ |publisher=Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi |title=Ambassadör Jan Thesleff ackrediterad i Nepal |trans-title=Ambassador Jan Thesleff accredited to Nepal |date=5 October 2023 |access-date=4 September 2025 |language=sv}}
*'''Sri Lanka''': {{cite web |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/sv/utlandsmyndigheter/indien-new-delhi/aktuellt/nyheter/ambassad%C3%B6r-jan-thesleff-ackrediterad-i-sri-lanka/ |publisher=Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi |title=Ambassadör Jan Thesleff ackrediterad i Sri Lanka |trans-title=Ambassador Jan Thesleff accredited to Sri Lanka |date=3 February 2023 |access-date=4 September 2025 |language=sv}}
</ref>
|-
|Petra Menander||August 2026||Ambassador||||||<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2026/04/ny-ambassador-i-indien |publisher=[[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] |title=Ny ambassadör i Indien |trans-title=New ambassador in India |date=23 April 2026 |access-date=23 April 2026 |language=sv}}</ref>
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Lindström Myrdal.jpg|Ambassador [[Alva Myrdal]] (1955–1961) and [[Sune Lindström]].
File:The Ambassador of Sweden to India, Mr. Lars Olof Lindgren presented his credentials to the President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 13, 2007.jpg|Ambassador Lars-Olof Lindgren (2007–2012) and President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].
File:The Ambassador- designate of Sweden, Mr. Harald Sandberg presented his credential to the President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on July 13, 2012.jpg|Ambassador Harald Sandberg (2012–2017) and President [[Pratibha Patil]].
File:The Ambassador - Designate of Sweden, Mr. Klas Molin presenting his credentials to the President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on November 23, 2017.jpg|Ambassador Klas Molin (2017–2022) and President [[Ram Nath Kovind]].
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[India–Sweden relations]]
*[[Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi]]

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/india-new-delhi/|Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi}} {{lang in|sv|en}}

{{Portal bar|Sweden|India|Biography|Lists|Politics}}
{{Ambassadors of Sweden}}
{{Ambassadors to India}}

[[Category:Ambassadors of Sweden to India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of Sweden|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to India|Sweden]]

Manny Malhotra

2026-04-23T05:16:57Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Put Up New Page W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Canadian ice hockey player (born 1980)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| name = Manny Malhotra
| image = Manny Malhotra - Montreal Canadiens.jpg
| caption = Malhotra with the [[Montreal Canadiens]] in April 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|5|18}}
| birth_place = [[Mississauga|Mississauga, Ontario]], Canada
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 2
| weight_lb = 220
| position = [[Centre (ice hockey)|Centre]]
| shoots = Left
| played_for = [[New York Rangers]] [[Dallas Stars]] [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] [[HDD Olimpija Ljubljana]] [[HV71]] [[San Jose Sharks]] [[Vancouver Canucks]] [[Carolina Hurricanes]] [[Montreal Canadiens]]
| ntl_team = CAN
| draft = 7th overall
| draft_year = 1998
| draft_team = [[New York Rangers]]
| career_start = 1998
| career_end = 2016
| career_start_coach = 2016
| career_end_coach =
}}
'''Emmanuel''' "'''Manny'''" '''Noveen Malhotra''' (born May 18, 1980) is a Canadian former professional [[ice hockey]] player. He is the head coach of the [[Abbotsford Canucks]] of the [[American Hockey League]] (AHL), and was previously an assistant coach in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) with the [[Vancouver Canucks]] and [[Toronto Maple Leafs]].

During his 18-year career, he played as a [[centre (ice hockey)|centre]] for the [[Montreal Canadiens]], [[Carolina Hurricanes]], [[Vancouver Canucks]], [[San Jose Sharks]], [[Columbus Blue Jackets]], [[Dallas Stars]] and the [[New York Rangers]]. Malhotra was known as a [[two-way forward]] and for his [[faceoff]] proficiency, in which he won over 56% of faceoffs he took in the NHL.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10178/1068636-61.stm|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|title=NHL Draft Notebook: Carolina beefs up its roster|date=2010-06-27}}</ref><ref name="classy" /><ref name="thescore2016">{{cite web|title=Report: Manny Malhotra retires, could be hired by Canucks|url=https://www.thescore.com/news/1092816|access-date=2016-09-07|date=2016-09-04|work=The Score|author=Ian McLaren}}</ref> He last played with the [[Lake Erie Monsters]] of the AHL on a try-out basis in 2015.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cleveland.com/monsters/2015/12/new_monsters_center_manny_malh.html|newspaper=[[The Plain Dealer]]|title=New Monsters center Manny Malhotra has unique NHL story, joins exclusive Cleveland club|date=2015-12-04}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Malhotra was drafted in the first round as the seventh overall pick of the [[1998 NHL entry draft]] by the [[New York Rangers]]. He joined the NHL after a two-year career in the [[Ontario Hockey League]] (OHL) with the [[Guelph Storm]], where he served as [[captain (ice hockey)|captain]] in his final year. Winning a [[J. Ross Robertson Cup]] championship and subsequently appearing in the [[1998 Memorial Cup]] with the Storm, Malhotra also earned a [[Bobby Smith Trophy]], [[George Parsons Trophy]] and Memorial Cup All-Star honours as a [[junior ice hockey|junior]].

He played with the Rangers from [[1998–99 NHL season|1998]] to [[2001–02 NHL season|2002]]. During this time he was assigned on numerous occasions to the team's AHL affiliate, the [[Hartford Wolf Pack]], with whom he won a [[Calder Cup]] championship in [[1999–2000 AHL season|2000]]. At the 2001–02 trade deadline, he was dealt to the Stars and spent parts of three seasons with the club. Beginning in [[2003–04 NHL season|2003–04]], Malhotra began to see increased offensive production, marked by his acquisition off waivers by the Blue Jackets. After four seasons in Columbus, he signed a one-year contract with the Sharks in September 2009. He recorded a career-high in goals with San Jose, before joining the Canucks on a three-year deal. In his first season with Vancouver, Malhotra suffered a major injury to his left eye, requiring several surgeries. Despite having lost a significant amount of his vision, he returned the same year to compete in the [[2011 Stanley Cup Finals]]. He struggled to play with the injury until Canucks management placed him on the injured reserve for the remainder of the [[2012–13 NHL season|2012–13 season]] in February 2013.

Internationally, Malhotra has represented [[Hockey Canada|Canada]] in [[Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament|under-18 competition]], two [[World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|World Junior Championships]] and one [[World Ice Hockey Championships|World Championship]]. Serving as team captain at the [[2000 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2000 World Junior Championships]], Malhotra led Canada to a bronze medal.

===Guelph Storm===
Malhotra played in the 1994 [[Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament]] with the Mississauga Reps [[minor ice hockey]] team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf|title=Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA|year=2018|website=Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament|access-date=2019-02-10|archive-date=March 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> After his time in the [[Greater Toronto Hockey League|Metro Toronto Hockey League]] (MTHL),<ref name=legends>{{cite web|title=Manny Malhotra|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=16822|access-date=2010-09-22|publisher=[[Hockey Hall of Fame]]}}</ref> Malhotra was selected in the first round (17th overall) of the 1996 OHL Priority Selection, Malhotra played two seasons in the [[Ontario Hockey League]] (OHL) with the [[Guelph Storm]], beginning in [[1996–97 OHL season|1996–97]]. He scored 16 goals and 44 points over 61 games in his rookie season. In the 1997 playoffs, he added 14 points in 18 games as Guelph lost in the semi-finals to the [[Ottawa 67's]].<ref>{{cite news|title=1996-97 Guelph Storm|url=http://www.guelphstorm.com/page/96-97guelphstormteamphotolistings|access-date=2010-09-22|publisher=[[Guelph Storm]]}}</ref> The following season, he improved to 16 goals and 51 points over 57 games. He served as [[captain (ice hockey)|team captain]] while being assigned the primary role of shutting down opposing team's top forwards.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malhotra Is Friend In Deed |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/1999/03/30/1999-03-30_malhotra_is_friend_in_deed.html |access-date=2010-09-16 |date=1999-03-28 |newspaper=New York Daily News |author=John Dellapina }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=get/> Guelph advanced to the OHL Finals, where they defeated Ottawa in five games to capture the [[J. Ross Robertson Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=1997-98 Guelph Storm|url=http://www.guelphstorm.com/page/97-98guelphstormteamphotolistings|access-date=2010-09-22|publisher=[[Guelph Storm]]}}</ref> Malhotra had 13 points in 12 games in the championship-winning playoff season. Earning a berth into the [[1998 Memorial Cup]], Guelph made it to the final, where they lost to the [[Portland Winter Hawks]] 4–3 in overtime.<ref>{{cite news|title=Portland wins Memorial Cup|url=http://www.canoe.com/MemorialCup98/may17_gue_por.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000822122616/http://www.canoe.com/MemorialCup98/may17_gue_por.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 22, 2000|access-date=2010-09-22|date=1998-05-17|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> Malhotra ranked third in tournament scoring with a goal and seven points over five games.<ref>{{cite web|title=1998 Memorial Cup Stats|url=http://www.canoe.com/MemorialCup98/stats.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000822122106/http://www.canoe.com/MemorialCup98/stats.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 22, 2000|access-date=2010-09-22|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> He was named to the Memorial Cup All-Star Team and was awarded the [[George Parsons Trophy]] as the tournament's most sportsmanlike player.<ref name=tsn>{{Cite web|title=Manny Malhotra|url=http://tsn.ca/nhl/teams/players/bio/?id=1617|access-date=2010-09-16|publisher=[[The Sports Network]]|archive-date=2011-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609151423/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/teams/players/bio/?id=1617|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===New York Rangers (1998–2002)===
In the off-season, Malhotra was drafted by the [[New York Rangers]] in the first round, seventh overall, of the [[1998 NHL entry draft]]. The Rangers scouted him as a strong, physical player with good hockey sense and character, comparing him to [[Adam Graves]].<ref name="get">{{cite news |author=John Dellapina |date=1998-06-28 |title=Rangers Get Their Manny Malhotra, A Center, Goes No. 7 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/1998/06/28/1998-06-28_rangers_get_their_manny__mal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110118030517/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/1998/06/28/1998-06-28_rangers_get_their_manny__mal.html |archive-date=2011-01-18 |access-date=2010-09-16 |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Manny Starts To Prove Rangers Right|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/1999/02/28/1999-02-28_manny_starts_to_prove_ranger.html|access-date=2010-09-16|date=1999-02-28|newspaper=New York Daily News|author=John Dellapina}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> He was surprised to have been selected by the Rangers, as they were one of the only teams to have not interviewed or met with him prior to the draft.<ref name=currents/> He anticipated being drafted by the [[Calgary Flames]] at sixth overall, as the team's general manager, [[Al Coates (ice hockey)|Al Coates]], had previously drafted him into the OHL as general manager of the Storm.<ref name=currents/>

With the [[1998–99 NHL season|1998–99]] season approaching, Malhotra had not yet signed an NHL contract with the Rangers by October. League rules stipulated that if he did not sign by October 8, 1998, he would be required to return to junior for the entire campaign.<ref name=onboard/> The night before the deadline, Malhotra and the Rangers agreed to a three-year deal worth the rookie maximum of $975,000 with performance-based incentives that could have increased his salary to $2 million.<ref name=onboard>{{cite news|title=Malhotra On Board|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/1998/10/08/1998-10-08_malhotra_on_board.html|access-date=2010-09-16|date=1998-10-08|newspaper=New York Daily News|author=John Dellapina}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Making the immediate jump from junior to the NHL at age 18, he became the second player of Indian heritage to play in the NHL.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Canuck Manny Malhotra embraces Vancouver while Indo-Canadian community embraces him |url=https://vancouversun.com/sports/Canuck+Manny+Malhotra+embraces+Vancouver+while+Indo+Canadian+community/3470971/story.html?tab=PHOT |access-date=2010-09-15 |date=2010-09-01 |newspaper=The Vancouver Sun |author=Elliot Papp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904082824/http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/Canuck%2BManny%2BMalhotra%2Bembraces%2BVancouver%2Bwhile%2BIndo%2BCanadian%2Bcommunity/3470971/story.html?tab=PHOT |archive-date=2010-09-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malhotra recorded 8 goals and 16 points over 73 games as a rookie.

During the season, the Rangers were interested in acquiring [[Vancouver Canucks]] forward [[Pavel Bure]].<ref name=niche/> It was reported that Canucks general manager [[Brian Burke (ice hockey)|Brian Burke]] had requested Malhotra to be involved in a trade that would have sent him along with [[Niklas Sundström]], [[Dan Cloutier]] and the Rangers' first-round pick in the [[1999 NHL Entry Draft|1999 draft]] in exchange for Bure.<ref name=niche/> However, Rangers general manager [[Neil Smith (ice hockey)|Neil Smith]] refused to include Malhotra and the deal never materialized.<ref name=niche>{{cite news|title=Finding a niche under the sun|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/05/sports/hockey-finding-a-niche-under-the-sun.html?pagewanted=2|access-date=2010-09-16|date=2000-02-05|work=New York Times}}</ref>

The following season, Malhotra struggled to earn a regular spot on the Rangers' roster and was often a healthy scratch.<ref name=scratch>{{cite news|title=Malhotra left scratching his head|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/2000/02/03/2000-02-03_malhotra_left_scratching_his.html|access-date=2010-09-16|date=2000-02-03|newspaper=New York Daily News|author=John Dellapina}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Rangers head coach [[John Muckler]] publicly declared before the beginning of Malhotra's second NHL campaign that he would be nothing more than a career third-liner.<ref name="rangers trade">{{cite news|title=Rangers deal Manny, send Malhotra to Stars|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/2002/03/13/2002-03-13_rangers_deal_manny_send_malh.html|access-date=2010-09-17|date=2002-03-13|newspaper=[[New York Daily News]]|author=John Dellapina}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Malhotra's potential was often at the centre of an ongoing dispute between Muckler and Smith.<ref name=rift>{{cite news|title=Rangers' Mind Games Are Over For Malhotra|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30A1EFE3D540C778DDDAB0894D9404482|access-date=2010-09-21|date=2001-02-14|work=New York Times|author=Jason Diamos}}</ref>

Malhotra suffered an ankle injury in November that sidelined him for four games.<ref name="wjc assign"/> Upon his recovery, his play was judged by team management to have suffered and he began to be benched.<ref name="wjc assign"/> Meanwhile, the [[Canada men's national junior ice hockey team|Canadian national junior team]] wanted the Rangers to loan him to them for the [[2000 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2000 World Junior Championships]].<ref name="wjc assign"/> On December 12, 1999, general manager Neil Smith obliged and assigned Malhotra for the international tournament.<ref name="wjc assign">{{cite news|title=Rangers Reassign Manny |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/1999/12/12/1999-12-12_rangers_reassign_manny.html |access-date=2010-09-16 |date=1999-12-12 |newspaper=New York Daily News |author=Sherry Ross |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110118031324/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/1999/12/12/1999-12-12_rangers_reassign_manny.html |archive-date=2011-01-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was then sent for a two-week conditioning assignment with the Rangers' [[American Hockey League]] (AHL) affiliate, the [[Hartford Wolf Pack]].<ref name=scratch/> On March 14, 2000, he was sent back down to the OHL in order to retain his eligibility for later AHL assignment in the season.<ref name=shortstay>{{cite news|title=Rangers' Docs: Richter A-Ok After Surgery|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/2000/04/06/2000-04-06_rangers__docs__richter_s_a-o.html|access-date=2010-09-16|date=2010-04-06|newspaper=New York Daily News|author=John Dellapina}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=richter>{{cite news|title=Richter brilliant, but not brilliant enough|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B15FD3F5D0C748EDDAB0894D8404482|access-date=2010-09-16|date=2000-02-27|work=The New York Times|author=Jason Diamos}}</ref> Malhotra had dressed for only four games in the two months between his return from the World Junior Championships in early-January and his junior reassignment.<ref name="wjc assign"/> He was pointless in the 27 games total he played with the Rangers that season.

Returning to Guelph, he played in five regular season and six playoff games. Upon his junior club's first-round playoff elimination, he was reassigned to the Wolf Pack where he recorded 1 goal and 6 points over 12 games to finish the regular season.<ref name=shortstay/> He then added 3 points in 23 post-season contests, helping the Wolf Pack to the franchise's first [[Calder Cup]] championship.

Malhotra returned to the Wolf Pack the following season after failing to make the Rangers' roster out of training camp.<ref name=rift/> With New York deep at the centre position, his AHL assignment was predicated on him learning to play wing.<ref name=rift/> He received numerous call-ups to New York and finished the [[2000–01 NHL season|2000–01 campaign]] with 11 points over 28 games in the AHL and 12 points over 50 games in the NHL. The season also marked a management change as [[Glen Sather]] took over as general manager, marking the departure of Smith, who had drafted Malhotra and regarded him as untradeable during his tenure.<ref name="rangers trade"/>

Fifty-six games into his [[2001–02 NHL season|2001–02 season]] with the Rangers, Sather dealt Malhotra to the [[Dallas Stars]] at the trade deadline, along with winger [[Barrett Heisten]], in exchange for forwards [[Martin Ručinský]] and [[Roman Lyashenko]].<ref name="rangers trade"/> Although he had established himself as an effective forechecker and defensive forward, Malhotra did not materialize into the offensive player the Rangers hoped he would be.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rangers wonder if he's man for the job|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/2001/11/16/2001-11-16_rangers_wonder_if_he_s_man_f.html|access-date=2010-09-17|date=2001-11-16|newspaper=New York Daily News|author=John Dellapina}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Dallas Stars (2002–2004)===
Malhotra welcomed the trade to Dallas as an opportunity for more playing time, as he was sparsely used with the Rangers.<ref name="rangers trade"/> However, he saw limited success with the Stars. Following his trade, he recorded one point, a goal, in 16 games to finish the 2001–02 season. He was re-signed by Dallas to a two-year contract on June 27, 2002.<ref name=tsn/> In 2002–03, he recorded 10 points over 59 games. He appeared in his first [[Stanley Cup playoffs]] as the Stars qualified for the 2003 post-season as the top seed in the [[Western Conference (NHL)|Western Conference]].<ref name=argus/> They were eliminated in the second round by the [[Anaheim Ducks|Mighty Ducks of Anaheim]].<ref name=argus>{{cite news|title=Ducks knock no. 1 seed Dallas out of playoffs|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BHAiAAAAIBAJ&pg=6291,496489&dq=stars+ducks+playoffs&hl=en|access-date=2010-09-22|date=2003-05-06|newspaper=The Argus-Press}}</ref>

[[Image:Manny Malhotra crop.jpg|thumb|left|Malhotra during his tenure with the [[San Jose Sharks]] in September 2009|alt=An ice hockey player, seen from the side, in a ready position. He is slightly crouched while standing on his skates and holds his stick in both hands. He wears a teal jersey with black trim, as well a black helmet.]]

===Columbus Blue Jackets (2004–2009)===
After going pointless in nine games early the [[2003–04 NHL season|following season]], the Stars waived Malhotra on November 19, 2003.<ref name=tsn/> Two days later, he was picked up by the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]].<ref name=tsn/> Malhotra improved with the Blue Jackets, notching 12 goals and 25 points over 56 games following the trade. He missed the final six games of the regular season with a bruised ankle.<ref name=tsn/> His ice time rose from an average of nine minutes a game with Dallas the previous season to 14 minutes in Columbus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Time On Ice|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/playerstats.htm?fetchKey=20032DALSASAll&sort=avgTOIPerGame&viewName=timeOnIce|access-date=2010-09-21|website=National Hockey League}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Time On Ice|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/playerstats.htm?fetchKey=20042CLBSASAll&sort=avgTOIPerGame&viewName=timeOnIce|access-date=2010-09-21|website=National Hockey League}}</ref>

Due to the [[2004–05 NHL lockout|NHL lockout]], Malhotra spent the 2004–05 season overseas in Europe. He initially signed with [[HDD Olimpija Ljubljana]] of Slovenia on October 8, 2004, and recorded 27 points over 26 games (including both [[Slovenian Ice Hockey Championship|Slovenian league]] and [[Slohokej Liga|inter-league]] play).<ref name=tsn/> On December 12, he signed with [[HV71]] of the [[Swedish Hockey League|Swedish Elite League]].<ref name=tsn/> He notched seven points in 20 games with the club.

Returning to Columbus as NHL resumed play the following season, Malhotra spent [[2005–06 NHL season|2005–06]] centering Columbus' third line. Despite missing 24 games due to injury with back spasms in November and a shoulder injury in January,<ref name=tsn/> he improved his points total for the second-straight NHL season with 10 goals and 21 assists. The Blue Jackets re-signed him in the off-season to a three-year contract on June 20, 2006.<ref name=tsn/> In the first year of his new contract, he tallied nine goals and 25 points over a full 82-game season.

Malhotra missed 11 games with a recurring knee injury in December 2007.<ref name=tsn/> Late in the [[2007–08 NHL season|2007–08 season]], on March 17, 2008, he recorded a career-high three points in one game (two goals and an assist) in a 4–3 win against the [[Detroit Red Wings]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Penguins pummel Flyers to keep heat on Devils in east|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/hockey/2008/03/17/2008-03-17_penguins_pummel_flyers_to_keep_heat_on_d.html|access-date=2010-09-17|date=2008-03-17|newspaper=New York Daily News|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> He finished the campaign with 11 goals, 18 assists and 29 points in 77 games. Early in the [[2008–09 NHL season|2008–09 season]], Malhotra missed five games with a lower-body injury.<ref name=tsn/> He recorded a career-high 24 assists and 35 points over 77 games during the campaign. As Columbus was plagued with numerous injuries over the course of the season, Malhotra was used on various lines while also in a shutdown role, playing against top opposing forwards.<ref name=maturing/>

===San Jose Sharks (2009–2010)===
His contract was not renewed by the Blue Jackets in the 2009 off-season and he became an [[unrestricted free agent]]. After failing to sign with an NHL team, Malhotra accepted an invitation to the [[San Jose Sharks]]' training camp on September 17, 2009.<ref name=tsn/> Five days later, he signed a one-year, $700,000 deal with the team.<ref name=classy/><ref name=tsn/> He went on to record a career-high 14 goals and +17 [[Plus-minus (ice hockey)|rating]], along with 19 assists for 33 points, in his only season with the Sharks. He centred the team's third line and earned time playing wing on the powerplay.<ref name=classy/> However, the Sharks did not re-sign him and he became an unrestricted free agent for the second consecutive summer on July 1, 2010.<ref name=classy/> Looking back on his time in San Jose, Malhotra called it the "most enjoyable season [he's] had as a pro", being able to play for a winning team and have a long [[2010 Stanley Cup playoffs|playoff]] run for the first time in his NHL career.<ref name=classy>{{cite news |title=Malhotra signing a classy move |url=https://theprovince.com/sports/Malhotra+signing+classy+move/3471301/story.html |access-date=2010-09-22 |date=2010-09-01 |newspaper=The Province |author=Jason Botchford |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100903072500/http://www.theprovince.com/sports/Malhotra+signing+classy+move/3471301/story.html |archive-date=2010-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Vancouver Canucks (2010–2013)===
[[File:Manny Malhotra 2011-12-13.jpg|thumb|right|Malhotra with the [[Vancouver Canucks]] in December 2011|alt=An ice hockey player seen from the side in a ready position. His legs are planted as he holds his stick outward in front of him. He wears a white jersey with blue and green trim.]]

On the first day of free agency on July 1, 2010, Malhotra signed a three-year, $7.5 million deal with the Vancouver Canucks that included a [[no-trade clause]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Canucks also sign Perrault|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id=5346427|access-date=2010-09-22|date=2010-07-01|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Malhotra was named an alternate captain during [[Road (sports)|away games]] for the Canucks before the season began.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canucks name Henrik Sedin captain|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/canucks-name-henrik-sedin-captain-1.925894|access-date=2010-10-11|date=2010-10-09|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> He scored his first goal as a Canuck on October 22, during a 5–1 win against the [[Minnesota Wild]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Schneider backstops Canucks past Hurricanes |url=http://www.canada.com/Schneider+backstops+Canucks+past+Hurricanes/3687346/story.html |access-date=2010-11-03 |date=2010-10-18 |publisher=Postmedia News }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Malhotra settled into the Canucks' lineup as the team's third-line centre, often playing with wingers [[Raffi Torres]] and [[Jannik Hansen]], while playing significant time on the penalty kill and matching up against opposing team's best forwards. His success as a defensive specialist earned him early consideration for the [[Frank J. Selke Trophy]] as the league's best [[two-way forward]]. In an article on the NHL's website, he was chosen as the front-runner for the award at the mid-way point of the campaign. He was also credited with allowing the team to use centre [[Ryan Kesler]] in a more offensive role (Kesler was the team's previous shutdown centre); as a result, the second-line centre recorded career-highs in goals and points.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malhotra making a play for Selke award|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=548752|access-date=2011-08-21|date=2011-01-08|website=[[National Hockey League]]}}</ref> During a game against the [[Colorado Avalanche]] on March 16, 2011, Malhotra was struck in the eye by a deflected puck from Avalanche defenseman [[Erik Johnson]]. He immediately left the ice and underwent eye surgery the following day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malhotra Has Surgery|url=http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=556442|access-date=2011-03-17|date=2011-03-18|publisher=Vancouver Canucks}}</ref> It was announced on March 21, that Malhotra would not be returning to the lineup for the rest of the regular season and the playoffs, without further comment on Malhotra's condition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manny Malhotra status update|url=http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=556729|access-date=2011-03-21|date=2011-03-21|publisher=Vancouver Canucks}}</ref> Eight days later, he underwent a second successful surgery on his eye.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malhotra has eye surgery; prognosis up to 6-8 weeks away|url=http://tsn.ca/nhl/teams/story/?id=360010|access-date=2011-03-29|date=2011-03-29|publisher=[[The Sports Network]]}}</ref> Limited to 72 games, Malhotra recorded his third consecutive 30-point season with 11 goals and 19 assists while playing on the Canucks' third line alongside Raffi Torres and Jannik Hansen.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Malhotra's injury more than just loss of third-line centre |url=https://vancouversun.com/sports/Malhotra+injury+more+than+just+loss+third+line+centre/4462790/story.html |access-date=2011-04-10 |date=2011-03-18 |work=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321184936/http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/Malhotra%2Binjury%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Bjust%2Bloss%2Bthird%2Bline%2Bcentre/4462790/story.html |archive-date=March 21, 2011 }}</ref> His 61.7% faceoff percentage ranked second in the league behind [[David Steckel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2010-2011 Faceoff Win Percentage|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/playerstats.htm?fetchKey=20112ALLSASAll&sort=faceOffWinPctg&viewName=faceOffPercentage|access-date=2011-04-10|website=[[National Hockey League]]}}</ref> The campaign also included the 100th goal of his NHL career, scored in a 3–0 win against the [[Anaheim Ducks]] on March 6, 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Canucks' Schneider posts 1st NHL shutout|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/canucks-schneider-posts-1st-nhl-shutout-1.1061125|access-date=2013-02-14|date=2011-03-06|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|agency=Canadian Press}}</ref> On a team basis, Malhotra's first season with the Canucks saw them earn the [[Presidents' Trophy]] for having the best regular season record in the league. In the midst of his recovery, Malhotra made an appearance during the team's [[pre-game ceremony]] at [[Rogers Arena]], co-accepting the trophy with captain [[Henrik Sedin]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Confidence returns for Canucks with win over Wild|url=https://theprovince.com/story_print.html?id=4579262&sponsor=|access-date=2011-04-18|date=2011-04-08|work=[[The Province]]|publisher=Postmedia Network|location=Vancouver|author=Ed Willes}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Despite original statements from the team that he would not return for the playoffs, Malhotra began to gradually work his way up from light practices with the team in May 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Doctors give Canucks' Malhotra clearance for full practice|url=http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=367065|access-date=2011-05-27|date=2011-05-27|publisher=[[The Sports Network]]|archive-date=May 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529235449/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=367065|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the end of the month, he was cleared by doctors to play in the [[2011 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup Finals]] against the [[Boston Bruins]] after missing the first three rounds against the [[Chicago Blackhawks]], [[Nashville Predators]] and [[San Jose Sharks]], respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canucks' Malhotra cleared to play in Stanley Cup final|url=http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=367181|access-date=2011-05-29|date=2011-05-28|publisher=[[The Sports Network]]}}</ref> Though he remained out of the lineup for Game 1, he returned for Game 2 and played the rest of the series as the team's fourth-line centre (late-season acquisition [[Maxim Lapierre]] filled in for Malhotra on the third line), with the Canucks ultimately falling to the Bruins with a 4-0 loss in game 7 of the series. Malhotra's regular season performance earned him six first-place votes out of 125 for the Selke Trophy.{{#tag:ref|He also earned 10 second-place, 10 third-place, 14 fourth-place and 7 fifth-place votes<ref name="2011 yearbook">{{cite book|title=The Hockey News Yearbook|author=The Hockey News|publisher=The Hockey News|location=Toronto|year=2011|page=185}}</ref>|group=notes}} He ranked fifth in balloting, as teammate Ryan Kesler won the distinction at the year-end awards ceremony.<ref name="2011 yearbook"/>

Malhotra struggled in [[2011–12 NHL season|2011–12]] due to having lost a significant amount of vision in his eye from his eye injury towards the end of the previous season. He was supplanted as the Canucks' third-line centre by rookie [[Cody Hodgson]] and later [[Samuel Påhlsson]].{{#tag:ref|Pahlsson was acquired at the trade deadline and assumed the third-line centre position in place of Hodgson, who had been dealt away.|group=notes}} Canucks head coach [[Alain Vigneault]] assessed Malhotra during the season as "not the same physical player he was before",<ref>{{cite news|title=Canucks' Malhotra a shadow of pre-injury self|url=http://www2.canada.com/topics/sports/story.html?id=6323362|access-date=2012-04-07|date=2012-03-19|work=The Province|location=Vancouver|author=McIntyre, Gordon}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> adding, "He's still contributing but not maybe to the degree that he was before he got injured."<ref name=masterton/> Playing left wing on the fourth line, he remained an integral part of the team by playing on the penalty kill and taking important defensive zone faceoffs. Near the end of the campaign, Malhotra was chosen as the Canucks' nominee for the [[Bill Masterton Trophy]], an annual NHL award for perseverance, sportsmanship and dedication to hockey.<ref name=masterton>{{cite news|title=Vancouver Canucks' Manny Malhotra team's nominee for Bill Masterton Trophy|url=https://vancouversun.com/sports/Canucks+Manny+Malhotra+Vancouver+nominee+Bill+Masterton+Trophy/6368371/story.html|access-date=2012-04-10|date=2012-03-27|work=The Vancouver Sun|author=Pap, Elliott}}</ref> With a diminished offensive role, Malhotra finished his second season in Vancouver with seven goals and 11 assists and 18 points in 78 games, as well as a –10 plus-minus rating while the Canucks as a team won their second consecutive Presidents' Trophy. However, he remained among the league's elite in terms of faceoffs, ranking fourth with a 58.5% winning percentage.<ref>{{cite web|title=2011-12 NHL Faceoff Leaders|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/playerstats.htm?gameType=2&position=S&season=20112012&sort=faceOffWinPctg&status=A&viewName=faceOffPercentage|access-date=2013-02-14|website=National Hockey League}}</ref>

Continuing to struggle with his eye injury, Malhotra was put on the injured reserve a month into the [[2012–13 NHL season|2012–13 season]]. Fearing for his long-term health, Canucks general manager [[Mike Gillis]] took him out of the lineup for the season, a decision that he described as the "hardest thing [he has] done in [his] job".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fearing for his health, Vancouver Canucks sideline Manny Malhotra for rest of season|url=https://nationalpost.com/sports/hockey/nhl/fearing-for-his-health-canucks-sideline-manny-malhotra-for-rest-of-season|access-date=2013-02-14|date=2013-02-14|work=National Post|author=Ziemer, Brad|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419092309/http://sports.nationalpost.com/2013/02/14/fearing-for-his-health-canucks-sideline-manny-malhotra-for-rest-of-season/|archive-date=2013-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Malhotra had appeared in nine games without recording a point.

===Carolina Hurricanes (2013–2015)===
After being unsigned by an NHL team at the start of the [[2013–14 NHL season|2013–14 season]] and looking to continue his playing career, Malhotra signed a 25-game [[Hockey contracts#Professional Try Out|professional try out]] (PTO) contract with the AHL's [[Charlotte Checkers]].<ref name=pto>{{cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=433318 |title=Former Canuck Malhotra Signs Contract with AHL's Checkers|publisher=[[The Sports Network|TSN]]|date=2013-10-03|access-date=2013-10-04}}</ref> The [[Carolina Hurricanes]] signed Malhotra to a one-year, two-way contract on October 31<ref>{{cite web|last1=Preston|first1=Ken|title=Hurricanes Agree to Terms with Manny Malhotra|url=https://www.nhl.com/hurricanes/news/hurricanes-agree-to-terms-with-manny-malhotra/c-689360|website=NHL.com|access-date=March 28, 2018|date=October 31, 2013}}</ref> and he made his Carolina debut against the [[New York Rangers]] on November 2. On November 6, he scored his first NHL goal in 19 months, scoring a game winner in overtime against the [[Philadelphia Flyers]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cox|first1=Zack|title=Manny Malhotra Scores First Goal in 19 Months to Give Hurricanes Win in Overtime (Video)|url=https://nesn.com/2013/11/manny-malhotra-scores-first-goal-in-19-months-to-give-hurricanes-win-in-overtime-video/|website=nesn.com|access-date=March 28, 2018|date=November 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Friedman|first1=Elliotte|title=30 Thoughts: Manny Malholtra celebrates return to NHL|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports-content/hockey/opinion/2013/11/manny-malholtra-makes-triumphant-return-to-nhl.html|website=cbc.ca|access-date=March 28, 2018|date=November 6, 2013}}</ref> As a measure of the amount of respect he earned in the locker room over a matter of weeks, Malhotra was selected to be an interim alternate captain while [[Tim Gleason]] was out with an injury.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} After Gleason was traded to the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]], Malhotra was officially named an alternate captain for the remainder of the season.

===Montreal Canadiens (2014–2015)===
On July 1, 2014, Malhotra signed as a free agent to a one-year deal with the [[Montreal Canadiens]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://vancouversun.com/sports/Montreal+Canadiens+sign+veteran+forward+Manny+Malhotra+year+deal/9990337/story.html | title = Montreal Canadiens sign veteran forward Manny Malhotra to a one-year deal | work = [[Vancouver Sun]] | date = 2014-07-01 | access-date = 2014-07-01}}</ref> In the [[2014–15 NHL season|2014–15]] season, Malhotra was primarily used as the Canadiens' fourth-line centre and face-off specialist. On February 28, 2015, he scored his first and only goal with Montreal in his 53rd appearance, a 4–0 victory over the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/mtl-vs-tor/2015/02/28/2014020928 | title = Price carriers Canadiens past Maple Leafs | work = [[National Hockey League]] | date = 2015-02-28 | access-date = 2015-02-28}}</ref> Malhotra completed the season scoring only four points (one goal, three assists) in 58 games. On May 15, three days after the Canadiens' second-round, six-game elimination from the [[2015 Stanley Cup playoffs|2015 playoffs]] by the [[Tampa Bay Lightning]], it was announced by Canadiens general manager [[Marc Bergevin]] that Malhotra would not return to the Canadiens for the next season.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/marc-bergevin-says-sergei-gonchar-manny-malhotra-mike-weaver-wont-return-to-montreal-canadiens/ | title = Gonchar, Malhotra, Weaver done with Canadiens | work = [[Sportsnet]] | date = 2015-05-15 | access-date = 2015-05-15}}</ref> In July 2015, Malhotra officially became a free agent and remained un-signed over the summer.

===Later years (2015–2016)===
Two months into the [[2015–16 AHL season|2015–16]] season, Malhotra returned to the Columbus Blue Jackets organization, signing a professional try-out contract with their American Hockey League affiliate, the [[Lake Erie Monsters]], on December 3, 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://theahl.com/monsters-sign-malhotra-to-tryout-p200501 | title = Monsters sign Malhotra to try-out | work = [[American Hockey League]] | date = 2015-12-03 | access-date = 2015-12-03 | archive-date = December 7, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151207234902/http://theahl.com/monsters-sign-malhotra-to-tryout-p200501 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Coaching career==
On September 7, 2016, the Vancouver Canucks announced that Malhotra would join the team as a development coach. This was announced shortly following his retirement.<ref name=mannyreturn>{{cite news|title=Malhotra returns|url=http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=892339&navid=DL|access-date=2016-09-07|date=2016-09-07}}</ref> On June 7, 2017, the Canucks announced that Malhotra was hired as assistant coach.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canucks complete 17-18 coaching staff|url=https://www.nhl.com/canucks/news/canucks-complete-17-18-coaching-staff/c-289821108| website = NHL.com|access-date=July 13, 2017|date=June 7, 2017}}</ref>

On September 17, 2020 he was hired as an assistant coach for the Toronto Maple Leafs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maple Leafs to name Manny Malhotra as assistant coach - Sportsnet.ca|url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/maple-leafs-name-manny-malhotra-assistant-coach/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.sportsnet.ca |date=September 17, 2020 }}</ref> Malhotra returned to the Vancouver organization when he succeeded [[Jeremy Colliton]] as head coach of the [[Abbotsford Canucks]] on May 24, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Canucks hire Manny Malhotra as head coach of the Abbotsford Canucks |url=https://www.nhl.com/canucks/news/canucks-hire-manny-malhotra-as-head-coach-of-the-abbotsford-canucks |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Vancouver Canucks |language=en}}</ref> In his first season, he coached the Abbotsford Canucks to the franchise's first [[Calder Cup]] championship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuzma |first=Ben |date=June 23, 2025 |title=Abbotsford Canucks: The journey really was the adventure to capture 2025 Calder Cup crown |url=https://theprovince.com/sports/hockey/nhl/vancouver-canucks/abbotsford-canucks-the-journey-was-capture-2025-ahl-calder-cup-title |access-date=June 23, 2025 |website=[[The Province]]}}</ref>

==International career==
{{MedalTableTop| name = }}
{{MedalSport | [[Ice hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{ih|CAN}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Junior Ice Hockey Championship|World Junior Championship]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[2000 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2000 Sweden]] |}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Spengler Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2015 Spengler Cup|2015 Davos]]|}}
{{MedalBottom}}

In the summer of 1997, Malhotra captained Canada's under-18 team to a championship at the 3 Nations Cup in the Czech Republic.<ref name=leader>{{cite news|title=He's Manny Among Boys Rangers See Pick As Instant Leader |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/1998/08/10/1998-08-10_he_s_manny_among_boys__range.html |access-date=2010-09-22 |date=1998-08-10 |newspaper=New York Daily News |author=John Dellapina |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120092426/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/1998/08/10/1998-08-10_he_s_manny_among_boys__range.html |archive-date=November 20, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=u18>{{cite news|title=3 Nations Cup |url=http://hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/4223/la_id/1.htm |access-date=2010-09-22 |publisher=[[Hockey Canada]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728003135/http://hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/4223/la_id/1.htm |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref> Canada finished as tournament champions, going undefeated over six games against the Czech Republic and Slovakia in the three-country competition.<ref name=u18/>

The following year, Malhotra was named to the [[Canada men's national junior ice hockey team|Canadian national under-20 team]] for the [[1998 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|1998 World Junior Championships]], held in Finland. He was the second-youngest player on the team, behind [[Vincent Lecavalier]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Roster |url=http://hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/2027/la_id/1.htm |access-date=2010-09-22 |publisher=Hockey Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728003233/http://hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/2027/la_id/1.htm |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref> Malhotra was pointless in seven games as Canada was defeated in the quarter-finals by Russia, 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule |url=http://hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/61018/la_id/1.htm |access-date=2010-09-22 |publisher=Hockey Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728003257/http://hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/61018/la_id/1.htm |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref> The following year, he was not available for the tournament as he was playing in the NHL with the Rangers. However, in [[2000 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2000]], he was loaned to Team Canada by the Rangers' organization, as he was still eligible as a junior.<ref name="wjc assign"/> Serving as team captain,<ref>{{cite news|title=NHL in for Future Shock|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/2000/01/02/2000-01-02_nhl_in_for_future_shock_next.html|access-date=2010-09-23|date=2000-01-02|newspaper=New York Daily News|author=Sherry Ross}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> he notched two assists over seven games in the tournament, held in Sweden. Canada earned the bronze medal, defeating the United States 4–3 in a shootout.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule |url=http://hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/61041/la_id/1.htm |access-date=2010-09-22 |publisher=Hockey Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728003351/http://hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/61041/la_id/1.htm |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref>

Malhotra debuted with [[Canada national men's ice hockey team|Canada's men's team]] at the [[2002 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships|2002 World Championships]] in Sweden. He recorded no points in seven games as Canada was eliminated in the quarter-finals by [[Slovakia national men's ice hockey team|Slovakia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 IIHF World Men's Championship |url=http://hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/4789/la_id/1.htm |access-date=2010-09-22 |publisher=Hockey Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728003607/http://hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/4789/la_id/1.htm |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Emmanuel Malhotra was born and raised in [[Mississauga|Mississauga, Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lapointe |first=Joe |date=June 28, 1998 |title=HOCKEY; Rangers and Devils Find Diversity in Draft |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/28/sports/hockey-rangers-and-devils-find-diversity-in-draft.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Although called Manny, his formal North American name is Emmanuel}}</ref><ref name=history/> He was given the Hindu name Noveen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Jason |date=1998-07-01 |title=Character strong in future Ranger |url=https://archive.thehockeynews.com/issue/613716/608217 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=The Hockey News Archive}}</ref> His [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] father, Shadi, was born in India and worked as a research chemist for [[Xerox]]<ref name=currents/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/story-of-a-shattered-life-a-single-childhood-incident-pushed-dawn-crey-into-a-downward-spiral|title=Story of a shattered life: A single childhood incident pushed Dawn Crey into a downward spiral|website=Vancouver Sun|first=Lori |last=Culbert |date=24 November 2001|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=desis>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/desilife/article/284947|title=Rare breed of desis stick-handle their way into hockey's big leagues|last=Acharya|first=Neil|newspaper=[[The Toronto Star]]|access-date=2010-03-28|date=2007-12-13}}</ref> at the Xerox Research Centre of Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://xrcc.external.xerox.com/|title=Xerox Research Centre of Canada|website=xrcc.external.xerox.com|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> His mother, Lise,<ref name=get/> is [[French-Canadian]] and also has a PhD in chemistry, but was a stay-at-home mom.<ref name=currents/><ref name=history>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/malhotra-making-nhl-history-1.828955|title=Malhotra making NHL history|last=Pardy|first=Trevor|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=2009-09-17|date=2009-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nydailynews.com/1998/06/28/rangers-get-their-manny-malhotra-a-center-goes-no-7/|newspaper=[[NY Daily News]]|title=Rangers get their Manny Malhotra, a center, goes no. 7|date=1998-06-28}}</ref> Due to his mother's French background, he spoke both French and English at home.<ref name=history/> He is Catholic.<ref>{{cite web | title=A Little Lost, He Winds up in Hartford | date=January 25, 2000 | url=https://www.courant.com/2000/01/25/a-little-lost-he-winds-up-in-hartford/ }}</ref> Malhotra has two brothers and a sister.<ref name=currents/>

Malhotra started playing organized hockey at age seven.<ref name=currents/> He attended [[John Fraser Secondary School]] in Mississauga,<ref>{{cite web |title=NHL's Malhotra honoured by high school |url=https://www.mississauga.com/community-story/3145934-nhl-s-malhotra-honoured-by-high-school/ |website=Mississauga.com |access-date=6 March 2020 |language=en-CA |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> before graduating from [[Our Lady of Lourdes]] in [[Guelph, Ontario]].<ref name="national leadership">{{cite news|title=Former Storm Manny Malhotra earns National Leadership Award|url=http://media.ontariohockeyleague.com/former-storm-manny-malhotra-earns-national-leadership-award-p128463|access-date=2012-02-15|date=2009-05-28|work=[[Guelph Mercury]]|author=Saxon, Tony|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113173819/http://media.ontariohockeyleague.com/former-storm-manny-malhotra-earns-national-leadership-award-p128463|archive-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> Malhotra moved to Guelph to begin his OHL career with the [[Guelph Storm]], during which time he was awarded the [[Bobby Smith Trophy]] as the OHL's scholastic player of the year in [[1997–98 OHL season|1998]].<ref name=desis/> He has referred to it as the award he is most proud of in his hockey career.<ref name=currents/> In 2009, he received the National Leadership Award in a ceremony at his former high school in Guelph.<ref name="national leadership"/>

In his initial years with the Rangers, the organization arranged for him to live with former player [[Doug Sulliman]] and his family.<ref name=currents/> In September 2007, Malhotra married Joann Nash, sister of [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) star [[Steve Nash]] and former [[Vancouver Whitecaps (1986–2010)|Vancouver Whitecaps FC]] midfielder [[Martin Nash (soccer)|Martin Nash]]<ref name=currents>{{cite news|title=A League of Their Own |url=http://www.indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=e1cd97918c31ec9de6d24e51540fb57d&this_category_id= |access-date=2010-09-15 |date=2008-04-03 |newspaper=India Currents |author=Ranjit Souri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604120236/http://www.indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=e1cd97918c31ec9de6d24e51540fb57d&this_category_id= |archive-date=2011-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a soccer star herself, as captain of the University of Victoria women's soccer team. Malhotra and Joann have three sons.<ref name=maturing>{{cite news|title=Malhotra fills in blanks well as maturing force |url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/sports/stories/2009/01/18/jackets_1-18.ART_ART_01-18-09_C1_ITCISC2.html?sid=101 |access-date=2010-09-22 |date=2009-01-18 |newspaper=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |author=Tom Reed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011202741/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/sports/stories/2009/01/18/jackets_1-18.ART_ART_01-18-09_C1_ITCISC2.html?sid=101 |archive-date=2012-10-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Jory|first1=Derek|title=6 Things: Getting to know Manny|url=https://www.nhl.com/canucks/news/6-things-getting-to-know-manny/c-543233|website=NHL.com|access-date=March 28, 2018|date=November 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manny Malhotra News: Malhotra will not play in Friday's game in Anaheim, as he's with his wife and newborn baby boy, TSN.ca reports.|url=https://www.thescore.com/nhl/news/146357|website=thescore.com|access-date=March 28, 2018|date=August 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=MacIntyre|first1=Iain|title=Iain MacIntyre: Forced out as a player, Malhotra eased in as coach|url=https://vancouversun.com/sports/hockey/nhl/vancouver-canucks/iain-macintyre-forced-out-as-a-player-malhotra-eased-in-as-coach|access-date=March 28, 2018|newspaper=Vancouver Sun|date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> His son, [[Caleb Malhotra|Caleb]], is a top prospect eligible for the [[2026 NHL entry draft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-draft-notebook-caleb-malhotra-making-waves-in-rookie-season-with-brantford |title=NHL Draft notebook: Malhotra making waves in rookie season with Brantford |website=NHL.com |first=Mike G. |last=Morreale |date=November 29, 2025 |access-date=January 22, 2026}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Regular season and playoffs===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:60em"
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
! colspan="5" | [[Regular season]]
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
! colspan="5" | [[Playoffs]]
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! [[Season (sports)|Season]]
! Team
! League
! GP
! [[Goal (ice hockey)|G]]
! [[Assist (ice hockey)|A]]
! [[Point (ice hockey)|Pts]]
! [[Penalty (ice hockey)|PIM]]
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|-
| 1995–96||Mississauga Reps Bantam||GTHL||54||27||44||71||38||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[1996–97 OHL season|1996–97]]||[[Guelph Storm]]||[[Ontario Hockey League|OHL]]||61||16||28||44||26||18||7||7||14||11
|-
| [[1997–98 OHL season|1997–98]]||Guelph Storm||OHL||57||16||35||51||29||12||7||6||13||8
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[1998–99 NHL season|1998–99]]||[[New York Rangers]]||[[National Hockey League|NHL]]||73||8||8||16||33||—||—||—||—||—
|-
| [[1999–2000 OHL season|1999–00]]||Guelph Storm||OHL||5||2||2||4||4||6||0||2||2||4
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[1999–2000 AHL season|1999–00]]||[[Hartford Wolf Pack]]||[[American Hockey League|AHL]]||12||1||5||6||2||23||1||2||3||10
|-
| [[1999–2000 NHL season|1999–00]]||New York Rangers||NHL||27||0||0||0||4||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2000–01 AHL season|2000–01]]||Hartford Wolf Pack||AHL||28||5||6||11||69||5||0||0||0||0
|-
| [[2000–01 NHL season|2000–01]]||New York Rangers||NHL||50||4||8||12||31||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2001–02 NHL season|2001–02]]||New York Rangers||NHL||56||7||6||13||42||—||—||—||—||—
|-
| 2001–02||[[Dallas Stars]]||NHL||16||1||0||1||5||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2002–03 NHL season|2002–03]]||Dallas Stars||NHL||59||3||7||10||42||5||1||0||1||0
|-
| [[2003–04 NHL season|2003–04]]||Dallas Stars||NHL||9||0||0||0||4||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| 2003–04||[[Columbus Blue Jackets]]||NHL||56||12||13||25||24||—||—||—||—||—
|-
| [[2004–05 Interliga season|2004–05]]||[[HDD Olimpija Ljubljana]]||[[Interliga (1999–2007)|IEL]]||13||7||7||14||16||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2004–05 Slovenian Hockey League season|2004–05]]||HDD Olimpija Ljubljana||[[Slovenian Ice Hockey Championship|SVN]]||13||6||7||13||20||—||—||—||—||—
|-
| [[2004–05 Elitserien season|2004–05]]||[[HV71]]||[[Swedish Hockey League|SEL]]||20||5||2||7||16||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2005–06 NHL season|2005–06]]||Columbus Blue Jackets||NHL||58||10||21||31||41||—||—||—||—||—
|-
| [[2006–07 NHL season|2006–07]]||Columbus Blue Jackets||NHL||82||9||16||25||76||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2007–08 NHL season|2007–08]]||Columbus Blue Jackets||NHL||71||11||18||29||34||—||—||—||—||—
|-
| [[2008–09 NHL season|2008–09]]||Columbus Blue Jackets||NHL||77||11||24||35||28||4||0||0||0||0
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2009–10 NHL season|2009–10]]||[[San Jose Sharks]]||NHL||71||14||19||33||41||15||1||0||1||0
|-
| [[2010–11 NHL season|2010–11]]||[[Vancouver Canucks]]||NHL||72||11||19||30||22||6||0||0||0||0
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2011–12 NHL season|2011–12]]||Vancouver Canucks||NHL||78||7||11||18||14||5||0||0||0||0
|-
| [[2012–13 NHL season|2012–13]]||Vancouver Canucks||NHL||9||0||0||0||0||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2013–14 AHL season|2013–14]]||[[Charlotte Checkers (2010-)|Charlotte Checkers]]||AHL||8||0||0||0||17||—||—||—||—||—
|-
| [[2013–14 NHL season|2013–14]]||[[Carolina Hurricanes]]||NHL||69||7||6||13||18||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2014–15 NHL season|2014–15]]||[[Montreal Canadiens]]||NHL||58||1||3||4||12||—||—||—||—||—
|-
| [[2015–16 AHL season|2015–16]]||[[Lake Erie Monsters]]||AHL||23||4||2||6||6||—||—||—||—||—
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! colspan="3" | NHL totals
! 991
! 116
! 179
! 295
! 451
! 35
! 2
! 0
! 2
! 0
|}

===International===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" ID="Table3" style="text-align:center; width:40em"
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Year
! Team
! Event
! rowspan="102" bgcolor="#ffffff"|
! GP !! G !! A !! Pts !! PIM
|-
| [[1998 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|1998]]
| [[Canada men's national junior ice hockey team|Canada]]
| [[IIHF World Junior Championship|WJC]]
| 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2000 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2000]]
| Canada
| WJC
| 7 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 8
|-
| [[2002 IIHF World Championship|2002]]
| [[Canada national men's ice hockey team|Canada]]
| [[Ice Hockey World Championships|WC]]
| 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan=4 | Junior totals
! 14 !! 0 !! 2 !! 2 !! 8
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan=4 | Senior totals
! 7 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 4
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award
! Year
|-
| [[Bobby Smith Trophy]] ([[Ontario Hockey League|OHL]]'s scholastic player of the year) || [[1997–98 OHL season|1998]]
|-
| [[George Parsons Trophy]] ([[Memorial Cup]]'s most sportsmanlike player) || [[1998 Memorial Cup|1998]]
|-
| [[Memorial Cup]] All-Star Team || [[1998 Memorial Cup|1998]]
|-
| [[Calder Cup]] champion || [[2025 Calder Cup playoffs|2025]]
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian NHL players]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=32em}}

==External links==
*{{icehockeystats|legends=16822}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box | before = Jake McCracken | title= [[Bobby Smith Trophy]] | years = [[1997–98 OHL season|1998]] | after=[[Rob Zepp]]}}
{{succession box | before = [[Radoslav Suchy]] | title= [[George Parsons Trophy]] | years = [[1998 Memorial Cup|1998]] | after=[[Brian Campbell]]}}
{{S-sports}}
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Armaan (2003 film)

2026-04-20T19:06:01Z

SilviaVanwinkle: new

{{Short description|2003 film by Honey Irani}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Armaan
| image = Armaan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Honey Irani]]
| producer = Dinesh Gandhi
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* [[Javed Akhtar]]
* Honey Irani
}}
| story = Honey Irani
| narrator =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Anil Kapoor]]
* [[Preity Zinta]]
* [[Gracy Singh]]
* [[Randhir Kapoor]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] '''Score:''' [[Raju Singh]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]
| editing = [[Shirish Kunder]]
| studio = Aarti Enterprises
| distributor = [[Eros Entertainment]]
| released = {{film date|2003|5|16|df=yes}}
| runtime = 159 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/armaan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjqymdi |title=Armaan |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080421/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/armaan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjqymdi |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}100 million<ref name="Kaleidoscope">{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051600300100.htm |title=Kaleidoscope of emotions |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=16 May 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030915093512/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051600300100.htm |archive-date=15 September 2003 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}149.2 million<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=532 |title=Armaan |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117100837/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=532 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Armaan''''' ({{translation|''Desire''}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[medical drama]] film co-written and directed by [[Honey Irani]]. It stars an ensemble cast of [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Gracy Singh]], and [[Randhir Kapoor]]. The film is set in a hospital and follows the travails of its principal, Dr.{{Nbsp}}Akash (Anil Kapoor), to sustain the institution financially. Meanwhile, a mentally unstable woman named Sonia (Zinta) comes into his life and offers to help by donating to the hospital on the condition that Akash marries her.

Irani wrote the story of ''Armaan'' and also wrote the screenplay with [[Javed Akhtar]]. [[Principal photography]] (handled by [[Ravi Varman]]) took place in India and Africa, and [[Shirish Kunder]] edited the film. It was released on 16 May 2003 and declared a commercial failure, only earning {{INRConvert|149.2|m}} against a {{INRConvert|100|m}} budget. Although the film garnered mixed reviews, critics praised Irani's direction and the actors' performances, particularly those of Bachchan and Zinta. Zinta received nominations for her performance as the film's antagonist at the [[Filmfare Awards]], the [[Producers Guild Film Awards]], and the [[Screen Awards]].

== Plot ==
In a hospital founded by Dr. Siddharth Sinha, he and his adopted son, Akash, work as doctors. Siddharth wishes to run a [[State of the art|state-of-the-art]] hospital, but his profession requires him to dedicate his time to his patients. Soon, a new doctor, Dr. Neha Mathur, joins the hospital and falls for Akash. However, the arrival of Sonia Kapoor later changes the relationship between Akash and Neha. Sonia is a jealous, spoilt woman who is used to having things her way, and it is not long before she wants Akash for herself. She decides that since Akash is the man for her, she can win his love with a financial agreement. The agreement states that once Akash marries Sonia, her father Gulshan Kapoor will help finance the hospital.

Siddharth dies in an attempt to bring an injured child to the hospital after suffering a [[heart attack]]. His last wish is for the hospital to be properly completed. Akash, now burdened with the increasing debts to purchase equipment for the hospital, cannot arrange for further funds. With a broken heart, he agrees to marry Sonia to set up the hospital, thus fulfilling his father's final wish. Neha understands his dilemma and agrees to break up with Akash, but because of her dedication and professionalism, she offers to continue working in the same hospital.

After the marriage, Sonia is revealed to be highly manipulative, consistently jealous and mistrustful, and obsessively controlling towards Akash. She begins to suspect that Akash is having an affair with Neha, and starts annoying both of them. She cannot stand Neha, who is still working at the hospital, and keeps coming up with all kinds of excuses to get her out. She is involved in a serious accident and has severe brain damage requiring Akash to operate on her. For a moment, he is in a dilemma—curing Sonia would mean again having to face the problems she causes. However, he decides to fulfill his duty as a doctor and Sonia later recovers. She learns that Akash operated on her, despite her behaviour. Sonia asks for Akash's forgiveness and divorces him, allowing him to marry and settle down with Neha.

== Cast ==
Credits adapted from [[Box Office India]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=532 |title=Armaan Cast |website=Box Office India |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813200322/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=532 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Dr. Siddharth Sinha
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Dr. Akash Sinha
* [[Preity Zinta]] as Sonia Sinha
* [[Gracy Singh]] as Dr. Neha Mathur
* [[Randhir Kapoor]] as Gulshan Kapoor
* [[Aamir Bashir]] as Dr. Sanjay

==Production==
In April 2002, the entertainment website [[Rediff.com]] reported that [[Honey Irani]] would make her debut as the director of a then-untitled film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/28honey.htm |title=Honey Irani turns director |date=28 February 2002 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |last=Dubey |first=Bharati |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104025233/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/28honey.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Having written stories and screenplays for many films, she said she had long aspired for a project she could direct. She wanted to feel how directors executed their ideas by themselves with no intervention from others.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/honey-talk/article28521056.ece |title=Honey talk |last=Behal |first=Suchitra |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=18 May 2003 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080418/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/honey-talk/article28521056.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Honey Irani... happy">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/22/stories/2003052200680200.htm |title=Honey Irani... happy and sweet |date=22 May 2003 |work=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |last=Siddiqui |first=Rana A. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702095858/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/22/stories/2003052200680200.htm |archive-date=2 July 2003 |access-date=12 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She spoke of her experiment with her first self-directed film: "It is a great feeling to create a film from the story you have written. It is all about words taking shape in the form of visuals. I just love it ... it is wonderful. I am enjoying it immensely."<ref name="A woman's voice">{{cite web |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/21honey.htm |title=A woman's voice |last=Rao |first=Kshama |website=Rediff.com |access-date=12 May 2021 |date=21 October 2002 |archive-date=26 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050926071918/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/21honey.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Irani, she had planned to work on a [[medical drama]]—which was later titled ''Armaan'' ({{translation|''Desire''}})—to explore peoples' innermost desires and relationships.<ref name="Kaleidoscope" /><ref name="A woman's voice" /> Iran wrote the screenplay with her ex-husband and then-close friend [[Javed Akhtar]], who also wrote the film's dialogues and lyrics,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/words-say-it-all/article28373892.ece |title=Words say it all |date=26 June 2002 |work=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080417/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/words-say-it-all/article28373892.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and completed it later that year in September.<ref name="Honey Irani... happy" /><ref name="sold">{{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan sold on Honey Irani's Armaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-sold-on-honey-iranis-armaan/articleshow/22002505.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 September 2002 |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-sold-on-honey-iranis-armaan/articleshow/22002505.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

Irani's daughter, [[Zoya Akhtar]], handled the casting for ''Armaan''.<ref name="Everyone">{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/13honey.htm |title='Everyone would be crying. It was great' |last=Suggu |first=Kanchana |date=13 May 2003 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221083834/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/13honey.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> When the screenplay was finished, it was announced that Bachchan, Anil Kapoor, Singh, Zinta, and Randhir Kapoor had been chosen for the leads.<ref name="sold" /> This marked the first time Amitabh Bachchan and Anil Kapoor had been in a film with a female director.<ref name="Straight from the heart">{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/apr/15intro.htm |title=Armaan: Straight from the heart |date=13 April 2003 |website=Rediff.com |last=Kulkarni |first=Ronjita |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627062328/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/apr/15intro.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Playing the role of a doctor for the first time, Anil Kapoor admitted the film had given him chances to do many things. Bachchan, the first actor Irani wanted to cast since the film was conceived, played his father; it is also the first film to feature Anil Kapoor and Bachchan in a scene together.<ref name="trendy">{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/24anil.htm |title='I have been trendy without knowing it' |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=23 April 2003 |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214035316/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/24anil.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/two-decades-and-still-going-strong/article28572025.ece |title=Two decades ... and still going strong |date=13 December 2002 |work=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080419/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/two-decades-and-still-going-strong/article28572025.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with journalist Subhash K. Jha of Rediff.com, she confessed it was her dream to work with Bachchan—who immediately agreed after she had offered him the part<ref name="Everyone" />—adding it was modelled after his personality.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/will-armaan-do-the-trick-for-bollywood/articleshow/46357766.cms |title=Will Armaan do the trick for Bollywood? |last=Ferrao |first=Dominic |date=14 May 2003 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/will-armaan-do-the-trick-for-bollywood/articleshow/46357766.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Bachchan himself has spoken of his excitement after learning the venture was to be directed by a woman.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title='Armaan is a gracious film' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/15armaan.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=12 August 2020 |language=en |date=15 May 2003 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212224143/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/15armaan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It was originally intended that [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] would play the role of Dr. Neha Mathur. But Irani later replaced her with Gracy Singh, whose performance in the sports film ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001) attracted Irani to meet her and offer her the role. Irani believed that Singh's role as a doctor made her less glamorous.<ref name="Everyone" />

Preity Zinta plays Sonia, the first time she has played an antagonist.<ref name="villain">{{cite news |title=Preity Zinta: "I am dying to win an award in the 'Best Villain' category" |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/501844.cms |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312183857/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/501844.cms |archive-date=12 March 2004}}</ref> Describing herself as an honest and outspoken person, Zinta liked the role, particularly for its "insane" character, because it allowed her to "vent ... all [of her] frustrations". Calling it the best role of her acting career,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/poised-for-pretty-good-times/article28380486.ece |title=Poised for pretty good times! |date=9 September 2002 |work=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |last=Siddiqui |first=Rana A. |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506084557/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/poised-for-pretty-good-times/article28380486.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> she commented: "If Sonia didn't like something, she would show it in a sneaky way. I loved the freedom of saying anything I wanted to and not worrying about what the other person would think."<ref name="A joy ride with Preity">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |date=September 2003 |author=Parkar, Hamida |url=http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=149143&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |title=Zip Zap Zinta: A joy ride with Preity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828123208/http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=149143&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=28 August 2004 |access-date=20 April 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an interview published by ''[[Filmfare]]'' in their September 2003 issue, talking about her acting career and on-screen image, Zinta added she took part solely to put an end to her "cute-and-bubbly" image, which she disliked.<ref name="A joy ride with Preity" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood's Preity Zinta wants new roles |date=14 March 2006 |work=[[Times Union (Albany)|Times Union]] |page=2 |location=Mumbai, India |agency=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref> Before it was offered to her, several actresses were asked to take the part, including Tabu, [[Rani Mukerji]], and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]].<ref name="trendy" /> Randhir Kapoor played Zinta's father, the businessman Gulshan. This was his first feature since ''[[Mother (1999 film)|Mother]]'' (1999) was released. [[Hrithik Roshan]] was reported to make a cameo appearance.<ref name="Straight from the heart" />

Irani revealed her colleagues called her a "trendsetter" as she was the first female director at the time to direct a big-budget [[Bollywood]] film; the total production cost of ''Armaan'' was {{INRConvert|100|m|year=2003}}.<ref name="Kaleidoscope" /> [[Ravi Varman]] worked as the cinematographer, while Yunnus Pathan and Kiran Khanna completed the production design.<ref name="off the mark">{{cite web |last1=Gumaste |first1=Deepa |title='Armaan' is way off the mark |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/16armaan.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=12 August 2020 |date=16 May 2003 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126034802/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/16armaan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> As the film's main set is a hospital, soft contrast and diffused lighting were required. The choreographers were [[Farah Khan]], [[Geeta Kapoor]], and [[Saroj Khan]],<ref name="Kaleidoscope" /> and Kaushal–Moses handled the action direction.<ref name="off the mark" /> The film was shot in [[Mumbai]], [[Mussoorie]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Sun City (South Africa)|Sun City]] in 82 to 92 days.<ref name="Kaleidoscope" /><ref name="Everyone" /> After filming ended in late 2002, [[Shirish Kunder]] edited the film, using [[sync sound]]; [[Raju Singh]] composed its background score.<ref name="off the mark" /> Dinesh Gandhi of Aarti Enterprises produced the film, which was distributed by [[Eros Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/03armaan.htm |title=Watching Amitabh Bachchan shoot |date=3 October 2002 |last=Rao |first=Kshama |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625074020/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/03armaan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cannes">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k3/may/maymam39.htm |title=Eros International presents 'Armaan' at Cannes Film Festival |date=29 December 2003 |website=Indian Television |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=13 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313141843/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k3/may/maymam39.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Armaan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 March 2003
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature-film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=42|s=23}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy
| prev_title = [[Ek Aur Ek Gyarah]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Nayee Padosan]]
| next_year = 2003
}}
The trio of [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] composed ''Armaan''{{'}}s soundtrack, with lyrics written by Akhtar.<ref name="off the mark" /> Bachchan, [[Udit Narayan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], and [[Roop Kumar Rathod]] performed the vocals. The [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label released it on 22 March 2003.<ref name="iTunes">{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/armaan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1264093699 |title=Armaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=22 March 2003 |website=[[iTunes]] |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080431/https://music.apple.com/us/album/armaan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1264093699 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The soundtrack album garnered positive responses from critics.<ref name="Stardust" /> Writing for the entertainment portal [[Bollywood Hungama]], Joginder Tuteja called it "a class product" that "strikes a chord with everyone alike".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/6951/index.html |title=Armaan: Music Review by Joginder Tuteja |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 April 2003 |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-date=6 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906050137/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/6951/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' believed that Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy had composed an "uplifting" soundtrack.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/21/stories/2003042101690300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704022440/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/21/stories/2003042101690300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-07-04 |title=Chords & Notes |date=21 April 2003 |work=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> Lalitha Suhasini of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' declared it one of the greatest albums of the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/armaan-t-series-shankar-ehsaan-loy/ |title=Armaan, T-Series- Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy |date=25 May 2003 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |last=Suhasini |first=Lalitha |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080419/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/armaan-t-series-shankar-ehsaan-loy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Planet Bollywood's Rakesh Budhu added, "For ''Armaan'', Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy have shown us why their talent is worth our attention and how they are different from other great composers, like [[A. R. Rahman]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Music/Armaan/ |title=Music Review: Armaan |website=Planet Bollywood |date=2003 |last=Budhu |first=Rakesh |access-date=9 July 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110617004155/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Music/Armaan/| archive-date= 17 June 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Armaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref name="iTunes" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aao Milke Gaayen Aisa Gaana
| extra1 = [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 5:16
| title2 = Jaane Ye Kya Ho Gaya
| extra2 = Shankar Mahadevan, Alka Yagnik
| length2 = 6:41
| title3 = Jugalbandi
| note3 = Instrumental
| length3 = 3:26
| title6 = Main Gaoon Tum Gao
| extra6 = Udit Narayan, [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length6 = 5:23
| title5 = Mere Dil Ka Tumse
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 4:53
| title4 = Meri Zindagi Mein Aaye Ho
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length4 = 5:28
| title7 = Tu Hi Bata Zindagi
| extra7 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length7 = 5:22
| title8 = Tu Hi Bata Zindagi
| note8 = Male Version
| extra8 = [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
| length8 = 5:22
| title9 = Dialogues
| extra9 = Amitabh Bachchan
| length9 = 0:32
| total_length = 42:23
}}

== Marketing and release ==
[[File:The website launch of Armaan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|From left to right: [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Anil Kapoor]], and [[Gracy Singh]] at the website launch of ''Armaan'' in 2003]]
''Armaan'' was one of the most anticipated Indian films of the year,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/Its-raining-films/articleshow/41415878.cms?from=mdr |title=It's raining films! |date=26 March 2003 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080438/https://aktrack.pubmatic.com/track?operId=7&p=157512&s=656898&a=2614560&wa=243&ts=1620979472&wc=23026&crId=3336366&ucrid=5636293820109613108&impid=179A7508-BB56-489D-8231-C9C880E119A9&ecpm=7.130583&er=901&ch=3&pfi=1&it=5&vadFmt=6&vapi=2&sURL=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=live }}</ref> owing to the advertising describing it as the first film directed by Irani, known as an established screenwriter. This resulted in increased enthusiasm by moviegoers to see the film. However, talking to journalist Suchitra Behal of ''[[The Hindu]]'', Irani said she had low expectations for the film and spoke of her nervousness over its commercial performance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/honey-talk/article28521056.ece |title=Honey talk |date=18 May 2003 |work=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |last=Behal |first=Suchitra |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080420/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/honey-talk/article28521056.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> As part of the promotion, an official website was launched at a press conference held in [[Mumbai]] in April 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/05/armaan_index.shtml |title=Armaan website launch |date=May 2003 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915230722/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/05/armaan_index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In an article on Rediff.com, Subhash K. Jha wrote that people's [[Word of mouth|word-of-mouth]] described the film as a ''thanda'' ({{translation|cold}}) film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/15debut.htm |title=Bollywood holds its breath for crucial Friday |date=15 May 2003 |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |website=Rediff.com |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220060952/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/15debut.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Armaan'' premiered on 16 May 2003 and was screened at the [[2003 Cannes Film Festival]] the following day.<ref name="BOI" /><ref name="Cannes" /> It was released on 195 screens across India and grossed {{INRConvert|7.5|m}} on the first day, which ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine thought was poor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=46495&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |title=Box Office: Something to celebrate |date=July 2003 |work=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828123011/http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=46495&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=28 August 2004 |access-date=18 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the end of its first week, the film had collected {{INRConvert|39.4|m}}.<ref name="BOI" /> In the second week of its overseas run, ''Armaan'' had earned $296,702 and $691,121 in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/09news.htm |title=Honey's 'Armaan' comes true |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=9 June 2003 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301113022/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/09news.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Box Office India]], it collected a total gross of {{INRConvert|149.5|m|year=200}} worldwide and was declared a commercial failure.<ref name="BOI" /> The film remains as Irani's only directorial project; she is continuing her work as a screenwriter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/honey-irani/filmography/ |title=Filmography: Director |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225020150/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/honey-irani/filmography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Armaan'' was subsequently released on [[DVD]] on 30 June as a single-disc pack in the [[NTSC]] widescreen format.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Armaan-Hindi-Bollywood-Indian-Cinema/dp/B004AVREZY |title=Armaan (2003) (Hindi Film / Bollywood Movie / Indian Cinema DVD) |date=30 June 2003 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080421/https://www.amazon.com/Armaan-Hindi-Bollywood-Indian-Cinema/dp/B004AVREZY |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical response===
Upon its release ''Armaan'' met with a mixed critical reception. The cast's performances (mostly those of Bachchan and Zinta) were praised lavishly. Critics, however, panned Irani's direction and the film's slow pace and the plot's lack of freshness.<ref name="Stardust">{{cite news |url=http://www.stardust.co.in:80/display_Standard.asp?section=boxofficebarometer&subsection=&xml=May2003_boxofficebarometer_standard17 |title=Box Office Barometer: Armaan, Haasil & Stumped |date=May 2003 |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030714123640/http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=boxofficebarometer&subsection=&xml=May2003_boxofficebarometer_standard17 |archive-date=14 July 2003 |access-date=12 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Tribune" /> Sanjeev Singh Bariana of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' was impressed by its technical detail and commended Zinta for having "outclassed everyone".<ref name="The Tribune">{{cite news|author=Bariana, Sanjeev Singh|title=Preity Zinta all the way|date=18 May 2003|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/cth2.htm#7|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=1 February 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080315213113/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/cth2.htm| archive-date= 15 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> In his review, [[Komal Nahta]] noted the resemblance between the film and the 2002 television series ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'', in which the main set is also a hospital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://radiosargam.com/movies/moviereviews/a/armaan.htm |title=Armaan |date=2003 |last=Nahta |first=Komal |author-link=Komal Nahta |website=Radio Sargam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030604121606/http://radiosargam.com/movies/moviereviews/a/armaan.htm |archive-date=4 June 2003 |access-date=11 May 2021 }}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]], writing for ''[[Mid-Day]]'', noted Irani's sincerity but was critical of the outcome. He did, however, praise Bachchan as "faultless" and call Zinta "the peppy scene-stealer, achieving her manic mood swings dexterously".<ref>{{cite news|author=Mohamed, Khalid|url=http://www.mid-day.com/columns/2003/may/53213.htm|date=18 May 2003|title=What's up doc?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040205040412/http://web.mid-day.com/columns/khalid_mohammed/2003/may/53213.htm|archive-date=5 February 2004|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> Similar views were expressed by Vinayak Chakravorty from ''[[Hindustan Times]]''; he concluded in his review that there was "nothing to write home about in this film" except for Zinta's performance, which he felt "takes over the script and, indeed, the film, unleashing a brilliant act as the deceptively bubbly but manipulative wife".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravorty |first1=Vinayak |title=Armaan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Armaan/Article1-5766.aspx |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 May 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023012114/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Armaan/Article1-5766.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> [[Dinesh Raheja]] referred to Zinta as the film's main attraction and had a positive opinion of Anil Kapoor and Randhir Kapoor as well, explaining their performance would lead the viewer to make "a connection between good acting and the Kapoor surname".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/movies/2003/may/53452.htm |title=Ishq Vishk clicks in Mumbai |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |author-link=Dinesh Raheja |date=21 May 2003 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030623125939/http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/movies/2003/may/53452.htm |archive-date=23 June 2003 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| image1 = Amitabh Bachchan December 2013.png
| alt1 = Amitabh Bachchan in 2013
| width1 = 140
| image2 = Preity Zinta at an event for ISHKQ IN PARIS.jpg
| alt2 = Preity Zinta in 2013
| width2 = 143
| footer = Most critics were impressed by the performances of [[Amitabh Bachchan]] (left) and [[Preity Zinta]] (right).
| align = left
}}
''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]''{{'s}} Deven Sharma described ''Armaan'' as "a truthful depiction of a professional's integrity to his calling and to himself, and despite the somewhat slow pace, manages to tug at your heart". He wrote of the cast, "The four principal actors have risen above their roles and have given splendid performances."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Sharma |first1=Deven |title=Choices... |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |date=23 May 2003 }}</ref> [[Ziya Us Salam]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed of Hirani's direction: "Her ways have to be admired, her lines good enough to bear repetition, her sensitivity worthy of emulation. However, let's refrain from too much adulation as her debut venture ''Armaan'' has its bleak moments too, just as it has its sunny ones." He further praised Singh's "poised, pleasant" acting and Zinta for her "verve and vivacity" as a "blundering, scheming spoilt child who marries innocence with guile", hailing her performance as "just about perfect".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Us Salam |first1=Ziya |title=Some fulfilment, some negation |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003051900790400.htm&date=2003/05/19/&prd=mp& |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |date=19 May 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420213410/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003051900790400.htm&date=2003%2F05%2F19%2F&prd=mp& |archive-date=20 April 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> [[Sify]] called the film "an entertainer" which is "pleasing to the eye" with a good storyline. The reviewer praised Irani for having "brought out some of the best moments in Amitabh Bachchan's and Anil Kapoor's career", and took note of Zinta's screen presence, commending her for proving "she is one among those actresses who can combine good looks with histrionics".<ref>{{cite news |title=Armaan: Philanthropy, love et al |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/iarmaani-philanthropy-love-et-al-review-bollywood-pcluINcjijfhh.html |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=[[Sify]] |date=16 May 2003 |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080433/https://www.sify.com/movies/iarmaani-philanthropy-love-et-al-review-bollywood-pcluINcjijfhh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Jitesh Pillai of ''[[The Times of India]]'' was ambivalent about ''Armaan''; he criticised its "crippling pace", but appreciated the credibility of the script, the cinematography, and the actors, calling Bachchan "brilliant", Kapoor "first-rate" and commending Singh for bringing dignity to her underdeveloped role and Zinta for adding "vim, vigour and sparkles with comic timing" to her part.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Jitesh |author-link1=Jitesh Pillai |title=Armaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Armaan/articleshow/47066925.cms |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=21 May 2003 |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Armaan/articleshow/47066925.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rediff.com]]'s critic Deepa Gumaste was highly critical of the film, disliking the performances and finding the overall product to be "way off the mark".<ref name="off the mark" /> Giving the film two stars, [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' found it disappointing and after comparing it to the 1960 film ''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]]'', said that ''Armaan'' only repeats the story but with a different ending.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |title=Armaan |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/armaan/220310 |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=2 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411021809/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/armaan/220310 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] from [[Bollywood Hungama]] praised the acting while concluding the film "leaves a lot to be desired. The content ... does not match the heavy star cast, which in turn will tell on its business."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Armaan Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/armaan/critic-review/armaan-movie-review/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=12 August 2020 |language=en |date=17 May 2003 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080424/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/armaan/critic-review/armaan-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Another review for ''Mid Day'', by Narendra Kusnur, wrote the film off as extremely slow but liked the actors' performances.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kusnur |first1=Narendra |title=Slow, unsteady |url=http://mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2003/may/53132.htm |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=17 May 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030629164214/http://mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2003/may/53132.htm |archive-date=29 June 2003}}</ref>

Manish Gajjar of the [[BBC]] applauded Irani for revisiting "the same formula ... [adding] freshness and zest", further praising Kapoor for delivering "his best" performance, Zinta for her "superb acting" and Bachchan for "outstanding performance".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gajjar |first1=Manish |title=Armaan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/05/armaan.shtml |website=BBC |access-date=12 August 2020 |date=16 May 2003 |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217174738/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/05/armaan.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' declared Bachchan the film's headline, but believed his performance was largely overshadowed by the other leads, adding, "Bollywood watchers should keep an eye out for this well-scripted item." He singled out Zinta's colourful performance noting, "though playing an archetypal bad sort, manages to make the self-obsessed Soniya an almost sympathetic character through the sheer vivaciousness of her part-child, part-vamp playing".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elley |first1=Derek |author-link1=Derek Elley |title=Armaan |url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/armaan-1200541612/ |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=Variety |date=18 May 2003 |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080423/https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/armaan-1200541612/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] wrote, "Anil Kapoor is earnest as always, but looks jaded. Preity Zinta in an awful '[[Cleopatra]]' get-up is irritatingly twittery, and Gracy Singh totally bland." She was disappointed by the casting of Bachchan in what she described as "an insignificant role, [which] getting rid of him and then making him walk around as a ghost."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatanova.com/progs/tnArticle.asp?ch=movies&subch=review&htm=movie_16_05_03_armaan.htm |title=Armaan |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=2003 |website=Tatanova |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030610202444/http://www.tatanova.com/progs/tnArticle.asp?ch=movies&subch=review&htm=movie_16_05_03_armaan.htm |archive-date=10 June 2003 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a review in ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'' magazine, the editor [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]] felt the entire film was "predictable and boring at times", attributing this to the screenplay and Irani's direction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stardust.co.in:80/display_Standard.asp?section=reviews&subsection=&xml=May2003_reviews_standard14 |title=Reviews: Armaan, Haasil & Stumped |date=May 2003 |work=Stardust |last=Mukherjee |first=Ram Kamal |author-link=Ram Kamal Mukherjee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040310232908/http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=reviews&subsection=&xml=May2003_reviews_standard14 |archive-date=10 March 2004 |access-date=12 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| {{sort|Zinta|Preity Zinta}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="villain" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| {{sort|Zinta|Preity Zinta}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apsaraawards.org/1st_apsara_awards_nominees.html |title=1st Apsara Producers Guild Awards Nominees |website=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]] |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111155559/http://apsaraawards.org/1st_apsara_awards_nominees.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
| {{sort|Zinta|Preity Zinta}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/special-feature-news-others-kkfvNSibdhesi.html|title=Special feature|website=[[Sify]]|date=14 January 2004|access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107105851/http://www.sify.com/movies/special-feature-news-others-kkfvNSibdhesi.html|archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]
| {{sort|Chauhan|Sunidhi Chauhan}} {{small|(for "Meri Zindagi Mein Aaye Ho")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| [[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female|Breakthrough Performance – Female]]
| {{sort|Singh|Gracy Singh}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominations for the year 2003|url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/awards/stardust/nominations.shtml|website=Bollywood Hungama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923211455/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/stardust/nominations.shtml|archive-date=23 September 2004|access-date=14 May 2021|url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030401221042/http://www.armaanthefilm.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb title|id=0331851}}
* {{Mojo title|id=0331851}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|armaan/reviews}}

[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2003 drama films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mussoorie]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]

Babubarhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:17Z

SilviaVanwinkle: post

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Babubarhi Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 34-Babubarhi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Mina Kumari]] 
| incumbent_image = Mina Kumari.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|34]]
| established = 1977
| electors = 308,096
| reservation = None
| abolished = 
}}

'''Babubarhi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Madhubani district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 34 Babubarhi Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Babubarhi and Ladania [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Sukki, Kanhauli, Bhakua, Chandardih, Inarwa, Chandargobraura North and Chandargobraura South [[gram panchayat]]s of Khajauli CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Babubarhi Assembly constituency is part of No. 7 [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Babubarhi Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/babubarhi.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Deo Narayan Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Mahendra Narain Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Guna Nand Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Deo Narayan Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|2003^
| rowspan="2" |[[Uma Kant Yadav]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Kapil Deo Kamat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Uma Kant Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Kapil Deo Kamat]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Mina Kumari]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Babubarhi]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Babubarhi">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Babubarhi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0434.htm |access-date=28 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228050818/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0434.htm |archive-date=28 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Mina Kumari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:98221}}
|percentage = 47.61
|change = +7.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Arun Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:80653}}
|percentage = 39.09
|change = +4.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Alok Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:7740}}
|percentage = 3.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Umesh Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:5547}}
|percentage = 2.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janshakti Janta Dal
|candidate = Shanti Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2556}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amir Kumar Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:2327}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5248}}
|percentage = 2.54
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17568}}
|percentage = 8.52
|change = +2.52
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206322}}
|percentage = 66.97
|change = +6.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Babubarhi]]<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Mina Kumari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:77367}}
|percentage = 40.39
|change = +2.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Umakant Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65879}}
|percentage = 34.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Mahendra Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:11759}}
|percentage = 6.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Amar Nath Prasad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:9818}}
|percentage = 5.13
|change = -20.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Voters Party International
|candidate = Shiv Nandan Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:3653}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Maha Narayan Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:3492}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = The Plurals Party
|candidate = Shalini Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:3413}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samata Party
|candidate = Manoj Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:2941}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Rashtriya Dal
|candidate = Vishwanath Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:2242}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jago Hindustan Party
|candidate = Vidya Sagar Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:1954}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4988}}
|percentage = 2.6
|change = -2.38
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11488}}
|percentage = 6.0
|change = -6.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191559}}
|percentage = 60.95
|change = +3.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Babubarhi<ref name="Babubarhi Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Babubarhi Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/babubarhi |access-date=28 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228050824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/babubarhi |archive-date=28 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Kapil Deo Kamat
|votes = {{formatnum:61486}}
|percentage = 37.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Binod Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:41219}}
|percentage = 25.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Uma Kant Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:27153}}
|percentage = 16.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Sundar Kamat
|votes = {{formatnum:3920}}
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Surya Narayan Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:3635}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishwanath Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:3404}}
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3332}}
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:3328}}
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2105}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Bhartiya Mithila Party
|candidate = S.N. Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:1591}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8134}}
|percentage = 4.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20267}}
|percentage = 12.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163234}}
|percentage = 57.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

{{coord|26|26|01|N|86|16|19|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]

Hrishyamukh Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:24Z

SilviaVanwinkle: New Basic Info Needs Work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hrishyamukh
| mla = [[Asoke Chandra Mitra]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[South Tripura district|South Tripura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:47006}}<ref name="election2023b">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Hrishyamukh Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 37
}}

'''Hrishyamukh''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[South Tripura district]] and a part of [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/hrishyamukh.html Sitting and Previous MLAs from Hrishyamukh Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Chandra Sekhar Dutta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=3 | [[Badal Chowdhury]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Dilip Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=5 | [[Badal Chowdhury]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Asoke Chandra Mitra]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Asoke Chandra Mitra]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,986 |percentage=46.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipayan Chowdhury |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,568 |percentage=43.08% |change={{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arup Deb |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=3,856 |percentage=8.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=694 |percentage=1.61% |change={{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,418 |percentage=3.29% |change= {{decrease}}12.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,104 |percentage=91.75% |change= {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,006 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}9.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Chowdhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=22,673 |percentage=55.84% |change={{decrease}}9.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashesh Baidya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,343 |percentage=40.25% |change={{increase}}38.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=472 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Kumar Chowdhury (Muhury) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=462 |percentage=1.14% |change={{decrease}}31.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudarshan Majumder |party=Independent politician |votes=391 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,330 |percentage=15.59% |change= {{decrease}}16.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,602 |percentage=93.40% |change= {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,316 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}9.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Chowdhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=25,009 |percentage=65.42% |change={{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Susankar Bhowmik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,580 |percentage=32.91% |change={{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudarshan Majumder |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=639 |percentage=1.67% |change={{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,429 |percentage=32.51% |change= {{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,228 |percentage=96.22% |change= {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,764 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Chowdhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,610 |percentage=60.16% |change={{decrease}}6.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,849 |percentage=36.35% |change={{increase}}6.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudharshan Majumder |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=630 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Mahajan |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=505 |percentage=1.55% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,761 |percentage=23.81% |change= {{decrease}}13.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,594 |percentage=95.24% |change= {{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,231 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}6.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Chowdhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,052 |percentage=66.76% |change={{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,987 |percentage=29.54% |change={{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Mahajan |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=380 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samar Kumar Das |party=Independent politician |votes=214 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiba Prasad Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,065 |percentage=37.22% |change= {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,042 |percentage=87.37% |change= {{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,977 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Chowdhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,999 |percentage=66.18% |change={{increase}}31.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,506 |percentage=31.05% |change={{decrease}}33.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jadu Gopal Datta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=594 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,493 |percentage=35.13% |change= {{increase}}5.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,174 |percentage=87.92% |change= {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,838 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,420 |percentage=64.26% |change={{increase}}19.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Chowdhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,422 |percentage=35.10% |change={{decrease}}19.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,998 |percentage=29.16% |change= {{increase}}19.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,995 |percentage=86.16% |change= {{decrease}}4.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,211 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Chowdhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,479 |percentage=54.46% |change={{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debabrata Baidya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,539 |percentage=45.26% |change={{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,940 |percentage=9.20% |change= {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,078 |percentage=90.83% |change= {{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,431 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Chowdhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,204 |percentage=53.87% |change={{decrease}}2.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amal Mallik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,703 |percentage=45.08% |change={{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niranjan Chakraborty |party=Independent politician |votes=180 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,501 |percentage=8.78% |change= {{decrease}}8.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,087 |percentage=90.43% |change= {{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,140 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Chowdhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,552 |percentage=56.01% |change={{increase}}26.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Chandra Bhowmik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,209 |percentage=38.63% |change={{decrease}}27.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiba Prasad Chowdhury |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=543 |percentage=4.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhen Chandra Majunder |party=Independent politician |votes=180 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,343 |percentage=17.38% |change= {{decrease}}19.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,484 |percentage=83.22% |change= {{increase}}20.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,518 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrishyamukh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Sekhar Dutta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,911 |percentage=66.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amalendu Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,613 |percentage=29.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dwarikanath Bhowmik |party=Independent politician |votes=413 |percentage=4.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,298 |percentage=36.90% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,937 |percentage=63.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,536 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Tripura district]]
* [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.13|91.52|display=title}}

[[Category:South Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]

Harraiya Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:42Z

SilviaVanwinkle: New New Data More To Come!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Harraiya
| constituency_no = 307
| map_image = 307-Harraiya.svg
| mla = [[Ajay Kumar Singh (mla)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Basti district|Basti]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}

'''Harraiya''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Harraiya in the [[Basti district]] of Uttar Pradesh [[India]].<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/basti-news/know-about-harraiya-constituency-of-basti-1409779|title=हर्रैया विधानसभा: राजकिशोर सिंह की प्रतिष्ठा दांव पर|work=Patrika|access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://m.punjabkesari.in/article/harraiya-assembly-constituency-up-election-2017/571173|title=हरैया विधानसभा चुनाव के पिछले परिणामों पर एक नजर|work=Punjab Kesari|access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>

Harraiya is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 307 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018-1">{{Cite web |title=Harraiya Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/harraiya.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ran Bahadur Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Budhi Ram
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Lalu
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sukhpal Pandey
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Surendra Pratap Narayan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Sukhpal Pandey
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Surendra Pratap Narayan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Jagdamba Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Sukhpal Pandey
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Raj Kishore Singh|Raj Kishor Singh]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ajay Kumar Singh (mla)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Harraiya<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:88200}}
|percentage = 39.85
|change = {{decrease}}5.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Tarayambak Nath
|votes = {{formatnum:69871}}
|percentage = 31.57
|change = {{increase}}0.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raj Kishor Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:55697}}
|percentage = 25.16
|change = {{increase}}6.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Laboni Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2008}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1704}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{decrease}}0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18329}}
|percentage = 8.28
|change = {{decrease}}5.75
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:221334}}
|percentage = 56.91
|change = {{decrease}}1.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

Currently this seat belongs to [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''[[Ajay Kumar Singh (mla)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]''' who won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''[[Raj Kishore Singh|Raj Kishor Singh]]''' by a margin of 30,106 votes.<ref name="election2017-1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/harraiya.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Harraiya<ref name="election2017"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Singh (mla)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97014}}
|percentage = 45.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Raj Kishore Singh|Raj Kishor Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66908}}
|percentage = 31.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vipin Kumar Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:39749}}
|percentage = 18.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Chandramani Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:1950}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2274}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30106}}
|percentage = 14.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:214632}}
|percentage = 58.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +2.21
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Harraiya}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Raj Kishore Singh|Raj Kishor Singh]]
|votes = 84,409
|percentage = 43.33
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mamta Pandey
|votes = 64,123
|percentage = 32.91
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Singh (mla)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 25,607
|percentage = 13.14
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anuradha Chaudhary
|votes = 10,652
|percentage = 5.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 10,035
|percentage = 5.15
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,286
|percentage = 10.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,94,826
|percentage = 59.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{coord|26.79|82.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Basti district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Uma Devi (lyricist)

2026-04-13T05:46:11Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Done - done

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Uma Devi K
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1983|09|03|df=yes}}
| birth_name = Uma Devi
| pseudonym = Munaivar
| birth_place = [[Vandavasi]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|Lyricist|Writer|Assistant Professor|Doctorate (Ph.D)}}|
}}

'''Uma Devi''' (also credited as '''Umadevi''' or '''Uma Devi K''') is an Indian poet,<ref>{{Cite web |title=கவிஞர் உமாதேவி {{!}} காலச்சுவடு பதிப்பகம் {{!}} Kalachuvadu Publications |url=https://books.kalachuvadu.com/kcbooks/AuthorDetailView/umathevi_273/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=books.kalachuvadu.com}}</ref> lyricist, writer and professor who works predominantly in the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2016 |orig-date=2016-19-08 |title='இந்த சினிமாவுக்கு நிறைய இரஞ்சித்களும், உமாதேவிகளும் வேண்டும்!'- 'கபாலி' உமாதேவி பேட்டி |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/interview/kabali-lyricist-umadevi-interview-042103.html |website=Tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref>

She gained wider recognition for her lyrics in films such as ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016), ''[[Aramm]]'' (2017), [['96 (film)|''96'']] (2018), [[Ratsasan|''Raatchasan'']] (2018), [[NGK (film)|''NGK'']] (2019), [[Kaala (2018 film)|''Kaala'']] (2018), [[Blue Star (film)|''Blue Star'']] (2024) and ''[[Thangalaan]]'' (2025). She has won [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil]] for the song "Yaaro Ivan Yaaro" from ''[[Meiyazhagan]]''.

==Early life==
Uma Devi was born in Athipakkam village in Vandavasi taluk of [[Tiruvannamalai district]], Tamil Nadu. She completed her schooling and undergraduate studies in her hometown and later became a professor and research scholar, with interests that include Dalit identity, feminism, Buddhism and social justice.

She belongs to a family with a strong interest in literature and public issues, and her early reading and writing exposed her to Tamil poetry and political thought, which later influenced her song-writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=2018-06-17 |title=I broke stereotype of women writing only love songs: 'Kaala' lyricist Uma Devi to TNM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/i-broke-stereotype-women-writing-only-love-songs-kaala-lyricist-uma-devi-tnm-83201 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Uma Devi initially wrote poems and essays on Dalit identity, women’s issues, and politics before transitioning into film lyric writing. Her entry into Tamil cinema came through opportunities to write for socially conscious films, beginning with [[Pa. Ranjith|Pa Ranjith]]'s [[Madras (film)|''Madras'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=2022-09-15 |title=My Songs Speak For Themselves: Uma Devi, Who Wrote The Songs In Natchathiram Nagargiradhu |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/natchithram-nagargirathu-movie-songs-uma-devi-my-songs-speak-for-themselves-pa-ranjith |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> She has since worked with composers such as [[Santhosh Narayanan]], [[Govind Vasantha]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].

She has written lyrics for a wide range of genres, from political and mass songs to intimate romantic numbers and lullabies. In interviews, she has spoken about breaking the stereotype that women lyricists write only love songs and about bringing the voices of marginalized communities into mainstream cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-28 |title=The female Dalit voice, in Tamil verse |url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/politics-of-dalit-identity-revealed-through-poetry-3483287.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622002524/https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/politics-of-dalit-identity-revealed-through-poetry-3483287.html |archive-date=2024-06-22 |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=Firstpost |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Music Director
!Songs
|-
|2014
|[[Madras (film)|''Madras'']]
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|"Naan Nee" <ref>{{Cite news |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |title=Karthi's 'Madras' Audio, Trailer Released |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthis-madras-audio-trailer-released-602923 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108170524/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthis-madras-audio-trailer-released-602923 |archive-date=2014-11-08 |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=International Business Times}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|[[Inimey Ippadithan|''Innimey Ippadithaan'']]
|[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
|"Azhaga Aanazhaga"
|-
|[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|''Maya'']]
|Ron Yohann
|"Naanae Varuvaen"
|-
|''Adhyan''
|Hari G Rajasekar
|"Kadal Thaandi Vesum", "Anbe Minanjal Vanam"
|-
|2016
|''[[Kabali]]''
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|"Maya Nadhi",
"Veera Thurandhara"
|-
| rowspan="8" |2017
|[[Uru (2017 film)|''Uru'']]
|Johan Shevanesh
|"Vidiyal Thedi"
|-
|''Adangathey''
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G. V. Prakash]]
|"Yaaradi Neril Thondrum"
|-
|''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''
| rowspan="4" |[[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]]
|"Adi Vaadi Thimiraa"
|-
|[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|''Adhe Kangal'']]
|"Idho Thaanaagave"
|-
|''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]''
|"O Sathiye"
|-
|''[[Aramm]]''
|"Thoranam Aayiram",
"Pudhu Varalaare","Anaikum thuniyil"
|-
|''[[Thappu Thanda]]''
|Naren Balakumar
|"Mughaye Ven Mughaye", "Thadak Thadak"
|-
|''[[Kattappava Kanom]]''
|[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
|"Hey Penne"
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018
|[['96 (film)|''96'']]
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|"Vasantha Kaalangal", "Thaabangale", "Iravingu Theevai"
|-
|[[Ratsasan|''Raatchasan'']]
|[[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]]
|"Kaadhal Kadal Dhana"
|-
|''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]''
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|"Kadhal Nilaithane"
|-
|''[[Jarugandi]]''
|[[Bobo Shashi]]
|"Yaaradi Nee"
|-
|''Adangathey''
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G.V. Prakash]]
|"Yaaradi Neril Thondrum"
|-
|[[Kaala (2018 film)|''Kaala'']]
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|"Kannamma"
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]''
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|"Anbe Peranbe"
|-
|''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''
|[[Tenma (musician)|Tenma]]
|"Nilamellam", "Irul Vaanam", "Iruchi"
|-
|''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|"Vaanil Irul"
|-
|''[[Pancharaaksharam]]''
|K. S. Sundaramurthy
|"Destiney"
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
|''[[Ettuthikkum Para]]''
|M. S. Sreekanth
|"Vaadi Chellam"
|-
|''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]''
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|"Kalaigiradhey Kanave", "Vaan Thooralgal", "Vaanamani Naan", "Vaa pogalam"
|-
|''[[Pattas]]''
|[[Vivek–Mervin|Vivek-Mervin]]
|"Pudhu Suriyan"
|-
|[[God Father (2020 film)|''God Father'']]
|Naviin Ravindren Vibin R
|"Chella Kannanai"
|-
|''[[Walter (2020 film)|Walter]]''
|Dharmaprakash
|"Kannil Vazhiyum Endhan"
|-
| rowspan="7" |2021
|[[Navarasa (TV series)|''Navarasa'']] (web series)
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|"Kannunjal"
|-
|''[[Kadaseela Biriyani]]''
|Neil Sebastian & Judah Paul
|"Aarariro", "Kadaseela Kadavul"
|-
|''[[Sangathalaivan]]''
|Robert Sargunam
|"Pudhu Vidha", "Porattam Illamal"
|-
|''[[Kuthiraivaal]]''
|[[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|"Pogum Vazhigal", "Unnaivandhu Adaiyava"
|-
|[[Velan (film)|''Velan'']]
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|"Ennai Aalum Pennilave"
|-
|''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]''
|Krishna Kishor
|"Vaanil Pogum Megham"
|-
|''[[Vellai Yaanai]]''
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|"Vennila"
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Anel Meley Pani Thuli]]''
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|"Yedhu Naan Inge"
|-
|[[Kathir (film)|''Kathir'']]
|[[Prashant Pillai]]
|"Naandhaana Naan Needhaana", "Naan Pookalaalae Unnai"
|-
|''[[Clap (film)|Clap]]''
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilayaraaja]]
|"Unnai Keta"
|-
|''[[Koorman]]''
|Tony Britto
|"Varayaadha Oviyam", "Aambal Poo Ena"
|-
|''[[Natchathiram Nagargiradhu]]''
|[[Tenma (musician)|Tenma]]
|"Janamey", "Perinba Kadhal", "Kadhalar"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Raththam]]''
|[[Kannan (composer)|Kannan Narayanan]]
|"Nee Ennai Mannipaya"
|-
|[[Farhana (film)|''Farhana'']]
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|"Farhana", "Orr Kadhal Kanaa"
|-
|[[Takkar (2023 film)|''Takkar'']]
|[[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
|"Maragadha Maalai"
|-
| rowspan="8" |2024
|[[Captain Miller (film)|''Captain Miller'']]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G. V. Prakash]]
|"Koranaaru (Tamil)"
|-
|[[Blue Star (film)|''Blue Star'']]
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|"Railin Oligal"
|-
|''[[J Baby]]''
|Tony Britto
|"Nedumaram"
|-
|''[[Meiyazhagan]]''
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|"Yaaro Ivan Yaaro", "Poraen Naa Poraen"
|-
|''[[Andhagan]]''
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|"Kannile", "The Andhagan Anthem"
|-
|''[[Thangalaan]]''
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G.V. Prakash]]
|"Minikki Minikki", "Aruvadai"
|-
|[[Garudan (2024 film)|''Garudan'']]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|"Kannil Kodi", "Iruthiyai Nee"
|-
|''[[Singapore Saloon]]''
|[[Vivek–Mervin]]
|"Paal Veedhiyil"
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|''[[Madraskaaran]]''
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|"Yeandi"
|-
|''[[Kaadhal Enbadhu Podhu Udamai]]''
|Kannan Narayanan
|"Theeyai"
|-
|''[[Bottle Radha]]''
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|"En Vanam"
|-
|[[Vallan (film)|''Vallan'']]
|[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
|"Kanjaadai Poova"
|-
|''[[Thandakaaranyam]]''
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|"Adiye Alangaari", "Kaava Kaade"
|-
|[[DNA (2025 film)|''DNA'']]
|Sathyaprakash
|"Vaa En Uyir Poove"
|-
| rowspan="2"|2026 || ''[[Lucky the Superstar]]'' || "Niraa Maya
|-
|''[[Carmeni Selvam]]'' || Musicloud Studio and Technologies || "Ennai En" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Apr/01/ennai-en-single-from-samuthirakanis-carmeni-selvam-is-a-soulful-track-that-reflects-a-myriad-of-emotions|title='Ennai En' single from Samuthirakani's Carmeni Selvam is a soulful track that reflects a myriad of emotions|date=1 April 2026|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Host
!Note
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|Mirchi Music Award
|[[Radio Mirchi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ethiraj College for women |first=Official Website |title=Achievements of Prof. Uma Devi |url=https://ethirajcollege.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Umadevi-SS-Tamil.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Best Upcoming Lyricist - 2014
|-
|Big Tamil Melody Award
|[[Zee Tamil]] & [[BIG FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|Tamilan Award
|[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]
|Sirantha Nambikkai Natchathiram -Literature
|-
|Behindwoods Gold Medal
|[[BehindWoods|Behindwoods]]
| rowspan="2" |Song: Mayanathi
Movie: [[Kabali]]
|-
|Norve – Tamilar Award
|8th NORVE Tamil Film Festival
|-
|Vikatan Aval Award
|[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan]]
|Top 10 Tamil Women's of the year
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Devi Award
|[[The New Indian Express|New Indian Express]]
|Women’s Awards For Dynamism & Innovation
|-
|Vijay Awards
|[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|Song: Thoranam Aayiram
Film: [[Aramm]]
|-
|2019
|Femina Award
|[[India Today]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|Black Sheep Cine Awards
|[[Blacksheep TV|Black Sheep]]
|
|-
|SIIMA Awards
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Song: Poraen Naa Poraen
Film: [[Meiyazhagan]]
|-
|2026
|Filmfare Awards South <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Of The 70th Filmfare Awards South - Tamil {{!}} Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/70th-filmfare-awards-south/tamil/winners |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=70th Filmfare Awards South winners list: Pushpa 2, Amaran, Aadujeevitham win big; Amitabh Bachchan bags Best Supporting Actor award. See full list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/70th-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-pushpa-2-amaran-aadujeevitham-win-big-10545383/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|Song: Yaaro ivan yaaro
Film: [[Meiyazhagan]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uma Devi K}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

2023 Sikh protests

2026-04-12T02:02:14Z

SilviaVanwinkle: created

{{Short description|Protests from February to October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox protest
| title = 2023 Sikh protests
| partof = the [[Khalistan movement]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = February{{snd}}October 2023
| place = {{flag|India}} {{flag|Australia}} {{flag|Canada}} {{flag|Italy}} {{flag|New Zealand}} {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|United States}}
| causes = {{bulleted list|Arrest of Lovepreet Toofan Singh in February 2023|Arrest of Amritpal Singh in March 2023|Assassination of Hardeep Singh Nijjar in June 2023}}
| methods = Demonstrations, blockades and rallies
| side1 = * {{flagicon image|Flag-of-Khalistan.svg}} [[Khalistan movement|Khalistanis]]
* [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Nihang]]s<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/crackdown-on-amritpal-36-hours-on-sikh-protesters-keep-chokehold-on-sohana-chowk-101679259272978.html</ref>
*[[Waris Punjab De]]
| side2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Government of India]]
}}

The '''2023 Sikh protests''' were a series of rallies from February to October 2023. They began following a registration of a first information report (FIR) in the Ajnala police station against [[Khalistan]] separatist leader [[Amritpal Singh]] and his aides for purported kidnapping and theft. Singh's close associate Lovepreet Toofan Singh was detained, prompting Amritpal Singh to issue an "ultimatum" to Punjab Police to revoke the case, and, upon their unresponsiveness, his supporters thereafter started mass protests and stormed the police complex with weapons. Although Lovepreet Toofan Singh was subsequently released, Punjab Police launched a crackdown on Amritpal Singh for obstruction of law enforcement. This resulted in a series of demonstrations led by Sikhs in India, as well as [[Sikh diaspora|diasporic Sikhs]].

The second phase of the protests began in June 2023, following the murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, another Khalistani separatist, in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Sikhs protest against India gov't over Hardeep Singh Nijjar murder |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/26/canadian-sikhs-protest-against-india-govt-over-hardeep-singh-nijjar-murder |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In July, Khalistani supporters set the Indian consulate in San Francisco on fire, which was later suppressed by the San Francisco Fire Department. In September 2023, Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau declared India to be involved in the killing of Nijjar, which was denied by the Indian government. These issues led to the ongoing Canada–India diplomatic row. Sikhs activists in the United States led demonstrated in cities like Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sacramento and New York City.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Brahmjot |date=23 March 2023 |title=Protests erupt across the U.S. amid internet shutdown in India and manhunt for activist |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/protests-erupt-us-internet-shutdown-india-manhunt-activist-rcna76217 |work=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Laskar |first=Rezaul Hasan |date=21 March 2023 |title=Protests over action against Amritpal Singh erupt in 4 countries, India objects |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/protests-over-action-against-amritpal-singh-erupt-in-four-countries-india-objects-101679339467237.html |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
{{main|Amritpal Singh manhunt}}
On 18 March 2023, Indian authorities launched a [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]] for [[Amritpal Singh]] after he was accused by police of [[attempted murder]], obstruction of law enforcement and creating "disharmony" in society.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=22 March 2023 |title=Khalistan: The outlawed Sikh separatist movement that has Indian authorities on edge |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/22/india/india-separatist-khalistan-movement-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jaiswal |first=PK |date=20 March 2023 |title=Know about criminal cases that led to crackdown on Khalistan sympathiser Amritpal Singh |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/amritpal-singh-crackdown-it-all-started-with-a-kidnapping-and-assault-case-489740 |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref>

During the manhunt, Indian authorities deployed thousands of paramilitary police and restricted mobile Internet and mobile messaging services for nearly 30 million people across the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |date=2023-03-23 |title=What to Know About the Massive Political Manhunt in India |url=https://time.com/6265630/india-amritpal-singh-sikh-punjab-khalistan/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=TIME |language=en}}</ref> Indian authorities also arrested more than 200 people while conducting a massive manhunt.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawler |first1=Dave |title=Manhunt for Sikh separatist in India stirs up old fears |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/03/23/amirtpal-singh-manhunt-india-sikh-separtist |work=Axios |date=23 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2023 |title=India arrests more than 100 people in manhunt for Sikh separatist |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/20/india-arrests-more-than-100-people-in-manhunt-for-sikh-separatist |work=Al-Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{cite news |last=Reed |first=John |last2=Singh |first2=Jyotsna |date=4 April 2023 |title=Manhunt for fugitive Sikh separatist puts India's Punjab on edge |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1e11a2f2-78c3-41be-ae34-1de5f226a60d |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230925164123/https://www.ft.com/content/1e11a2f2-78c3-41be-ae34-1de5f226a60d |archive-date=25 September 2023 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Meanwhile, Singh was nowhere to be found.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pundir |first=Pallavi |date=2023-03-22 |title=India Cuts Off Internet to 27 Million People to Catch One Man |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/amritpal-singh-india-khalistan-sikh-punjab/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref>

After more than a month, on 23 April 2023, Singh was arrested from Rode village in [[Moga district]], Punjab. Later, he was taken to the high-security [[Dibrugarh]] jail in [[Assam]] state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amritpal Singh: Sikh separatist arrested after weeks on the run |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65063620 |work=BBC News |date=23 April 2023}}</ref>

==Events==
On 15 March 2023, the Honorary Consulate of India located in [[Brisbane]], Australia, was forced to temporarily shut down after [[Khalistan]] supporters blockaded the entry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bharadwaj |first=Jai |last2=Sarwal |first2=Amit |date=16 March 2023 |title=Brisbane's Indian Consulate forced to close down by Khalistan supporters as Police watched on |url=https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/brisbanes-indian-consulate-forced-to-close-down-by-khalistan-supporters-as-police-watched-on/ |work=The Australia Today |language=en-AU}}</ref>

On 19 March 2023, Singh's supporters pulled down the [[Indian flag]] and waved the [[Khalsa flag|Khalistan flag]] instead at the [[India House, London|India House]], London. They also broke a window.<ref>{{cite news |last=Naqvi |first=Muneeza |date=20 March 2023 |title=India Blasts UK as National Flag Pulled Down in London |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-20/india-blasts-uk-as-national-flag-pulled-down-at-london-embassy? |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230320073357/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-20/india-blasts-uk-as-national-flag-pulled-down-at-london-embassy |archive-date=20 March 2023 |work=Bloomberg |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How India's hunt for Amritpal Singh caused diplomatic row with UK |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/how-indias-hunt-for-amritpal-singh-caused-diplomatic-row-with-uk |work=Al Jazeera |date=23 March 2023}}</ref> In reaction India summoned Britain's most senior diplomat and removed barricades outside of the British High Commission in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |date=28 March 2023 |title=India can't find a Sikh separatist leader, but its manhunt has got the world's attention |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/india-punjab-amritpal-singh-sikh-separatist-manhunt-rcna76941 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Two security guards suffered minor injury and a protester was later arrested in connection to the incident.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lawless |first=Jill |last2=Har |first2=Janie |date=2023-03-20 |title=Windows smashed at India consulates in London, San Francisco |url=https://apnews.com/article/britain-india-sikh-protest-49e5f27ec34b3cf05bf64fa453408873 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Mohali]], Punjab and Sohana Chowk hundreds of protesters under the Kaumi Insaaf Morcha blocked important roads to the airport. Heavy police deployment occurred with multiple high-ranking officers arriving to the site. Some left after leaders requested the protest end but many stayed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nikhil |date=19 March 2023 |title=Crackdown against Amritpal: Sikh protesters block Sohana chowk in Mohali |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/crackdown-against-amritpal-sikh-protesters-block-sohana-chowk-in-mohali-101679182368981.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The protest led to delays in traffic. Some protesters created stone and brick walls which blocked service lanes and slip roads bring the traffic to a full halt. [[Nihang]]s were there on horses brandishing weapons. All traffic coming from [[Chandigarh]] had been diverted as police barracatied all four doors leading to Sohana Chowk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nikhil |date=20 March 2023 |title=Crackdown on Amritpal: 36 hours on, Sikh protesters keep chokehold on Sohana Chowk |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/crackdown-on-amritpal-36-hours-on-sikh-protesters-keep-chokehold-on-sohana-chowk-101679259272978.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> After three days of the roads being blocked on 22 March police cleared the protesters arresting 25 people. Police also seized weapons including swords, farm tools, and spears. The Superintendent of Police (SP), Navreet Singh Varak was injured along with four other officers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Mohit |date=21 March 2023 |title=Police get cracking after 3 days, clear Sohana Chowk of Amritpal supporters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/after-3-days-punjab-police-clear-mohali-s-sohana-chowk-of-amritpal-supporters-101679398073310.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 20 March 2023, the supporters of the [[Khalistan movement]] also vandalized the Indian Consulate in San Francisco with a [[graffiti]] reading '#FreeAmritpal'.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |last2=Pathi |first2=Krutika |date=23 March 2023 |title=India police seek Sikh leader, arrest separatist supporters |url=https://apnews.com/article/punjab-search-separatist-sikh-singh-khalistan-3c3d00a187db491f1d81062825912b73 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]] a protest was held at the Taj Park Convention Centre where the Indian High Commissioner was to be welcomed. Sameer Kaushal a journalist and new director was assaulted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Little |first=Simon |last2=Nolin |first2=Julie |date=20 March 2023 |title=Journalist allegedly assaulted as Punjab tensions spill over into B.C. |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9565072/surrey-protest-assault-punjab-crackdown/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref> In Vancouver, a small group of [[University of British Columbia|UBC]] students protested outside [[Walter C. Koerner Library]]. The protesters later joined a bigger rally outside of the [[Vancouver Art Gallery]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Aadya |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Sikh students hold protest at UBC, downtown Vancouver against human rights violations in Punjab |url=https://ubyssey.ca/news/sikh-students-hold-protest/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=The Ubyssey |language=en}}</ref>

On 25 March 2023, about 500 people rallied to protest crackdowns targeting Sikhs in Punjab, India at the Consulate General of India in [[Vancouver]], Canada. Moninder Singh a spokesman for the British Columbia Gurdwara Council said, “We're here to show our dissent, our displeasure against the Indian state for this suspension of civil liberties and violation of human rights".<ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds gather in Vancouver to protest crackdown in India's Sikh-majority state |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-rally-punjab-amritpal-singh-1.6791437 |work=CBC News |date=25 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=Travis |last2=Matassa-Fung |first2=Darrian |date=25 March 2023 |title=Hundreds protest outside Indian Consulate in Vancouver held by Sikh community, supporters |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9579141/hundreds-protest-outside-indian-consulate-in-vancouver-held-by-sikh-community-supporters/ |work=Global News}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Anirudh |date=27 March 2023 |title=Amritpal Singh protests in Canada: India worried over security at its missions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/amritpal-singh-protests-in-canada-india-worried-about-security-at-its-missions-101679917006613.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A small group held a protest on the same day outside the North Peace Cultural Centre in [[Fort St. John, British Columbia|Fort St. John]] to, “raise awareness against ongoing human rights violations in Punjab.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manavpreet |date=2023-03-28 |title=Fort St. John Sikhs hold protest against human rights issues in India |url=https://energeticcity.ca/2023/03/28/fort-st-john-sikhs-hold-protest-against-human-rights-issues-in-india/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Energeticcity.ca |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manavpreet |date=2023-03-29 |title=Fort St. John Sikhs holding protest against human rights issues in India |url=https://www.coastreporter.net/bc-news/fort-st-john-sikhs-holding-protest-against-human-rights-issues-in-india-6772969 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Coast Reporter |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 March 2023, a protest was held outside the Indian embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]] The [[Press Trust of India|Press Trust of India's]] Washington D.C-based Chief, Lalit K. Jha, was hit by protesters. He described the assault saying, "The gentleman... hit my left ear with these two sticks and earlier I had to call 911 and rushed [to a] police van [for] safety fearing a public assault."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bikhchandani |first=Raghav |date=26 March 2023 |title=Indian journalist 'attacked' at pro-Amritpal protest in Washington, embassy condemns 'wanton violence' |url=https://theprint.in/india/indian-journalist-attacked-at-pro-amritpal-protest-in-washington-embassy-condemns-wanton-violence/1473864/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=The Print |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 27 March 2023, the [[Akal Takht]] held a gathering with over 50 Sikh organisations. After they gave an ultimatum to the Punjab Government which was to release all Sikhs arrested in the past 10 days within 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagga |first=Neeraj |date=27 March 2023 |title=Akal Takht serves 24-hour ultimatum on Punjab Government to release supporters of pro-Khalistan activist Amritpal Singh |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/akal-takht-serves-24-hour-ultimatum-on-punjab-government-to-release-supporters-of-pro-khalistan-activist-amritpal-singh-491751/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The Akal Takht further announced it would launch its own Vaheer if the demand is not met.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patial |first=Jagwinder |title=Akal Takht Jathedar Gives Ultimatum To Punjab Govt To Release Arrested Sikh Youths In 24 Hours |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/amritpal-case-akal-takht-jathedar-gives-ultimatum-to-punjab-govt-to-release-arrested-sikh-youths-in-24-hours-1591414 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=ABP Live |date=27 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The Akal Takht also announced it would give financial assistance to the families of those who have been charged under the NSA act.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Release all arrested Sikhs within 24 hrs': Sri Akal Takht Sahib Jathedar's ulti |url=https://www.truescoopnews.com/newsdetail/release-all-arrested-sikhs-within-24-hrs-sri-akal-takht-sahib-jathedars-ultimatum-to-punjab-govt-after-crackdown-on-amritpal |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=True Scoop News |date=27 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Along with this protests were held outside the Akal Takht and [[Golden Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2023 |title=Pro-Khalistan protests at Golden Temple as hardliners back Amritpal Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/prokhalistan-protests-at-golden-temple-as-hardliners-back-amritpal-singh-akal-takht-lists-demands-101679927185873.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 March 2023, a protest was held in Toronto outside the Indian consulate where an Indian flag was burned.<ref name=":1" /> Another protest was held in [[Times Square]], New York City. Protesters held a car rally. The protesters had an LED billboard truck showing Amritpal Singh. They also had purchased billboards in Times Square which showed Amritpal Singh along with [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalistan supporters protest at Times Square in New York |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/khalistan-supporters-protest-at-times-square-in-new-york-491730 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2023 |title=Amritpal Singh, Bhindranwale billboard in Times Square; Netizens slam 'glorification of terrorists' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/amritpal-singh-bhindranwale-billboard-in-times-square-netizens-slam-glorification-of-terrorists-101679909617411.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 18 June 2023, Hardeep Singh Nijjar was assassinated in Surrey, Canada.<ref name=":2"/> This amplified issues between Sikhs and Hindus, with Khalistani protestors going as far as to set the Indian consulate in San Francisco on fire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-04 |title=2nd attack since March: Indian consulate set on fire in San Francisco; US condemns violence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2nd-attack-since-march-indian-consulate-set-on-fire-in-san-francisco-us-condemns-violence/articleshow/101471463.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704205012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2nd-attack-since-march-indian-consulate-set-on-fire-in-san-francisco-us-condemns-violence/articleshow/101471463.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The arson attempt was promptly suppressed by the San Francisco Fire Department, resulting in limited damage to the building and no injuries to the staffers present.<ref name="Tribune India July 2023">{{Cite web |title=US condemns vandalism, attempted arson against Indian Consulate in San Francisco |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/us-condemns-vandalism-attempted-arson-against-indian-consulate-in-san-francisco-522658 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704213518/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/us-condemns-vandalism-attempted-arson-against-indian-consulate-in-san-francisco-522658 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Tribune India}}</ref> The incident was condemned by the State Department's spokesman Matthew Miller.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-04 |title=US condemns vandalism at Indian consulate in San Francisco |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-condemns-vandalism-indian-consulate-san-francisco-2023-07-04/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704205012/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-condemns-vandalism-indian-consulate-san-francisco-2023-07-04/ |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-04 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2023, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said Canadian security agencies have opened an investigation into Nijjar's killing, which officers suspect of having been ordered by the Indian government.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=What's behind India-Canada tensions over killing of Sikh separatist leader? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/19/india-canada-row-who-was-hardeep-singh-nijjar-what-is-khalistan-movement |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> This was denied by India, and these issues led to a diplomatic row between the two countries.<ref name=":2" /> On 1 September 2024, the organization, Sikhs for Justice, held a rally in Toronto. Floats within the parade glorified Dilawar Singh Babbar, a suicide bomber affiliated with Babbar Khalsa International (a banned organization in Canada), who killed former Punjab chief minister Beant Singh and numerous other bystanders. A sign at the rally read "Beanta Bombed to Death". SFJ described Babbar as a "human bomb". SFJ's general counsel in a statement said:"We are all offspring of Dilawar. At that time in 1995, the choice of weapon was a bomb, but we have choice of ballot today.” Some attendees chanted "Kill India" at the rally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Pro-Khalistani Group in Toronto Glorifies Beant Singh's Killer, Indian Authorities to Raise Issue With Canada {{!}} EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.news18.com/world/pro-khalistani-group-in-toronto-glorifies-beant-singhs-killer-indian-authorities-to-raise-issue-with-canada-exclusive-9035805.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-01 |title=Canada: Pro-Khalistan rallies feature floats celebrating 1995 Beant Singh bombing |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/world/canada/story/canada-pro-khalistan-rallies-feature-floats-celebrating-1995-beant-singh-bombing-443897-2024-09-01?onetap=true |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2024, Rishi Nagar, a Canadian radio host of ''Calgary Red FM'', reported on an incident at Gurdwara Dashmesh Culture Centre, a Sikh temple in Calgary, in which two men were arrested on various firearms related charges, including unauthorized possession of a firearm and pointing a firearm; multiple guns were seized by the police at the site. Following the report, Nagar was assaulted by two men. Calgary Police's Staff Sergeant John Guigon described the assault as “particularly troubling to us when a member of the media gets attacked in a democracy”.{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |title='I will not be silenced': Calgary radio host attack caught on CCTV |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10789526/calgary-radio-host-attack-cctv-red-fm-rishi-nagar/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Calgary radio host speaks out after being attacked outside banquet hall |url=https://globalnews.ca/video/10789528/calgary-radio-host-speaks-out-after-being-attacked-outside-banquet-hall/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indo-Canadian mediaperson, attacked by two persons, blames 'pro-Khalistan' elements |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indocanadian-mediaperson-attacked-by-two-persons-blames-pro-khalistan-elements-101727784955199.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title=Calgary police investigating weekend assault of radio host |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/calgary/article/calgary-police-investigating-weekend-assault-of-radio-host/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=CTV News Calgary |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Radio journalist says he was assaulted in attack over news coverage |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/police-investigate-allegedly-politically-motivated-assault-on-radio-journalist/ar-AA1rxplx |work=Calgary Herald |quote=City police are seeking two suspects in an assault on a well-known radio journalist in Calgary’s northeast that apparently targeted his reporting on crime issues within the Sikh community.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Calgary police probe assault of RED FM news director |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/police-investigate-assault-on-radio-host-1.7338352 |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |quote=Staff Sgt. John Guigon said Nagar was struck in the head but was not seriously hurt, and that the incident was captured on video. "It was not a pleasant situation," he said".[It is] particularly troubling to us when a member of the media gets attacked in a democracy.... We're throwing resources at it."}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Abhinav |date=2024-10-03 |title=Canadian radio journalist Rishi Nagar attacked by Khalistani groups in Canada |url=https://diyatvusa.com/canadian-radio-journalist-rishi-nagar-attacked-by-khalistani-groups-in-canada/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Diya TV |language=en-US |quote=A group of men supportive of the Khalistan separatist movement violently assaulted Canada-based RED FM News Director Rishi Nagar allegedly for refusing to align with their agenda.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moharib |first=Nadia |date=2024-09-30 |title=Man threatened outside NE temple, two arrested: Calgary police |url=https://calgary.citynews.ca/2024/09/30/calgary-sikh-temple-firearms-incident/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=CityNews Calgary |language=en}}</ref> ''Calgary Red FM'' stated that Nagar "faced some blowback for his opposition to the Khalistan movement".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bradley |first=Jonathan |date=2024-10-01 |title=RED FM Calgary host says attack will not stop his journalism |url=https://www.westernstandard.news/alberta/red-fm-calgary-host-says-attack-will-not-stop-his-journalism/58314 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Western Standard |language=en}}</ref>

==Reaction==
In March 2023, Canada's [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] was summoned by India to "convey strong concern" over Sikh protesters in Canada.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-26 |title=India summons Canada High Commissioner, concerned over Sikh protesters |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-summons-canada-high-commissioner-concerned-over-sikh-protesters-2023-03-26/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref>

In September 2023, on the sidelines of the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|G20 summit]] in [[New Delhi]], the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] conveyed concerns about the protests in Canada to Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi scolds Trudeau over Sikh protests in Canada against India |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/aircraft-glitch-delays-canada-pm-trudeaus-departure-india-2023-09-10/ |work=Reuters |date=11 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Khalistan movement}}

[[Category:March 2023]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement]]
[[Category:Sikh politics]]
[[Category:2020s in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]

Electricity supply companies in Karnataka

2026-04-11T10:48:27Z

SilviaVanwinkle: new first place added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = '''Electricity Supply Companies in Karnataka'''
| logo =
| type =
| industry = Electricity
| genre =
| fate =
| successor =
| foundation = 2002
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = Karnataka Government
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| intl =
| location_country = India
| homepage =
}}
The '''Electricity Supply Companies''', also known as '''ESCOMs''', are responsible for [[electric power distribution]] in state of [[Karnataka]]. Its origin was in Karnataka Electricity Board. This distribution entity was incorporated to provide efficient and reliable electric power supply to the people of Karnataka state<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianpowersector.com/home/2010/09/state-electricity-board-of-karnataka/|title=Karnataka State Electricity Board | INDIAN POWER SECTOR|website=indianpowersector.com}}</ref>

Karnataka's electricity department is broadly classified into the following three major groups:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sari-energy.org/oldsite/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/cap_building_for_accountants_aug_2010/presentations/bangalore_ppts/Topic_8_Transfer_Pricing_Final.pdf|title=Karnataka Power Sector Reforms}}</ref>
*'''Generation''': [[Karnataka Power Corporation Limited]]
*'''Transmission''': [[Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited]]
*'''Distribution''': Electricity Supply Companies (ESCOM's)

==History==
In 1999, Karnataka embarked on a major reform of the power sector. As a first step, Karnataka Electricity Board (KEB) was dissolved and in its place, the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) was incorporated.

This was followed by the constitution of Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission (KERC) in November 1999.

In the next phase of the reform process, the transmission and distribution business managed by KPTCL were unbundled in June 2002. The distribution companies were formed to distribute power in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Karnataka|first1=Energy Department, GOK, Government of|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.karnataka.gov.in/energy/english/Pages/Contact-Us.aspx|website=www.karnataka.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

==Distribution companies==

*BESCOM, Bengaluru(Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited) has been entrusted with distribution of power to the districts of [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]], [[Bengaluru Rural District|Bengaluru Rural]], [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]], [[Ramanagara]], [[Chikkaballapura]], [[Chitradurga]], and [[Davanagere]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BESCOM Bangalore Electricity supply company Ltd.|url=http://bescom.org/|website=bescom.org|language=kn}}</ref>
*MESCOM, Mangaluru (Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited) has been entrusted with distribution of power to the districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi]], [[Chickmagalur|Chikkamagaluru]], and [[Shimoga|Shivamogga]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MESCOM Mangalore Electricity supply company Ltd.|url=http://www.mesco.in/|website=mesco.in|language=kn|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070928212657/http://www.mesco.in/|archive-date=2007-09-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*HESCOM, Hubballi (Hubli Electricity Supply Company Limited) has been entrusted with distribution of power to the districts of [[Dharwad]], [[Gadag]], [[Bijapur|Vijayapura]], [[Bagalkot]]e, [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Haveri]], and [[Belgaum|Belagavi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HESCOM Hubli Electricity supply company Ltd.| url=http://www.hescom.co.in/|website=hescom.co.in|language=kn}}</ref>
* GESCOM, Kalaburagi ([[Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company|Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited]]) has been entrusted with distribution of power to the districts of [[Bellary|Ballari]], [[Bidar]], [[Kalaburagi]], [[Koppala]], [[Raichur district|Raichuru]], [[Yadgir|Yadagiri]], and [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]].<ref>{{cite web|title=GESCOM Gulburga Electricity supply company Ltd.| url=http://www.gescom.in/|website=gescom.in|language=kn}}</ref>
* CESC, Mysuru (Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation) has been entrusted with distribution of power to the districts of [[Mysore|Mysuru]], [[Chamarajanagar]]a, [[Mandya]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], and [[Kodagu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HOME|url=http://www.cescmysore.org/en/#|website=www.cescmysore.org|language=en-gb}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Electric power companies of India]]
[[Category:Energy in Karnataka]]

Mahatma Gandhi Museum, Rajkot

2026-04-08T14:49:37Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Put Up First Details Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox school
|name = Alfred High School
|caption = circa 1948
|nickname = Mohandas Gandhi Vidhyalaya, Kathiawar High School
|image = Alfred High School Rajkot (cropped).jpg
|image_size = 250px
|motto =
|established = {{start date|1853|10|17|df=y}}
|closed = May 2017
|free_label2 = Years active
|free_text2 = 164
|type = [[Public school (government funded)]]
|founder = H.M.S Nawab of Junagadh
|alumni = [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]], [[S. R. Rana]]<ref name=KBU>{{cite thesis |last=Gohil |first=Dharmendrasinh Vaghubha |date= 18 May 2015|title= Contribution of Sardarsinh Rana in Freedom struggle of India 1870 to 1947|chapter=1-7 |publisher=Department of History, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji [[Bhavnagar University]]|language=gu|pages=4–|hdl=10603/41755 }}</ref>
|free_label = Architect
|free_text = [[Sir Robert Bell Booth]]
}}

'''Mahatma Gandhi Museum''' was formerly '''Alfred High School''' (also known as ''Mohandas Gandhi High School'' or ''Kathiawar High School'') in [[Rajkot]] was one of the oldest educational institutions in India which was active for 164 years where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] studied for a few years.

==History of school==
This school was constructed during [[British rule]] in India by political agent Kernel Singh, and was the first English school in the [[saurashtra (region)]]. Originally called ''Rajkot English School'', it was founded on 17 October 1853, and later became a full-fledged high school. By 1868 it came to be known as ''Rajkot High School'', and was named Alfred High School in 1907. The present buildings of the Alfred High School were built for [[Kathiawar]] by the [[Nawab of Junagadh]], Nawab Nawab Sir Muhammad [[Bahadur (title)|Bahadur]] Khanji Babi, and was named [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Alfred]], the [[Duke of Edinburgh]], as a memorial. This school was opened in January, 1875 by [[Philip Wodehouse (colonial administrator)|Sir Philip Wodehouse]], [[Governor of Bombay]].<ref>"[http://rajkotcityguide.com/guide08/visit-rajkot Source] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231043111/http://rajkotcityguide.com/guide08/visit-rajkot |date=31 December 2007 }}", Retrieved on 26 December 2007.</ref> Following [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India's independence]] in 1947, the school was renamed the "Mohandas Gandhi High School" in honour of Gandhi.<ref>"[http://www.rmc.gov.in/tourist_detail.php Colonial Tour of RMC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213210329/http://www.rmc.gov.in/tourist_detail.php |date=13 February 2008 }}", Retrieved on 26 December 2007.</ref>

===Mohandas Gandhi===
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] graduated from Rajkot High School in 1887 at age 18.<ref name=Misra2007p102>{{cite book|title=Rediscovering Gandhi: Hind Swaraj Volume 1: Gandhi's Challenge to Modern Civilization|author=R. P. Misra|publisher=Concept Publishing Co|page=102|year=2007|isbn=978-8180693755}}</ref> Accounts vary on Gandhi's time at the school.<ref name=Gandhi2006p17>{{cite book|title=Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|page=17|isbn=978-0520255708}}</ref> Several accounts suggest he was a quiet and academically unremarkable student who did not participate in sports or extracurricular activities.<ref name=Misra2007p102/><ref name=Jaypalan2010p156>{{cite book|title=Indian Political Thinkers: Modern Indian Political Thought|author=N. Jayapalan|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd|year=2010|page=156|isbn=978-8171569298}}</ref> Gandhi said of his schooling, "I had not any high regard for my ability. I was to be astonished whenever I won prizes and scholarships".<ref name=Jaypalan2010p156/> However, [[Rajmohan Gandhi]] suggests that this view comes from a misreading of his "self-deprecating" autobiography.<ref name=Gandhi2006p17/> Out of 38 students who had passed the high school entrance examination, Gandhi was one of only two students in his year to matriculate. Following graduation Gandhi enrolled at the [[Samaldas College]] in [[Bhavnagar]], where he stayed for one term before travelling to [[London]].<ref name=Gandhi2006p17/>

==Museum==
{{Infobox museum
| name = Mahatma Gandhi Museum
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Mahatma Gandhi Museum, Rajkot.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Renovated into museum
|coordinates = {{coord|22.298546|70.802102|display=inline,title}}
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_dot_label =
| former_name = Alfred High School
| established = {{start date|2018|09|30|df=y}}
| dissolved = 
| location =
| type = [[Biographical museum]]
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| executive_director =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator =
| architect =
| historian =
| owner = Rajkot municipal corporation, Gujarat Tourism
| employees =
| publictransit =
| parking = 
| website = https://www.mgmrajkot.com/
| network =
| embedded = 
}}

===History===
In 2017, the school was closed and announced that it will be converted into museum.<ref name="H2017">{{cite web | title=School where Mahatma Gandhi studied shuts down after 164 years | website=PTI | date=5 May 2017 | url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8673641_School-where-Mahatma-Gandhi-studied-shuts-down-after-164-years | access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref> Due to the less student count around 100 where hardly one third attended the school regularly (out of 100). Subsequently the Rajkot municipal corporation decided to close down the school and convert it into a museum so the youngsters can learn about the events that shaped Gandhi's life and shaped India's freedom struggle.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oza |first=Nandini |date=25 June 2019 |title=A school then, a museum now |pages=1 |work=Theweek.in |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/06/25/A-school-then-a-museum-now.html |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>

The project was finished at the approx cost of ₹26 crores (₹260 millions).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/scam-in-building-of-gandhi-museum-cong/articleshow/65971538.cms|date=27 September 2018|title=Scam in building of Gandhi museum: Congress}}</ref>

On 30 September 2018, then Hon. Prime Minister of India Shree [[Narendra Modi]] along with Chief Minister of Gujarat Shree [[Vijay Rupani]] and Deputy Chief Minister Shree [[Nitinbhai Patel|Nitin Patel]] inaugurated the museum as celebration of 150th birth anniversary of Gandhiji. The museum is operated jointly by Rajkot Municipal Corporation (RMC) and Gujarat Tourism.

===Features===
The museum has repurposed school rooms into galleries totaling at 39. Visitor navigate sequentially through each gallery where dedicated narrator guides and depicts briefly. Ground floor has 18 & top floor consists of 21 such galleries.

Galleries are equipped with modern technology including air-conditioned rooms, sensor-aware models, projectors with audio speakers, touch screen kiosks with headphones, 3D models and different lighting. Light and sound show is regular occurrence after sunset, making it more attractive to children. Along with galleries museum also has following amenities:

* Museum guide
* Ticket counter & Cloakroom
* Helpdesk
* Library
* Children Area
* ATM
* Parking
* Toilet
* Garden
* Food Court

===3D Projection Mapping Show===
The Mahatma Gandhi Museum also features a 3D Projection Mapping Show that narrates the life, values, and message of Mahatma Gandhi. The show uses advanced 3D building-mapping projection technology combined with laser projection, synchronized sound, and light effects to create an immersive visual experience for visitors.

==See also==
* [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|The Rajkumar College]]
* [[Watson Museum]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

{{clear}}

[[Category:Education in Rajkot]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1853]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:1853 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in the princely states of India]]

Capture of the Grand Mughal Fleet

2026-04-03T19:44:32Z

SilviaVanwinkle: new initial data initial version...

{{Short description|1695 capture of Mughal vessels}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Capture of the Grand Mughal Fleet
| partof = the [[Golden Age of Piracy]]
| image = Avery Chasing the Great Mughal's Ship.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Henry Every|Every's]] fleet captures the ''[[Ganj-i-sawai]]''
| date = {{circa|7 September 1695}}
| place = Off [[Perim]], [[Strait of Mandeb]]
| result = '''Pirate victory'''
*Mughal Fleet seized
*Pirates acquire £300,000–£600,000 in precious metals and jewels
| combatant1 = [[Pirates]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Henry Every]] [[Thomas Tew]]{{KIA}} [[Richard Want]] [[Joseph Faro]] [[Thomas Wake (pirate)|Thomas Wake]] [[William May (pirate)|William May]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} Muhammad Ibrahim{{POW}}
| strength1 = 6-ship convoy: 1 [[frigate]] (''[[Fancy (pirate ship)|Fancy]]'') 1 [[sloop-of-war]] (''Amity'') 2 [[brigantine]]s (''Dolphin'' and ''Pearl'') 1 [[barque]] (''Susannah'') ''Portsmouth Adventure''
| strength2 = 25-ship convoy (including the [[ghanjah]] [[dhow]]s ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]'' and ''Fateh Muhammed'')
| casualties1 = Several crew members killed
| casualties2 = 25 ships captured Several crew members captured and killed
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Golden Age of Piracy}}
}}

The '''capture of the Great Mughal Fleet''' was an armed naval encounter in the history of [[piracy]] that targeted the [[Mughal Empire]]. On 7 September 1695, the English pirate [[Henry Every]] captured the 25-ship convoy of [[Mughal Empire|Imperial Mughal]] vessels making the [[Hajj|annual pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]], including the treasure-laden [[Mughal Empire|Mogul]] ship known as the ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]'' and its escort, ''Fateh Muhammed''. Joining forces with several pirate vessels, Every found himself in command of a small squadron, and they were able to capture up to £600,000 in precious metals and jewels,<ref name="Burgess2009a, p.138">{{harvnb|Burgess|2009a|p=138}}</ref> equivalent to around £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK|600000|1695}}}} in {{inflation/year|UK}}.{{Inflation/fn|UK}}

Every's actions caused considerable damage to [[Kingdom of England|England]]'s fragile [[India–United Kingdom relations#East India Company (1600–1857)|relations with the Mughals]], and a combined [[Bounty (reward)|bounty]] of £1,000—an immense sum at the time—was offered by the [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]] and the [[East India Company]] for his capture, leading to the first global [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]] in recorded history.<ref name="Burgess2009a, p.1442">{{harvnb|Burgess|2009a|p=144}}</ref>{{efn|Between 1689 and 1740 the average wages for an honest merchant seaman was 25 to 55 [[shilling]]s per month, or about £15 to £33 per year.<ref name="Davis1962, pp.136–137">{{harvnb|Davis|1962|pp=136–137}}</ref> Many ordinary sailors earned even less than that, with monthly pay of less than £2.<ref name="Baer2005, p.103"/> A sum of £1,000 equaled a lifetime of work or more,<ref name="Davis1962, pp.136–137"/> meaning that a prudent sailor could retire for life.}} Every was never caught, nor was his treasure recovered, and their fate remains unknown.

In August 1695, Every, captaining the 46-gun [[frigate]] ''[[Fancy (pirate ship)|Fancy]]'', reached the [[Bab-el-Mandeb|Mandab Strait]], where he teamed up with five other pirate ships, including [[Thomas Tew]]'s 8-gun, 46-man [[sloop-of-war]] ''Amity'', [[Richard Want]] in a [[Brigantine]] named ''Dolphin'', [[Joseph Faro]] in ''Portsmouth Adventure'', [[Thomas Wake (pirate)|Thomas Wake]] in ''Susannah'', and [[William May (pirate)|William Maze]] in ''Pearl''. Although a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] convoy of 25 ships bound for India had eluded the pirate fleet during the night, the following day they encountered ''Ganj-i-Sawai'' and her escort ''Fateh Muhammed'', which carried 94 guns herself and was even larger in size than the ''Ganj-i-Sawai'' but didn’t have as many crewmen, with both stragglers passing the straits en route to [[Surat]].

== Background ==
[[File:Posthumous portrait of Mariam uz-Zamani.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|left|[[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] ordered the ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]'' in 1614]]

=== ''Ganj-i-Sawai'' ===
{{Main|Ganj-i-Sawai}}
After the loss of the ship [[Rahīmī|Rahimi]], the Dowager Empress [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns and the placement of over 400 musketeers. It was named ''[[Ganj-I-Sawai]]'' and in its day was the most fearsome ship in the sea with the objective of trade and taking pilgrims to Mecca and on the way back converting all the goods into gold, and silver, and bringing back the pilgrims.<ref name=":15">{{cite journal |last1=Safdar |first1=Aiysha |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Azam |year=2021 |title=History of Indian Ocean-A south Indian perspective |url=https://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/44/v7_no1_21.html |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=186–188 |quote=The Empress, Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns and placements for over 400 musket men. It was named Ganj-i-Sawai, and it was in its day the most fearsome ship on the seas, and its objective was to trade and take pilgrims to Mecca, and on the way back convert all the goods sold into gold and silver as well as bring the pilgrims back. But then the English, posing as pirates, attacked with a 25-ship armada of alleged pirates. At Mecca, they claimed they were slave traders.}}</ref>
[[File:Every_engaging_the_Great_Mogul's_Ship.jpg|thumb|A woodcut from ''The Pirates Own Book'' showing the ''Fancy'' engaging the ''Ganj-i-Sawai''.]]
The value of ''Ganj-i-Sawai''{{'}}s cargo is not known with certainty. Contemporary estimates differed by as much as £300,000, with £325,000 and £600,000 being the traditionally cited numbers. The latter estimate was the value provided by the Mughal authorities, while the EIC estimated the loss at approximately £325,000, nevertheless filing a £600,000 insurance claim.<ref name="Burgess2009a, p.1382">{{harvnb|Burgess|2009a|p=138}}</ref>

It has been suggested that the EIC argued for the lowest estimate when paying reparations for Every's raid, with the company's president naturally wanting the most conservative estimate in order to pay as little for the damages as possible.<ref>{{harvnb|Rogoziński|2000|p=87}}</ref> Others contend that the Mughal authorities' figure of £600,000 was a deliberate overestimate aimed at improving their compensation from the English.<ref name="Botting1978, p.85">{{harvnb|Botting|1978|p=85}}</ref> While some historians have argued that £325,000 was probably closer to the true value,<ref name="Botting1978, p.85" /> partly because this agreed with the estimate provided by contemporary [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scottish]] merchant [[Alexander Hamilton (sailor)|Alexander Hamilton]], then stationed in [[Surat]],<ref>{{harvnb|Grey|1933|p=162}}</ref> and partly for the above reasons, others have criticized this position as being largely unsubstantiated.<ref>{{harvnb|Saletore|1978|p=57}}</ref>

Historian Jan Rogoziński has called ''Cabo'' "the richest plunder ever captured by any pirate,"<ref name="Rogoziński2000, p.216">{{harvnb|Rogoziński|2000|p=216}}</ref> estimating its reported treasure of £875,000 to be worth "more than $400 million."<ref name="Rogoziński2000, p.ix">{{harvnb|Rogoziński|2000|p=ix}}</ref> In comparison, the EIC's estimate of £325,000 for ''Ganj-i-Sawai''{{'}}s goods equals "at least $200 million."<ref>{{harvnb|Rogoziński|2000|pp=xx–xxi}}</ref> If the larger estimate of £600,000 is taken, this would be equivalent to $400 million, approximately rivaling the raid committed by Taylor and Levasseur. In any case, if one accepts the EIC's estimate of £325,000, Rogoziński writes that even then "only two or three times in history did criminals take more valuable loot."<ref name="Rogoziński2000, p.ix" />

=== Other ships ===
''Fateh Muhammed''{{'}}s cargo was valued to £50,000–60,000 according to the estimate provided by Dann at his trial;<ref name="Baer2005, p.1012">{{harvnb|Baer|2005|p=101}}</ref> this amount is worth some $30 million in modern currency.<ref name="Rogoziński2000, p.852">{{harvnb|Rogoziński|2000|p=85}}</ref> Every is known to have captured at least eleven vessels by September 1695, including ''Ganj-i-Sawai''.<ref name="Woodard2007, p.19">{{harvnb|Woodard|2007|p=19}}</ref> Aside from Emperor Aurangzeb's fleet, one of the more fruitful prizes was ''Rampura'', a [[Khambhat|Cambay]] trading ship that produced the "surprising haul of 1,700,000 [[rupees]]."<ref>{{harvnb|Burgess|2009a|pp=139}}</ref>

== Capture ==
In 1695, Every set sail for the volcanic island of [[Perim]] to wait for an Indian fleet that would be passing soon.{{efn|The fleet made [[Hajj|annual pilgrimages]] to [[Mecca]], so the knowledge of the approximate time the pilgrims would be returning home may have been readily available.}} The fleet was easily the richest prize in Asia—perhaps in the entire world—and any pirates who managed to capture it would have been the perpetrators of the world's most profitable pirate raid.<ref name="Rogoziński2000, p.84">{{harvnb|Rogoziński|2000|p=84}}</ref> In August 1695, ''Fancy'' reached the Straits of [[Bab-el-Mandeb]], where Every joined forces with five other pirate captains: Tew on the [[sloop-of-war]] ''Amity'', with a crew of about sixty men; [[Joseph Faro]] on ''Portsmouth Adventure'', with sixty men; [[Richard Want]] on ''Dolphin'', also with sixty men; [[William May (pirate)|William Mayes]] on ''Pearl'', with thirty or forty men; and [[Thomas Wake (pirate)|Thomas Wake]] on ''Susanna'', with seventy men.<ref name="Baer2005, p.99">{{harvnb|Baer|2005|p=99}}</ref> All of these captains were carrying [[privateering]] commissions that implicated almost the entire Eastern Seaboard of North America. Every was elected admiral of the new six-ship pirate [[flotilla]] despite the fact that Tew had arguably more experience, and now found himself in command of over 440 men while they lay in wait for the Indian fleet.<ref name="Baer2005, p.99" /> A convoy of twenty-five [[Mughal Empire|Imperial Mughal]] ships, including the enormous 1,600-ton ''[[Ganj-i-sawai|Ganj-i-Sawai]]'' with eighty cannons and 1,100 crew, and its even larger escort, the 3,200-ton ''Fateh Muhammed'' with ninety four cannons and 800 crew, were spotted passing the straits en route to [[Surat]]. Although the convoy had managed to elude the pirate fleet during the night, the pirates gave chase.

''Dolphin'' proved to be far too slow, lagging behind the rest of the pirate ships, so it was burned and the crew joined Every aboard ''Fancy''. ''Amity'' and ''Susanna'' also proved to be poor ships: ''Amity'' fell behind and never again rejoined the pirate flotilla (Tew having been killed in a battle with a Mughal ship), while the straggling ''Susanna'' eventually rejoined the group. The pirates caught up with ''Fateh Muhammed'' four or five days later.<ref name="Fox2008, pp.73–79">{{harvnb|Fox|2008|pp=73–79}}</ref> Perhaps intimidated by ''Fancy''{{'}}s forty-six guns or weakened by an earlier battle with Tew, ''Fateh Muhammed''{{'}}s crew put up little resistance; Every's pirates then sacked the ship, which had belonged to one Abdul Ghaffar, reportedly Surat's wealthiest merchant.{{efn|Ghaffar was so powerful and wealthy, one associate described him as follows: "Abdul Ghafur, a Mahometan that I was acquainted with, drove a trade equal to the English East-India Company, for I have known him to fit out in a year, above twenty sail of ships, between 300 and 800 tons."}}<ref>{{harvnb|Rogoziński|2000|p=248}}</ref> While ''Fateh Muhammed''{{'}}s treasure of some £50,000 to £60,000 was enough to buy ''Fancy'' fifty times over,<ref name="Woodard2007, p.21">{{harvnb|Woodard|2007|p=21}}</ref> once the treasure was shared out among the pirate fleet, Every's crew received only small shares.<ref name="Burgess2009a, p.136">{{harvnb|Burgess|2009a|p=136}}</ref>
[[File:Henry_Every.gif|left|thumb|An 18th-century depiction of Henry Every, with the ''Fancy'' shown engaging its prey in the background]]
Every now sailed in pursuit of the second Mughal ship, ''Ganj-i-Sawai''<ref>[[Ganj-i-sawai]]</ref> (meaning "Exceeding Treasure," and often [[Anglicized]] as ''Gunsway''),<ref>{{harvnb|Travers|2007|p=41}}</ref> overtaking it a few days after the attack on ''Fateh Muhammed''.<ref name="Fox2008, pp.73–79" /><ref>{{harvnb|Woodard|2007|p=20}}</ref> With ''Amity'' and ''Dolphin'' left behind, only ''Fancy'', ''Pearl'', and ''Portsmouth Adventure'' were present for the actual battle.<ref name="Rogoziński2000, p.85">{{harvnb|Rogoziński|2000|p=85}}</ref>

''Ganj-i-Sawai'', captained by Muhammad Ibrahim, was a fearsome opponent, mounting eighty guns and a [[musket]]-armed guard of four hundred, as well as six hundred other passengers. But the opening volley evened the odds, as Every's lucky [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] shot his enemy's mainmast by the board.<ref>{{harvnb|Burgess|2009a|pp=136–137}}</ref> With ''Ganj-i-sawai'' unable to escape, ''Fancy'' drew alongside. For a moment, a volley of Indian musket fire prevented the pirates from clambering aboard, but one of ''Ganj-i-Sawai''{{'}}s powerful cannons exploded, instantly killing many and demoralizing the Indian crew, who ran below deck or fought to put out the spreading fires.<ref name="Baer2005, p.101">{{harvnb|Baer|2005|p=101}}</ref> Every's men took advantage of the confusion, quickly scaling ''Ganj-i-Sawai''{{'}}s steep sides. The crew of ''Pearl'', initially fearful of attacking ''Ganj-i-Sawai'', now took heart and joined Every's crew on the Indian ship's deck. A ferocious hand-to-hand battle then ensued, lasting two to three hours.<ref name="Earle2006, p.117">{{harvnb|Earle|2006|p=117}}</ref>

Muhammad Hashim [[Khafi Khan]], a contemporary Indian historian who was in Surat at the time, wrote that, as Every's men boarded the ship, ''Ganj-i-Sawai''{{'}}s captain ran below decks where he armed the slave girls and sent them up to fight the pirates.<ref name="Elliot1877, p.350">{{harvnb|Elliot|Dowson|1877|p=350}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rogoziński|2000|p=86}}</ref> Khafi Khan's account of the battle, appearing in his multivolume work ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'', places blame squarely on Captain Ibrahim for the failure, writing: "The Christians are not bold in the use of the sword, and there were so many weapons on board the imperial vessel that if the captain had made any resistance, they must have been defeated."<ref name="Elliot1877, p.350" /> In any case, after several hours of stubborn but leaderless resistance, the ship surrendered. In his defense, Ibrahim would later report that "many of the enemy were sent to hell."<ref name="Baer2005, p.102">{{harvnb|Baer|2005|p=102}}</ref> Indeed, Every's outnumbered crew may have suffered anywhere from several to over a hundred casualties, although these figures are uncertain.<ref name="Fox2008, pp.60,79">{{harvnb|Fox|2008|pp=60, 79}}</ref><ref name="Baer2005, p.102" />

According to Khafi Khan, the victorious pirates subjected their captives to an orgy of horror that lasted several days, [[Rape|raping]] and killing their terrified prisoners deck by deck. The pirates reportedly utilized torture to extract information from their prisoners, who had hidden the treasure in the ship's holds. Some of the Muslim women apparently committed suicide to avoid violation, while those women who did not kill themselves or die from the pirates' brutality were taken aboard ''Fancy''.<ref name="Elliot1877, p.351">{{harvnb|Elliot|Dowson|1877|pp=350–351}}</ref>

Although stories of brutality by the pirates have been dismissed by sympathizers as sensationalism, they are corroborated by the depositions Every's men provided following their capture. John Sparkes testified in his "Last Dying Words and Confession" that the "inhuman treatment and merciless tortures inflicted on the poor Indians and their women still affected his soul", and that, while apparently unremorseful for his acts of piracy, which were of "lesser concern", he was nevertheless repentant for the "horrid barbarities he had committed, though only on the bodies of the heathen."<ref name="Grey1933, p.151">{{harvnb|Grey|1933|p=151}}</ref> Philip Middleton testified that several of the captive men were murdered, while they also "put several to the torture" and Every's men "lay with the women aboard, and there were several that, from their jewels and habits, seemed to be of better quality than the rest."<ref name="Grey1933, p.151" /> Furthermore, on 12 October 1695, [[John Gayer (died 1711)|Sir John Gayer]], then-governor of [[Bombay]] and president of the EIC, sent a letter to the [[Lords of Trade]], writing:<blockquote>It is certain the Pyrates, which these People affirm were all English, did do very barbarously by the People of the ''Ganj-i-sawai'' and Abdul Gofor's Ship, to make them confess where their Money was, and there happened to be a great Umbraws Wife (as Wee hear) related to the King, returning from her Pilgrimage to Mecha, in her old age. She they abused very much, and forced several other Women, which Caused one person of Quality, his Wife and Nurse, to kill themselves to prevent the Husbands seeing them (and their being) ravished.<ref>{{harvnb|Jameson|1923|loc=doc. No. 60}}</ref></blockquote>

== Spoils and treasure ==

Later accounts would tell of how Every himself had found "something more pleasing than jewels" aboard, usually reported to be Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s daughter or granddaughter. (According to contemporary EIC sources, ''Ganj-i-Sawai'' was carrying a "relative" of the Emperor, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her [[retinue]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fox|2008|pp=80–81}}</ref>) However, this is at odds with the deposition of Philip Middleton, who testified that "all of the ''Charles''{{'}}s men, except Every, boarded [''Fateh Muhammed'' and ''Ganj-i-sawai''] by Turns."<ref name="Baer2005, p.102" /> At any rate, the survivors were left aboard their emptied ships, which the pirates set free to continue on their voyage back to India. The plunder from ''Ganj-i-sawai'', the greatest ship in the Mughal fleet, totaled somewhere between £200,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces. All told, it may have been the richest ship ever taken by pirates.

[[File:Proclamation_for_apprehending_Henry_Every.jpg|right|thumb|The proclamation for the apprehension of Henry Every, with a reward of £500 sterling (approximately £92294.70 sterling as of November 2023, adjusted for inflation<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Currency Converter, Pounds Sterling to Dollars, 1264 to Present (Java) |url=https://www.uwyo.edu/numimage/currency.htm |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.uwyo.edu}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=114971 USD to GBP - Convert US dollars to British pounds sterling {{!}} USD to GBP Currency Converter |url=https://wise.com/us/currency-converter/usd-to-gbp-rate?amount=114971.58 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Wise |language=en-US}}</ref>) that was issued by the [[Privy Council of Scotland]] on 18 August 1696]]

=== Sharing of spoils ===

Every's pirates divided their treasure. Although it is sometimes reported that Every used his phenomenal skills of persuasion to convince the other captains to leave the Mughal plunder in his care, quickly slipping away into the night with the entire haul, this comes from [[Captain Charles Johnson|Charles Johnson]]'s ''[[A General History of the Pyrates]]'', an unreliable account. More reliable sources indicate that there was an exchange of [[Coin clipping|clipped coins]] between the crews of ''Pearl'' and ''Fancy'', with Every's outraged men confiscating ''Pearl''{{'}}s treasure. (''Portsmouth Adventure'' observed but did not participate in the battle with ''Ganj-i-sawai'', so Faro's crew received none of its treasure.) Every's men then gave Mayes 2,000 pieces of eight (presumably an approximate sum as the treasure captured would have been in Indian and Arabian coins of a different denomination) to buy supplies, and soon parted company.<ref>{{harvnb|Fox|2008|pp=102–103}}</ref>

''Fancy'' sailed for the French colony of [[Réunion|Isle Bourbon]], arriving there in November 1695.<ref name="Baer2005, p.93">{{harvnb|Baer|2005|p=93}}</ref> Here the crew shared out £1,000 (roughly £93,300 to £128,000 today){{efn|[[Inflation adjustment]] of historical [[pound sterling]] value is an imprecise task, but in general, sterling values from the 1690s are multiplied by one hundred to convert into modern pound sterling, and then by five to convert into U.S. dollars.<ref>{{harvnb|Earle|2006|p=128}}</ref> Historians have estimated £1,000 in 1695 to equal anywhere from £93,300<ref name="Baer2005, p.106">{{harvnb|Baer|2005|p=106}}</ref> to £128,000<ref>{{harvnb|Konstam|2008|p=257}}</ref> today.}} per man, more money than most sailors made in their lifetime. On top of this, each man received an additional share of [[gemstones]]. As Every had promised, his men now found themselves glutted with "gold enough to dazzle the eyes." However, this enormous victory had essentially made Every and his crew marked men, and there was a great deal of dispute among the crew about the best place to sail. The French and Danish members of Every's crew decided to leave, preferring to stay in Isle Bourbon. The remaining men set course, after some dissension, for [[Nassau, The Bahamas]], with Every purchasing some 90 slaves shortly before sailing. Along the way, the slaves would be used for the ship's most difficult labor and, being "the most consistent item of trade," could later be traded for whatever the pirates wanted. In this way, Every's men avoided using their foreign currency, which might reveal their identities.<ref name="Baer2005, p.103">{{harvnb|Baer|2005|p=103}}</ref>

Sailing from the Indian Ocean to the Bahamas was a journey halfway around the world, and ''Fancy'' was forced to stop along the way at [[Ascension Island]], located in the middle of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. The barren island was uninhabited, but the men were able to catch fifty [[sea turtle]]s that crawled ashore to lay their eggs on the beach, providing them enough food for the rest of the voyage. However, about 17 members of Every's crew refused to go any further and were left behind on the island.<ref name="Baer2005, p.103" />

== Aftermath ==

The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English, coming at a time of crisis for the [[East India Company]] (EIC), whose profits were still recovering from the disastrous [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]]. The EIC had seen its total annual imports drop from a peak of £800,000 in 1684 to just £30,000 in 1695,<ref name="Keay1991, p.177">{{harvnb|Keay|1991|p=177}}</ref> and Every's attack now threatened the very existence of English trade in India. When the damaged ''Ganj-i-Sawai'' finally limped its way back to harbor in Surat, news of the pirates' attack on the pilgrims—a sacrilegious act that, like the rape of the Muslim women, was considered an unforgivable violation of the [[Hajj]]—spread quickly. The [[Gujarat Subah|governor of Gujarat]], Itimad Khan, immediately arrested the English subjects in Surat and kept them under close watch, partly as a punishment for their countrymen's depredations and partly for their own protection from rioting locals.<ref>{{harvnb|Wright|1918|p=164}}</ref> A livid Aurangzeb quickly closed four of the EIC's factories in India and imprisoned its officers, nearly ordering an armed attack against the city of [[Bombay]] with the goal of expelling the English from the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Keay1991, p.187">{{harvnb|Keay|1991|p=187}}</ref>

To appease Aurangzeb, the EIC promised to pay all financial reparations, while the [[Parliament of England]] declared the pirates ''[[hostis humani generis]]'' ("the enemy of humanity"). In mid-1696, the English government issued a £500 [[Bounty (reward)|bounty]] (approximately £92294.70 sterling as of November 2023, adjusted for inflation<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />) on Every's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts. The EIC later doubled that reward (to £1000), initiating the first global [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]] in recorded history.<ref name="Burgess2009a, p.144">{{harvnb|Burgess|2009a|p=144}}</ref> English authorities also proclaimed that they would exempt Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates (for instance [[1698 Act of Grace|in 1698]]). As it was by now known that Every was sheltering somewhere in the [[Thirteen Colonies|England's North American colonies]], where he would likely find safety among corrupt colonial governors, he was out of the jurisdiction of the EIC. This made him a national problem. Accordingly, the [[Board of Trade]] was tasked with coordinating the manhunt for Every and his crew.<ref name="Burgess2009b">{{harvnb|Burgess|2009b|p=891}}</ref>

== Escape ==

=== Hypothesis of escape to New Providence ===
[[Douglas R. Burgess]] argues in his 2009 book ''The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America'' that ''Fancy'' had reached [[St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]], where the pirates sold some of their treasure. In March 1696, ''Fancy'' anchored at [[Royal Island]] off [[Eleuthera]], some {{convert|50|miles|km}} northeast of [[New Providence]] in the Bahamas.<ref>{{harvnb|Burgess|2009a|pp=139–140}}</ref> Four of Every's men took a small boat to Nassau, the island's largest city and capital, with a letter addressed to the island's governor, [[Sir Nicholas Trott (governor)|Nicholas Trott]]. The letter explained that ''Fancy'' had just returned from the coast of Africa, and the ship's crew of 113 self-identified [[Interloper (business)|interlopers]] (unlicensed English traders east of the Cape of Good Hope)<ref name="Platt">{{cite journal |last1=Platt |first1=Virginia Bever |date=1969 |title=The East India Company and the Madagascar Slave Trade |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=548–577 |doi=10.2307/1917131 |issn=0043-5597 |jstor=1917131}}</ref> now needed some shore time. In return for letting ''Fancy'' enter the harbor and for keeping the men's violation of the EIC's trading monopoly a secret, the crew would [[Bribery|bribe]] Trott a combined total of £860.<ref name="Woodard2007, p.12">{{harvnb|Woodard|2007|p=12}}</ref> Their captain, a man named "Henry Bridgeman," also promised the ship to the governor as a gift once his crew unloaded the cargo.

[[File:Captain_Every_(Works_of_Daniel_Defoe).png|left|thumb|An early 20th-century painting depicting Captain Every's encounter with Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s granddaughter and her [[retinue]]]]

For Trott, this proved a tempting offer. The [[Nine Years' War]] had been raging for eight years, and the island, which the Royal Navy had not visited in several years, was perilously underpopulated.<ref name="Woodard2007, p.11">{{harvnb|Woodard|2007|p=11}}</ref> Trott knew that the French had recently captured [[Exuma]], {{convert|140|miles|km}} to the southeast, and were now headed for New Providence. With only sixty or seventy men living in the town, half of whom served guard duty at any one time, there was no practical way to keep Nassau's twenty-eight cannons fully manned.<ref name="Woodard2007, p.11" /> However, if ''Fancy''{{'}}s crew stayed in Nassau it would more than double the island's male population, while the very presence of the heavily armed ship in the harbor might deter a French attack. On the other hand, turning away "Bridgeman" might spell disaster if his intentions turned violent, as his crew of 113 (plus 90 slaves) would easily defeat the island's inhabitants. Lastly, there was also the bribe to consider, which was three times Trott's annual salary of £300.<ref name="Woodard2007, p.12" />

Trott called a meeting of Nassau's governing council, likely arguing that interloping was a fairly common crime and not a sufficient reason for turning away the men, whose presence now aided Nassau's security. The council agreed to allow ''Fancy'' to enter the harbor, apparently having never been told of the private bribe.<ref name="Woodard2007, p.12" /> Trott sent a letter to Every instructing him that his crew "were welcome to come and to go as they pleased."<ref name="Woodard2007, p.13">{{harvnb|Woodard|2007|p=13}}</ref> Soon after, Trott met Every personally on land in what must have been a closed-door meeting. ''Fancy'' was then handed over to the governor, who found that extra bribes—fifty tons of ivory tusks, one hundred barrels of gunpowder, several chests of firearms and ammunition, and an assortment of ship anchors—had been left in the hold for him.

The wealth of foreign-minted coins could not have escaped Trott. He must have known that the ship's crew were not merely unlicensed slavers, likely noting the patched-up battle damage on ''Fancy''. When word eventually reached that the [[Royal Navy]] and EIC were hunting for ''Fancy'' and that "Captain Bridgeman" was Every himself, Trott denied ever knowing anything about the pirates' history other than what they told him, adamant that the island's population "saw no reason to disbelieve them."<ref name="Woodard2007, p.13" /> This he argued despite the fact that the proclamation for the pirates' capture specifically warned that Every's crew could "probably be known and discovered by the great quantities of gold and silver of foreign coins which they have with them." In the meantime, however, Every's men were free to frequent the town's pubs. Nevertheless, the crew soon found themselves disappointed with the Bahamas; the islands were sparsely populated, meaning that there was virtually no place to spend the money they had pirated. For the next several months the pirates spent most of their time living in relative boredom. By now Trott had stripped ''Fancy'' of everything valuable, and it was lost after being violently driven against some rocks, perhaps deliberately on the orders of Trott, who was eager to rid himself of a key piece of evidence.<ref>{{harvnb|Fox|2008|pp=107–109}}</ref>

=== Disappearance ===

Burgess argues that when the proclamation for the apprehension of Every and his crew reached Trott, he was forced to either put a warrant out for Every's arrest or, failing to do so, effectively disclose his association with the pirate. Preferring the former choice for the sake of his reputation, he alerted the authorities as to the pirates' whereabouts, but was able to tip off Every and his crew before the authorities arrived. Every's 113-person crew then fashioned their hasty escape, vanishing from the island with only twenty-four men ever captured, five of whom were executed. Every himself was never seen again.<ref name="Burgess2009a, p.144" /> His last words to his men were a litany of conflicting stories of where he planned to go, likely intended to throw pursuers off his trail.

It has been suggested that because Every was unable to buy a pardon from Trott or from the [[governor of Jamaica]], his crew split up, some remaining in the [[West Indies]], the majority heading to North America, and the rest, including Every himself, returning to England. Of these, some sailed aboard the sloop ''Isaac'', while Every and about twenty other men sailed in the sloop ''Sea Flower'' (captained by Faro) to [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] towards the end of June 1696. They aroused suspicions while unloading their treasure, and two of the men were subsequently caught. Every, however, was able to escape once again.<ref>{{harvnb|Rogoziński|2000|p=90}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Polacca]]
* [[Sloop]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|19em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Baer |first=Joel |year=2005 |title=Pirates of the British Isles |publisher=Tempus |isbn=9780752423043}}
* {{cite book |last=Botting |first=Douglas |year=1978 |title=The Seafarers: The Pirates |publisher=Time-Life Books |pages=82–83}}
* {{cite book |title=The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America |last=Burgess |first=Douglas R. |year=2009a |publisher= McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-147476-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Burgess |first1=Douglas R. |year=2009b |title=Piracy in the Public Sphere: The Henry Every Trials and the Battle for Meaning in Seventeenth-Century Print Culture |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=887–913 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |doi=10.1086/603599 |s2cid=145637922 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries |last=Davis |first=Ralph |author-link=Ralph Henry Carless Davis |year=1962 |publisher= Macmillan Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-0-905555-20-1 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Pirate Wars |last=Earle |first=Peter |year=2006 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-33580-9 }}
* {{cite book |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |editor1-first=Henry Miers |editor1-last=Elliot |editor1-link=Henry Miers Elliot |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Dowson |editor2-link=John Dowson |volume=7 |year=1877 |publisher=Trübner & Co |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzhbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA350 |access-date=2 January 2012 }}
* {{cite book |title=King of the Pirates: The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every |last=Fox |first=E. T. |year=2008 |publisher=Tempus Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-0-7524-4718-6 }}
* {{cite book |title=Pirates of the Eastern Seas (1618–1723): A Lurid Page of History |last=Grey |first=Charles |year=1933 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Co |location=London |oclc=499970 }}
* {{cite book |title=Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents |last=Jameson |first=John Franklin |author-link=J. Franklin Jameson |year=1923 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=New York |chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24882 |chapter=Case of Henry Every |pages=153–188 |access-date=19 June 2010 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=1991 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-217515-9 }}
* {{cite book |title=Piracy: The Complete History |last=Konstam |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Konstam |year=2008 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84603-240-0 }}
* {{cite book |title=Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean |last=Rogoziński |first=Jan |year=2000 |publisher=Stackpole Books |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |isbn=978-0-8117-1529-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Saletore |first=Rajaram Narayan |year=1978 |title=Indian Pirates |publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}
* {{cite book |title=Pirates: A History |last=Travers |first=Tim |year=2007 |publisher=Tempus Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-0-7524-3936-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Woodard |first=Colin |year=2007 |title=The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=Orlando, FL |isbn=978-0-15-101302-9 |pages=20–23}}
* {{cite book |title=Annesley of Surat and His Times, the True Story of the Mythical Wesley Fortune |first=Arnold |last=Wright |year=1918 |publisher=Andrew Melrose |location=London |url=https://archive.org/stream/annesleyofsurath00wrigiala#page/154/mode/2up |access-date=29 October 2011 }}
{{refend}}

{{Hajj incidents|state=expanded}}
{{Pirates}}
[[Category:Piracy in the Persian Gulf]]
[[Category:1690s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:History of the Red Sea]]
[[Category:Military history of the Indian Ocean]]

Citadel: Honey Bunny

2026-04-01T17:41:57Z

SilviaVanwinkle: new some info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian television series by Raj & DK}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Citadel- Honey Bunny.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Action fiction|Action]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
* [[Spy fiction|Spy thriller]]
* [[Techno-thriller]]
}}
| developer = [[Sita Menon|Sita R. Menon]]
| director = {{plainlist|
* Raj & DK
}}
| writer = Sita R. Menon [[Raj & DK]] '''Dialogues:''' [[Sumit Arora]] Denzil Frank
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Varun Dhawan]]
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
* [[Kay Kay Menon]]
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran Bagga]]
* [[Sikandar Kher]]
* [[Saqib Saleem]]
}}
| music = [[Sachin-Jigar]] Fiddlecraft [[When Chai Met Toast]] Outfly
| composer = Aman Pant Alex Belcher
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 6
| num_seasons = 1
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Russo brothers|Anthony Russo]]
* [[Russo brothers|Joe Russo]]
* Mike Larocca
* Angela Russo-Otstot
* Scott Nemes
* [[David Weil (showrunner)|David Weil]]
* Raj & DK
}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Syed Zaid Ali
* Alek Conic
}}
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* Johan Heurlin Aidt
}}
| editor = Sumeet Kotian
| runtime = 42–54 minutes
| company = {{plainlist|
* [[Amazon MGM Studios]]
* [[AGBO|Gozie AGBO]]
* Midnight Radio
* PKM
* Picrow
* d2r Films
}}
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|11|6|df=y}}
| last_aired =
| related = ''[[Citadel (TV series)|Citadel]]'' ''[[Citadel: Diana]]'' (Italy)
}}

'''''Citadel: Honey Bunny''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Spy fiction|spy]] [[Action fiction|action]] [[television series]] directed by [[Raj & DK]], who co-wrote with [[Sita Menon|Sita R. Menon]]. It is the [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] to the American television series ''[[Citadel (TV series)|Citadel]]'' on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and revolves around the story of Honey and Bunny, who are related to the character Nadia Sinh (played by [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the original series). The series stars [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as the title characters with [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Sikandar Kher]], [[Saqib Saleem]], Soham Majumdar, Shivankit Singh Parihar and [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=OTT releases to watch this week: Citadel Honey Bunny, Vijay 69, The Buckingham Murders, Devara Part 1, and more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ott-releases-to-watch-this-week-citadel-honey-bunny-vijay-69-the-buckingham-murders-devara-part-1-vettaiyan-101730991602323.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

''Citadel: Honey Bunny'' was released on 6 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2024 |title=Raj Nidimoru and Krishna DK drop photos with Citadel team, Varun Dhawan and Samantha Ruth Prabhu; spark speculations about a teaser |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/raj-nidimoru-krishna-dk-drop-photos-citadel-team-varun-dhawan-samantha-ruth-prabhu-spark-speculations-teaser/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In April 2025, the series was canceled after one season with the intention to integrate some of its storylines in Citadel's second season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=16 April 2025 |title='Citadel' Spinoffs 'Honey Bunny' & 'Diana' Canceled; Mothership's Season 2 Gets 2026 Release Window On Prime Video |url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/citadel-honey-bunny-diana-canceled-season-2-premiere-window-1236369694/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
===1992===
Rahi "Bunny" Gambhir works as a [[stunt performer|stunt double]] in [[Bollywood]], but leads a secret life as a [[spy]] for Guru alias "Baba". Bunny’s team consists of Chacko and Ludo, who are like family to him. One day, Bunny meets Hanimandakini ''Honey'' Raj, a struggling actress (flashback reveals she's the illegitimate daughter of a royal family in [[Andhra Pradesh]]). They start to get close and he eventually asks her to join him for a side gig. Honey agrees, but things go wrong when they are intercepted by Zooni's led by Shaan, and she gets shot. Honey recovers at Bunny's place and he reveals his background and secret life as a spy to her. They fall in love and Honey decides to become an agent, where Bunny trains her and eventually lets her join the team.

Their next mission takes them to [[Belgrade]] to track down Dr. Raghu Rao, who is supposed to be there to retrieve a device called ''Armada'', from Dr. Pavel. Armada is a high-tech gadget that can track important individuals and is valuable in arms dealing, something Zooni has her eyes on. Honey finds out she is pregnant and discovers that Dr. Raghu is an innocent civilian. Bunny promises her that Raghu will not be harmed, but Baba orders him to kill Dr. Raghu anyway. Zooni is revealed to be leading Citadel. Devastated by Dr.'s death and realising she's on the wrong side, Honey leaks Baba’s location to Citadel and has him arrested. Honey reveals her pregnancy to Bunny and escapes with the Armada. However, Kedar ''KD'', a new recruit, attacks Honey’s car, seemingly killing her. Bunny is fired by Baba believing him to be responsible for getting Honey into their lives.

===2000===
Honey has survived and is now living in hiding with her daughter [[Citadel (TV series)|Nadia]], in [[Nainital]]. Baba's new agents eventually track them down to retrieve the Armada. Bunny, who now works as a singer in [[Bucharest]], finds out that Honey and his daughter are still alive through a secured online chat with Ludo. Bunny reunites with Chacko and they start looking for Honey. KD is sent to hunt Honey down, but Bunny intercepts him at ''Base 33'' and kills his team, alerting Baba. Honey takes Nadia to the ancestral palace in Andhra Pradesh where she was born and grew up and tells her about her past.

Bunny, Chacko, and Ludo locate a Citadel base in [[Mumbai]] and track Honey’s whereabouts. They discover that Zooni Shatsang, the Director of Citadel India, has been working with Baba and even helped him escape from Citadel's custody in 1999. Baba was an ex-Citadel agent and managed to turn Zooni by spinning emotional stories about her husband, Rinzy who was also Baba's best friend. Honey passes this information to Shaan, Zooni's colleague, who arrests her. Meanwhile, Bunny goes to Baba and destroys the Armada in front of him, telling him to now leave his family alone.

Honey and Bunny regroup at her ancestral palace, but KD and his team track down and attack them, ignoring Baba’s orders not to attack them; KD continues the assault. The palace is left in ruins, but Honey, Bunny, and Nadia narrowly escape. They are ambushed again by KD and Bunny lets Honey and Nadia escape, while he stays behind to face him. In a final showdown, they shoot each other, but survive; Bunny convinces KD to see how Baba has been manipulating young recruits like them all along. More agents arrive to capture Bunny and Honey, but Bunny stands ready to fight back, while Honey and Nadia wait for him, ending the show at a cliffhanger.

== Cast and characters ==
=== Main ===
* [[Varun Dhawan]] as Raahi "Bunny" Gambhir, Honey's lover and Nadia's father
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] as Hanimandakini "Honey" Raj, Bunny's lover and Nadia's mother / "Noorie" / "Maadhavi Kumar"
* Kashvi Majmundar as Nadia, daughter of Bunny and Honey
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Guru aliases "Baba" and "Vishwa"
* [[Sikandar Kher]] as Shaan
* [[Saqib Saleem]] as Kedar "KD"
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Zooni Shatsang alias "Eagle", Director of Citadel India and Guru's past friend
* Soham Majumdar as Ludo
* [[Shivankit Singh Parihar]] as Chacko

=== Supporting ===
* [[Bhuvan Arora]] as Honey's actor friend
* [[Shashank Vyas]] as Vivek, the owner of a Bakery and Honey's friend
* Mohit R. Thakur as Jagan; Rahi, Chacko, and Ludo's friend
* Armaan Khera as Nakul
* Vikrant Koul as Agent Vinod
* Raimundo Querido as Jaby
* Michael Teh as Mr. Jiming
* Supurna Malakar as Leena, Chacko's wife
* Shilpi Arora as Guru's wife (Ep 1)
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Dr. Raghu Rao (Ep 2-3)

====Honey's family====
* Ajith Koshy as Seshadri Raj, Narasimharaja's brother and Honey's uncle
* Yash Puri as Pratapa Rudra Raj, Honey's half-brother
* [[Mukhtar Khan]] as Raja Narasimharaja Pratap, Honey and Pratapa's father
* Shruthi Narayanan as Nanjamani, Honey's mother (Ep 2)
* Hardika Sharma as young Honey (Ep 2)
* Arush as young Pratapa, Honey's half-brother (Ep 2)
* Kamtam Kiran Kumar as Honey's husband

==== Bunny's family ====
* Jihan Jeetendra Hodar as young Bunny (Ep 2)
* Juhi Arora as Bunny's mother (Ep 2)

=== Guest ===
* Aejaz Gulab as Stunt Master (Ep 1)
* Raksha Kumawat as Apartment Girl 1 (Ep 1)
* [[Shiva Rindani]] as the Film Director (Ep 1)
* Praveen Nithariya as Casting Director Amar (Ep 1)
* Izudin Bajrovic as Dr. Pavel, Dr. Raghu's friend and colleague
* Statsa Nikolic as Sofia, a girl Bunny met in the bar
* [[Parmeet Sethi]] as David D'Souza, Disc Keeper (Epi 1)
* Ajith Koshy as Guard Seshadri (Ep 2)

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#FFCB3D |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |country= |aux4= |aux4T= Length (minutes) |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Dancing and Fighting
|DirectedBy = [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.]]
|WrittenBy = Sita R. Menon Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K. Dialogues: [[Sumit Arora]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|06}}
|Aux4 = 52 minutes
|ShortSummary = In 2000, Honey is raising her school-aged daughter [[Nainital]]. In 1992, Honey is auditioning to be an actress in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. Guru, to whom Bunny reports, has the code-name "Vishwa".
|LineColor = #FFCB3D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Talwar
|DirectedBy = Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.
|WrittenBy = Sita R. Menon Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K. Dialogues: Sumit Arora
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|06}}
|Aux4 = 55 minutes
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FFCB3D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Spy Game
|DirectedBy = Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.
|WrittenBy = Sita R. Menon Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K. Dialogues: Sumit Arora
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|06}}
|Aux4 = 47 minutes
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FFCB3D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Home
|DirectedBy = Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.
|WrittenBy = Sita R. Menon Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K. Dialogues: Sumit Arora
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|06}}
|Aux4 = 52 minutes
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FFCB3D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Traitor
|DirectedBy = Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.
|WrittenBy = Sita R. Menon Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K. Dialogues: Sumit Arora
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|06}}
|Aux4 = 43 minutes
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FFCB3D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Play
|DirectedBy = Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.
|WrittenBy = Sita R. Menon Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K. Dialogues: Sumit Arora
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|06}}
|Aux4 = 54 minutes
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FFCB3D
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In December 2022, [[Russo brothers|Anthony and Joe Russo]] announced the Indian spin-off of ''[[Citadel (TV series)|Citadel]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=Peter |date=20 December 2022 |title='Citadel': Varun Dhawan To Star In Indian Series Set In Amazon Franchise |url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/citadel-varun-dhawan-to-star-in-indian-series-set-in-amazon-franchise-1235202848/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] play the lead cast in the series as Bunny and Honey.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=19 March 2024 |title=Varun Dhawan, Samatha Ruth Prabhu's Indian Version of Russo Brothers Prime Video 'Citadel' Series Sets Title, Reveals Cast (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/varun-dhawan-samatha-ruth-prabhu-indian-version-citadel-series-1235945422/ |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Filming of the series began in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2022 |title=Russo Brothers announce Varun Dhawan as the lead of Citadel in India; shooting begins in January 2023 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/russo-brothers-announce-varun-dhawan-lead-citadel-india-shooting-begins-january-2023/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> The series was shot in [[Serbia]] and India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajput |first=Priyanca |date=27 June 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan's debut series Citadel to shoot in Serbia for Prime Video |url=https://www.kftv.com/news/2023/05/30/varun-dhawans-debut-series-citadel-to-shoot-in-serbia-for-prime-video |access-date=30 July 2023 |work=[[Kemps Film and TV Production Services Handbook|KFTV]]}}</ref> Filming wrapped on 13 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Madhumanti Pait |date=13 July 2023 |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu Wraps Citadel : "The Family I Didn't Know I Needed" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/samantha-ruth-prabhu-wraps-citadel-the-family-i-didnt-know-i-needed-4204348 |access-date=30 July 2023 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Citadel: Honey Bunny
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin-Jigar]], Fiddlecraft, [[When Chai Met Toast]], Outfly, Aman Pant and Alex Belcher
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citadel: Honey Bunny (Amazon Original Series Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2mEB90FcpwBnF4NVya4wvh?si=DWnxsviXSl-VC2tcNoRoHw |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Spotify}}</ref>
| recorded = 2023–2024
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=29|s=51}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|mwFMbytcKxc&pp|Citadel: Honey Bunny (Audio Jukebox)}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 29:51
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Honey Bunny
| lyrics1 = [[Priya Saraiya]]
| music1 = [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| extra1 = Sachin–Jigar, [[Ash King]], Shubham Kabra, Shruti Dhasmana
| length1 = 3:03
| title2 = Yeh Safar
| lyrics2 = Priya Saraiya
| music2 = Sachin-Jigar
| extra2 = Sachin-Jigar, [[Shilpa Rao]], Osho Jain
| length2 = 2:55
| title3 = Tufaan
| lyrics3 = Fiddlecraft
| music3 = Fiddlecraft
| extra3 = Fiddlecraft
| length3 = 2:46
| title4 = Blue Skies
| lyrics4 = [[When Chai Met Toast]], Siddhant Kaushal
| music4 = When Chai Met Toast
| extra4 = When Chai Met Toast
| length4 = 2:11
| title5 = Rihaa
| lyrics5 = Akshay Poojary
| music5 = Outfly
| extra5 = Gravity
| length5 = 2:44
| title6 = Ghum Hain Kahin
| lyrics6 = Ramil Ganjoo, Akhil Tiwari
| music6 = Aman Pant
| extra6 = [[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
| length6 = 3:58
| title7 = Zaroori To Nahi
| lyrics7 = Akhil Tiwari
| music7 = Aman Pant
| extra7 = Kinjal Chatterjee
| length7 = 4:05
| title8 = Beast Mode
| lyrics8 = Abin Thomas, Rob C, Pratika
| music8 = Aman Pant
| extra8 = Rohan Pathak, Rob C, Pratika
| length8 = 2:36
| title9 = Title Theme
| note9 = Instrumental
| lyrics9 = –
| music9 = Aman Pant, Alex Belcher
| extra9 = –
| length9 = 0:59
| title10 = Zaroori To Nahi
| note10 = Live Version
| lyrics10 = Akhil Tiwari
| music10 = Aman Pant
| extra10 = Manoj Mishra
| length10 = 4:34
}}

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|80|6.1|15}} Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] gave it 2 stars out of 5 with comments, "The series does not exactly go down in flames but neither does it have us holding our breath as its action set pieces explode on screen."

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt27111295}}

{{Raj & DK}}
{{Amazon Prime Video original series}}

[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Television series by Amazon MGM Studios]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian espionage television series]]
[[Category:Science fiction adventure television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Tripura University

2026-03-26T20:44:33Z

SilviaVanwinkle: basic cleanup article to improve readability additionally

{{short description|Central university in Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Tripura University
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| motto = Pursuit of Excellence
| established = {{start date and age|1987}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]
| chancellor = [[Ahmed Javed]]
| vice_chancellor = Shyamal Das ''(acting)''
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| rector = [[Governor of Tripura]]
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = Suryamaninagar
| state = [[Tripura]]
| postalcode =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.761|N|91.266|E|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| campus = [[Rural areas|Rural]]
| language = English, Bengali, Kokborok, Hindi
| website = {{URL|http://tripurauniv.ac.in/}}
| image_name = Tripura University Logo.png
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[AICTE]]}}
}}

'''Tripura University''' is a [[Public university|public]] [[Central university (India)|central]] [[research university]], the main public government university of the state of [[Tripura]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tripura University {{!}} West District, Government of Tripura {{!}} India|url=https://westtripura.nic.in/public-utility/colleges-universities/|access-date=2021-06-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Higher education in Tripura has its beginning with [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College]] (MBBC), the first-degree college in the state, established in 1947, and affiliates to [[Calcutta University]] (CU). This was followed by [[Ramkrishna Mahavidyalaya]] in 1950, [[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College]] formerly known as [[Belonia College]] in 1964 and [[Ramthakur College]] in 1967, all affiliated to the [[Calcutta University|CU]]. No postgraduate college existed in Tripura, until in 1967 the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) sanctioned a post-graduate wing of CU, named Calcutta University Post graduate Centre (CUPGC), established in 1985. In 1987 Tripura University was established through the ''Tripura University Act'', on the grounds of CUPGC.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of University |url=https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/History_of_University |website=www.tripurauniv.ac.in |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>

In 2007 Tripura University was elevated to a [[central university (India)|central university]] under the ''Tripura University Act, 2006''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A2007-9.pdf |access-date=28 June 2021 |date=10 January 2007|title=Tripura University Act, 2006}}</ref> Sudip Bandopadhya was appointed the first [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]] and [[Arunoday Saha]] the first [[vice-chancellor]] (VC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura University elevated to a Central University |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/07/04/tripura-university-elevated-centraluniversity.html |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=oneindia.com |date=2007-07-04 |language=en}}</ref> Saha was followed by Anjan Kumar Ghosh,<ref>{{cite news |title=Anjan Kumar Ghosh appointed as the new VC of Tripura University |url=https://www.cfo-india.in/cmsarticle/anjan-kumar-ghosh-appointed-as-the-new-vc-of-tripura-university/ |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=CFO India}}</ref> followed by Vijaykumar Laxmikantrao Dharurkar, who was appointed the third VC in July 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=New VC in Tripura University |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/new-vc-in-tripura-university-118071600347_1.html |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=[[Business Standard India]] |date=2018-07-16}}</ref> In September 2019, Dharurkar resigned over corruption allegations<ref name=resigns>{{cite news |last1=Barman |first1=Sourav Roy |last2=Chopra |first2=Ritika |title=Tripura University V-C resigns after sting video, claims threat to life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tripura-university-v-c-dharurkar-resigns-after-sting-video-claims-threat-to-life-5976336/ |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2019-09-08 |language=en}}</ref> and was replaced by acting VC Sangram Sinha.<ref>{{cite news |title=MHRD removes Tripura University VC on 'corruption charges' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/mhrd-removes-tripura-university-vc-on-corruption-charges-1597076-2019-09-09 |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |date=9 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Sinha was replaced by acting VC Mahesh Kumar Singh in January 2020,<ref>{{cite news |title=MK Singh new VC of Tripura University |url=https://tripurainfo.com/TripuraNews/MK-Singh-new-VC-of-Tripura-University5439.html |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=tripurainfo.com |date=27 January 2020}}</ref> who remained in the position until August 2020, when Ganga Prasad Prasain was appointed VC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof Prasain takes charge of new VC of Tripura University |url=http://www.uniindia.com/prof-prasain-takes-charge-of-new-vc-of-tripura-university/east/news/2126180.html |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=[[United News of India]] |date=18 August 2020}}</ref>

==Location==
The campus of Tripura University is situated at Suryamaninagar, 10 km away from the city centre of [[Agartala]].

==Affiliated colleges==
Notable affiliated colleges include:
*[[Agartala Government Medical College]], [[Kunjaban]]
*Ambedkar College
*[[Dasaratha Deb Memorial College]]
*[[Sachin Debbarman Memorial Government Music College, Agartala|Sachin Deb Barman Memorial Govt. Music College, Lichubagan]]
*[[Government Degree College, Dharmanagar]]
*[[Government Degree College, Kamalpur]]
*[[Government General Degree College, Khumulwng|Government Degree College, Khumulwng]]
*[[Government Degree College, Teliamura]]
*[[Government Degree College, Gandacharra]]
*[[Government Degree College, Longtharai Valley]]
*[[Holy Cross College, Agartala]]
*[[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College]], [[Belonia, India|Belonia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=COLLEGE AT A GLANCE |url=https://southtripura.nic.in/icv-govt-degree-college/ |publisher=Government of Tripura |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215102436/https://southtripura.nic.in/icv-govt-degree-college/ |archive-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>
*[[Kabi Nazrul Mahavidyalaya]], [[Sonamura]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome |url=http://knmsonamura.ac.in/ |publisher=Kabi Nazrul Mahavidyalaya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726200935/http://knmsonamura.ac.in/ |archive-date=26 July 2024}}</ref>
*[[Michael Madhusudan Dutta College]]
*Netaji Subhash Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur
*[[Rabindranath Thakur Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Ramthakur College]], [[Agartala]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Tripura University |url=https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/affiliatedCollege1 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814111933/https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/affiliatedCollege1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Ramkrishna Mahavidyalaya]], [[Kailashahar|Kailashahar]]
*[[Tripura Institute of Technology]], [[Narsingarh, Tripura|Narsingarh]]
*[[Tripura Santiniketan Medical College]]
*Tripura State Academy of Tribal Culture
*[[Women's College, Agartala]]
*[[Tripura Medical College & Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Teaching Hospital]]
*Tripura Institute of Paramedical Sciences (Hapania, Agartala)
*Regional Institute of Pharmaceutical Science And Technology (RIPSAT), [[Agartala]]

==Alumni==
===Arts===
* [[Nanda Kumar Deb Barma]], poet and playwright

===Politics===
* [[Manik Sarkar]], 9th [[Chief Minister of Tripura]]
* [[Biplab Kumar Deb]], 10th [[Chief Minister of Tripura]]
* [[Pratima Bhoumik]], former MP from [[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
* [[Rebati Tripura]], former MP from [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]
* [[Malina Debnath]], former MLA from [[Jubarajnagar Assembly constituency|Jubarajnagar]]
* [[Sudip Roy Barman]], MLA from [[Agartala Assembly constituency|Agartala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/}}

{{IndianCentralUniv}}
{{Tripura University}}
{{Universities in smaller states and territories of India}}
{{Tripura}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tripura University| ]]
[[Category:Universities in Tripura]]
[[Category:Education in Agartala]]
[[Category:Central universities in India]]
[[Category:Colleges in Tripura]]

Missionary

2026-03-21T23:42:08Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Member of a religious group sent into an area to promote their faith}}
{{other uses}}
{{Redirect|Mission partner||Mission (disambiguation)|and|Partner (disambiguation)}}
[[File:IVE Missionaries in Papua New Guinea.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|[[Catholic Church|Catholic]] missionaries in [[Papua New Guinea]]]]
A '''missionary''' is a member of a [[Religious denomination|religious group]] who is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as [[education]], [[literacy]], [[social justice]], [[health care]], and [[economic development]].<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/missionary Missionary Define Missionary]. ''dictionary.reference.com''. Retrieved on 2019-05-16.</ref><ref name="Thomas Hale 2003">Thomas Hale 'On Being a Missionary' 2003, William Carey Library Pub, {{ISBN|0-87808-255-7}}.</ref>

In the [[Bible translations into Latin|Latin translation of the Bible]], [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] says the word when he sends the disciples into areas and commands them to preach the [[gospel]] in his name. The term is most commonly used in reference to [[Christian mission]]s, but it can also be used in reference to any [[creed]] or [[ideology]].<ref>For example, [[Buddhism]] launched "the first large-scale missionary effort in the history of the world's religions" in the 3rd century BCE. ([[Richard Foltz]], ''Religions of the Silk Road'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010, p. 37 {{ISBN|978-0-230-62125-1}}).</ref>

The word ''mission'' originated in 1598 when [[Jesuits]], the members of the [[Society of Jesus]] sent members abroad, derived from the Latin {{lang|la|missionem}} ([[nominative case|nom.]] {{lang|la|missio}}), meaning 'act of sending' or {{lang|la|mittere}}, meaning 'to send'.<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mission Online Etymology Dictionary]. ''etymonline.com''. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</ref>

==By religion==

===Buddhist missions===
[[File:Buddhism Growth in Hellenic World.png|alt=|thumb|Buddhist [[proselytism]] at the time of king Ashoka (260–218 BCE), according to his [[Edicts of Ashoka|Edicts]]]]
[[File:Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg|thumb|[[Central Asia]]n [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] teaching a [[Chinese people|Chinese]] monk. [[Bezeklik]], 9th–10th century; although [[Albert von Le Coq]] (1913) assumed the [[blue eyes|blue-eyed]], [[red hair|red-haired]] monk was a [[Tocharians|Tocharian]],<ref>von Le Coq, Albert. (1913). [https://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0003.html.en ''Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan'']. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, [https://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-B-31/V-1/page-hr/0107.html.en Tafel 19]. (Accessed 3 September 2016).</ref> modern scholarship has identified similar [[Caucasian race|Caucasian figures]] of [[:File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg|the same cave temple]] (No. 9) as ethnic [[Sogdia]]ns,<ref name="gasparini 2014 pp134-163">Gasparini, Mariachiara. "[https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32 A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin]," in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds), ''Transcultural Studies'', Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp. 134–163. {{ISSN|2191-6411}}. See also [https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32 endnote #32]. (Accessed 3 September 2016.)</ref> an [[Eastern Iranian people]] who inhabited [[Turfan]] as an ethnic minority community during the phases of [[Tang dynasty|Tang Chinese]] (7th–8th century) and [[Kingdom of Qocho|Uyghur rule]] (9th–13th century).<ref>Hansen, Valerie (2012), ''The Silk Road: A New History'', Oxford University Press, p. 98, {{ISBN|978-0-19-993921-3}}.</ref>]]

The first Buddhist missionaries were called "Dharma Bhanaks", and some{{who|date=October 2017}} see a missionary charge in the symbolism behind the Buddhist wheel, which is said to travel all over the earth bringing Buddhism with it. The Emperor [[Ashoka]] was a significant early Buddhist missioner. In the 3rd century BCE, [[Dharmaraksita]]—among others—was sent out by emperor Ashoka to proselytize<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dokras |first=Dr Uday |date=2021-01-01 |title=Greece Kingdoms in India |url=https://www.academia.edu/51499705 |journal=Indo Nordic Author's Collective}}</ref> and initially the [[Buddhist]] tradition through the Indian [[Maurya Empire]], but later into the Mediterranean as far as Greece. Gradually, all India and the neighboring island of [[Ceylon]] were converted. Then, in later periods, Buddhism spread eastward and southeastward to the present lands of [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Welty, Paul Thomas 1966 pg. 77">Welty, Paul Thomas. The Asians: Their Heritage and Their Destiny (Rev. Ed.). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. (1966); p. 77.</ref>

Buddhism was spread among the [[Turkic people]] during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE into modern-day Pakistan, [[Kashmir]], [[Afghanistan]], eastern and coastal [[Iran]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Tajikistan]]. It was also taken into China brought by [[Kasyapa Matanga]] in the 2nd century [[Common Era|CE]], [[Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)|Lokaksema]] and [[An Shigao]] translated Buddhist sutras into Chinese. [[Dharmarakṣa]] was one of the greatest translators of Mahayana Buddhist scriptures into Chinese. Dharmaraksa came to the Chinese capital of [[Luoyang]] in 266 CE, where he made the first known translations of the [[Lotus Sutra]] and the [[Dasabhumika Sutra]], which were to become some of the classic texts of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism. Altogether, Dharmaraksa translated around 154 [[Hīnayāna]] and [[Mahāyāna]] ''[[sutra]]s'', representing most of the important texts of Buddhism available in the Western Regions. His [[proselytizing]] is said to have converted many to Buddhism in China, and made [[Chang'an]], present-day [[Xi'an]], a major center of Buddhism. Buddhism expanded rapidly, especially among the common people, and by 381 most of the people of northwest China were Buddhist. Winning converts also among the rulers and scholars, by the end of the [[Tang dynasty]] Buddhism was found everywhere in China.<ref>Welty, Paul Thomas. The Asians: Their Heritage and Their Destiny (Revised Edition). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. (1966); pp. 146–147.</ref>

[[Marananta]] brought Buddhism to the Korean Peninsula in the 4th century. [[Seong of Baekje]], known as a great patron of [[Buddhism]] in [[Korea]], built many temples and welcomed priests bringing Buddhist texts directly from India. In 528, Baekje officially adopted Buddhism as its state religion. He sent tribute missions to Liang in 534 and 541, on the second occasion requesting artisans as well as various Buddhist works and a teacher. According to Chinese records, all these requests were granted. A subsequent mission was sent in 549, only to find the Liang capital in the hands of the rebel [[Hou Jing]], who threw them in prison for lamenting the fall of the capital. He is credited with having sent a mission in 538 to [[Japan]] that brought an image of [[Shakyamuni]] and several sutras to the Japanese court. This has traditionally been considered the official introduction of Buddhism to Japan. An account of this is given in ''[[Gangōji Garan Engi]]''. First supported by the Soga clan, Buddhism rose over the objections of the pro-Shinto [[Mononobe]],<ref name="Crim, Keith 1989 pg. 523">Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: HarperCollins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; p. 523.</ref> and Buddhism entrenched itself in Japan with the conversion of Prince [[Shotoku Taishi]].<ref name="Welty, Paul Thomas 1966 pg. 77"/> When in 710 [[Emperor Shomu]] established a new capital at [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] with urban [[Grid plan#Asia from the first millennium AD|grid plan]] modeled after the capital of China, Buddhism received official support and began to flourish.<ref name="Crim, Keith 1989 pg. 523"/>

[[Padmasambhava]], The Lotus Born, was a sage guru from Oḍḍiyāna who is said to have transmitted Vajrayana Buddhism to [[Bhutan]] and [[Tibet]] and neighbouring countries in the 8th century.

The use of missions, councils, and monastic institutions influenced the emergence of Christian missions and organizations, which developed similar structures in places that were formerly Buddhist missions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sats.edu.za/userfiles/Final%20Thesis%20Joseph%20Paul%20Charles.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-09 |archive-date=2013-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212062522/http://www.sats.edu.za/userfiles/Final%20Thesis%20Joseph%20Paul%20Charles.pdf }}</ref>

During the 19th and 20th centuries, Western intellectuals such as [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Max Müller]], and [[esoteric]] societies such as the [[Theosophical Society]] of [[H.P. Blavatsky]], [[Charles Henry Allan Bennett#Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland|The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] and the [[Buddhist Society, London]] spread interest in Buddhism. Writers such as [[Hermann Hesse]] and [[Jack Kerouac]], in the West, and the [[hippie]] generation of the late 1960s and early 1970s led to a re-discovery of Buddhism. During the 20th and 21st centuries Buddhism has again been propagated by missionaries into the West such as [[Charles Henry Allan Bennett|Ananda Metteyya]] ([[Theravada Buddhism]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Dr Elizabeth J |title=Ananda Metteya, the First British Emissary of Buddhism; see note 36 | journal=The Wheel Publication | isbn=955-24-0179-8 |date=1998a |volume=420/422 |url=https://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh420_Harris_Ananda-Metteyya--First-British-Emissary-of-Buddhism.pdf }}</ref> [[Suzuki Daisetsu Teitarō]] ([[Zen Buddhism]]),<ref>{{cite book | last1=Antes | first1=Peter | last2=Geertz | first2=Armin W. | last3=Warne | first3=Randi R. | title=New Approaches to the Study of Religion. Volume 1 – Regional, Critical, and Historical Approaches (p. 471 cites Fader 1986: 95, p. 472 cites Humphreys 1968: 78–79) | date=2004 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | isbn=978-3-11-017698-8 }}</ref> the [[Dalai Lama]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-19 |title=3.8: Expansion of Buddhism |url=https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Philosophy_of_Religion_(Picorino)/03%3A_Buddhism/3.08%3A_Expansion_of_Buddhism |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Humanities LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref> and monks including [[Lama Surya Das]] (Tibetan Buddhism). [[Tibetan Buddhism]] has been significantly active and successful in the West since the Chinese takeover of Tibet in 1959. Today Buddhists make a decent proportion of several countries in the West such as [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], the [[Netherlands]], [[France]], and the [[United States]].

In Canada, the immense popularity and goodwill ushered in by [[Tibet]]'s [[Dalai Lama]] (who has been made honorary Canadian citizen) put Buddhism in a favourable light in the country. Many non-Asian Canadians embraced Buddhism in various traditions and some have become leaders in their respective [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sanghas]].

In the early 1990s, the French Buddhist Union (UBF, founded in 1986) estimated that there are 600,000 to 650,000 Buddhists in France, with 150,000 French converts among them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalbuddhism.org/2/obadia012.html|title=Tibetan Buddhism in France: A Missionary Religion?|work=globalbuddhism.org|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022707/http://www.globalbuddhism.org/2/obadia012.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> In 1999, sociologist Frédéric Lenoir estimated there are 10,000 converts and up to five million "sympathizers", although other researchers have questioned these numbers.<ref>Lenoir, Frédéric. Le bouddhisme en France. Paris: Fayard, 1999.</ref>

[[Taisen Deshimaru]] was a Japanese [[Zen Buddhism|Zen Buddhist]] who founded numerous [[zendo]]s in France. [[Thich Nhat Hanh]], a [[Nobel Peace Prize]]-nominated, [[Vietnam]]ese-born Zen Buddhist, founded the [[Unified Buddhist Church]] (Eglise Bouddhique Unifiée) in France in 1969. The [[Plum Village Monastery]] in the [[Dordogne]] in southern France was his residence and the headquarters of his international [[Plum Village Tradition|sangha]].

[[File:Temple des 1000 Boudhas 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Temple of One Thousand Buddhas]], in [[La Boulaye]], [[Saône-et-Loire]], [[Burgundy (French region)|Burgundy]]]]

In 1968 Leo Boer and Wener van de Wetering founded a [[Zen]] group, and through two books made Zen popular in the Netherlands.<ref>Janwillem van de Wetering (1973) ''Het dagende niets'' (The Dawning of Nothingness)</ref><ref>Janwillem van de Wetering (1973) ''The Empty Mirror'' (Routledge & Kegan Paul)</ref> The guidance of the group was taken over by Erik Bruijn,<ref>[https://www.erikbruijn.nl Erik Bruijn]</ref> who is still in charge of a flourishing community. The largest Zen group now is the Kanzeon Sangha, led by Nico Tydeman under the supervision of the American Zen master [[Dennis Genpo Merzel]], Roshi, a former student of Maezumi Roshi in Los Angeles. This group has a relatively large centre where a teacher and some students live permanently. Many other groups are also represented in the Netherlands, like the Order of Buddhist Contemplatives in Apeldoorn, the [[Thich Nhat Hanh]] Order of Interbeing and the International Zen Institute Noorderpoort<ref>[https://www.zeninstitute.org/en/home.html International Zen Institute – EN – home]. Zeninstitute.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</ref> monastery/retreat centre in Drenthe, led by Jiun Hogen Roshi.

Perhaps the most widely visible Buddhist leader in the world is [[Tenzin Gyatso]], the current [[Dalai Lama]], who first visited the United States in 1979. As the exiled political leader of [[Tibet]], he has become a popular cause célèbre. His early life was depicted in Hollywood films such as ''[[Kundun]]'' and ''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|Seven Years in Tibet]]''. He has attracted celebrity religious followers such as [[Richard Gere]] and [[Adam Yauch]]. The first Western-born Tibetan Buddhist monk was [[Robert A. F. Thurman]], now an academic supporter of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama maintains a North American headquarters at [[Namgyal Monastery]] in [[Ithaca, New York]].

Lewis M. Hopfe in his "Religions of the World" suggested that "Buddhism is perhaps on the verge of another great missionary outreach" (1987:170).

===Christian missions===
{{main|Christian mission|List of Christian missionaries}}
{{see also|Jesuit reduction|Catholic missions}}
{{anchor|Catholic missions}}
[[File:Finska Missionssällskapet interior 02.JPG|thumb|''Lähetyskirkko'', a Christian mission church in [[Ullanlinna]], [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]]]
A [[Christianity|Christian]] missionary can be defined as "one who is to witness across cultures".<ref name="Thomas Hale 2003"/> The [[First International Congress on World Evangelization|Lausanne Congress]] of 1974, defined the term, related to Christian mission as, "to form a viable indigenous church-planting movement". Missionaries can be found in many countries around the world.

In [[Bible|the Bible]], [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] is recorded as instructing the apostles to make [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciples]] of all nations ({{bibleverse|Matthew|28:19–20}}, {{bibleverse|Mark|16:15–18}}). This verse is referred to by Christian missionaries as the [[Great Commission]] and inspires missionary work.

====Historic====
[[File:Rugendas - Aldea des Tapuyos.jpg|thumb|Village of Christianized Tapuyos Indians, [[Brazil]] c. 1820 CE]]

The Christian Church expanded throughout the [[Roman Empire]] already in New Testament times and is said by tradition to have reached even further, to Persia ([[Church of the East]]) and to India ([[Saint Thomas Christians]]). During the Middle Ages, the Christian [[monasteries]] and missionaries such as [[Saint Patrick]] (5th century) and [[Adalbert of Prague]] (c. 956–997) propagated Christian teachings beyond the European boundaries of the old Roman Empire. In 596, Pope [[Gregory the Great]] (in office 590–604) sent the [[Gregorian Mission]] (including [[Augustine of Canterbury]]) into England. In their turn, Christians from Ireland (the [[Hiberno-Scottish mission]]) and from Britain ([[Saint Boniface]] (c. 675–754) and the [[Anglo-Saxon mission]], for example) became prominent in converting the inhabitants of central Europe.

During the [[Age of Discovery]], the [[Catholic Church]] established a number of [[Mission (Christian)|missions]] in the Americas and in other Western colonies through the [[Augustinians]], [[Franciscans]], and [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] to spread Christianity in the New World and<ref>{{Cite book |title=Export controls: clarification of jurisdiction for missile technology items needed. |date=2001 |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office |oclc=54862406}}</ref> to convert the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] and other indigenous people. About the same time, missionaries such as [[Francis Xavier]] (1506–1552), as well as other [[Jesuits]], Augustinians, Franciscans, and Dominicans, reached Asia and the [[Far East]], and the Portuguese sent missions into Africa. Emblematic in many respects is [[Matteo Ricci]]'s [[Jesuit]] mission to China from 1582, which is often characterized as peaceful and non-violent. These missionary movements should be distinguished from others, such as the [[Baltic Crusades]] of the 12th and 13th centuries, which were often considered compromised in their motivation by designs of military conquest.

[[File:The Reception of the Rev. J. Williams, at Tanna, in the South Seas, the Day Before He Was Massacred, 1841 (B-088-015).jpg|thumb|English missionary [[John Williams (missionary)|John Williams]], active in the [[Oceania|South Pacific]]]]

Much contemporary Catholic missionary work has undergone profound change since the [[Second Vatican Council]] of 1962–1965, with an increased push for indigenization and [[inculturation]], along with [[social justice]] issues as a constitutive part of preaching [[The gospel|the Gospel]].

As the [[Catholic Church]] normally organizes itself along territorial lines and had the human and material resources, religious orders, some even specializing in it, undertook most missionary work, especially in the era after the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West. Over time, the [[Holy See]] gradually established a normalized Church structure in the mission areas, often starting with special jurisdictions known as apostolic prefectures and [[apostolic vicariates]]. At a later stage of development these foundations are raised to regular diocesan status with a local bishop appointed. On a global front, these processes were often accelerated in the later 1960s, in part accompanying political decolonization. In some regions, however, they are still in course.

Just as the Bishop of Rome had jurisdiction also in territories later considered to be in the Eastern sphere, so the missionary efforts of the two 9th-century [[saints Cyril and Methodius]] were largely conducted in relation to the West rather than the East, though the field of activity was central Europe.

The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], under the [[Orthodox Church of Constantinople]], undertook vigorous missionary work under the [[Roman Empire]] and its successor, the [[Byzantine Empire]]. This had lasting effects and in some sense is at the origin of the present relations of [[Orthodox Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] with some sixteen Orthodox national churches, including the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]], the [[Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church]], and the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchy)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] (both traditionally said to have been founded by the missionary Apostle Andrew), and the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] (said to have been founded by the missionary Apostle Paul). The Byzantines expanded their missionary work in Ukraine after the [[Baptism of Rus'|mass baptism in Kiev]] in 988. The [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] had its origins in the conversion by Byzantine missionaries of the Serb tribes when they arrived in the Balkans in the 7th century. Orthodox missionaries also worked successfully among the Estonians from the 10th to the 12th centuries, founding the [[Orthodoxy in Estonia|Estonian Orthodox Church]].

[[File:Martires de elicura.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] who were martyred by the [[Mapuche|Araucanian]] Indians in Elicura in 1612 CE]]

Under the [[Russian Empire]] of the 19th century, missionaries such as [[Nikolay Ilminsky|Nicholas Ilminsky]] (1822–1891) moved into the subject lands and propagated Orthodoxy, including through [[Belarus]], [[Latvian Orthodox Church|Latvia]], [[Moldova]], [[Finnish Orthodox Church|Finland]], [[Estonia]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Chinese Orthodox Church|China]]. The Russian [[Nicholas of Japan|St. Nicholas of Japan]] (1836–1912) took Eastern Orthodoxy to [[Japanese Orthodox Church|Japan]] in the 19th century. The [[Russian Orthodox Church]] also sent missionaries to [[Alaska]] beginning in the 18th century, including Saint [[Herman of Alaska]] (died 1836), to minister to the [[Alaska Natives|Natives]]. The [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] continued missionary work outside Russia after the 1917 [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]], resulting in the establishment of many new dioceses in the [[diaspora]], from which numerous converts have been made in Eastern Europe, North America, and Oceania.

Early [[Protestantism|Protestant]] missionaries included [[John Eliot (missionary)|John Eliot]] and contemporary ministers, including [[John Cotton (Puritan)|John Cotton]] and Richard Bourne, who ministered to the [[Algonquin people|Algonquin]] natives who lived in lands claimed by representatives of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in the early 17th century. Quaker "publishers of truth" visited Boston and other mid-17th-century colonies but were not always well received.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Quakers in Boston: 1656–1964 |publisher=Fleming & Son |year=1980 |location=Somerville |last=Sellecl |first=D. |quote=discussed throughout Chapter 1}}</ref>

The Danish government began the first organized Protestant mission work through its [[College of Missions]], established in 1714. This funded and directed [[Church of Denmark|Lutheran]] missionaries such as [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]] in [[Tranquebar]], India, and [[Hans Egede]] in [[Kangeq|Greenland]]. In 1732, while on a visit in 1732 to [[Copenhagen]] for the coronation of his cousin King [[Christian VI]], the [[Moravian Church]]'s patron Nicolas Ludwig, Count von [[Zinzendorf]], was very struck by its effects and particularly by two visiting [[Kalaallit people|Inuit]] children converted by [[Hans Egede]]. He also got to know a slave from the [[Danish Virgin Islands|Danish colony]] in the [[West Indies]]. When he returned to [[Herrnhut]] in [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], he inspired the inhabitants of the village{{spaced ndash}}it had fewer than thirty houses then{{spaced ndash}}to send out "messengers" to the slaves in the West Indies and to the [[Moravian missions in Greenland]]. Within thirty years, Moravian missionaries had become active on every continent, and this at a time when there were fewer than three hundred people in Herrnhut. They are famous for their selfless work, living as slaves among the slaves and together with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], including the [[Lenape]] and [[Cherokee]] Indian tribes. Today, the work in the former mission provinces of the worldwide Moravian Church is carried on by native workers. The fastest-growing area of the work is in [[Tanzania]] in Eastern Africa. The Moravian work in [[South Africa]] inspired [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] and the founders of the British [[Baptist]] missions. {{As of | 2014}}, seven of every ten Moravians live in a former mission field and belong to a race other than Caucasian.

Much [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] mission work came about under the auspices of the [[United Society|Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts]] (SPG, founded in 1701), the [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS, founded in 1799), and the [[Intercontinental Church Society]] (formerly the Commonwealth and Continental Church Society, originating in 1823).

====Modern====
[[File:Canyon of the Little Christians.jpg|thumb|The first recorded baptism in [[Alta California]] at [[La Christianita Canyon]]]]
[[File:Mayerhoff.jpg|thumb|A Christian missionary of the [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod|Wisconsin Lutheran Synod]] going to the [[Apache]]]]
With a dramatic increase in efforts since the 20th century, and a strong push since the ''Lausanne I: The International Congress on World Evangelization'' in Switzerland in 1974,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lausanne Movement | Connecting influencers and ideas for global mission |url=http://www.lausanne.org/Brix?pageID=12722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620162513/http://www.lausanne.org/Brix?pageID=12722 |archive-date=June 20, 2009 |website=www.lausanne.org}}</ref> modern evangelical groups have focused efforts on sending missionaries to every ethnic group in the world. While this effort has not been completed, increased attention has brought larger numbers of people distributing [[Bible]]s, [[Jesus (1979 film)|Jesus videos]], and establishing [[evangelical]] churches in more remote areas.

Internationally, the focus for many years in the later 20th century was on reaching every "people group" with [[Christianity]] by 2000. Bill Bright's leadership with Campus Crusade, the Southern Baptist [[International Mission Board]], The Joshua Project, and others brought about the need to know who these "[[unreached people group]]s" are and how those wanting to tell about the Christian God and share a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]] could reach them. The focus for these organizations transitioned from a "country focus" to a "people group focus". (From "What is a People Group?" by Dr. Orville Boyd Jenkins: A "people group" is an ethnolinguistic group with a common self-identity that is shared by the various members. There are two parts to that word: ethno and linguistic. Language is a primary and dominant identifying factor of a people group. But there are other factors that determine or are associated with ethnicity.)

[[File:The missionary ship "Duff" arriving (ca. 1797) at Otaheite, lithograph by Kronheim & Co.jpg|thumb|left|The missionary ship ''Duff'' arriving at [[Tahiti]], c. 1797]]

What can be viewed as a success by those inside and outside the church from this focus is a higher level of cooperation and friendliness among churches and denominations. It is very common for those working on international fields to not only cooperate in efforts to share their [[Gospel|gospel message]], but view the work of their groups in a similar light. Also, with the increased study and awareness of different people groups, western mission efforts have become far more sensitive to the cultural nuances of those they are going to and those they are working with in the effort.

Over the years, as indigenous churches have matured, the church of the [[Global South]] (Africa, Asia, and Latin America) has become the driving force in missions. Korean and African missionaries can now be found all over the world. These missionaries represent a major shift in church history where the nations they came from were not historically Christian. Another major shift in the form of modern missionary work takes shape in the conflation of spiritual with contemporary military metaphors and practices. Missionary work as [[spiritual warfare]] (Ephesians, Chapter 6) weapons of a spiritual sense, is the primary concept in a long-standing relationship between Christian missions and militarization. Though when the Church establishes a governance, usually this results in a formation of a national or regional military. (Romans, Chapter 13) Despite the seeming opposition between the submissive and morally upstanding associations with prayer and violence associated with militarism, these two spheres interact in a dialectical way. Yet they when properly implemented they are entangled to support one another in the upholding of a civilizations morality and the prosecution and punishment of criminals. In some cases a nations military may fail to operate according to Godly principles and is not supported by the Church or missionaries, in other cases the military is made up of the Church congregants. The results of spiritual conflict are then present in different ways as prayer can be strategically used, for or against a military.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McAlister |first=Elizabeth |title=The militarization of prayer in America: white and Native American spiritual warfare |date=2015 |journal=Journal of Religious and Political Practice |volume=1 |pages=114–130 |doi=10.1080/20566093.2016.1085239 |doi-access=free |issue=1}}</ref>

Nigeria, and other countries have had large numbers of their Christian adherents go to other countries and start churches. These non-western missionaries often have unparalleled success; because, they need few western resources and comforts to sustain their livelihood while doing the work they have chosen among a new culture and people.

{{main|London Missionary Society|Church Mission Society|China Inland Mission|Church's Ministry Among Jewish People|Baptist Missionary Society|Christianity in China}}
[[File:Preaching from a Waggon (David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|[[David Livingstone]] preaching from a wagon]]

One of the first large-scale missionary endeavors of the British colonial age was the [[Baptist Missionary Society]], founded in 1792 as the Particular Baptist Society for the Propagation of [[The gospel|the Gospel]] Amongst the Heathen.

The [[London Missionary Society]] was an [[evangelical]] organisation, bringing together from its inception both [[Anglican]]s and [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformist]]s; it was founded in England in 1795 with missions in Africa and the islands of the South Pacific. The [[Colonial Missionary Society]] was created in 1836, and directed its efforts towards promoting [[Congregationalist]] forms of [[Christianity]] among "British or other European settlers" rather than indigenous peoples.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bebbington |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1c_3TggbrcC&dq=%22colonial+missionary+society%22&pg=PP1 |title=A view from Britain |work=Aspects of the Canadian evangelical experience |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |year=1997 |isbn=0-7735-1547-X |editor-last=Rawlyk, George A |location=Montreal |page=46}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://research.yale.edu:8084/missionperiodicals/viewdetail.jsp?id=328 |title=Missionary Periodicals Database |date=2006-09-02 |publisher=Yale University Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902144551/http://research.yale.edu:8084/missionperiodicals/viewdetail.jsp?id=328 |archive-date=2006-09-02 }}</ref> Both of these merged in 1966, and the resultant organisation is now known as the [[Council for World Mission]].

The [[Church Mission Society]], first known as the Society for Missions to Africa and the East, was founded in 1799 by evangelical Anglicans centred around the [[abolitionism in the United Kingdom|anti-slavery]] activist [[William Wilberforce]]. It bent its efforts to the [[Coptic Church]], the [[Ethiopian Church]], and India, especially [[Kerala]]; it continues to this day. Many of the [[church planting|network of churches they established]] became the [[Anglican Communion]].

In 1809, the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews was founded, which pioneered mission amongst the Jewish people; it continues today as the [[Church's Ministry Among Jewish People]]. In 1865, the [[China Inland Mission]] was founded, going well beyond British controlled areas; it continues as the OMF, working throughout [[East Asia]].

=====Maryknoll=====
{{Further|Maryknoll}}
In Montreal in 1910, [[James Anthony Walsh|Father James Anthony Walsh]], a priest from Boston, met [[Thomas Frederick Price|Father Thomas Frederick Price]], from North Carolina. They agreed on the need to build a seminary for the training of young American men for the foreign Missions. Countering arguments that the Church needed workers here{{ambiguous|date=April 2024|reason=Where? Does 'here' mean Boston, North Carolina, or the entirety of the New World?}}, Fathers Walsh and Price insisted the Church would not flourish until it sent missioners overseas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lane |first=Raymond A. |title=The Early Days of Maryknoll |year=1951}}</ref> Independently, the men had written extensively about the concept, Father Price in his magazine ''Truth'', and Father Walsh in the pages of ''A Field Afar'', an early incarnation of ''Maryknoll Magazine''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.maryknollmagazine.org |title=Maryknoll Magazine}}</ref> Winning the approval of the American hierarchy, the two priests traveled to Rome in June 1911 to receive final approval from [[Pope Pius X]] for the formation of the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America, now better known as the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The gift of mission: yesterday, today, tomorrow: the Maryknoll centennial symposium |publisher=Orbis Books |year=2013 |editor=James H. Kroeger}}</ref>

====Latter Day Saints====
[[File:LDS name tags.jpg|thumb|right|The iconic black name tags of [[Missionary (LDS Church)|missionaries]] of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]]]
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) has an active [[Missionary (LDS Church)|missionary program]]. Young men between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five are encouraged to prepare themselves to serve a two-year, self-funded, full-time proselytizing mission. Young women who desire to serve as missionaries can serve starting at the age of eighteen, for one and a half years. Retired couples also have the option of serving a mission. Missionaries typically spend two weeks in a [[Missionary Training Center]] (or two to three months for those learning a new language) where they study the scriptures, learn new languages when applicable, prepare themselves to teach the [[Gospel]] of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], and learn more about the culture and the people they live among. As of December 2019, the LDS Church had over 67,000 full-time missionaries worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missionary Program |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/topic/missionary-program |access-date=April 13, 2020 |website=www.newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref> and over 31,000 Service Missionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2020 |title=Latter-day Saint membership increased this much in 2019, according to new church statistical report |url=https://www.deseret.com/platform/amp/faith/2020/4/4/21208195/mormon-church-membership-numbers-statistical-report-lds-general-conference |access-date=April 13, 2020 |website=www.deseret.com}}</ref>

===Hindu missions===
[[Hinduism]] was introduced into [[Java]] by travellers from India in ancient times. Several centuries ago, many Hindus left Java for [[Bali]] rather than convert to [[Islam]]. Hinduism has survived in Bali ever since.<ref>Hintz, Martin. Indonesia (series: Enchantment of the World). Chicago: Childrens Press (1993), pg. 30–31.</ref> [[Dang Hyang Nirartha]] was responsible for facilitating a refashioning of [[Balinese Hinduism]]. He was an important promoter of the idea of moksha in Indonesia. He founded the Shaivite priesthood that is now ubiquitous in Bali, and is now regarded as the ancestor of all Shaivite pandits.<ref>Pringle, p. 65</ref>

[[Shantidas Adhikari]] was a [[Hindu]] preacher from [[Sylhet]] who converted King [[Pamheiba]] of [[Manipur]] to Hinduism in 1717.<ref name="SLM">[http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/August2002/manipurimuslimfoundation15_2.htm Foundation of Manipuri Muslim History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043152/http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/August2002/manipurimuslimfoundation15_2.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} Manipur Online – August 15, 2002</ref>

Historically, Hinduism has only recently had a large influence in western countries such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Canada. Since the 1960s, many westerners attracted by the world view presented in Asian religious systems have converted to Hinduism.<ref>"America's Changing Religious Landscape," 2015, [http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ Pew Forum]</ref> Many native-born Canadians of various ethnicities have converted during the last 50 years through the actions of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], [[ISKCON]], [[Arya Samaj]] and other missionary organizations as well as due to the visits and guidance of Indian gurus such as Guru Maharaj, [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]], and [[Rajneesh]]. The International Society for Krishna Consciousness has a presence in New Zealand, running temples in Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch.

[[Paramahansa Yogananda]], an Indian [[yoga|yogi]] and [[guru]], introduced many westerners to the teachings of meditation and [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]] through his book, ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''.<ref>Bowden, p. 629</ref>

[[Swami Vivekananda]], the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission is one of the greatest Hindu missionaries to the West.

====Ananda Marga missions====
[[Ananda Marga|Ānanda Mārga]], [[organization]]ally known as Ānanda Mārga Pracaraka Samgha (AMPS), meaning the ''[[samgha]]'' (organization) for the [[Wave propagation|propagation]] of the ''[[Buddhist Paths to liberation|marga]]'' (path) of ''[[ananda]]'' (bliss), is a [[Social issues|social]] and [[Spirituality|spiritual]] movement<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JRen1UxLkoC |title=Social Constructionism and Theology |first=C. A. M. |last=Hermans, G. Immink |author2=A. De Jong |author3=J. Van Der Lans |year=2002 |publisher=Brill |page=47|isbn=978-90-04-12318-2}}</ref><ref name="Chryssides">{{cite book|title=Exploring New Religions |last= Chryssides|first=George D.|author-link=George D. Chryssides|year= 1999| publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]] |page=370 |isbn= 978-0-8264-5959-6}}</ref> founded in [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]], in 1955 by [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]] (1921–1990), also known by his spiritual [[name]],<ref>According with many Eastern and Western spiritual traditions, master and disciples often have a spiritual name in addition to that given to them by their parents.</ref> Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti.<ref>Ánandamúrti, as he was called by his early disciples, is a Sanskrit word meaning "Bliss personified".</ref> Ananda Marga counts hundreds of [[Ananda Marga#Organisation and Activities|mission]]s around the world through which its members carry out various forms of selfless service on Relief. (The social welfare and development organization under AMPS is Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team, or AMURT.)<ref>For an example of AMURT activities see: [https://www.amurt.org/ amurt.org] or [https://www.amurt.net amurt.net] or [http://amurthaiti.org/AMURT-HAITI/AMURT-Haiti.html amurthaiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518212515/http://amurthaiti.org/AMURT-HAITI/AMURT-Haiti.html |date=2012-05-18 }}</ref> Education and women's welfare The service activities of this section founded in 1963 are focused on:<ref>For more detailed information: [http://am-bhagavatadharma.com/ananda-marga-pracaraka-sa%E1%B8%BFgha/eraws/ ERAWS] or [https://web.archive.org/web/20110129004529/http://eraws.com/ eraws.com] or [http://amyogaspace.com/eraws-education-relief-and-welfare-section amyogaspace-eraws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526072146/http://amyogaspace.com/eraws-education-relief-and-welfare-section |date=2013-05-26 }}</ref>
* Education: creating and managing primary, post-primary, and higher [[school]]s, research institutes
* Relief: creating and managing children's and students' homes for destitute children and for poor students, cheap hostels, retiring homes, academies of light for deaf dumb and crippled, invalid homes, refugee rehabilitation
* Tribal: tribal welfare units, medical camps
* Women's welfare: women welfare units, women's homes, nursing homes

===Islamic missions===
{{main|Islamic missionary activity}}
[[File:Mission Dawah.gif|thumb|upright=1.6|Mission Dawah is one of the largest contemporary Islamic missionary organizations.]]
[[File:Lingshan Islamic Cemetery - two worthies - DSCF8405.JPG|thumb|upright=1.6|The tombs of legendary Islamic missionaries in [[China]], [[Lingshan_Islamic_Cemetery#Holy_Tombs|Sa-Ke-Zu and Wu-Ko-Shun]] at Mount Lingshan, [[Quanzhou]]]]

[[Dawah]] means to "invite" (in Arabic, literally "calling") to [[Islam]], which is the second largest religion with 2.0 billion members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=18 December 2012|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> From the 7th century, it spread rapidly from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] to the rest of the world through the initial [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]] and subsequently with traders and explorers after the death of [[Muhammad]].

Initially, the spread of Islam came through the Dawah efforts of Muhammad and his followers. After his death in 632 CE, much of the expansion of the empire came through conquest such as that of North Africa and later Iberia ([[Al-Andalus]]). The [[Islamic conquest of Persia]] put an end to the [[Sassanid Empire]] and spread the reach of Islam to as far east as [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], which would later become the cradle of Islamic civilization during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] (622–1258 CE) and a stepping-stone towards the introduction of Islam to the [[Turkic tribes]] living in and bordering the area.

The missionary movement peaked during the [[Islamic Golden Age]], with the expansion of foreign trade routes, primarily into the [[Indo-Pacific]] and as far south as the isle of [[Zanzibar]] as well as the Southeastern shores of Africa.

With the coming of the [[Sufism]] tradition, Islamic missionary activities increased. Later, the [[Seljuk Turks]]' conquest of [[Anatolia]] made it easier for missionaries to go lands that formerly belonged to the [[Byzantine Empire]]. In the earlier stages of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] form of [[Shamanism]] was still widely practiced in Anatolia, but soon lost ground to [[Sufism]].

During the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] presence in the [[Balkans]], missionary movements were taken up by people from aristocratic families hailing from the region, who had been educated in [[Constantinople]] or other major city within the Empire such as the famed ''[[madrassah]]s'' and ''[[kulliye]]s''. Primarily, individuals were sent back to the place of their origin and were appointed important positions in the local governing body. This approach often resulted in the building of mosques and local ''kulliyes'' for future generations to benefit from, as well as spreading the teachings of Islam.

[[File:World Islamic Mission 1.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.75|The [[World Islamic Mission]]'s mosque in [[Oslo]], Norway]]

The spread of Islam towards [[Central Africa|Central]] and West Africa had until the early 19th century been consistent but slow. Previously, the only connection was through Trans-Saharan trade routes. The [[Mali Empire]], consisting predominantly of African and Berber tribes, stands as a strong example of the early Islamic conversion of the Sub-Saharan region. The gateways prominently expanded to include the aforementioned trade routes through the Eastern shores of the African continent. With the [[Colonization of Africa|European colonization of Africa]], missionaries were almost in competition with the European Christian missionaries operating in the colonies.

There is evidence of Arab Muslim traders entering Indonesia as early as the 8th century.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title = Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World Vol. 2 M–Z index |author = Martin. C, Richard |year= 2004 |publisher= Macmillan}}</ref> Indonesia's early people were animists, Hindus, and Buddhists.<ref>{{cite news |title = Islam in Indonesia |author= Duff, Mark |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2357121.stm|work = BBC News|department = Asia-Pacific|date = 25 October 2002 }}</ref> However it was not until the end of the 13th century that the process of [[Islamization]] began to spread throughout the areas local communities and port towns.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The spread, although at first introduced through Arab Muslim traders, continued to saturate through the Indonesian people as local rulers and royalty began to adopt the religion subsequently leading their subjects to mirror their conversion.

Recently, Muslim groups have engaged in missionary work in Malawi. Much of this is performed by the [[African Muslim Agency]] based in [[Angola]]. The [[Kuwait]]-sponsored AMA has translated the [[Qur'an]] into [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] (Cinyanja),<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.frontline.org.za/mission%20reports_prayer/macedonian_call_Malawi.htm |title = A Macedonian Call from Malawi|website = Frontline Fellowship|first = Peter |last =Hammond |archive-date = 7 February 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120207001253/http://www.frontline.org.za/mission%20reports_prayer/macedonian_call_Malawi.htm}}</ref> one of the official languages of Malawi, and has engaged in other missionary work in the country. All of the major cities in the country have mosques and there are several Islamic schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/cityPrayer.php?country=Malawi|title=Malawi Accurate Prayer Times أوقات الصلاة, Qiblah, Qibla اتجاه القبلة Mosques (Masjids), Islamic Centers, Organizations and Muslim Owned Businesses |work=islamicfinder.org|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>

Several [[South Africa]]n, [[Kuwait]]i, and other Muslim agencies are active in Mozambique, with one important one being the African Muslim Agency. The spread of Islam into West Africa, beginning with ancient [[Ghana]] in the 9th century, was mainly the result of the commercial activities of North African Muslims. The empires of both [[Mali Empire|Mali]] and [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]] that followed ancient Ghana in the Western Sudan adopted the religion. Islam made its entry into the northern territories of modern Ghana around the 15th century. [[Mande languages|Mande]] speakers (who in Ghana are known as [[Soninke Wangara|Wangara]]) traders and clerics carried the religion into the area. The northeastern sector of the country was also influenced by an influx of [[Hausa people|Hausa]] Muslim traders from the 16th century onwards

Islamic influence first occurred in India in the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders. Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the [[Indian subcontinent]] from ancient times. Even in the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic era]], Arab traders used to visit the [[Malabar region]], which linked them with the ports of [[South East Asia|Southeast Asia]]. According to Historians Elliot and Dowson in their book ''[[The History of India as told by its own Historians]]'', the first ship bearing Muslim travelers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 CE H. G. Rawlinson, in his book: ''Ancient and Medieval History of India'' claims the first [[Arab Muslims]] settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century.<ref>{{ISBN|81-86050-79-5}} Ancient and Medieval History of India</ref> Shaykh Zainuddin Makhdum's "Tuhfat al-Mujahidin" also is a reliable work.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 983-9154-80-X|title = Tuḥfat-al-mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century|year = 2006| publisher=Islamic Book Trust }}</ref> This fact is corroborated, by J. Sturrock in his ''South Kanara and Madras Districts Manuals'',<ref>Sturrock, J., South Canara and Madras District Manual (2 vols., Madras, 1894–1895)</ref> and also by Haridas Bhattacharya in ''Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV''.<ref>{{ISBN|81-85843-05-8}} Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV</ref> It was with the advent of Islam that the Arabs became a prominent cultural force in the world. The Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion, and they propagated it wherever they went.<ref>[http://www.jaihoon.com/watan/indarbmappilacommunity.htm Genesis and Growth of the Mappila Community] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622220846/http://jaihoon.com/watan/indarbmappilacommunity.htm |date=2006-06-22 }}</ref>

Islam in Bulgaria can be traced back to the mid-ninth century when there were Islamic missionaries in Bulgaria, evidenced by a letter from Pope Nicholas to [[Boris of Bulgaria]] calling for the extirpation of Saracens.<ref>H. T. Norris: "Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world" 1993 pp. 21–27</ref>

Pioneer Muslim missionaries to the Kenyan interior were largely [[Tanzania Mainland|Tanganyikan]], who coupled their missionary work with trade, along the centres began along the railway line such as [[Kibwezi]], [[Makindu]], and [[Nairobi]].

Outstanding among them was Maalim Mtondo [[Islam in Kenya]], a Tanganyikan credited with being the first Muslim missionary to Nairobi. Reaching Nairobi at the close of the 19th century, he led a group of other Muslims, and enthusiastic missionaries from the coast to establish a "Swahili village" in present-day [[Pumwani]]. A small mosque was built to serve as a starting point and he began preaching Islam in earnest. He soon attracted several [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyus]] and Wakambas, who became his disciples.<ref name="Quraishy:1987:182">Quraishy, MA (1987). Text Book of Islam Book 1. Nairobi: The Islamic Foundation, p. 182.</ref>

In 1380, [[Makhdum Karim|Karim ul' Makhdum]] the first Arabian [[Dawah|Islamic missionary]] reached the [[Sulu Archipelago]] and [[Jolo]] in the Philippines and established Islam in the country. In 1390, the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]]'s Prince [[Rajah Baguinda]] and his followers preached Islam on the islands.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1990/06/23/SEL/mbm.19900623.SEL18854.id.html | title=Kerinduan orang-orang moro | publisher=TEMPO – Majalah Berita Mingguan | access-date=12 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515202427/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1990/06/23/SEL/mbm.19900623.SEL18854.id.html | archive-date=15 May 2011 }}</ref> The [[Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque]] was the first mosque established in the Philippines on [[Simunul, Tawi-Tawi|Simunul]] in [[Mindanao]] in the 14th century. Subsequent settlements by Arab missionaries traveling to [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]] helped strengthen Islam in the Philippines and each settlement was governed by a [[Datu]], [[Rajah]], and a [[Sultan]]. Islamic provinces founded in the Philippines included the [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]], [[Sultanate of Sulu]], and other parts of the southern Philippines.

Modern missionary work in the United States has increased greatly in the last one hundred years, with much of the recent demographic growth driven by conversion.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E2DB1F3EF931A15753C1A9679C8B63 A Nation Challenged; Islam Attracts Converts By the Thousand, Drawn Before and After Attacks]</ref> Up to one-third of American Muslims are [[African American]]s who have converted to Islam during the last seventy years. [[Conversion to Islam in prisons]],<ref name=autogenerated9>{{cite web |url=http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=960&wit_id=2719 |website=judiciary.senate.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211816/http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=960&wit_id=2719 |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> and in large [[urban areas]]<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E2DA1230F931A35752C0A9649C8B63 Ranks of Latinos Turning to Islam Are Increasing; Many in City Were Catholics Seeking Old Muslim Roots]</ref> has also contributed to Islam's growth over the years.

An estimated US$45 billion has been spent by the Saudi Arabian government financing mosques and Islamic schools in foreign countries. ''[[Ain al-Yaqeen]]'', a Saudi newspaper, reported in 2002 that Saudi funds may have contributed to building as many as 1,500 mosques and 2,000 other Islamic centers.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031215/15terror.htm |title=The Saudi Connection |date=2003-12-15 |access-date=2006-04-17 |last=Kaplan |first=David E. |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616161452/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031215/15terror.htm |archive-date=2006-06-16 }}</ref>

====Early Islamic missionaries during Muhammad's era====
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}
{{Main|List of expeditions of Muhammad}}
During the [[Expedition of Al Raji]] in 625,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online])</ref> the Islamic Prophet [[Muhammad]] sent some men as missionaries to various different tribes. Some men came to Muhammad and requested that Muhammad send instructors to teach them Islam,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187"/> but the men were bribed by the two tribes of Khuzaymah who wanted revenge for the [[Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais|assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan]] (Chief of the [[Banu Lahyan]] tribe) by Muhammad's followers<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book|author=[[Montgomery Watt|Watt, W. Montgomery]] |title=Muhammad at Medina|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0-19-577307-1|page=33|quote=The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.|title-link=Muhammad at Medina (book)}} ([https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp online])</ref> 8 Muslim Missionaires were killed in this expedition.,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187"/> another version says 10 Muslims were killed<ref name="Dr. Mosab">{{cite book |last=Hawarey |first=Mosab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJVqNwAACAAJ&q=9789957051648 |title=The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic) |publisher=Islamic Book Trust |year=2010 |isbn=978-9957-05-164-8}}Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726142128/http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm]</ref>

Then during the [[Expedition of Bir Maona]] in July 625<ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA151|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-344-2|page=151|quote=Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah}}</ref> Muhammad sent some Missionaries at request of some men from the Banu Amir tribe,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 188">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online])</ref> but the Muslims were again killed as revenge for the [[Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais|assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan]] by Muhammad's followers<ref name="archive.org"/> 70 Muslims were killed during this expedition<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 188"/>

During the [[Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Banu Jadhimah)]] in January 630,<ref name="Abu Khalil 226">{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA226|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960-897-71-4|page=226}}</ref> Muhammad sent Khalid ibn Walid to invite the Banu Jadhimah tribe to Islam.<ref name="William Muir p. 135">William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 135.</ref> This is mentioned in the Sunni Hadith {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|59|628}}.<ref>Muhsin Khan, The translation of the meanings of Ṣahih AL-Bukhari, Arabic-English, Volume 5, p. 440.</ref>

====Ahmadiyya Islam missions====
[[File:Jamia Ahmadiyya International.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Jamia Ahmadiyya, Ghana]]

Missionaries belonging to the [[Ahmadiyya]] thought of Islam often study at International Islamic seminaries and educational institutions, known as [[Jamia Ahmadiyya]]. Upon completion of their degrees, they are sent to various parts of the world including South America, Africa, North America, Europe, and the Far East as appointed by [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]], present head and [[Khalifatul Masih|Caliph]] of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim community. Jamia students may be appointed by the Caliph either as Missionaries of the community (often called Murrabi, Imam, or Mawlana) or as Qadis or Muftis of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community with a specialisation in matters of fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). Some Jamia alumni have also become Islamic historians such as the late Dost Muhammad Shahid, former Official Historian of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community, with a specialisation in tarikh (Islamic historiography). Missionaries stay with their careers as appointed by the Caliph for the rest of their lives, as per their commitment to the community.

===Jain missions===
According to [[Jain]]a tradition, Mahavira's following had swelled to 14,000 monks and 36,000 nuns by the time of his death in 527 BCE<ref>Crim, Keith (ed.). ''The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions''. San Francisco: [[HarperCollins]] (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as ''Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions'', 1981; p. 370.</ref>
For some two centuries the Jains remained a small community of monks and followers. However, in the 4th century BCE, they gained strength and spread from [[Bihar]] to [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], then so [[South India]] and westwards to [[Gujarat]] and the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], where [[Jain communities]] became firmly established, particularly among the mercantile classes.<ref>[[Richard Cavendish (occult writer)|Cavendish, Richard]] (ed.). ''[[Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural]]'' (vol. 11). New York: [[Marshall Cavendish]] Corp. (1970); p. 1481.</ref> The period of the [[Mauryan dynasty]] to the 12th century was the period of Jainism's greatest growth and influence. Thereafter, the Jainas in the South and Central regions lost ground in face of rising Hindu devotional movements. Jainism retreated to the West and Northwest, which have remained its stronghold to the present.<ref>Crim, Keith (ed.). ''The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions''. San Francisco: HarperCollins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as ''Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions'', 1981; p. 371.</ref>

Emperor [[Samprati]] is regarded as the "Jain Ashoka" for his patronage and efforts to spreading Jainism in east India. Samprati, according to Jain historians, is considered more powerful and famous than Ashoka himself. Samprati built thousands of [[Jain Temples]] in India, many of which remain in use, such as the Jain temples at [[Viramgam]] and [[Palitana temples|Palitana]] (Gujarat), [[Agar Malwa]] ([[Ujjain]]). Within three and a half years, he got one hundred and twenty-five thousand new temples built, thirty-six thousand repaired, twelve and a half million murtis, holy statues, consecrated and ninety-five thousand metal [[murtis]] prepared. Samprati is said to have erected Jain temples throughout his empire. He founded Jain monasteries even in non-Aryan territory, and almost all ancient Jain temples or monuments of unknown origin are popularly attributed to him. It may be noted that all the Jain monuments of [[Rajasthan]] and Gujarat, with unknown builders are also attributed to Emperor Samprati.

[[Virachand Gandhi]] (1864–1901) from [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuva]] represented Jains at the first [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] in [[Chicago]] in 1893 and won a silver medal. Gandhi was most likely the first Jain and the first Gujarati to travel to the United States, and his statue still stands at the Jain temple in Chicago. In his time he was a world-famous personality. Gandhi represented Jains in Chicago because the Great Jain Saint Param Pujya Acharya [[Vijayanandsuri]], also known as Acharya Atmaram, was invited to represent the Jain religion at the first [[Parliament of the World's Religions|World Parliament of Religions]]. As Jain monks do not travel overseas, he recommended the bright young scholar Virchand Gandhi to be the emissary for the religion. Today there are 100,000 Jains in the United States.<ref>McCourt, Frank. "God in America " in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' (December 1998); p. 67.</ref>

There are also tens of thousands of Jains located in the UK and Canada.

=== Judaism ===
Historically, various Jewish sects and movements have been consistent in avoiding or even forbidding [[proselytization]] (religion-to-religion conversion propaganda) to convert [[gentile]]s ([[non-Jews]]). They believe that gentiles do not need to convert to Judaism, due to [[Abrahamic religions]] being already under the [[Seven Laws of Noah]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Learning |first=My Jewish |title=Ask the Expert: Proselytism |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/ask_the_expert/at/Ask_the_Expert_Proselytism.shtml |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Assistant |first=Admin |date=2017-09-18 |title=Straying from the Fold? |url=https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/2784/straying-from-the-fold/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Jewish Review of Books |language=en-us}}</ref>

[[Chabad Lubavitch]] has a sub-sect that has engaged in an effort to spread [[Noahidism]] ([[Seven Laws of Noah]]) among non-Jews who follow none of the existing [[Abrahamic religions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kress |first=Michael |title=The Modern Noahide Movement |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Issues/Jews_and_Non-Jews/Legal_Issues/Noahide_Laws/Noahide_Movement.shtml |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Orthodox Judaism outreach]] (''kiruv'') encourages non-practicing [[Jews]] to become more knowledgeable and observant of ''[[halakha]]'' (Jewish law). Outreach is done worldwide, by organizations such as [[Chabad Lubavitch]], [[Aish HaTorah]], [[Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem|Ohr Somayach]], and [[Partners In Torah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davidson |first=Baruch S. |title=What is "Kiruv"? |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/676588/jewish/What-is-Kiruv.htm |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.chabad.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Learning |first=My Jewish |title=What Is Kiruv? |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/what-is-kiruv/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}</ref>

Members of [[Reform Judaism]] began a program to convert to their brand of Judaism the non-Jewish spouses of its [[Interfaith marriage in Judaism|intermarried]] members and non-Jews who have an interest in Reform Judaism. Their rationale is that so many Jews were lost during [[the Holocaust]] that newcomers must be sought out and welcomed.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Catholic Reform, Jews, and Judaism in Sixteenth-Century Germany |date=2006 |work=Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Germany |pages=249–268 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789047408857_014 |isbn=978-90-474-0885-7 |s2cid=244752108 |last1=Bireley |first1=Robert }}</ref> This approach has been rejected by both [[Orthodox Judaism]] and [[Conservative Judaism]]<ref>[[Missionary#cite note-39]]</ref> as unrealistic and posing a danger on the entire [[Jewish faith]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eisen |first=Arnold M. |date=2014-07-24 |title=Arnold M. Eisen: Wanted: Converts to Judaism |url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/arnold-m-eisen-wanted-converts-to-judaism-1406244075 |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEEK: Articles: Should Rabbis Proselytize Non-Jewish Spouses? A Response to JTSA Chancellor Arnold Eisen |url=https://zeek.forward.com/articles/118323/index.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=zeek.forward.com}}</ref>

===Sikh missions===
According to [[Sikh]]s, when he was twenty-eight, [[Guru Nanak]] went as usual down to the river to bathe and [[meditate]]. It was said that he was gone for three days. When he reappeared, it is said he was "filled with the spirit of God". His first words after his re-emergence were: "there is no Hindu, there is no Muslim". With this [[secular]] principle he began his missionary work.<ref name=Shackle_2005>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=[[Routledge]] | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 978-0-415-26604-8 | pages=xiii–xiv | no-pp=true}}</ref> He made four distinct major journeys, in the four different directions, which are called ''[[Udasis]]'', spanning many thousands of kilometres, preaching the message of God.<ref>[[Khushwant Singh|Singh, Khushwant]] (2006). ''The Illustrated History of the Sikhs''. India: [[Oxford University Press]]. pp. 12–13. {{ISBN|0-19-567747-1}}. Also, as according to the [[Purātan Janamsākhī]] (the birth stories of Nanak).</ref>

Currently there are [[List of gurdwaras|gurdwaras in over 50 countries]].<ref>[http://garamchai.com/gurudwara.htm Gurudwaras, Sikh Gurdwaras In Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin – Sikh Places Of Worship For Nri And Indian Visitors In Us From]. Garamchai.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</ref><ref>[https://www.gurudwara.net Global Gurudwara Database, Find Gurudwaras around the world. Global Gurdwara Directory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004225048/http://gurudwara.net/ |date=2011-10-04 }}. Gurudwara.net. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090519114441/http://manikaran.in/punjab/index.aspx Punjab]. Manikaran.in. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</ref>

Of missionary organizations, the most famous is probably [[The Sikh Missionary Society UK]]. The aim of the Sikh Missionary Society is the ''Advancement of the Sikh faith in the U.K. and abroad'', engages in various activities:<ref>[http://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org Sikh Missionary Society (U.K.)]. sikhmissionarysociety.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</ref><ref>[http://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smssikhism/ Sikh Missionary Society (U.K.) – The Universal Faith]. sikhmissionarysociety.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</ref><ref>[http://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smsarticles/ Sikh Missionary Society (U.K.) – Articles]. sikhmissionarysociety.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</ref><ref>[http://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smspublications/ Sikh Missionary Society (U.K.) – Online Publications Library (Sikhism eBooks)]. sikhmissionarysociety.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</ref>
* Produce and distribute books on the Sikh faith in English and Panjabi, and other languages to enlighten the younger generation of Sikhs as well as non-Sikhs.
* Advise and support young students in schools, colleges, and universities on Sikh issues and Sikh traditions.
* Arrange classes, lectures, seminars, conferences, Gurmat camps and the celebration of holy Sikh events, the basis of their achievement and interest in the field of the Sikh faith and the [[Panjabi language]].
* Make available all Sikh artifacts, posters, literature, music, educational videos, DVDs, and multimedia CD-ROMs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh Missionary Society (UK) - Aims and Activities |url=https://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/ |website=Sikh Missionary Society (UK) |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

There have been several Sikh missionaries:
* [[Bhai Gurdas]] (1551–1636), [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] writer, historian, missionary, and religious figure; the original scribe of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] and a companion of four of the [[Sikh Gurus]]<ref name="s">[https://www.sikhs.org/saints.htm Saints] – Sikhs.org</ref>
* [[Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon]], [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom fighter]]
* [[Bhai Amrik Singh]], devoted much of his life to Sikh missionary activities; one of the Sikh community's most prominent leaders along with [[Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]
* [[Jathedar Sadhu Singh Bhaura]] (1905–1984), Sikh missionary who rose to be the [[Jathedar]] or high priest of Sri [[Akal Takhat]], [[Amritsar]]

Sikhs have emigrated to many countries of the world since [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] in 1947. Sikh communities exist in Britain, East Africa, Canada, the United States, Malaysia, and most European countries.<ref>Aggarwal, Manju (with Harjeet Singh Lal). ''I Am A Sikh''. New York: [[Franklin Watts]] (1985); p. 30.</ref>

===Tenrikyo missions===
[[Tenrikyo]] conducts missionary work in approximately forty countries.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000818090025/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_tenrikyo.html Largest Tenrikyo Communities]}}. Adherents.com (2000-03-23). Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</ref> Its first missionary was a woman named Kokan who worked on the streets of Osaka.<ref>{{cite book|author1=James H. Charlesworth |author2=Petr Pokorný |author3=Brian Rhea |title=Jesus Research: An International Perspective: The First Princeton-Prague Symposium on Jesus Research, Prague 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbXP_e5gJqwC&pg=PA242 |access-date=19 January 2011 |date= 2009 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-6353-9 |pages=242–}}</ref> In 2003, it operated approximately twenty thousand mission stations worldwide.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Evangelical Missiological Society |author2=Jon Bonk |title=Between past and future: Evangelical Mission entering the twenty-first century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrBZYdHfYGoC&pg=PA254 |access-date=19 January 2011 |date=2003 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=978-0-87808-384-8 |pages=254–}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Contact of Christian missionaries with isolated tribes is asserted as a cause of the extinction of some tribes, such as extinction from infections and even simple diseases such as flu, to which many tribes have no immunity.<ref name=wiresen1>Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar, [https://thewire.in/government/centre-ignored-scheduled-tribe-panel-recommendations-vulnerable-andaman-tribes Centre Ignored ST Panel Advice on Protecting Vulnerable Andaman Tribes], The Wire, 23 Nov 2018.</ref><ref name=wiresen2>Navina Jafa, [https://thewire.in/health/jarawa-north-sentinel-andaman-tribes The Sentinelese and the Dilemma of Conservation Without Contact], The Wire, 2 Dec 2018.</ref> Documented cases of European contact with isolated tribes show rapid health deterioration, such as the [[Nambikwara tribe]].<ref name=LeaveAlone1>[https://time.com/3909470/tribes-uncontacted-ethics/ Is It Ethical to Leave Uncontacted Tribes Alone?], [[Time (magazine)]], 4 June 2015.</ref>

Christian missionary work is criticized by some as a form of colonialism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ntdaily.com/missionary-work-is-just-another-name-for-colonization/|title=Missionary work is just another name for colonization|date=12 October 2020|last=Card|first=Rachel|work=North Texas Daily|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017151911/https://www.ntdaily.com/missionary-work-is-just-another-name-for-colonization/|archive-date=17 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Some Christian missionary thinkers have recognized complicity between colonialism and missions with roots in 'colonial paternalism'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bu.edu/cgcm/files/2009/09/101015dldanarobertpaper.pdf |title=Rethinking Missionaries from 1910 to Today |first=Dana L. |last=Robert |website=[[Boston University]] |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>

Aspects of Christian missionary activity have come under criticism, including concerns about a lack of respect for other cultures.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor = 1185603|title = Protestant Missionaries and Native Culture: Parallel Careers of Asher Wright and Silas T. Rand|journal = American Indian Quarterly|volume = 16|issue = 1|pages = 25–37|last1 = Abler|first1 = Thomas S.|year = 1992|doi = 10.2307/1185603}}</ref> The potential destruction of social structure among the converts is also a concern. The [[Huaorani people]] of Amazonian Ecuador have had a well-documented [[Operation Auca|mixed relation]] with [[Evangelical Christian]] missionaries and the contacts they brought to their communities, which some have argued led to the dissolving of unique Huaorani tribes and cultural practices.

==Impact of missions==
John D. Woodberry argued that missions are parts of the roots of international liberal democracy<ref name=":1">Robert D. Woodberry, "The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy." [http://www.hillcountryinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/missionaryrootsofliberaldemocracy.pdf ''American Political Science Review'' (2012) 106#2: 244–274. online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809065449/http://www.hillcountryinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/missionaryrootsofliberaldemocracy.pdf|date=2017-08-09}}</ref> however a 2020 study by Elena Nikolova and Jakub Polansky replicated Woodberry's analysis using twenty-six alternative democracy measures and a more extensive time period over which the democracy measures are averaged, and did not come to the same conclusion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nikolova|first1=Elena|last2=Polansky|first2=Jakub|date=2020|title=Conversionary Protestants Do Not Cause Democracy|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/conversionary-protestants-do-not-cause-democracy/89D4552E3CEED18F62E94E4ABEF322F6|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=51 |issue=4 |language=en|pages=1723–1733|doi=10.1017/S0007123420000174|issn=0007-1234|hdl=10419/214629|s2cid=234540943 |hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

A 2017 study found that areas of colonial Mexico that had Mendicant missions have higher rates of literacy and educational attainment today than regions that did not have missions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Waldinger|first=Maria|date=July 2017|title=The long-run effects of missionary orders in Mexico|url= https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/68841/1/Waldinger_The%20Long%20Run%20Effects.pdf|journal=Journal of Development Economics|volume=127|pages=355–378|doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.12.010}}</ref> Areas that had Jesuit missions are today indistinct from the areas that had no missions.<ref name=":0" /> The study also found that "the share of Catholics is higher in regions where Catholic missions of any kind were a historical present."<ref name=":0" />

A 2016 study found that regions in Sub-Saharan Africa that Protestant missionaries brought printing presses to are today "associated with higher newspaper readership, trust, education, and political participation."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cagé|first1=Julia|last2=Rueda|first2=Valeria|date=July 2016|title=The Long-Term Effects of the Printing Press in sub-Saharan Africa|journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=69–99|doi=10.1257/app.20140379|issn=1945-7782|citeseerx=10.1.1.635.9580}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://voxeu.org/article/christian-missions-and-development-sub-saharan-africa|title=The devil is in the detail: Christian missions' heterogeneous effects on development in sub-Saharan Africa|last1=Cagé|first1=Julia|last2=Rueda|first2=Valeria|date=2017-03-04|website=VoxEU.org|access-date=2017-06-07}}</ref>

Missionaries have also made significant [[Missionary linguistics|contributions to linguistics]] and the description and documentation of many languages. "Many languages today exist only in missionary records. More than anywhere else, our knowledge of the native languages in South America has been the product of missionary activity... Without missionary documentation the reclamation [of several languages] would have been completely impossible"<ref>pp. 223, 224. [[Tove Skutnabb-Kangas|Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove]]. 2000. ''Linguistic Genocide in Education – Or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights?'' Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</ref> "A satisfactory history of linguistics cannot be written before the impressive contribution of missionaries is recognised."<ref>p. 7. Hovdhaugen, Even. 1996b. Missionary Grammars. An attempt at defining a field of research. Hovdhaugen, ed. ''...and the Word was God: Missionary linguistics and missionary grammar,'', pp. 9–22. (=Studium Sprachwissenschaft, 25.) Münster: Nodus.</ref>

==Lists of prominent missionaries==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2014}}

===American missionaries===
* [[Gerónimo Boscana]], (Roman Catholic [[Franciscan]]) missionary
* [[Isabel Crawford]], ([[Baptist]]) missionary<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Crawford, Isabel|title=American National Biography|chapter-url=http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-03434.html|publisher=Oxford University Press|title-link=American National Biography}} ''Subscription needed.''</ref>
* [[Antonio de Olivares]], (Roman Catholic [[Franciscan]]) missionary
* [[Anton Docher]], (Roman Catholic) missionary
* [[Elisabeth Elliot]], American Protestant missionary in Ecuador, author and speaker, widow of [[Jim Elliot]] of [[Operation Auca]]
* [[Mary H. Fulton]], [[Women in medicine#Western medicine in China|female medical missionary to China]], founder of [[Lingnan University (Guangzhou)#Hackett|Hackett Medical College for Women]] (夏葛女子醫學院) in [[Guangzhou]], China<ref>{{cite web|author=PANG Suk Man |url=http://lib-nt2.hkbu.edu.hk/cil-image/theses/abstracts/b15564174a.pdf |title=The Hackett Medical College for Women in China (1899–1936) |publisher=Hong Kong Baptist University |date=February 1998 |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016090221/http://lib-nt2.hkbu.edu.hk/cil-image/theses/abstracts/b15564174a.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cqvip.com/qk/83891A/200203/6479902.html|title=中国近代第一所女子医学院--夏葛医学院|work=cqvip.com|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04TOSAAACAAJ |title=Inasmuch |author=Mary H. Fulton|editor=The United Study of Forring |publisher=BiblioBazaar |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-140-34179-6 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Rebecca Chan Chung, Deborah Chung and Cecilia Ng Wong, "Piloted to Serve", 2012</ref><ref name="facebook.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/PilotedToServe|title=Piloted to Serve|work=facebook.com|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>
* [[Adoniram Judson]], first significant missionary in Burma
* [[Eusebio Kino]], (Roman Catholic [[Jesuit]]) missionary
* [[Zenas Sanford Loftis]], medical missionary to Tibet
* [[Ajahn Sumedho]], Theravada monk and established [[Thai Forest Tradition]] in UK
* [[Robert E. Longacre]], Christian linguist missionary to Mexico
* [[Dada Maheshvarananda]], [[Ananda Marga]] [[yoga]] missionary
* Fred Prosper Manget, [[medical missionary to China]], founder of Houzhou General Hospital, Houzhou, China, also a doctor with the [[Flying Tigers]] and U.S. Army in [[Kunming]], China, during [[World War II]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="facebook.com"/><ref>Mrs. Robert S. McMichael, "The Story of Fred P. Manget", For the Woman's Auxiliary of the [[Bibb County, Georgia|Bibb County]] Medical Society, Georgia, April 4, 1963 Meeting</ref>
* [[Lottie Moon]], Baptist missionary to China
* [[Arthur Lewis Piper]], medical missionary to the [[Belgian Congo]]
* [[Dada Pranakrsnananda]], [[Ananda Marga]] [[yoga]] missionary
* [[Darlene Rose]], missionary in Papua New Guinea
* [[John Stewart (missionary)|John Stewart]], ([[Methodist]]) missionary
* [[José de Anchieta]], (Roman Catholic [[Jesuit]]) missionary
* [[Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur]], (Roman Catholic [[Franciscan]]) missionary
* [[John Allen Chau]], ([[Evangelicalism|evangelical Christian]]) missionary killed while attempting to convert the [[Uncontacted peoples|uncontacted]] [[Sentinelese]]

===British Christian missionaries===
* [[John Hobbis Harris]], with his wife [[Alice Seeley Harris|Alice Seeley]], he used photography to expose colonial abuses
* [[Benjamin Hobson]], medical missionary to China, set up a highly successful Wai Ai Clinic (惠愛醫館)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.ifeng.com/article/46027.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313042953/http://blog.ifeng.com/article/46027.html|archive-date=13 March 2013|title=回眸: 当年传教士进羊城--MW悦读室之岭南话廊--凤凰网博客|work=ifeng.com|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/GDSI199901009.htm|title=合信的《全体新论》与广东士林|work=cnki.net|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007074316/http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/GDSI199901009.htm}}</ref> in Guangzhou, China.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="facebook.com"/>
* [[Teresa Kearney]], Sister in Uganda
* [[Olive Hilda Miller]], missionary to Jamaica and the Cayman Islands
* [[William Milne (missionary)|William Milne]], Bible translator to China
* [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]], Bible translator to China
* [[George Piercy]], Methodist missionary to China
* [[Sam Pollard (missionary)|Sam Pollard]], Bible translator to China
* [[James Hudson Taylor]], missionary to China, insist on going into the inland of China.
* [[John Wesley]]
* [[Thomas Henry Sparshott]], missionary to East Africa.<ref name="EEA 2023" >{{cite web |title=Sparshott, Thomas Henry (Rev.) |url=https://www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk/_site/custom/database/default.asp?a=viewIndividual&pid=2&person=21814 |website=europeansineastafrica.co.uk |publisher=Europeans in East Africa |access-date=8 August 2023 |date=2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[John McKendree Springer]] – Pioneer missionary in Africa
* [[List of Protestant missionaries in China]]
* [[List of Protestant missionaries in India]]
* [[List of Roman Catholic missionaries]]
* [[List of Roman Catholic missionaries in China]]
* [[List of Roman Catholic missionaries in India]]
* [[List of Eastern Orthodox missionaries]]
* [[List of missionaries to Hawaii]]
* [[List of missionaries to the South Pacific]]
* [[List of Slovenian missionaries]]
* [[List of Russian Orthodox missionaries]]
* [[List of Protestant missionaries to Southeast Asia]]
* [[List of Roman Catholic missions in Africa]]
* [[:Category:Christian missionaries in New Zealand|Christian missionaries in New Zealand]]
* [[:Category:Christian missionaries in Oceania|Christian missionaries in Oceania]]
* [[Timeline of Christian missions]]
* [[Catholic missions]]
* [[Christianity and colonialism]]
* [[Christian missionaries]]
* [[Christianisation]]
* [[Evangelism]]
* [[History of Christian missions]]
* [[Indigenous church mission theory]]
* [[Mission (Christianity)]]
* [[Missiology]]
* [[Missionary kid]]
* [[Missionary religious institutes and societies]]
* [[Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein]]
* [[Religious conversion]]
* [[Short-term mission]]
* [[Timeline of Christian missions]]
{{end div col}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Dunch, Ryan. "Beyond cultural imperialism: Cultural theory, Christian missions, and global modernity." ''History and Theory'' 41.3 (2002): 301–325. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3590688 online]
* Dwight, Henry Otis et al. eds., ''The Encyclopedia of Missions'' (2nd ed. 1904) [https://archive.org/details/cu31924029338187 Online], Global coverage Of Protestant and Catholic missions.
* Robinson, David ''Muslim Societies in African History'' (The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK 2004) {{ISBN|0-521-53366-X}}
* Sharma, Arvind (2014). Hinduism as a missionary religion. New Delhi: Dev Publishers & Distributors.
* Shourie, Arun. (2006). Missionaries in India: Continuities, changes, dilemmas. New Delhi: Rupa.{{ISBN|9788172232702}}
* Madhya Pradesh (India)., & Niyogi, M. B. (1956). Vindicated by time: The Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities. Nagpur: Government Printing, Madhya Pradesh.

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Missionaries}}
{{Commons category-inline|Missionaries}}
* [https://www.missionaryetexts.org/ Missionary eTexts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081225215728/http://www.prc.utexas.edu/prec/en/data/missions/mission_stations/index.html Project on Religion and Economic Change, Protestant Mission Stations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407072339/http://www.lefaitmissionnaire.com/ LFM. Social sciences & Missions]
* [http://www.martynmission.cam.ac.uk/ Henry Martyn Centre for the study of mission & world Christianity]
* [[William Carey Library]], Mission Resources
* Hiney, Thomas: ''On the Missionary Trail'', New York: Atlantic Monthly Press (2000), pp. 5–22. {{ISBN?}}
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=mission&searchmode=none EtymologyOnLine] (word history)

{{Religion topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Missionaries| ]]
[[Category:Mobile businesses]]
[[Category:Religious practices]]
[[Category:Religious occupations]]

Irandam Kuththu

2026-03-11T00:10:34Z

SilviaVanwinkle: New First Details W/ Sources!

{{short description|2020 film directed by santhosh.p.jayakumar }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Irandam Kuththu
| image = Irandam Kuththu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Santhosh P. Jayakumar]]
| producer = S. Hari Bhaskaran
| starring = [[Santhosh P. Jayakumar]] [[Daniel Annie Pope]] Karishma
| music = S. N. Prasad [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cinematography = Ballu
| distributor = Rockfort Entertainment
| editing = Prasanna G. K.
| studio = Flying Horse Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|11|14}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Irandam Kuththu''''' ({{Translation|Second punch}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[adult film|adult]] [[horror comedy]] film, written and directed by [[Santhosh P. Jayakumar]] and [[Daniel Annie Pope]] alongside Meenal Sahu, Akrithi Singh. A [[spiritual successor]] to the director's earlier ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' (2018), the film was released on 14 November 2020 and received mixed to negative reviews both from critics and audiences.

== Premise ==
Veera and Vasu are two friends who have been mistaken for [[gay men]] all their lives, marry two girls, and go to a [[resort]] in [[Bangkok]] for their honeymoons, where a [[sexual arousal|horny]] ghost won't let them be in peace until they satisfy it [[sexual intercourse|sexually]]. The movie is based on the South Korean movie [[A Tale of Legendary Libido]]

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Santhosh P. Jayakumar]] as Veera
* [[Daniel Annie Pope]] as Vasu
* Akrithi Singh as Priya, Vasu's wife
* Meenal Sahu as the Ghost
* [[Rajendran]] as Swamiji
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Dr. Thambidurai
* [[Chaams]] as Ram
* Shalu Shamu as "Matter" Mona
* TSK as Vimal
* [[Singampuli]] as Priya's father
* [[Swaminathan]] as Pooja's father
* [[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] as Veera's father
* [[Saravana Sakthi]] as Vasu's father
* Reethika Ashok Kumar as Kiran
* Rekha Suresh as Veera's mother
* [[Senthi Kumari]] as Padma, Pooja's mother
* Jayanthy Mala as Vasu's mother
* Manimegalai as Priya's mother
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Ghost
* [[Rahul Thatha]] as Ghost
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Ghost
* Kayal Devaraj as Swamy’s assistant
* Balaji as Ghost’s husband
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Tiger Garden Thangadurai]] as Teacher
* Vani Shree as herself (cameo appearance)
* [[Sathish Krishnan]] in a special appearance
}}

== Production ==
Director [[Santhosh P. Jayakumar]] announced plans to make a sequel to his earlier ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' (2018) in October 2019, after his other project, ''Pulanaivu'' featuring [[Arvind Swami]], had an extended production break.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A sequel to 'Iruttu Arayil Murattu Kuthu'? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/a-sequel-to-iruttu-arayil-murattu-kuthu-news-tamil-tktmgkffcjfaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019095028/https://www.sify.com/movies/a-sequel-to-iruttu-arayil-murattu-kuthu-news-tamil-tktmgkffcjfaa.html |archive-date=19 October 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Santhosh opted to star in the film himself, after other actors expressed their reluctance to be a part of the project owing to its adult theme and the flak faced by the previous film's lead actor [[Gautham Karthik]] post-release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santhosh P Jayakumar turns hero for IAMK- 2 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/santhosh-p-jayakumar-turns-hero-for-iamk--2-news-tamil-tmnsNKhbacjac.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214002156/https://www.sify.com/movies/santhosh-p-jayakumar-turns-hero-for-iamk--2-news-tamil-tmnsNKhbacjac.html |archive-date=14 December 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Daniel Annie Pope]] was signed to play a pivotal role, while three new actress, Akriti Singh and Meenal joined the film's shoot in December 2019.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The film was shot in late 2019 and early 2020 in locations across [[Huinan County]] in China, [[Bangkok]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=1 October 2020 |title=Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuthu sequel titled Irandam Kuthu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/01/iruttu-araiyil-murattu-kuthu-sequel-titled-irandam-kuthu-20569.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417173907/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/01/iruttu-araiyil-murattu-kuthu-sequel-titled-irandam-kuthu-20569.html |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=31 May 2021 |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The title of the film was confirmed to be ''Irandam Kuththu'' in September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Irandam Kuththu' is the title for IAMK sequel! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/irandam-kuththu-is-the-title-for-iamk-sequel-news-tamil-ujjeIqcbejheh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909111222/https://www.sify.com/movies/irandam-kuththu-is-the-title-for-iamk-sequel-news-tamil-ujjeIqcbejheh.html |archive-date=9 September 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Irandam Kuththu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = S. N. Prasad
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 17:04
| label = Five Star Audio
| producer = S. N. Prasad
| prev_title = [[Namo Bhootatma]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Theerpugal Virkapadum]]
| next_year = 2021
}}
The soundtrack was composed by S. N. Prasad,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irandam Kuththu |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/irandam-kuththu/59798649/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609180315/https://www.hungama.com/album/irandam-kuththu/59798649/ |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> while the score was done by [[Dharan Kumar]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thambi
| extra1 = S. N. Prasad
| length1 = 2:00
| lyrics1 = Srikanth Vardhan
| title2 = Veera Da Veera
| extra2 = [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]]
| length2 = 2:48
| lyrics2 = Srikanth Vardhan
| title3 = Thabela
| extra3 = [[Diwakar]], [[Vishnupriya Ravi]]
| length3 = 3:12
| lyrics3 = [[Ku Karthik]]
| title4 = Boom Boom
| extra4 = S. N. Prasad
| length4 = 2:37
| lyrics4 = Srikanth Vardhan
| title5 = Virginity
| extra5 = [[Ramya NSK]], [[Benny Dayal]]
| length5 = 2:58
| lyrics5 = Srikanth Vardhan
}}

== Marketing ==

Following the release of the film's [[Trailer (promotion)|official trailer]] in October 2020, director [[Bharathiraja]] criticised the visuals and theme of the film in an open letter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2020 |title=Bharathiraja lashes out at the makers of Irandam Kuththu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharathiraja-lashes-out-at-the-makers-of-irandam-kuththu/articleshow/78550544.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In reply, Santhosh called out the director for being hypocritical citing examples of [[Glamour (presentation)|glamorous]] [[Film still|stills]] from Bharathiraja's ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' (1981) before revoking his response and apologising.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2020 |title=Santhosh P Jayakumar apologises to Bharathiraja for reacting in a harsh manner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhosh-p-jayakumar-apologises-to-bharathiraja-for-reacting-in-a-harsh-manner/articleshow/78593478.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

A public interest litigation petition was sought to stop the release of the film, citing the film was propagating [[vulgarity]], [[obscenity]] and [[pornography]]. while the media promotions were being misused for the purpose of commercial benefit.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=B. Tilak |date=3 November 2020 |title=PIL plea filed against release of 'Irandam Kuththu' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/pil-plea-filed-against-release-of-irandam-kuththu/article33015203.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109153227/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/pil-plea-filed-against-release-of-irandam-kuththu/article33015203.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=16 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> As a result, although the film was allowed to release, the Madurai Bench of Madras High Court ordered the producers to remove the [[Teaser campaign|teaser]] and [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] from YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Irandam Kuththu' teaser and trailer to be pulled out from YouTube |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/irandam-kuththu-teaser-and-trailer-to-be-pulled-out-from-youtube-news-tamil-ulnf8agcdcdjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113071213/https://www.sify.com/movies/irandam-kuththu-teaser-and-trailer-to-be-pulled-out-from-youtube-news-tamil-ulnf8agcdcdjf.html |archive-date=13 November 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
''Irandam Kuththu'' was released on 14 November 2020 across theatres in [[Tamil Nadu]], becoming the first film release in over eight months owing to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Irandam Kuthu- A below average adult horror-comedy |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/irandam-kuthu---a-below-average-adult-horror-comedy-review-tamil-ulphQfjacdheb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115100349/https://www.sify.com/movies/irandam-kuthu---a-below-average-adult-horror-comedy-review-tamil-ulphQfjacdheb.html |archive-date=15 November 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Prior to the release, barring the legal dispute on the film's adult content, it also faced potential delays as result of a dispute between the Tamil Film Active Producers Association (TFAPA) and Qube, a digital service provider.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 2020 |title=DSP Vs producers: will the VPF waiver pave the way for more new film releases for Deepavali? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dsp-vs-producers-will-the-vpf-waiver-pave-the-way-for-more-new-filmreleases-for-deepavali/articleshow/79151930.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111022109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dsp-vs-producers-will-the-vpf-waiver-pave-the-way-for-more-new-filmreleases-for-deepavali/articleshow/79151930.cms |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=16 November 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Likewise, as a result of a decision by newspapers to increase advertising, the makers opted to promote the film through online and physical posters only.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No newspaper paper advertisements for Tamil Diwali releases |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/no-newspaper-paper-advertisements-for-tamil-diwali-releases-news-tamil-ulnld4dcahafh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113201901/https://www.sify.com/movies/no-newspaper-paper-advertisements-for-tamil-diwali-releases-news-tamil-ulnld4dcahafh.html |archive-date=13 November 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A reviewer from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film one star out of five, noting "if the plot follows the template set by the first film, everything else sinks to lower depths than what we witnessed in that one."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Irandam Kuththu Movie Review: Irandam Kuthu is crassier and duller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/irandam-kuththu/movie-review/79221142.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film the same score, noting "''Irandam Kuththu'' lacks the necessary horror or the comedy elements and resorts to sexual innuendos as the only weapon to tickle your funny bones", concluding it was "a hideously unfunny and unoriginal fiasco".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Irandam Kuththu Movie Review: A hideously unfunny and unoriginal fiasco |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2020/nov/14/irandam-kuththu-movie-reviewa-hideously-unfunny-and-unoriginal-fiasco-21297.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]''{{'}}s reviewer also gave the film one star, writing the film was "a below average adult horror-comedy".<ref name="auto1" />

Karthik Keramalu of Film Companion, wrote, "The sex comedy, which is streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]], is a bore-fest in three tragic acts."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=12 December 2020 |title=Irandam Kuththu Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/irandam-kuththu-review-amazon-prime-video-watch-this-kuththu-if-you-hate-your-life-tamil-movies-santhosh-p-jayakumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223235153/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/irandam-kuththu-review-amazon-prime-video-watch-this-kuththu-if-you-hate-your-life-tamil-movies-santhosh-p-jayakumar/ |archive-date=23 December 2020 |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=Film Companion}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11497592}}

[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. N. Prasad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jilin]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2020 controversies]]

Avvaiyar (film)

2026-03-04T05:04:28Z

SilviaVanwinkle: further refined article also and fixed typos

{{short description|1953 film by Kothamangalam Subbu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{about|the 1953 film||Avvaiyar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Avvaiyar
| image = Avvaiyar film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]
| producer = [[S. S. Vasan]]
| writer = Kothamangalam Subbu Ki. Ra Gemini Studios Story Department
| starring = [[K. B. Sundarambal]]
| music = [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] P. S. Anandaraman Mayavaram Venu
| cinematography = Thambu
| editing = N. K. Gopal
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| distributor = Gemini Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1953|08|15}}{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=151}}
| runtime = 174 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Avvaiyar''''' is a 1953 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical drama]] film directed by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], and produced by [[S. S. Vasan]]. The film stars [[K. B. Sundarambal]] as the [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|title character]]. It was released on 15 August 1953.

==Plot==
When a childless couple find a baby left alone, they prefer to adopt her. Since they are rich and childless, they raise her in wealth and pomp. But when the girl grows up, she concentrates upon Lord Vinayagar and not thinking of marriage like other girls of her age. When the parents think of her marriage, she tries to escape from it, as she is devoted more to Lord Vinayagar. Hence, she prays to become an old-aged woman (as no young man likes to marry an old lady). Lord Vinayagar obliges and when others see it, they feel shell-shocked and understand what has happened. Now, this old woman is named Avvaiyar. Avvaiyar leaves her parents' village to go around many places preaching Vinayagar's greatness through her songs. She also solves many problems. Impressed by her devotion, a local king and his two daughters ask her to stay at the court for some days. Avvaiyar is impressed by their hospitality and blesses them. And once again she goes around preaching and solving many problems. Now, after a long time, she once again encounters the two princesses, but in ordinary dress living in a hut. She then learns that their father's enemies killed him and imprisoned the person (Gemini Ganesan) who was to marry the two girls. Avvaiyar approaches the kings who were the slain king's former friends. But they refuse as they are afraid of the powerful enemies. Hence Avvaiyar herself goes to save Gemini Ganeshan. When she prays to Vinayagar, he sends many elephants towards the enemies' fort and the wild elephants destroy the enemies and bring back the man. Now, with her mission over, she moves to another place where a boy asks a funny question, to which she could not give a convincing reply. Then the boy reveals himself to be the Lord Murugan whom [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] worshipped. Murugan says that Avvaiyar can now leave the world to join the place of the divine.

==Cast==
Cast according to the opening credits
{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Female cast
* [[K. B. Sundarambal]] as [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]]
* [[Kusalakumari]] as Kumari Avvai
* [[Kumari Sachu|Baby Saraswathi]] as Young Avvai
* Kumari Vanaja as Elankuzhali
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as Ammalu
* T. V. Kumudhini as Sivakami
* Nagarathnam as Kurathi
* Udhayathara as Kurathi
* Meera as Angavai
* Thulasi as Sangavai
;Female supporting cast
* Sokkamma, Chandra, Jamuna, Chellam, Sakunthala, Saroja, Radha.
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Male cast
* [[M. K. Radha]] as [[Vēl Pāri|Pari]]
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]] as Panar
* L. Narayana Rao as Azhwar
* [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] as Veerayan
* [[Gemini Ganesan|Ganesan]] as Deiveegan
* K. Ramasami as Poet
* G. Pattu Iyer as Valluvar
* Velayutham as Kuravan
* Pudukottai Seenu as Sakkaram
* C. V. V. Panthulu as Poet
* [[S. A. Ashokan|Ashokan]] as Chozhan
* G. V. Sharma as Velaiyam
* Natarajan as Shopkeeper
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Male cast (continued)
* P. M. Devam as Adikaman
* S. M. Durai as Kapilar
* T. E. Krishnamachari as Pandian
* V. P. S. Mani as Minister
* Raja Dhandapani as Commander
* Natanam Nataraj as Pantaram
* Balan as Cheran
* Kumar as Young Murugan
;Male supporting cast
* Vijaya Rao, Sampathkumar, T. S. B. Rao, Balaraman, P. V. S. Raju, Meenakshisundaram, Gopalakrishnan, Krishnamoorthy (Pottai), Venkat Rao, Jagadisha Iyer, S. G. Subbaiah.
{{col-end}}

== Production ==

Vasan wanted to make a film on saint poet Avvaiyar from 1941 and had given instructions to his story department to conduct research on the life and times of the famed poet and work on a draft script. More than two years were invested in the research. Vasan entrusted this job to Tamil scholar Kothamangalam Subbu which resulted in a collection of data which were either objectionable or controversial. Some scholars even told Subbu that "there was no such person called Avvaiyar! All kinds of people wrote philosophical poems and songs and passed them off as written by Avvai!" However, Vasan and Subbu never gave up and after much effort, a workable script was ready.

Vasan decided that the only actor who could portray the role of Avvaiyar with conviction would be the celebrated stage and film actor, Carnatic musician K. B. Sundarambal. K. Balaji who went on to become a famous producer made his debut as Lord Muruga in an uncredited role, while Kumar portrayed the young Lord Muruga.

Vasan screened the rough cut of Avvaiyar. His friends, staff members and their families were invited and asked to give their opinion in writing. Vasan would study all the material carefully. Well-known journalist of Ananda Vikatan who wrote under the pen name, 'Kadhir' explained that the film was slow, crawling on leaden feet with practically nothing much happening at all! It had Sundarambal walking slowly most of the time. It looked more like a documentary and not at all like a feature film. Vasan stared at him for a while and then smiled. He told his team that Kadhir was absolutely correct! He too had the same opinion and wanted to have a second opinion. He told Subbu and others that the film lacked entertainment. Immediately, he ordered the screenplay to be rewritten incorporating sequences of entertainment to elevate the box-office potential and audience appeal of the movie. That's when the sequence of the grand reception by the ancient Tamil king Paari to Avvaiyar was written to be woven into the script.

Subbu wrote it, making it an entertainment extravaganza on its own and the sequence was shot at considerable expense. An entire street set was built at a cost of Rs. 1.5 lakh, which was big money in the 1950s. Over 10,000 junior artistes took part in the spectacular sequence into which traditional folk dances were incorporated, creating a majestic visual impact on moviegoers. The sequence proved to be one of the highlights of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=21 July 2012 |title=Avvaiyar 1953 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/avvaiyar-1953/article3665697.ece |access-date=31 December 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301134723/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/avvaiyar-1953/article3665697.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music composed by [[M. D. Parthasarathy]], Anandaraman and Mayavaram Venu, while lyrics written by [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]], [[Papanasam Sivan]] & [[Kothamangalam Subbu]].<ref>{{cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=Avvaiyaar |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/avvaiyaar_15462 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902104704/https://www.saregama.com/album/avvaiyaar_15462 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref> According to the song book, this film has huge number of songs, a rarity in Tamil cinema.<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNZ0tBeFdRUUloUW8/view |title=ஔவையார் |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |year=1953 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=10 January 2020 |url-access=registration}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Aalai Palaavaagalaamo" || rowspan=16|[[K. B. Sundarambal]]
|-
| "Aram Seiya Virumbu"
|-
| "Ayyanae Anbarkku Meyyanae"
|-
| "Bakthaavu Kaettra"
|-
| "Gananaadhanae Varuga"
|-
| "Jaadhi Irandozhiya Vaerillai"
|-
| "Kanniththamizh Naattinilae"
|-
| "Kattradhu Kai Mannalavu"
|-
| "Kooriya Vaalar"
|-
| "Munnai Naal Paarikku"
|-
| "Muthamizh Deivame"
|-
| "Nellukkiraiththa Neer"
|-
| "Periyadhu Kaetkkin"
|-
| "Ulaginile"
|-
| "Vaelanae Senthamizh Viththagaa"
|-
| "Vennila Vea"
|-
| "Annaiyum Thanthaiyumaagum" || [[S. S. Mani Bhagavathar]]
|}

==Release and reception==
The film received positive reviews.<ref name="hinduonnet2003">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/10/17/stories/2003101700370901.htm | title=dated October 16 and 18 (No issue on October 17), 1953: Praise for Gemini's 'Avvaiyar' | date=17 October 2003 | access-date=18 July 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031230221732/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/17/stories/2003101700370901.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=30 December 2003}}</ref> Professor J. E. de La Harpe of the [[University of California]] wrote to Vasan, "Although I don't know one word of Tamil, I enjoyed the film immensely, being able to guess more or less the story from the scenes as it is acted out. This letter is not only to congratulate you on such a remarkable picture (the nature shots are particularly good), but to urge you to export it. Nothing could make India — at least Southern India — better understood abroad and liked than `''Avvaiyar''<nowiki/>' with its rural scenes, temple processions, religious incidents, and scenes such as the one of elephants storming a city. These will send foreign audiences wild, in addition to the very interesting musical aspect; your actress has a lovely voice. Although a Frenchman, I have been living in America for 27 years. As I know the Americans, they would simply love such a picture, so different from the stuff usually fed to the public here by Hollywood. I am sure you could make a smashing success with "Avvaiyar." Only be sure to leave it just as it is, do not add a love story (such as Hollywood thinks is indispensable), and do not change the typical Indian scenes. English sub-titles will be quite sufficient to make the whole story understandable. I hope I shall be able to see `''Avvaiyar''<nowiki/>' in the U.S.A. with English titles before too long."<ref name="hinduonnet2003" /> [[K. Venkataswami Naidu]], the Minister for Religious Endowments and Registration said, "I have seen both the Telugu and Tamil versions of `''Avvaiyar''.' When some of us were feeling that standards are going down in film production, this movie has come as a great relief. It is a perfect picture, carrying great moral and historical value. I need not speak of technical perfection for a Gemini production."<ref name="hinduonnet2003" /> In contrast, [[C. Rajagopalachari]], the then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] said, "T. K. Shanmugam's play is a hundred times superior to this picture... A lot of stock scenes of thunder, lightning and storm, of water flowing and elephants trooping and cardboard fortresses falling. Avvai is too angry and cursing... The picture is poor but when so much has been spent on it and the stake is so great how can one frankly condemn it..."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/31/stories/2001123100100300.htm | title=Rajaji, author and critic | date=31 December 2001 | access-date=18 July 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109225847/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/31/stories/2001123100100300.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=9 November 2010}}</ref>

==Legacy==
According to [[S. Theodore Baskaran]], ''Avvaiyar'' possibly started the trend for films celebrating Tamil culture and language: "A story woven around episodes from the life of the legendary poetess Avvaiyar whose works are considered to be one of the glories of Tamil literature. Every Tamil child is initiated into the language and culture through her poems. The film is dedicated to Mother Tamil and opens with a song praising Tamil Nadu. Avvaiyar herself symbolizes Mother Tamil and her deity, Murugan, is hailed as god of the Tamils".{{sfn|Craddock|2010|p=161}} The song "Pazham Neeyappa" was remixed for ''[[Naan Avan Illai (2007 film)|Naan Avan Illai]]'' (2007), with a few lyrical changes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srinivas|first=Saraswathy|date=13 April 2007|title=Naan Avan Illai's music is dismal|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/13nai.htm|access-date=31 December 2020|website=[[Rediff.com]]|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925055630/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/13nai.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Baskaran|first= S. Theodore | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ| title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema | publisher=East West Books | author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year=1996}}
* {{cite book|last=Craddock |first=Elaine|title=Siva's Demon Devotee: Karaikkal Ammaiyar|year=2010|publisher=SUNY Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03w_cvnVRe0C|isbn=978-1-4384-3087-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |title=Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema |publisher=Amra Publishers |year=1997 |location=Chennai |oclc=52794531 |author-link=Randor Guy}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ | title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema | last=Pillai | first=Swarnavel Eswaran | publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] | year=2015 | isbn=978-93-5150-212-8 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Gemini Studios}}

[[Category:1950s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1953 Indian films]]
[[Category:1953 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:Films about elephants]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kothamangalam Subbu]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. D. Parthasarathy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mayavaram Venu]]
[[Category:Films scored by P. S. Anandaraman]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kothamangalam Subbu]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mohana Sundaram

2026-03-04T05:03:25Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Put Up New Info First Draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mohana Sundaram
| image = Mohana Sundaram.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
| screenplay = A. T. Krishnaswamy
| based_on = {{Based on|''Mohana Sundaram''|J. R. Rangaraju}}
| producer = [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]
| starring = T. R. Mahalingam [[S. Varalakshmi]]
| cinematography = A. Shanmugam<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />
| editing = T. M. Lal<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| studio = Sree Sukumar Productions
| distributor = M. S. Pictures<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=22 July 1951 |title=மோகன சுந்தரம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1951/jul/22-07-1951/p1.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220830042609/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1951/jul/22-07-1951/p1.jpg |archive-date=30 August 2022 |access-date=31 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=ta}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1951|7|21}}
| runtime = 171 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mohana Sundaram''''' is a 1951 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]]. An adaptation of J. R. Rangaraju's detective novel of the same name, the film stars [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] and [[S. Varalakshmi]]. It was released on 21 July 1951, and became an average success.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref name="RandorGuy" />

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=January 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50}}
;Male<ref name="movie" />
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as Bhoopathi
* [[B. R. Panthulu]] as Sundara Mudaliar
* [[K. Sarangapani]] as Subbanna
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Mohana Mudaliar
* [[T. K. Ramachandran]] as Seetharaman
* V. K. Karthikeyan as Gopalasami
* K. Sayeeram as Bhima Rao
* K. S. Hariharan as Balu Mudaliar
* K. Natarajan as Detective Govindan
* N. Thiruvenkatam as Sub Inspector
* C. V. V. Panthulu as Ramadas
* [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandra Babu]] as Gopu
* Kottapuli Jayaraman as Constable
* Muthu Ramalingam, Bhairavan, Mani, Govindan, and Master Subramanyam.
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female<ref name="movie" />
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Visalakshi (Pappa)
* V. Susheela as Leelavathi
* S. K. Venu Bai as Jagathambal
* S. R. Lakshmi as Singaram
* [[G. Sakunthala]] as Maragatham
* Saraswathi as Leelavathi's Mother
* K. S. Angamuthu as Lakshmi
* Krishnaveni, Rajeswari, Gnanakumari, Saraswathi, Prabha, and Meera.
;Dance<ref name="movie" />
* [[Kumari Kamala]]
{{col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[T. G. Lingappa]] and the lyrics were written by [[K. D. Santhanam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohana Sundaram |url=https://gaana.com/album/Mohana-Sundaram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222163033/https://gaana.com/album/Mohana-Sundaram |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The westernised song "Hello My Dear Darling", which contained many English words, attracted considerable attention.<ref name="RandorGuy" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Oh Jagamathil Inbam" || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] [[S. Varalakshmi]] || 02:17
|-
| "Oh Jagamathil Inbam" – Female || [[S. Varalakshmi]] ||
|-
| "Pattu Venuma Oru Paattu" || T. R. Mahalingam || 03:02
|-
| "Oyillana Mayilattam" || [[P. Leela]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] || 03:51
|-
| "Pulli Maanai Pole" || T. R. Mahalingam, S. Varalakshmi || 02:10
|-
| "Kanneer Thaano En" || T. R. Mahalingam, S. Varalakshmi || 03:55
|-
| "Ninaivellam Neeya" || T. R. Mahalingam ||
|-
| "Avar Thaane En" || S. Varalakshmi ||
|-
| "Venmugil Kaana" || S. Varalakshmi || 02:45
|-
| "Kannana Kanmani" || T. R. Mahalingam || 03:47
|-
| "Inbam Pongum" || [[J. P. Chandra Babu|Chandra Babu]] [[Jikki]] || 02:57
|}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1951 – மோகனசுந்தரம்- ஸ்ரீசுகுமார் புரொடக். |trans-title=1951 – Mohanasundaram- Sree Sukumar Produc. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails21.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200222162437/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails21.asp |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=11 June 2011 |title=Mohanasundaram 1951 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mohanasundaram-1951/article2096231.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222161028/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mohanasundaram-1951/article2096231.ece |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=22 February 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Mohana Sundaram |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sree Sukumar Productions |year=1951 |time=0:00 to 2:54 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1950s crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1951 Indian films]]
[[Category:1951 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sadhaaram

2026-03-04T04:58:32Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Adding - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sadhaaram poster.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = V. C. Subbaraman
| story = [[Sankaradas Swamigal]]
| producer = V. C. Subbaraman
| writer = A. K. Velan & A. T. Krishnaswami (dialogue)
| starring = [[P. Bhanumathi]] [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] [[Gemini Ganesan]]
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| cinematography = P. Sridhar
| studio = Kasthuri Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1956|4|13|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 1956 |title=Satharam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560413&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

''''' Sadhaaram''''' is a 1956 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film starring [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] and [[Gemini Ganesan]]. Based on the play of the same name by [[Sankaradas Swamigal]], it was released on 13 April 1956,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1956 – சதாரம் – கஸ்தூரி பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1956 – Sadhaaram – Kasturi Films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails10.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716061231/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails10.asp |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> and was commercially unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=பானுமதி: 5. அண்ணா எனக்கு அளித்த தனி கவுரவம்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/nov/14/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-5.-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-1221463.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628105815/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/nov/14/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-5.-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-1221463.html |archive-date=28 June 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2022}}

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Actor !! Role
|-
| [[P. Bhanumathi]] || Sadhaaram
|-
| [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] ||
|-
| [[Gemini Ganesan]] ||
|-
| [[M. N. Rajam]] ||
|-
| [[T. S. Balaiah]] ||
|-
| [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] ||
|-
| [[K. Sarangapani]] ||
|-
| M. S. S. Bhagyam ||
|-
| P. S. Vengadasalam ||
|-
| [[C. K. Saraswathi]] ||
|-
| K. S. Angamuthu ||
|}

== Production ==
''Sadhaaram'' is the third film based on the play of the same name by [[Sankaradas Swamigal]], after a 1930 silent film and ''[[Naveena Sadaram]]'' (1935).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 April 2010 |title=Naveena Sadaram (1935) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Naveena-Sadaram-1935/article16342144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716061133/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Naveena-Sadaram-1935/article16342144.ece |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]]. Lyrics were penned by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] and [[A. Maruthakasi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=106 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Ponggi Varum Pudhu Nilavee" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[P. Bhanumathi]] || || 03:11
|-
| "Anggum Inggum Paartthidaamal" || [[Jikki]] || || 05:19
|-
| "Raajaatthi Kanne Raajaatthi" || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] || || 02:42
|-
| "Annaiye Kaaliyamma Eeswari" || T. M. Soundararajan, V. T. Rajagopalan, [[A. P. Komala]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]] || || 05:46
|-
| "Azhagu Brammachchaari Vaarum Aiyaa" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || || 02:29
|-
| "Kaayam Karuvappillai Soodandi" || [[S. C. Krishnan]] & [[K. Sarangapani]] || || 02:25
|-
| "Enggum Oli Veesudhe Ennai Thedi" || P. Bhanumathi, A. P. Komala & A. G. Rathnamala || || 03:10
|-
| " Ninaindhu Ninaindhu Nenjam Urugudhe" || T. M. Soundararajan || A. Maruthakasi || 03:11
|-
| "Laaba Nashtamadaa Naina" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] || || 02:11
|-
| "Nal Vaakuu Nee Kodadi" || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] || || 01:32
|-
| "Madhiyaadhaar Vaasal...Mann Meedhu Maanam" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] || || 02:54
|-
| "Pudhumai Enna Solven" || T. M. Soundararajan || || 03:24
|-
| "Thaaye Ezhai Mugam" || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || ||
|-
| "Villaadhi Villanadaa.... Thullaattam Pottadhellaam" || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] || || 02:39
|}

== Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=September 2024}}
<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=29 April 1956 |title=சதாரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1956-04-29/page/n31/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240921133845/https://archive.org/details/kalki1956-04-29/page/n31/mode/2up |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=30–31 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1956 Indian films]]
[[Category:1956 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Adl-E-Jehangir

2026-03-04T04:08:04Z

SilviaVanwinkle: done

{{Short description|1955 film by G. P. Sippy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adl-E-Jehangir
| image = Adl E Jehangir.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Showcard of film ''Adl-e-Jehangir''
| native_name = 
| director = [[G.P. Sippy]]
| producer = 
| writer = {{unbulleted list|'''Lyricist''':|[[Qamar Jalalabadi]]}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] [[Meena Kumari]] [[Darpan (actor)|Darpan]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Husnlal Bhagatram]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[G. P. Sippy|G.P. Productions]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|1955}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Adl-E-Jehangir''''' (The Justice of Jehangir) also referred to as '''''Adil-E-Jehangir''''',<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen|first2=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|page=107}}</ref> is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1955|1955]] [[black and white]] Bollywood Hindi language historical [[drama film]] directed by [[G. P. Sippy]].<ref name="Times of India 12-27-07">{{cite news|last1=TNN staff|title=G P Sippy an outspoken man|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/G-P-Sippy-an-outspoken-man/articleshow/2653724.cms|accessdate=7 November 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 December 2007}}</ref> According to Sippy in an interview, it was the first film he directed, and it became a commercial success at the box office.<ref name="VasudevLenglet1983">{{cite book|last1=Vasudev|first1=Aruna A. |last2=Lenglet|first2=Philippe |title=Indian Cinema Superbazaar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CzQAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Vikas|isbn=978-0-7069-2226-4|page=297|chapter=G. P. Sippy}}</ref> The film had music composed by [[Husnlal Bhagatram]], assisted by Shukla, with lyrics by [[Qamar Jalalabadi]]. A popular [[ghazal]] from the film was "Ae Meri Zindagi Tujhe Dhundhoon Kahan" sung by [[Talat Mahmood]].<ref name=TM>{{cite book|last1=Premchand|first1=Manek|title=Talat Mahmood -The Velvet Voice|date=April 2015|publisher=Manipal University Press|location=India|isbn=9789382460237|pages=118|edition=1}}</ref> The film starred [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]] and [[Jankidas]].<ref name="Apun Ka Choice">{{cite web|last1=staff |title=Adil-E-Jahangir 1956 music |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/adi/adil-e-jahangir/mid_1244/ |publisher=Apun Ka Choice |accessdate=7 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015202/http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/adi/adil-e-jahangir/mid_1244/ |archivedate=17 November 2015 }}</ref> [[Darpan (actor)|Darpan]], a leading Pakistani actor, also performed in the movie. He played the role of Prince Khurram ([[Shah Jahan]]).<ref name=Lyricsoff>{{cite web|last1=staff|title=Adil-E-Jahangir 1956|url=https://www.lyricsoff.com/songs/adl~e~jahangir-1955-songs.html|publisher=Lyrics Off|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>

The story involved a quasi-historical episode from Emperor [[Jehangir]]'s reign where his sense of justice is brought into question when his wife, the Empress [[Nur Jehan|Noor Jehan]] is implicated by Rami, a washer woman, in the killing of her husband.

==Plot==
Emperor Jehangir is known all over India for his sense of justice, and loved by the public for that. Empress Noor Jehan goes on a hunt and accidentally shoots dead a washer man with her arrow. His widow, Rami Dhoban, comes to the palace and rings the bell of justice. When Jehangir learns that Rami demands his justice of "a life for a life", he puts himself forward to be killed by Rami. Eventually the episode is sorted out through his ministers, with Rami forgiving the Empress and her husband.

==Cast==
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Shiraz
* [[Meena Kumari]] as Zareena
* [[D. K. Sapru]] as Jehangir
* [[Durga Khote]] as Malika-E-Jehangir
* [[Mehmood(actor)|Mehmood]]
* [[Vinod Mehra]] as Young Khurram
* [[Jankidas|Janki Dass M.A.]] as Banka Khan
* Rajan Kapoor as Hgmat Khan {Zareena father)
* [[Darpan (actor)|Darpan]] as Prince Khurram ([[Shah Jahan]])

==Soundtrack==
The music direction was by [[Husnlal Bhagatram]], who used the voices of [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Talat Mahmood]] as [[playback singer]]s for the songs.<ref name="Bharatan1995">{{cite book|author=Raju Bharatan|title=Lata Mangeshkar: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaafAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|isbn=978-81-7476-023-4|page=173}}</ref> The lyricist was [[Qamar Jalalabadi]]. Talat's songs were picturised on Pradeep Kumar, with Lata giving the vocals for Meena Kumari.<ref name=TM /> One of the songs was sung by [[Asha Bhosle]].<ref name=Music>{{cite web|last1=staff|title=Adil-E-Jahangir 1956 music|url=http://hindigeetmala.net/movie/adil_e_jahangir.htm|publisher=Hindi Geetmala|accessdate=7 November 2015}}</ref>

===Song list===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aaj Laila Ko Majnu Ka"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Nazar Lagi Pyari"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Ae Meri Zindagi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Ae Meri Zindagi"
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| "Chand Sitare"
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| "Apna Hi Ghar Lutane"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Teri Allah Kare Rakhwali"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Bhool Na Jana Ulfat Karke"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
|}

==Reception==
As reported by G. P. Sippy in an interview, ''Adl-e-Jehangir'', his directorial debut, was successful in "terms of money", "It brought us more than we had spent on it".<ref name="VasudevLenglet1983" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0138996/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 ''Adl-E-Jehangir''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Husnlal Bhagatram]]
[[Category:1955 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jahangir]]
[[Category:1950s historical drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]

Hoichoi: The Ruckus

2026-03-04T00:26:08Z

SilviaVanwinkle: New The Details Added Tags!

{{Short description|2013 Bengali drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Hoichoi: The Ruckus''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by [[Debarati Gupta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2012/02/hoi-choi-of-paoli-rahul-priyanka-bikram.html|title=Hoi Choi|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> and produced by [[Dilip Choudhury]]. This film was released on 12 July 2013 under the banner of [[Ganapati Entertainments]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Hoichoi/movie-review/21070953.cms|title=Hoi Choi|date=17 May 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/114571212-hoi-choi-story-around-theater-group-wbri-bengali-movie-preview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130223049/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/114571212-hoi-choi-story-around-theater-group-wbri-bengali-movie-preview|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 November 2012|title=Hoi Choi" - A Story Around a Theater Group|website=washingtonbanglaradio.com|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story follows Piyal, a struggling theatre actress who grows increasingly disillusioned due to the lack of recognition for her work. Alongside her friends, she performs in street theatre and aspires to create a meaningful impact through performance. In pursuit of greater creative freedom, they form a new theatre group named ''Hoi Choi''. The group later expands to include two more performers, Aban and Nalok. As the troupe begins to find its footing, they encounter the complex and often disheartening realities of group theatre, uncovering the underlying politics and interpersonal tensions that challenge their artistic ideals.

==Cast==
*[[Paoli Dam]] as Piyal
*[[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Aban
*[[Priyanka Sarkar|Priyanaka Sarkar]] as Tupur
*[[Rudranil Ghosh]]
*[[Vikram Chatterjee]] as Nalok
*[[Shekhar Das]] as Charan

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3297476}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Raga (film)

2026-03-03T23:40:38Z

SilviaVanwinkle: put up entry

{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raga
| image = Raga 1971 UK film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Howard Worth
| producer = Howard Worth
| writer = Nancy Bacal
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ravi Shankar]]
* [[Allauddin Khan]]
* [[Yehudi Menuhin]]
* [[George Harrison]]
* [[Alla Rakha]]
* [[Kamala Chakravarty]]
* [[Lakshmi Shankar]]
}}
| music = Ravi Shankar
| cinematography = James Allen
| editing = Merle Worth
| studio = [[Apple Films]]
| distributor = Apple Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1971|11|23}}
| runtime = 97 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/raga-film | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150203/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/raga-film | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 December 2016 | title=''Raga'' (A) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=26 July 1973 | access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = {{Plainlist|
* English
* Hindi
}}
}}
'''''Raga''''' is a 1971 [[documentary film]] about the life and music of Indian [[sitarist]] [[Ravi Shankar]], produced and directed by Howard Worth. It includes scenes featuring Western musicians [[Yehudi Menuhin]] and [[George Harrison]], as well as footage of Shankar returning to [[Maihar]] in central India, where as a young man he trained under the mentorship of [[Allauddin Khan]]. The film also features a portion of Shankar and [[tabla]] player [[Alla Rakha]]'s acclaimed performance at the 1967 [[Monterey Pop Festival]].

The majority of the documentary was shot in the late 1960s, during a period when Shankar's growing popularity saw [[Indian classical music]] embraced by rock and pop musicians and their audiences. Financial problems then delayed production until Harrison provided assistance through [[the Beatles]]' company [[Apple Films]]. In addition to actively promoting ''Raga'', Harrison produced the soundtrack album – a project that led directly to hem and Shankar staging [[the Concert for Bangladesh]] in August 1971.

The film's working title was alternately ''East Meets West'' and ''Messenger Out of the East''. In 2010, to coincide with celebrations for Shankar's 90th birthday, [[East Meets West Music]] released a fully remastered version on DVD, titled '''''Raga: A Film Journey into the Soul of India'''''. The expanded soundtrack album was also made available, via digital download.

==Production==

New York film-maker [[Howard Worth]] began work on ''Raga'', a [[documentary film]] on [[Indian classical music]]ian [[Ravi Shankar]], in 1967, during the height of what Shankar describes in ''My Music, My Life'' (1968), the first of his two autobiographies,<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 187, 197.</ref> as "the great [[sitar]] explosion".<ref>Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', p. 100.</ref> The latter term reflected the interest that had grown in the West for [[Music of India|Indian music]] and its extended works, known as [[raga]]s, over 1966–67,<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 171–72.</ref> following [[the Beatles]] and other rock bands' adoption of the multi-stringed sitar into their sound.<ref name="Rough Guide pp 109-10">''World Music: The Rough Guide'', pp. 109–10.</ref><ref>Robert Shelton, [http://aliakbarkhanlibrary.com/library_site/pages/z_articles/ny_times3.html "Indian Raga Music Gains in Popularity Across U.S."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207230940/http://aliakbarkhanlibrary.com/library_site/pages/z_articles/ny_times3.html |date=7 December 2013 }}, ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', 20 December 1966 (retrieved 3 December 2013).</ref> Aided by his befriending [[George Harrison]] of the Beatles,<ref>Bruce Eder, [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/george-harrison-mn0000209142/biography "George Harrison"], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 20 July 2014).</ref> this phenomenon resulted in Shankar achieving [[Celebrity|pop star]] status.<ref name="Collaborations p 11">Book accompanying ''[[Collaborations (Ravi Shankar and George Harrison album)|Collaborations]]'' box set by Ravi Shankar and George Harrison ([[Dark Horse Records]], 2010; produced by Olivia Harrison), p. 11.</ref><ref name="Lavezzoli p 172" /> Music critic [[Ken Hunt (music journalist)|Ken Hunt]] describes him as having become "the most famous Indian musician on the planet" in 1966.<ref name="Hunt/Ravi AM" />{{refn|group=nb|Hunt adds that within "two decades" of Shankar's debut performances in Western Europe and America, in 1956,<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 61.</ref> he was "probably the most famous Indian alive".<ref name="Hunt/Ravi AM" />}} Shankar was uncomfortable with this development,<ref name="Lavezzoli p 172">Lavezzoli, p. 172.</ref> since his training had instilled in him a sacred purpose for India's musical heritage<ref>"'My Music Not For Addicts' – Shankar", ''[[KRLA Beat]]'', 29 July 1967, p. 10; available at [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/ravi-shankar-my-music-not-for-addicts Rock's Backpages] (''subscription required''; retrieved 20 June 2014).</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/dec/12/ravi-shankar-classic-interview "Ravi Shankar: 'Our music is sacred' – a classic interview from the vaults"], [[The Guardian|theguardian.com]], 12 December 2012 (retrieved 13 August 2014).</ref> – namely, Nada [[Brahma]] ("Sound is God").<ref>Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', pp. 65, 100, 102, 105.</ref><ref>Leng, pp. 24, 27–28.</ref> The film documents Shankar's concern that while old traditions were dying in India, they were simultaneously being misappropriated by America's youth culture,<ref>Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', pp. 209, 210.</ref> particularly through many in the West choosing to associate Indian classical music with [[psychedelic drugs]].<ref name="Clark/RS interview">Sue C. Clark, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/ravi-shankar-the-rolling-stone-interview-19680309 "Ravi Shankar: The ''Rolling Stone'' Interview"], ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', 9 March 1968 (retrieved 15 December 2013).</ref><ref>Clayson, pp. 210–11.</ref>

Speaking in 2010 of his involvement in ''Raga'', Worth recalled that he disliked Indian music initially, but soon changed his view.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> At the request of Canadian television producer Nancy Bacal, he attended a private recital by Shankar, in the company of singers [[Judy Collins]] and [[Leonard Cohen]], a performance that convinced Worth that he wanted to direct the planned Shankar documentary after all.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{YouTube|-VVi6sC54kA|"Howard Worth discussing ''Raga'' (2010)"}} (retrieved 1 November 2013).</ref> Worth also served as producer,<ref name="C&P p 320">Castleman & Podrazik, p. 320.</ref> and he and Bacal worked on a script at Collins's house in California.<ref name=autogenerated5 />

The film was originally called ''East Meets West'', according to author Peter Lavezzoli;<ref name="Lavezzoli p 184">Lavezzoli, p. 184.</ref> ''Messenger Out of the East'' was an alternative working title.<ref name=autogenerated1>Clayson, p. 308.</ref> The first of these titles referenced ''[[West Meets East]]'', Shankar's 1966 album with American violinist [[Yehudi Menuhin]], and the winner of the 1967 [[Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance]].<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 8, 63.</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Filming===
{{quote box|quote= To be received like this in a foreign land – my God, it is overwhelming. I never felt so much warmth and openness, so much love for our music ... But I wonder how much they can understand, and where all this will lead to.<ref name="Raga film 2010">''Raga: A Film Journey into the Soul of India''.</ref>|source= – Shankar's opening narrative in ''Raga''|width=25%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}
Much of ''Raga'' was shot during the first half of 1968 in India, particularly Bombay,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> home to Shankar's [[Kinnara School of Music]] since 1963.<ref>Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', p. 97.</ref> Among the scenes filmed in India, Shankar directs musicians such as [[Shivkumar Sharma]], [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]] and Kartick Kumar in a Bombay studio and, in a scene titled "Vinus House", enjoys a casual musical get-together with singer Vinay Bharat Ram and violinist Satyadev Pawar.<ref name="Raga film 2010" />

[[File:Maihar railway station.JPG|thumb|right|Maihar Railway Station in 2009. In ''Raga'', Shankar journeys by train to [[Maihar]] as part of his reaffirmation of his cultural roots.]]
Early in the film, Shankar travels by train to the [[Madhya Pradesh]] town of [[Maihar]], to see his father-in-law and esteemed music teacher (or [[guru]]), [[Allauddin Khan]],<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 15, 51, 184.</ref> known affectionately as "Baba".<ref>Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', pp. 58–60.</ref><ref>Reginald Massey, [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/dec/12/ravi-shankar-dies "Ravi Shankar obituary"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 12 December 2012 (retrieved 13 August 2014).</ref> Worth recalls this visit as a nervous occasion for Shankar,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> who states in his role as narrator: "Whenever I think of [Baba], I have a mixture of fear and awe. For us, ''guru'' is sometimes greater even than God."<ref name="Raga film 2010" />{{refn|group=nb|In his 1997 autobiography, ''[[Raga Mala (book)|Raga Mala]]'', Shankar comments on the difficult relationship he had with his father-in-law, due to longstanding marital problems between himself and Baba's daughter, [[Annapurna Devi]].<ref>Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', p. 221.</ref>}} Another scene features dancers from the South Indian [[kathakali]] tradition,<ref name="Lavezzoli p 184" /> reflecting Shankar's early career as a dancer with elder brother [[Uday Shankar|Uday]]'s pioneering troupe during the 1930s.<ref name="Hunt/Ravi AM">Ken Hunt, [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ravi-shankar-mn0000404463/biography "Ravi Shankar"], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 24 November 2013).</ref><ref name="Raga/EMWM">[http://eastmeetswestmusic.myshopify.com/products/ravi-shankar-raga-a-film-journey-into-the-soul-of-india-dvd "Ravi Shankar ''Raga: A Film Journey into the Soul of India'' DVD"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104161418/http://eastmeetswestmusic.myshopify.com/products/ravi-shankar-raga-a-film-journey-into-the-soul-of-india-dvd |date=4 November 2013 }}, [[East Meets West Music]] (retrieved 1 November 2013).</ref>

According to Worth, the emotional highpoint of filming was when Shankar visited his spiritual guru,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> named Tat Baba.<ref>Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', pp. 89–90.</ref><ref>Clayson, p. 207.</ref> In his own teaching activities, Shankar is shown mentoring students at Kinnara,<ref name="Raga film 2010" /> adhering to the strict [[Guru-shishya tradition|''guru-shishya'' tradition]] he had experienced under Allauddin Khan.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 12–13, 51.</ref> Shankar later reflects on the comparative rush to master the intricacies of Indian music by his Western students in Los Angeles,<ref name="Raga film 2010" /> where he opened a branch of the Kinnara School in May 1967.<ref>Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', pp. 97–98.</ref>

''Raga'' includes footage of a pair of celebrated live performances by Shankar from 1967, a year that Lavezzoli describes as the "''[[annus mirabilis]]''" for Indian music in the West.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 6, 63, 184.</ref> The first performance was from the [[Monterey Pop Festival]] in northern California on 18 June, where Shankar was accompanied by his longtime [[tabla]] player, [[Alla Rakha]].<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 7, 105–06, 180–81.</ref> The film shows Shankar and his companion [[Kamala Chakravarty]]<ref>Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', pp. 157, 196, 268–69.</ref><ref name="Dasgupta Dutt & Walia">Priyanka Dasgupta, Purba Dutt & Nona Walia, [https://web.archive.org/web/20131212080357/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-18/man-woman/31051588_1_pandit-ravi-shankar-sitar-legend-panditji "Meet India's bohemian lovers"], ''[[Times of India]]'', 18 February 2012 (retrieved 15 December 2013).</ref> circulating among the crowd before his performance,<ref name="Raga film 2010" /> and American musicians [[Jerry Garcia]] and [[Jimi Hendrix]] among "the enthralled spectators" while he plays, according to Lavezzoli.<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 181.</ref> The second of these 1967 performances, a recital featuring Menuhin and Shankar,<ref name="Raga Mala p 210" /> was filmed six months later on [[Human Rights Day]], at the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations building]] in New York.<ref name="Lavezzoli pp 7-8">Lavezzoli, pp. 7–8.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|This event took place on 10 December 1967 and included accompaniment from Rakha<ref name="Lavezzoli pp 7-8" /> and Chakravarty (the latter on [[Tanpura|tambura]]).<ref>Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', p. 96.</ref> Adding to its significance, the Human Rights Day recital was the first time that Indian classical musicians had been seen by a global television audience.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 7–8, 63.</ref>}}

[[File:Slates Hot Springs - fileDSC 5788-w.jpg|thumb|left|Shankar's scenes with George Harrison were filmed at the [[Esalen Institute]] in California.]]
Another milestone for the popularity of Indian music was the June 1967 release of the Beatles' ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album,<ref name="Rough Guide p 109">''World Music: The Rough Guide'', p. 109.</ref> the "spiritual centerpiece" of which, Lavezzoli writes, was George Harrison's Indian composition "[[Within You, Without You]]".<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 6–7, 180.</ref> Harrison joined Shankar in [[Madras]] in April 1968, following [[The Beatles in India|the Beatles' stay]] at [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]'s meditation ashram in [[Rishikesh]],<ref>Miles, pp. 293, 296.</ref> but a bout of [[dysentery]] prevented him from participating in filming for ''Raga''.<ref name="IMM p 57" /> Worth subsequently filmed Harrison's contributions at the [[Esalen Institute]] in [[Big Sur]], California,<ref>George Harrison, pp. 57–58.</ref> on 10–11 June 1968.<ref name=autogenerated2>Badman, p. 54.</ref> In one of the scenes, Harrison receives sitar tuition from Shankar; in another, they both participate in a singing class<ref name="Lavezzoli p 184" /> with students from Kinnara.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 422" /> While his immersion in Indian music had been the most significant factor behind Shankar's recent rise to international fame,<ref name="Rough Guide p 109" /><ref>Clayson, p. 210.</ref><ref name=Glass>Philip Glass, [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/09/arts/george-harrison-world-music-catalyst-great-souled-man-open-influence-unfamiliar.html?pagewanted=all "George Harrison, World-Music Catalyst and Great-Souled Man; Open to the Influence of Unfamiliar Cultures"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 December 2001 (retrieved 1 December 2013).</ref> Harrison would later cite this visit to Esalen as presaging the end of his commitment to the sitar.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 171–72, 177–78.</ref><ref>Mitchell Glazer, "Growing Up at 33⅓: The George Harrison Interview", ''[[Crawdaddy!|Crawdaddy]]'', February 1977, p. 41.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Part of Harrison's reason for abandoning the sitar was his realisation that mastering the instrument demanded years of intense dedication.<ref>Olivia Harrison, pp. 194, 221.</ref><ref name="Leng p 36">Leng, p. 36.</ref> In his [[I, Me, Mine (book)|1980 autobiography]], Harrison explains: "By this time I had met a few hundred sitar players who were all sensational, yet Ravi had hopes for only one of them that he would be a really great sitar player.<ref name="IMM p 57">George Harrison, p. 57.</ref><ref>Lavezzoli, p. 185.</ref>}} As of 2006, the scene in ''Raga'' featuring Shankar instructing Harrison was the only known film footage of Harrison playing the sitar during his years as a member of the Beatles.<ref>Unterberger, p. 202.</ref>

California was also the location for the film's penultimate scene, in which Shankar, looking out over a windswept beach, questions the validity of his attempts to bring Indian culture to America.<ref name="Raga Mala 210-11">Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', pp. 210–11.</ref> In his narration for the scene, he reads out a passage adapted from ''My Music, My Life'', reaffirming his belief in Nada Brahma.<ref name="Raga Mala 210-11" />
{{Clear}}

===Apple Films' involvement===
After the main filming over 1967–68 in India and the United States,<ref>Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', pp. 209–10.</ref> financial and technical problems interrupted production on ''Raga''.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 184, 187.</ref> According to Worth's recollection, the original financier for the project, whom he describes as "Ravi's manager", was forced to back out, having been committed to a psychiatric ward.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> In ''[[Raga Mala (book)|Raga Mala]]'', Shankar says that he financed the film himself, adding: "which was rather sad because it cost a large amount and I only realised this later!"<ref name="Raga Mala p 210">Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', p. 210.</ref>

Once back in New York, Worth contacted Harrison, hoping to secure support from [[United Artists]],<ref name=autogenerated5 /> the film studio responsible for the Beatles' feature films ''[[A Hard Day's Night (film)|A Hard Day's Night]]'', ''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'' and ''[[Yellow Submarine (film)|Yellow Submarine]]''.<ref>Castleman & Podrazik, pp. 317–18.</ref> Late in 1970,{{refn|group=nb|Worth does not give a date as such yet mentions [[Apple Corps|Apple]]'s New York office and Harrison asking him to pick his favourite of five recordings, one of which was "[[My Sweet Lord]]".<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Apple's New York office did not open until April 1970,<ref>Badman, p. 6.</ref><ref>[http://beatlechat.blogspot.com.au/2012/03/its-really-pity.html "It's Really a Pity"], Contra Band Music, 15 March 2012 (retrieved 9 November 2013).</ref> and Harrison recorded "My Sweet Lord" in London in May–August 1970, before arriving in New York on 28 October with the master tapes for his ''[[All Things Must Pass]]'' album.<ref>Spizer, pp. 220, 222.</ref>}} Harrison attended a special screening of the assembled footage and was so moved, according to Worth, that within days he offered the services of the Beatles' own [[Apple Films]] as a distributor.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Worth credits Harrison with saving the production and thereby "chang[ing] my life".<ref name=autogenerated5 />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raga
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ravi Shankar]]
| cover = Raga1971album.jpg
| alt =
| released = 7 December 1971 (US)
| recorded = April–July 1968; June–July 1971
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]]
| length = 39:34
| label = [[Apple Records|Apple]]
| producer = [[George Harrison]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The majority of ''Raga''{{'}}s musical soundtrack was recorded between April and July 1968.<ref name="C&P p 107">Castleman & Podrazik, p. 107.</ref> Aside from the recitals featured in the film, Shankar provided incidental music,<ref name="Raga Mala p 210" /> the co-ordination of which was credited to his sister-in-law [[Lakshmi Shankar]] (for pieces classed as "East") and American musician [[Collin Walcott]] ("West").<ref name="Raga credits">Credits, ''Raga: A Film Journey into the Soul of India''.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Walcott studied under Shankar at Kinnara in Los Angeles.<ref name="Raga Mala p 210" /> In a 2006 interview with Peter Lavezzoli, Shankar singled him out as "my first American disciple" and the most dedicated of all his students in Los Angeles – the majority of whom "were not sure of what they were really looking for" and "were mostly interested in getting stoned".<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 425–26.</ref>}} Among the notable Indian musicians contributing to the soundtrack were [[Bismillah Khan]] ([[shehnai]]), Shivkumar Sharma ([[santoor]]), Hariprasad Chaurasia ([[bansuri]]), [[Aashish Khan]] ([[sarod]]), [[Shankar Ghosh (musician)|Shankar Ghosh]] and [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] (both tabla), and singer [[Jitendra Abhisheki]].<ref name="Raga credits" /> For a scene that Shankar describes in ''Raga Mala'' as "reflect[ing] all the distortions in that period – Indian music mixed up with rock, [[hippie]]s and drugs", Walcott created a piece titled "Frenzy and Distortion", using "a profusion of electronic sounds".<ref name="Raga Mala p 210" />

In June and through to July 1971, Harrison, as producer, prepared the recordings for release in conjunction with the movie.<ref name=autogenerated4>Badman, p. 36.</ref><ref>Madinger & Easter, pp. 422, 435.</ref> While Shankar and Harrison were working in Los Angeles, news broke of the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|atrocities]] being committed by [[West Pakistan]] against the people of Bangladesh (formerly [[East Pakistan]], and before that, [[East Bengal]]).<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>John Harris, "A Quiet Storm", ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'', July 2001, p. 74.</ref> In response to a plea for assistance from Shankar, a Bengali by birth, Harrison set about organising the [[The Concert for Bangladesh|Concert for Bangladesh]], held at [[Madison Square Garden]], New York, on 1 August.<ref>Leng, p. 111.</ref><ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 187–88.</ref> Work on the ''Raga'' soundtrack was completed in mid July,<ref name=autogenerated4 /> around the time of sessions for Shankar's [[Apple Records]] EP ''[[Joi Bangla]]''.<ref>Castleman & Podrazik, p. 103.</ref>

==Release==
''Raga'' received a limited release in November 1971, solely in the United States.<ref name="C&P p 320" /> Harrison helped promote the film, starting with an interview for New York's [[WPLJ|WPLJ Radio]],<ref>[http://beatlechat.blogspot.com.au/2012/05/irish-sitar.html "Irish Sitar"], Contra Band Music, 3 May 2012 (retrieved 7 November 2013).</ref> and he attended a press screening at [[Carnegie Hall#Zankel Hall|Carnegie Hall Cinema]] on 22 November, along with former bandmate [[John Lennon]] and their wives.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> While Shankar attended the premiere there the following night, Harrison instead appeared on ''[[The Dick Cavett Show]]'', discussing ''Raga'' and bemoaning the delay surrounding the release of the live album from the Concert for Bangladesh.<ref>Badman, p. 55.</ref><ref name="ContraBand/BigBop">[http://beatlechat.blogspot.com.au/2012/05/bip-bop-baby.html "Big Bop Baby"], Contra Band Music, 4 May 2012 (retrieved 7 November 2013).</ref>{{refn|group=nb|''[[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|The Concert for Bangladesh]]'', featuring Shankar's performance of "Bangla Dhun" with [[Ali Akbar Khan]] and Rakha,<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 8, 66, 194.</ref> would finally be issued in America four weeks after ''Raga'' opened.<ref>Badman, pp. 54, 58.</ref>}} Shankar joined him late in the show, during which Harrison also plugged ''[[Concerto for Sitar & Orchestra]]'', Shankar's recently released collaboration with [[André Previn]] and [[the London Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>Rodriguez, pp. 321–22.</ref>

On 24 November, Shankar and Harrison filmed an appearance on ''[[David Frost#American career from 1968 to 1980|The David Frost Show]]'',<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 439">Madinger & Easter, p. 439.</ref> where they again discussed the film and Harrison gave a rare demonstration on sitar.<ref name="ContraBand/BigBop" /><ref>Badman, pp. 55–56.</ref> Two days later, Shankar performed at Carnegie Hall, accompanied by Rakha and Chakravarty, giving his first New York concert since the Concert for Bangladesh shows in August.<ref>Billboard staff, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QA8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Ravi+Shankar&pg=PA16 "Shankar, 'Raga' At Carnegie"], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', 27 November 1971, p. 16 (retrieved 30 August 2015).</ref> Writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in November 1971, film critic [[Howard Thompson (film critic)|Howard Thompson]] described ''Raga'' as "quietly penetrating" and "beautifully made", adding: "Everything about it is admirable."<ref>Howard Thompson, [https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/24/archives/screen-ravi-shankar-raga-a-documentary-at-carnegie-cinema.html "Screen: Ravi Shankar; 'Raga,' a Documentary, at Carnegie Cinema"], ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', 24 November 1971, p. 23 (retrieved 1 November 2013).</ref>

On 7 December 1971, Apple Records released the soundtrack album (as Apple SWAO 3384) – like the film, in America only.<ref>Castleman & Podrazik, pp. 107, 320.</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s album reviewer commented on the packaging's "superb photo folio showing the sitarist's career" but said that, due to the fact that only portions of ragas were present, the soundtrack's "greatest attractiveness may be to those who see the movie or are Shankar collectors".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ng8EAAAAMBAJ&q=shankar "Album Reviews"], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', 18 December 1971, p. 25 (retrieved 1 November 2013).</ref>

In August 1972, Harrison screened ''Raga'' for select guests at a cinema in [[Mayfair]], London, to coincide with Shankar's upcoming appearance at [[Southwark Cathedral]].<ref>Badman, p. 80.</ref> According to a report in ''[[Record Mirror]]'' in early November 1973, the film was due to open in London later that same month.<ref name="Jones/RecordMirror">Peter Jones (ed.), "Reflections: Ravi raga saga", ''[[Record Mirror]]'', 10 November 1973, p. 10.</ref>

When asked at the press conference for his and Shankar's [[George Harrison and Ravi Shankar's 1974 North American tour|1974 North American tour]] whether the attendant publicity was likely to lead to a re-release for ''Raga'' in the US, Harrison expressed his hope that it would, but lamented that the restrictions imposed on cinema operators by film distributors were "like the way the record industry was ten years ago". He added: "If you don't work on Maggie's farm, you don't get your movie on, you know?"<ref>Steven Rosen, [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/george-harrison "George Harrison"], [[Rock's Backpages]], 2008 (subscription required; retrieved 5 July 2016).</ref>

==Reissue==
''Raga'' was released on home video in 1991, distributed by Mystic Fire Video.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 422">Madinger & Easter, p. 422.</ref> The Shankar-affiliated [[East Meets West Music]] (EMWMusic) remastered the film and released it on DVD in October 2010, with the new title ''Raga: A Film Journey into the Soul of India''.<ref>[http://eastmeetswestmusic.com/discography/raga/ "Raga: A Film Journey into the Soul of India"], [[East Meets West Music|eastmeetswest.com]] (retrieved 25 October 2016).</ref> The release was part of EMWMusic's celebrations for Shankar's 90th birthday.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140830191722/http://www.eastmeetswestmusic.com/news.html News > "8/15/10 ''Raga'' DVD"], [[East Meets West Music|eastmeetswest.com]], 15 August 2010 (archived version retrieved 25 October 2016).</ref> Shankar said of his reasons for reissuing the film: "It was a very special period of my life. I really want today's generation to see what it was like for me to be in such a unique and exciting position – to be the first to bridge the gap between the East and the West and to devise a new way to attract, educate, initiate and draw those in the West to the exceptional world of Indian classical music and culture."<ref>Suanshu Khurana, [http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/raga-reloaded/679294/1 "Raga Reloaded"], ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 9 September 2010 (retrieved 16 May 2017).</ref>

On 1 November 2010, the film was screened at the New York headquarters of the [[Asia Society]],<ref name="AsiaSocietyNY/EMWM">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140830191722/http://www.eastmeetswestmusic.com/news.html News > "11/1/10 | NY | ASIA SOCIETY SCREENING!"], [[East Meets West Music|eastmeetswest.com]], 1 November 2011 (archived version retrieved 25 October 2016).</ref> which had promoted Shankar's first US appearances in 1957<ref>[http://asiasociety.org/arts/performing-arts/music/ravi-shankar-life-music "Ravi Shankar: A Life in Music"], [[Asia Society|asiasociety.org]] (retrieved 12 August 2014).</ref> and now honoured the artist with its Cultural Legacy Award. The event was introduced by composer [[Philip Glass]] and attended by [[Anoushka Shankar]] (representing her father, who was too sick to attend),<ref>[http://asiasociety.org/new-york/events/ravi-shankar-award-ceremony-and-film-screening "Ravi Shankar: Award Ceremony and Film Screening"], [[Asia Society|asiasociety.org]] (retrieved 12 August 2014).</ref> along with people involved in the original production such as Worth, Gary Haber and Merle Worth.<ref name="AsiaSocietyNY/EMWM" /> Writing in ''[[Songlines (magazine)|Songlines]]'' magazine, Jeff Kaliss gave the ''Raga'' DVD a five-star review and described the film as an "honest, entertaining portrait of a maestro" that was "[as] satisfying musically as it is visually".<ref>Jeff Kaliss, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141102084333/http://eastmeetswestmusic.com/files/songlinesreview.jpg "Ravi Shankar ''Raga: A Film Journey into the Soul of India''"], ''[[Songlines (magazine)|Songlines]]'', 26 November 2010, p. 85 (archived version retrieved 25 October 2016).</ref> In an article on the 2015–16 [[Grammy Museum at L.A. Live|Grammy Museum]] exhibit on Shankar, music historian [[Harvey Kubernik]] said the DVD was "recommended viewing".<ref name="Kubernik">Harvey Kubernik, [http://cavehollywood.com/ravi-shankar-a-life-in-music-exhibit-at-the-grammy-museum-may-2015-spring-2016/ "Ravi Shankar: A Life In Music Exhibit at the Grammy Museum May 2015–Spring 2016"], Cave Hollywood, 16 June 2015 (retrieved 1 May 2017).</ref>

In place of the 1971 promotional image for ''Raga'', which showed a silhouette of a cow against a backdrop of a sunset, the new cover consisted of a still of Shankar playing sitar during the 1960s.<ref name="Raga liner notes" /> This photo, taken by Canadian portrait photographer [[Yousuf Karsh]],<ref name="Raga liner notes">Liner notes, ''Raga: A Film Journey into the Soul of India''.</ref> shows a portion of the seven-played-string [[Sitar#Construction styles|model of sitar]] that Shankar had popularised over the more traditional six-string model favoured by musicians such as [[Vilayat Khan]].<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 14, 30–31, 33.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|In addition to the six or seven played strings, sitars have between nine and thirteen [[sympathetic string]]s, and the number of frets on the neck similarly varies.<ref name="Shankar p 111" /> In ''My Music, My Life'', Shanker recommends having twenty frets, rather than the standard nineteen.<ref name="Shankar p 111">Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', p. 111.</ref>}}

For the 2010 reissue, EMWMusic expanded the soundtrack album from thirteen selections<ref name="C&P p 107" /> to seventeen, with all recordings fully remastered.<ref name="Raga liner notes" /> The ''Raga'' soundtrack was available via digital download with the documentary film.<ref name="Raga/EMWM" />

==Album track listing==

===Original 1971 release===

All songs by Ravi Shankar, except where noted.

'''Side one'''
{{ordered list
| "Dawn to Dusk" – 3:38
| "Vedic Hymns" (PD) – 1:30
| "Baba Teaching" (PD) – 1:08
| "Birth to Death" – 3:10
| "Vinus House" – 2:37
| "Guru Bramha" – 1:10
| "United Nations" (Shankar, [[Yehudi Menuhin]]) – 4:33
}}
'''Side two'''
{{ordered list|start=8
| "Medley: Raga Parameshwari / Rangeswhari" – 4:31
| "Banaras Ghat" – 2:45
| "Bombay Studio" – 1:51
| "Kinnara School" – 1:51
| "Frenzy and Distortion" – 1:06
| "Raga Desh" – 8:50
}}

===2010 digital download version===

# "East/West Introductions" – 3:08
# "Dawn to Dusk" – 3:41
# "Vedic Hymns" – 1:36
# "Baba Teaching" – 1:17
# "Birth to Death" – 3:15
# "Vinus House" – 2:41
# "Gurur Bramha" – 1:15
# "United Nations" – 4:41
# "Medley: Raga Parameshwari / Raga Rangeshwari" – 2:54
# "Banaras Ghat" – 1:49
# "Bombay Studio" – 2:48
# "Kinnara School" – 1:34
# "Frenzy and Distortion" – 1:56
# "Raga Desh" – 9:02
# "The Spirit of the Raga" – 2:33
# "What Is a Raga?" – 1:41
# "The Seriousness of It" – 3:15

{{Portal|India|Music}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Keith Badman, ''The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001'', Omnibus Press (London, 2001; {{ISBN|0-7119-8307-0}}).
* Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, ''All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975'', Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; {{ISBN|0-345-25680-8}}).
* Alan Clayson, ''George Harrison'', Sanctuary (London, 2003; {{ISBN|1-86074-489-3}}).
* George Harrison, ''I Me Mine'', Chronicle Books (San Francisco, CA, 2002; {{ISBN|0-8118-3793-9}}).
* Olivia Harrison, ''George Harrison: Living in the Material World'', Abrams (New York, NY, 2011; {{ISBN|978-1-4197-0220-4}}).
* Peter Lavezzoli, ''The Dawn of Indian Music in the West'', Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; {{ISBN|0-8264-2819-3}}).
* Simon Leng, ''While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison'', Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; {{ISBN|1-4234-0609-5}}).
* Chip Madinger & Mark Easter, ''Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium'', 44.1 Productions (Chesterfield, MO, 2000; {{ISBN|0-615-11724-4}}).
* Barry Miles, ''The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years'', Omnibus Press (London, 2001; {{ISBN|0-7119-8308-9}}).
* ''Raga: A Film Journey into the Soul of India'' DVD, [[East Meets West Music|East Meets West]]/[[Apple Films]], 2010 (produced and directed by Howard Worth; reissue produced by Shyama Priya & Cat Celebrezze).
* Robert Rodriguez, ''Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980'', Backbeat Books (Milwaukee, WI, 2010; {{ISBN|978-1-4165-9093-4}}).
* Ravi Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', Mandala Publishing (San Rafael, CA, 2007; {{ISBN|978-1-60109-005-8}}).
* Ravi Shankar, ''Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar'', Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; {{ISBN|1-56649-104-5}}).
* [[Bruce Spizer]], ''The Beatles Solo on Apple Records'', 498 Productions (New Orleans, LA, 2005; {{ISBN|0-9662649-5-9}}).
* Richie Unterberger, ''The Unreleased Beatles: Music & Film'', Backbeat Books (San Francisco, CA, 2006; {{ISBN|978-0-8793-0892-6}}).
* ''World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific)'', Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}).
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0067648|title=Raga}}
* {{YouTube|-VVi6sC54kA|Talk by Howard Worth about ''Raga'' (2010)}}
* [http://eastmeetswestmusic.com/discography/raga ''Raga'' (2010) at East Meets West Music]

{{Ravi Shankar}}
{{George Harrison}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 documentary films]]
[[Category:Apple Films films]]
[[Category:American documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about classical music and musicians]]
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:The Beatles in film]]
[[Category:The Beatles and India]]
[[Category:Albums produced by George Harrison]]
[[Category:1971 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Apple Records soundtracks]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi Shankar]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in music]]
[[Category:Documentary film soundtracks]]
[[Category:1971 English-language films]]
[[Category:1971 American films]]
[[Category:English-language documentary films]]
[[Category:Ravi Shankar]]

Varshadhare

2026-03-03T21:36:41Z

SilviaVanwinkle: refine references as per guidelines and added references for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Varshadhare
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Vemagal Jagannatharao
| producer = Pillapa Ramaswamy
| writer = Vemagal Jagannatharao
| starring = [[Mithun Tejasvi]] [[Payal Ghosh]]
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2010|02|26}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Varshadhare''''' is a 2010 [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film directed by Vemagal Jagannatharao.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/54808/nurturing-big-dreams.html|title=Nurturing big dreams|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 February 2010}}</ref> It stars [[Mithun Tejasvi]] and [[Payal Ghosh]] in lead roles.

== Cast ==
*[[Mithun Tejasvi]] as Rahul
*[[Payal Ghosh]] as Mythili
*Suraj Lokre as Niranjan
* Sangeetha Shetty as Nirmala

== Soundtrack ==
All songs are composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]].
{{Empty section|date=July 2022}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "While Mithun has given a good performance, Payal is simply superb. Sangeetha Shetty impresses. Ajanish Loknath's music passes the muster".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/varshadhare/movie-review/5636366.cms?from=mdr|title=VARSHADHARE MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The director weaves a story about a newly-wed housewife and her struggle to come to terms with a husband unwilling to consummate the marriage. Then there is the lecherous colleague of the husband who is also trying to scuttle a sensitive project. To make things interesting attempts to kill the team members developing a new software envelopes the narrative".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/varshadhare-worth-the-chill/articleshow/21916257.cms|title=Varshadhare: Worth the chill|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=25 February 2010}}</ref> [[Sify.com]] wrote "Music by Ajaneesh Lokanath is pathetic. Most of the tracks are not worth recalling. Besides, the background score for a thriller is disappointing. A highlight of the movie is the serene locations of the songs".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/varshadhaare--review-kannada-pclx2Uajaeeef.html|title=Varshadhaare|work=Sify|accessdate=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623052112/https://www.sify.com/movies/varshadhaare--review-kannada-pclx2Uajaeeef.html|archive-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2456116}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Ponniyin Selvan: I

2026-03-03T02:40:19Z

SilviaVanwinkle: updated page

{{Short description|2022 Indian Tamil epic historical action film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ponniyin Selvan I.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| screenplay = Mani Ratnam [[Elango Kumaravel]] [[B. Jeyamohan]]
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ponniyin Selvan]]''|[[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]}}
| producer = {{ubl|Mani Ratnam [[Subaskaran Allirajah]]}}
| narrator = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| starring = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] [[Karthi]] [[Ravi Mohan]] [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] [[Trisha Krishnan]] [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] [[Jayaram]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Madras Talkies]] [[Lyca Productions]]}}
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| runtime = 167 minutes<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2022 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' first part run time revealed |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-first-part-run-time-revealed/articleshow/93813587.cms |url-status=live |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827060630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-first-part-run-time-revealed/articleshow/93813587.cms |archive-date=27 August 2022}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|09|30|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan first look posters: Vikram, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Trisha, Karthi look majestic as warrior kings and queens |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-first-look-posters-vikram-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-trisha-karthi-7797815/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706023103/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-first-look-posters-vikram-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-trisha-karthi-7797815/ |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = See [[Production of Ponniyin Selvan: I and Ponniyin Selvan: II#Budget|production]]
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹450{{ndash}}488 crore{{efn|name=box office estimates|The box office estimates by different publications are: {{INR}}450 crore by ''[[Zee News]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2022 |title=இந்த ஆண்டு வெளியான தமிழ்ப் படங்களில் பாக்ஸ் ஆபீஸ் கலெக்‌ஷனில் அசத்திய டாப் 10 படங்கள் |language=ta |work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/list-of-highest-grossing-tamil-movies-of-2022-by-box-office-collection-426614/ |quote=கிட்டதட்ட 450 கோடிக்கு மேல் படம் வசூலித்தது. |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811003513/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/list-of-highest-grossing-tamil-movies-of-2022-by-box-office-collection-426614 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{INR}}488 crore by [[Hindustan Times]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Coolie earns ₹500 crore at box office: Where Rajinikanth starrer stands on list of highest grossing Indian films ever |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/coolie-earns-500-crore-at-box-office-where-rajinikanth-starrer-stands-on-list-of-highest-grossing-indian-films-ever-101756364511082.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>}}
}}

'''''Ponniyin Selvan: I''''' ('''''PS-1''''', {{Translation|The Son of [[Kaveri|Ponni]]}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[action drama film|historical fiction action drama film]] directed by [[Mani Ratnam]], who co-wrote it with [[Elango Kumaravel]] and [[B. Jeyamohan]]. Produced by Ratnam and [[Subaskaran Allirajah]] under [[Madras Talkies]] and [[Lyca Productions]], it is the first of two cinematic parts loosely based on [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]'s 1955 novel, ''[[Ponniyin Selvan]]''. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Karthi]], [[Ravi Mohan]] (as the title character), [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Jayaram]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[R. Parthiban]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Vikram Prabhu]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palat |first=Lakshana N |date=13 October 2022 |title=The women of Ponniyin Selvan: Aishwarya Rai's vengeful Nandini, Trisha's calculating Kundavai are true heroes of Mani Ratnam's saga |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-women-trisha-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-mani-ratnam-8204034/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013180638/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-women-trisha-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-mani-ratnam-8204034/ |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The music was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], with cinematography by [[Ravi Varman]], editing by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]], and production design by [[Thota Tharani]]. ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' dramatises the early life of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] prince Arulmozhi Varman, who would become the renowned emperor [[Rajaraja I]] (947–1014).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=7 September 2022 |title=Haven't read Ponniyin Selvan? We have a cheat sheet for you |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/haven-t-read-ponniyin-selvan-we-have-cheat-sheet-you-167639 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012172155/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/haven-t-read-ponniyin-selvan-we-have-cheat-sheet-you-167639 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In the film, Vandiyathevan sets out to cross the Chola land to deliver a message from the crown prince Aditha Karikalan. Meanwhile, Kundavai attempts to establish political peace as vassals and petty chieftains plot against the throne.

Ever since its publication, a [[film adaptation]] of the novel ''Ponniyin Selvan'' had been explored by several Tamil filmmakers, including an attempt by [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in the late 1950s; however, it never materialised. Decades later, Ratnam attempted to adapt the novel in the late-1980s and early-2010s but was unsuccessful due to financial constraints. He eventually managed to revive the effort in January 2019, after Lyca agreed to fund the film. Following several changes in cast and crew, production of ''Ponniyin Selvan'' began in December 2019 and concluded in September 2021, halting twice due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The film was shot in various locations across India, with a few sequences in Thailand. It was originally intended to be a single film but was split into two parts.

''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' was released in theatres worldwide on 30 September 2022 in standard and [[IMAX]] formats. ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' met with critical acclaim, with emphasis on the direction, musical score, technical aspects, and the cast's performances. The film grossed {{INR}}450{{en dash}}488 crore worldwide, becoming the [[List of Tamil films of 2022|highest-grossing Tamil film of 2022]], [[List of Indian films of 2022|third-highest-grossing Indian film of 2022]]. The film is currently the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|fourth highest-grossing Tamil film of all time]]. The film received six nominations at the [[16th Asian Film Awards]], including [[Asian Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]. It won the Best Tamil film award at the [[68th Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/rrr-ponniyin-selvan-part-1-filmfare-south-awards-1236068644/|title='RRR' and 'Ponniyin Selvan Part 1' Belatedly Honored by Filmfare South Awards – Global Bulletin|date=12 July 2024 |publisher=Variety}}</ref> The film also won four National Awards, in the [[70th National Film Awards]], announced on 16 August 2024, including the [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film]].<ref>{{cite web |title=70th National film Awards: Ponniyin Selvan -1 bags four Awards |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/70th-national-film-awards-ponniyin-selvan-1-bags-four-awards-799753 |website=www.dtnext.in |publisher=Daily Thanthi |access-date=16 August 2024 |language=en |date=16 August 2024}}</ref> Its [[Ponniyin Selvan: II|sequel]] was released on 28 April 2023.

== Plot ==
In the 10th century, the [[Chola Empire]] is ruled by Emperor [[Parantaka II|Sundara Chola]], with his sons [[Aditya Chola II|Aditha Karikalan]], the crown prince, commanding the army in [[Kanchi]] and [[Rajaraja Chola I|Arulmozhi Varman]], also known as Ponniyin Selvan, leading a campaign in [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]]. After a victory against the [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakutas]], Aditha Karikalan suspects political unrest and sends his trusted friend [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]] to investigate and deliver messages to his sister [[Kundavai Pirattiyar|Kundavai]] and their father.

Vandiyadevan visits the fortress of [[Kadambur]], where he overhears a conspiracy by the finance minister [[Paluvettaraiyar|Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar]] and other nobles to replace the crown prince with [[Uttama (Chola dynasty)|Madhuranthakan]], the emperor's cousin. He also encounters Azhwarkkadiyan Nambi, a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] spy searching for his estranged foster sister Nandini, who is now married to Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar.

With Nandini's help, Vandiyadevan gains access to the palace in [[Thanjavur]] and informs Sundara Chola of the plot. He is briefly detained by Chinna Pazhuvettaraiyar, Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar's younger brother, but escapes. He meets Kundavai in [[Pazhayarai]]—where she lives with [[Sembiyan Mahadevi|Sembiyan Madevi]] (Madhuranthakan's mother) and Vaanathi (Ponniyin Selvan's prospective wife)—and delivers the message. She instructs him to bring Ponniyin Selvan back from Lanka to counter the threat.

Meanwhile, Aditha Karikalan confides in his friend Parthibendra Pallavan that he had once been in love with Nandini, who was later expelled from the kingdom due to her low status. Years later, he killed her guardian Veerapandiyan, the king of the rival [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] dynasty, which sparked her vendetta against the Cholas.

In Lanka, Vandiyadevan is assisted by [[Poonguzhali]], a boatwoman who secretly admires Ponniyin Selvan. He delivers Kundavai's message and learns that Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar has manipulated Sundara Chola into sending a convoy to capture Ponniyin Selvan under the guise of returning him to Thanjavur. Ponniyin Selvan chooses to obey his father's summons despite warnings.

The Pandya Aabathudavigal, a secret group of assassins allied with Nandini and seeking vengeance for Veerapandiyan's death, ambushes the prince's group. Mistaking Vandiyadevan for Ponniyin Selvan, they capture him. In an attempt to rescue him, Ponniyin Selvan boards their ship, but it sinks during a storm. Both are presumed dead.

The news of the prince's supposed death shocks the Cholas. Grief-stricken, Aaditha Karikalan sets out for Thanjavur to confront Nandini. Meanwhile, the mysterious Oomai Rani, a lookalike of Nandini who once saved Ponniyin Selvan from drowning as a child, dives into the sea, implying that the prince may still be alive.

== Cast ==
{{See also|Ponniyin Selvan#Characters}}
{{Cast listing|* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as [[Aditha Karikalan|Adithya Karikalan]]
** Santhosh as Young Adithya
* [[Karthi]] as [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]]
* [[Ravi Mohan]] as [[Rajaraja Chola|Rajaraja The Great]] / Arulmozhi Varman "Ponniyin Selvan"
* [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] in a [[dual role]]:
** as [[Nandini (fictional character)|Nandini]] (Voice-over by [[Deepa Venkat]])
*** [[Sara Arjun]] as Young Nandini
** as Mandakini Devi ("Oomai Rani")
* [[Trisha Krishnan]] as [[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundavai Pirattiyar]] (Voice-over by Krithika Nelson)
* [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as [[Poonguzhali]] (Voice-over by Ashmini Balakrishnan)
* [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] as Vanathi (Voice-over by Smruthi K)
* [[Jayaram]] as Alwarkadiyan Nambi
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as [[Boothi Vikramakesari|Periya Vellar Boothi Vikramakesari]]
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Periya [[Paluvettaraiyar|Pazhuvettarayar]]
* [[Vikram Prabhu]] as [[Pallava|Parthibendran Pallavan]]
* [[Prakash Raj]] as [[Parantaka Chola II|Sundara Chozhar]]
* [[Jayachitra]] as [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]]
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as [[Uttama (Chola dynasty)|Madhurantakan]] (Voice-over by [[Azhagam Perumal]])
* [[Ashwin Kakumanu]] as Sendhan Amudhan
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as [[Malayamān|Malayaman]]
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Ravidasan
* [[Babu Antony]] as Khottiga Amogavarshan
* [[R. Parthiban]] as [[Paluvettaraiyar|Chinna Pazhuvettaraiyar]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as [[Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)|Veera Pandiyan]]
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as [[Sambuvarayar|Sambuvaraiyar]]
* [[Mohan Raman]] as [[Aniruddha Brahmarayar]]
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Vasuki
* [[Shyam Fernando]] as [[Mahinda V of Anuradhapura|Mahindan]]
* [[Balaji Sakthivel]] as Vanangamudiyar
* [[Yog Japee]] as Karuthiruman
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Soman Sambavan
* [[Vidhya Subramanian]] as Vaanavan Maadevi
* [[Arjun Chidambaram]] as Varagunan
* Nimmy Raphael as Rakkamma
* Vinay Kumar Joseph as Devaralan
* Harris Moosa as Kalapathi
* Gopi Kannadasan as Dambulla Bikshu
* Bharat Raj as Karka
* A. Seemon as Ugradevan
* Suresh Ekambaram as Aadhan Maran
* Aswin Rao as Kandhamaran
* Anil Kumar as Pasupathi
* Shakti Ramani as Kani
* [[Raaghavan|Raghav]] as Amarabujanga Pandiyan
* Ramchandran as Rajaaliyar
* Jaichandran as Thanthongi Kalingarayar
* [[Amzath Khan]] as Mazhavarayar
* Kannan as Kundrathur Kizhar
* Sundaram as Mazhapadi Thennavan
* Jaindhan as Mummudi Pallavarayar
* Nambi as Muttharayar
* Balla Bhoopalan as Idumbankari
}}

The film's narration was voiced by [[Kamal Haasan]] (both trailer and film), [[Anil Kapoor]] (trailer)/[[Ajay Devgn]] (film), [[Rana Daggubati]] (trailer)/[[Chiranjeevi]] (film), [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] (trailer)/[[Mammootty]] (film) and [[Jayanth Kaikini]] (trailer)/[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] (film) in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Kannada]] languages respectively.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== Production ==
{{Main|Production of Ponniyin Selvan: I and Ponniyin Selvan: II|l1 = ''Production of'' Ponniyin Selvan: I ''and'' Ponniyin Selvan: II}}

== Music ==
{{Main|Ponniyin Selvan: I (soundtrack)|l1 = Ponniyin Selvan: I ''(soundtrack)''}}

The [[film score]] and [[soundtrack]] were composed by Mani Ratnam's regular collaborator [[A. R. Rahman]]. The audio rights of the film were purchased by [[Tips Industries|Tips]].

The soundtrack consists of six original songs composed by A.R.Rahman, namely, "Ponni Nadhi", "Chola Chola", "Ratchasa Maamaney", "Sol", "Alaikadal" and "Devaralan Aattam". Lyrics were written by Ilango Krishnan, [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]], [[Madrashe (musician)|Krithika Nelson]] and [[Siva Ananth]] in the Tamil version and [[Mehboob Kotwal]], [[Anantha Sriram]], [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] and [[Jayanth Kaikini]] wrote the song lyrics in Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada respectively.

== Marketing ==
Promotional campaign for the film was supposed to begin in July 2022, with the film's [[teaser trailer]] planned to be launched at the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]], the city which served as the capital for the Chola Empire.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |title='Ponniyin Selvan' teaser to be launched at a grand event in Thanjavur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-teaser-to-be-launched-at-a-grand-event-in-thanjavur/articleshow/92075625.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630165736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-teaser-to-be-launched-at-a-grand-event-in-thanjavur/articleshow/92075625.cms |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Following the launch event, the team also planned a promotional tour for the film.<ref name=":11" /> The movie team later on decided to have a grand teaser trailer launch event in Chennai as per their previous schedule on 8 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan Part 1 teaser: Mani Ratnam's film matches Baahubali standards, Aishwarya Rai is ethereal in dual roles |date=8 July 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-teaser-leaked-ahead-of-launch-aishwarya-rai-is-in-queen-mode-101657283610423.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730125222/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-teaser-leaked-ahead-of-launch-aishwarya-rai-is-in-queen-mode-101657283610423.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> The film's [[teaser trailer]] was released on 8 July 2022 in Tamil and dubbed versions of Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=A big surprise for fans at the 'Ponniyin Selvan' teaser launch!; deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-big-surprise-for-fans-at-the-ponniyin-selvan-teaser-launch-deets-inside/articleshow/92724522.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709084015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-big-surprise-for-fans-at-the-ponniyin-selvan-teaser-launch-deets-inside/articleshow/92724522.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film's [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] and [[Ponniyin Selvan: I (soundtrack)|songs]] were released by the special guests [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] on 6 September 2022 at the Nehru indoor stadium in Tamil and dubbed versions of Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada languages.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title='Ponniyin Selvan: Part One' trailer: Mani Ratnam's magnum opus set to spellbind audiences |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ponniyin-selvan-part-one-trailer-mani-ratnams-magnum-opus-set-to-spellbind-audiences/article65859159.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909101338/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ponniyin-selvan-part-one-trailer-mani-ratnams-magnum-opus-set-to-spellbind-audiences/article65859159.ece |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The trailer featured [[Kamal Haasan]] [[voice-over]] in the Tamil version and [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Jayanth Kaikini]] [[voice-over]]s in Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada version of the trailer respectively.<ref name="thehindu.com" /> Posters featuring [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]], [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Jayachitra|Jayachithra]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Vikram Prabhu]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] and [[Jayaram]] were released before the trailer launch event.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' released on 30 September 2022 worldwide. It was released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] along with the dubbed versions of [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2022 |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan Part-1 to hit the screens on September 30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-part-1-to-hit-the-screens-on-september-30/articleshow/89947876.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302123301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-part-1-to-hit-the-screens-on-september-30/articleshow/89947876.cms |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was previously scheduled to release on summer (May–July) 2022, but was postponed due to production works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palisetty |first=Ramya |date=19 September 2021 |title=Mani Ratnam wraps up Ponniyin Selvan shoot, film to release in the summer of 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mani-ratnam-wraps-up-ponniyin-selvan-shoot-film-to-release-in-the-summer-of-2022-1854417-2021-09-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920083301/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mani-ratnam-wraps-up-ponniyin-selvan-shoot-film-to-release-in-the-summer-of-2022-1854417-2021-09-19 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It became the first Tamil film to release in [[IMAX]] format.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ponniyin Selvan' to Become First Tamil Film to Release in IMAX |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/ponniyin-selvan-imax-mani-ratnam-1235342343/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816134315/https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/ponniyin-selvan-imax-mani-ratnam-1235342343/ |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=16 August 2022 }}</ref>

The film's release across Canada was disrupted after major theatre chains [[Cineplex Entertainment|Cineplex]] and [[Landmark Cinemas]] refused to exhibit the film due to ongoing anonymous threats of vandalism if Tamil films were released in their locations. The attacks, which have happened during screenings of ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' (2016) and ''[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]'' (2021), are alleged to have been conducted by owners of Woodside Cinemas and York Cinemas, a local theatre chain in [[Toronto]] attempting to hold monopoly of screening Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2022 |title=Canada Theatre owners receive threats ahead of Ponniyin Selvan release |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/canada-theatre-owners-receive-threats-ahead-of-ponniyin-selvan-release-101664352496465.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929015727/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/canada-theatre-owners-receive-threats-ahead-of-ponniyin-selvan-release-101664352496465.html |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Castaldo |first=Joe |date=23 November 2021 |title=Cineplex theatres vandalized in apparent attempts to sabotage screenings of films in South Indian languages |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-cineplex-theatres-vandalized-in-apparent-attempts-to-sabotage/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929021427/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-cineplex-theatres-vandalized-in-apparent-attempts-to-sabotage/ |archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' had a limited Canadian release in select private theatres amidst protection from law enforcement. It was also released in [[TIFF Bell Lightbox]], home of the [[Toronto International Film Festival]], a first for a Tamil film premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2022 |title=Oakville, Ont. movie theatre 'will not cave' amid threats over new Tamil-language film |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ponniyan-selvan-toronto-threats-tamil-film-1.6600518 |website=CBC |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930024213/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ponniyan-selvan-toronto-threats-tamil-film-1.6600518 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2022 |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan: 1 still playing in Toronto due to high demand |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-1-still-playing-in-toronto-due-to-high-demand-11533561.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031131633/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-1-still-playing-in-toronto-due-to-high-demand-11533561.html |archive-date=31 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The distribution rights of the film in [[Tamil Nadu]] were acquired by [[Red Giant Movies]]. The [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] distribution rights were bagged by [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] and [[Dil Raju]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ponniyin Selvan release date to be announced soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-release-date-to-be-announced-soon/articleshow/89825684.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309074807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-release-date-to-be-announced-soon/articleshow/89825684.cms |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Raju to present Mani Ratnam's most-awaited multi-starrer project Ponniyin Selvan in Telugu |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dil-raju-to-present-mani-ratnams-most-awaited-multi-starrer-project-ponniyin-selvan-in-telugu/58f45a4049715 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821062650/https://www.ottplay.com/news/dil-raju-to-present-mani-ratnams-most-awaited-multi-starrer-project-ponniyin-selvan-in-telugu/58f45a4049715 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref> The [[Kerala]] distribution rights of the film was bagged by Gokulam Gopalan's Sree Gokulam Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan: Sree Gokulam Movies Acquires Distribution Rights In Kerala |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponniyin-selvan-sree-gokulam-movies-acquires-distribution-rights-in-kerala-5808775.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823143452/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponniyin-selvan-sree-gokulam-movies-acquires-distribution-rights-in-kerala-5808775.html |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[News 18]]|date=23 August 2022 }}</ref> The overseas theatrical rights of the film were acquired by TentKotta.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} The [[North India]] distribution rights were acquired by [[Pen India Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pen to distribute PS-I – Hindi in Northern territories |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/13/pen-to-distribute-ps-i---hindi-in-northern-territories-34639.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913144309/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/13/pen-to-distribute-ps-i---hindi-in-northern-territories-34639.html |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=13 September 2022 }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights for the film were purchased by [[Amazon Prime Video]] for {{INRConvert|125|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2022 |title=Amazon Prime Video Bags OTT Rights For Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan 1 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/amazon-prime-video-bags-ott-rights-for-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-1-5076151.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630171238/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/amazon-prime-video-bags-ott-rights-for-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-1-5076151.html |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=September 12, 2022 |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan Part 1, 2 sold for Rs 125 crore to Amazon Prime Video: Reports |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-part-1-2-sold-for-this-price-to-amazon-prime-video-1999209-2022-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912134649/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-part-1-2-sold-for-this-price-to-amazon-prime-video-1999209-2022-09-12 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film was digitally premiered on Amazon Prime Video from 4 November 2022 in Tamil and dubbed versions of Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 OTT release: When and where to watch Mani Ratnam's historical drama starring Vikram, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-1-ott-release-prime-video-when-and-where-to-watch-mani-ratnams-historical-drama-starring-vikram-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-8234434/ |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028050450/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-1-ott-release-prime-video-when-and-where-to-watch-mani-ratnams-historical-drama-starring-vikram-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-8234434/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ponniyin Selvan OTT release: All you need to know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ponniyin-selvan-ott-release-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/95138884.cms |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028072309/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ponniyin-selvan-ott-release-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/95138884.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hindi dubbed version was released on 26 November 2022 on the platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Nov 2022 |title=Hindi version of Ponniyin Selvan 1 to premiere on OTT on November 26 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/watch-out-450204 |website=The Tribune |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222075524/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/watch-out-450204 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Nov 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan Part 1 – Official Hindi Trailer |publisher=Prime Video India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwy1xpqMHsM |via=YouTube |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222075524/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwy1xpqMHsM |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=87|count=15|average=7.4|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=1 April 2023}} ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' met with critical acclaim, with emphasis on the direction, musical score, technical aspects, and the cast's performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan I box office day 1 collection: Mani Ratnam film earns ₹40 cr, becomes best opening Tamil movie of 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-bo-film-earns-40-crore-is-best-opening-tamil-movie-of-2022-101664592920462.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001064745/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-bo-film-earns-40-crore-is-best-opening-tamil-movie-of-2022-101664592920462.html |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=October 2022 |quote=The film has opened to critical acclaim with special praise for Mani Ratnam's direction, Aishwarya Rai's performance, and AR Rahman's musical score.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan I box office collection Day 1: Mani Ratnam's film delivers third-best opening in Tamil Nadu; outperforms RRR and Vikram, breaks records overseas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-box-office-collection-day-1-mani-ratnam-third-best-opening-in-tamil-nadu-breaks-record-overseas-8183802/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052535/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-box-office-collection-day-1-mani-ratnam-third-best-opening-in-tamil-nadu-breaks-record-overseas-8183802/ |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=October 2022 |quote=Ponniyin Selvan: I has impressed film critics.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ponniyin Selvan I box office day 1 collection: Mani Ratnam film earns ₹40 cr, becomes best opening Tamil movie of 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/ponniyin-selvan-box-office-collection-day-1-mani-ratnams-directorial-gets-a-biggest-opening/articleshow/94579747.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001082125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/ponniyin-selvan-box-office-collection-day-1-mani-ratnams-directorial-gets-a-biggest-opening/articleshow/94579747.cms |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The film has received mostly positive responses from the fans and even the film critics have praised the director for trying to portray the movie as much as possible as the real novel.}}</ref>

Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Mani Ratnam understands Kalki's novel is a mainstream page-turner, so he retains its flavour and neither intellectualises it nor dumbs it down".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 review: Mani Ratnam's largely faithful and brilliant adaptation has no dull moments |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-mani-ratnams-aishwarya-rai-8182366/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930101415/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-mani-ratnams-aishwarya-rai-8182366/ |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref> Sonil Dedhia of ''[[News 18]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Ponniyan Selvan 1'' is an engaging, involving movie-going experience, and proves once again why Mani Ratnam is one of India's finest filmmakers".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 Review: Mani Ratnam Finally Brings His Dream Alive with a Spectacular Adaptation |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponniyin-selvan-1-review-mani-ratnam-finally-brings-his-dream-alive-with-a-spectacular-adaptation-6069253.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930053106/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponniyin-selvan-1-review-mani-ratnam-finally-brings-his-dream-alive-with-a-spectacular-adaptation-6069253.html |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[News 18]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film does not try to amplify any aspect of the novel unnecessarily to fit a narrative that might be the flavour of the season. In fact, it downplays the praise that Kalki lavished on the Chola Empire".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan review: Mani Ratnam's epic is true to the spirit of Kalki's novel |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ponniyin-selvan-review-mani-ratnam-s-epic-true-spirit-kalki-s-novel-168438 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930093643/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ponniyin-selvan-review-mani-ratnam-s-epic-true-spirit-kalki-s-novel-168438 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref> Stutee Ghosh of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ponniyin Selvan 1 is grand and royal but unlike the bombastic, hyper-masculine world we are used to seeing these days with overwhelming VFX and CGI, here Mani Ratnam's hold on the narrative never slips".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ponniyin Selvan' Review: In This Enigmatic World, The Women Hold As Much Sway |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ponniyin-selvan-review-in-this-enigmatic-world-the-women-hold-as-much-sway-mani-ratnam-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-vikram-karthi-ravi-shobhita-dhulipala-trisha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930160232/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ponniyin-selvan-review-in-this-enigmatic-world-the-women-hold-as-much-sway-mani-ratnam-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-vikram-karthi-ravi-shobhita-dhulipala-trisha |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[The Quint]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Mani Ratnam's eye for intimacy, enigma, humour and menace bring out the glory of its source and all the imagination in store. One seldom thinks of Mani Ratnam's excellence in terms of VFX but ''Ponniyin Selvan: 1'' goes full steam".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 Review: Awesome! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/ponniyin-selvan-1-review/20220930.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930161602/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/ponniyin-selvan-1-review/20220930.htm |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

Krishna Selvaseelan of ''[[Tamil Guardian]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars, writing, "The visuals are stunning. Ravi Varman captures the world of 10th century Thamizhakam (and its subcontinent) expertly, bringing life to the world."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1: A mighty triumph {{!}} Tamil Guardian |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/ponniyin-selvan-1-mighty-triumph |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.tamilguardian.com |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205170153/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/ponniyin-selvan-1-mighty-triumph |url-status=live }}</ref> Ritika Handoo of ''[[Zee News]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The beauty of Part one of the two-part film lies in the fact that Mani Ratnam has not only made the story concise but has managed to do so carefully, taking adequate care not to dilute the essence of the novel or its charm".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 movie review: Literary classic gets a grand second life |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-literary-classic-gets-a-grand-second-life-2516364.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930162901/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-literary-classic-gets-a-grand-second-life-2516364.html |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Perhaps the foremost pleasure of a Mani Ratnam film is in experiencing his wizardry over the medium. We see plenty of evidence of this in Ponniyin Selvan 1".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 Movie Review: Tasteful writing and top performances make this a likeable adaptation |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/sep/30/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-reviewtasteful-writing-and-top-performances-make-this-a-likeable-adaptation-35189.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930142433/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/sep/30/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-reviewtasteful-writing-and-top-performances-make-this-a-likeable-adaptation-35189.html |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The sprawling, spectacularly mounted film is an ambitious, near-flawless adaptation of a much-loved literary work".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 Review: Exhilarating And Enriching, With Impressive Performances By Vikram And Cast |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-1-review-exhilarating-and-enriching-with-impressive-performances-by-vikram-and-cast-4-stars-3394275 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052321/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-1-review-exhilarating-and-enriching-with-impressive-performances-by-vikram-and-cast-4-stars-3394275 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Watch the film for its visual grandeur, epic action sequences and some sublime acting by the entire cast".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan: I Movie Review |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/ponniyin-selvan-i-movie-review-55552.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002070433/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/ponniyin-selvan-i-movie-review-55552.html |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Sanjana Deshpande of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "the cherry on top of the cake was the cinematography by Ravi Varman. He catches the attention of the audience and never lets it go. Each shot is carefully placed and executed. There's so much nuance in the film that is hard to put down in words, it is best experienced!".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan-1 Review: Mani Ratnam's magnum opus brings Kalki's novel to life |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/ponniyin-selvan-1-review-mani-ratnams-magnum-opus-brings-kalkis-novel-to-life |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002070852/https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/ponniyin-selvan-1-review-mani-ratnams-magnum-opus-brings-kalkis-novel-to-life |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref>
[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan – Part I' is a masterpiece that deserves all your adulation and love".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ponniyin Selvan 1' Review: Mani Ratnam Brings A Remarkable Revival of A Literary Classic |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-1-review-mani-ratnam-brings-a-remarkable-revival-of-a-literary-classic-1556101 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930161952/https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-1-review-mani-ratnam-brings-a-remarkable-revival-of-a-literary-classic-1556101 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[ABP News]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref>

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Mani Ratnam's adaptation of Kalki's ''Ponniyin Selvan'' is spectacular", adding "Mani Ratnam finally brings the dream alive with this spectacular adaptation that superbly captures the intrigue, thrills and page-turning quality of the books."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=30 September 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan: Part 1 Movie Review : Mani Ratnam's adaptation of Kalki's Ponniyin Selvan is spectacular |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ponniyin-selvan-part-1/movie-review/94548001.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915042420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ponniyin-selvan-part-1/movie-review/94548001.cms |archive-date=15 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Soumyabrata Gupta of ''[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Perhaps not a film for the masses, ''Ponniyin Selvan 1'' will ultimately be a cult classic, in time".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 movie review: Mani Ratnam's film, starring Aishwarya, Vikram, creates intrigue but leaves much to be desired |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-mani-ratnams-film-starring-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-chiyaan-vikram-creates-intrigue-but-leaves-much-to-be-desired-review-94557121/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001102428/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-mani-ratnams-film-starring-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-chiyaan-vikram-creates-intrigue-but-leaves-much-to-be-desired-review-94557121/amp |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]}}</ref> Vivek M V of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Ponniyin Selvan'' is a winner because Ratnam shows a new way to make epic films".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ponniyin Selvan: I' movie review – A visual spectacle with the trademark Mani Ratnam flare |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/ponniyin-selvan-i-movie-review-a-visual-spectacle-with-the-trademark-mani-ratnam-flare-1149785.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930211526/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/ponniyin-selvan-i-movie-review-a-visual-spectacle-with-the-trademark-mani-ratnam-flare-1149785.html |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and termed it as a "brilliant experience" which doesn't chase the same high as other recent commercial films did. The spectacle lies in the setting and the story of the film that unravels beautifully.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 movie review: Mani Ratnam film is a visual spectacle that is a little less magical than the book |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-mani-ratnam-film-is-a-visual-spectacle-that-is-a-little-less-magical-than-the-book-11360261.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930082558/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-mani-ratnam-film-is-a-visual-spectacle-that-is-a-little-less-magical-than-the-book-11360261.html |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref> Bharathi Pradhan of ''[[Lehren]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and termed the film as "Royal and Spectacular".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 Review – Royal & Spectacular |url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/mani-ratnam-ponniyin-selvan-1-review/149025/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930135926/https://lehren.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/mani-ratnam-ponniyin-selvan-1-review/149025/ |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[Lehren]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Ponniyin Selvan'' is a bit like Game of Thrones without as much grisly violence. The polished cast and crew will keep you engaged".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 Review: A grand spectacle that sets the tone |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/011022/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-a-grand-spectacle-that-sets-the-tone.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001210926/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/011022/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-a-grand-spectacle-that-sets-the-tone.html |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=October 2022 }}</ref> Movie Herald's Felix said 'Glorious attempt which was effective but too delicate'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Ponniyin Selvan (Part 1) – Glorious attempt which was effective but too delicate |date=October 2022 |url=https://www.movieherald.com/reviews/review-ponniyin-selvan-part-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002155014/https://www.movieherald.com/reviews/review-ponniyin-selvan-part-1/ |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Technically, ''Ponniyin Selvan'' is top-notch. Be it Ravi Varman's brilliant cinematography or AR Rahman's excellent score, the film sucks us into the world that Mani Ratnam has created with so much detailing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |title=onniyin Selvan Part 1 Movie Review: Mani Ratnam's epic adaptation is family friendly GOT |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-ps-1-movie-review-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-chiyaan-vikram-karthi-trisha-ravi-ravi-family-friendly-got-2006549-2022-09-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930035647/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-ps-1-movie-review-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-chiyaan-vikram-karthi-trisha-ravi-ravi-family-friendly-got-2006549-2022-09-30 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[India Today]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "PS 1 is a fascinating drama narrating an epic historical story. Mani Ratnam brought the best of everything on screen for his dream project. The casting and AR Rahman's background score stand as the main highlights of the film. PS 1 is more about drama and less about action"<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 Movie Review: Mani Ratnam's Dream Project Comes True |website=[[The Hans India]] |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-mani-ratnams-dream-project-comes-true-78936 |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001061744/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-mani-ratnams-dream-project-comes-true-78936 |archive-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> Lakshmi Subramanian of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kalki's book gets Mani Ratnam's royal cinematic touch but lacks powerful storytelling".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |title=Ponniyin Selvan review: Palace intrigue and the power struggle |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/09/30/palace-intrigue-and-the-power-struggle.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930102104/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/09/30/palace-intrigue-and-the-power-struggle.html |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated "Mani Ratnam has managed the unthinkable—adapt the literary classic with finesse and impact. All actors do their parts well but Aishwarya Rai is a revelation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan I movie review: Aishwarya Rai is a revelation in Mani Ratnam's masterful adaptation of classic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-movie-review-aishwarya-rai-is-a-revelation-in-mani-ratnam-s-masterful-adaptation-101664518040833.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930063040/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-movie-review-aishwarya-rai-is-a-revelation-in-mani-ratnam-s-masterful-adaptation-101664518040833.html |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref> Likewise, Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a positive review, noting that an "epic story gets Mani Ratnam's royal treatment", while adding "Kalki's source material of ''PS:1'' is rich with myriad characters, and Mani Ratnam gleefully picks them all up to give it a cinematic touch, thanks to some powerhouse performances from his all-star cast".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=30 September 2022 |title='Ponniyin Selvan: 1' movie review: Epic story gets Mani Ratnam's royal treatment |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-epic-story-gets-mani-ratnams-royal-treatment/article65953911.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930092234/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ponniyin-selvan-1-movie-review-epic-story-gets-mani-ratnams-royal-treatment/article65953911.ece |archive-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film earned around {{INRConvert|80|c}} on its opening day worldwide and debuted at the top of box offices in [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Australia]], while it reached the top 3 in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 Box Office Collection Day 2: PS1 Enters Rs 150 Cr Club In Just 2 Days, Rules In US |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponniyin-selvan-1-box-office-collection-day-2-ps1-enter-rs-150-cr-club-in-just-2-days-rules-in-us-6082735.html\ |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> By its third day, the film earned around {{INRConvert|80|c}} taking its first weekend worldwide collection to {{INRConvert|230|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan box office collection Day 3: Mani Ratnam's film crosses Rs 230 crore globally |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-box-office-collection-day-3-mani-ratnam-s-film-crosses-rs-230-crore-globally-2007601-2022-10-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003021205/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-box-office-collection-day-3-mani-ratnam-s-film-crosses-rs-230-crore-globally-2007601-2022-10-03 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[India Today]]|date=3 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan I box office day 3 collection: Vikram-starrer crosses ₹230 crore worldwide on opening weekend |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-box-office-mani-ratnam-film-earns-230-cr-worldwide-in-3-days-101664769343987.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003040922/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-box-office-mani-ratnam-film-earns-230-cr-worldwide-in-3-days-101664769343987.html |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 Box Office Collection Day 3: PS1 Earns Rs 230 Crore In First Weekend |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponniyin-selvan-1-box-office-collection-day-3-ps1-earns-rs-230-crore-in-first-weekend-6087973.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003060701/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponniyin-selvan-1-box-office-collection-day-3-ps1-earns-rs-230-crore-in-first-weekend-6087973.html |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[News 18]]}}</ref> The film performed exceptionally well in Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]] and overseas market, but performed average in Karnataka, the Telugu states, and the Hindi belt. The dubbed Hindi version grossed {{INRConvert|22|c}} at the domestic box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Ponniyin Selvan: I' crosses 400 crore worldwide, Hindi dubbed version struggles with Rs 21 crore |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/ponniyin-selvan-i-crosses-400-crore-worldwide-hindi-dubbed-version-struggles-with-rs-21-crore/articleshow/94833186.cms |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013181030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/ponniyin-selvan-i-crosses-400-crore-worldwide-hindi-dubbed-version-struggles-with-rs-21-crore/articleshow/94833186.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Nonetheless, the film emerged as the highest grossing Tamil movie in [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], United States, [[Australia]] and the 5th highest grossing Indian movie in the US at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan beats Rajinikanth's 2.0 to become highest grossing Tamil film in the US |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-beats-rajinikanths-20-to-become-highest-grossing-tamil-film-in-the-us-2283200-2022-10-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010054337/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-beats-rajinikanths-20-to-become-highest-grossing-tamil-film-in-the-us-2283200-2022-10-09 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===
Ponniyin Selvan was initially involved in a controversy about ignoring the [[Shaivite]] nature of the Cholas and using the [[Sricharanam]] instead of [[Tripundra]] on the forehead.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahead of Its Release, Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan Mired in Controversies |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ahead-of-its-release-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-mired-in-controversies-6050647.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mani Ratnam, Vikram slapped with legal notice over Aditya Karikalan's look in Ponniyin Selvan |date=18 July 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mani-ratnam-vikram-sued-over-aditya-karikalan-look-in-ponniyin-selvan-8036123/}}</ref> Ahead of its release, this was corrected with visual effects and almost all Chola characters appear with a VFX [[Pattai]] in the released film series. Also, the assassins behind [[Aditha Karikalan]] were not shown to be all as Brahmins as in history whose names were mentioned in Udayarkudi inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ponniyin Selvan: Mani Ratnam's movie brings imperial Cholas under scrutiny |date=October 2022 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/tamil-nadu/ponniyin-selvan-mani-ratnams-movie-brings-imperial-cholas-under-scrutiny/na20221001212108785785894}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Award ceremony 
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category 
! scope="col" | Nominee / Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="20" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| align="center" rowspan="20" | 2023
| Best Film
| ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="20" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2023 |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2022 |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319163316/https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/ |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards}}</ref> <ref name="avawards2023wins">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=Cinema Awards 2022 – Tribute to talent |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327060919/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2022 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=Ananda Vikatan}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Actor
| [[Karthi]]{{efn|[[Karthi]] was nominated for two films – ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' and [[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]}}
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]{{efn|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] was nominated for three films – ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'', [[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]] and [[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]}}
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Actress in a Negative Role
| [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[A. R. Rahman]]{{efn|[[A. R. Rahman]] won the award for three films<ref name="avawards2023wins" /> – ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'', [[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]] and [[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]}}
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Lyricist
| Ilango Krishnan for "Ponni Nadhi" and "Chola Chola"
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kapilan]] for "Ratchasa Maamaney"
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Shreya Ghosal]] for "Ratchasa Maamaney"{{efn|[[Shreya Ghosal]] was nominated for two songs – "Ratchasa Maamaney" from ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' and "Maayava Thooyava" from [[Iravin Nizhal]]}}
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Choreographer
| [[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]] for "Devaralan Attam"
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Ravi Varman]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Editor
| [[Sreekar Prasad]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Art Director
| [[Thota Tharani]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue Writer
| [[B. Jeyamohan]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Makeup
| Vikram Gaikwad
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Costume Designer
| [[Eka Lakhani]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Visual Effects
| NY VFXWaala
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Production
| [[Lyca Productions]], [[Madras Talkies]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Cast and Crew
| ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Asian Film Awards]]
| align="center" rowspan="6" | [[16th Asian Film Awards|2023]]
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntim |first=Zac |date=6 January 2023 |title=Asian Film Awards: ''Decision to Leave'' And ''Drive My Car'' Lead Nominations |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/asian-film-awards-decision-to-leave-leads-nominations-1235212781/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106092401/https://deadline.com/2023/01/asian-film-awards-decision-to-leave-leads-nominations-1235212781/ |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Editing
| [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| [[Ravi Varman]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Music
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| [[Eka Lakhani]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| [[Thota Tharani]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | Critics' Choice Film Awards
| align="center" rowspan="2" | 2023
| Best Actor
| [[Karthi]]
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Critics Choice Awards 2023: Rocket Boys, Gargi lead nominations list, check out the full list here |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/critics-choice-awards-2023-rocket-boys-gargi-lead-nominations-list-check-out-the-full-list-here-575385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401020649/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/critics-choice-awards-2023-rocket-boys-gargi-lead-nominations-list-check-out-the-full-list-here-575385 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=Wion News}}</ref>
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Ravi Varman]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kerala Film Critics Awards]]
| align="center" | [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2022|2023]]
| Best Non-Malayalam Movie
| ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Kunchacko Boban, Darshana Rajendran share acting honours |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/05/23/kerala-film-critics-awards-headmaster-sruthi-saranyam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524055419/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/05/23/kerala-film-critics-awards-headmaster-sruthi-saranyam.html |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India]]
| align="center" | 2023
| Favourite Song (South)
| "Ponni Nadhi"
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nickelodeon kids choice awards 2022 |url=https://www.nickindia.com/video/nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-2022-voting-lines-are-now-open |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028031221/https://www.nickindia.com/colors-garage/service-unavailable.html |archive-date=28 October 2023 |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=Nickelodeon India}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| align="center" rowspan="6" | 2023
| Best Film
| ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2023 |title=14th Norway Tamil Film Festival Tamilar awards – winners list |url=https://www.kalaignarseithigal.com/cinema/2023/02/14/14th-norway-tamil-film-festivals-tamilar-awards-winners-list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305184627/https://www.kalaignarseithigal.com/cinema/2023/02/14/14th-norway-tamil-film-festivals-tamilar-awards-winners-list |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=[[Kalaignar Seithigal]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Male Actor
| [[Karthi]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| Ilango Krishnan for "Ponni Nadhi"
| {{Won}}
|-
| K.S.Balachandran Award
| [[Jayaram]]
| {{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10" | [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
| align="center" rowspan="10" | 2023
| Best Film
| ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2023 |title=SIIMA 2023: Best Film to Best Actress - List of Awards 'Ponniyin Selvan' won |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-2023-best-film-to-best-actress-list-of-awards-ponniyin-selvan-won/photostory/103721815.cms?picid=103723150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226111843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photos_next.cms?msid=103721815&curpg=2 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]{{efn|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] was nominated for two films – ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' and [[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]}}
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| Ilango Krishnan for "Ponni Nadhi"
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Playback Singer – Female
| Antara Nandy for "Alaikadal"
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Rakshita Suresh]] for "Sol"
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Ravi Varman]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Art Director
| [[Thota Tharani]]
| {{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="11" | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| align="center" rowspan="11" | 2024
| Best Film
| ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Tamil) 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-2023_-67193.html |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Actor
| [[Karthi]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Actress
| [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Music Album
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| Ilango Krishnan for "Ponni Nadhi" and "Devaralan Aattam"
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| Antara Nandy for "Alaikadal"
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| [[Ravi Varman]]
| {{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[National Film Awards]]
| align="center" rowspan="4" | [[70th National Film Awards|2024]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Tamil Film]]
| ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards for the year 2022 announced; Aattam bags the Best Feature Film award |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| [[Ravi Varman]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction (Background Score)]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Sound Design]]
| [[Anand Krishnamoorthi]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Ponniyin Selvan: II}}

On 17 September 2022, Ratnam in a press meet, confirmed that ''Ponniyin Selvan: II'' (''PS:2'') would be released in six to nine months after the theatrical release of ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan Part 2 will release 6 to 9 months after part 1's release, says Mani Ratnam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-part-2-will-release-6-to-9-months-after-part-1-s-release-says-mani-ratnam-2001430-2022-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918040108/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-part-2-will-release-6-to-9-months-after-part-1-s-release-says-mani-ratnam-2001430-2022-09-17 |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> On 28 December 2022, it was revealed by the unit that ''PS:2'' would be releasing on 28 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan 2: Vikram And Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's Film Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-2-vikram-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchans-film-gets-a-release-date-3644817 |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=NDTV |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408035754/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-2-vikram-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchans-film-gets-a-release-date-3644817 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

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Maharaja of Patiala

2026-03-02T18:29:33Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Put Up Some Data Initial Version

{{short description|Title of the ruler of Patiala State}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}{{Infobox monarchy
| royal_title = [[Maharaja]]
| realm = [[Patiala State|Patiala]]
| native_name = 
| border = 
| coatofarms = Coat_of_Arms_of_Patiala.png
| coatofarms_article = 
| coatofarms_link = 
| type = other2
| his/her = His
| image = MAHARAJA OF PATIALA (18615125252).jpg
| caption = '''Last to reign [[Yadavindra Singh]]''' 23 March 1938 – 15 August 1947
| pretender = [[Amarinder Singh]]
| first_monarch = [[Ala Singh]]
| last_monarch = [[Yadavindra Singh]]
| formation = 29 March 1761
| abolition = [[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|28 December 1971]]
| residence = [[Qila Mubarak, Patiala|Qila Mubarak]], [[Patiala]]
}}
The '''Maharaja of Patiala''' was the title of the ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. The first ruler of Patiala was Baba [[Ala Singh]] (1691 – 1765), who held the title of [[Raja]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7I9AAAAMAAJ |title=Life of Maharaja Ala Singh of Patiala and His Times |date=c. 1954 |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205046/https://books.google.com/books?id=u7I9AAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The second and third rulers, [[Amar Singh of Patiala|Amar Singh]] and [[Sahib Singh of Patiala|Sahib Singh]], respectively, held the held the title of Raja-e-Rajgan (King of Kings).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Karam Singh of Patiala|Karam Singh]], the fourth ruler, was the first ruler of Patiala who held the title of [[Maharaja]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> By the time of the seventh Maharaja, [[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]] (1876 – 1900), the Maharaja of Patiala was recognized as the leader of the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] community and the most foremost prince in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Kidambi |first=Prashant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50KjDwAAQBAJ |title=Cricket Country: An Indian Odyssey in the Age of Empire |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-884313-9 |location=Oxford |pages=170–172 |language=en |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607082153/https://books.google.com/books?id=50KjDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-ttAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of Regional History |date=1994 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University, Department of History |volume=2 |location=Amritsar |page=95 |language=en |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210537/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Journal_of_Regional_History/R-ttAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[British Raj]], the Patiala maharajas were entitled to a 17-[[gun salute]] and had precedence over all the other princes in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-Q2AQAAMAAJ |title=Punjab District and State Gazetteers: Part A]. |publisher=Punjab Government Press |year=1900 |location=Punjab Government Press |page=51 |language=en |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210206/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Punjab_District_and_State_Gazetteers/l-Q2AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Yadavindra Singh]] (1914 – 1974) became the maharaja on 23 March 1938. He was the last independent maharaja, agreeing to the [[Instrument of Accession|accession]] of Patiala State into the newly [[Indian independence movement|independent]] [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Panjab Past and Present |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. |year=2000 |location=Patiala |pages=94–97 |language=en |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210207/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Panjab_Past_and_Present/NjtuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 May 1948, he became [[Rajpramukh]] of the new [[Indian state]] of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Raj Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra19YSPDliQC |title=The Sikhs: Their Journey of Five Hundred Years |date=2003 |publisher=Bhavana Books & Prints |isbn=978-81-86505-46-5 |location=New Delhi |page=222 |language=en |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210654/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Sikhs/ra19YSPDliQC?hl=en&gbpv |url-status=live }}</ref> The former Patiala royal family has had multiple notable members in post-independence India, including those in [[Politics of India|politics]], [[diplomacy]], the [[Indian Army|Indian army]], and other fields.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kings of Patiala, Chronolgy of Patiala, Kings Rule in Patiala |url=https://www.patialaonline.in/city-guide/kings-of-patiala |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=www.patialaonline.in |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205160652/https://www.patialaonline.in/city-guide/kings-of-patiala |url-status=live }}</ref> The title of Maharaja of Patiala and other royal titles were retained by members of the Patiala royal family until they were abolished in India in 1971 through the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|26th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]].

In 1940, Dr. V.S. Bhatti proposed the creation of a Sikh nation called 'Sikhistan,' to be led by the Maharaja of Patiala. He envisioned a "Khalistan" where the Maharaja would be aided by a cabinet comprising representatives from various federating units.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shani |first=Giorgio |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203937211/sikh-nationalism-identity-global-age-giorgio-shani |title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age |year=2007 |isbn=9781134101894 |doi=10.4324/9780203937211 |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014214039/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203937211/sikh-nationalism-identity-global-age-giorgio-shani |archive-date=14 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shani |first=Giorgio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckd8AgAAQBAJ&dq=The+Khalistan+proposed+by+Bhatti+was+meant+to+include+three+main+areas%3A+the+central+districts+of+Punjab+province+then+directly+administered+by+the+British%2C+including+Ludhiana%2C+Jullunder%2C+Ambala%2C+Ferozpur%2C+Amritsar+and+Lahore%3B+the+%27princely+states%27+of+the+Cis-Sutlej%2C+including+Patiala%2C+Nabha%2C+Faridkot+and+Malerkolta%3A+and+the+Shimla+Group%27+of+states.+Khalistan+was+imagined+as+a+theocratic+state%2C+a+mirror-image+of+%2AMuslim%27+Pakistan%2C+led+by+the+Maharaja+of+Patiala+with+the+aid+of+a+cabinet+consisting+of+representative+federating+units+%28Riar+1996%3A+233%29+The+Khalistan+demand+proposed+by+Bhatti+appealed+to+those+Sikhs+outside+of+the+Sikh+%27political+system%27%2C&pg=PT70 |title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age |date=2007-12-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-10188-7 |language=en |access-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118065625/https://books.google.com/books?id=ckd8AgAAQBAJ&dq=The+Khalistan+proposed+by+Bhatti+was+meant+to+include+three+main+areas%3A+the+central+districts+of+Punjab+province+then+directly+administered+by+the+British%2C+including+Ludhiana%2C+Jullunder%2C+Ambala%2C+Ferozpur%2C+Amritsar+and+Lahore%3B+the+%27princely+states%27+of+the+Cis-Sutlej%2C+including+Patiala%2C+Nabha%2C+Faridkot+and+Malerkolta%3A+and+the+Shimla+Group%27+of+states.+Khalistan+was+imagined+as+a+theocratic+state%2C+a+mirror-image+of+%2AMuslim%27+Pakistan%2C+led+by+the+Maharaja+of+Patiala+with+the+aid+of+a+cabinet+consisting+of+representative+federating+units+%28Riar+1996%3A+233%29+The+Khalistan+demand+proposed+by+Bhatti+appealed+to+those+Sikhs+outside+of+the+Sikh+%27political+system%27%2C&pg=PT70 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |title=The National Archives - Homepage |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/indian-independence/liberator/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014224123/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/indian-independence/liberator/ |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The National Archives |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Ritika |date=2020-12-12 |title=Khalistan movement: Origin and the two different narratives |url=https://www.newshour.press/blogs/khalistan-movement-origin-and-the-two-different-narratives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014225743/https://www.newshour.press/blogs/khalistan-movement-origin-and-the-two-different-narratives/ |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=Newshour Press |language=en-US}}</ref> These units included the central districts of Punjab province directly administered by the British at that time, including [[Ludhiana]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Ambala]], [[Firozpur]], [[Amritsar]], and [[Lahore]]. It also encompassed the princely states of the [[Cis-Sutlej states|Cis-Sutlej]] region, including Patiala, [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], and [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]], as well as the states in the 'Shimla Group'.

After the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, a Sikh publication called ''The Liberator'' advocated for Khalistan, proposing that it should include [[East Punjab]] merged with the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU), with the Maharaja of Patiala as its monarch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Amar |title=LET PATIALA LEAD THE PANTH TO GLORY |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/indian-independence/liberator/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014224123/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/indian-independence/liberator/ |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=National Achieves UK}}</ref>

==Origins and lineage==
[[File:A panel of seven portraits of rulers of Patiala State.jpg|thumb|A panel of seven portraits of rulers of [[Patiala State]]. Starting anti-clockwise from top: [[Ala Singh]], [[Amar Singh of Patiala|Amar Singh]], [[Sahib Singh of Patiala|Sahib Singh]], [[Karam Singh of Patiala|Karam Singh]], [[Narinder Singh of Patiala|Narinder Singh]], [[Mahendra Singh of Patiala|Mahendra Singh]] and in the centre is [[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]].]]
The Maharajas of Patiala were [[Jat]] [[Sikhs]] of the [[Sidhu]] clan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PhMAAAAMAAJ&q=patiala+jat+Chiefs |title=The Leisure Hour |date=1876 |publisher=W. Stevens, printer |language=en |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517052911/https://books.google.com/books?id=9PhMAAAAMAAJ&q=patiala+jat+Chiefs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Philaurī |first=Sharadhā Rāma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCdSAQAAMAAJ&q=patiala+jat+Chiefs |title=History of the Sikhs: Or, Translation of the Sikkhan de Raj Di Vikhia, as Laid Down for the Examination in Panjabi. Together with a Short Gurmukhi Grammar, and an Appendix Containing Some Useful Technical Words, in Roman Character. Translated and Edited by Henry Court |date=1888 |publisher=Printed at the "Civil and Military Gazette" Press |language=en |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517052911/https://books.google.com/books?id=qCdSAQAAMAAJ&q=patiala+jat+Chiefs |url-status=live }}</ref> The Patiala maharajas are direct descendants of [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] [[Jaisal Singh]], who founded the [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer]] in 1156.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=232–242 |language=en |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |url-status=live }}</ref> The maharajas of Patiala, through Jaisal Singh's ancestor, are direct descendants of [[Rao Bhatti]], a [[3rd century|3rd-century]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] monarch.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=113–120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt21AAAAIAAJ |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Bathinda |date=1992 |publisher=Revenue Department, Punjab |edition= |location=Chandigarh |page=37 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":232">{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=325 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Over the centuries, some of Jaisal Singh's descendants established themselves in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]], and Khewa, a descendant of Jaisal Singh, married the daughter of a Jat Sidhu [[zamindar]], whose children were known by their mother's caste.<ref name=":2" /> Khewa's descendant was Baba Phul, the common ancestor of the [[Phulkian dynasty]], and Baba Phul's grandson was [[Ala Singh]], the first ruler of [[Patiala State|Patiala]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |location=New Delhi |page=165 |language=en |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210538/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Sikhism_over_1000_En/gqIbJz7vMn0C?hl=en&gbpv |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Political map of Punjab in 1846 after the treaties in the aftermath of the First Anglo-Sikh War by Joseph Davey Cunningham.jpg|thumb|Map of the Patiala Kingdom labelled "Protected Areas" in White.]]
[[File:Nine courtiers and servants of the Raja Patiala.jpg|thumb|Nine courtiers and servants of the Raja of Patiala<ref>{{cite web |last=Delhi School |url=http://warfare.uphero.com/Moghul/19thC/1817-Nine_courtiers_and_servants_of_the_Raja_Patiala.htm |title=Nine courtiers and servants of the Raja Patiala |date=c. 1817 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233629/http://warfare.uphero.com/Moghul/19thC/1817-Nine_courtiers_and_servants_of_the_Raja_Patiala.htm |archive-date=30 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|alt=]]
=== Mythological lineage and descent ===
The maharajas of Patiala claimed to be direct descendants of [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]], a [[Myth|mythological]] [[Hinduism|Hindu]] king from whom Bhatti claimed descent.<ref name=":72" /><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIoBAAAAMAAJ |title=The New India |publisher=Times Publishing Company |location= |publication-date=1937 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Sanjeev Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLZWAAAAMAAJ |title=Art and Cultural Heritage of Patiala |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-85067-66-7 |location=New Delhi |page=4 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Hindu mythology]], Yadu was the founder of the mythological [[Puru and Yadu Dynasties|Yadu dynasty]], a branch of the [[Legend|legendary]] [[Lunar dynasty]] ([[IAST]]: Candravaṃśa).<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":232" /><ref name=":92" />

==List==
{| class="wikitable"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Portrait
! class="unsortable" |Reign
!Enthronement
!Ref.
|-
! colspan="6" |'''[[Raja|Rajas]]'''
|-
|1
|Raja [[Ala Singh]] {{Small|(1691 or 1695 – 1765)}}
|[[File:Detail of a mural of Ala Singh of Patiala State from the Sheesh Mahal of the Qila Mubarak.jpg|235x235px]]
|1709 – 1765
|?
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=1993 |pages=188–215 |chapter=Chapter 14 - The Phulkian Misl}}</ref><ref name=":1">ANNE-COLOMBE “SAT KAUR” LAUNOIS. “Essence Du Pouvoir de Pattâlâ: Les Estrades Royales Du Qila Mubârak.” ''Arts Asiatiques'', vol. 62, 2007, pp. 46–62. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|43486550}}. Accessed 15 Feb. 2023.</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Raja-e-Rajgans
|-
|2
|Raja-e Rajgan [[Amar Singh of Patiala|Amar Singh]] {{Small|(7 June 1748 – February 1781)}}
|[[File:Miniature painting of Raja Amar Singh of Patiala, ca.1830.jpg|221x221px]]
|1765 – 1781
|?
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|3
|Raja-e Rajgan [[Sahib Singh of Patiala|Sahib Singh]] {{Small|(18 August 1773 – 26 March 1813)}}
|[[File:Detail of Sahib Singh of Patiala State from a painting depicting a meeting between Sahib Singh of Patiala State, Jodh Singh of Kalsia State, Lal Singh of Kaithal State, Mehak Singh, and Raja Jaswant Rao Holkar, ca.1805 (cropped).jpg|172x172px]]
|1781 – 1813
|?
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
! colspan="6" |'''[[Maharaja|Maharajas]]'''
|-
|4
|Maharaja [[Karam Singh of Patiala|Karam Singh]] {{Small|(12 October 1797 – 23 December 1845)}}
|[[File:Painting of Maharaja Karam Singh in the Audience Hall of Qila Mubarak, Patiala.png|228x228px]]
|1813 – 1845
|30 June 1813
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|5
|Maharaja [[Maharaja Narinder Singh|Narinder Singh]] {{Small|(26 October 1824 – 13 November 1862)}}
|[[File:Photograph of Maharaja Narinder Singh (alt. spelt as 'Narendra Singh') of Patiala State with attendants, by Jean Baptiste Oscar Malitte, ca.1860.jpg|151x151px]]
|1845 – 1862
|18 January 1846
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|6
|Maharaja [[Mahendra Singh of Patiala|Mahendra Singh]] {{Small|(16 September 1852 – 13 or 14 April 1876)}}
|[[File:Mahendra Singh, Maharaja of Patiala in the 1870s.jpg|219x219px]]
|1862 – 1876
|29 January 1863
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|7
|Maharaja [[Maharaja Rajinder Singh|Rajinder Singh]] {{Small|(25 May 1872 – 8 November 1900)}}
|[[File:Portrait of Sir Rajinder Singh Maharaja of Patiala.jpg|199x199px]]
|1876 – 1900
|6 January 1877
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|8
|Maharaja [[Maharaja Bhupinder Singh|Bhupinder Singh]] {{Small|(12 October 1891 – 1938)}}
|[[File:BHUPINDER-SINGH, MAHARAJA OF PATIALA (18432128650).jpg|257x257px]]
|1900 – 1938
|?
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|9
|Maharaja [[Yadavindra Singh]] {{Small|(7 January 1913 – 17 June 1974)}}
|[[File:MAHARAJA OF PATIALA (18615125252).jpg|215x215px]]
|1938 – 1974
|?
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="6" |Titular
|-
|10
|Maharaja [[Amarinder Singh]] {{Small|(born 11 March 1942)}}
|[[File:Capt. Amarinder Singh.png|233x233px]]
|1974 – ?
|?
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quint |first1=The |date=10 March 2017 |title=Punjab Live: Modi Congratulates Amarinder, Wishes Him Happy B'Day |url=https://www.thequint.com/punjab-elections-2017/2017/03/10/punjab-election-results-counting-day-aap-congress-akali-bjp |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=The Quint |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224224141/https://www.thequint.com/state-elections-2017/punjab-elections-2017/punjab-election-results-counting-day-aap-congress-akali-bjp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="who">{{cite news |date=16 March 2017 |title=Who is Capt Amarinder Singh? Everything you need to know |work=The Indian Express |agency=Express Web Desk |url=http://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-assembly-elections-2017/who-is-capt-amarinder-singh-everything-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224224159/https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-assembly-elections-2017/who-is-capt-amarinder-singh-everything-you-need-to-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|11
|Yuvraj [[Raninder Singh]]
|—
|—
|—
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Patiala House Courts Complex]], housed in the former palace of the Maharaja

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category inline|Maharajas of Patiala}}

{{Salute states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Royal Maharaja Of Patiala}}
[[Category:Maharajas of Patiala State|Patiala]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Sikh families]]
[[Category:Political families of India]]

N. Veezhinathan

2026-03-01T00:11:35Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Put Up The Stub First Draft

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=February 2026}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2026}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N. Veezhinathan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|1|21}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|6|9|1938|1|21}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Philosopher, Sanskrit Scholar, Musicologist
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] (PhD)
| known_for = Advaita Vedanta, Navya-Nyaya, Head of Sanskrit Dept (University of Madras)
| awards = [[President's Certificate of Honour]] (2002)

}}

'''N. Veezhinathan''' (21 January 1938 – 9 June 2024) was a preeminent South Indian philosopher, prolific writer, and musicologist. He began his formal study of [[Sanskrit]] at the age of five, which culminated in a Ph.D. with a thesis focused on [[Advaita Vedanta]].<ref name="TheHindu_Bio">{{cite news |last=V. |first=Sriram |title=Veezhinathan, quintessential philosopher |url=https://www.thehindu.com/authors/veezhinathan-quintessential-philosopher/article24995088.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 September 2018}}</ref>

His life and scholarship were deeply rooted in a century-long family connection with the [[Kanchi Matha]]. He was guided throughout his life by the [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Kanchi Paramacharya]], who notably remarked that he remained alive solely to read the ''Gadadhari'' commentaries produced by Veezhinathan's mentor, N.S. Ramanuja Thathacharya.<ref name="MylaporeTimes_Obit">{{cite news |title=Obit: Prof. N. Veezhinathan, well-known Sanskrit scholar |url=https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2024/06/obit-prof-n-veezhinathan-well-known-sanskrit-scholar-prolific-writer-and-speaker/ |work=Mylapore Times |date=11 June 2024}}</ref>

== Academic career ==
Veezhinathan began his career as a lecturer in the Philosophy Department at the [[University of Madras]]. Under the influence of Dr. T.M.P. Mahadevan and Dr. Devasenapathy, he engaged deeply with Western philosophy, including the works of [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Søren Kierkegaard]], [[Bertrand Russell]], and [[Frederick Copleston]]. This comparative exposure allowed him to articulate complex Advaitic thoughts in English for a global academic audience.<ref name="TheHindu_Bio" />

He later transitioned to the Sanskrit Department, eventually serving as the Head of the department until his retirement. His teaching covered the primary schools of [[Vedanta]]: Advaita, [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita]], and [[Vishishtadvaita]].

== Scholarship and Research ==
=== Navya-Nyaya and Commentaries ===
Veezhinathan spent 12 years studying Advaita under S. R. Krishnamurthi Sastri. He later gained a mastery of [[Navya-Nyaya]] (the "New Logic" school) under the celebrated N.S. Ramanuja Thathacharya (NSR Swami). He assisted NSR Swami in the transcription of commentaries for the ''Gadadhari'' texts and later authored the English introductions for these publications. He is credited with publishing commentaries for seven ''Gadadhari'' texts.<ref name="TheHindu_Bio" />

=== Editorial and Literary Work ===
With over 60 research papers to his credit, Veezhinathan was a prolific editor of classical manuscripts. His major editorial works include:
* ''Vakyarthadarpana'' of Ramatirtha Yati
* ''Vakyavrtti'' of [[Adi Shankara|Sankara]] (with the commentary of Ramananda)
* Contributions to the ''New Catalogus Catalogorum'' (NCC) project.

== Musicology ==
As a musicologist, Veezhinathan specialized in the spiritual and technical structures of [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]'s Krithis. He frequently conducted "lecture-demonstrations" supported by his family members, including his daughter Bharathi on vocals.

== Personal Life and Vows ==
In adherence to a spiritual directive and a lifelong vow of national service, Veezhinathan did not hold a passport and never traveled abroad.<ref name="TheHindu_Bio" /> He was the father of [[Veezhinathan Kamakoti|V. Kamakoti]], the Director of [[IIT Madras]]. He attributed his professional and spiritual stability to the "unwavering support" of his wife during the challenging formative stages of his career.

== Awards ==
* '''[[President's Certificate of Honour]] for Sanskrit''' (2002)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veezhinathan, N.}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]

Kovai Guna

2026-02-26T01:03:50Z

SilviaVanwinkle: New First Entry Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian actor, mimicry artist and comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kovai Guna
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 21 March 2023
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Stand-up comedy|Stand-up comedian]], actor, mimicry artist
| years_active = 2005{{endash}}2023
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Kovai Guna''', also known as '''Coimbatore Guna''', (died 21 March 2023) was an Indian [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]], actor and mimicry artist. He was well known for his ability to present stand-up comedy in the television reality shows. He rose to prominence for his ability to entertain crowds with his mimicry performances and appropriate body language in television reality shows.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=புகழஞ்சலி: மிமிக்ரியால் மக்களை மகிழ்வித்த கலைஞன் கோவை குணா! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/963752-mimicry-artist-kovai-guna-passes-away-here-some-of-his-mimicry-videos.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Career ==
He got his breakthrough in [[Star Vijay]]'s reality television show ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' where he entered the programme as one of the contestants in its inaugural season in 2005.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} He quickly gained fame and fanfare with his unique mimicry performances during the first edition of the ''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?'' and he was adjudged as the outright winner of the competition during the first season itself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=காயத்ரி |first=வெ வித்யா |date=2023-03-21 |title=கோவை குணா : `கலக்கப்போவது யாரு' ஷோவின் முதல் டைட்டில் வின்னரான குணா மரணம்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/kalakkapovathu-yaru-show-first-title-winner-kovai-guna-passed-away |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref>

He further established himself with his mimicry performances by taking part in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s reality television show ''Asatha Povadhu Yaaru''. It was at ''Asatha Povadhu Yaaru'', he made a formidable collaboration with fellow standup comedian [[Madurai Muthu]] and both of them gained a huge fan-following for their chemistry during their comical performances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-21 |title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Champions judge Madurai Muthu pays tribute to Kovai Guna; says, 'my friend Kovai Guna is successful in presenting his own style of comedy acting' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-champions-judge-madurai-muthu-pays-tribute-to-kovai-guna-says-my-friend-kovai-guna-is-successful-in-presenting-his-own-style-of-comedy-acting/articleshow/98877873.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayabalan |first=Suriyakumar |title=Kovai Guna: நகைச்சுவை நடிகர் கோவை குணா காலமானார்! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/famous-comedian-kovai-guna-passed-away-131679403013133.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref> Guna impressed the audience by imitating the body language and voice modulations of prominent actors including [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[M. R. Radha]] [[Goundamani]] and [[Janagaraj]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Following his notable comedy style and mimicry performances, he received film acting opportunities and he made his acting debut in [[Vikraman]]'s directorial venture ''[[Chennai Kadhal]]'' (2006), which starred [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]] in the lead roles.<ref name=":0" /> He also featured in supporting roles in few more films ''[[Naalaiya Pozhuthum Unnodu]]'' (2007) and ''[[Sooriya Nagaram]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=hA6sl4hr1S4oH-mx&v=L1g-dZ4kG2k&feature=youtu.be |title=Nalaya Poluthu Unnodu - Tamil Full Movie {{!}} Prithvi Rajan {{!}} Karthika |date=2019-10-24 |last=United India Exporters |access-date=2024-10-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref> However, he refused to act in feature films as he began concentrating to work in reality television programmes and stage performances, which subsequently made it difficult for him to allocate his availability in order to make adjustments when giving callsheets to directors.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Guna in an interview revealed that leading filmmakers [[Prabhu Solomon]] and [[Lingusamy|N. Lingusamy]] offered him film acting roles for their respective film projects, which he turned down owing to television commitments.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=WebDesk |title=20 வருடம் பட்ட கஷ்டம்... அந்த ஒரு நிமிடம் என் பாக்கியம்... கோவை குணா நினைவலைகள் |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-reality-show-mimicry-artist-kovai-guna-passed-away-618324/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com |language=ta}}</ref> He also visited countries including Malaysia and Singapore to take part in comedy oriented programmes. He also launched YouTube channel during the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] to elaborate content focusing on humour.<ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
Guna died on 21 March 2023 due to heart related ailments at the age of 57.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |date=2023-03-21 |title=Stand-up comedian Kovai Guna passes away at 60 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/03/21/stand-up-comedian-kovai-guna-passes-away-at-60 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=நகைச்சுவை நடிகரும், மிமிக்ரி கலைஞருமான கோவை குணா காலமானார் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/963737-mimicry-fame-kovai-guna-passed-away-due-to-health-illness.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=மிமிக்ரி கலைஞர் கோவை குணா காலமானார் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/tv-comedy-actor-kovai-guna-passed-away |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref> Prior to his death, he reportedly underwent dialysis for over a year after being diagnosed with kidney renal failure at a private hospital in [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-21 |title=Kovai Guna, comedian and mimicry artist, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kovai-guna-comedian-and-mimicry-artist-passes-away/article66646241.ece |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WebDesk |title=கோவை குணா மரணத்திற்கு காரணம் மது? மதுரை முத்து- ஆதவன் காரசாரம் |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-comedian-madurai-muthu-aadhavan-clash-kovai-guna-passed-618473/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=கோவை குணா மறைவுக்கு காரணம் இதுதான்... உண்மையை உடைத்த மதன் பாப் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/television-kovai-guna-death-reason-madhan-bob-reveals-kovai-guna-death-reason-915659.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=News18 தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''[[Chennai Kadhal]]'' (2006)
*''[[Naalaiya Pozhuthum Unnodu]]'' (2007)
*''[[Sooriya Nagaram]]'' (2012)

;Television
*''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' ([[Star Vijay]])
*''Asatha Povadhu Yaaru'' ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm14675162|Kovai Guna}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guna, Kovai}}
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]

Government Senior Secondary School Central Pendam

2026-02-22T19:10:56Z

SilviaVanwinkle: minor added references for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Government Senior Secondary School, [[Central Pendam]]
| image =
| established = 1942
| city = Central Pendam
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27|12|41|N|88|31|16|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| motto = Work is Workship
| type = school under Department of Education, Government of Sikkim
| principal = Mr. Lekhraj Pokhrel
| campus = 6 acres
| enrollment = 700(approx.)
| staff = 63
| website = http://www.pendamschool.in
| affiliations = Affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[Guwahati]]
| address = Post Upper Pendam,Via Rangpo,E. Sikkim,737132
}}

'''Government Senior Secondary School, Central Pendam''' (also known as '''Tikalal Niroula Senior Secondary School''') is a government, co-educational, English-medium school situated at [[Central Pendam]] in [[Pakyong District]] of [[Sikkim]], India. It was established in 1942. The school prepares students for AISSE and AISSCE for science, commerce, humanities, IT application and financial marketing and management. The school currently runs from pre-primary to standard XII.

== Campus ==
The school is located in Central Pendam village in East District of Sikkim, India. The school compound measures around 6 acres. The school is 14 km from [[Rangpo]] and 18 km from [[Singtam]].

== Affiliation ==
The school is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]], and prepares students for [[Higher Secondary Examination|All India Senior School Certificate Examination]] (AISSCE) and [[All India Secondary School Examination]] (AISSE)
* Affiliation No.:1820007
* School Code No.:05404
* School ID No.:EG100695

== Motto ==
The motto of school is ''Vidya Dadati Binayam'' (Learning Leads to Humility)

== History ==
Government Senior Secondary School, Central Pendam, East Sikkim was established in 1942 as a committee school. Till 1953 it remained an M.E. School. It was upgraded to a Junior High School in 1956 and 1957 and added class IX in 1959. The first batch of Class X appeared for their school final examination as private candidates in 1961. The school was recognized as a High School by the CBSE in New Delhi in 1976, and the first batch of class X appeared for their AISSE under CBSE in 1977 from their home center. In 1985 it was upgraded to a Senior Secondary School with Science and Humanities streams. In 2004 a Commerce Stream was added, and IT and FMM were added in 2011.

The first principal of the school was Mr. B. S. Rajput. As an honor to the senior leader of the local region. The school is named after Late Tikalal Niroula, one of the founding members and a political activist from Central Pendam.<ref>[http://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/school-listings/cbse-4/GOVT-SR-SEC-SCHOOL-CENTRAL-PENDAM-VIA--RANGPO-DUGA-EAST-SIKKIM-1820007 "School, Listing, Govt. Sr. Sec. School Central Pendam" ], ''The Learning Point'', Retrieved 10 March 2021</ref>

== In media ==
The school has been active in its academic pursuits along with participation in the publication of daily newspapers. The [[Zee News]]'s Quiz show on renewable energy<ref>[http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/annual-report/2006-2007/EN/HTML/ch8_pg1.htm "Quiz on renewable energy"]</ref> by [[Anupam Kher]] on 2006 featured two students from the school, Binod Mainali, and Arvind Mahto. In 2016, Arpan Sharma, alumni of this school won the prestigious award of Distinguished Student from the [[American Physical Society]].<ref>[https://www.veltech.edu.in/blog/globally-four-students-selected-distinguished-aps-fip-3/ "Globally four students selected for Distinguished Student Award" ], ''Vel Tech'', Retrieved 10 March 2021</ref><ref>[https://scimonk.com/index.php/author-kaudinya-arpan/ "Arpan Sharma (Kaudinya Arpan)" ], ''Scientific Monk'', Retrieved 10 March 2021</ref> He is also the founder of youth forum and magazine Environment and Society.<ref>[https://envs.scimonk.com/ "Environment and Society, web magazine" ] ''Environment and Society'', Retrieved 01 November 2022</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
[[Lall Bahadur Das]], Speaker of [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]],
S D Dhakal, Secretary to the Chief Minister Office, Government of [[Sikkim]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|www.pendamschool.in}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1942]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in Sikkim]]

Dharwad

2026-02-22T10:45:50Z

SilviaVanwinkle: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dharwad
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1/2/2/2/2

| image2 = IIIT Dharwad.jpg
| caption2 = [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Dharwad]]
| image1 = IIT Dharwad, Mammigatti.jpg
| caption1 = [[Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad]]
| image3 = SDM Super Specialty Hospital (Manjushree Block).jpg
| caption3 = SDM College of Medical Sciences
| image4 = Tapovan Karnataka.jpg
| caption4 = Kumaraswamiji Tapovan
| image5 = Karnatak college (cropped).jpg
| caption5 = [[Karnatak College Dharwar|Karnatak College (KCD)]]
| image6 = SCSDSD.jpg (cropped).jpg
| caption6 = [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad|University of Agricultural Sciences]]
| image7 = CSI Hebich Memorial Church Dharwad.jpg
| caption7 = CSI Hebich Memorial Church
| image8 = Karnataka University Clock Tower, Dharwad, India 240531.jpg
| caption8 = [[Karnatak University]]}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nicknames = Pedha Nagari, Hubli-Dharwad City, Dharanagari, Vidya Kashi, Sanskratika nagari, Education Hub of Karnataka, Oxford of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-28|title=About the Education hub of Karnataka|url=https://www.iitdh.ac.in/dharwad.php|access-date=2022-12-16|website=IIT Dharwad official website|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216224510/https://www.iitdh.ac.in/dharwad.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|15|27|30|N|75|00|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bayaluseeme]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|1403|p=y}}
| founder = [[Chalukya dynasty]]<ref name="UoAS"/>
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = *[[Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation]] (1962–2025)
*Hubballi-Dharwad Urban Development Authority
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 750.0

| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 434
| population_metro = 1,137,000
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|India]] : [[List of most populous cities in India|49]]{{break}}[[List of cities in Karnataka by population|Karnataka]] : [[List of cities in Karnataka by population|2]]
| population_demonym = Dharwadians, Dharawadadavra.
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 580 xxx
| area_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code 0836
| registration_plate = KA-25, KA-63
| website = {{URL|www.dharwad.nic.in}}
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Jyothi Patil <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-20 |title=BJP retains power in Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bjp-retains-power-in-hubballi-dharwad-municipal-corporation/article66990017.ece |access-date=2023-06-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = MP
| leader_name1 = [[Pralhad Joshi]]
| leader_title2 = MLA (Hubli Dharwad West)
| leader_name2 = [[Aravind Bellad|Arvind Bellad]]
| leader_title3 = MLA (Dharwad)
| leader_name3 = [[Vinay Kulkarni]]
| leader_title4 = MLA (Hubli Dharwad East)
| leader_name4 = [[Abbayya Prasad]]
| leader_title5 = MLA (Hubli-Dharwad Central)
| leader_name5 = Mahesh Tenginakai
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| official_name =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation
| area_total_km2 = 462
| imagesize = 300
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Airport]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Hubli Airport]](HBX)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Hubballi-Dharwad Bus Rapid Transit System]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Hubballi-Dharwad Urban Development Authority
}}
'''Dharwad''' ({{IPA|kn|d̪ʰäːɾɐʋäːɖɐ|audio=LL-Q34239 (kok)-Fredericknoronha-Dharwad.wav}}), also known as '''Dharwar''', is a city located in the northwestern part of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of the [[Dharwad district]] of [[Karnataka]] and forms a contiguous urban area with the city of Hubballi. It was merged with [[Hubballi]] in 1962 to form the twin cities of [[Hubballi–Dharwad|Hubballi-Dharwad]]. It covers an area of {{cvt|213|km2}} and is located {{cvt|430|km}} northwest of [[Bangalore]], on [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]], between Bangalore and [[Pune]].

In 2016, Hubli-Dharwad was selected for solar city / green city master plans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mnre.gov.in/schemes/decentralized-systems/solar-cities/|title=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy - Solar / Green Cities|website=mnre.gov.in|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314171230/http://mnre.gov.in/schemes/decentralized-systems/solar-cities|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017, government of India included [[Hubli-Dharwad]] city for a [[Smart Cities Mission|smart city project]], a flagship scheme for overall development of infrastructure in the twin-cities.<ref name="smartcity">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/constant-transfer-of-mds-chairpersons-hampers-execution-of-smart-city-projects-in-hubballi-dharwad/articleshow/72406643.cms |title=Constant transfer of MDs, chairpersons hampers execution of Smart City projects in Hubballi-Dharwad |work=Times of India |date=7 December 2019 |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word "Dharwad" is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word 'dwarawata', 'dwara', meaning "door" and 'wata' or 'wada' meaning "town." It means a place of rest in a long travel or a small habitation. For centuries, Dharwad acted as a resting place for travelers and a gateway between the ''[[Malenadu]]'' (western mountains) and the ''[[Bayalu Seeme]]'' (plains).<ref name="GoK">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://dharwad.nic.in/en/about-district/|title=About District|publisher=Government of Karnataka}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Two fort gates outer.JPG|thumb|Outer fort gates of [[Dharwad Fort]]]]
[[File:St John Thackeray's monument at Dharwad, India.jpg|thumb|British collector [[St John Thackeray]]'s obelisk at Kittur Chennamma park]]
The [[Chalukya]]s ruled Dharwad during the 12th century. A stone inscription{{Where|date=October 2025}}{{When|date=October 2025|reason=When was it found? If it was ancient, some idea of its time should be added. A stone inscription by itself does not signify anything. It's only importance would be if it was written at a time close to the historical events further stated.}} indicates that there was a ruler by the name of BhaskaraDeva in 1117. In the 14th century, the district was first overrun by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], after which it was annexed to the newly established [[Hindu]] kingdom of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]], an official of which named "Dharav", according to
local tradition, built the fort at Dharwad town in 1403. After the defeat of the king of Vijayanagar in the [[Battle of Talikota]] (1565), Dharwad was for a few years practically independent under its Hindu governor; but in 1573 the fort was captured by the sultan of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Adil Shah]], and Dharwad was annexed to his dominions. Adil Shah built a fort in an area later called Manna Killa, and later Nazratabad. With this fort, the strategic importance of Dharwad increased and it attracted the attention of subsequent conquerors, including [[Aurangzeb]], [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], Aurangzeb's son [[Bahadur Shah I]], [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]], [[Hyder Ali]], [[Tipu Sultan]] and finally the [[British Raj|British]] colonizers.<ref name="UoAS">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://kvkdharwad.org/District%20profile.pdf|title=District Profile|publisher=University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad|access-date=9 November 2022|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162820/https://kvkdharwad.org/District%20profile.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1685, the fort was taken by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]], and Dharwad, on the break-up of the Mughal empire, fell under the sway of the [[Maratha]] Peshwa of [[Pune]]. In 1764, the province was overrun by [[Hyder Ali]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], who in 1778 captured the fort of Dharwad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_322.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 11, page 316 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=2009-11-15}}</ref> The [[Siege of Darwar|fort was retaken]] in 1791 by the Marathas. After the final defeat of the Peshwa by the British in 1818, Dharwar was incorporated into the territory of the [[British East India Company]]'s [[Bombay Presidency]]. During the early 19th century, when the British were expanding their domains, they faced a lot of opposition from local rulers, including [[Bhaskar Rao Bhave|Baba Saheb of Nargund]] and [[Kittur Chennamma]].<ref name="UoAS"/>

== Geography ==
[[File:Kelageri Lake.jpg|thumb|Kelgeri lake is a famous water body located in [[Kelgeri]], Dharwad]]

=== Climate ===

Hubli-Dharwad has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]]. Summers are relatively mild and dry, lasting from late February to early June. They are followed by the monsoon season, with moderate temperatures and a large amount of precipitation. Temperatures are fairly moderate from late October to early February, with virtually no rainfall. Dharwad is 750 meters above [[sea level]]. The average yearly rainfall is {{cvt|838|mm}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stevens.usc.edu/pdf/hubli_dharwad.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613232521/http://stevens.usc.edu/pdf/hubli_dharwad.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref>

{{Weather box
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Dharwad (1991-2020)
| Jan record high C = 33.6
| Feb record high C = 37.4
| Mar record high C = 39.2
| Apr record high C = 40.1
| May record high C = 40.9
| Jun record high C = 38.4
| Jul record high C = 32.7
| Aug record high C = 32.4
| Sep record high C = 33.4
| Oct record high C = 34.0
| Nov record high C = 32.9
| Dec record high C = 32.9
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 29.8
| Feb high C = 32.3
| Mar high C = 35.0
| Apr high C = 36.4
| May high C = 35.4
| Jun high C = 29.6
| Jul high C = 27.1
| Aug high C = 27.0
| Sep high C = 28.2
| Oct high C = 29.8
| Nov high C = 29.6
| Dec high C = 28.9
| year high C = 30.7
| Jan low C = 13.9
| Feb low C = 16.1
| Mar low C = 19.2
| Apr low C = 21.0
| May low C = 21.6
| Jun low C = 21.2
| Jul low C = 20.8
| Aug low C = 20.4
| Sep low C = 20.1
| Oct low C = 19.1
| Nov low C = 16.5
| Dec low C = 14.2
| year low C = 18.6
| Jan record low C = 8.5
| Feb record low C = 11.0
| Mar record low C = 11.5
| Apr record low C = 14.9
| May record low C = 17.7
| Jun record low C = 18.1
| Jul record low C = 19.0
| Aug record low C = 18.0
| Sep record low C = 16.6
| Oct record low C = 12.5
| Nov record low C = 9.5
| Dec record low C = 9.0
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.4
| Feb rain mm = 1.5
| Mar rain mm = 22.5
| Apr rain mm = 40.4
| May rain mm = 95.3
| Jun rain mm = 114.6
| Jul rain mm = 158.5
| Aug rain mm = 152.1
| Sep rain mm = 132.1
| Oct rain mm = 121.8
| Nov rain mm = 34.8
| Dec rain mm = 10.0
| year rain mm = 883.9
| Jan rain days = 0.1
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 3.5
| May rain days = 5.1
| Jun rain days = 9.2
| Jul rain days = 14.1
| Aug rain days = 11.4
| Sep rain days = 9.7
| Oct rain days = 5.9
| Nov rain days = 2.0
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days = 62.5
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 41
| Feb humidity = 32
| Mar humidity = 28
| Apr humidity = 39
| May humidity = 51
| Jun humidity = 74
| Jul humidity = 82
| Aug humidity = 83
| Sep humidity = 80
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 53
| Dec humidity = 48
| year humidity = 55
| source = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="popu-history">{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/data/Census_2001/Table/India/Class%20I-A-4_Final.xls |title=Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date=29 November 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=AboutTwinCity /><ref name="popu2011">{{Cite web |title=ಧಾರವಾಡ ಮಹಾನಗರ ಪಾಲಿಕೆ ಮಾಡಲು ಸಚಿವ ಸಂಪುಟ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆ! ಇತರೆ ನಿರ್ಣಯಗಳು ಏನು? |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/cabinet-agrees-to-make-dharwad-metropolitan-corporation-what-are-the-other-decision/articleshow/116888466.cms |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>
| 1901 | 21230
| 1911 | 29591
| 1921 | 34220
| 1931 | 40904
| 1941 | 47992
| 1951 | 66571
| 1961 | 77163
| 2001 | 252375
| 2011 | 275339
|align=center}}

The population of the twin cities as per provisional figures of Census 2011 is 943,857 and is urban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/karnataka/4-population-8-19.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals}}</ref> Hubli-Dharwad's population increased 22.99% between 1981 and 1991, from 527,108 to 648,298, and by 21.2% between 1991 and 2001. The Hubli-Dharwad municipality covers {{cvt|213|km2}}.

==Culture==
Dharwad has earned the reputation of being called as 'Cultural Capital of Karnataka'. Dharwad Region's Cultural Life blossomed with some of the finest Poets, Writers, and Thinkers at the beginning 20th century. Hindustani Classical Music is a genre that inspires a possessive devotion among people from the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2023 |title='rural Folk Preserved Kannada' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/rural-folk-preserved-kannada/articleshow/97430144.cms |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Dharwad city is known for karnatic music, art, culture, musicians, poets, writers and cuisine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture & Heritage {{!}} Dharwad District |url=https://dharwad.nic.in/en/culture-heritage/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Literature===
Dharwad has nurtured some of the best writers in Kannada, and has many iconic places that bear an association with the Language and State's Culture. Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha also played a crucial role in bringing literary enthusiasts together.

Places such as [[Sadhankeri, Dharwad|Sadhankeri]] in front of Varakavi D R Bendre's house is that serene location from which the poet drew inspiration to write his poems.

Dharwad has the reputation of earning 3 (out of 8) [[Jnanpith Award#List of recipients|Jnanpith Awardees]] in Karnataka. Da Ra Bendre, V.K. Gokak, Girish Karnad.

*[[Dattatreya Ramachandra Bendre]] popularly known as Da Ra Bendre is generally considered as one of the greatest Kannada lyric poets of the 20th century. Da Ra Bendre wrote with the pen name ‘Ambikatanayadatta’. Da Ra Bendre described [[Sadhankeri, Dharwad|Sadhankeri]] as a place of inspiration for his poems praising the beauty of nature. He was honored with the Padma Shri award in 1968 and his collection of poems ‘Naaku Tanti’ earned him the [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanapeeta Award]].
*[[Vinayaka Krishna Gokak]] (VK Gokak) was a major writer in the Kannada language and a scholar of English and Kannada Literature. His epic ‘Bharatha Sindhu Rashmi’ has earned him Jnanapeeta Award in 1990. He completed his education at Majid High School, Savanur, and attended the Karnataka College, Dharwad where he studied literature.
*[[Girish Karnad]] was an Indian Actor, Film Director, and Kannada writer. He was awarded the Jnanapeeta Award for his immense contributions to Kannada Literature and Theatre in 1998. Girish Karnad had earned a Bachelor of Arts(B.A) degree in Mathematics and Statistics from Karnatak Arts College, Dharwad (affiliated to Karnataka University).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-17 |title=Culture of Dharwad |url=https://hubballidharwadinfra.com/culture-of-hubballi-dharwad/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Hubballi Infra |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Fine Arts===
D V Halbhavi established Halbhavi School of Art, Dharwad which has the distinction of being Karnataka's first school of Arts in the year 1935. The school, which was founded under the aegis of the Dharwad Fine Art Society, has provided Art education to thousands of students during the last 76 years. The school also introduces students to complementary fields such as theatre, literature, and music. Kumareshwara Fine Arts College (1991) was founded by K.N. Neglurumatha at Haveri. V.R. Sutar started Gangambika Memorial Art School (1993) at Dharwad. Apart from this in 1966, Dandavathi Math in Dharwad opened an Arts School for mentally challenged children.

Recognizing the immense contribution of Dharwad towards the Music, Literature, and Arts field, [[Central Government]] has decided to set up Lalitha Kala Akademy Regional Centre in Dharwad. The Lalitha Kala Akademy will act as a catalyst for artists to get equal exposure as some of the bigger cities artists get and will make Art Field more vibrant in [[North Karnataka]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka State Gazetteers: Dharwad District |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/karnataka-state-gazetteers-dharwad-district |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[File:Another_Vegetarian_Meal.jpg|thumb|Jolada rotti]]
Jolada rotti is a very popular and very common diet in Dharwad city it is part of the staple diet of most of the districts of North Karnataka, where it is eaten with pulse curries such as jhunka, yengai, shenga chutney or other assorted chutnies. Jowar rotti is also called as jawarichi bhakri in neighbouring Maharastra.

[[File:Dharwad_peda.jpg|thumb|Dharwad peda]]
[[Dharwad peda]] is a sweet delicacy prepared of milk and sugar which has been accorded Geographical Indication.<ref>{{cite web |title="K'taka gets highest number of GI tags" |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/k%60taka-gets-highest-numbergi-tags/319698/}}</ref>

==Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation==
{{Main|Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation}}
[[File:HDMC Dharwad.jpg|thumb|centre|HDMC office at Dharwad]]
Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation (HDMC) was constituted in 1962 by combining the two cities separated by a distance of 20 kilometres. The area covered by the corporation is spread over 45 revenue villages and is the second-largest city corporation in Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the 1991 census was 700,000. The population of Hubli-Dharwad is 1,158,000 (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hubli and Dharwad City Population Census 2011-2022 {{!}} Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.com.in/census/city/437-hubli-and-dharwad-.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hubli Municipal Council was established under the [[Government of India Act 1850]], and the Dharwad Municipal Council first came into existence on 1 January 1856. Both were merged later forming Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation (HDMC)<ref name="hdmc.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://hdmc.gov.in/cityprofile.php |title=::HDMC:: |access-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420105843/http://www.hdmc.gov.in/cityprofile.php |archive-date=20 April 2012 }}</ref> The headquarters of HDMC is situated in [[Hubli|Hubballi]], comprising 82 members covering four Vidhan Sabha Constituencies of Hubli-Dharwad. There has been a huge demand by the people of Dharwad to create a separate civic body and get itself detached by HDMC. Claims are that most of the funds are allocated to Hubli solely.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demand to separate Dharwad from HDMC grows bigger |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/demand-to-separate-dharwad-from-hdmc-grows-bigger/articleshow/65545982.cms |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=26 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

On January 2, 2025, the [[Karnataka Council of Ministers|Karnataka state cabinet]] declared the separation of [[Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation|Hubballi Dharwad municipal corporation]], formation of new municipal corporation for the city of Dharwad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=Cabinet nod for separate Dharwad Municipal Corporation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/cabinet-nod-for-separate-dharwad-municipal-corporation/articleshow/116892414.cms |access-date=2025-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=Demand for exclusive corporation for Dharwad gets fulfilled finally |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/demand-for-exclusive-corporation-for-dharwad-gets-fulfilled-finally/article69054743.ece |access-date=2025-01-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Road ===
{{Main|Hubli-Dharwad Bus Rapid Transit System}}
[[File:Hdbrt2.jpg|thumb|Hubli-Dharwad Bus Rapid Transit System (HDBRTS, Chigari bus)]]
[[File:Dharwad BRTS terminal.jpg|thumb|centre|HDBRTS Terminal at Dharwad]]
[[Hubli-Dharwad Bus Rapid Transit System|Hubballi-Dharwad BRTS]] (also known as HDBRTS) is a bus rapid transit system built to serve the twin cities of Hubli and Dharwad, located in the North-Western part of Karnataka state in India. Hubli-Dharwad BRTS (HDBRTS) project is a Government of Karnataka initiative to foster long-term economic growth in the region. The project promotes fast, safe, comfortable, convenient and affordable public transportation between the twin cities and aims to reduce congestion and air pollution in the region. But it has severely affected the private traffic, by restricting the lanes. Many don't approve the project, as BRTS system has failed in many cities across India, for example both in Pune and Delhi.

The length of the Hubli-Dharwad BRTS corridor is {{cvt|22.25|km}} from CBT Hubli to CBT–Dharwad with the width of the cross-sections ranging from {{cvt|44 to 35|m}}. The BRTS corridor includes segregated bus lanes, access-controlled bus stations, physical and fare integration with BRT feeder services, off-board ticketing through smart cards and bar-coded paper tickets, an intelligent transport system and high-quality buses (Standard AC buses). The corridor is designed for operating regular and express services. It consists of two lanes for BRTS buses on either side of the median bus station facilitating overtaking lanes for express services. Foot overbridges at six locations, PELICAN signals, and synchronised signal management are proposed to facilitate the easy approach of passengers to bus stations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hdbrts.com/|title=HDBRTS|website=hdbrts.com|access-date=18 February 2021|language=te}}</ref>

=== Air ===
[[File: Hubballi Airport new Terminal.jpg|thumb|Hubli Airport]]

[[Hubli Airport]] {{airport codes|HBX|VOHB}} is the nearest airport that serves the twin cities of [[Hubli-Dharwad]] and North Karnataka in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. It is situated on Gokul Road, 8 kilometres from the city centre and {{Convert|20|km|}} from Dharwad. It is the third busiest airport in [[Karnataka]] and the 45th busiest airport in [[India]]. In March 2020, Hubli Airport received the best airport award under the government of India's Regional connectivity scheme.<ref name="best-airport">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/hubballi-airport-bags-award-under-regional-connectivity-scheme/articleshow/74631832.cms |title=Hubballi Airport bags award under Regional Connectivity Scheme |work=Times of India |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> Hubli airport connects to 10 destinations throughout the country. Efforts are being made to make [[Hubli Airport]] as international Airport.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kattimani |first1=Basavaraj |title=Get ready to fly abroad from Hubballi airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/get-ready-to-fly-abroad-from-hubballi-airport/articleshow/66870690.cms |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=30 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2020|title=Hubballi Is Best Choice for International Airport of N-Karnataka: Angadi|url=https://hubballitimes.com/hubballi-is-best-choice-for-international-airport-of-n-karnataka-angadi/|access-date=23 July 2020|website=Hubballi Times|language=en-US|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723164647/https://hubballitimes.com/hubballi-is-best-choice-for-international-airport-of-n-karnataka-angadi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Media ==

'''Mangaluru Samachar''' was the first ever Kannada language newspaper distributed in Dharwad, along with region of [[North Canara]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-29 |title=The first Kannada newspaper in Dharwad district |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/the-journey-of-the-first-kannada-newspaper-743497.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In current times the newspapers include [[Vijaya Karnataka]], [[Vijayavani]], [[Kannada Prabha]], Prajavani and Samyukta Karnataka, in Kannada; [[The Hindu]], [[Times of India]], [[Deccan Herald]] and [[The Indian Express]] in English.

==Sports==
[[Cricket]] and [[association football|football]] are the most popular sports in Dharwad and are often played on grounds and streets of the city.

===Cricket===
[[File:R N Shetty stadium.jpg|thumb|[[RN Shetty Stadium]] is a multipurpose stadium on college road]]
Karnataka State Cricket Association (ASCA) has organised a few professional district-level and state-level cricket matches in Kittur Rani Chennamma cricket stadium, KCD and SDM cricket ground, Sattur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-17 |title=Veeranna Savadi to helm Karnataka State Cricket Association-Dharwad |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/savadi-to-helm-ksca-dharwad/articleshow/96292739.cms |access-date=2023-02-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-04 |title=Cricket tournament on Feb 5 in Hubballi and Dharwad |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/cricket-tournament-on-feb-5-in-hubballi/articleshow/97593654.cms |access-date=2023-02-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[RN Shetty Stadium]] stadium has hosted a Ranji Trophy match in 1990 when Karnataka cricket team played against Hyderabad cricket team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Home of CricketArchive |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/992_f.html |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=cricketarchive.com}}</ref>

===Kabbadi===
Major kabaddi matches are usually held at the [[Karnatak College Dharwar|Karnatak college ground]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=ಧಾರವಾಡ: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಆರ್ಮಿ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ಕಬಡ್ಡಿ ಟ್ರೋಫಿ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/dharwad/bangalore-army-team-lift-kabaddi-trophy-in-dharwad-1009967.html |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Prajavani |language=en}}</ref>

===Tennis===
Tennis has been a popular choice among millennials in the city. In 2003 and 2006 Dharwad hosted the International men's tennis tournament [[ATP Challenger Tour|ATP Challenger Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tennis Explorer: Dharwad challenger |url=https://www.tennisexplorer.com/dharwad-challenger/2003/atp-men/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=www.tennisexplorer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tennis Explorer: Dharwad challenger 2006 |url=https://www.tennisexplorer.com/dharwad-challenger/2006/atp-men/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=www.tennisexplorer.com}}</ref>

== Notable people ==


* [[G. S. Amur]]
* [[D. R. Bendre]]
* [[Raju Bhatkal]]
* [[Nitin Bhille]]
* [[Leena Chandavarkar]]
* [[Sanjeev Chimmalgi]]
* [[Pravin Godkhindi]]
* [[Madhav Gudi]]
* [[Phakirappa Gurubasappa Halakatti]]
* [[Gangubai Hangal]]
* [[Suresh Heblikar]]
* [[C. N. S. Iyengar]]
* [[Pralhad Joshi]]
* [[Chennaveera Kanavi]]
* [[Sangeetha Katti]]
* [[Shankar Kumbi]]
* [[Mallikarjun Mansur]]
* [[Rajshekhar Mansur]]
* [[D. C. Pavate]]
* [[Patil Puttappa]]
* [[Basavaraj Rajguru]]

== Civic administration ==
[[File:ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಹೈಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಧಾರವಾಡ ಪೀಠ.jpg|thumb|The [[Karnataka High Court]] has its bench in Dharwad]]
[[Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation]] (HDMC) was constituted in 1962 by combining two cities separated by a distance of 20 kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About City Corporation|url=http://www.hdmc.mrc.gov.in/en/about-cc|website=Hubballi-Dharwad City Corporation|access-date=22 February 2022|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729051504/http://www.hdmc.mrc.gov.in/en/about-cc|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=District Profile {{!}} Dharwad District {{!}} India|url=https://dharwad.nic.in/en/history/|access-date=2022-02-22|language=en-US}}</ref> The area covered by the corporation is {{cvt|213|km2}}, spread over 45 revenue villages. The population of the city as per the 1991 census was 7 lakhs. The population of Hubli-Dharwad is 943,857 according to 2011 Census. There has been a huge demand by people of Dharwad to create a separate civic body and get itself detached by HDMC. Claims are that most of the funds are allocated to Hubli solely.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/demand-to-separate-dharwad-from-hdmc-grows-bigger/articleshow/65545982.cms|title=Demand to separate Dharwad from HDMC grows bigger |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 August 2018 }}</ref>

*'''Hubli''': Under the Government of India Act of 1850, the Hubli-Municipal council was established on 15 August 1855.
*'''Dharwad''': The Dharwad Municipal Council first came into existence on 1 January 1856. The first non-official President of the council was S.K. Rodda in 1907, and Shri S.V. Mensinkai, was nominated in the following year. But the credit of being the first elected president goes to Shri S.G. Karigudari, who took office in 1920.

Hubli is well known as a commercial as well as an industrial centre, whereas Dharwad is the seat of learning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stevens.usc.edu/pdf/hubli_dharwad.pdf|title=about hubli – dharwad|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613232521/http://stevens.usc.edu/pdf/hubli_dharwad.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-13}}</ref> Popularly believed that, it is this diversity and geographical positions that the state government amalgamated the two cities.<ref name=AboutTwinCity>{{cite web|url=http://hdmc.gov.in/cityprofile.php|title=HDMC ABOUT TWIN CITY|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420105843/http://www.hdmc.gov.in/cityprofile.php|archive-date=2012-04-20}}</ref> The twin-city corporation occupies unique place in Karnataka State. After the capital city of Bangalore, this is the largest city Corporation in the State.<ref name=AboutTwinCity />

[[File:SCSDSD.jpg|thumb|University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad]]

== Educational institutions ==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Dharwad}}
[[File:Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad 02.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad]] (IIT Dharwad) in [[Belur Industrial Area]] (2016–2023)]]
[[File:IIT Dharwad, Mammigatti.jpg|thumb|IIT Dharwad permanent campus inaugurated in March 2023]]
[[File:KARNATAK UNIVERSITY (enhanced).jpg|thumb|[[Karnatak University]]]]
[[File:SCSDSD.jpg|thumb|[[University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad]]]]
Dharwad hosts many Universities, Colleges and Autonomous Institutions, some are listed below.<ref>{{Cite web|title=There is more to Karnataka than just Bengaluru in education|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/aug/05/there-is-more-to-karnataka-than-just-bengaluru-in-education-2014206.html|access-date=2022-02-22|website=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Dharwad|Indian Institute of Information Technology, Dharwad (IIITDWD)]] - One of 25 IIITs, it was established in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIIT Dharwad|url=https://iiitdwd.ac.in/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=iiitdwd.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad|Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad (IIT Dharwad)]] - One of 23 IITs, it was established in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Dharwad|url=https://www.iitdh.ac.in/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.iitdh.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[KLE Technological University]] B. V. Bhoomaraddi College of Engineering and Technology - established in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BVB|url=https://www.kletech.ac.in/|access-date=2025-12-29|website=www.kletech.ac.in/}}</ref>
* [[Karnatak University]] - established in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnatak University, Dharwad|url=https://www.kud.ac.in/}}</ref>
* [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad|University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (UASD)]] - established in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.uasd.edu/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.uasd.edu}}</ref>
* [[Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha]], Dharwad provincial branch. In 1964, the institution was recognized by the Indian Government as one of the Institutes of National Importance.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, (Karnataka) Dharwad|url=https://www.dbhpsabhadwd.org/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.dbhpsabhadwd.org}}</ref>
* [[Dharwad Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (DIMHANS) - established in 1845.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home - DHARWAD INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND NEUROSCIENCES-DHARWAD|url=https://dimhans.karnataka.gov.in/english|access-date=2022-02-16|website=dimhans.karnataka.gov.in|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216100129/https://dimhans.karnataka.gov.in/english|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Karnatak College Dharwar|Karnatak College]] - established in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnatak Arts College Dharwad - One of the Top Arts Colleges in Dharwad|url=https://www.kacd.ac.in/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.kacd.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[National Forensic Sciences University]], Dharwad campus - established in 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-27 |title=Amit Shah to lay foundation stone for Dharwad campus of forensic sciences university |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/amit-shah-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-dharwad-campus-of-forensic-sciences-university/article66439700.ece |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.nfsu.ac.in |title=National Forensic Sciences University |url=https://nfsu.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=nfsu.ac.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Villages and localities ==


* [[Narayanpur, Dharwad|Narayanpur]]
* [[Sangameshwara, Kalaghatagi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Dharwad}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060216190124/http://www.hdmc.gov.in/ Hubli – Dharwad Municipal Corporation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216065838/http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf Karnataka State Government Gazetteer, Info on Hubli]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121017085720/http://citypopulation.de/India-Karnataka.html City population]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120420105843/http://www.hdmc.gov.in/cityprofile.php Hubli-Dharwad city profiles]
* [http://www.dharwadhubli.com/ All about Hubli Dharwad]

[[Category:Hubli–Dharwad| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]

Kshitindramohan Naha

2026-02-07T23:44:47Z

SilviaVanwinkle: New New Article W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|Indian geologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kshitindramohan Naha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|1|2}}
| birth_place = [[Comilla]], [[Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1996|5|24|1932|1|2}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Precambrian|Precambrian geology]] | [[Structural geology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Calcutta]] | [[IIT Kharagpur]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] | [[Rajabazar Science College]] | [[University of Calcutta]] | [[University of California, Berkeley]] [[La Trobe University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| Santosh Kumar Ray }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Precambrian|Precambrian geology]]
| awards = {{ublist | 1958 [[Asiatic Society]] S. L. Biswas Medal | 1970 National Mineral Award | 1972 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Kshitindramohan Naha''' (1932–1996) was an Indian geologist and a professor and [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Emeritus scientist at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]].<ref name="Naqvi1990">{{cite book|author=S.M. Naqvi|title=Precambrian Continental Crust and its Economic Resources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38HSe7XYoggC&pg=PR13|date=6 September 1990|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-086907-0|pages=13–}}</ref> He was known for his studies on structural geology of [[Precambrian]] era<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=314 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N77-0502 |title=Deceased fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812205330/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N77-0502 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Naha,_Prof._Kshitindramohan |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 1972.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:IIT Kharagpur Old Building 1951.jpg|thumb|left|235px|The [[Hijli Detention Camp]] (photographed in 1951) served as IIT Kharagpur's first academic building]]
Born on 2 January 1932 in [[Comilla]], in the Bengal region of [[British India]] (presently in Bangladesh), Kshitindramohan Naha graduated in science from [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] and later completed his master's degree from the [[Rajabazar Science College]] where he continued at the same institution as a research scholar under the guidance of Santosh Kumar Ray.<ref name="K. Naha (1932-1996) ">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/download/69881/54911 |title=Obituary - K. Naha (1932-1996) | journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |date=August 1996 |publisher=Geological Society of India | volume=48 | pages=245–246 | access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> In 1958, he moved to the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]] as a member of faculty of the department of geology and geophysics and it was during his service there, he received the degree of Doctor of Science from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1959. He rose in ranks at IIT Kharagapur and when he superannuated from service in 1992, he was holding the post of a professor. During this period, he had two stints abroad as a visiting professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (1968) and [[La Trobe University]] (1975–76).<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> Post retirement, he served as a [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Emeritus scientist of the institute till his death on 24 May 1996, at the age of 64.<ref name="K. Naha (1932-1996) " />

== Legacy ==
Naha was known to have made extensive studies on the structural geology of [[Precambrian]] era and was credited with compiling an integrated geological history of Precambrian rocks in [[Ghatsila]] in [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] of [[Bihar]] and in [[Simla]] region.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Through his studies, he estimated the time of formation and [[kinematic]] significance of deformation [[Lamella (materials)|lamellae]] in [[quartz]].<ref name="Time of Formation and Kinematic Significance of Deformation Lamellae in Quartz">{{Cite journal |title=Time of Formation and Kinematic Significance of Deformation Lamellae in Quartz |date=1959 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |doi=10.1086/626564 |bibcode=1959JG.....67..120N |volume=67 |issue=1 |journal=The Journal of Geology |pages=120–124 | last1 = Naha | first1 = Kshitindramohan|s2cid=128983650 }}</ref> [[Migmatites]] and its architecture, the geometry of reclined folds and the early precambrian [[terrance]] of the southern parts of India and central [[Rajasthan]] were some of the other foci of his studies.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> His studies also assisted in developing methodologies for the recognition of angular run conformity in metamorphic terraces as well as the coaxial refolding prior to non- coaxial deformation. His researches are available as several peer-reviewed articles<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Naha=3AKshitindramohan=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref><ref name="Naha, Kshitindramohan on Library of Congress">{{Cite web |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n98015377.html |title=Naha, Kshitindramohan on Library of Congress |date=2016 |publisher=Library of Congress Name Authority File}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and he was associated with the ''Indian Journal of Earth Science'', ''Indian Journal of Geology'' and ''[[Precambrian Research]]'' as a member of their editorial boards. He chaired the Indian National Committee on Continental [[Lithosphere]] and served as a member of the council of the Indian National Science Academy during 1990–92.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

== Awards and honours ==
Naha received the S. L. Biswas Medal of the [[Asiatic Society]] in 1958 and the National Mineral Award in 1970.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1972.<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> The Indian National Science Academy elected him as their fellow in 1977<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> and he became an elected fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences in 1983.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> He was also a fellow of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of India and the [[Geological Society of India]].<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> He delivered several award orations which included Professor K. P. Rode Memorial Lecture of the [[Indian Science Congress]] (1992), Professor H. C. Dasgupta Memorial Lecture of the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India (1992) and Dr. S. Balakrishna Memorial Lecture of the Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences (1992). ''Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales'',<ref name="Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sl9CAAAQBAJ |title=Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales |first=S. | last=Sengupta |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5870-1}}</ref> edited by [[Sudipta Sengupta]] and published by [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] in 1997 is a [[festschrift]] on [[Subir Kumar Ghosh]], another noted geologist and Naha, but the book could be released only after the latter's death.<ref name="Sengupta2012">{{cite book|first=S. | last=Sengupta|title=Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sl9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-5870-1|pages=18–}}</ref> The Indian National Science Academy and the Geological Survey of India have instituted awards, ''Professor K. Naha Memorial Medal''<ref name="Professor K. Naha Memorial Medal">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#pkn | title=Professor K. Naha Memorial Medal | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=10 December 2016 | archive-date=16 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#pkn | url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''K. Naha Award'' respectively, in his honour.<ref name="K. Naha Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/gsi/pages/view/sa_kna | title=K. Naha Award | publisher=Geological Survey of India | date=2016 }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Kshitindramohan Naha |title=Time of Formation and Kinematic Significance of Deformation Lamellae in Quart |journal=Journal of Geology |publication-date=January 1959 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=120–124 |doi=10.1086/626564 |bibcode=1959JG.....67..120N |year=1959|s2cid=128983650 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kshitindramohan Naha |title=Steeply Plunging Recumbent Folds |journal=Geological Magazine |publication-date=April 1959 |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=137–140 |doi=10.1017/S0016756800060015 |year=1959|bibcode=1959GeoM...96..137N |s2cid=129853434 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kshitindramohan Naha, Subir Kumar Ghosh |title=Archaean Palaeogeography of Eastern and Northern Singhbhum, Eastern India |journal=Geological Magazine |publication-date=October 1960 |volume=97 |issue=5 |pages=436–439 |doi=10.1017/S0016756800061781 |year=1960|bibcode=1960GeoM...97..436N |s2cid=140183934 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kshitindramohan Naha |title=Structural Geometry and the Time-Relation of Metamorphic Recrystallization to Deformation in the Precambrian Rocks near Simulpal, Eastern India: Discussion |journal= Geological Society of America Bulletin|publication-date=December 1971 |volume=83 |issue=7 |pages=2201–2204 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2201:sgatto]2.0.co;2 |year=1972|bibcode=1972GSAB...83.2201N }}

== See also ==
* [[Precambrian]]
* [[Sudipta Sengupta]]
{{portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n98015377.html |title=Naha, Kshitindramohan on Library of Congress |date=2016 |publisher=Library of Congress Name Authority File}}
{{Authority control}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naha, Kshitindramohan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of La Trobe University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Hasan Ali Khan

2026-02-07T22:48:27Z

SilviaVanwinkle: small enhanced formatting to improve readability additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Indian businessman (died 2023)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hasan Ali Khan
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{circa|1951}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2023|02|23|71|df=y}}
| death_place = Hyderabad, [[Telangana]], India
| other_names =
| occupation =
| known_for = Hawala
| criminal_charge = Money Laundering
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status = In Jail(Deceased)
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hasan Ali Khan''' ({{circa|1951}} – 23 February 2023) was an Indian businessman.<ref name=real>{{cite news | first = Pranati | last = Mehra | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-09/india/27876134_1_pune-horse-trading-circles-stud-farm-owner | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120310144300/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-09/india/27876134_1_pune-horse-trading-circles-stud-farm-owner | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 March 2012 | title = This multi-billionaire for real? | date = 9 March 2007 | work = [[The Times of India]] | accessdate = 10 July 2011}}</ref> In 2007, Indian authorities began investigating Khan on suspicion of [[money laundering]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-10/india/27888270_1_crime-branch-notice-wife | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-10/india/27888270_1_crime-branch-notice-wife | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | title = Police serve notice to Hasan Ali Khan | date = 10 March 2007 | work = [[The Times of India]] | accessdate = 10 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/cover-story/story/hassan-ali-khan-has-8-bn-in-black-money-in-a-swiss-account-127443-2011-01-28 | title = King Con: Hassan Ali Khan | first = Dhiraj | last = Nayyar |author2=Shantanu Guha Ray | date = 29 January 2011 | access-date = 10 July 2011}}</ref> He had a [[Banking in Switzerland|Swiss bank account]] with $8 billion in deposits.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who is Hasan Ali Khan?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/who-is-hassan-ali-khan-129620-2011-03-02|newspaper=India Today|date=3 March 2011|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> He allegedly stashed away billions into Swiss bank accounts with the help of [[Kolkata]]-based businessman Kashinath Tapuriah and [[Delhi]]-based Praveen Kumar using [[hawala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hasan Ali Khan's counsel moves SC over 'stroke'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hasan-Ali-Khans-counsel-moves-SC-over-stroke/articleshow/10561987.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707111913/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-01/mumbai/30345522_1_hasan-ali-khan-kashinath-tapuria-p-bagaria|url-status=live|archive-date=7 July 2012|date=1 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref>

In January 2011, the then [[Finance Minister of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]], announced that both Swiss bank accounts of Hasan Ali Khan were emptied.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/india/28378997_1_fake-passports-pune-businessman-hasan-ali-swiss-accounts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109191428/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/india/28378997_1_fake-passports-pune-businessman-hasan-ali-swiss-accounts |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Hasan Ali's $6bn in Swiss accounts missing
|date=26 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/videoshow/4363622.cms |title=Mystery over Hassan Ali's billions |newspaper=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/the-chargesheet-against-pranab |title=The Chargesheet against Pranab}}</ref> In December 2012, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry]] told the parliamentary [[Standing committee (India)|Standing Committee on Finance]] that recovery of Hasan Ali's [[tax arrears]] (of approximately ₹ 910 billion) was not possible.<ref name="recovery of Arrears">{{cite news|title=Recovery of Arrears From Hasan Ali Not Possible: Fin Min|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=782833|accessdate=20 October 2013|date=6 December 2012}}</ref>

In October 2013,<ref name="HC Judge Recuses">{{cite news|title=HC Judge Recuses From Hearing Hasan Ali's Bail Plea|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=806134|accessdate=20 October 2013|date=5 August 2013}}</ref> it was reported that Hasan Ali would remain in jail after his [[bail|bail petitions]] had been rejected several times by various courts<ref name="Supreme Court Cancels Hasan Ali's Bail">{{cite news|title=Supreme Court Cancels Hasan Ali's Bail|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=736759|accessdate=20 October 2013|date=30 September 2011}}</ref> including the [[Bombay High Court]]<ref name="HC Denies Bail">{{cite news|title=HC Denies Bail|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=791746|accessdate=20 October 2013|date=7 March 2013}}</ref> and the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="Supreme Court Cancels Hasan Ali's Bail"/>

Hasan Ali denied all the allegations and said he had no [[Banking in Switzerland|Swiss bank accounts]] and some of his rivals could be behind the charges.<ref name="ED chargesheet"/>

== Legal cases ==
In March 2007, Hasan Ali's properties were raided by India's [[Directorate General of Economic Enforcement|Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) and Income Tax officials based on allegations of [[hawala|hawala transactions]]. Hasan Ali's lawyer denied all the allegations and said he had no [[Banking in Switzerland|Swiss bank accounts]] and some of his rivals could be behind the charges.<ref name="ED chargesheet">{{cite news|title=ED Chargesheets Hasan Ali for Money Laundering|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=721075|access-date=20 October 2013|date=6 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=raids>{{cite news|title="Big names" come up in Pune transactions scam|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=456754|accessdate=20 October 2013|date=9 March 2007}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] intervened and asked why Khan and others were not [[custodial interrogation|interrogated]] despite sufficient evidence against them. After this criticism, Khan was arrested by ED in March 2011.<ref name="Arrest after SC rap">{{cite news|title=After SC Rap, Hasan Ali Khan Finally Arrested|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=714271|accessdate=20 October 2013|date=8 March 2011}}</ref> In May 2011, ED formally [[chargesheet]]ed Khan and his associate Kashinath Tapuriah under the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]].<ref name="HC">{{cite news |title=HC questions Hasan Ali's source of wealth |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 July 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/HC-questions-Hasan-Alis-source-of-wealth/articleshow/9411562.cms |access-date=30 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913074655/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-29/india/29829035_1_international-arms-dealer-hasan-ali-khan-kashinath-tapuriah |archive-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> ED lawyers said Khan had laundered money for international arms dealer [[Adnan Khashoggi]] on several occasions.<ref name="HC"/> Khan claimed that he was framed.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1570661.ece?homepage=true | title = Custody for Hasan Ali extended | date = 25 March 2011 | accessdate = 10 July 2011 | work = The Hindu | last = Staff reporter}}</ref>

Khan was charged with serving as a front for Khashoggi. Allegedly, in 2003, Khan helped launder through the Zurich branch of Swiss bank [[UBS]] US$300 million Khashoggi had made through arms sales.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hasan Ali 'front man' of arms dealer Khashoggi: ED chargesheet|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hasan-ali-front-man-of-arms-dealer-khashoggi-ed-chargesheet/787244/#sthash.fxafchAg.dpuf|work=Indian Express|date=7 May 2011 |accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Black money case: Hasan Ali bail cancelled, under probe for Khashoggi linksf|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/black-money-case-hasan-ali-bail-cancelled-under-probe-for-khashoggi-links/853862/|work=Indian Express|date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref> Khashoggi reportedly had to use Khan as a front as UBS had blackballed him due to his notoriety. Introduced to UBS by Khashoggi in 1982, Khan enabled the arms dealer to launder funds held in American accounts through UBS Geneva.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Devesh|title=Black money: Hasan Ali, Tapuriah admit to links with Khashoggi|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-12/news/29410015_1_khan-tapuria-hasan-ali-khan-saudi-arms-dealer|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130825155323/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-12/news/29410015_1_khan-tapuria-hasan-ali-khan-saudi-arms-dealer|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2013|work=Economic Times|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref> One of Khan's accounts eventually was blocked when it was determined that the source of the funds came from Khashoggi's arms sales.

[[India Today]] magazine claimed that it had verified a letter confirming that $8 billion in black money was in a Swiss bank [[UBS]] account and the [[Government of India]] too had verified this with UBS.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who is Hasan Ali Khan?|publisher=India Today|date=3 March 2011|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/who-is-hassan-ali-khan-129620-2011-03-02}}</ref> However, the Swiss bank UBS denied Indian media reports alleging that it maintained a business relationship with or had any assets or accounts for Hasan Ali Khan accused in the $8 billion black money case. Upon formal request by Indian and Swiss government authorities, the bank announced that the documentation supposedly corroborating such allegations was forged and numerous media reports claiming $8 billion in stashed black money were false.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swiss bank UBS denies any dealings with Hasan Ali Khan|work=Deccan Herald|date=16 February 2011|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/138299/ipl-2012.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Documents in Hasan Ali money-laundering case forged: Swiss Bank|work=The Economic Times|date=17 February 2011|author=M Padmakshan|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-02-17/news/28555039_1_money-laundering-swiss-authorities-swiss-bank|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403050658/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-02-17/news/28555039_1_money-laundering-swiss-authorities-swiss-bank|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>

India Today, in a later article, wrote, "Hasan Ali Khan stands accused of massive tax evasion and stashing money in secret bank accounts abroad. But the problem is that the law enforcement agencies have precious little evidence to back their claims. For one, UBS Zurich has already denied having any dealings with Khan."<ref>{{cite news|title=ED lacks evidence on Hasan Ali Khan|date=8 March 2011|publisher=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ed-lacks-evidence-on-hasan-ali-khans-ubs-account-129969-2011-03-07}}</ref> Indian government has asked the Indian mission in [[Bern]] to get in touch with banking authorities of Switzerland for obtaining details about Hasan Ali Khan's Swiss bank accounts.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130126055352/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-26/india/35365646_1_tax-evasion-bank-accounts-finance-ministry India moves Swiss govt in Hasan Ali tax evasion case - Times Of India]. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (26 November 2012). Retrieved on 17 August 2013.</ref> Hasan Ali named Praful Patel during hawala interrogation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feb 14 |first1=TNN / Updated |title='Hasan Ali named Praful Patel during hawala interrogation' {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hasan-Ali-named-Praful-Patel-during-hawala-interrogation/articleshow/11879418.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 February 2012 |language=en}}</ref> He was also friends with Congress leader [[Jagdish Tytler]], ex-[[Samajwadi Party]] leader & actress [[Jaya Prada]], former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh & Congress leader, [[Vijay Bhaskar Reddy]], & film financier [[Yusuf Lakdawala]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=May 20 |first1=Kiran Tare |title=Tax evasion: Will Tapuriah sue Hassan for gifting diamond to Congress leader Renuka |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20110530-tapuriah-claims-hassan-ali-gifted-diamond-worth-rs-12-cr-to-congress-leader-renuka-746165-2011-05-20 |website=indiatoday.intoday.in |date=20 May 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Run |first1=India |title=Hasan Ali Stayed With Renuka Chaudhary |url=https://indiarun.wordpress.com/2011/05/29/hasan-ali-stayed-with-renuka-chaudhary |website=indiarun.wordpress.com |language=en |date=29 May 2011}}</ref>

Khan died in Hyderabad on 23 February 2023, at the age of 71. By that trial of any of the charges against him had yet begun.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arrested by ED in 2011, Pune businessman Hasan Ali dies before trial starts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/arrested-by-ed-2011-pune-businessman-hasan-ali-dies-before-trial-starts-8465063/ |access-date=24 February 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{cite news|title=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-hasan-ali-89383|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=NDTV|date=26 August 2011}}
*{{cite news|title=Bluff Master Ali|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne160411Coverstory.asp|newspaper=Tehelka|date=16 April 2011|location=India|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017152328/http://tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne160411Coverstory.asp|url-status=dead}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Hasan Ali}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Confidence tricksters]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian smugglers]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of money laundering]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Racehorse owners and breeders]]
[[Category:Horse racing in India]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:People convicted of tax crimes]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]

T. G. Purushothaman

2026-02-05T11:55:59Z

SilviaVanwinkle:

{{short description|Indian footballer and manager}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = T. G. Purushothaman
| full_name = Thekkathara Gopalakrishnan Purushothaman
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| height = 1.77 m
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (head coach)
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Kerala Varma College
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[Calicut University|Calicut University Club]]
| clubs1 = [[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBI Kerala]]
| years1 = 2000–2001
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2003–2004
| clubs2 = [[Vasco SC]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2004-2006
| clubs3 = [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2006–2008
| clubs4 = [[Chirag United Club Kerala|Viva Kerala]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| manageryears1 = 2010–2014
| managerclubs1 = [[Josco FC|Josco]] (assistant coach)
| manageryears2 = 2014–2020
| managerclubs2 = [[FC Kerala]] (manager)
| manageryears3 = 2021–2022
| managerclubs3 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]] (manager)
| manageryears4 = 2022
| managerclubs4 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala State Football Team]] (assistant coach)
| manageryears5 = 2022
| managerclubs5 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]] (assistant coach)
| manageryears6 = 2022–2023
| managerclubs6 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters U-18]] (manager)
| manageryears7 = 2023–2026
| managerclubs7 = [[Kerala Blasters FC]] (assistant coach)
| manageryears8 = 2024–2025
| managerclubs8 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] (interim)
| manageryears9 = 2026–
| managerclubs9 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (manager)
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}

'''Thekkathara Gopalakrishnan Purushothaman'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=2nd Division I-League: FC Kerala and Ozone FC register huge wins in Group B |url=https://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/i-league-2nd-division-fc-kerala-blasters-ozone-fc-bengaluru/xf7ps5bpym5k1r760erclgv7y|access-date=2021-09-24|website=goal.com|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924170647/https://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/i-league-2nd-division-fc-kerala-blasters-ozone-fc-bengaluru/xf7ps5bpym5k1r760erclgv7y|url-status=live}}</ref> (born 6 June 1979), popularly known as '''T. G. Purushothaman''', is an Indian football manager and a former professional [[Association football|player]], who currently works as the [[Manager (association football)|head coach]] of the [[Indian Super League]] club [[Odisha FC|Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-17|title=Government of Kerala join hands with Kerala Blasters, Gokulam Kerala to set up football academies|url=https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-blasters-gokulam-kerala-govt-of-kerala-football-academies/|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918043127/https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-blasters-gokulam-kerala-govt-of-kerala-football-academies|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Born on 6 June 1979,<ref>{{Cite web|title=T.G. Purushothaman|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe117082/tg-purushothaman/|access-date=2021-09-24|website=worldfootball.net|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924170651/https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/t-g-purushothaman/|url-status=live}}</ref> Purushothaman spent his youth career by playing for [[Sree Kerala Varma College|Kerala Varma College]] and [[University of Calicut]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TG Purushothaman {{!}} Blasters Reserve Coach|url=https://news8plus.com/tg-purushothaman-blasters-reserve-team-coach/|url-status=live|access-date=23 September 2021|website=News8Plus|date=7 February 2021|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221171301/https://news8plus.com/tg-purushothaman-blasters-reserve-team-coach/}}</ref> In 2000, he signed his first senior contract with [[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBT]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-10|title=Kerala Blasters appoint TG Purushothaman as reserves team head coach|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-kerala-blasters-tg-purushothaman-reserves-team-coach/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110150607/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-kerala-blasters-tg-purushothaman-reserves-team-coach|url-status=live}}</ref> After an impressive performance with the side, he was included in the [[Kerala football team]]'s squad for the [[2001–02 Santosh Trophy]] tournament. His first achievement as a player also came in that tournament as the Kerala team won the championship.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Past champions take a bow on the eve of Santosh Trophy final|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/mar/03/past-champions-take-a-bow-on-the-eve-of-santosh-trophy-final-455203.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214160856/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/mar/03/past-champions-take-a-bow-on-the-eve-of-santosh-trophy-final-455203.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He later signed for the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] [[Vasco SC|Vasco Goa]] in 2003 ahead of their [[2003–04 National Football League (India)|new season]]. In 2004, Purushothaman was signed by T. K. Chatunni in the newly formed club [[Viva Kerala FC|Viva Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/viva/20040408.htm|title=31 players selected for 'Viva Kerala'|date=8 April 2004|access-date=9 January 2024|website=rediff.com|publisher=Rediff Mail|location=Kochi|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108180427/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/viva/20040408.htm|archive-date=8 November 2015}}</ref> In that year, he moved to [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United F.C.]] ahead of the [[2005–06 National Football League (India)|2005–06 National Football League]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-11|title=Kerala Blasters appoint Tg Purushothaman as their reserve team head coach|url=https://voiceofindiansports.com/kerala-blasters-appoint-tg-purushothaman-as-their-reserve-team-head-coach/|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Voice Of Indian Sports|language=en-US|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114012725/https://voiceofindiansports.com/kerala-blasters-appoint-tg-purushothaman-as-their-reserve-team-head-coach/|url-status=live}}</ref> The season gave positive results to Mahindra, as they rose to win the league title,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nayak|first=Nicolai|title=Rise of a new champion: When Mahindra United became the first Mumbai team to win the NFL title|url=https://scroll.in/field/963917/rise-of-a-new-champion-when-mahindra-united-became-the-first-mumbai-team-to-win-the-nfl-title|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106135913/https://scroll.in/field/963917/rise-of-a-new-champion-when-mahindra-united-became-the-first-mumbai-team-to-win-the-nfl-title|url-status=live}}</ref> and the 2005 [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]],<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stanislaus DSouza|date=Oct 31, 2005|title=Mahindra United lift Federation Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mahindra-united-lift-federation-cup/articleshow/1280276.cms|access-date=2021-09-23|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924170648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mahindra-united-lift-federation-cup/articleshow/1280276.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> thus helping Purushothaman to win two major silverware in his career. In the same year, he won the Santosh Trophy for the second time in his career with Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala win Santosh Trophy|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/oct/31sant.htm|access-date=2021-09-23|website=www.rediff.com|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404023209/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/oct/31sant.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 June 2007, it was announced that Purushothaman was signed by [[Chirag United Club Kerala|Viva Kerala]] for the [[2007–08 I-League]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viva Kerala recruit three Ghanaians|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/11nfl.htm|access-date=2021-09-23|website=www.rediff.com|archive-date=27 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227045432/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/11nfl.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News for the month of October 2007|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200710.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.indianfootball.de|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208113821/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200710.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He spent his last years of playing career with the Kerala club, before retiring in 2008 to pursue his career in [[Manager (association football)|coaching]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ONGC I - LEAGUE 2007 - 2008 :Kolkatafootball.com|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/i-league_teams.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|archive-date=5 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305013342/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/i-league_teams.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
===Early coaching years===
After retiring from professional football, he joined then Ernakulam Second Division and later [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] club [[Josco FC]] in 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2011|title=I-League 2: Josco FC {{!}} Team Profile|url=http://footballkerala.com/2011/03/28/i-league-2-josco-fc-team-profile/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008141656/http://footballkerala.com/2011/03/28/i-league-2-josco-fc-team-profile/|archive-date=8 October 2011|access-date=23 September 2021|website=Football Kerala}}</ref> as their assistant coach under [[T.K. Chathunni]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Josco FC to build soccer city|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2010/mar/26/josco-fc-to-build-soccer-city-142534.html|date=26 March 2010|location=Kochi|access-date=2021-09-23|website=newindianexpress.com|publisher=The New Indian Express|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924170722/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2010/mar/26/josco-fc-to-build-soccer-city-142534.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 April 2010|title=Josco Football Club coach T.K. Chathunni and his deputy T.G. Purushothaman at a training session in Kochi|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=115140137&highlights=Sport|url-status=live|access-date=23 September 2021|website=The Hindu Images|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924170658/https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=115140137&highlights=Sport}}</ref> He was their assistant manager for the [[2011 I-League 2nd Division|2011]] and [[2013 I-League 2nd Division|2013]] I-League 2nd Division seasons respectively. He spent four years with the club before joining [[FC Kerala]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-05|title=Kerala Blasters hand long-term extension to Gotimayum Muktasana|url=https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-blasters-hand-long-term-extension-to-gotimayum-muktasana/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=5 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405070525/https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-blasters-hand-long-term-extension-to-gotimayum-muktasana|url-status=live}}</ref> At FC Kerala, which was founded in 2014, he also served as one of their directors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=FC Kerala hope to still have a shot at I-League qualification|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2020/may/17/fc-kerala-hope-to-still-have-a-shot-at-i-league-qualification-2144546.html|access-date=2021-09-23|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924170650/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2020/may/17/fc-kerala-hope-to-still-have-a-shot-at-i-league-qualification-2144546.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Under his assistance, the club made their second division debut in the [[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division|2017–18]] season.<ref name=":1" /> Purushothaman also served as the assistant coach of the [[Kerala football team]] for the [[2019–20 Santosh Trophy]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rayan|first=Stan|title=Santosh Trophy 2019-20: A dozen new faces in Kerala's team|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/santosh-trophy-kerala-team-news-south-zone-qualifiers-bino-george-ms-jithin-gokulam-kerala-blasters-chennaiyin-ozone-bengaluru-indian-football/article29834622.ece|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Sportstar|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126050027/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/santosh-trophy-kerala-team-news-south-zone-qualifiers-bino-george-ms-jithin-gokulam-kerala-blasters-chennaiyin-ozone-bengaluru-indian-football/article29834622.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Kerala Blasters===
On 6 February 2021, [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] announced that they have roped in Purushothaman as the new head coach of their [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|reserves team]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-10|title=Kerala Blasters appoint TG Purushothaman as reserves team head coach|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-kerala-blasters-tg-purushothaman-reserves-team-coach/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110150607/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-kerala-blasters-tg-purushothaman-reserves-team-coach|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-11|title=Kerala Blasters appoint Tg Purushothaman as their reserve team head coach|url=https://voiceofindiansports.com/kerala-blasters-appoint-tg-purushothaman-as-their-reserve-team-head-coach/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Voice Of Indian Sports|language=en-US|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114012725/https://voiceofindiansports.com/kerala-blasters-appoint-tg-purushothaman-as-their-reserve-team-head-coach/|url-status=live}}</ref> While being the manager of the Blasters' reserve team, he was again chosen by [[Kerala Football Association|KFA]] as the assistant manager of the Kerala football team for the [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bino George to coach Kerala team for Santosh Trophy|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/sports-news/bino-george-to-coach-kerala-team-for-santosh-trophy-santosh-trophy-1.6025164|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923023210/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/sports-news/bino-george-to-coach-kerala-team-for-santosh-trophy-santosh-trophy-1.6025164|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Santosh Trophy: Bino George named Kerala head coach|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2021/09/21/santosh-trophy-bino-george-named-kerala-head-coach.html|access-date=2021-09-23|website=OnManorama|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922053522/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2021/09/21/santosh-trophy-bino-george-named-kerala-head-coach.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who eventually won the tournament.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Santosh Trophy Final Highlights: Kerala 1-1 West Bengal, Kerala wins 5-4 on penalties |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/santosh-trophy-2022-final-live-kerala-vs-bengal-live-score-indian-football-news/article38483611.ece |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> On 10 July 2023, Kerala Blasters announced the appointment of Purushothaman as the new assistant coach for their first team on a three-year contract, until 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Blasters FC Announces T.G. Purushothaman as New Assistant Coach for First Team – Kerala Blasters FC |url=https://keralablastersfc.in/kerala-blasters-fc-announces-t-g-purushothaman-as-new-assistant-coach-for-first-team/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 17 December 2024, in the wake of dismissal of [[Mikael Stahre]] from the head coach position due to club's poor performance in the league, Purushothaman along with the club's reserve team head coach and head of youth development Tomasz Tchórz was appointed as interim managers of the Blasters. Their first game as the interim managers at the club was against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan S]]C on 22 December, which the Blasters won 3–0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simple and effective: Kerala Blasters' interim coach Purushothaman after big win |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/12/22/kerala-blasters-vs-mohammedan-post-match-tg-purushothaman.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> Purushothaman later made history, as the Blasters registered their first ever away win against [[South Indian Derby|southern rivals]] [[Chennaiyin FC]] in the league on 30 January 2025 under his helm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-30 |title=Report: Kerala Blasters FC romp to first-ever ISL win in Chennai |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-kerala-blasters-fc-romp-to-first-ever-isl-win-in-chennai |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Honours==
===As a player===
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[2001–02 Santosh Trophy|2001–02]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 17, 2001|title=Kerala beat Goa to lift Santosh Trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Kerala-beat-Goa-to-lift-Santosh-Trophy/articleshow/1494261539.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924170723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Kerala-beat-Goa-to-lift-Santosh-Trophy/articleshow/1494261539.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2004–05 Santosh Trophy|2004–05]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=59th Santosh Trophy 2004|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004-05st.html|access-date=2021-09-23|website=www.indianfootball.de|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718231350/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004-05st.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]: 2005<ref>{{Cite web|last=Majumdar|first=Rounak|date=2020-04-03|title=Reliving the title run of Mumbai's only national champions - Mahindra United 2005-06 season|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/reliving-the-title-run-of-mumbais-only-national-champions-mahindra-united-2005-06-season/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Football Counter|language=en-US|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518212123/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/reliving-the-title-run-of-mumbais-only-national-champions-mahindra-united-2005-06-season/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: 2005<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stanislaus DSouza|date=Oct 31, 2005|title=Mahindra United lift Federation Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Mahindra-United-lift-Federation-Cup/articleshow/1280276.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924170648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mahindra-united-lift-federation-cup/articleshow/1280276.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== As a manager ===

* [[Santosh Trophy]]: [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|2021–22]] (assistant)<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{WorldFootball.net|t-g-purushothaman}}

{{Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purushothaman, T. G.}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy players]]
[[Category:Indian football managers]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC non-playing staff]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy managers]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC managers]]

List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal

2026-01-13T06:16:59Z

SilviaVanwinkle:

{{Short description|None}}

This is a list of [[Monument of National Importance|Monuments of National Importance]] (ASI) as officially recognized by and available through the website of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in the [[India]]n state [[West Bengal]].<ref name="ASI MNI">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist.asp List of Monuments of National Importance as published by the Archaeological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627005558/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist.asp |date=2014-06-27 }}.</ref> The monument identifier is a combination of the abbreviation of the subdivision of the list (state, ASI circle) and the numbering as published on the website of the ASI. 133 Monuments of National Importance have been recognized by the ASI in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

== List of monuments of national importance ==
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-WB}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-1
| description = [[Chandraketugarh|Chandraketu's Fort]]
| location = [[Berachampa]]
| address =
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|24 Parganas (North)]]
| lon = 88.69133
| lat = 22.67972
| image = Chandraketugarh Mound - Berachampa 2012-02-24 2498.JPG
|commonscat=Chandraketugarh
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-2
| description = Ancient mound known as Barah Mihirer Dhipi also known as Khana Mihirer Dhibi
| location = Deulia & Kaukipara
| address =
| district = 24 Parganas (North)
| lon = 88.68854
| lat = 22.69739
| image = Khana-Mihir Mound - Berachampa 2012-02-24 2347.JPG
|commonscat=Baraha Mihirer Dhipi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-3
| description = Clive's House Dum Dum known as Barakothi
| location = [[Dum Dum]]
| address =
| district = 24 Parganas (North)
| lon = 88.41584
| lat = 22.62586
| image = N-WB-3 (1).jpg
|commonscat=Clive's House
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-4
| description = 26 Siva Temples
| location = [[Barrackpore]] - [[Khardaha]]
| address =
| district = 24 Parganas (North)
| lon = 88.36252
| lat = 22.72518
| image = National_monument_at_khardah.JPG
|commonscat=26 Shiva Temples
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-5
| description = Warren Hasting's House
| location = [[Barasat]]
| address =
| district = 24 Parganas (North)
| lon = 88.48793
| lat = 22.72245
| image = Warrens Hastings House.jpg
|commonscat=Warren Hasting’s House
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-6
| description = [[Jatar Deul]]
| location = [[Jatar Deul|Jata]]
| address =
| district = [[South 24 Parganas district|24 Parganas (South)]]
| lat = 21.99451
| lon = 88.48993
| image = Jatar Deul - WB.jpg
|commonscat=Jatar Deul
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-7
| description = [[Bahulara Ancient Temple]]
| location = Bahulara
| district = [[Bankura]]
| lat =23.16617
| lon = 87.23518
| image = Siddheshwara_Temple_at_Bahulara,_Bankura.jpg
|commonscat=Siddheshwar temple, Bahulara
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-8
| description = [[Dalmadal Cannon]] and the platform on which it is mounted
| location = [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.06322
| lon = 87.32096
| image = Dalmadal Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG
|commonscat=Dalmadal Cannon
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-9
| description = Gate of Old Fort
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.07432
| lon = 87.32624
| image =Bankura district - Gate of Old Fort - 20120109091817.jpg
|commonscat=Bara Pathar Darja, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-10
| description = [[Jor Mandir]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.06014
| lon = 87.32182
| image =Bishnupur, West Bengal.jpg
|commonscat=Jor Mandir complex, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-11
| description = [[Jor Bangla Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.07171
| lon = 87.32679
| image = Jor Bangla Temple, Bishnupur, Bankura.jpg
|commonscat=Jor Bangla Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-12
| description = [[Kalachand Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.05902
| lon = 87.32591
| image = Kalachand Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG
|commonscat=Kalachand Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-13
| description = [[Lalji Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.07342
| lon = 87.32692
| image = Lalji Mandir Area.jpg
|commonscat=Lalji Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-14
| description = [[Madan Gopal Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.07651
| lon = 87.31184
| image = Madan Gopal temple 01.jpg
|commonscat=Madan Gopal Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-15
| description = [[Madan Mohan Temple, Bishnupur|Madan Mohan Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.08073
| lon = 87.32346
| image = Madan Mohan Temple Bishnupur (37610391974).jpg
|commonscat=Madan Mohan Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-16
| description = [[Malleswar Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.07985
| lon = 87.32023
| image = Mallesvara temple of Bishnupur in Bankura district 04.jpg
|commonscat=Malleshwar Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-17
| description = [[Murali Mohan Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.08204
| lon = 87.31773
| image = Murali Mohan temple 01.jpg
|commonscat=Murali Mohan Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-18
| description = Nanda Lal Temple
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.06146
| lon = 87.32302
| image = Nandalal Temple Bishnupur.JPG
|commonscat=Nandalal Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-19
| description = Patpur Temple
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.07513
| lon = 87.33719
| image = Patpur temple 01.jpg
|commonscat=Patpur Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-20
| description = [[Radhabinod Temple|Radha Binod Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.08079
| lon = 87.32771
| image = Radhabinod temple of Bishnupur (53).jpg
|commonscat=Radhabinod Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-21
| description = [[Radha Gobind Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.0601
| lon = 87.32314
| image =Radha Govinda Temple Bishnupur, Bankura, Westbengal, India.jpg
|commonscat=Radha-Gobinda Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-22
| description = [[Radha Madhab Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.05962
| lon = 87.32465
| image = RADHA MADHAB TEMPLE.JPG
|commonscat=Radhamadhab Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-23
| description = [[Radha Shyam Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.0725
| lon = 87.32643
| image = Radha Shyam Temple.jpg
|commonscat=Radhashyam Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-24
| description = [[Rasmancha]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.06841
| lon = 87.32203
| image = Rasmancha (eastern view) Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG
|commonscat=Rasmancha, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-25
| description = [[Shyam Rai Temple]]
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.07108
| lon = 87.32407
| image = Shyam Rai Temple, Bankura.JPG
|commonscat=Shyam Ray Temple, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-26
| description = Small gateway of fort
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.07474
| lon = 87.32578
| image = Small Sateway of Fort.jpg
|commonscat=Chhoto Pathar Darja, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-27
| description = Stone chariot
| location = Bishnupur
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.07543
| lon = 87.32604
| image = Stone Chariot Bishnupur.jpg
|commonscat=Stone Chariot, Bishnupur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-28
| description = Saileswar Temple
| location = [[Dihar]]
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.11886
| lon = 87.34744
| image = Saileswar and Sareswar temple of Dihar in Bankura district (02).jpg
|commonscat=Shaileshwar Temple, Dihar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-29
| description = Sareswar Temple
| location = [[Dihar]]
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.1191
| lon = 87.34744
| image = Saileswar and Sareswar temple of Dihar in Bankura district (19).jpg
|commonscat=Shareshwar Temple, Dihar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-30
| description = Temple of Radha Damodar Jew
| location = [[Ghutgarya]]
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lat = 23.4366
| lon = 87.25512
| image = Radha Damodar temple at Ghutgeria.jpg
|commonscat=Radha Damodar temple, Ghutgoria
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-31
| description = [[Gokulchand Temple]]
| location = [[Gokulnagar, Bankura|Gokulnagar]]
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lon = 87.46184
| lat = 23.03681
| image = GOKULCHAND TEMPLE.JPG
|commonscat=Gokulchand temple, Gokulnagar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-32
| description = Temple of Ratneswar
| location = [[Jagannathpur, Bankura|Jagannathpur]]
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lon = 87.29985
| lat = 23.34863
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-33
| description = Temple of Shyam Sunder
| location = [[Madanmohanpur|Madanpur]]
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lon = 87.3967
| lat = 23.40431
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-34
| description = Temple site now represented only by a mound and a statue of Surya
| location = [[Pareshnath]]
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-35
| description = Temple site of an old Jain Temple now represented only by a Mound with a Jain statue
| location = [[Pareshnath]]
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lon = 86.74903
| lat = 22.95783
| image = Paresh nath Temple.jpg
|commonscat=Jain statue Pareshnath
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-36
| description = Image of Durga slaying Mahisasura under a tree
| location = Sarengarh
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-37
| description = Temple site now represented only by a mound
| location = Sarengarh
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-38
| description = Temple site now represented only by a Mound with statues of Ganesh and Nandi on it
| location = Sarengarh
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-39
| description = Temple site now represented only by a mound with an Image of Nandi on it
| location = Sarengarh
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-40
| description = Rock Inscription of Chandra Varman
| location = Susunia Hill
| address =
| district = Bankura
| lon = 86.98482
| lat = 23.39221
| image = Rock Inscription of Chandra Varman.jpg
|commonscat=Stone Inscription, Susunia hill
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-41
| description = Temple of Radha Binod commonly known as Joydeb
| location = [[Jaydev Kenduli]]
| address =
| district = [[Birbhum]]
| lon = 87.43051
| lat = 23.64216
| image = Radhabinod temple of Joydeb Kenduli in Birbhum district 03.jpg
|commonscat= Radhabinod Temple, Jaydev Kenduli
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-42
| description = Temple of Dharmaraj
| location = Kubilashpur
| address =
| district = Birbhum
| lon = 87.36939
| lat = 23.95964
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-43
| description = Two mounds
| location = Bhadeswar
| address =
| district = Birbhum
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-44
| description = Temple of Basuli and the mound together with fourteen other temples near them containing the Linga images of Shiva
| location = [[Nanoor]]
| address =
| district = Birbhum
| lon = 87.8684
| lat = 23.70459
| image = Nanoor 2.JPG
|commonscat=Bishalakhi Temple Nanoor
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-45
| description = Temple and Rasmancha (Damodar Temple)
| location = [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]]
| address =
| district = Birbhum
| lon = 87.53214
| lat = 23.90408
| image = Damodar temple of Siuri in Birbhum district of West Bengal 03.jpg
|commonscat=Damodar Temple, Suri
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-46
| description = [[Baidyapur Jora Deul]]
| location = [[Baidyapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| lon = 88.246568
| lat = 23.159761
| image = WLM@WB-Two_Ancient_Temples_(Joined_Together)_in_Baidyapur.jpg
|commonscat=Twin temples, Baidyapur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-47
| description = Rarheswar Temple
| location = [[Bamunara, Paschim Bardhaman|Bamunara]]
| address =
| district = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| lon = 87.37884
| lat = 23.51575
| image = Rarheswar Shiva temple of Bamunara in Durgapur 02.jpg
|commonscat=Rarheswar Shiva temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-48
| description = [[Barakar#Begunia temples|Begunia temples]]
| location = [[Barakar]]
| address =
| district = Paschim Bardhaman
| lon = 86.81353
| lat = 23.73554
| image =Begunia temples at Begunia, Barakar in Paschim Bardhaman district 03.jpg
|commonscat=Begunia temple complex
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-49
| description = [[Bardhaman#Tombs of Sher Afgan and Qutbuddin Khan Koka|Tomb of Baharam Sakka, Sher Afghan and Nawab Qutabuddin]]
| location = [[Bardhaman]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 87.85234
| lat = 23.23473
| image = Monument housing the graves of Kutubuddin, the Subhedar of Burdwan, and Sher Afghan, who was the Governor of Burdwan and the first husband of Nur Jahan 02.jpg
|commonscat=Cemetery containg tombs of Sher Afgan Khan, Qutubuddin Koka and Bahram Sakka
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-50
| description = [[Bengal temple architecture#Chala temple|Stone Temple]]
| location = Garui
| address =
| district = Paschim Bardhaman
| lon = 86.94151
| lat = 23.71883
| image = Bishnu temple at Garui in Paschim Bardhaman district 09.jpg
|commonscat=Bishnu temple, Garui
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-51
| description = [[Ichhai Ghosher Deul|Temple of Ichai Ghosh]]
| location = [[Gourangapur]]
| address =
| district = Paschim Bardhaman
| lon = 87.45197
| lat = 23.60941
| image = Deul of Icchai Ghosh at Gourangopur, Kanksha block in Burdwan 12.jpg
|commonscat=Temple of Ichai Ghosh
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-52
| description = Ancient site
| location = Nadhia
| address =
| district = Burdwan
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-53
| description = Jain brick temple known as [[Sat Deul]]
| location = Deulia
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.044409
| lat = 23.151257
| image = Sat-Deul (Jain brick temple) in Deulia 3.jpg
|commonscat=Sat Deul, Deulia
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54
| description = Group of 12 temples as below
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Kalna Group of Temple 01.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-a
| description = (i) Bijoy Vaidyanath Temple
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36572
| lat = 23.22128
| image = Bijoy_Vaidyanath_Temple_-_Kalna_(full_view).jpg
|commonscat=Bijoy Vaidyanath Temple, Kalna
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-b
| description = (ii) Giri Gobardhan Temple
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36501
| lat = 23.22165
| image = Giri_Gobardhan_Temple_-_Kalna_(front_view).jpg
|commonscat=Giri_Gobardhan_Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-c
| description = (iii) Gopalji Temple
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.3591
| lat = 23.22563
| image = Gopalbari 2.jpg
|commonscat=Gopalji Temple, Kalna
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-d
| description = (iv) Jaleswar Temple
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36439
| lat = 23.22075
| image = Jaleswar Temple WLM2016 DSC5517.jpg
|commonscat=Jaleshwar Temple, Kalna
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-e
| description = (v) Krishna Chandraji Temple
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36564
| lat = 23.22111
| image = WLM@WB-Krishna_Chandraji_Temple_in_Kalna.jpg
|commonscat= Krishna_Chandra_Mandir
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-f
| description = (vi) Lalji Temple
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36523
| lat = 23.22194
| image = Kalna Lalji Temple.jpg
|commonscat= Lalji_Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-g
| description = (vii) [[Naba Kailash Mandir|Nava-Kailasha Temple]]
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36476
| lat = 23.2204
| image = Nava Kailash Temple WLM2016-2.jpg
|commonscat=Nava Kailash
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-h
| description = (viii) Pancharatha Temple
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36536
| lat = 23.22125
| image = WLM@WB-Pancharatna_Temple_in_Kalna.jpg
|commonscat=Pancharatna temples, Kalna
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-i
| description = (ix) Pratapeswar Siva Temple in Rajbari compound
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36487
| lat = 23.22103
| image = Pratapeswar Shiva Temple, Rajbari Complex,Kalna.jpg
|commonscat= Pratapeswar Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-j
| description = (x) Rameswar Temple
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36478
| lat = 23.22246
| image = Rameswar Temple - Kalna (full view).jpg
|commonscat= Rameshwar_Temple,_Kalna
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-k
| description = (xi) Ratneswar Temple
| location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36534
| lat = 23.22046
| image = Ratneswar Temple WLM2016 DSC 5521-Edit.jpg
|commonscat=Ratneshwar Temple, Kalna
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-54-l
| description = (xii) Rupeswar Temple
| location = Kalna
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 88.36531
| lat = 23.22142
| image = WLM@WB-Rupeswar_Temple_in_Kalna.jpg
|commonscat=Rupeshwar_Temple,_Kalna
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-55
| description = Ancient site and remains of [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]]
| location = Panduk
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 87.64238
| lat = 23.58146
| image = Ancient site and remains of King Pandu's Mound at Panduk in Purba Bardhaman district 10.jpg
|commonscat=Pandu Rajar Dhibi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-56
| description = Ancient mound
| location = [[Bharatpur, Purba Bardhaman|Bharatpur]]
| address =
| district = Purba Bardhaman
| lon = 87.44667
| lat = 23.41168
| image = Buddhist stupa at Bharatpur in Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal; 13.jpg
|commonscat=Bharatpur ancient mound
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-57
| description = [[Cooch Behar Palace]]
| location = [[Cooch Bihar]]
| address =
| district = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch
Bihar]]
| lon = 89.43872
| lat = 26.32703
| image = Cooch Behar Palace in Cooch Behar.JPG
|commonscat=Cooch Behar Palace
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-58
| description = [[Rajpat]]
| location = [[Gosanimari|Khalisa Gosanimari]]
| address =
| district = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch
Bihar]]
| lon = 89.35019
| lat = 26.15128
| image = Mound of Rajpat of Gosanimari at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 18.jpg
|commonscat=Rajpat, Khalisa Gosanimari
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-59
| description = [[Sándor Kőrösi Csoma|Tomb of Alexander-Cosma de Koros]]
| location = [[Darjeeling]]
| address =
| district = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| lon = 88.25916
| lat = 27.05238
| image = Alexander Csoma de Korosi tomb at Darjeeling.JPG
|commonscat=Tomb of Sándor Kőrösi Csoma
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-60
| description = Tomb of General [[George W. Aylmer Lloyd]]
| location = [[Darjeeling]]
| address =
| district = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| lon = 88.25888
| lat = 27.05262
| image = Tomb of General Lloyd.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of George W. Aylmer Lloyd
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-61
| description = [[Dargah of Shah Ata]]
| location = [[Gangarampur]]
| address =
| district = [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dinajpur (South)]]
| lon = 88.53141
| lat = 25.40091
| image = Dargah of Shah Ata at Gangarampur in Dakshin Dinajpur district 24.jpg
|commonscat=Dargah of Shah Ata, Gangarampur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-62
| description = [[Bangarh]]
| location = [[Gangarampur]]
| address =
| district = [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dinajpur (South)]]
| lon = 88.52811
| lat = 25.41424
| image = Brick structures on mound at Bangarh at Gangarampur in Dakshin Dinajpur district 30.jpg
|commonscat=Bangarh
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-63 a
| description = [[Hangseshwari Temple|Hangeshwari Temple]]
| location = [[Bansberia]]
| address =
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| lon = 88.39979
| lat = 22.96428
| image = Hangesewari Temple IMG 20181102 111226.jpg
|commonscat=Hangseshwari Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-63 b
| description =[[Ananta Basudeba Temple]]
| location = [[Bansberia]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon = 88.39951
| lat = 22.96435
| image = Ananta Basudev Temple.jpg
|commonscat=Ananta Basudeba Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-64
| description = [[Dutch Cemetery, Chinsurah]]
| location = [[Chinsurah]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon = 88.39179
| lat = 22.89017
| image = Dutch Cemetery.. Chinsurah.jpg
|commonscat=Dutch Cemetery in Chinsurah
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-65
| description = Dutch Memorial monument of [[Susan Anna Maria]]
| location = [[Chinsurah]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon = 88.38005
| lat = 22.8835
| image = Susana Anna Maria Tomb.jpg
|commonscat=Dutch Memorial Monument of Susanna Anna Maria
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-66
| description = Group of temples known as [[Brindaban Chandra's Math]]
| location = [[Guptipara]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon = 88.4408
| lat = 23.19692
| image = Brindaban Chandra's Math.jpg
|commonscat=Brindaban Chandra's Math
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-67
| description = Mounds
| location = [[Mahanad]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-68
| description = [[Pandua, Hooghly#Visitor attractions|Minar]]
| location = [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon = 88.2844928
| lat = 23.074337
| image = Panduaminar.jpg
|commonscat=Minar of Pandua
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-69
| description = [[Pandua, Hooghly#Visitor attractions|Mosque]]
| location = [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon = 88.2841073
| lat = 23.0739488
| image = 22 duari Masjid (22 door mosque).jpg
|commonscat=Baraduari Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-70
| description = [[Sayed Jamaluddin Mosque]] & Tombs
| location =[[Saptagram]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon = 88.36958
| lat = 22.96045
| image = Mosque at Adi Saptagram- 05769.jpg
|commonscat=Sayyid Jamaluddin Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-71
| description = Danish Cemetery
| location = [[Serampore]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon = 88.34475
| lat = 22.75287
| image = Danish Cemetery. ancient structure.jpg
|commonscat=Danish Cemetery, Serampore
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-72
| description = Shrine and Mosque known as [[Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah|Dargah of Zafar Khan Gazi]]
| location = [[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon = 88.40098
| lat = 22.97957
| image = Zafar Khan Ghazi Masjid - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7698-7701.JPG
|commonscat=Zafar Khan Ghazi Dargah
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-73
| description = [[Chandannagar#Chandannagore Museum and Institute (Institut de Chandernagor)|Dupleix Palace Institute de Chandan Nagar]]
| location = [[Chandan Nagar]]
| address =
| district = Hooghly
| lon = 88.36937
| lat = 22.8566
| image = Chandannagar Museum welcomes you to know it's colonial heritage.jpg
|commonscat=Dupleix Palace
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-74
| description = [[Sri Mayer Ghat]]
| location = Howrah
| address =
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| lon = 88.35747
| lat = 22.63193
| image = Belur Math-Bangs - panoramio.jpg
|commonscat= Sri Mayer Ghat, Belur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-75
| description = [[Metcalfe Hall]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| address =
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| lon = 88.34472222
| lat = 22.57152778
| image = Metcalfe Hall - Kolkata 2012-09-22 0326.JPG
|commonscat= Metcalfe Hall
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-76
| description = [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St. John’s Church]] (Fabrics of the Church) (final notification not issued)
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| address =
| district = Kolkata
| lon = 88.346297
| lat = 22.569911
| image = St. John's Church fornt.jpg
|commonscat=St. John's Church, Kolkata
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-77
| description = [[Currency Building]]
| location = [[B. B. D. Bagh|Dalhousie Square]]
| address =
| district = [[Kolkata]]
| lon = 88.35028
| lat = 22.57056
| image = Currency Building - Dalhousie Square - Kolkata 2012-09-22 0287.JPG
|commonscat=Currency Building, Kolkata
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-78
| description = [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society]] Building
| location = [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]]
| address = 1 Park Street. Kolkata - 700 016.
| district = Kolkata
| lon = 88.35105
| lat = 22.55486
| image = Asiatic Society - Old Building - 1B Park Street - Kolkata 2015-02-18 2832.JPG
|commonscat=Asiatic Society building, Kolkata
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-79
| description = [[Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)|Maghen David Synagogue]]
| location = Ward No. 45
| address =
| district = Kolkata
| lon = 88.35185
| lat = 22.57768
| image = Maghen David Synagogue - Kolkata 2012-09-22 0275-0276 Combined.jpg
|commonscat=Magen David Synagogue
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-80
| description = [[Beth El Synagogue (Kolkata)|Beth-el-Synagogue]]
| location = Pollock Street
| address =
| district = Kolkata
| lon = 88.35228
| lat = 22.57576
| image = Beth El Synagogue at Polock Street,Kolkata.JPG
|commonscat=Beth El Synagogue (Kolkata)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-81
| description = [[Adina Mosque]]
| location = [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]]
| address =
| district = [[Maldah district|Malda]]
| lon = 88.16384
| lat = 25.15274
| image =Malda ~ Adina Mosque 5.JPG
|commonscat= Adina Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-82
| description = [[Baisgazi Wall]]
| location = [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]]
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.12537
| lat = 24.87087
| image = Bais Gazi Wall at Gour.JPG
|commonscat=Baisgazi Wall
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-83
| description = [[Baro Shona Masjid|Baraduary Masjid]] or the Great Golden Mosque
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.12799
| lat = 24.88292
| image = Baraduary Masjid or the Great Golden Mosque.JPG
|commonscat=Baraduari Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-84
| description = [[Bhita of Chand Sadagar]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.14228
| lat = 24.8664
| image = Bhita of Chand Sadagar 03.jpg
|commonscat=Bhita of Chand Sadagar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-85
| description = [[Chamkati Masjid]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13573
| lat = 24.87032
| image = Chamkati Masjid, Gaur.jpg
|commonscat=Chamkati Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-86
| description = [[Chika Masjid]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13136
| lat = 24.86765
| image = Chika Masjid,Malda.jpg
|commonscat=Chika Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-87
| description = [[Dakhil Darwaza]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.12507
| lat = 24.87899
| image = Dakhil Darwaza at Gaur, Malda, West Bengal.jpg
|commonscat=Dakhil Darwaza
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-88
| description = [[Gauḍa (city)#Notable structures|Firoz Minar]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.1303984
| lat = 24.8737202
| image = Firoz minar side view.JPG
|commonscat= Firoz Minar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-89
| description = [[Gumti Darwaza|Gumti Gateway]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13211
| lat = 24.86787
| image = Gumti Gateway (Gaur).jpg
|commonscat=Gumti Gate
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-90
| description = [[Gunmant Mosque]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13144
| lat = 24.85144
| image = Gunmant Mosque (3).jpg
|commonscat=Gunmant Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-91
| description = [[Kotwali Gate|Kotwali Darwaja]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.14104
| lat = 24.84286
| image = Kotwali Darwaja Gaur. Malda.jpg
|commonscat=Kotwali Darwaza
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-92
| description = [[Lattan Mosque|Lottan Masjid]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13955
| lat = 24.85499
| image = Lottan Masjid, Gaur, WB.jpg
|commonscat=Lottan Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-93
| description = [[Lukochuri Darwaza|Lukachuri Gateway]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13201
| lat = 24.86851
| image = Lukochuri Darwaja.jpg
|commonscat=Lukachuri Gateway
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-94
| description = [[Qadam Rasul Mosque]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13164
| lat = 24.86926
| image = Qadam Rasul Mosque.JPG
|commonscat=Qadam Rasul Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-95
| description = [[Qadam Rasul Mosque#Tomb of Fateh Khan|Tomb of Fateh Khan]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13175
| lat = 24.8691
| image = Tomb of Fateh Khan.JPG
|commonscat=Tomb of Fateh Khan
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-96
| description = [[Tantipara Masjid]]
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13707
| lat = 24.86078
| image = Tantipara Masjid, Gour, Malda.jpg
|commonscat=Tantipara Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-97
| description = Two tombs in front of Tantipura Masjid
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13747
| lat = 24.86068
| image = Two tombs in front of Tantipura Masjid, Gaur.jpg
|commonscat=Two tombs in front of Tantipura Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-98
| description = Two stone pillars
| location = Gaur
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13332
| lat = 24.90981
| image = Two Stone Pillars, Gaur.jpg
|commonscat=Two stone pillars, Gaur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-99
| description = Tower
| location = Nimasarai
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.13106
| lat = 25.03951
| image = Nimasarai Minar 1.jpg
|commonscat=Nimasarai Minar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-100
| description = [[Eklakhi Mausoleum]]
| location = Pandua
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.15425
| lat = 25.1388
| image =Eklakhi Mausoleum.jpg
|commonscat= Eklakhi Mausoleum
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-101
| description = Qutub Shahi Masjid
| location = Pandua
| address =
| district = Malda
| lon = 88.15342
| lat = 25.13863
|image=Qutub Shahi Masjid - Another view.jpg
|commonscat=Qutub Shahi Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-102
| description = Dharmaraj Temple
| location = [[Pathra, Paschim Medinipur|Pathra]]
| address =
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| lon = 87.4161
| lat = 22.40847
| image = DharmarajTemple-Pathra-WestBengal-Fig2.jpg
|commonscat=Dharmaraj temple, Pathra
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-103
| description = Temples of Bandyopadhyay Family
| location = [[Pathra, Paschim Medinipur|Pathra]]
| address =
| district = Paschim Medinipur
| lon = 87.41946
| lat = 22.41203
| image = Temples of Bandhopadhyay Family- Pathra- West Bengal- BT-02.jpg
|commonscat= Temples of Bandyopadhyay family, Pathra
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-104
| description = Sitala Temples
| location = [[Pathra, Paschim Medinipur|Pathra]]
| address =
| district = Paschim Medinipur
| lon = 87.42024
| lat = 22.40839
| image = SITALA MANDIR AT PATHRA.jpg
|commonscat=Sitala Mata Mandir, Pathra
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-105
| description = Navratna Temple Complex
| location = [[Pathra, Paschim Medinipur|Pathra]]
| address =
| district = Paschim Medinipur
| lon = 87.41759
| lat = 22.40872
| image = NavratnaTempleComplex-Pathra-WestBengal-Fig5.jpg
|commonscat= Navratna Temple Complex, Pathra
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-106
| description = [[Kurumbera Fort]]
| location = Gaganeswar
| address =
| district =Paschim Medinipur
| lon = 87.25511
| lat = 22.08782
| image = Kurumbera Fort - Three Domed Structure inside the Complex.jpg
|commonscat=Kurumbera Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-107
| description = John Pierce Tomb
| location = [[Midnapore]]
| address =
| district = Paschim Medinipur
| lon = 87.3137
| lat = 22.41042
| image = Tomb of John Pierce- Medinipur- West Bengal- JP-10.jpg
|commonscat= Tomb of John Pierce
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-108
| description = [[Tomb of Azimunissa Begum|Tomb of Azimunnisha Begum daughter of Murshid Quli Khan]]
| location = Azimnagar
| address =
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| lon = 88.26491
| lat = 24.19822
| image = Burial Azimunnisha interior.JPG
|commonscat=Tomb of Azimunnisa Begum
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-109
| description = [[Residency Cemetery, Babulbona|Residency Cemetery also known as ‘Station Burial ground’]]
| location = [[Berhampore|Babulbona Beharampore]]
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.26391
| lat = 24.09635
| image = Residency Cemetery, Babulbona in Baharampur 13.jpg
|commonscat=Babulbona Residency Cemetery (Baharampur)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-110
| description = [[Bhavaniswar Mandir]]
| location = [[Baranagar, Murshidabad|Baranagar]]
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.2432
| lat = 24.25208
| image = Rani Bhawani Temple at Baronagar.jpg
|commonscat=Bhavaniswar Mandir
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-111
| description = [[Char Bangla Temples|Char Bangla group of four Siva Mandirs]]
| location = [[Baranagar, Murshidabad|Baranagar]]
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.24385
| lat = 24.25141
|image=Char Bangla Temples WLM2016-1040479.jpg
|commonscat=Char Bangla Temples
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-112
| description = [[Tomb of Mir Madan]]
| location = Faridpur
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.23161
| lat = 23.84691
| image = Mirmadan's Tomb.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Mirmadan
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-113
| description = [[Dutch Cemetery, Murshidabad|Dutch Cemetery]]
| location = [[Cossimbazar|Kalikapur]]
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.26636
| lat = 24.12358
| image = Tombs of Dutch Cemetery in Kalikapur - Picture 108c.jpg
|commonscat=Dutch Cemetery, Cossimbazar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-114
| description = Old English Cemetery or Old Residency Burial Ground
| location = [[Cossimbazar]]
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.27604
| lat = 24.12368
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-115
| description = [[Kherur Mosque|Kherur Mosque]]
| location = Kheraul
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.07349
| lat = 24.3496
|image=Mosque at Kheraul at Murshidabad district in West Bengal.jpg
|commonscat=Kheraul Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-116
| description = Tomb of [[Alivardi Khan|Alivardi Khan]] & the tomb of [[Siraj-ud-Daulah|Seraj-ud-daullah]]
| location = Khosbag
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.25828
| lat = 24.16079
| image = TombSirajUdDaulah.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Siraj ud-Daulah
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-117
| description = Mound known as Barkona Deul Mound
| location = Panchthupi
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-118
| description = Mounds known as the Devil's Mound and Raja Karna's Palace
| location = [[Karnasuvarna|Rangamati]]
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.19091
| lat = 24.03018
| image = Karnasubarana, a historical place of Murshidabad 01.jpg
|commonscat=Karnasuvarna
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-119
| description = [[Rosnaiganj#Roshnibagh Mausoleum|Tomb of Sujauddin]]
| location = [[Rosnaiganj|Roshnibagh]]
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.26426
| lat = 24.1857
| image = Tomb of Shujauddin.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-120
| description = Tomb and Mosque of Murhsid Kuli Khan (also: [[Katra Masjid]])
| location = Sabz Katra
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.288056
| lat = 24.184722
| image = Katra Masjid (Katra Mosque).JPG
|commonscat=Katra Mosque (Murshidabad)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-121
| description = [[Jahan Kosha Cannon]]
| location = Topkhana [[Murshidabad]]
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.29338
| lat = 24.17755
| image = Jahan Kosa Gun 1.jpg
|commonscat=Jahan Kosha Cannon
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-122
| description = [[Hazarduari Palace]] and [[Nizamat Imambara|Imambara]] (Murshidabad)
| location = Killa Nizamat
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.268755
| lat = 24.186409
| image = Hazarduari Palace side view.JPG
|commonscat=Hazarduari Palace
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-123
| description = South Gate, Kella Nezamat
| location = Lalbag
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.26963
| lat = 24.18062
| image = South Gate - Nizamat Fort Campus - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 5873.JPG
|commonscat=South Gate of Nizamat Fort Campus (Murshidabad)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-124
| description = [[Nizamat Imambara|Imambara]], Kella Nezamat
| location = Lalbag
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.26857
| lat = 24.18833
| image = Bengal's largest Imambara.jpg
|commonscat=Nizamat Imambara (Murshidabad)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-125
| description = White Mosque, Kella Nezamat (also: [[Sada Masjid]])
| location = Lalbag
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.26832
| lat = 24.18741
| image = Sada Masjid(White Mosque) at Murshidabad near Hazarduari.JPG
|commonscat=Safaid Masjid or White Mosque (Murshidabad)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-126
| description = [[Yellow Mosque|Yellow Mosque, Kella Nezamat]]
| location = Lalbag
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.26788
| lat = 24.18659
| image = Yellow Mosque.jpg
|commonscat=Yellow Zurud Mosque (Murshidabad)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-127
| description = Tripolia Gate, Kella Nizamat
| location = Lalbag
| address =
| district = Murshidabad
| lon = 88.27122
| lat = 24.18593
| image = Tripolia gate front view.jpg
|commonscat=Tripolia Gate, Murshidabad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-128
| description = Nil Kuthi Mound
| location = Mouza Chak, Chandpara
| address =
| district = Mursidabad
| lon = 88.19187
| lat = 24.02001
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-129
| description = [[Jama Masjid, Motijheel|Motijheel Jama Mosque]]
| location = Murshidabad
| address =
| district = Mursidabad
| lon = 88.27545
| lat = 24.16171
| image = Motijheel-Jama-Mosque-at-Murshidabad-West-Bengal.jpg
|commonscat=Kala Masjid, Murshidabad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-130
| description = Mound known as Bamanpukur Mound or Fort
| location = [[Bamanpukur]]
| address =
| district = Nadia
| lon = 88.40295
| lat = 23.44856
| image = Mound known as Bahanpukur Mound or Fort (Ballal dibi) 20180728 111757.jpg
|commonscat=Ballal Dhipi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-131
| description = Ruins of Fort
| location = [[Bamanpukur]]
| address =
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Mound known as Bahanpukur Mound or Fort (Ballal dibi) 20180728 111546.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-132
| description = Temple
| location = [[Palpara]]
| address =
| district = Nadia
| lon = 88.51695
| lat = 23.05849
| image = Palpara Temple - Nadia 2011-10-05 050409.JPG
|commonscat= Palpara Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-133
| description = Tamluk Rajbari
| location = Padumbasan, [[Tamluk]]
| address =
| district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| lon = 87.92129
| lat = 22.29791
| image = Tamluk Rajbari, Tamluk Purba Medinipur, West Bengal.jpg
|commonscat= Tamluk Rajbari
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-WB-134
| description = [[Banda Deul]]
| location = Banda
| address =
| district = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| lon = 86.56446
| lat = 23.60082
| image = Old Deul Temple at Banda.jpg
|commonscat=Banda deul temple
}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in India]] for other Monuments of National Importance in India
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in West Bengal]]

== Footnotes and references ==
<references />

{{Commons category}}
{{Monuments of NI in India}}

[[Category:Lists of Monuments of National Importance (India)|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in West Bengal|Monuments of National Importance]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in West Bengal|Monuments of National Importance]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal| ]]

Nyctibatrachus radcliffei

2025-12-18T04:12:32Z

SilviaVanwinkle: put up new article

{{Good article}}
{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Nyctibatrachus radcliffei (dorsolateral view).jpg
| image_alt = Reddish-brown frog
| taxon = Nyctibatrachus radcliffei
| authority = [[species:Sonali Garg|Garg]], Suyesh, Sukesan, and [[Sathyabhama Das Biju|Biju]], 2017<ref name="Garg2017" />
| range_map = {{Location map | India | relief = yes | caption = | alt = Upper Manalar in southern Western Ghats of India | lat_deg = 9.57 | lon_deg = 77.34 }}
| range_map_caption = ''N. radcliffei'' is known only from the [[Nilgiri Mountains]] of southern India
}}

'''''Nyctibatrachus radcliffei''''', also known as '''Radcliffe's night frog'''<ref name="ASW-species" /> or the '''Thiashola wrinkled frog''',<ref name="Dinesh2023" /> is a [[species]] of frog in the robust frog family [[Nyctibatrachidae]]. It was [[species description|described]] in 2017, along with six other species in [[Nyctibatrachus|its genus]], by the [[herpetologist]] Sonali Garg and her colleagues. A medium-sized frog for its genus, it has an adult male [[snout–vent length]] of {{Cvt|32.8–38.3|mm|in}}. It is mainly reddish-brown, with a light flesh-red coloured underside, light brown limbs, and dark grey hands and feet. When preserved in [[ethanol]], it is mostly dark grey, with grayish-white undersides.

The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] of India, where it is known only from the Thiashola estate in the [[Nilgiri Mountains]], where the specimens used to describe the species were originally collected. It is found in hill streams at elevations of around {{Cvt|1920|m|ft}}. The species may be threatened by [[habitat degradation]] and [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]], but has not been assigned a conservation status by the [[IUCN]].

== Taxonomy and systematics ==
''Nyctibatrachus radcliffei'' was described in 2017 by the [[herpetologist]] Sonali Garg and her colleagues based on the [[holotype]], an adult male specimen collected from the Thiashola estate in the [[Nilgiris district]] of [[Tamil Nadu, India]] in 2016. The species is named after Major Richard Radcliffe, a British conservationist, to honour his contribution towards the conservation of wildlife in the [[Nilgiri Mountains]].<ref name="Garg2017" /><ref name="Johnsingh2009" />

There are no [[subspecies]] of ''N. major''.<ref name="ASW-species" /> It is currently treated as one of 34 species in the night frog genus ''Nyctibatrachus'', in the robust frog family [[Nyctibatrachidae]].<ref name="ASW-genus" /> According to the 2017 study in which it was described, it is [[Sister group|sister]] (most closely related) to a [[clade]] (group of organisms descending from a common ancestor) formed by ''[[Spinular night frog|N. acanthodermis]]'', ''[[Nyctibatrachus gavi|N. gavi]]'', ''[[Nyctibatrachus grandis|N. grandis]]'', ''[[Nyctibatrachus sylvaticus|N. sylvaticus]]'', and ''[[Nyctibatrachus major|N. major]]''. The clade formed by these five species and ''N. radcliffei'' is sister to ''[[Nyctibatrachus indraneili|N. indraneili]]''.<ref name="Garg2017" /> The following [[cladogram]] shows relationships within this clade based on a [[Phylogenetic tree|phylogeny]] by the study:<ref name="Garg2017" />

{{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Nyctibatrachus indraneili|N.{{nbsp}}indraneili]]''
|2={{clade
|1='''''N.{{nbsp}}radcliffei'''''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Nyctibatrachus grandis|N.{{nbsp}}grandis]]''
|2=''[[Nyctibatrachus sylvaticus|N.{{nbsp}}sylvaticus]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Nyctibatrachus acanthodermis|N.{{nbsp}}acanthodermis]]''
|2=''[[Nyctibatrachus gavi|N.{{nbsp}}gavi]]''
}}
}}
|2=''[[Nyctibatrachus major|N.{{nbsp}}major]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

== Description ==
[[File:Nyctibatrachus radcliffei (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Figure showing different aspects of the species' morphology]]
''N. radcliffei'' is a medium-sized night frog, with a [[snout–vent length]] of {{Cvt|32.8–38.3|mm|in}} for adult males. The head is wider than it is long, and the [[snout]] is longer than the diameter of the eye. The [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] (external ear) is indistinct, and the skin of the chest, belly, and limbs is rough in texture.<ref name="Garg2017" />

In adult males, the upperside of the body and the sides of head are reddish-brown with scattered blackish-brown spots, with dark brown upper eyelids. The underside of the body is light flesh-red, while the sides of the stomach and hind limbs are light reddish-brown with prominent black speckles. The forelimbs and hind limbs are mostly light brown, with faint brown transverse bands, and the hands and feet are dark grey. The webbing of the feet is light grey with minute black speckles. When preserved in 70% [[ethanol]], the upperside of the body and the sides of head change in colour to dark grey with scattered black spots, while the upper eyelids become dark grey and the underside becomes greyish-white. The sides of the stomach and hind limbs turn grey with dark grey spots, and the hands and feet become dark grey.<ref name="Garg2017" />

''N. radcliffei'' can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of its middling size; robust body; extensive webbing on the feet; noticeable wrinkling on the skin of the upperside, without conspicuous projections along the spine; a prominent Y-shaped ridge from the upper lip to the nostrils; the presence of the dorso-terminal groove (groove on the upper side of the tip of the digit) on the fourth toe; the absence of the dorso-terminal groove on the third finger; two [[Tubercle (bone)|tubercles]] on the palm; and the foot and lower leg each being shorter than the thigh and nearly equal in length to each other.<ref name="Garg2017" />

== Distribution, ecology, and conservation ==
''N. radcliffei'' is [[endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] of India, where it is known only from the Thiashola estate in the Nilgiri Mountains north of the [[Palakkad Gap]], where the specimens used to describe the species were originally collected. All known specimens of the frog have been collected from hill streams in a tea estate, hiding in crannies under rocks at elevations of around {{Cvt|1920|m|ft}}.<ref name="Garg2017" />

The species is thought to breed during the early [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]]; tadpoles have been recorded in the month of October. [[Nuptial pads]] are absent in the frog, while [[Femoral gland|femoral glands]] (bulbous glands near the inner thigh) are weakly developed.<ref name="Garg2017" /> The species has not yet been assessed by the [[IUCN]].<ref name="Dinesh2020" /> It may be threatened by [[habitat degradation]] and [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]].<ref name="Garg2017" />

== References ==
{{Reflist| refs=

<ref name="ASW-genus">{{Cite web |last=Frost |first=Darrel R. |date=2023 |title=''Nyctibatrachus'' |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Nyctibatrachidae/Nyctibatrachinae/Nyctibatrachus |website=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |language=en |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001}}</ref>

<ref name="ASW-species">{{Cite web |last=Frost |first=Darrel R. |date=2023 |title=''Nyctibatrachus radcliffei'' |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Nyctibatrachidae/Nyctibatrachinae/Nyctibatrachus/Nyctibatrachus-radcliffei |website=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |language=en |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001}}</ref>

<ref name="Johnsingh2009">{{Cite news |last=Johnsingh |first=A. J. T. |date=2009-08-13 |title=A walk in the clouds |language=en |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30187987.ece |access-date=2023-08-27 |quote=Major Radcliffe, a British hunter-turned-conservationist...}}</ref>

<ref name="Garg2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Sonali |last2=Suyesh |first2=Robin |last3=Sukesan |first3=Sandeep |last4=Biju |first4=S. D. |name-list-style=amp |date=2017-02-21 |title=Seven new species of night frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms |journal=[[PeerJ]] |language=en |volume=5 |article-number=e3007 |doi=10.7717/peerj.3007 |pmc=5322763 |pmid=28243532 |doi-access=free }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice |cc=by4 |url=https://peerj.com/articles/3007/ |authors=Garg, Suyesh, Sukesan, and Biju |from this source=yes}}</ref>

<ref name="Dinesh2020">{{Cite report |last=Dinesh |first=K. P. |last2=Radhakrishnan |first2=C. |last3=Channakeshavamurthy |first3=B. H. |last4=Deepak |first4=P. |last5=Kulkarni |first5=N. U. |name-list-style=amp |date=2020 |title=A Checklist of Amphibians of India with IUCN Conservation Statuses |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Zoological Survey of India]] |page=8}}</ref>

<ref name="Dinesh2023">{{Cite report |last=Dinesh |first=K. P. |last2=Radhakrishnan |first2=C. |last3=Deepak |first3=P. |last4=Kulkarni |first4=N. U. |name-list-style=amp |date=2023 |title=A Checklist of Indian Amphibians with common names for the country and their IUCN Conservation Status |edition=5th |publisher=[[Zoological Survey of India]] |page=9}}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q41798438}}
[[Category:Nyctibatrachus]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2017]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sathyabhama Das Biju]]

Abani Mukherji

2025-12-17T07:17:56Z

SilviaVanwinkle: small update page after review further and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|Cofounder of the Communist Party of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abaninath Mukherji অবনীনাথ মুখার্জি
| image = Abani Mukherji.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1891|06|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur|Jubbulpore]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|10|28|1891|06|03|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[USSR]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Revolutionary
}}
{{Indcom}}
'''Abaninath Mukherji''' ({{langx|bn|অবনীনাথ মুখার্জি}}, {{langx|ru|Абанинатх Трайлович Мукерджи}},{{Efn|His Russian name was spelt variously Абани/Абони/Абанинатх Троилокович/Трайлович Мукерджи/Мухарджи/Мухараджи (Abani/Aboni/Abaninath Trailokovich/Troilokovich/Traylovich Mukerdzhi/Muhardzhi/Muharadzi). The second part of the Russian version of the name (Trailokovich) is a [[patronymic]], traditional in Russian appellations. [http://memory.pvost.org/pages/mukerdzhi.html Abani Mukherji's biography] {{in lang|ru}}}} 3 June 1891 – 28 October 1937) was an Indian communist and émigré based in the [[USSR]] who co-founded the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group). His name was often spelt '''Abani Mukherjee'''.<ref name=banerjee>Banerjee, Santanu,
[http://www.hvk.org/articles/0903/287.html Stalin's Indian victims] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120043445/http://www.hvk.org/articles/0903/287.html|date=20 January 2008}} in ''The Indian Express'', 28 September 2003 (accessed 16 January 2008)</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life===
Mukherji was born in [[British Raj|British ruled India]] to very poor weaver parents in the central town of [[Jabalpur]]. Abani Mukherji's father was Trailokyanath Mukherji and his family was Hindu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta4_DwAAQBAJ&dq=Abani+Mukherji+hindu&pg=PT131|title=The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941|isbn=9781108210416|last1=Pons|first1=Silvio|last2=Smith| first2=Stephen A.|date=21 September 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> After leaving school, he moved to [[Ahmedabad]], where he trained as a weaver, and in 1910 he was employed as an assistant weaving master at the Bangla Laxmi Cotton Mills. In 1912, he was sent to [[German Empire|Germany]] to study weaving. In Germany, he encountered [[socialism]]. After returning to [[Calcutta]] in December of the same year, he was employed at another cotton mill, Andrew Yule Mill.<ref name="ralhan114">Ralhan, O. P. (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National - Regional - Local. Vol. 13. Revolutionary Movements (1930–1946)''. [[New Delhi]]: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 113</ref>

===Revolutionary activities===
{{Main|Hindu–German Conspiracy}}

In 1914, Mukherji met [[Rash Behari Bose]] and joined the revolutionary movement. In 1915, he was sent to Japan to acquire weapons for the revolutionaries. According to [[British Raj ]]intelligence reports, he was active in the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy|Hindu–German conspiracy]]. In September 1915, while on his return journey to India, he was arrested in [[Singapore]] and incarcerated at the [[Fort Canning]] prison there, where he remained until he escaped in the autumn of 1917.<ref name="ralhan114"/> The exact details of his escape are unclear, but he told his friend [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] that he was assisted by a group of sympathetic Irish soldiers.<ref>Chinmohan Sehanbish, ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267256 The Russian Revolution and Expatriate Indian Revolutionaries]'' p.389 (accessed 18 November 2020)</ref> Mukherji managed to reach [[Java]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]], where he stayed until the end of 1919, living under the name of Dar Shaheer. In Java, he was in contact with [[Indonesians|Indonesian]] and Dutch revolutionaries and became a [[Communism|communist]]. He also travelled to [[Amsterdam]] and back. In Amsterdam, he met [[S. J. Rutgers]], who recommended him as a delegate to the Second Congress of the [[Communist International]].<ref name="ralhan115">Ralhan, O. P. (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National - Regional - Local. Vol. 13. Revolutionary Movements (1930–1946)''. [[New Delhi]]: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 114-115</ref>

===Communist International===
In 1920, Mukherji traveled to Russia to take part in the Second Congress of the [[Communist International]]. There he met [[M. N. Roy]], and with Roy and Roy's wife Evelyn he drafted a document which was published in ''Glasgow Socialist'' on 24 June 1920, under the title ''The Indian Communist Manifesto''.<ref>[http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=187&page=26 Did Moscow play fraud on Marx?–I: Pre-1957 Left perspective on 1857] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120034840/http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=187&page=26|date=20 January 2008}} by Professor Devendra Swarup at organiser.org (accessed 13 January 2008)</ref> Like Mukherji, Roy had been an [[Anushilan Samiti]] member during his early political life.<ref>Buddhadeva Bhattacharya, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/bhattacharya/1982/origins-rsp/ch01.htm Origins of the Revolutionary Socialist Party]'' (accessed 16 January 2008)</ref>

Mukherji took part as a delegate in the Second Congress of the Communist International, held in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]] between 19 July – 7 August 1920. In the [[Russian language]] notes of the Congress, he is listed as a 'left-socialist', without party affiliation being stated. At the Congress, Mukherji met [[Vladimir Lenin]] for the first time. Directly after the Congress, Mukherji traveled to [[Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Azerbaijan]] to represent India at the [[Congress of the Peoples of the East]].<ref name="ralhan116">Ralhan, O. P. (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National - Regional - Local. Vol. 13. Revolutionary Movements (1930–1946)''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 116</ref>

The Communist Party of India (Tashkent group) was founded in [[Tashkent]] on 17 October 1920, two months after the end of the Second Congress of the Communist International. The principal movers in the founding of the party were Roy and Mukherji.<ref name="rao">M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front - Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 88-89</ref> After the founding of CPI, Roy returned to Moscow whilst Mukherji was put in charge of the Indian Military School, with the task of training armed forces to fight British colonialism.<ref name="ralhan116"/> The same year, Mukherji became a member of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]].<ref name="ru-bio">[http://memory.pvost.org/pages/mukerdzhi.html Abani Mukherji's biography] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

The following year, 1921, Mukherji went to Moscow to attend the Third Congress of the Communist International as a delegate with a consultative vote. There he also took part in a meeting of Indian revolutionaries.<ref name="ralhan116"/>

Also in 1921, Mukherji drafted a document on the [[Malabar rebellion]], which he sent to Lenin.<ref>[http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/archive/lenin/works/1921/nov/14b.htm V. I. Lenin to N. I. Bukharin, note dated 14 November 1921] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120034145/http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/archive/lenin/works/1921/nov/14b.htm|date=20 January 2008}} at cddc.vt.edu (accessed 13 January 2008): Lenin's note was written on a letter from Mukherji, by which he sent Lenin his article on the Malabar uprising of 1921.</ref> In 1922, Roy and Mukherji together wrote the book ''India in Transition'', a [[Marxism|Marxist]] analysis of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], which the Communist International published in four languages in 1922. The book argued that the 1857 rebellion had failed to rid India of [[feudalism]].<ref>[http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/view/4799/1/174 India: The 1857 Revolt And Its Historiography: An Overview] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120021923/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/view/4799/1/174 |date=20 January 2008 }} by Biswamoy Pati at politicalaffairs.net (accessed 13 January 2008)</ref> Roy had assigned to Mukherji the task of gathering statistical data for the book.<ref name="ralhan117">Ralhan, O. P. (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National - Regional - Local. Vol. 13. Revolutionary Movements (1930–1946)''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 117</ref><ref name=":0" />

===Return to India===
In December 1922, Mukherji returned from Moscow to India clandestinely, via [[Berlin]]. He privately met local communist leaders on his way. Once in India, he was sheltered by the [[Anushilan Samiti]] in [[Dacca]]. After meeting [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]] at the [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in December 1922, and after meeting [[Bengal]] communist groups, Mukherji moved to [[Madras]], where he met [[Singaravelu Chettiar]]. Mukherji helped Chettiar with his efforts to form the [[Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan]] and to draw up its manifesto.<ref name="ralhan117"/><ref name="rsp">[http://www.marxists.org/archive/bhattacharya/1982/origins-rsp/ch01.htm Origins of the RSP]</ref> Mukherji later returned to the Soviet Union.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Pinaki Biswas|title=Rabindranath Hatya Shorojantra (Bengali)|publisher=Lalmati Prakashan|year=2021|isbn=978-81-953129-3-1|location=Kolkata|pages=78}}</ref>

===Split with Roy===
Roy and Mukherji did however part ways and became bitter enemies. Mukherji learnt that during his travel to India, Roy had sent a circular to the Indian communist groups denouncing him and claiming that he did not represent the Communist International. By the mid-1920s, the break between them was complete.<ref name="chnn">{{cite web|url=http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/chnn/CHNN13CIR.html|title=CHNN, No 13, Autumn 2002: Features|access-date=11 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120082000/http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/chnn/CHNN13CIR.html|archive-date=20 January 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ralhan118">Ralhan, O. P. (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National - Regional - Local. Vol. 13. Revolutionary Movements (1930–1946)''. [[New Delhi]]: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 118</ref>

Mukherji took an uncompromising attitude towards cooperation with [[Nationalism|nationalist]] sectors. In 1928, he described the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] as 'the party that is accumulating by itself the elements of future Indian Fascism.'<ref name="chnn"/>

===1930s===
During the 1930s, most of Mukherji's work was academic. He was an [[Indology|indologist]] at the Oriental Institute of the [[Academy of Sciences of the USSR]],<ref name="ralhan118"/> and became president of the All Union Association of Orientalists. He also worked at the [[Communist Academy]].<ref name="ralhan119">Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National - Regional - Local. Vol. 13. Revolutionary Movements (1930–1946)''. [[New Delhi]]: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 119</ref>

===Death===
Mukherji was executed in the [[Great Purge]] by [[Joseph Stalin]] in the late 1930s,<ref name="ralhan119"/><ref name=":1" /> but his death was only acknowledged by the Soviet Union after 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&page=37&pid=83|title=Organiser - Content|access-date=11 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120034838/http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&page=37&pid=83|archive-date=20 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mukherji was arrested on 2 June 1937. He was assigned for the first category of repression ([[execution by shooting]]) in the list "Moscow-Center" and executed on 28 October 1937.<ref name="ru-bio"/>

==Personal life==
In 1920, while in Russia, Mukherji met Rosa Fitingov, who was then an assistant to one of Lenin's private secretaries, Lydia Fotieva.<ref>{{cite book|last=Studer|first=Brigitte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hC3EAAAQBAJ&dq=rosa+fitingov+Communist+Party+of+India&pg=PT103|title=Travellers of the World Revolution: A Global History of the Communist International|date=2023-06-20|publisher=Verso Books|isbn=978-1-83976-803-3|language=en}}</ref> Rosa Fitingov was a [[History of the Jews in Russia|Russian Jewish]] woman who joined the Communist Party in 1918.<ref name=KJ>Jayawardena, Kumari, ''The White Woman's Other Burden'' (1995) p. 226</ref><ref name=":0" /> They married and had two children; a son named Gora and a daughter named Maya.<ref name="rao"/> Gora Mukerdzhi was killed fighting the invading [[Wehrmacht]] in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in 1942.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&page=20&pid=96|title=Organiser - Content|access-date=11 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120034831/http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&page=20&pid=96|archive-date=20 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Samajtantrer Agniparikkha o Bharater Communist Andolan (Bengali)|last=Goutam Chattapadhyaya|publisher=Pustak Bipani|year=1992|isbn=81-85471-11-8|location=Kolkata|pages=76}}</ref> His wife Rosa was later one of the founding members of the CPI and acted as M. N. Roy's interpreter.<ref name=KJ/>

==Publications==
* ''Indian Labour Movement: A Review of the Situation'', published in ''[[Communist Review]]'', May 1922<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/britain/periodicals/communist_review/1922/05/indian_labour_mvt.htm|title=Indian Labour Movement: A Review of the Situation|last=Mukherji|first=Abani|website=www.marxists.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-21}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Anushilan Samiti]]
* [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
* [[Communist Party of India]]

== References ==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Chattopadhyaya, Gautam. ''Abani Mukherji, a dauntless revolutionary and pioneering Communist''. [[New Delhi]]: People's Publishing House, 1976
* Roy, Anita. ''Biblavi Abaninath Mukherji''. [[Calcutta]]: 1969

{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherji, Abaninath}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Executed communists]]
[[Category:Executed politicians]]
[[Category:Soviet rehabilitations]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Great Purge victims from India]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Institute of Red Professors alumni]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]

All India Sainik Schools Entrance Exam

2025-11-19T15:59:23Z

SilviaVanwinkle: done

{{Short description|National-level entrance examination conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA)}}
{{Infobox examination
| name = All India Sainik Schools Entrance Examination
| acronym = AISSEE
| type = [[Entrance examination|Entrance Examination]]
| test_admin = [[National Testing Agency]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1670868 |title=Admissions to Sainik Schools (Academic Session 2021-22)|website= Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
| purpose = Admission to [[Sainik Schools]] and New [[Sainik Schools]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/education/sainik-school-admission-2024-counselling-quota-available-in-aissee-age-limit-eligibility-criteria-aissee-nta-nic-in-know-details-8160993.html |title=Sainik School Quota: सैनिक स्कूल में किन-किन कोटे से मिलता है एडमिशन, कैसे पाएं इसका लाभ? जानें पूरी डिटेल |newspaper=News18 |date=20 March 2024}}</ref>
| year_started = 1961
| duration = 2.5 hours (Class 6), 3 hours (Class 9)
| offered = Annually
| regions = India
| language = English, Hindi, and regional languages
| prerequisite = Age 10–12 (Class 6), 13–15 (Class 9)
| fee = Varies by category ([[Forward caste|General]]/[[Other Backward Class|OBC]]: ₹800, [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]: ₹650)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/sainik-school-admission-2025-registration-deadline-extended-check-details-7472221 |title=Sainik School Admission 2025: Registration Deadline Extended, Check Details |newspaper=NDTV |date=14 January 2025}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://exams.nta.ac.in/AISSEE/}}
}}

The '''All India Sainik Schools Entrance Examination''' ('''AISSEE''') is a national-level [[entrance examination]] conducted by the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA) for admission to [[Sainik Schools]] and New [[Sainik Schools]] across [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/aissee-2025-sainik-schools-entrance-exam-schedule-out-7646327 |title=AISSEE 2025: Sainik Schools Entrance Exam Schedule Out |newspaper=NDTV |date=6 February 2025}}</ref> These [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]-affiliated English-medium residential schools prepare students for entry into the [[National Defence Academy]] (NDA), [[Indian Naval Academy]], and other [[officer training]] academies.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/girls-should-be-admitted-in-all-sainik-schools-demand-members-in-lok-sabha-6144210/ |title=Girls should be admitted in all Sainik Schools, demand members in Lok Sabha |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=30 November 2019}}</ref>

==History==
Established in 1961 under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], Sainik Schools were created to promote discipline, academic excellence, and [[military training]] among young students aspiring to join the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/6-sainik-schools-from-south-india-to-watch-out-for-fee-structure-facilities-and-more/articleshow/108329612.cms |title=6 Sainik schools from south India to watch out for: Fee structure, facilities and more |newspaper= Times of India |date=8 March 2024}}</ref> Since 2021, girls have been eligible for admission to Class 6 across all Sainik Schools, marking a significant step toward [[gender inclusivity]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/over-350-girls-join-sainik-schools-in-2024-as-admissions-open-to-all-article-116308917 |title=Over 350 Girls Join Sainik Schools in 2024 as Admissions Open to All |newspaper=Times Now |date=14 December 2024}}</ref>

==Eligibility==
Eligibility criteria for AISSEE vary by class:
* '''Class 6''': Candidates must be aged 10–12 years as of March 31 of the admission year. Both boys and girls are eligible.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/competitive-exams/aissee-2025-sainik-school-entrance-exam-registration-for-classes-6-9-ends-today-101736735100368.html |title=AISSEE 2025: Sainik School entrance exam registration for classes 6, 9 ends today |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=13 January 2025}}</ref>
* '''Class 9''': Candidates must be aged 13–15 years as of March 31 and have completed Class 8 from a recognized school. Only boys are eligible in some schools, though policies are evolving.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/notification/story/nta-begins-aissee-2025-registration-for-sainik-school-admissions-direct-link-2655148-2024-12-25 |title=NTA begins AISSEE 2025 registration for Sainik school admissions. |newspaper=India Today |date=25 December 2024}}</ref>

==Examination Structure==
The AISSEE is conducted in a [[pen-and-paper]] format across multiple sessions, with scores normalized to ensure fairness.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/nta-declares-all-india-sainik-school-results-2025-for-classes-6-and-9-aissee-2025-toppers-list-out/cid/2101307 |title=AISSEE Result 2025 Declared - NTA Publishes Classes VI, IX Toppers List & Admission Details |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=23 May 2025}}</ref> The exam is offered in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], and select regional languages.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/sainik-school-entrance-exam-on-january-9-check-exam-pattern-aissee-nta-nic-in-4570496.html |title=Sainik School Entrance Exam on January 9, Check Exam Pattern |newspaper=News18 |date=19 December 2021}}</ref>

* '''Class 6 Exam''': Duration of 2.5 hours, covering four subjects - Language, [[Mathematics]], [[Intelligence]], and [[General knowledge|General Knowledge]]. The total marks for the exam will be 300. The other four sections contain 100 questions, with each question worth 2 marks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/aissee-2025-application-correction-window-opens-check-direct-link-to-modify-registration-form-here/articleshow/117590134.cms |title=AISSEE 2025 application correction window opens: Check direct link to modify registration form here |newspaper=Times of India |date=27 January 2025}}</ref>
* '''Class 9 Exam''': Duration of 3 hours, covering [[Mathematics]] (50 questions × 4 marks) and [[Intelligence]], [[English studies|English]], [[General knowledge|General Science]], and [[Social Science]] (25 questions × 2 marks each).It contains 150 questions carrying a total of 400 marks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/competitive-exams/aissee-2025-sainik-school-class-6-9-entrance-test-registration-ends-today-101737605999293.html |title=AISSEE 2025: Sainik School class 6, 9 entrance test registration ends today |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

==Participating institutes==
The AISSEE facilitates admission to 33 traditional Sainik Schools and 56 New Sainik Schools across India, operating under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] and in collaboration with private entities and state governments.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/education/admission-alert/sainik-school-admission-2025-26-class-6-total-seats-girls-boys-full-list-check-amid-nta-aissee-result/articleshow/121290413.cms |title=Sainik School Seats: सैनिक स्कूल में कितने स्टूडेंट्स का होता है सिलेक्शन, कौन से स्कूल में कितनी हैं सीटें? यहां देखिए पूरी लिस्ट |newspaper=Navbharat Times |date=5 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/career/education/aissee-2025-sainik-school-class-6-and-9-registration-started-for-admission-know-how-to-fill-application-form/2575333 |title=AISSEE 2025: सैनिक स्कूल की कक्षा 6 और 9 में एडमिशन के लिए आवेदन शुरू, जानें कैसे भरें एप्लिकेशन फॉर्म
|newspaper=Zee News |date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Notable Sainik Schools include:

* [[Sainik School, Amaravathinagar]]
* [[Sainik School, Ambikapur]]
* [[Sainik School, Balachadi]]
* [[Sainik School, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Sainik School, Chittorgarh]]
* Sainik School, Ghorakhal
* [[Sainik School, Gopalganj]]
* [[Sainik School, Goalpara]]
* [[Sainik School, Imphal]]
* [[Sainik School, Jhunjhunu]]
* [[Sainik School Kazhakootam]]
* [[Sainik School, Kapurthala]]
* [[Sainik School, Korukonda]]
* [[Sainik School, Kunjpura]]
* [[Sainik School, Lucknow]]
* [[Sainik School, Manasbal]]
* [[Sainik School, Nagrota]]
* [[Sainik School, Punglwa]]
* [[Sainik School, Purulia]]
* [[Sainik School, Rewa]]
* [[Sainik School, Rewari]]
* [[Sainik School, Satara]]
* [[Sainik School, Sujanpur Tihra]]
* [[Sainik School, Tilaiya]]

==See also==
* [[Sainik Schools]]
* [[National Testing Agency]]
* [[National Defence Academy]]
* [[Indian Naval Academy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|https://exams.nta.ac.in/AISSEE/|Official AISSEE Website}}
* {{URL|https://pesa.ncog.gov.in/sainikschoolecounselling/landingpage|AISSAC Counselling Portal}}

[[Category:Education in India]]
[[Category:Entrance examinations]]

Arti Rana

2025-10-31T21:29:44Z

SilviaVanwinkle: data

{{Short description|Indian social entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arti Rana
| image =
| alt = Arti Rana smiling
| caption = Rana in 2022
| birth_date = {{circa|1976}} (age approx. {{years since|1976}})
| birth_place =
| occupation = Social entrepreneur
| years_active =
| known_for = Women self-help groups
}}

'''Arti Rana''' (born {{circa|1976}}) is an Indian social entrepreneur. She helps fellow [[Tharu people|Tharu]] women to set up groups to make and sell handicrafts. In 2022, she received the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], the highest civilian award for women in India.

== Career ==
Arti Rana was born around 1976. She is [[Tharu people|Tharu]] and lives in the [[Terai]], near the [[Dudhwa Tiger Reserve]] and the border with Nepal.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=President fetes Kheri tribal woman with Nari Shakti Award |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/president-fetes-kheri-tribal-woman-with-nari-shakti-award-101646759597517.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309004841/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/president-fetes-kheri-tribal-woman-with-nari-shakti-award-101646759597517.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the [[National Rural Livelihood Mission]], she set up Gautam self-employment to make items such as carpets, baskets and bags.<ref name="HT" /> The group worked with materials like moonj grass and [[jute]].<ref name="BT">{{cite news |title='Vocal for Local': UPIDR helps local women weavers, artisans gain global exposure |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/vocal-for-local-upidr-helps-local-women-weavers-artisans-gain-global-exposure-318408-2022-01-09 |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=Business Today |date=9 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110033422/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/vocal-for-local-upidr-helps-local-women-weavers-artisans-gain-global-exposure-318408-2022-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HT-skilled">{{cite news |title=Skilled artisans who don't know where to sell products |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20180210/281556586285709 |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 February 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Tharu handicraft work in progress in Gabroula village of Uttar Pradesh.jpg|left|thumb|Tharu Hath KargaGharelu Udyog handicraft workers in Gabroula]]
By 2016, Rana had trained around 800 Tharu women.<ref name="HT-2016">{{cite news |title=Meet Rani Laxmi Bai awardees, the women who won't give up |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/honouring-women-by-empowering-them/story-BsbP55yMMynxwqId7Le13I.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 March 2016 |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030090133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/honouring-women-by-empowering-them/story-BsbP55yMMynxwqId7Le13I.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The business expanded, and by 2022 she was employing hundreds of women to make handicrafts.<ref name="HT" /> Rana was the president of the self-help group Tharu Hath KargaGharelu Udyog, which received assistance from the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] to make its [[loom]]s more efficient.<ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=Women weavers from Dudhwa Tiger Reserve profit from technological interventions for their looms |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/women-weavers-from-dudhwa-tiger-reserve-profit-from-technological-interventions-for-their-looms/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=India Education |date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615070851/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/women-weavers-from-dudhwa-tiger-reserve-profit-from-technological-interventions-for-their-looms/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, it was announced that a visitors centre would be built at the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve to inform tourists about Tharu heritage and sell local products; Rana was one of the co-ordinators for the project.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanwardeep |title=Now, enjoy rich Tharu tradition, food near Dudhwa Tiger Reserve |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/now-enjoy-rich-tharu-tradition-food-near-dudhwa-tiger-reserve/articleshow/72971458.cms |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=26 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Rana's entrepreneurship was recognized with a Rani Laxmibai Bravery award in 2016 and a Gram Swaraj award.<ref name="HT" /><ref name="HT-2016"/>

On [[International Women's Day]] in 2022, Rana received the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]],<ref name="HT" /> the highest award for women in India,<ref name=timesofi/> for the year 2020 in recognition of her [[social entrepreneurship]]. The ceremony had been postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name=timesofi>{{Cite news |last1=Rumi |first1=Faryal |title=Bhojpur Entrepreneur Among 29 Feted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bhojpur-entrepreneur-among-29-feted/articleshow/90088304.cms |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Arti}}
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Indian weavers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Xylia xylocarpa

2025-10-20T21:58:20Z

SilviaVanwinkle: New - done

{{Short description|Species of legume}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Xylia xylocarpa trees.jpg
|image_caption =
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = Barstow, M. | title = ''Xylia xylocarpa'' | article-number = e.T62028410A62028412 | year = 2019 | access-date = 2 February 2023}}</ref>
|genus = Xylia
|species = xylocarpa
|authority = [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]] Taub.
|synonyms =
* ''Mimosa xylocarpa'' Roxb.
* ''Xylia kerrii''
* ''Xylia dolabriformis'' Benth.
}}

'''''Xylia xylocarpa''''' is a species of [[tree]] in the [[Mimosoideae|mimosoid clade]] of the subfamily [[Caesalpinioideae]] of the family [[Fabaceae]].

==Description and properties==
This perennial tree is very conspicuous in the flowering season owing to its bright yellow flowers.

''Xylia xylocarpa'' produces hardwood, and in Vietnam it is classified as an 'ironwood' with its name referring to use in traditional [[cart]]-making. The cross-section of a trunk has a distinctive yellowish-white and thick outer layer, with a crimson-dark core of fine grain and high density (1.15 with 15% moisture content). The [[Pulp (paper)|wood pulp]] may be used for making [[Gift wrapping|wrapping paper]].

The seeds of this tree are edible.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0308-8146(95)93936-L | title=Nutrient and chemical evaluation of raw seeds of Xylia xylocarpa: An underutilized food source | date=1995 | last1=Siddhuraju | first1=P. | last2=Vijayakumari | first2=K. | last3=Janardhanan | first3=K. | journal=Food Chemistry | volume=53 | issue=3 | pages=299–304 }}</ref> This tree is considered a medicinal plant in [[India]].<ref>[http://www.medicinalplants.in/?plantid=2243&calledFrom=VIEW_ALL_SPECIES&sortBy=X&gPAGE_NO=1&gLOWER_LIMIT=0#view Encyclopedia of Indian medicinal plants]</ref> In Thailand its leaves are used to treat wounds in [[elephant]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/billiontreecampaign/CampaignNews/TreeinJungle.asp |title=Thai Scouts celebrate 100th anniversary by planting trees |access-date=2009-07-04 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195844/http://www.unep.org/billiontreecampaign/CampaignNews/TreeinJungle.asp }}</ref>

==Distribution and common names==
This tree is found in South and Southeast Asia; it is known as {{Transliteration|my|Pyinkado}} ({{langx|my|ပျဉ်းကတိုး}}) in [[Myanmar]], {{Lang|vi|Căm xe}} in [[Vietnam]], {{Transliteration|km|Sokram}} ({{Lang|km|សុក្រំ<ref>វចនានុក្រមខ្មែរ ២០២២</ref>}}) in [[Cambodia]], {{lang|kn|Konda-tangedu}} or {{lang|kn|Erra-chinnangi}} in [[Andhra]] and [[Telangana]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/231524 | title=Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.)Taub. | Species }}</ref> {{lang|kn|Jamba}} or {{lang|kn|Jambe}} in [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]], and {{Transliteration|hi|Kangada}} in [[Odisha]]. It has also been planted in certain parts of East Africa.

''Xylia xylocarpa'' (Roxb.) Taub. var. ''kerrii'' (Craib & Hutch.) is known as {{lang|th|แดง}} ({{transliteration|th|daeng}} {{lit|red}}) in the [[Thai language]].<ref>See [[:th:แดง (พรรณไม้)]]</ref> This species, naturally adapted to conditions in [[Thailand]], is used in [[reforestation]] at certain [[denuded]] or environmentally degraded areas of the country.<ref>[http://www.forest.go.th/Research/Journal/Vol2_No1/Growth%20of%20Seedlings.html Anchalee Sri-ngernyuang, ''Growth of Seedlings at the Northern 60th Anniversary of Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden, Muang District, Chiang Mai''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211150610/http://www.forest.go.th/Research/Journal/Vol2_No1/Growth%20of%20Seedlings.html |date=December 11, 2006 }}{{in lang|th}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Mimosoideae spp Taub72.png|''Xylia xylocarpa'' inflorescence on the lower right
File:Xylia xylocarpa bark.jpg|Bark
File:Bark of Xylia xylocarpa.jpg|Bark closeup
File:Xylia xylocarpa - flowers.JPG|Flowers
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tistr.or.th/sakaerat/Plant%20in%20Sakaerat/plant%20list/056%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87.pdf พืชกินได้ในป่าสะแกราช Daeng - Description and pictures]{{in lang|th}}
* [http://www.dandeliwildlife.org/Flora.html Karnataka Forest Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204190336/http://www.dandeliwildlife.org/Flora.html |date=2011-02-04 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1939480}}

[[Category:Xylia|xylocarpa]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Trees of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Fabales of Asia]]

Vazhuthacaud

2025-09-22T04:55:41Z

SilviaVanwinkle: add section to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vazhuthacaud
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|30|05|N|76|57|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 695 010, 695 014
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0471
| registration_plate = KL-01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = East Fort, Thycaud, Vellayambalam
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Thiruvananthapuram
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.vazhuthacaudcouncillor.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vazhuthacaud''' is located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The place is located 3 kilometres from the [[Thiruvananthapuram Central| Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station]] and 8 kilometres from the [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]].

Vazhuthacaud is a residential as well as commercial area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Vazhuthacaud-63365.htm|title=Vazhuthacaud in Thiruvananthapuram India|publisher=india9.com|access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref> The All India Radio center in Trivandrum is in Vazhuthacaud. It is home to many major educational as well as cultural institutions. Govt. College for Women, Cottonhill School, Trivandrum Club, Sree Moolam Club, Subramaniam Hall are situated here. The [[Kerala Forest Department]] has its headquarters here. Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, also known as H.H. The Maharaja's College for Women, is one of the oldest undergraduate and postgraduate women's college located in Trivandrum, Kerala. It was established in the year 1864. [[Government Higher Secondary School for Girls Cottonhill|Cotton Hill Girls Higher Secondary School]], the largest girls school in Asia,<ref>{{cite web |title=GOVT. HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS (GGHSS), COTTON HILL, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM |url=https://www.mala.co.in/article/govt-higher-secondary-school-for-girls-gghss-cotton-hill-thiruvananthapuram |website=Mala.co.in}}</ref> is located here. The Tagore theatre situating here is one of the longstanding cultural edifices of Thiruvananthapuram city.

Seven-century-old temple of Lord Sree Mahaganapathi is situated at Vazhuthacaud.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Thiruvananthapuram]]

{{Thiruvananthapuram-geo-stub}}

Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation

2025-08-22T14:36:09Z

SilviaVanwinkle: New The Details First Draft!

{{Short description|Indian state-owned agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC)
|type = [[State agency]]
|nativename =
|nativename_a = 
|nativename_r = 
|logo = 
|logo_width = 180px
|logo_caption = [[Government of Haryana]]
|picture = Industrial Park Haryana India and NH 11 Highway March 2015.jpg
|picture_width = 240px
|picture_caption = HSIIDC Industrial Park on [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]]
|formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1967|03|08}}
|preceding1 =
|jurisdiction = [[Haryana|Government of Haryana]]
|headquarters = C-13-14, Sector 6, [[Panchkula]], Haryana, India
|coordinates = {{Coord | 30.706103 | 76.853988 | type:industrial | display=inline,title}}
|motto =
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_pfo =
|minister2_name =
|minister2_pfo =
|chief1_name =
|chief1_position =
|agency_type =
|parent_department = [[Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana]]
|parent_agency =
|child1_agency =
|keydocument1 =
|website = {{URL|hsiidc.org.in}}
}}
[[File:Industrial Park and NH11 National Highway Haryana India March 2015.jpg|thumb|240px|HSIIDC Industrial park on [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]].]]

'''Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation''' ('''HSIIDC''') (established 8 March 1967), formerly '''Haryana State Industrial Development Corporation''' (HSIDC), headquartered at [[Panchkula]], is a 100% [[State agency|state-owned agency]] of the [[government of Haryana]] in the Indian [[List of states and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].<ref name=hsiidc2/><ref name=hsiidc3/> For [[ease of doing business]], Haryana is [[Ease of doing business ranking of states of India|the first state]] in India to introduce a labour policy in 2005 and Land Pooling Policy in 2017, for which HSIIDC acts as the nodal agency.<ref name=hsiidc4>2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xTVWAAAAYAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation India Today], Volume 34, Issues 27–35, Page 126.</ref><ref name=hsiidc11/> [[Haryana Financial Corporation]] provides financial assistance for setting up new industrial units and for the expansion and diversification of the existing industries.<ref name=hsiidc8>Ajmer Singh Malik, 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=trbS3s3WlkgC&dq=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation&pg=PA75 Concept and Strategy of Rural Industrial Development], Page 75.</ref> Various [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana|universities, educational and training institutes]], including the nation's first skills university [[Haryana Vishwakarma Skill University]], provide the human resources to capitalise on the infrastructure created by the HSIIDC.

[[HUDA|HSVP]] is a related government owned agency responsible for the [[Urban planning|urban development]].<ref name=about>[https://housing.com/news/huda-renamed-haryana-shehri-vikas-pradhikaran/ HUDA renamed as Haryana Shehri Vikas Pradhikaran], Housing.com, 5 June 2017.</ref>

==History==
''Haryana State Industrial Development Corporation'' (HSIDC), was formed on 8 March 1967 by the [[Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana]] to promote [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|medium]] and large industries for rapid industrialisation.<ref name=hsiidc10>B. S. Bhatia, G. S. Batra, 1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ux7tAAAAMAAJ&q=HSIDC+was+formed+in+8+March+1967 Accountability of public enterprises], Page 55.</ref> HSIDC was renamed to the ''Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation'' (HSIIDC) in 2005.<ref name=hsiidc11>[http://www.thehindu.com/2005/06/07/stories/2005060711950500.htm Hooda unveils Haryana's Industrial Policy ]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[The Hindu]], 7 June 2005.</ref>

==HSIIDC organisation==
===Objectives===
{{see also | Economy of Haryana | Economy of India | National Capital Region (India) | label 3 = NCR region | Railway in Haryana | label 4 = Railway development in Haryana}}
HSIIDC was formed to develop integrated industrial, commercial, [[special economic zone]]s (SEZ)s,<ref name=hsiidc11/> [[Science park|technology parks]],
<ref name=hsiidc5>B. S. Bhatia, G. S. Batra, 1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ux7tAAAAMAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation Accountability of public enterprises], Page 75.</ref><ref name=hsiidc6>2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k7YaAQAAIAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation India Today International], Volume 5, Issues 1–12, Page 78.</ref> [[Logistics center|Integrated Multimodal Logistics Hubs]],<ref name=hsiidc7>2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yDRJ_8TJjdwC&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation Lok Sabha Debates], [[Lok Sabha]], Page 59.</ref> road, rail, sports and public infrastructure in the state of Haryana in joint venture or [[public–private partnership]].<ref name=hsiidc1>Suneel Sehgal, 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OwXtAAAAMAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation Incentives for industrial development by central & state governments], Punjab, Haryana & Delhi Chamber of Commerce and Industry.</ref><ref name=hsiidc2>2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EVXaAAAAMAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation National Capital Region Directory], Page 472.</ref> HSIIDC develops the basic infrastructure facilities such as internal roads, water supply, external electrification and affluent disposal system and then allots the industrial plots.<ref name=hsiidc9>S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CP-kKXZ8rTIC&dq=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation&pg=PA179 Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes], Vol 9, page 179.</ref> Area in [[Haryana]] with they have well-developed infrastructure have easier access to markets for raw materials and finished products, credit, skilled labour, etc., hence HSIIDC has formed several subsidiaries to develop infrastructure in various sectors across the state.<ref name=hsiidc3>1981, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0BYsAAAAIAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation P.U. Management Review], Volume 4, Page 56.</ref>

===Divisions===
The authority has divided the [[List of districts of Haryana|districts of Haryana]] into four divisions or zones except [[Gurugram]].<ref name=about1>[http://hsiidc.org.in/head_office About HSIIDC branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315101337/http://www.hsiidc.org.in/head_office |date=15 March 2018 }}.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Infrastructure planning
* [[Industrial park|Industrial Area development]]
* [[Real estate development|Real estate]], Mining, Sports infrastructure development
* [[Business Development]] and [[Public Relations]]
* [[Grievance (labour)|Grievances resolution]]
* [[Administration (government)|General Administration]] (including HR, Finance and Legal)
* Information technology and Library
* [[Audit]]
{{col div end}}

===Industrial clusters and theme parks===
{{anchor | Branches | Industrial estates | IE | IMT }}

Haryana has developed at least 11 specialized Industrial Clusters and Theme Parks in the state of Haryana.<ref name=theme1>[https://hsiidc.org.in/industrial-cluster HSIIDC Industrial Clusters and Theme Parks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018105825/https://hsiidc.org.in/industrial-cluster |date=18 October 2019 }}.</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Textile Hub, Panipat
* IIDC Narwana in Jind
* Food Park, Saha in Ambala
* Growth Centre, Saha in Ambala
* International Horticulture Market at [[Ganaur]] in Sonipat, 3 km northeast of Sonipat and 64 northeast of Delhi will be established under Haryana International Horticulture Marketing Corporation Limited (HIHMC).<ref name=gan1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/horticulture-market-to-come-up-at-sonipat-at-a-cost-of-rs-1500-crore/articleshow/49596586.cms Horticulture market to come up at sonipat at a cost of rs 1500 crore], ''Economic Times'', 30 October 2015.</ref><ref name=gan2>[http://environmentclearance.nic.in/DownloadPfdFile.aspx?FileName=NP/aXHRUrTTGDJYxKgyko4OacWbDP/UZJq2kvveIW92BEZB7UgGqljLurxvY+vjvB4u+3uFzXzqhzgRCUlMgDFEv2d7/9yALNaZ9t01/37WxJV0J7TMQUEdhlWiMlQLi&FilePath=93ZZBm8LWEXfg+HAlQix2fE2t8z/pgnoBhDlYdZCxzUlDadBGu7t8v4JoQvNU6UBlSmL0YQ7WQYaxkvlQvexKQ== Gannaur International Horticulture market environment approval application], environmentclearance.nic.in, accessed 20 July 2021.</ref>
* Footwear Park, Bahadurgarh
* Apparel Park, Barhi in Sonipat
* Theme Park, Kundli in Sonipat
* Electronic Hardware Technology Park, Kundli in Sonipat
* EPIP (Export Promotion Industrial Plots), Kundli in Sonipat
* Food Park, Rai in Sonipat
* Mega Food Park, at [[Rai, Sonipat]]
* Gurugram Flower Mandi, with assistance of Netherland, was work-in-progress as of 2020.<ref name=flow1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/after-5-years-flower-market-project-gains-momentum/articleshow/79806414.cms After 5 years flower market project gains momentum], ''Times of India'', 2020.</ref>
{{col div end}}

====Mega food parks ====
{{anchor | MFP | mfp }}

Haryana, as a food surplus state, is vital for India's and global [[food security]] which also brings economic benefits to the state.

Mega Food Parks are approved by the Union [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]] (MOFPI) which provides grants up to Rs 50 crores for each food park to a consortium of companies.

* Approved [[Mega Food Parks]] of Haryana are:
** Hafed Mega Food Park at IMT Rohtak on NH-9 is under implementation.<ref name=fp1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/pm-narendra-modi-to-lay-foundation-of-mega-food-park-at-rohtak/articleshow/71014232.cms?from=mdr PM Modi to lay foundation of mega food park at Rohtak], ''Economic Times'', 6 September 2019.</ref><ref name=fp2>[http://hafed.gov.in/mega-food-park Hafed's food park]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, HAFED, Govt of Haryana, accessed 22 July 2021.</ref>
** HSIIDC Mega Food Park at [[Rai, Sonipat]] is under implementation
* Proposed, but not yet approved by the MOFPI, are as follows
** Sirsa, as northwest Haryana hub, especially for citrus products
** [[Hisar Airport]] commercial zone, as western Haryana hub, especially a hub for air cargo and international exports
** HMT Pinjore commercial zone, as northeast Haryana hub, especially a hub for apples from JK, Himachal and Uttrakhand
** Nangal Choudhary in Mahendragarh, as South Haryana hub for supplies to Rajasthan
** Uttawar on [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]], as hub for supplies to NCR and Agra-Mathura

====Multi-Modal Logistics Parks of India ====
{{anchor | MMLP | mmlp | MMLPI | mmlpi }}

[[Multi-Modal Logistics Parks in India]] (MMLPI) is a government of India initiative to lower the logistics cost and time, enhance value add and boost economy. As of July 2021, [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]] has planned to develop 35 MMLPs under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) mode. Based on the detailed project report (DPR), feasibility study and approved bidding document, the tender will be invited from companies. The bidding documents (The Model Concession Agreement and Request for Proposal) is being finalised for these 35 MMLPs, each of which will have a minimum area of 100 acres (40.5 hectares), with various modes of transport access, and comprising mechanized warehouses, specialized storage solutions such as cold storage, facilities for mechanized material handling and inter-modal transfer container terminals, and bulk and break-bulk cargo terminals.<ref name=mm1/><ref>Government of India, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. 2017. Draft Policy Document: Development of Multimodal Logistics Parks. Delhi.</ref> Logistics parks will further provide value-added services such as customs clearance with bonded storage yards, quarantine zones, testing facilities, and warehousing management services. Provisions will also be made for late-stage manufacturing activities such as kitting and final assembly, grading, sorting, labelling and packaging activities, re-working, and returns management.<ref name=":0">R. Arora. [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/government-approves-plan-to-build-34-mega-multi-modal-logistics-parks-at-an-investment-of-rs-2-lakh-cr/articleshow/59690653.cms Government Approves Plan to Build 34 Mega Multi-Modal Logistics Parks at an Investment of Rs2 Lakh Cr.] ''The Economic Times''. 21 July 2017.</ref>

Each MMLP Among these MMLP, Haryana has 1 following MMLP:<ref name=mm1>[https://in.news.yahoo.com/centre-develop-35-multi-model-121347289.html Centre developoing 35 MMLP], Yahoo News, 22 July 2021.</ref>

* [[Hisar Airport#MMLP|Hisar Multi-Modal Logistics Parks]], based at [[Hisar Airport]].<ref name=mm1/>

Additional following MMLP are at planning stages:
* Sirsa
* Jind-Narwana
* HMT Pinjore
* Ganaur in Sonipat
* Loharu
* Nangal Chaudhary in Mahendragarh
* Nuh or Uttawar in South Haryana near DFC

===Industrial estates and townships===
{{anchor | Branches | Industrial estates | IE | IMT }}
{{see also| Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor | Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project | Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor | Western Dedicated Freight Corridor | Delhi Western Peripheral Expressway }}

An industrial are developed on at least 1500 acres of contiguous land is defrined as the ''"Industrial Estate"'' (IE), smaller industrial areas are called ''"Industrial Model Township"'' (IMT – denoted by an asterisk or star symbol) and an IT Park (denoted by double asterisk or star symbol). Haryana has at least 24 IEs, 8 IMT and 1 IT Park including the following:<ref name=about2>[https://hsiidc.org.in/industrial-estates HSIIDC branches and estates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018105824/https://hsiidc.org.in/industrial-estates |date=18 October 2019 }}.</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Ambala]]
** [[Ambala#IMTK|Ambala Industrial estate]]
** [[Saha, Ambala#IMTK|Saha Ambala Growth Centre Industrial estate]]
* [[Faridabad]]
** [[Faridabad#IMT Faridabad|Faridabad Industrial estate]]
* [[Gurugram]]
** [[Gurugram#IMT Gurugram|Udhyog Vihar Gurugram Industrial estate]]
** [[Sohna#IMT Sohna|Sohna IMT]]*
** [[Sohna#Roz-ka-Meo industrial estate|Roz-ka-Meo Industrial estate]] at Raisika<ref name=mewat1>[http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/mewat.pdf Industrial profile of Mewat]</ref>
* [[Jind]]
** [[Jind#IMTK|Jind Industrial estate]]
** [[Narwana#IMTK|Narwana IMT]]*
* [[Karnal]]
** [[Karnal#IMT Karnal|Karnal Industrial estate]]
* [[Mahendragarh]]
** [[Narnaul#IMT Narnaul|Narnaul Industrial estate]]
* [[Panchkula]]
** [[Barwala, Panchkula#IMT Barwala|Barwala Industrial estate]]
** [[Kalka#IMT Kalka|Kalka Industrial estate]]
** [[Panchkula#IMT Panchkula|Panchkula IMT]]*
** [[Panchkula IT Park]]**
* [[Panipat]]
** [[Panipat#IMTK|Panipat Industrial estate]]
* [[Rewari]]
** [[Bawal#IMT Bawal|Bawal IMT]]*
** [[Dharuhera#IE|Dharuhera Industrial estate]]
** [[Manesar#IMTK|Manesar IMT]]*
* [[Jhajjar]]
** [[Bahadurgarh#Industrial Model Township Bahadurgarh|Bahadurgarh Industrial estate]]
** [[Kutana#IMTK|Kutana Industrial estate]]
**[[Rohtak]]
** [[Rohtak#IMTK|Rohtak IMT]]*
* [[Sirsa]]
** [[Sirsa#IMTK|Sirsa Industrial estate]]
** [[Tohana#IMTK|Tohana Industrial estate]]
* [[Sonepat]]
** [[Kharkhoda#IMTK|Kharkhoda IMT]]*
** [[Ganaur#IE|Barhi Industrial estate]]
** [[Kundli#IMTK|Kundli Industrial estate]]
** [[Murthal#IMT Murthal|Murthal Industrial estate]]
** [[Rai, Sonipat|Rai Industrial estate]]
** [[Samalkha#IMT Samalkha|Samalkha Industrial estate]]
** [[Sonipat#IMT Sonepat|Sonepat Industrial estate]]
* [[Yamunanagar]]
** [[Manakpur#IMTK|Manakpur IMT]]*
** [[Yamunanagar#IMTK|Yamunanagar Industrial estate]]
{{col div end}}

; Marketing and business development office
* New Delhi

===Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hubs (IMLH) ===
* Existing, being expanded or under-construction
** [[Nangal Choudhary#Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub (IMLH)|Nangal Choudhary IMLH]], existing near [[Delhi–Jaipur Expressway]] and [[Ambala–Narnaul Industrial Corridor]] with containerized road and rail facilities, to serve South Haryana, and North and East Rajasthan
*** [[Rewari]]–[[Bawal]] as spoke
** [[Pinjore]] IMLH for the fruits{{typo help inline|reason=similar to fruits|date=November 2019}}, being developed at [[HMT (company)|former HMT site]] on [[Ambala–Chandigarh Expressway]] with containerized road and rail facilities as well as air cargo from [[Chandigarh Airport]] and [[Pinjore Airport]] to be developed into cargo and domestic passenger airport, to serve Chandigah, North Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Eastern Punjab
*** [[Bilaspur, Haryana|Bilaspur]] to be developed as spoke with railway sliding on the [[Railway in Haryana#Future projects|proposed Chandigarh–Yamunanagar rail line]]
** [[Sonipat]] existing inland container depot and logistics park at Delhi–Chandigarh [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1]],<ref name=sonlog1>[https://jmbaxigroup.com/companies/infrastructure/delhi-international-cargo-terminal/ Sonepat Logistics Park].</ref> existing with road facilities, proposed to be expanded to IIMHL with air cargo from [[IGI Delhi]]
** [[Kharkhoda, Haryana|Kharkhoda Footwear IMLH]], in [[Sonipat]] under implementation with containerized road and rail cargo. [[Maruti Suzuki]] new manufacturing facility in [[Kharkhoda]]
** [[Manesar]] road cargo and [[Railway in Haryana#Future projects|railway sliding]] for [[Maruti Suzuki]] on Western Peripheral Expressway
* Along [[Western Peripheral Expressway]]
** [[Farrukhnagar]], proposed with road and rail facilities as well as air cargo from [[IGI Delhi]] will serve Delhi, East Haryana
** [[Taoru|Tapkan]], proposed with road and with railway sliding on the [[Railway in Haryana#Future projects|proposed rail sliding facilities]] as well as air cargo from [[IGI Delhi]] and proposed [[NCR Proposed Transport Plan#Bhiwadi Greenfield Airport|Bhiwadi Cargo Airport]], to create [[Bhiwadi]]-[[Taoru]]–[[Nuh (city)|Nuh]] agglomeration along DMIC and [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]], will serve South NCR, South Haryana and Northeast Rajasthan
** [[Hassanpur]], proposed with road and rail cargo as well as air cargo from [[Jewar Airport]], to create [[Palwal]]–[[Jewar]] agglomeration, will serve Southeast NCR, Southeast Haryana, East Rajasthan and South-Central UP
*** [[Ferozepur Jhirka]], on [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] with containerized road cargo and [[Railway in Haryana#Future projects|proposed Delhi–Sohna–Nuh–Alwar rail line]], initially as spoke and eventually as Hub
* West Haryana
* [[Hisar, Haryana|Hisar IMLH]], under implementation with road, rail and [[Hisar Airport|Hisar Aviation hub]] for the West Haryana and Eastern Rajasthan
*** [[Loharu]] as spoke
*** [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]] as spoke
*** [[Meham]], initially as a spoke until it is developed as a separate hub
* [[Sirsa]] IMLH, proposed hub for North Rajasthan, Western Punjab and Northwest Haryana, [[Hisar Airport]] to be expanded in to Civilian and Cargo enclave specially for the citrus fruits
*** [[Dabwali]] as spoke
* Central Haryana
* [[Meham]] IMLH, proposed with road, rail and air cargo for Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan, air cargo from Hisar Airport as well from the proposed Meham Cargo Airport
*** [[Charki Dadri]] as spoke with sliding on [[Railway in Haryana#Future projects|proposed Jhajjar–Charkhi Dadri–Jhumpa rail line]],
* North Haryana
** [[Narwana]] towards [[Kaithal]] on [[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway]] for the south-central Punjab, with existing road and rail links and the proposed [[Narwana Airport]]
*** [[Safidon]] as spoke
* East Haryana
** [[Karnal]], on NH1 with containerized road and rail cargo for textile, hosiery, and scientific equipment.
*** [[Pehowa]] as spoke

==Policies==
HSIIDC is the nodal agency for both labour policy and land pooling policy of the state.<ref name=hsiidc4/><ref name=hsiidc11/>

==={{anchor | Haryana Labour Policy | Labour Policy | HLP}} Labour Policy===
[[File:Industrial Park Haryana India near NH 11 Highway and Delhi Airport March 2015.jpg|thumb|240px|HSIIDC Industrial park on the way to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Airport]].]]
'''Haryana Labour Policy''' (HLP) was introduced in 2005 to enhance the [[ease of doing business]] in [[Ease of doing business ranking of states of India|the state]].<ref name=hsiidc4/><ref name=hsiidc11/>

==={{anchor | Haryana Land Pooling Policy | Land Pooling Policy | HLPP}} Land Pooling Policy===
'''Haryana Land Pooling Policy''' (HLPP), approved in January 2018, is used by the HSVP for acquiring land from the landlords for developing residential sectors. Landlords join the scheme voluntarily and at least 70% landowners must agree to pool their contiguous land, who receive INR50,000 per acre per year until the land is developed. After the land is developed, the landlords also will receive 33% of the developed residential plots in proportion to the land contributed by them to the pool, 33% will be sold by HSVP, 33% will be used for developing services such as roads and parks.<ref name=pool1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/now-on-huda-to-go-in-for-land-pooling/523310.html Now on, HUDA to go in for land-pooling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174304/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/now-on-huda-to-go-in-for-land-pooling/523310.html |date=23 August 2018 }}, ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' (India), 4 January 2018.</ref>

== Entrepreneur Center ==
'''Haryana Entrepreneur Center''' is a single-window service centre for providing 70 types of services of 17 departments under one roof.<ref name=serv1>{{cite web|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/regional/news/haryana-to-formulalte-policy-on-logistics-warehousing-retail-and-pharmaceuticals-82724.aspx|date=1 December 2018 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070538if_/http://punjabnewsexpress.com/regional/news/haryana-to-formulalte-policy-on-logistics-warehousing-retail-and-pharmaceuticals-82724.aspx |title=Haryana to {{sic|formu|lalte|nolink=y}} policy on logistics, warehousing, retail and Pharmaceuticals |website=Punjabnewsexpress.com |archive-date=2 December 2018 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Haryana Shahari Vikas Pradhikaran]]
* [[Divisions of Haryana]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
* [https://hsiidcesewa.org.in/hsiidcprod/helpline HSIIDC Helpline]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Haryana}}
{{Power stations of Haryana}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}
{{Steel industry of India}}
{{Agriculture in India}}
{{Industries}}
{{Infrastructure}}

[[Category:Economy of Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Haryana]]
[[Category:Companies based in Haryana]]
[[Category:State agencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Subiksha Krishnan

2025-08-12T09:14:26Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Stub

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subiksha Krishnan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = India
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | model}}
| years active = 2013–present
| website =
}}
'''Subiksha Krishnan''' is an Indian actress. She has starred in predominantly [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films apart from a few [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]] and [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] language films.<ref name="subikshaactress">{{cite news |author=Shashiprasad SM |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151215/entertainment-sandalwood/article/dancing-three-industries |title=Dancing into three industries |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Film work ===
Subiksha made her acting debut in [[Bharathiraja]]'s 2013 Tamil film ''[[Annakodi]]'', in which she portrayed the wife of the hero.<ref name="thehindhu">{{cite news |first1=K. R. |last1=Manigandan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-cuts-marked-by-wit/article3673286.ece |title=Shot Cuts: Marked by wit |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 June 2012 |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The same year, she had her first starring role in her maiden Malayalam film ''[[Olipporu]]'', as heroine of [[Fahadh Faasil]]. She played the role of an IT professional in the film.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/New-hotties-on-the-block/articleshow/22094398.cms |title=New hotties on the block |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 August 2013 |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Olipporu/movie-review/22043815.cms |title=Olipporu Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Olipporu by Times of India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 August 2013 |access-date=10 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Paresh C |last1=Palicha |date=26 August 2013 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-olipporu-is-best-avoided/20130826.htm |title=Review: Olipporu is best avoided |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/olipporu-review-malayalam-pcmaXvfiicheh.html |title=Review : Olipporu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191024/http://www.sify.com/movies/olipporu-review-malayalam-pcmaXvfiicheh.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> Her debut Kannada film ''Anjada Gandu'' got released in 2014, which is a remake of [[Sivakarthikeyan]]'s Tamil film [[Manam Kothi Paravai]], in which she was paired opposite [[Sathish Ninasam]]. She played a traditional village girl, Geetha Gowda.<ref name="k">{{cite web |work=Vijaya Karnataka |url=http://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/review/-/articleshow/29674904.cms |script-title=kn:ಅಂಜದ ಗಂಡು: ಹಳೇ ಬಾಟಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಮದ್ಯ, Rating: { 2.5/5} - ಅಂಜದ ಗಂಡು: ಹಳೇ ಬಾಟಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಮದ್ಯ Movie Review, Rating: { 2.5/5} : ನೀನಾಸಂ ಸತೀಶ್, ಸುಭಿಕ್ಷಾ Star |language=kn |trans-title=Anjada Gandu: Old Bottle New Liquor, Rating: { 2.5/5} - Anjada Gandu: Old Bottle New Liquor Movie Review, Rating: { 2.5/5} : Ninasam Satish, Subhiksha Star |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/review/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B7-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8A-%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8A/170676.html |script-title=kn:ಸಂತೋಷ, ಆಹಾ ಆಹಾ... ಸಂ'ಗೀತಾ' ಓಹೊ ಓಹೊ... |language=kn |trans-title=Happy, aha ahaaa Sam'Gita' oh oh oho... |publisher=Kannadaprabha.com |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, the Tamil movie ''[[Kadugu]]'' was released which she was paired opposite [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], directed by cinematographer, director [[Vijay Milton]], produced by Rough Note Production and released by [[2D Entertainment]]. Subiksha got recognition after ''Kadugu''{{'}}s release. Again she worked with the same director Vijay Milton in the movie ''[[Goli Soda 2]]'' in 2018, her character name is Innocent Inba.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Baradwaj |last1=Rangan |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/goli-soda-2-movie-review/ |title=Happy, aha ahaaa Sam'Gita' oh oh oho... |website=filmcompanion.in |date=14 June 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of performances by Subiksha Krishnan in film
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Annakodi]]''
| Kodiveeran's wife
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| <ref name="thehindhu"/>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Olipporu]]''
| Vani
| [[Malayalam]]
| <ref name="T"/>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Anjada Gandu (2014 film)|Anjada Gandu]]''
| Geetha Gowda
| [[Kannada]]
| <ref name="k"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
|''[[Kanthari]]''
|Sulthana
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/subhiksha-rachana-to-act-in-kanthari/articleshow/45593469.cms|title=Subhiksha, Rachana to act in Kanthari|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''ATM''
| Vidhya
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151011/entertainment-mollywood/article/jackie-shroff-was-long-lost-friend-hari-krishnan|title=Jackie Shroff was like a long-lost friend: Hari Krishnan|first=Shreejaya|last=Nair|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Kadugu]]''
| Maha
| rowspan="9" | Tamil
| <ref name="d">{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/subiksha-to-collaborate-with-vijay-milton-once-again-article62045.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906040635/https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/subiksha-to-collaborate-with-vijay-milton-once-again-article62045.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2022|title=Subiksha To Collaborate With Vijay Milton Once Again|date=6 September 2022|website=Desimartini}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Goli Soda 2]]''
|Inbavalli (Innocent Inba)
| <ref name="d"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Podhu Nalan Karudhi]]'' ||Meera || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/feb/07/podhu-nalan-karudhi-movie-review-a-disjointed-and-uninteresting-public-interest-message-1935728.html | title='Podhu Nalan Karudhi' movie review: A disjointed and uninteresting public interest message | access-date=10 January 2023 | archive-date=15 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015183721/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/feb/07/podhu-nalan-karudhi-movie-review-a-disjointed-and-uninteresting-public-interest-message-1935728.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nethraa]]''
| Nethraa
| <ref name="d"/>
|-
| 2021
|''[[Vettai Naai]]''
| Rani
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vettai-naai/movie-review/81211098.cms|title=Vettai Naai Movie Review: This done-to-death plot, which has some not-so-bad scenes, falters in execution as they appear staged.|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023
| ''[[Kannai Nambathey]]''
| Aparna
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/27/udhayanidhi-stalins-kannai-nambathey-set-for-february-release-37088.html|title=Udhayanidhi Stalin's Kannai Nambathey set for February release|date=27 November 2022|work=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''
| Gayathri
|
|-
| ''[[Sooragan]]'' || Ilakkiya ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Teenz]]'' || Inspector || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/RParthibanOfficial/videos/we-are-the-teenz-we-are-the-only-teenz-from-july-12th-in-cinemas-worldwideparthi/850598963595748/|title=5.8K views · 103 reactions | We are the TEENZ , we are the only TEENZ From July 12th in cinemas worldwide Parthiban Radhakrishnan D Imman Gavemic U Ary Dp Keerthana Parthiepan... | By Parthiban Radhakrishnan | Facebook|accessdate=22 November 2024|via=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
|}
{{pending films key}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6327470}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Ballari]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ramanathapuram Mundu chilli

2025-07-21T05:44:14Z

SilviaVanwinkle: put up new post

{{Short description|Chilli variety grown in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| image = Ramanathapuram Mundu chilli.jpg
| image_caption =
| species = ''[[Capsicum annuum]]''
| origin = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| module = {{Infobox pepper
|embed = yes
|heat =
|scoville = 17,500<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thanaraj |first1=M. S. |title=Ramnad 'mundu' chilli to spice up the global market |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/29/ramnad-mundu-chilli-to-spice-up-the-global-market#:~:text=The%20Ramanathapuram%20mundu%20is%20well,history%20of%20over%20200%20years. |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
}}

The '''Ramanathapuram Mundu chilli''' is a variety of dry red [[chili pepper|chilli]] mainly grown in [[Ramanathapuram district]], of the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thanaraj |first1=M. S. |title=Ramanathapuram Mundu chilli to be conferred GI tag |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Feb/26/ramanathapuram-mundu-chilli-to-be-conferred-gi-tag-2550955.html |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rose |first1=Beulah |title='Ramanathapuram 'mundu chilli' farmers must tap warehouse facilities to get right price' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/ramanathapuram-mundu-chilli-farmers-must-tap-warehouse-facilities-to-get-right-price/article67907377.ece |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=2 March 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> It is primarily grown in the Ramanathapuram district's [[Tiruvadanai taluk|Tiruvadanai]], [[Mudukulathur taluk|Mudukulathur]], [[Kadaladi taluk|Kadaladi]], [[R. S. Mangalam|RS Mangalam]] and [[Kamuthi taluk|Kamuthi]] taluks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu's Ramnad Mundu Chillies, Vellore Spiny Brinjal Awarded GI Label {{!}} What It Means |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-nadus-ramnad-mundu-chillies-ramnad-mundu-chillies-awarded-gi-label-what-this-means-7178521.html |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=News18 |date=27 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
It is named after its place of origin, the district of Ramnathapuram and has been cultivated in the district for over 200 years while the word Mundu in [[Tamil language]] translates to ‘fat and round’.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCulloch |first1=Mitch |title=The Seed Hunter: Discover the World's Most Unusual Heirloom Plants |date=3 October 2024 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-241-72254-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEMFEQAAQBAJ&dq=Ramnad+Mundu+chilli&pg=PT261 |access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Kisan World |date=1983 |publisher=Sakthi Sugars, Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kRQAAAAYAAJ&q=Ramanathapuram+Mundu+chilli |access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Arecanut, Spices & Cocoa Journal |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Cocoa, Arecanut & Spices Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-s5GAAAAYAAJ&q=Ramanathapuram+Mundu+chilli |access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Local name===
It is also popularly known as Ramnad Mundu Chilli as during the British period till 1947 this district was known by the name "The [[Kingdom of Ramnad]] or Ramnad estate".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Scott |first1=D. J. Walter |title=The Royal right to celebrate Dasara in Ramnad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-royal-right-to-celebrate-dasara/article19740890.ece |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=23 September 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TN's Vellore spiny brinjal and Ramanathapuram mundu chilli to get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tns-vellore-spiny-brinjal-and-ramanathapuram-mundu-chilli-to-get-gi-tag/articleshow/98216916.cms |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Modern facility for storing chillies and tamarind, a boon for Ramanathapuram farmers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/modern-facility-for-storing-chillies-and-tamarind-a-boon-for-ramanathapuram-farmers/article66777376.ece |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=25 April 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu {{!}} Land of Divinity {{!}} India |url=https://ramanathapuram.nic.in/ |publisher=Ramanathapuram District Administration |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref>

==Description==
Ramnad mundu chillies are round and approximately the size of [[cherries]] and they tend to be milder and more flavorful.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rombauer |first1=Irma S. |last2=Becker |first2=Marion Rombauer |last3=Becker |first3=Ethan |last4=Becker |first4=John |last5=Scott |first5=Megan |title=Joy of Cooking: Fully Revised and Updated |date=12 November 2019 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-6971-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcq2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Ramnad+Mundu+chilli&pg=PA969 |language=en}}</ref> They are used as in [[South Indian cuisine]] like [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[chutney]]s and [[Curry|curries]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Colleen Taylor |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Sourish |last3=Saberi |first3=Helen |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine |date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-12864-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ramnad+Mundu+chilli&pg=PA83 |access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is seeded directly and cultivated as a rain-fed crop. The chilli has a thick skin and is tolerant of salinity and drought.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramanathapuram farmers to get drought relief from State govt. soon, says Collector |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/ramanathapuram-farmers-to-get-drought-relief-from-state-govt-soon-says-collector/article67027727.ece#:~:text=Due%20to%20bad%20weather%20and,in%20our%20fields%20was%20worrying.%E2%80%9D |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=30 June 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Declare Ramanathapuram as drought-hit, say farmers; seek ₹20,000 to ₹30,000 as compensation per hectare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/declare-ramanathapuram-as-drought-hit-say-farmers-seek-20000-to-30000-as-compensation-per-hectare/article66414621.ece |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=20 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu's Ramnad Mundu Chillies, Vellore Spiny Brinjal Awarded GI Label {{!}} What It Means |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-nadus-ramnad-mundu-chillies-ramnad-mundu-chillies-awarded-gi-label-what-this-means-7178521.html |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=News18 |date=27 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 22 February 2022 (valid until 15 November 2030).<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/720 |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref>

Ramnad Mundu Chilli Producer Company Limited from Mudhukulathur, proposed the GI registration of Ramnathapuram Mundu chilli. After filing the application in November 2020, the chilli was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Ramnathapuram Mundu chilli" exclusive to the chilies grown in the region. It thus became the first chilli variety from Tamil Nadu and the 45th type of goods from Tamil Nadu to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thanaraj |first1=M. S. |title=Ramnad 'mundu' chilli to spice up the global market |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/29/ramnad-mundu-chilli-to-spice-up-the-global-market |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Edayur chilli]]
* [[Bhiwapur chilli]]
* [[Khola chilli]]
* [[Harmal chilli]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Capsicum Cultivars}}

[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Chillies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]

1997 elections in India

2025-05-11T14:33:46Z

SilviaVanwinkle: Created initial bio first draft - done

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1996 elections in India
| previous_year = 1996
| election_date = 1997
| next_election = 1998 elections in India
| next_year = 1998
}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''Elections in the Republic of India''' in ''1997'' included, the [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], elections to seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]] and the elections to the posts of President and vice president.

==Legislative Assembly elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| rowspan="2" | 7 February 1997
| rowspan="2" |[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-PB.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
===Punjab===
{{Main|1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1997<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1997/StatiscialReport-PU97.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1887 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab}} [[Election Commission of India]]</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of Candidates 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats won 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|align="left"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]||92||75||38,73,099||37.64%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]||22||18||8,57,219||8.33%
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||105||14||27,36,346||26.38%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]||15||2||3,07,023||2.86%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|align="left"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]||67||1||7,69,675||6.37%
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)}}
|align="left"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)|Shiromani Akali Dal (M)]]||30||1||3,19,111||3.10%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]||244||6||11,18,348||10.87%
|-
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''<ref>The total includes votes and contestants of all parties, even those who failed to win any seat.</ref>||'''693'''||'''117'''||''' 1,02,89,814'''||
|-
|}

==Legislative Assembly By-elections==
=== Jammu and Kashmir ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeApril1997/index.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections 1997 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Doda Assembly constituency|Doda]]||66.08%||Khalid Najeeb||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||23,564||74.36%||Ajay Kumar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||7,789||24.58%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|'''15,775'''
|-
|}

==Rajya Sabha==
{{Main|1997 Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}

==President==
{{Main|1997 Indian presidential election}}
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
![[States of India|States]]
!No. of MLA/MPs
!Value of each Vote
![[K. R. Narayanan]] (Votes)
!K. R. Narayanan (Values)
![[T. N. Seshan]] (Votes)
!T. N. Seshan (Values)
!Invalid (Votes)
!Invalid (Values)
|-
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]]
|776
|708
|676
|478,608
|26
|18,408
|32
|22,656
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|294
|148
|254
|37,592
|9
|1,332
|17
|2,516
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|60
|8
|56
|448
|0
|0
|3
|24
|-
|[[Assam]]
|126
|116
|110
|12,760
|5
|580
|1
|116
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|324
|174
|285
|49,590
|8
|1,392
|15
|2,610
|-
|[[Goa]]
|40
|20
|35
|700
|2
|40
|3
|60
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|182
|147
|156
|22,932
|11
|1,617
|7
|1,029
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|90
|112
|77
|8,624
|3
|336
|6
|672
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|68
|51
|63
|3,213
|0
|0
|2
|102
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|87
|72
|74
|5,328
|1
|72
|4
|288
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|224
|131
|191
|25,021
|13
|1,703
|11
|1,441
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|140
|152
|135
|20,520
|0
|0
|2
|304
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|320
|130
|296
|38,480
|9
|1,170
|13
|1,690
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|288
|175
|173
|30,275
|96
|16,800
|1
|175
|-
|[[Manipur]]
|60
|18
|52
|936
|4
|72
|0
|0
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|60
|17
|43
|731
|10
|170
|4
|68
|-
|[[Mizoram]]
|40
|8
|34
|272
|2
|16
|0
|0
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
|60
|9
|55
|495
|2
|18
|0
|0
|-
|[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
|147
|149
|132
|19,668
|0
|0
|9
|1,341
|-
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|117
|116
|106
|12,296
|1
|116
|7
|812
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|200
|129
|174
|22,446
|4
|516
|12
|1,548
|-
|[[Sikkim]]
|32
|7
|31
|217
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|234
|176
|229
|40304
|2
|352
|2
|352
|-
|[[Tripura]]
|60
|26
|59
|1534
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|425
|208
|377
|78,416
|24
|4,992
|7
|1,456
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|294
|151
|272
|41,072
|5
|755
|4
|604
|-
|[[Delhi]]
|70
|58
|58
|3,364
|3
|174
|8
|464
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]]
|30
|16
|28
|448
|0
|0
|1
|16
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''4,848'''
|'''3,232'''
|'''4,231'''
|'''956,290'''
|'''240'''
|'''50,631'''
|'''171'''
|'''22,656'''
|-
|align=left colspan=9|Source: Election Commission of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alfa.nic.in/hm/result.html |title=Presidential Election Results – 1997 |work=[[Internet Archive]] |publisher=[[Indian Parliament]] |accessdate=23 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970804211707/http://alfa.nic.in/hm/result.html |archivedate=4 August 1997 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==Vice president==
{{Main|1997 Indian vice presidential election}}
{{election table|title=Result of the Indian vice-presidential election, 1997<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/President_VP_Elec2012/Vice%20Presidentail%20Election%20Background.pdf |title=Background Material Regarding Fourteenth Election to the Office of the Vice-President, 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Candidate 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Electoral Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|align="left"|[[Krishan Kant]]||align="left"|[[Janata Dal]]||441||61.76
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|align="left"|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]||align="left"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||273||38.24
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"| Total
! style="text-align:right;"|714
! style="text-align:right;"|100.00
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"|Valid Votes||714||93.95
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"|Invalid Votes||46||6.05
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"|Turnout||760||96.20
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"|Abstentions||30||3.80
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"|Electors||790|| style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |title=Election Results - Full Statistical Reports |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1997 elections in India]]
[[Category:1997 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1997 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Chaumuhan tehsil

2025-04-01T01:39:49Z

SilviaVanwinkle: new the info from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chaumuha Tehsil
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Chaumuha Tehsil Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| etymology =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.620170|77.581235|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 184
| population_total = 13,173 <ref>{{cite web|title=Chaumuhan Population Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800788-chaumuhan-uttar-pradesh.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|publisher=census2011|accessdate=1 September 2015}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 281202
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]
| area_code = 05663
| registration_plate = UP85 ''XXXX''
| website = [http://tehsildivas.up.nic.in/tehdiv/default.aspx Tehsil Divas Official Website]
| blank_name_sec1 = Sub-district code
| blank_info_sec1 = 09140002
}}

'''Chaumuha Tehsil''' is a small [[tehsil]] in [[Mathura District]] of Uttar Pradesh. Its headquarters is Chaumuha town.<ref>{{cite news|title=High-tech cook-up for school lunches|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Regional/2015/06/03/Hightech-cookup-for-school-lunches/|accessdate=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=3 injured after roof of a house collapse in UP|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/3-injured-after-roof-of-a-house-collapse-in-up-115080600053_1.html|accessdate=6 August 2015|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref> It belongs to Agra Division. Chaumhha Tehsil is located on National Highway 2 between [[Kosi Kalan]] & [[Mathura]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/AH1,+Chaumuhan,+Uttar+Pradesh+281406/@27.4826498,77.7061812,10.96z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x39736cb8e8a1291f:0x199de95f91638af0|website=www.google.com/maps|publisher=google|accessdate=1 September 2015|ref=map}}</ref> It is 19 km from Mathura.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mathura district]]

{{Mathura-geo-stub}}