Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

V. S. Babu

2026-05-08T14:51:42Z

SidneySorensen: starting initial details basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. S. Babu
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[C. Joseph Vijay]]
| predecessor = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_end1 = 2011
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor1 = [[B. Ranganathan]]
| successor1 = ''Constituency defunct''
| constituency1 = [[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (2026-present)
| other_party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (2006-2011)
| father =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''V. S. Babu''' is an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=V.S. Babu (TVK) Candidate from KOLATHUUR Constituency, V.S. Babu Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/tamil-nadu/candidate-v-s-babu-13532 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency]] in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 election]].

==Career==
He won the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref> On 7 February 2026, he joined [[Tamizhaga Vettri Kazhagam]] and was nominated to contest against former chief minister [[M. K. Stalin]] in the [[Kolathur, Chennai (State Assembly Constituency)|Kolathur constituency]] in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-30 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly election 2026: full list of TVK candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-2026-assembly-elections-tvk-vijay-candidates-full-list/article70799077.ece |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-06 |title=TVK releases list of candidates for Tamil Nadu polls 2026; Vijay to contest from Perambur and Trichy East constituency |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tvk-releases-list-of-candidates-for-tamil-nadu-polls-2026-vijay-to-contest-from-perambur-and-trichy-east-constituency-101775134443597.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-29 |title=Tamil Nadu polls: TVK chief Vijay to contest from 2 seats, Perambur and Trichy East |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-polls-tvk-chief-vijay-to-contest-from-2-seats-perambur-and-trichy-east/articleshow/129876590.cms |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He won in the constituency with 82997 votes (with a winning margin of 8795+).

== Electoral performances ==
===2026:===
{{transcluded section|source=Kolathur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Kolathur Assembly constituency|2026}}}}

===2006:===
{{transcluded section|source=Purasawalkam Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|2006}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

List of Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance members

2026-05-07T18:26:58Z

SidneySorensen: New the info initial version!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
The '''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]''' ('''INDIA'''), is a [[big tent]] [[electoral alliance]] and [[parliamentary group]] of [[Political party|political parties]] in [[India]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]]. It is a coalition of 35 political parties in India that took on the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance]] led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66230072|title=Opposition meeting: 27 Indian parties form alliance to take on PM Modi|work=BBC News|date=18 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/opposition-alliance-named-india-to-hold-third-meeting-in-mumbai/articleshow/101860451.cms|title=Opposition alliance named 'INDIA', 11-member coordination committee to decide on all important issues|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 July 2023}}</ref>

==Member Parties==
The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance comprises a diverse range of political parties from across India. The member parties of the alliance are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-26-opposition-parties-that-have-formed-mega-alliance-for-2024-lok-sabha-election-4217778|title=The 26 Opposition Parties That Have Formed Mega Alliance for 2024 Polls}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" width="60%" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="3" style="width:30px;"|Party
!colspan="2" style="width:30px;"|Leader
!Logo/Flag
!style="width:100px;"|[[Lok Sabha]]
!style="width:100px;"|[[Rajya Sabha]]
![[State legislative assemblies of India|State Assemblies]]
![[State legislative councils of India|State Councils]]
!style="width:170px;"|Base
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''INC'''
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:The Lok Sabha Mallikarjun Kharge (cropped).jpg|90px]]
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|98
|style="text-align:center;"|29
|style="text-align:center;"|682
|style="text-align:center;"|63
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of political parties in India#National parties|National Party]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''SP'''
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|[[File:Akhilesh Yadav (cropped).JPG|center|frameless|123x123px]]
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|[[File:Samajwadi_Party.png|80x80px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|37
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|style="text-align:center;"|110
|style="text-align:center;"|10
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''AITC'''
|[[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[File:Mamata Banerjee Official Potrait.jpg|90px]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag (2).svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|28
|style="text-align:center;"|13
|style="text-align:center;"|230
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|[[West Bengal]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''DMK'''
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|90px]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|[[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|22
|style="text-align:center;"|8
|style="text-align:center;"|140
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; text-align: center;color:white;"|
|'''SHS(UBT)'''
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|90px]]
|[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|[[File:SS(UBT) flag.png|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|9
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|20
|style="text-align:center;"|9
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''NCP–SP'''
|[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]]
|[[File:Sharad Pawar addressing the National Conference on Cooperatives for the celebration of International Year of Cooperatives, 2012, in New Delhi on May 15, 2012 (cropped).jpg|90px]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[File:राष्ट्रवादी काँग्रेस - शरदचंद्र पवार Logo.png|90x90px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|8
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|21
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Maharashtra]], [[Kerala]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''CPI(M)'''
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:MABaby.jpg|90px]]
|[[M. A. Baby]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|80x80px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|style="text-align:center;"|81
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of political parties in India#National parties|National Party]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''RJD'''
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|[[File:Lalu Prasad Yadav addressing the EEC - 2006 (cropped).jpg|90px]]
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|[[File:RJD Flag.svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|style="text-align:center;"|81
|style="text-align:center;"|14
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''JMM'''
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|[[File:Hemant Soren 2024.jpg|90px|centre]]
|[[Hemant Soren]]
|[[File:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha flag.svg|90px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|34
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Jharkhand]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''IUML'''
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|[[File:Shaik Mydeen with K. M. Kader Mohideen (cropped).jpg|90px]]
|[[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]
|[[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|15
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''JKNC'''
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
|[[File:Omar Farooq Abdullah.jpg|90px]]
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|[[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|42
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''CPI'''
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:D. RAJA DSC 0637.resized.JPG|90px]]
|[[D. Raja]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|21
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Manipur]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''KEC(M)'''
|[[Kerala Congress (M)]]
|[[File:Jose K Mani (cropped).jpg|90px]]
|[[Jose K. Mani]]
|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|0
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Kerala]]
|-
|style="background:#d10;text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''VCK'''
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
|[[File:Thol Thirumavalavan.jpg|90px]]
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|[[File:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi banner.png|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''RSP'''
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|
|[[Manoj Bhattacharya]]
|[[File:RSP-flag.svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Kerala]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''MDMK'''
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:Special screeing for Mr. Vaiko (cropped).JPG|90px]]
|[[Vaiko]]
|[[File:MDMK.svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
|'''CPI(ML)L'''
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|
|[[Dipankar Bhattacharya]]
|[[File:CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.png|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|13
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Bihar]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}; text-align: center;color:white;"|
|'''KEC'''
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|[[File:P.J Joseph (cropped).jpg|90px]]
|[[P. J. Joseph]]
|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Kerala]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}};text-align: center;color:white;"|
|'''PWPI'''
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|
|[[Jayant Prabhakar Patil]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}};"|
|'''AIFB'''
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|
|G. Devarajan
|
|style="text-align: center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align: center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align: center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align: center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align: center;"|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Manithaneya Makkal Katchi}};"|
|'''MMK'''
|[[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]]
|
|[[M. H. Jawahirullah]]
|[[File:Manithaneya Makkal Katchi flag.jpg|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi}};text-align:center;color:black;"|
|'''KMDK'''
|[[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi]]
|[[File:E R Eswaran.png|80px]]
|[[E. R. Eswaran]]
|[[File:Kmdkflag.gif|75px|centre]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|{{Party colour cell|Anchalik Gana Morcha}}
|'''AGM'''
|[[Anchalik Gana Morcha]]
|
|[[Ajit Kumar Bhuyan]]
|
|0
|1
|1
|
|[[Assam]]
|-
|{{Party colour cell|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
|'''BAP'''
|[[Bharat Adivasi Party]]
|
|Rajkumar Roat
|
|1
|0
|5
|0
|Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat
|-
!{{Party colour cell|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}
|'''MNM'''
|[[Makkal Needhi Maiam]]
|[[File:Kamal Haasan at Promotions of 'Vishwaroop' with Videocon (03).jpg|75px]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|[[File:Makkal Needhi Maiam Party Logo.png|75px]]
|{{dash}}
| 1
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
!{{Party colour cell|Goa Forward Party}}
|'''GFP'''
|[[Goa Forward Party]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75x75px]]
|[[Vijai Sardesai]]
|[[File:Goa Forward Party Flag.jpg|75x75px]]
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|{{dash}}
|[[Goa]]
|-
!{{Party colour cell|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
|'''RLP'''
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
|
|[[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|
|1
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|{{Party colour cell|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|'''VPP'''
|[[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)]]
|
|Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit
|
|1
|0
|4
|0
|Meghalaya
|-
|
|'''Independent'''
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|

|•Vishal Patil
•Haneefa Jan•Pappu Yadav•Kapil Sibbal
|
|3
|1
|0
|0
|All India
|-

|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}};text-align:center;color:white;"|
!colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]'''
![[File:The Lok Sabha Mallikarjun Kharge (cropped).jpg|90px]](Chairperson)
!style="text-align:center;"|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
!style="text-align:center;"|
!style="text-align:center;"|234
!style="text-align:center;"|'''77'''
!style="text-align:center;"|'''1672'''
!style="text-align:center;"|102
!style="text-align:center;"|INDIA
|}
Desiya Moorpokku Dravida Munnetra kazhakam( DMDK) led By Premalatha Vijayakanth Joined INDIA Alliance on 2026

==Former members==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="3" style="width:30px;"|Party
!style="width:80px;"|Base State
!style="width:60px;"|Year of withdrawal
!Reference(s)
|-
|{{party color cell|Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)}}
|'''AD(K)'''
|[[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2024
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2024-03-21|title=No alliance with Apna Dal (Kamerawadi) for Lok Sabha polls: Akhilesh|url=https://theprint.in/india/no-alliance-with-apna-dal-kamerawadi-for-lok-sabha-polls-akhilesh/2010782/|access-date=2024-03-27|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|'''RLD'''
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2024
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayant Chaudhary's Rashtriya Lok Dal Formally Joins BJP-Led NDA Alliance|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayant-chaudharys-rashtriya-lok-dal-formally-joins-bjp-led-nda-alliance-5164381|access-date=2024-03-03|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RLD joins ruling NDA alliance, leaves I.N.D.I Alliance|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=RLD-joins-ruling-NDA-alliance,-leaves-I.N.D.I-Alliance&id=477127|access-date=2024-03-03|website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|'''JD(U)'''
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[Bihar]]
|2024
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=2024-01-28|title=Why Nitish Kumar left INDIA bloc to rejoin BJP-led NDA|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/why-nitish-kumar-left-india-bloc-to-join-bjp-led-nda-bihar-politics-jdu-rjd-alliance-11706435699140.html|access-date=2024-01-29|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-28|title=Bihar politics: Why did Nitish Kumar leave NDA and form government with RJD in 2022?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-politics-why-did-nitish-kumar-leave-nda-and-form-government-with-rjd-in-2022-101706411877404.html|access-date=2024-01-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{party color cell|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|'''HAM(S)'''
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
|[[Bihar]]
|2023
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-06-22|title=Jitan Ram Manjhi announces Hindustani Awam Morcha's return to NDA-fold|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jitan-ram-manjhi-announces-hindustani-awam-morchas-return-to-nda-fold/articleshow/101169561.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2024-08-03|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|'''AAP'''
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|National Party
|2025
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aap-disengages-from-india-bloc-says-alliance-was-only-for-2024-ls-polls/articleshow/121605557.cms|title=AAP disengages from INDIA bloc, says alliance was only for 2024 LS polls|publisher=|date=18 July 2025|access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian political parties}}
{{Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Lists of political parties in India|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|*]]

Balti language

2026-05-06T22:54:56Z

SidneySorensen: Adding a stub

{{Short description|Tibetic language of Baltistan, Pakistan}}
{{Distinguish|text = the [[Baltic languages]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Balti
| nativename = {{nq|بلتی}} {{bo-textonly|སྦལ་འཐུས་}}
| states = [[Pakistan]], [[India]]
| region = [[Baltistan]], [[Ladakh]]
| ethnicity = [[Balti people|Balti]]
| speakers = 425,000 in Pakistan (2018) Total users in all countries: 438,800
| date = 2018
| ref = e24
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
| fam5 = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
| fam6 = [[Ladakhi–Balti languages|Ladakhi–Balti]]
| script = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Perso-Arabic script]] {{small|(current)}}
|[[Tibetan script]] {{small|(current)}}
|Balti {{small|(Historical)}}}}
| iso3 = bft
| glotto = balt1258
| glottorefname = Balti
| image = File:Balti language.png
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| map = Balti language speaking areas.png
| mapcaption = Balti language speaking areas
| mapscale = 1.2
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES-_Rizwan_speaking_Balti.webm|thumb|This is a video example of Balti being spoken by Rizwan, a speaker of Balti]]

'''Balti''' ([[Perso-Arabic script]]: {{nq|بلتی}}, [[Tibetan script]]: སྦལ་ཏི།, {{bo|w=sbal ti}}) is a [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic language]] natively spoken by the ethnic [[Balti people]] in the [[Baltistan]] region of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nubra|Nubra Valley]] of the [[Leh district]] and the [[Kargil district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref name="General">{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961: Jammu and Kashmir|year=1961|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|language=en|page=357}}</ref> The language differs from [[Lhasa Tibetan|Standard Tibetan]]; many sounds of [[Old Tibetan]] that were lost in Standard Tibetan are retained in the Balti language. It also has a simple [[Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]] system only in multi-syllabic words<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sprigg|first1=R. K.|title=Lepcha and Balti Tibetan: Tonal or Non-Tonal Languages?|journal=Asia Major|date=1966|volume=12|pages=185–201}}</ref> while Standard Tibetan has a complex and distinct pitch system that includes [[tone contour]]. Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian languages, Balti, like other regional languages of Pakistan, is continuously expanding its vocabulary base with [[Loanword|loanwords]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shams | first=Shammim Ara | title=The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina | journal=Pakistan Social Sciences Review | volume=4 | issue=III |year=2020| doi=10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79 | pages=1092–1106| doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Demographics and distribution==
Balti is spoken in Baltistan in Pakistan and Kargil and Nubra, Ladakh in India. According to the [[Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts]], the language is mostly spoken in the [[Skardu]], [[Shigar]], [[Ghanche District|Ghanche]], [[Roundu District|Roundu]], and [[Kharmang Valley|Kharmang]] regions of Gilgit-Baltistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk/TOGeography%20.html|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk|title=Archived copy|archive-date=2020-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105131007/http://www.gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk/TOGeography%20.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the twin districts of Ladakh region (Kargil and Leh), it is spoken in [[Kargil|Kargil city]] and its surrounding villages like [[Hardas]], Lato, Karkitchhoo, and Balti Bazar, as well as in [[Turtuk]], [[Bogdang]], and [[Takshi|Tyakshi]], including [[Leh|Leh city]] and nearby villages. Balti is also spoken by immigrants in [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Islamabad]], [[Quetta]], and other cities of Pakistan. In India, it is found in [[Dehradun]], [[Nainital]], Ambari, Shimla, [[Vikasnagar]], and other northern cities among speakers who migrated from Baltistan, Kargil, and Nubra before the partition of India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Curious Case Of The Baltis Of Dehradun|date=4 June 2018 |url=https://travelthehimalayas.com/kiki/the-curious-case-of-the-baltis-of-dehradun|access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>

==Classification and dialects==
Historically, [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] in Leh have referred to all [[Islam|Muslims]] in Ladakh as Balti.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The Balti language has four variants or dialects. Despite differences in phonology and vocabulary, they are [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]]. For example, ''to keep'' is ''yuq'' in other varieties, but ''juq'' in the southern dialect of Kharmang and Kargil. Similarly, ''milk'' is ''oma'' in the eastern Chorbat-Nubra, the central Khaplu, and the southern Kharmang-Kargil varieties, but ''ona'' in the western dialect of Skardu, Shigar, and Rondu valley. The four variants or dialects of Balti are:<ref>{{cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=Balti: Protecting the language |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/balti-protecting-the-language/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |title=Politicisation of Balti Language in Kargil - Skardu.pk |url=https://skardu.pk/politicisation-of-balti-language-in-kargil/ |accessdate=25 February 2024}}</ref>

# Eastern dialect of Chorbat and Nubra valley
# Central dialect of Khaplu valley
# Western dialect of Skardu, Shigar and Rondu.
# Southern dialect of Upper Kharmang and Kargil
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! English !! Eastern Nubra/Chorbat dialect!! Central Khaplu dialect !! Western Skardu dialect !! Southern Kharmang dialect
|-
| Milk|| Oma|| Oma|| Ona || Oma
|-
| Keep || Yuq || Yuq || Yuq || Juq
|-
| Girl|| Bono|| Bono || Bono|| Bomo
|-
|You
|yan
|yan
|yang
|yan
|-
| Mountain|| Braq|| Braq || Blaq|| Braq
|}

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|{{IPAlink|q}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɢ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|
|{{IPAlink|t͡s}}
|
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|
|{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃʰ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|{{IPAlink|d͡z}}
|
|{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|({{IPAlink|ʂ}})
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|χ}}
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|{{IPAlink|z}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ʒ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ʁ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|({{IPAlink|ɽ}})
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!plain
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|({{IPAlink|ɭ}})
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|murmured]]
|
|({{IPAlink|lʱ}})
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|
|}

*Allophones of {{IPA|/l/}} include {{IPA|[lʱ]}}, {{IPA|[ɭ]}} and {{IPA|[ɫ̥]}}.
*{{IPA|/ɖ/}} can be realized as a flap {{IPA|[ɽ]}}.
*{{IPA|/s/}} can also be retroflex {{IPA|[ʂ]}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=D. D.|title=Balti|publisher=New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications|year=2004|location=Tribal Languages of Ladakh Part III: A descriptive Grammar of Purki and Balti|pages=141–243}}</ref>

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}
|
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|ə}}
|{{IPAlink|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɑ}}
|}

* {{IPA|/ɑ/}} varies between an open back {{IPAblink|ɑ}}, an open-mid back {{IPAblink|ʌ}}, and an open central {{IPAblink|ä}}.<ref name=":0" />
* The mid {{IPA|/e, o/}} can be as low as open-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɛ}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ}}]}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rangan|first=K.|title=Balti Phonetic Reader|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1975}}</ref>

==Orthographies==
The predominant writing system currently in use for Balti is the [[Perso-Arabic script]], although there have been attempts to revive the [[Tibetan script]], which was used between the 8th and the 16th centuries.{{sfn|Bashir|2016|pp=808–09}} Additionally, there are two, nowadays possibly extinct, indigenous writing systems{{sfn|Pandey|2010}} and there have been proposals for the adoption of [[Latin script]]-{{sfn|Bashir|2016|p=808}} as well as [[Devanagari]]-based orthographies{{sfn|Pandey|2010|p=1}} that were adjusted for writing Balti by the Central Institute of Indian Languages in the 1970s.<ref name="omniglot"/>

In 1985, [[Yusuf Hussain Abadi]] added four new letters to the Tibetan script and seven new letters to the Perso-Arabic script to adapt both of them to the needs of the Balti language. Two of the four added letters now stand included in the Tibetan Unicode block. Since then there has been books and documents, including the Balti translation of the [[Qur'an]] using the perso-arabic script of Balti.<ref name="Balti_Quran">Yusuf Hussain Abadi (1st edition Nov 1995, 2nd edition Nov 2011); ''Quran - Balti Translation'' [https://archive.org/details/quran-balti/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/quran-balti/mode/1up]</ref><ref name="balti_unicode">Lateef Sagar Shaikh (28 May 2019) Proposal to include Balti alphabet ARABIC LETTER GRAF [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19252-balti-graf.pdf]</ref><ref name="balti-primer">Balti Primer (بلتی قاعدہ)(2004). Muhammad Yusuf Hussain Abadi, Raja Muhammad Ali Shah Saba, Muhammad Qasim Nasim, Muhammad Hasan Hasrat. [https://archive.org/details/balti-qaida https://archive.org/details/balti-qaida]</ref>

Balti was written with a version of the Tibetan script from 727 AD, when Baltistan was conquered by Tibetans, until the last quarter of the 14th century, when the Baltis converted to Islam.<ref name="omniglot">{{cite web|first=Michael Peter|last=Füstumum|title=Balti|website=Omniglot: The online encyclopedia of writing systems and languages|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/balti.htm|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref> Subsequently, the Perso-Arabic script replaced the Tibetan script, but the former had no letters for seven Balti sounds and was in vogue despite being defective. Adding the seven new letters has now made it a complete script for Balti.

Recently, a number of Balti scholars and social activists have attempted to promote the use of the Tibetan Balti or "Yige" alphabet ({{nq|اِگے}})<ref name="omniglot"/> with the aim of helping to preserve indigenous Balti and Ladakhi culture and ethnic identity. Following a request from this community, the September 2006 Tokyo meeting of ISO/IEC 10646 WG2 agreed to encode two characters invented by Abadi (U+0F6B TIBETAN LETTER KKA and TIBETAN U+0F6C LETTER RRA) in the [[Universal Coded Character Set|ISO 10646]] and [[Unicode]] standards in order to support rendering [[Urdu]] loanwords present in modern Balti using the Yige alphabet.

===Perso-Arabic alphabet===

Below table presents Balti language Perso-Arabic letters.<ref name="balti-primer"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Balti-Tibetan (Yige) Eq.
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཨ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} || {{bo-textonly|བ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} || {{bo-textonly|པ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཏ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཊ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} || {{bo-textonly|ས}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཇ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڃ}}}} || ž || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཞ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཅ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڇ}}}} || kr/č̣ || {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཀྲ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཧ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཁ༹}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} || {{bo-textonly|ད}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڈ}}}} || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཌ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཟ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ར}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཬ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཟ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڗ}}}} || đ/dz || {{IPA|/d͡z/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཛ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ژ}}}} || c/ts || {{IPA|/t͡s/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཙ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} || {{bo-textonly|ས}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཤ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ݜ}}}} || ṣ || {{IPA|/ʂ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཥ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} || {{bo-textonly|ས}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཟ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཏ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཟ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཨ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ག༹}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཕ༹}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ق}}}} || q || {{IPA|/q/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཫ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཀ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ག}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڱ}}}}(1) || gr/ǩ/ṡ || {{IPA|/ɕ/}} || {{bo-textonly|གྲ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) || {{bo-textonly|ལ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} || {{bo-textonly|མ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} || {{bo-textonly|ན}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ݨ}}}} || ŋ/ng || {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ང, ན}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ݩ}}}} || ň/ny || {{IPA|/ɲ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཉ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཝ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཧ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ھ}}}} || _h || {{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}, {{IPA|/◌ʱ/}} ||
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ی}}}} || y, i || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཡ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ے}}}} || e/ay || {{IPA|/e/}} ||
|}
:Note
* The actual letter itself doesn't yet exist in Unicode. This letter is an approximation. The correct letter is the letter «گ» with a hook attached to the top of the upper stroke.<ref name="balti_unicode"/>

Table below presents the aspirates, where they're written as digraphs, same is Urdu orthography, using the letter «{{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ھ}}}}». Note that other aspirate digraphs not shown in the table below are to be expected as well, when present in loanwords of Urdu origin.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Balti-Tibetan (Yige) Eq.
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|پھ}}}} || ph || {{IPA|/pʰ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཕ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|تھ}}}} || th || {{IPA|/tʰ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཐ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ٹھ}}}} || th || {{IPA|/ʈʰ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཋ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|چھ}}}} || čh || {{IPA|/tʃʰ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཆ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڇھ}}}} || khr || {{IPA|/ʈʂʰ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཁྲ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ژھ}}}} || ch || {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཚ}}
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|کھ}}}} || kh || {{IPA|/kʰ/}} || {{bo-textonly|ཁ}}
|}

Below table shows the vowels in Balti, the representation of which would be similar to Urdu. Diacritics are usually dropped in regular writing, but can be written in order to clarify pronunciation and remove potential ambiguities.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="8" | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[ISO 15919]]
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! colspan="3" |Balti-Arabic
|-
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
| a
| <big>[{{IPA link|ə}}]</big>
|{{nq|ـہ}}
|{{nq|ـ◌َـ}}
|{{nq|اَ}}
|-
| ā
| <big>[{{IPA link|äː|aː}}]</big>
| colspan="2" |{{nq|ـا}}
|{{nq|آ}}
|-
| i
| <big>[{{IPA link|ɪ}}]</big>
| rowspan="2" |{{nq|◌ِی}}
|{{nq|ـ◌ِـ}}||{{nq|اِ}}
|-
| ī
| <big>[{{IPA link|iː}}]</big>
|{{nq|◌ِـیـ}}||{{nq|اِیـ}}
|-
| u
| <big>[{{IPA link|ʊ}}]</big>
|{{nq|◌ُو}}
|{{nq|ـ◌ُـ}}||{{nq|اُ}}
|-
| ū
| <big>[{{IPA link|uː}}]</big>
| colspan="2" |{{nq|◌ُو}}
| {{nq|اُو}}
|-
| ē
| <big>[{{IPA link|eː}}]</big>
|{{nq|ے}}
|{{nq|ـیٰـ}}||{{nq|ایٰـ}}
|-
| ai
| <big>[aːɪ~ɛː]</big>
|{{nq|◌َـے}}
|{{nq|◌َـیـ}}||{{nq|اَیـ}}
|-
| ō
| <big>[{{IPA link|oː}}]</big>
| colspan="2" |{{nq|◌وٗ}}||{{nq|اوٗ}}
|-
| au
| <big>[aːʊ~ɔː]</big>
| colspan="2" |{{nq|◌َـو}}||{{nq|اَو}}
|}

===Balti-Tibetan (Yige) Alphabet ===

Red Tibetan letters indicate uniquely created letters for sounds in Balti (mostly from Urdu, Persian, Arabic, or English loanwords), and red Arabic letters indicates letters whose pronunciation is merged with other Arabic letters and their only usage is for loanwords of Arabic origin.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:75%"
|-align=center style="font-size:small"
!
!style="background:beige;" colspan=2 | Unaspirated ''high''
!style="background:#d6f5d6;" colspan=2 | [[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]] ''medium''
!style="background:#ffcce6;" colspan=2 | [[Voiced]] ''low''
!style="background:#99bbff;" colspan=2 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] ''low''
|-align=center style="font-size:small"
!
! Letter
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] Arabic eq.
! Letter
! IPA Arabic eq.
! Letter
! IPA Arabic eq.
! Letter
! IPA Arabic eq.
|-align=center
|rowspan=2| '''''[[Guttural]]'''''
|style="background:beige; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2 | {{bo-textonly|ཀ}}
| {{IPA|/ka/}}
|style="background:#d6f5d6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2 | {{bo-textonly|ཁ}}
| {{IPA|/kʰa/}}
|style="background:#ffcce6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2 | {{bo-textonly|ག}}
| {{IPA|/ɡa/}}
|style="background:#99bbff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2 | {{bo-textonly|ང}}
| {{IPA|/ŋa/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ک}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|کھ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|گ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ݨ، نگ}}}}
|-align=center
| rowspan=2| '''''[[Palatal]]'''''
|style="background:beige; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཅ}}
| {{IPA|/tʃa/}}
|style="background:#d6f5d6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཆ}}
| {{IPA|/tʃʰa/}}
|style="background:#ffcce6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཇ}}
| {{IPA|/dʒa/}}
|style="background:#99bbff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཉ}}
| {{IPA|/ɲa/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|چ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|چھ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ج}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ݩ}}}}
|-align=center
| rowspan="4" | '''''[[Dental consonant|Dental]]'''''
|style="background:beige; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཏ}}
| {{IPA|/ta/}}
|style="background:#d6f5d6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཐ}}
| {{IPA|/tʰa/}}
|style="background:#ffcce6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ད}}
| {{IPA|/da/}}
|style="background:#99bbff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ན}}
| {{IPA|/na/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ت، {{font color|red||ط}}}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|تھ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|د}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ن}}}}
|- align="center"
| style="background:beige; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2|{{bo-textonly|ཙ}}
|{{IPA|/tsa/}}
| style="background:#d6f5d6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2|{{bo-textonly|ཚ}}
|{{IPA|/tsʰa/}}
| style="background:#ffcce6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2|{{bo-textonly|ཛ}}
|{{IPA|/dza/}}
| style="background:#EEEFE4; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2|{{bo-textonly|ཝ}}
|{{IPA|/wa/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ژ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ژھ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڗ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|و}}}}
|-align=center
| rowspan=2| '''''[[Retroflex]]'''''
|style="background:beige; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{font color|red||{{bo-textonly|ཊ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ʈa/}}
|style="background:#d6f5d6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{font color|red||{{bo-textonly|ཋ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ʈʰa/}}
|style="background:#ffcce6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{font color|red||{{bo-textonly|ཌ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ɖa/}}
|style="background:#99bbff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ན}}
| {{IPA|/ɳa/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ٹ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ٹھ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڈ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ݨ}}}}
|-align=center
| rowspan=2| '''''[[Labial consonant|Labial]]'''''
|style="background:beige; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|པ}}
| {{IPA|/pa/}}
|style="background:#d6f5d6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཕ}}
| {{IPA|/pʰa/}}
|style="background:#ffcce6; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|བ}}
| {{IPA|/ba/}}
|style="background:#99bbff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|མ}}
| {{IPA|/ma/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|پ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|پھ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ب}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|م}}}}
|-align=center
|style="background:#d9b3ff;" rowspan=2 | '''''low'''''
|style="background:#d9b3ff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཞ}}
| {{IPA|/ʒa/}}
|style="background:#d9b3ff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཟ}}
| {{IPA|/za/}}
|style="background:#d9b3ff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|འ}}
| {{IPA|/a/}} {{angle bracket|ʼa}}
|style="background:#d9b3ff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཡ}}
| {{IPA|/ja/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڃ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|{{font color|red||ذ}}، ز، {{font color|red||ض}}، {{font color|red||ظ}}}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ا}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ی}}}}
|-align=center
|style="background:#b3ffff;" rowspan=2 | '''''medium'''''
|style="background:#b3ffff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ར}}
| {{IPA|/ra/}}
|style="background:#b3ffff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ལ}}
| {{IPA|/la/}}
|style="background:#b3ffff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཤ}}
| {{IPA|/ʃa/}}
|style="background:#b3ffff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ས}}
| {{IPA|/sa/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ر}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ل}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ش}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|{{font color|red||ث}}، س، {{font color|red||ص}}}}}}
|-align=center
|style="background:#b3ffff;" rowspan=2 | '''''medium Retroflex'''''
|style="background:#b3ffff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{font color|red||{{bo-textonly|ཬ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ɽa/}}
| rowspan=2 colspan=2|
| colspan=2 rowspan=2|
|style="background:#b3ffff; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{font color|red||{{bo-textonly|ཥ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ʂa/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڑ}}}}

| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ݜ}}}}
|-align=center
|style="background:#ffffcc;" rowspan=4 | '''''others'''''
|style="background:#ffffcc; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{font color|red||{{bo-textonly|ཫ}}}}
| {{IPA|/qa/}}
|style="background:#ffffcc; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{font color|red||{{bo-textonly|ཁ༹}}}}
| {{IPA|/χa/}}
|style="background:#ffffcc; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{font color|red||{{bo-textonly|ཕ༹}}}}
| {{IPA|/fa/}}
|style="background:#ffffcc; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཧ}}
| {{IPA|/ha/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ق}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|خ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ف}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|{{font color|red||ح}}، ہ}}}}
|-align=center
|style="background:#ffffcc; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{font color|red||{{bo-textonly|ག༹}}}}
| {{IPA|/ʁa/}}
|style="background:#ffffcc; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2| {{bo-textonly|ཨ}}
| {{IPA|/a/}} {{angle bracket|ꞏa}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|غ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ا}}}}
|}

Below table shows specific commonly used digraphs, ones that have correspondence and distinction in Balti phonology and Perso-Arabic script.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:75%"
|-align=center style="font-size:small"
! Letter
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Letter
! IPA Arabic eq.
! Letter
! IPA Arabic eq.
|-align=center
|style="background:beige; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2 | {{bo-textonly|ཀྲ}}
| {{IPA|/ʈʂa/}}
|style="background:beige; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2 | {{bo-textonly|ཁྲ}}
| {{IPA|/ʈʂʰa/}}
|style="background:beige; font-size:24px;" rowspan=2 | {{bo-textonly|གྲ}}
| {{IPA|/ɕa/}}
|-align=center
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڇ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڇھ}}}}
| {{lang|bft|{{Uninastaliq|ڱ}}}}
|}

In Balti-Tibetan (Yige) script, each letter has an inherent [a] vowel. Other vowels are indicated as per the table below.

{| class="wikitable letters-pink letters-hi"
|+ Vowel diacritics and examples with {{bo-textonly|ཀ}}.
|-
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=a|ipa=[[Mid central vowel|[ə]]]|ch=ཨ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ā|ipa=[[open central unrounded vowel|[ɑː]]]|ch=ཨཱ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=i|ipa=[[Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|[ɪ]]]|ch=ཨི}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ī|ipa=[[close front unrounded vowel|[iː]]]|ch=ཨཱི}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=u|ipa=[[Near-close near-back rounded vowel|[ʊ]]]|ch=ཨུ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ū|ipa=[[close back rounded vowel|[uː]]]|ch=ཨཱུ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ē|ipa=[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|[eː]]]|ch=ཨེ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ai|ipa=[aːɪ~ɛː]|ch=ཨཻ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ō|ipa=[[Close-mid back rounded vowel|[oː]]]|ch=ཨོ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=au|ipa=[aːʊ~ɔː]|ch=ཨཽ}}
|-
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=a|ipa=[ə]|ch=◌}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ā|ipa=[ɑː]|ch=◌ཱ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=i|ipa=[ɪ]|ch=◌ི}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ī|ipa=[iː]|ch=◌ཱི}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=u|ipa=[ʊ]|ch=◌ུ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ū|ipa=[uː]|ch=◌ཱུ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ē|ipa=[eː]|ch=◌ེ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ai|ipa=[aːɪ~ɛː]|ch=◌ཻ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ō|ipa=[oː]|ch=◌ོ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=au|ipa=[aːʊ~ɔː]|ch=◌ཽ}}
|-
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ka|ipa=[kə]|ch=ཀ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=kā|ipa=[kɑː]|ch=ཀཱ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ki|ipa=[kɪ]|ch=ཀི}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=kī|ipa=[kiː]|ch=ཀཱི}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=ku|ipa=[kʊ]|ch=ཀུ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=kū|ipa=[kuː]|ch=ཀཱུ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=kē|ipa=[keː]|ch=ཀེ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=kai|ipa=[kaːɪ~kɛː]|ch=ཀཻ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=kō|ipa=[koː]|ch=ཀོ}}
| {{letter|l=bft|s=Balti|iso=kau|ipa=[kaːʊ~kɔː]|ch=ཀཽ}}
|}

==Evolution==
Since Pakistan gained control of the region in 1948, Urdu words have been introduced into local dialects and languages, including Balti. In modern times, Balti has no native names or vocabulary for dozens of newly invented and introduced things; instead, Urdu and English words are being used in Balti.

Balti has retained many honorific words that are characteristic of Tibetan dialects and many other languages.

Below are a few examples:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Ordinary Balti
!Text Writing!! Honorific !! Ladakhi !!Meaning
|-
|Ata
|اتا|| Bawa/buwa/Baba || Aba || Father
|-
|kho
|کھو|| kho || kho || he
|-
|gashay
|گشے|| liakhmo || liakhmo || Beautiful
|-
|paynay
|پینے|| khumul || paynay || Money
|-
|bila
|بلا|| Bila || bila || Cat
|-
|su
|سُو|| su || su || Who
|-
|Ano/Amo
|انو/امو|| Zizi || Ama || Mother
|-
|Kaka
|ککا|| Kacho || Acho || Brother (elder)
|-
|Bustring
|بُسترنگ|| Zung || Nama || Woman / Wife
|-
|Momo
|مومو|| Jangmocho || Ajang || Maternal uncle
|-
|Nene
|نےنے|| Nenecho || Anay || Aunt
|-
|Bu
|بُو|| Bucho || butsha || Son
|-
|Fru
|فُرو|| Nono || thugu || Boy
|-
|Apo
|اپو|| Apocho || Meme || Grandfather
|-
|Api
|اپی|| Apicho || Abi || Grandmother
|-
|Ashe
|اشے|| Ashcho || achay || Sister (elder)
|-
|Zo
|زو|| bjes || Zo || Eat
|-
|Thung
|تُھونگ|| bjes || Thung || Drink
|-
|Ong
|اونگ|| Shokhs || Yong || Come
|-
|Song
|سونگ|| Shokhs || Song || Go
|-
|Zair
|زیر|| Kasal-byung || Zer || Speak/Say
|-
|Ngid tong
|ݨِت تونگ|| ghzim tong || Ngid tong || Sleep (go to)
|-
|Lagpa
|لقپا|| Phyaq-laq/g || Lagpa || Hand/Arm
|-
|Khyang
|کھیانگ|| Yang/Yari-phyaqpo || Khyorang || You
|-
|Kangma
|کنگما|| gzok-po || kangba
|| Leg
|}

==Literature==
Some epics and sagas appear in oral literature, such as the ''[[Epic of King Gesar]]'' and the stories of ''rgya lu cho lo bzang'' and ''rgya lu sras bu''. All other literature is in verse. Balti literature has adopted numerous [[Persian language|Persian]] styles of verse and vocables.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bano |first1=Nuzhat |last2=Mir |first2=Abdul Rehman |last3=Issa |first3=Muhammad |date=2024-01-04 |title=The Extinction of Words from Use: A Critical Aspect of Balti Language Endangerment |url=https://ojs.ahss.org.pk/journal/article/view/467 |journal=Annals of Human and Social Sciences |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=182–195 |doi=10.35484/ahss.2024(5-I)17 |issn=2790-6809|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Nearly all the languages and dialects of the mountain region in the north of Pakistan, such as [[Pashto]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]] and Shina, are [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] or [[Iranian languages|Iranic languages]], but Balti is one of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. As such, it has little in common with neighboring languages except some loanwords absorbed as a result of linguistic contact. Balti and [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] are closely related.

The major issue facing Balti literature is its centuries-long isolation from [[Tibet]] and even from its immediate neighbor, Ladakh, due to political divisions and strong religious differences. Separated from its linguistic kin, Balti is under pressure from more dominant languages such as Urdu. This is compounded by the lack of a suitable means of transcription following the abandonment of its original Tibetan script. In recent couple of decades, Balti academics in Pakistan and Balti clerical scholars in Pakistan and [[Iran]] (as [[Balti people]] are Shia Muslim and thus cultrually connected with Iran's religious centers) have been working towards standardizing and unifying the Perso-Arabic script (on basis of Urdu orthography, but with additional letters); whereas other Balti academics have attempted (albeit with less popularity) to revive the Tibetan script (but with additional letters for loanwords of Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and English origin). Despite such attempts, the homogenizing pressure of Urdu on Pakistan's minority languages makes the spread of Balti literacy quite a difficult task.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brandt |first=Carmen |date=2021 |title=Writing Balti(ness): The Challenge of Nation-Building in a Geopolitically Contested Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48634115 |journal=Asian Ethnology |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=287–318 |issn=1882-6865}}</ref>

Example of poetry:{{blockquote|{{center|
:Youq fangsay thalang paqzi na mandoq na mabour na
:Na drolbi laming yani si soq fangse chi thobtook
:Nasir Karimi}}}}

==Sample Text==
=== Al-Fatiha (الفَاتِحَةِ) ===

Below is the first sura (chapter) of the Quran, [[Al-Fatiha]], its original Arabic text, English translation, as well as the Balti translation, as published (un-edited) in 2011 by [[Yusuf Hussain Abadi]].<ref name="Balti_Quran"/>

{|class="wikitable"
! English translation !! Balti (Arabic script) !! Surah Al-Fatihah (Source) (1:1-7)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|<poem>1. In the name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful!
2. [All] praise is [due] to Allāh, Lord of the worlds,
3. The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful,
4. Sovereign of the Day of Recompense!
5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help!
6. Guide us to the straight path,
7. The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have earned [Your] anger or of those who are astray.</poem>
|dir="rtl"|<poem>{{lang|bft-Arab|١-{{Uninastaliq|تھومید مہربان لیگی رحم چن خدائی میݩی کھہ۔}}
٢-{{Uninastaliq|ستود کھہ چوق خدا لہ بیورمو اِن، میول کنی اشی پا اِنمی۔}}
٣-{{Uninastaliq|تھومید مہربان لیگی رحم چن اِنمی۔}}
۴-{{Uninastaliq|زدئے مِنمی ڃغي رگو اِنمی۔}}
۵-{{Uninastaliq|یاݩ ژالہ ݩیاسی بلَن چھَوبید، یَݩ یاݩ ژے شیدانہ ݩیاسی روخ ژلید۔}}
۶-{{Uninastaliq|یاݩی سی ݩیا تراݩمو لم پوئے کھہ یوق۔}}
۷-{{Uninastaliq|دے خَپو فوقپہ سَوݩ کھَن مين می، ھنہ لم ستور لہ سَوݩ کھَن مين می، یاݩی سی نعمت شیزدے بیاسفی دے مژھوݩی لم پوئے کھہ یہ۔}}}}</poem>
|dir="rtl"|<poem>{{lang|ar|١-بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
٢-الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
٣-الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
٤-مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ
٥-إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ
٦-اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ،
۷-صِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ}}</poem>
|}

==See also==
* [[Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat]]
* [[Sart]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bashir|first=Elena L.|author-link=Elena Bashir|date=2016|chapter=Perso-Arabic adaptions for South Asian languages|editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|title=The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide|series=World of Linguistics|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-042715-8|pages=803–9}}
*{{Cite report|last = Pandey|first = Anshuman|date = 2010|title = Introducing Another Script for Writing Balti|url = https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10231-n3842-balti.pdf}}
*{{Cite book|last=Rangan|first=K|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0105|title=Balti Phonetic Reader|publisher=Central institute of Indian languages|year=1975}}
* Muhammad Yousuf Hussainabadi, 'Baltistan per aik Nazar'. 1984.
* Hussainabadi, Mohamad Yusuf. ''Balti Zaban''. 1990.
* Muhammad Hassan Hasrat, 'Tareekh-e-Adbiat;.
* Muhammad Hassan Hasrat, Baltistan Tehzeebo Saqafat.
* Muhammad Yousuf Hussainabadi, 'Tareekh-e-Baltistan'. 2003.
* Engineer Wazir Qalbi Ali, 'Qadam Qadam Baltistan'. 2006.
* "A Short Sketch of Balti English Grammar" by [[Ghulam Hassan Lobsang]], 1995.
* Everson, Michael. [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2985.pdf ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2985: Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805153934/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2985.pdf |date=5 August 2019 }}. 2005-09-05
* Read, A.F.C. ''Balti grammar''.London:The Royal Asiatic society, 1934.
* Sprigg, Richard Keith. ''Balti-English English-Balti dictionary''. Richmond: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.
* Backstrom, Peter C. ''Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2)'', 1992. 417 pp. {{ISBN|969-8023-12-7}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code=bft}}
* [https://archive.org/details/quran-balti/mode/1up Quran and its Balti Translation (using the Perso-Arabic orthography)]
* [https://archive.org/details/balti-qaida Balti Primer (بلتی قاعدہ) in Perso-Arabic script]
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637334822821710017Balti%20book%20IV.pdf Balti Language Textbook for Class4]
* [https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr3-2 Unicode]
* [http://koshur.org/Linguistic/7.html Koshur: The Balti Language]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818220124/http://www.tibet.com/NewsRoom/tibetan%20script.htm Tibetan script makes a comeback in Pakistan]
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2985.pdf Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805153934/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2985.pdf |date=5 August 2019 }}
* [[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew West]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20101017105911/http://babelstone.blogspot.com/2006/08/tibetan-extensions-2-balti.html Tibetan Extensions 2 : Balti]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1491179.stm Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511194625/http://www.northernareas.org.pk/ Northern Areas Development Gateway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040107222554/http://paknews.com/articles.php?id=1&date1=2003-04-17 Pakistan's Northern Areas]
* [[Wikibooks:Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography|A Bibliography of Tibetan Linguistics]]

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Languages of India}}

[[Category:Bodic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Baltistan]]
[[Category:Languages written in Tibetan script]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]

Ponnani Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T13:05:45Z

SidneySorensen: new...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{about|the Assembly constituency in Kerala|other uses|Ponnani (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ponnani
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 48
| map_image = Light house in Ponnani.jpg
| map_caption = [[Ponnani Lighthouse]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,05,291 (2021)
| mla = K. P. Noushad Ali
| party = [[Indian National Congress |INC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
}}
'''Ponnani State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
}}</ref> Ponnani Assembly constituency is located right in the middle of the Kerala coast. As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is K. P. Noushad Ali of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Ponnani Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
|access-date = 21 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|archive-date = 20 August 2019
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Ponnani]]
|Municipality
|[[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]
|-
|2
|[[Maranchery|Marancheri]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]
|-
|3
|[[Alamkod, Edappal|Alamkode]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]
|-
|4
|[[Nannamukku]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]
|-
|5
|[[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumbadappu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]
|-
|6
|[[Veliyankode]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]
|-
|}
<mapframe text="Ponnani Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q13113491,Q13114025,Q20573742,Q13112805,Q13113463,Q13114793"}</mapframe>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Ponnani Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/ponnani-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Ponnani
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Tenure
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" | 1st
| K. Kunhambu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" | 1957 – 1960
|-
|Kunhan Eliyath Tharayil
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| rowspan="2" | 2nd
| [[V. P. C Thangal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| rowspan="2" | 1960 – 1965
|-
|K. Kunhambu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| V. P. C Thangal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| Haji M. V. Hydros
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| M. P. Gangadharan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| K. Sreedharan
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| M. P. Gangadharan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| [[PT Mohanakrishnan|P. T. Mohana Krishnan]]
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| [[E. K. Imbichi Bava]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| [[Paloli Mohammed Kutty]]
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| M. P. Gangadharan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| Paloli Mohammed Kutty
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Sreeramakrishnan]]
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 - 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| [[P. Nandakumar]]
| [[Incumbent]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==

=== LOCAL BODY ELECTIONS ===

=== 2025 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|SEGMENT
|LDF
|NDA
|UDF
|IND
|SDPI
|WPI
|
|LEADING ALLIANCE
|-
|PONNANI
|24337
|5885
|20182
|950
|502
|399
|52255
|LDF
|-
|MARANCHERY
|9319
|1930
|10855
|782
|1355
|0
|24241
|UDF
|-
|ALAMKODE
|8784
|1624
|11213
|31
|569
|293
|22514
|UDF
|-
|NANNAMUKKU
|7742
|2442
|9011
|0
|200
|0
|19395
|UDF
|-
|PERUMBADAPPU
|8229
|777
|9346
|28
|91
|749
|19220
|UDF
|-
|VELIYANKODE
|10224
|653
|9640
|83
|599
|170
|21369
|LDF
|-
|TOTAL
|68635
|13311
|70247
|1874
|3316
|1611
|158994
|
|-
|%
|43.16829566
|8.372014038
|44.1821704
|1.17866083
|2.085613294
|1.013245783
|}

=== ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS ===
Percentage change (±) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnani}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. P. Noushad Ali
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = Adv. M. K. Sakkeer
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate = E. Maneesh
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,05,291 registered voters in Ponnani Assembly constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ponnani]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. Nandakumar]]|votes=74,668|percentage=51.35|change={{increase}}2.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A.M Rohith|votes=57,625|percentage=39.63|change={{increase}}1.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Subramannian Chunkappallii|votes=7,419|percentage=5.10|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Anvar Pazhanji|votes=3,065|percentage=2.11|change={{increase}}0.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Ganesh Vaderi|votes=1,863|percentage=1.28|change={{decrease}}0.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=467|percentage=0.32|change={{decrease}}0.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Roshith M.P|votes=168|percentage=0.12|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K.Sadanandan|votes=147|percentage=0.1|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 17,043
|percentage = 11.72
|change ={{increase}}0.68
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,45,422|percentage=70.83|change={{decrease}}3.48}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{increase}}2.44
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,90,774 registered voters in Ponnani Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ponnani]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. Sreeramakrishnan]]|votes=69,332|percentage=48.91|change={{increase}}1.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. T. Ajay Mohan]]|votes=53,692|percentage=37.87|change={{decrease}}6.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. K. Surendran|votes=11,662|percentage=8.23|change={{increase}}3.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=M. M. Shakkir|votes=2,048|percentage=1.44|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=M. Moidunni Haji|votes=1,857|percentage=1.31|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Abdul Fathah|votes=1,659|percentage=1.17|change={{decrease}}1.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=604|percentage=0.43|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sindhukumari P. S.|votes=386|percentage=0.27|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 15,640
|percentage = 11.04
|change ={{increase}}7.66
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,41,763|percentage=74.31|change={{decrease}}2.04}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{increase}}1.36
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,58,680 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ponnani]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. Sreeramakrishnan]]|votes=57,615|percentage=47.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. T. Ajay Mohan]]|votes=53,514|percentage=44.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. T. Jayaprakash|votes=5,680|percentage=4.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Yahiya Koya Thangal|votes=3,250|percentage=2.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Ajayan|votes=1,099|percentage=0.91|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 4,101
|percentage = 3.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,21,158|percentage=76.35|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===1952===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ponnani]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Gopala Menon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,619 |percentage=21.05 |change=21.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=E. T. Kunhan|party=Communist Party of India|votes=28,665|percentage=18.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. C. Sankaran|party=Independent|votes=25,519|percentage=16.47|change=16.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. C. Raman|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes=20,599|percentage=13.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. Mustafa|party=|votes=19,457|percentage=12.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. P. Koppan|party=Socialist Party (India)|votes=11,924|percentage=7.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohamad|party=Socialist Party (India)|votes=9,668|percentage=6.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. Uani|party=Independent politician|votes=6,494|percentage=4.19|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,954 |percentage=2.55 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,54,945|percentage=93.12|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,66,384 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ponnani]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Bandie

2026-05-04T18:34:14Z

SidneySorensen:

{{Short description|1978 Indian bilingual swashbuckler film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bandie
| image = Bandie (1978) film poster.jpeg
| caption = Bengali poster of ''Bandie''
| director = Alo Sircar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Adapted from
| data1 = ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' ({{small|novel}}) by [[Anthony Hope]] ''[[Jhinder Bondi]]'' ({{small|1961 film}})
}}
| screenplay = [[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]] Alo Sircar Ashok Ghoshal
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = '''Bengali:''' Salil Sen Ashok Ghoshal '''Hindi:''' [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]]
}}
| story = Alo Sircar Ashok Ghoshal F. C. Mehra
| producer = F. C. Mehra
| starring = [[Uttam Kumar]] [[Utpal Dutt]] [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] [[Sulakshana Pandit]] [[Amrish Puri]] [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]
| cinematography = Pradeep Pai
| editing = Pran Mehra
| music = [[Shyamal Mitra]]
| studio = Eagle Films
| distributor = Eagle Films
| released = {{Film date|1978|03|10|Hindi|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Sayandeb |date=2021-07-24 |title=Why Bengali cinema's colossus Uttam Kumar had a rough time in the Hindi film industry |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1000964/why-bengali-cinemas-colossus-uttam-kumar-had-a-rough-time-in-the-hindi-film-industry |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>|1978|04|14|Bengali|ref2=<ref>{{cite news |title=''Bandie'' (1978 film) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTQwNg== }}</ref>|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''''Bandie''''' is a 1978 Indian bilingual [[swashbuckler film|swashbuckler]] [[Action film|action]] film simultaneously shot in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]] languages,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shelomit |date=2022-10-11 |title=Bandie (1978) |url=https://rekhassousaphone.wordpress.com/2022/10/11/bandie-1978/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Rekha's Sousaphone |language=en}}</ref> co-written and directed by Alo Sircar. Produced by F. C. Mehra under the banner of Eagle Films,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandie Movie (1978) {{!}} Release Date, Cast, Trailer, Songs, Streaming Online at Netflix |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/bandie-5868.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref> the film stars [[Uttam Kumar]] in [[dual role]]s, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Sulakshana Pandit]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Madan Puri]] and [[Prema Narayan]], with [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] and [[Padma Khanna]] in special appearances.

The film is partially adapted from [[Anthony Hope]]'s 1894 novel ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda]]'', and had some plot similarities with the 1961 Bengali film ''[[Jhinder Bondi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-23 |title=Uttam Kumar: Leaving a Mark in his Few Hindi Films {{!}} By Peeyush Sharma {{!}} Silhouette |url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/uttam-kumar-hindi-films/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Silhouette Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> also starring Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=Bandi (1978) - Shyamal Mitra - Listen to Bandi songs/music online - MusicIndiaOnline |url=https://mio.to/album/Bandi |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222101910/https://mio.to/album/Bandi |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film marks the second collaboration between Sircar and Kumar after ''[[Chhoti Si Mulaqat]]'' (1967), and the Bengali debuts of Khan, Puri and Bindu. The screenplays of the two versions were written by Sircar, Ashok Ghoshal and Jayanendra Jain. Dialogues were written by Salil Sen and Ghoshal for the Bengali version and [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]] for the Hindi version. Music of the film was composed by [[Shyamal Mitra]], with lyrics penned by [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] and [[Salil Chowdhury]] for the Bengali version and [[Indeevar]] for the Hindi version. Pradeep Pai handled its cinematography, while Pran Mehra edited the film.

''Bandie'' theatrically released with its Hindi version on 10 March 1978,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Sayandeb |date=2021-07-24 |title=Why Bengali cinema's colossus Uttam Kumar had a rough time in the Hindi film industry |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1000964/why-bengali-cinemas-colossus-uttam-kumar-had-a-rough-time-in-the-hindi-film-industry |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> while with its Bengali version on 14 April 1978, coinciding with [[Pohela Boishakh]]. It received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its cast performances, songs, action sequences and technical aspects, but criticism for the film's plot and screenplay. It ran for over 35 weeks in [[West Bengal]] and became hit at the box office, but bombed in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray Chaudhuri |first=Shantanu |title=Uttam Kumar: Why the Bengal's megastar could never become a national star |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/bengali-film-superstar-uttam-kumars-hindi-film-career-decoded/cid/1876240 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=Raj Kapoor had offered him Sangam, but Uttam Kumar, at the height of his stardom, was unwilling to play what he saw as the film’s second lead (Rajendra Kumar eventually played the role).}}</ref> The film emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1978|third highest grossing Bengali film of 1978]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandie |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/bandie |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://watch.plex.tv/movie/bandie |title=Bandie |date=1978-03-10 |language=en |access-date=2025-03-02 |via=watch.plex.tv}}</ref> ''Bandie'' was remade into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Kaksha]]'' in 1980.

== Plot ==
Maharaj Brajvan lives a wealthy lifestyle in Bharatpur, along with his wife, Badi Rani, but have been unable to conceive for Bharatpur, and have no choice but to leave its reigns with Brajvan's widowed cousin, Vikram, and his son, Kanchan. When Vikram finds out that Badi Rani is pregnant, he plots to first sully her character by having her abducted, then shunned by Brajvan, and then decides to have her killed. But her killer has a change of heart and lets her live. She gives birth to a son, names him Bhola, and starts living a simple lifestyle in a Mandir with the help of its Poujari. Years later Vikram finds out she is alive and kills her, as well the Pujari and the Pujari's son. Bhola witnesses this, manages to escape, starts to live with a poor widow, grows up uneducated, and makes a living through crime. After a heist at Ramdas' residence, he goes on the run from the Police and ends up near Bharatpur where he is forcibly taken in by Senapati Raghuvir Singh and asked to pose as his look-alike Yuvraj Uday Singh, who is a womanizer and alcoholic, has been missing for several days, and to prevent Kanchan being crowned the Maharaj. Bhola agrees to this charade, meets Uday's future fiancée, Rajkumari Radha of Rampur, as well as her ravishing assistant, Krishna, rescues her and both fall in love much to the chagrin of Kanchan who wants to wed Radha. Little does Bhola know that it is Kanchan who has lured Uday, by first getting him seduced by Vimla, and is now holding him prisoner in a dungeon, has plans to kill him on his birthday, and then expose Bhola as a fraud and eventually have him killed too.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Uttam Kumar]] in [[dual role]] as
** Bhola, a thief: Brajvan and Badi Rani's eldest and lost son; Radha's love interest
*** Vishal Desai (credited as Master Bittoo) as Young Bhola
** Yuvraj Uday B. Singh: the king of Bharatpur; Brajvan and Badi Rani's younger son; Bhola's twin brother
* [[Sulakshana Pandit]] as Rajkumari Radha S. Singh: Sujan's daughter; the princess of Rampur
* [[Utpal Dutt]] as Vikram Singh, Brajvan's younger brother
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Kanchan Singh, Vikram's son
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Ananda, Kanchan's right-hand man
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Bimala, Ananda's love interest
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Maharaj Brajvan Singh; Bhola and Uday's father
* [[Madan Puri]] as the Diwan of Bharatpur
* [[Iftekhar]] as Senapati Raghuveer Singh, the Royal Commander of Bharatpur
* [[Indrani Mukherjee]] as Badi Rani
* Amarnath Mukherjee (credited as Amar Nath) as Raja Sujan Singh, the King of Rampur
* [[Tarun Ghosh]] as Chandravadan, the spy of Bharatpur
* [[Prema Narayan]] as Krishna
* Manik Dutt as Ramdas
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]]
* Chandrima Bhaduri as Bhola's foster mother
* [[Shivraj]] as Pujari
* [[Raju Shrestha]] as Pujari's son

=== Special appearances ===
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as a dancer in the song "Ei Jiboner Daam Je Onek" (Bengali) / "Honth Bhale Inkaar Kare" (Hindi)
* [[Padma Khanna]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bandie
| type = soundtrack
| longtype = to ''Bandie''
| artist = [[Shyamal Mitra]]
| released = '''Bengali:''' {{Start date|df=y|1978|12|31}} '''Hindi:''' {{Start date|df=y|1978|12|03}}
| recorded = 1977–78
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = '''Bengali:''' {{Duration|m=23|s=26}} '''Hindi:''' {{Duration|m=24|s=53}}
| producer = Shyamal Mitra
| prev_title = [[Ananda Ashram]]
| prev_year = 1977
| year = 1978
| next_title = [[Nishan (1978 film)|Nishan]]
| next_year = 1978
| chronology = Shyamal Mitra
}}

Songs and score of the film are composed by [[Shyamal Mitra]]. [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] and [[Salil Chowdhury]] penned the Bengali lyrics, while [[Indeevar]] penned the Hindi lyrics.

=== Bengali ===
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:26
| title1 = Ke Bole Bijli Shudhu
| length1 = 3:32
| lyrics1 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| title2 = Mone Hoy Swarge Achhi
| length2 = 3:17
| lyrics2 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra2 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| title3 = Ei Jiboner Daam Je Onek
| length3 = 4:59
| lyrics3 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra3 = Asha Bhosle
| title4 = Ogo Saathi Go
| length4 = 6:20
| lyrics4 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra4 = [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Sulakshana Pandit]]
| title5 = Mone Na Rong Lagle
| length5 = 5:18
| lyrics5 = Salil Chowdhury
| extra5 = Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
}}

=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:53
| title1 = Dil Use Dungi
| length1 = 3:18
| extra1 = Asha Bhosle
| title2 = Hath Mein Jaam Na Loon
| length2 = 4:47
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar
| title3 = Honth Bhale Inkaar Kare
| length3 = 5:10
| extra3 = Asha Bhosle
| title4 = Jise Yaar Ka Sachcha Pyaar Mile
| length4 = 6:22
| extra4 = Kishore Kumar, Sulakshana Pandit
| title5 = Rang Na Mann Rang Mein Agan
| length5 = 5:16
| extra5 = Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt1219315|title=Bandie}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/bandie|Bandie}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1970s action adventure films]]
[[Category:1970s adventure drama films]]
[[Category:1970s historical adventure films]]
[[Category:1978 martial arts films]]
[[Category:1970s heist films]]
[[Category:1970s masala films]]
[[Category:1970s vigilante films]]
[[Category:1970s adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:1978 action films]]
[[Category:1978 action comedy films]]
[[Category:1978 Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action adventure films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language historical action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on The Prisoner of Zenda]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about kings]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about funerals]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Films about death]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]
[[Category:Films about princes]]
[[Category:Films about princesses]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyamal Mitra]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

Parkia speciosa

2026-05-02T16:13:58Z

SidneySorensen: stub

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2013}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Parkia speciosa.JPG
|image_caption = Seed pods
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Harvey-Brown, Y. |date=2019 |title=''Parkia speciosa'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T153891869A153917800 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T153891869A153917800.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Parkia
|species = speciosa
|authority = [[Justus Carl Hasskarl|Hassk.]]<ref name=POWO>{{BioRef | powo | title = ''Parkia speciosa'' | id = 512231-1 | access-date = 25 June 2021}}</ref>
|synonyms =
{{Species list
| Acacia gigantea | Noronha
| Inga pyriformis | Jungh. ex Miq.
| Mimosa pedunculata | W.Hunter
| Parkia graveolens | Prain
| Parkia harbesonii | Elmer
| Parkia macrocarpa | Miq.
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
}}
[[File:Nasi Goreng Pete Kambing.JPG|thumb|right|220px| ''[[Nasi goreng]] kambing pete'' in Jakarta, fried rice with goat meat and stink beans]]
[[File:Petaidish.jpg|thumb|right|220px| A Malaysian petai beans dish with minced meat, dried shrimp, [[chili peppers|chili]], onions, [[belacan]] and soysauce]]
[[File:Mu phat sato.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Thai ''mu phat sato'', pork stir-fried with stink beans]]

'''''Parkia speciosa''''', the '''bitter bean''', '''twisted cluster bean''', '''sator bean''', '''stink bean''', or '''petai''' is a plant of the genus ''[[Parkia]]'' in the family [[Fabaceae]]. It bears long, flat edible beans with bright green seeds the size and shape of plump almonds which have a rather peculiar smell, similar to, but stronger than that of the [[shiitake]] mushroom, due to sulfur-containing compounds also found in shiitake, truffles and cabbage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frérot |first1=Eric |last2=Velluz |first2=Alain |last3=Bagnoud |first3=Alain |last4=Delort |first4=Estelle |title=Analysis of the volatile constituents of cooked petai beans (Parkia speciosa) using high-resolution GC/ToF–MS |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |date=2008 |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=434–440 |doi=10.1002/ffj.1902 }}</ref>

==Botanical description==
The petai tree can grow to about 30 metres. It bears flowers in a light bulb-shaped mass at the end of long stalks. The flowers secrete a nectar that attracts bats and other pollinators. The fruits emerge as long, twisted, translucent pods in a cluster of seven or eight pods. When those pods are mature, within them will reside the petai beans or seeds.<ref name="PlantUse">{{cite web|title=Parkia speciosa|url=http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Parkia_speciosa_(PROSEA)|website=PlantUse|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

==Uses==
===Cooking===
The beans of other ''Parkia'' species (for example, ''Parkia javanica'' and ''Parkia singularis'') are also popular as culinary ingredient in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Singapore]], southern [[Thailand]], and northeastern [[India]], especially [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Tripura]] (consumed mostly by the [[Tripuri people|Tiprasa people]]). They are sold in bunches, still in the pod, or the seeds are sold in plastic bags. Pods are gathered from the wild, or from cultivated trees: they are exported in jars or cans, pickled in brine, or frozen.<ref>[https://migrationology.com/the-stink-bean-a-little-smelly-a-lot-of-flavor/ The Stink Bean – A Little Smelly, A Lot of Flavor by Mark Wien] in Migrationology</ref>

The vegetable is widely known by the [[Malay language|Malay]] term ''petai'' in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Malay-speaking parts of southern Thailand. In the marketplace, depending on the country of origin, ''Parkia'' species may be labelled ''Wakerec'', ''Petai'', in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] ''Gachhua uri'', in Rongmei ''Kamv, in'' [[Manipuri language |Meitei]] ''Yongchak'', in [[Kuki language|Thadou]] ''Jongla,''. They are best when combined with other strongly flavoured foods such as [[garlic]], [[chili pepper]]s, dried [[shrimp]] or [[shrimp paste]], as in [[sambal|sambal petai]]. When young, the pods are flat because the seeds have not yet developed, and they hang like a bunch of slightly twisted ribbons, pale green, almost translucent. At this stage they may be eaten raw, fried or pickled. Young tender pods with undeveloped beans can be used whole in stir-fried dishes.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Robinson|first1=Kristy|title=How to Cook Petai|url=http://oureverydaylife.com/cook-petai-22192.html|website=Our Everyday Life|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

The seeds are also dried and seasoned for later consumption. When dried, the seeds turn black. Petai beans or seeds look like broad beans. Like mature broad beans, they may have to be peeled before cooking. Petai has earned its nickname 'stink bean' because its strong smell is very pervasive. It lingers in the mouth and body. Like [[asparagus]], it contains certain [[amino acids]] that give a strong smell to one's [[urine]], an effect that can be noticed up to two days after consumption. Like other [[beans]], their complex [[carbohydrates]] can also cause strong-smelling [[flatulence|rectal gas]].{{fact|date=July 2020}}

====India====
[[File:A Thangal tribal old woman of Thangal Surung village, presenting gifts (including Yongchaak - Parkia speciosa) to Khaidem Pramodini, a Meitei authoress from Imphal.jpg|thumb|250px|A bunch of {{langnf|mni|Yongchaak|Parkia speciosa}} is generally used as a part of gifts presented to honourable people in [[Manipur]]. It shows a [[Thangal people|Thangal woman]] presenting the Yongchaak to a [[Meitei people|Meitei lady]].]]
[[File:Parkia_20231215_074641.jpg|thumb|left|''Parkia speciosa'' being sold in Nagaland]]
In [[Manipur]], it is called ''yongchak''. It is grown mainly on all the hilly areas and some other parts of [[Manipur]] valley.<ref>[http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/4824/ Kangpokpi tops in cultivation of poppy in state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125082749/http://thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/4824 |date=2021-01-25 }} Kuki dominated district of Manipur</ref> Varieties found here are somewhat harder than the counterparts of Thailand or Malaysia. The wild variety from the hills is more commonly sold in market. Some species of ''Parkia'' are grown in small scale by farmers in northeast India. In mainland India, it is grown as an ornamental plant, shade tree and border tree. This bean has become an important ingredient in many food items in [[Tripura]] too.

In [[Manipur]], the seeds or the bean as a whole are eaten by preparing a local delicacy called ''Hmarcha dêng'', [[Eromba]] (a traditional Manipuri chutney) or Yongchak [[singju]] (a traditional Manipuri salad).<ref>[https://thetasteoffood.wordpress.com/tag/manipuri-spicy-salad/ Spicy Manipuri Salad] in The Taste of Food</ref> [[Eromba]] is a very common cuisine in Manipur made with boiled potato, fermented fish, chili and other vegetables, in this case, Parkia. ''Yongchak singju'' is another favourite side dish made with ''Parkia'' cut into small pieces and then mixed with red hot chili paste. Parkia is also used for making various other dishes with fish and vegetables. The [[Kuki people|Kuki]] Tribe in North-East India, call it "Jongha". [[Rongmei Naga people|Rongmei]] Tribe of Manipur, Nagaland and Assam call it ''Gachhua uri'' which is cooked with meat or prepared as salad, and sometimes seeds are eaten with ''Chattni'' made of dry fish or Gankhiang khui (local fermented dry seed). The [[Hmar people|Hmar tribe]] of Assam, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Manipur call it '' Zawngṭa'' (pronounced Zongtra) and mainly prepare it with chilli, Sodium Bi-carbonate, little amount of salt and a special fermented pork called "Saum"(sa means meat, um means fermented) and called it '' Zawngṭa-râwt''.

In [[Mizoram]], the [[Mizo people]] are also very fond of it, and call it '' zawngṭah''. They eat the bean by removing the thin green outer layer of the skin and also eat the seeds. It is eaten raw as a side dish or used as a recipe for chutney. It is also served as a side dish, mixed with chili and fermented pork fat called ''saum'' which is the same as ''sathu'' of Manipur. It is a very common side dish among the peoples of [[Naga people|naga]], [[Mizo people|Mizo]] ([[Zohnahthlak]]) like Mizo in Mizoram, [[Hmâr]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]], [[Chin people|Chin]], [[Zomi]] etc. in neighbouring states and countries. In [[Manipur]], [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], the (Tripura people call it ''Wakerec mosedang'') and [[Bangladesh]] Manipuris call it ''yongchak'' or ''wakerec'' in the local Manipuri dialect and consume it as a salad mixed with fermented fish or, the boiled or roasted seeds either alone or in a mash of boiled vegetables laced with fermented fish.

====Indonesia====
In Indonesia, ''petai'' is very popular in the highlands of [[Java]] and [[Sumatra]]. In [[Sundanese cuisine]] ''petai'' might be eaten raw with ''[[sambal]]'' as part of ''[[lalab]]'', fried or grilled. It also can be stir fried and mixed with ''[[oncom]]''. In Java and Sumatra, it can be added to ''[[sayur lodeh]]'' or ''sambal goreng ati petai'' (fried diced beef or chicken liver in ''sambal'' with ''petai''). It is also a popular ingredient for goat meat fried rice. In [[Minangkabau cuisine]] it is a common [[sambal]] or ''lado'' ingredient for ''ayam pop'' ([[Padang]]-style fried chicken).

====Brunei, Malaysia & Singapore====
In Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore, petai is a popular ingredient in [[Malay cuisine|Malay]] and [[Nyonya cuisine|Nyonya]] cuisines. It is usually eaten raw as [[Ulam (salad)|ulam]], served with [[sambal]], or mixed with [[dried shrimp]], [[chili peppers]], red onions, [[belacan]] (prawn paste), soy sauce and prawn.

Another popular side dish to [[nasi lemak]] or plain rice is petai cooked with fried dry [[Anchovy|anchovies]] and sauteed chili sambal (sambal tumis). Petai fried rice is also a common dish widely available in Malay restaurants.

====Thailand====
In Thailand it is called ''sah-taw'' ({{langx|th|สะตอ}}, {{RTGS|sato}}), as in ''mu phat sah-taw'', stir-fried pork with stink beans. It's popular ingredient in many dishes within Southern Thailand cuisine and can be found easily in this area and some parts of Bangkok where Southern Thailand-inspired restaurants located.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.inpui.com/2010/10/hmar-dish-zawngtrate-sathu.html Another species of the Zongtra]
*[http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..121111.nov11 Yongchak finds a new home in Ukhrul]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q311088}}

[[Category:Parkia|speciosa]]
[[Category:Flora of Malesia]]
[[Category:Flora of Thailand]]
[[Category:Edible legumes]]
[[Category:Asian vegetables]]

Karanam Uma Devi

2026-04-27T06:45:13Z

SidneySorensen: Added Initial Bio Added Tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Karanam Uma Devi''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Medak]] representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2002-06-10 |title=TDP may field Uma Devi from Medak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tdp-may-field-uma-devi-from-medak/articleshow/12505559.cms |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She married Karanam Ramachandra Rao, a former education minister and a five time MLA from Medak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medak Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/medak-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> She won the by-election held on 2 July 2002 following the death of her husband and incumbent member, Rao.<ref name=":0" /> She polled 43,463 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Patlolla Shashidhar Reddy of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 6,960 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1999 |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1999-election-results.html/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: TDP retains Medak assembly seat |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/04jafri.htm |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Medak 2002 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/278 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uma Devi, Karanam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Medak district]]

Anu Sithara

2026-04-25T08:06:26Z

SidneySorensen: Adding new info

{{short description|Indian actress, dancer (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anu Sithara
| image = Anu sithara in shubharathri movie shooting spot.jpg
| caption = Anu sithara at shubharathri movie shooting spot
| birth_name = Anu Sithara Salam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|08|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Wayanad]], [[Kerala]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|Vishnu Prasad|2015}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Anu Sithara shares cute photo straight from wedding album on anniversary |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/07/08/anu-sithara-wedding-anniversary-special-photo-vishu.html |publisher=OnManorama |date=8 July 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226052328/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/07/08/anu-sithara-wedding-anniversary-special-photo-vishu.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| parents = {{ubl|Abdul Salam (Father)|Renuka (Mother)<ref>{{cite web |title=How Anu Sithara's father snatched a cameo in 'Subharathri' right under her nose |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2019/07/03/anu-sithara-father-abdul-salam-debut-movie-shubharathri-dileep-vyasan-kp.html |publisher=OnManorama |access-date=11 July 2019 |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711123309/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2019/07/03/anu-sithara-father-abdul-salam-debut-movie-shubharathri-dileep-vyasan-kp.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| family =
| occupation = {{hlist| Actress | dancer}}
|years_active = 2013–present
| website =
}}

'''Anu Sithara''' is an Indian actress who appears predominantly in [[Malayalam films]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The perfect desi girl: Anu Sithara |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150606/entertainment-mollywood/article/perfect-desi-girl-anu-sithara |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |author=Elizabeth Thomas |date=7 June 2015 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224232943/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150606/entertainment-mollywood/article/perfect-desi-girl-anu-sithara |url-status=live}}</ref> She has also appeared in some [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. She made her debut in 2013 as a child artist ''[[Pottas Bomb]]'' in 2013. Anu is also a trained [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and well known for her stage shows.

==Personal life==
Anu was born on 21 August 1995<ref name="Birthday">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-anu-sithara-here-are-5-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actress/etphotostory/70755194.cms |title=Happy birthday Anu Sithara : Here are 5 lesser known facts the about the actress |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 May 2021 |date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-anu-sithara-5-videos-of-the-danseuse-that-you-must-watch-right-away/articleshow/77656682.cms |title=Happy Birthday Anu Sithara: 5 videos of the danseuse that you must watch right away! |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayans-lovely-note-for-anu-sithara-on-her-birthday/articleshow/77678288.cms |title=Nimisha Sajayan's lovely note for Anu Sithara on her birthday |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> to Renuka and Abdul Salam. She has one sibling, Anu Sonora.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sitharas-sister-debuts-in-mollywood/articleshow/70157856.cms |title=Anu Sithara's sister debuts in Mollywood |first=Deepa |last=Soman |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2021/02/03/actress-anu-sithara-dances-with-sister-anu-sonara-video.html |title=അനിയത്തിയ്ക്കൊപ്പം പാട്ടും ഡാൻസുമായി അനു സിത്താര; ഇത് ബെസ്റ്റ് കോംബോ ആണെന്ന് ആരാധകർ |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actress-anu-sithara-talks-about-her-parents-name-and-her-first-remuneration/articleshow/81327540.cms |title=അച്ഛൻ അബ്ദുൽ സലാം; അമ്മ രേണുക; 95 ൽ ആണ് ജനിച്ചത്; അവരുടെ ചിങ്ങിണിയാണ് താനെന്നും അനു സിത്താര! |website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref> Sithara did her schooling at SKMJ Higher Secondary School in [[Kalpetta]] and later graduated from WMO Arts and Science College with a degree in B.Com. She was always active in her dancing classes and has won many prizes henceforth. She learned classical dance from Kerala [[Kalamandalam]]. She married her boyfriend Vishnu Prasad in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/my-husband-supports-me-a-lot-says-anu-sithara-1.3929747 |title=My husband supports me a lot, says Anu Sithara |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831161107/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/my-husband-supports-me-a-lot-says-anu-sithara-1.3929747 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Early career (2013–2016) ===
Sithara stepped into acting in 2013. She made her debut in Malayalam Cinema with the movie ''[[Pottas Bomb]]''. Later, she played a minor role in the super-hit film ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]''. In 2015, she appeared in a cameo role in Sachy's film ''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]'' as Athira. Since then she has acted the movies such as ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'', ''[[Campus Diary]]'', and ''[[Marupadi]]''.

=== Breakthrough and recognition (2017–present) ===
In 2017, she played a lead role with [[Kunchacko Boban]] in the film ''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]''. The film was directed by Ranjith Shankar. The film was successful and received positive reviews from audiences and critics alike. Later she acted in films such as ''[[Achayans]]'', ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]'', and ''[[Aana Alaralodalaral]]''. She then appeared in the film ''[[Captain (2018 film)|Captain]]'', and received appreciation for her role. She then acted with [[Tovino Thomas]] in the film ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' and she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] in 2019. Apart from acting in [[Malayalam]], Anu made her first debut in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Cinema with the film ''[[Podhu Nalan Karudhi]]'' in 2018, She played the female lead role opposite [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] in the film.

In 2019, she shared screen space with [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] in the film ''[[Subharathri]]'' as Sreeja Krishnan. It was directed and written by Vyasan K.P. Later, she appeared in an action-drama ''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]'' directed by [[M. Padmakumar]]. [[Mammookka]], [[Unni Mukundan]], and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]. After playing a cameo appearance in the film ''[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]'' as Unnimaya (cameo) in 2020, Anu was last seen in the film ''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]'' as Merin. It was a thriller movie directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]] and starred [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role.

She also acted in the first Graphic novel style Newspaper movie Locked Inn, published by [[Malayala Manorama]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lockdown Inn: Trailer of the first newspaper movie is out |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/05/14/lockdown-inn-trailer-of-first-newspaper-movie-is-out.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Lockdown Inn: Trailer of the first newspaper movie is out |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}
:*''All films in Malayalam unless otherwise indicated''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Anu Sithara film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2013 ||''[[Pottas Bomb]]'' || Aswathy
| Debut film||<ref name="Birthday"/>
|-
| ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]'' || Young Thulasi
| ||<ref name=dream/>
|-
|2015 ||''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]'' ||Athira
| Cameo appearance ||<ref name=dream/>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2016 ||''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]''||Shahina
| ||<ref>{{citation |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/happy-wedding-with-premam-stars-siju-wilson-and-sharafudeen.html |date=18 November 2015 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|access-date=16 May 2016 |title='Premam' boys return with 'Happy Wedding'}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Campus Diary]]''||Kaashi Thumba
| ||<ref name=dream>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/060719/living-a-dream.html |title=Living a dream |last1=Thomas |first1=Elizabeth |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=6 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706030835/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/060719/living-a-dream.html |archive-date=6 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Marupadi]] ''|| Riya ||
|<ref name=bb/>
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2017 ||''[[Fukri]]'' ||Alia Ali Fukri
| ||<ref name="YH">{{cite web |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/jayasuryas-fukri-prayaga-martin-replaces-071748072.html |title=Jayasurya's 'Fukri': Prayaga Martin replaces Madonna Sebastian; Anu Sithara too roped in for Siddique movie |via=News Yahoo |date=2 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]'' || Malini ||
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/feb/09/anu-sithara-is-city-girl-in-ramante-eden-thottam-1568464.html |title=Anu Sithara is city girl in Ramante Eden Thottam |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Achayans]]'' ||Prayaga ||
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/171116/anu-sithara-and-sshivada-in-achayans.html |title=Anu Sithara and Sshivada in Achayans |date=17 November 2016 |work=Deccan Chronicles}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]'' || Linta Jose ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sithara-replaces-miya-in-her-next/articleshow/53001835.cms |title=Anu Sithara replaces Miya in her next |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naval Enna Jewel]]''||Asma ||
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sudhish |first1=Navamy |title=Dancing has immensely helped in carving out my film career: Anu Sithara |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/sep/27/dancing-has-immensely-helped-in-carving-out-my-film-career-anu-sithara-1523385.html |access-date=19 December 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=27 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aana Alaralodalaral]]'' || Parvathy ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sithara-is-a-village-belle-in-vineeth-sreenivasans-next/articleshow/58869022.cms |title=Anu Sithara is a village belle in Vineeth Sreenivasan's next |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2018 ||''[[Captain (2018 film)|Captain]]'' ||Anitha Sathyan ||
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sithara-to-play-football-legend-vp-sathyans-wife-in-captain/articleshow/57392902.cms |title=Anu Sithara to play football legend VP Sathyan's wife in Captain |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 March 2017 |access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Padayottam (2018 film)|Padayottam]]'' ||Meera Teacher
| ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/biju-menon-and-anu-sithara-to-team-up-in-g-prajiths-next/articleshow/65819996.cms |title=Biju Menon and Anu Sithara to team up in G Prajith's next |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' ||Hema Rahul Bhanuprasad
| ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sitharas-character-brings-in-a-turning-point-in-oru-kuttanadan-blog/articleshow/65229308.cms |title=Anu Sithara's character brings in a turning point in 'Oru Kuttanadan Blog' |first=Deepa |last=Soman |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Johny Johny Yes Appa]]'' || Jaisa ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jun/18/johny-johny-yes-appa-goes-on-floors-6549.amp |title=Johny Johny Yes Appa on floors |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515140456/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jun/18/johny-johny-yes-appa-goes-on-floors-6549.amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' || Jalaja ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/mar/05/anu-sithara-joins-the-sets-of-oru-kupprasidha-payyan-4875.html |title=Anu Sithara joins the sets of Oru Kupprasidha Payyan |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="6"| 2019 ||''[[Neeyum Njanum]]'' ||Hashmi Anzari ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sharafudheen-and-anu-sithara-to-play-lead-roles-in-ak-sajan-movie/articleshow/66793489.cms |title=Sharafudheen and Anu Sithara to play lead roles in AK Sajan movie |date=25 November 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Podhu Nalan Karudhi]]'' ||Mridula|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|<ref name=bb>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/031016/busy-bee-with-many-offers-anu-sithara.html |title=Busy bee with many offers – Anu Sithara |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |last1=Manu |first1=Meeru |date=3 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003070110/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/031016/busy-bee-with-many-offers-anu-sithara.html |archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[And the Oscar Goes To...]]'' ||Chitra ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/and-the-oscar-goes-to-character-poster-anu-sithara-to-play-the-role-of-chithra-in-the-tovino-starrer/articleshow/68509755.cms |title='And the Oscar goes to' character poster: Anu Sithara to play the role of 'Chithra' in the Tovino starrer |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Subharathri]]''||Sreeja Krishnan ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sithara-is-the-dileeps-better-half-in-shubharathri/articleshow/68375967.cms |title=Anu Sithara is the Dileep's better half in 'Shubharathri' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Adhyarathri]]''||Anitha Mullakkara ||Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aadya-rathri-movie-review-biju-menon-anaswara-rajan-starrer-is-all-mixed-up-about-marital-rape-7596481.html |title=Aadya Rathri movie review: Biju Menon, Anaswara Rajan-starrer is all mixed up about marital rape |date=4 November 2019 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]'' ||Manikyam Chandroth Panicker ||
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith |title=Anu Sithara: The naadan characters I have played are not of the same kind but varied |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sithara-the-naadan-characters-i-have-played-are-not-of-the-same-kind-but-varied/articleshow/67955501.cms |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 ||''[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]''|| Unnimaya
| Cameo appearance ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupama Parameswaran, Nikhila Vimal and Anu Sithara in Dulquer's film |date=17 May 2019 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anupama-parameswaran-nikhila-vimal-and-anu-sithara-dulquer-s-film-101913 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Vanam]]'' || Malli || Tamil film
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanam Movie Review: This horror thriller neither scares nor thrills |website=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/nov/27/vanam-movie-review-this-horror-thriller-neither-scares-nor-thrills-28060.html |date=27 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]''
|Merin Sam
|
|<ref name="OTTPlay">{{cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=Exclusive! Jeethu Joseph: Mohanlal's 12th Man is a mystery like the ones based on Agatha Christie's books |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-jeethu-joseph-mohanlal-12th-man-is-a-mystery-like-the-ones-based-on-agatha-christie-books/b9fcaa52dc907 |publisher=OTTPlay |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
| ''[[Momo in Dubai]]'' || Khadeeja Muhammed
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Momo in Dubai, Anu Sithara, Anish G. Menon, Johnny Anthony; 'Momo in Dubai' February release |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-malayalam-movie-momo-in-dubai-releasing-in-february-2023-mm-575687.html |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=Malayaalm News 18 |date=6 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Santhosham (2023 film)|Santhosham]]'' || Aadhya Suresh Kumar|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sithara-plays-an-entrepreneur-in-family-entertainer-santhosham/articleshow/85174065.cms |title=Anu Sithara plays an entrepreneur in family entertainer 'Santhosham' |first=Deepa |last=Soman |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pathu Thala]]'' || Samudra Arunmozhi || Tamil film ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Pathu Thala': Anu Sithara poses for a click with Silambarasan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pathu-thala-anu-sithara-poses-for-a-click-with-silambarasan/articleshow/98497740.cms |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vaathil]]'' || Thani || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinay Forrt, Anu Sithara to lead Vaathil – The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Mar/09/vinay-forrt-anu-sithara-to-lead-vaathil-2273949.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Aalan]]'' || Thamarai || Tamil film
|
|-
| ''Jananam 1957 Pranayam Thudarunnu'' <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/jananam-1947-pranayam-thudarunnu/movieshow/108650652.cms</ref>||Angel ||
|
|-




|}

==Television==
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Year!!Title!!Role!!Channel!! Notes!! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2015||''Bug''||Vani||rowspan=2| YouTube||rowspan=2| Short film ||
|-
|2016||''Ninachirikkathe''||Ayisha ||
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2017||''Lifinu Venam Plus''||Anchor||[[Asianet Plus]]|| [[Comedy show]] ||
|-
| Yuva Film Awards ||Dancer||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||rowspan=2| [[Award show]] ||
|-
| Mazhavil Mango Music Awards ||Dancer|| rowspan=3| [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
|''[[D 4 Dance|D4 Dance Junior v/s Senior]]''||Judge||rowspan=2| Reality show ||
|-
| [[Onnum Onnum Moonu]] ||rowspan=2| Guest ||
|-
|''Annies Kitchen''||[[Amrita TV]]|| [[Cooking show]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/anu-sithara-and-vishak-nair-to-visit-annies-kitchen/articleshow/62308202.cms |title=Anu Sithara and Vishak Nair to visit Annie's Kitchen |date=30 December 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2018||''Thakarppan Comedy''||rowspan=2| Judge||[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || ||
|-
|''Comedy Utsavam''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]|| Talent Show ||
|-
|''Nadanam Venulaayam''||Dancer || [[Surya TV]]||rowspan=2| [[Award show]] ||
|-
| Red FM Malayalam Music Awards ||Dancer ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2019||''[[Badai Bungalow]]''||Guest||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Talk show ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/anu-sithara-performs-on-badai-bungalow/articleshow/72474550.cms |title=Anu Sithara performs on Badai Bungalow |date=11 December 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| Vanitha Film Awards || Dancer || [[Surya TV]] || [[Award show]] ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2020||''Box''||Producer||YouTube||Web series as Producer ||
|-
|''Red Carpet''||Mentor||[[Amrita TV]]|| rowspan=3| Reality show ||
|-
|''Super 4 Season 2'' ||rowspan=2| Guest||[[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/super-4-actors-anu-sithara-and-aparna-balamurali-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/79644450.cms |title=Super 4: Actors Anu Sithara and Aparna Balamurali to grace the show |date=9 December 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Top Singer (TV series)]] || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|2021||''Parayam Nedam'' ||Participant||[[Amrita TV]] || ||
|-
| ''Welcome 2021'' ||Dancer||[[Kairali TV]] || ||
|-
|''Atham Pathu Ruchi''||Host||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]|| [[Cooking show]] ||
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 3)]]''||Dancer||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| rowspan=2| Reality television ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-3-finale-actress-anu-sithara-to-mesmerise-the-audience-with-dance-performance/articleshow/84817185.cms |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 3 Finale: Actress Anu Sithara to mesmerise the audience with dance performance |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam]]'' ||Guest || [[Zee Keralam]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-keralam-lil-champs-is-back-actors-anu-sithara-and-samyuktha-menon-to-have-a-blast-on-the-sets/articleshow/84473496.cms |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam Li'l Champs is back; actors Anu Sithara and Samyuktha Menon to have a blast on the sets |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2022||[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum|Start Music Aaradhyam Padum Season 4]] ||Guest||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| ||
|-
|''Atham Pathu Ruchi''||Promo Host||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]|| [[Cooking show]] ||
|-
|''Flowers Oru Kodi''||Participant||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]|| ||
|-
|2023||''Dancing Stars''||Judge||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| ||
|-
|2023||''Funs upon a time season 3''||Judge||[[Amrita TV]]|| [[Comedy show]] ||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{BLP sources section|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Anu Sithara
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sithara at [[21st Asianet Film Awards]] in 2019
| wins = 3
| nominations = 12
|}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! class="unsortable" | Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|2017
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| New Sensation in Acting (Female)
| rowspan=9| ''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]''
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| rowspan=4| Best Actress
| {{Nom}}
|
|-
| [[SIIMA for Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| {{Nom}}
|
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018-official-list-of-nominations/articleshow/64478687.cms |title=65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018: Official list of nominations |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"|2018
| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| {{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
|Special Performance (Actress)
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| rowspan=7| Best Actress
| {{Nom}}
|
|-
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018 |work=filmfare |date=8 June 2015 |access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| {{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="9"|2019
| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[21st Asianet Film Awards]]
| ''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]''
| {{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[66th Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan=4| ''[[Captain (2018 film)|Captain]]''
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |website=Filmfare |date=13 December 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-2019-full-nominations-list-out-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-akkineni-and-others-bag-top-honours/455922 |title=SIIMA 2019 FULL nominations list out! |website=Times Now |date=18 July 2019 |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA for Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]]
|Best Actress
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Malayalam Actor in Leading Role Female 2019 Nominees {{!}} Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2019/malayalam/nominations/best-actor-female |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Films}}

*{{Official website|https://anusithara.in/}}
*{{IMDb name|nm6788819}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sithara, Anu}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Dunlop, Kolkata

2026-04-23T14:43:15Z

SidneySorensen: new article...

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Baranagar of West Bengal, India}}
{{Other uses|Dunlop (disambiguation){{!}}Dunlop}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dunlop
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| etymology =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_seal =
| image_skyline = Dunlop, neighborhood in Kolkata.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Dunlop Crossing
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|39|08|N|88|22|37|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://north24parganas.nic.in/about_district/history|title=History of ''North 24 Parganas district''|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/centre-shows-urgency-in-tmc-ruled-west-bengal-clears-projects/783579.html|title=''Centre shows urgency in TMC-ruled West Bengal; clears projects''|publisher=m.tribuneindia.com|last=Singh|first=Ravi S|date=5 June 2019|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref>
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Baranagar metro station|Baranagar]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Indian Railways|Railway station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Baranagar Road railway station|Baranagar Road]]
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Baranagar Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 12
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| demographics1_title2 = Literacy rate
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700108<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincodes.info/in/West-Bengal/Kolkata/ISI-PO/Dunlop-Kolkata|title=Pin Code of Dunlop}}</ref>
| area_code = +91 33<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dialcode.org/Asia/India/|title=India Dial Codes|website=dialcode.org}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = WB-23, WB-24<ref>{{cite web|url=https://transport.wb.gov.in/governance-services/vehicle-registration/|title=REGISTRATION OF VEHICLE|access-date=19 November 2019|publisher=transport.wb.gov.in}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]<ref name=delimitation/>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 19 November 2019 |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|baranagarmunicipality.org/}}
}}

'''Dunlop''' is a neighbourhood in [[Baranagar]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Location===
The boundary of Dunlop is :- in the east – the Rail line from [[Sealdah]] towards [[Dankuni]] and [[Baruipara]]; in the west – [[Dakshineswar]] and [[Hooghly River]]; in the north – [[Kamarhati]] and [[Belgharia]] and in the south – Alambazar, [[Baranagar]] Bazar and [[Bonhooghly]]. [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] lies just a quarter of a mile from this place.

==Transport==
===Road===
[[File:Belghoria Expressway - Kolkata 2011-09-09 4955.JPG|thumb|[[Belghoria Expressway]], Dunlop]]
[[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]] (part of both [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|SH 1]] and [[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH 2]]) passes through Dunlop.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref> [[Belghoria Expressway]] also passes through Dunlop. "Dunlop Crossing" ([[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]], Gopal Lal Tagore Road and PWD Road Junction) is one of the largest crossings near [[Kolkata]] which connects Kolkata with Northern suburban areas and [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transport.wb.gov.in/transport-services/bus-services/|title=Bus Services}}</ref>

'''Shahid Bhagat Singh Flyover''' (Dunlop Bridge) connects [[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]] (Saket Nagar) with PWD Road (Ashokgarh). It has easened smooth passing of the light vehicles at Dunlop Crossing. The flyover was opened on 8 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dunlop Flyover|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/faster-flow-promise-in-flyover-unveil/cid/1279659}}</ref>

===Bus===

Bus route numbers 26, 32A, 34B, 43, 56, 78, 78/1, 79, 81/1, 201, 214, 214A, 222, 230, 234, 234/1, 285, K4, DN2/1, DN9/1, DN43, DN44, DN46, S164 (Mini), S180 (Mini), S185 (Mini), AC54, AC54B, E32, ACT-32, ACT-23, S9A, S17A, S32, S57, S58, AC20, S23A, AC23A, AC50A, S11, C23 etc. ply through Dunlop in Baranagar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://calcuttatramways.com/bus-route-search/ |title=Bus route |publisher=The Calcutta Tramways Company [1978] Ltd. |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818063620/http://calcuttatramways.com/bus-route-search/ |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Railways===
[[File:Baranagar Road railway station in Sealda to Dankuni line 10.jpg|thumb|[[Baranagar Road railway station]]]]
[[Baranagar Road railway station]] is situated at Dunlop. It is a Kolkata suburban railway station. It is one of the oldest railway station. [[Chord link line (Kolkata Suburban Railway)|Sealdah - Dankuni line]]'s trains pass through this station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/7697|title=BARN/Baranagar Road railway station| website=India Rail Info|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

===Metro railways===
[[File:BaranagarMetro.jpg|thumb|[[Baranagar metro station]]]]

The extension of [[Kolkata Metro Blue Line]] from [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]] to [[Dakshineswar metro station|Dakshineswar]] was sanctioned in 2010–11. It was extended up to [[Noapara, West Bengal|Noapara]] in 2013. The subsequent work was held up because of the encroachments on railway land. The [[Baranagar metro station]] was inaugurated on 22 February 2021 and commercial metro services were started on the following day.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.railnews.in/dakshineswar-metro-by-2019-pujas-says-chairman-railway-board/ | title = Dakshineswar Metro by 2019 Pujas: says Chairman, Railway Board | publisher = Rail News 6 March 2018 | access-date = 24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/land-cloud-over-dakshineswar-metro-set-to-lift-178182 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180725063658/https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/land-cloud-over-dakshineswar-metro-set-to-lift-178182 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 25 July 2018 | title = Land cloud over Dakshineswar Metro set to lift | publisher = The Telegraph, 13 October 2017 | access-date = 24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/dakshineswar-wont-feature-in-metro-map-by-december-2019/articleshow/61076181.cms | title = Dakshineswar won't feature in Metro map by December 2019 | publisher = The Times of India, 14 October 2017| access-date = 24 July 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category inline|Dunlop, Baranagar}}
* [http://baranagarmunicipality.org/ Baranagar Municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617114156/https://baranagarmunicipality.org/ |date=17 June 2019 }}

{{Wikivoyage-inline|Baranagar}}

{{Baranagar}}
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Baranagar]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Khalari

2026-04-22T04:09:57Z

SidneySorensen: Added Some Pg First Draft...

{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khalari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6501|N|84.9918|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.66
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 20,010
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 829205
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06531
| registration_plate = JH 1
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 75.58%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khalari''' (also spelled Khelari) is a [[census town]] in the [[Khelari block|Khelari]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the Indian State of [[Jharkhand]]. It is an area rich in coal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/jharkhand/ranchi/khalari|title=Khalari|access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|20|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28= Khelari (CT) |shape-color28=black| label-size28=13|label-color28=black 
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Khelari is located at {{coord|23.6501|N|84.9918|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Khelari had a total population of 20,010, of which 10,351 (52%) were males and 9,659 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,750. The total number of literate persons in Khelari was 13,045 (75.58% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 373461, page 28-29|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Khelari had a population of 18,699. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Khelari has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 49%. In Khelari, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

* For language details see [[Khelari block#Language and religion]]

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Ranchi'', Khelari covered an area of 16.66 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 23 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, uncovered well. It had 2,801 domestic electric connections, 24 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 1 hospital, 2 dispensaries, 2 health centres, 1 family welfare centre, 30 maternity and child welfare centres, 30 maternity homes, 1 nursing home, 4 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 6 primary schools, 5 middle schools, 5 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at [[Dakra]]. It had 1 non-formal educational centres (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan). Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 stadium, 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/ community hall, 2 public libraries, 1 reading room. Two important commodities it produced were cement and coal. It had the branch offices of 2 nationalised banks.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 675-681| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 10 September 2021}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Khalari.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title = District Police Profile - Ranchi| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 11 September 2021| archive-date = 8 September 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Khalari CD block are located at Khalari town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Ranchi district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
The projects of the [[North Karanpura Area]] of [[Central Coalfields]] in [[North Karanpura Coalfield]] are: Churi underground, Dakra Bukbuka opencast, K.D.H. opencast, Karkatta opencast, Rohini opencast, Purnadih opencast.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[State Highway 7 (Jharkhand)|State Highway 7]] (Hazaribagh-Tandwa-Bijupada) passes through Khalari.<ref>Google maps</ref>

There are stations at Ray and Khalari on the [[Barkakana-Son Nagar line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/barkakana-varanasi-passenger-53361/8618/1736/334 | title =53361 Barkakana-Varanasi Passenger | work= Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

Khalari has a beautiful railway station which has important value for the people of Khelari and nearby area as many trains such as Palamou Express and Shaktipunj Express stop here. Khelari is very well connected with [[Delhi]], [[Ranchi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Asansol]], [[Daltonganj]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/khalari-klre/1831|title=KLRE/Khalari|access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>

==Education==
Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya was established at [[Dakra, Ranchi|Dakra]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.uksmdakra.org/ | title = Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya | publisher = UKSM | access-date = 7 September 2021 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909135008/http://www.uksmdakra.org/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.shiksha.com/college/uttri-karanpura-sharamik-mahavidyalay-ranchi-104859| title = Uttar Karanpur Shramik Mahavidyalaya | publisher = Shiksha | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | title = Affiliated Colleges | publisher = Ranchi University | access-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909014606/https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Janta High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1956 at Khelari. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII. It has a playground and a library with 1,647 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142400505/janta-+2-high-school-khelari.html | title = Janta (+2) High School Khelari | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

DAV Co-Operative Sr Sec School located in Khalari Ranchi Distt Jharkhand is a Co-Educational Senior Secondary institution affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) on Provisional basis since 1974. The school has been operating officially under the trust/society DAV College Managing Committee.

Ursuline Convent is an English-medium coeducational established in 1980 at Khelari. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. It has a playground, a library with 4,445 books, and has 90 computers for teaching and learning purposes <ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142400509/ursuline-convent-school-khelari.html | title = Ursuline Convent School Khelari | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

Adarsh Middle and High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1982 at Khelari. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. It has a playground, a library with 2,300 books, and has 12 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142400503/adarsh-middle-&-high-school-khelari.html | title = Adarsh Middle & High School Khelari | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

St. Mother High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 2000 at Khelari. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. It has a playground and has a computer for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142400512/st-mother-high-school-khelari.html | title = St. Mother High School Khelari | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranchi district]]

Binita Mehta

2026-04-19T00:09:21Z

SidneySorensen: new a entry...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Gobindpur Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Binita Mehta''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. She is a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gobindpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Nawada district]]. She won the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Gobindpur (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2025: Binita Mehta of Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) Wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gobindpur-bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-10363721/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She defeated Purnima Devi of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] by a margin of 22,906 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gobindpur Assembly Election 2025: Gobindpur Election Candidates List, MLA, Election Date, Constituency Map, Seat Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} गोबिंदपुर विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2025 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/bihar/gobindpur-assembly-result-4238 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gobindpur Constituency Election Results 2025: Gobindpur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/gobindpur |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gobindpur Election 2025: Gobindpur Assembly Election Date, MLA's, Election Results, Seat, Candidates, Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/bihar/gobindpur-constituency-result-4238 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Mehta has served as [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]] member of Roh bloc. She belongs to a political family and her husband Anil Mehta is the district unit president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for [[Nawada district]]. With her political background with [[National Democratic Alliance]], she was declared the candidate of Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) prior to Bihar Legislative Assembly elections of 2025 from Gobindpur Assembly constituency of Nawada district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/nawada/news/vinita-mehta-is-the-ljp-ram-vilas-candidate-from-govindpur-136189631.html|title= गोविंदपुर से विनीता मेहता LJP (रामविलास) की उम्मीदवार:पहली बार चुनावी मैदान में उतरीं हैं, NDA ने दी क्लीन चिट|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=30 November 2025}}</ref>

She defeated RJD candidate Purnima Yadav with a margin of over 22,000 votes in this election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gobindpur-assembly-seat-result-2025-who-will-win-rjd-purnima-yadav-vs-ljprv-binita-mehta-election-counting-updates-201763081323380.html|title= Gobindpur Result LIVE: गोविंदपुर सीट पर लोजपा-आर की विनीता मेहता ने जीती बाजी,|website=Hindustan|accessdate=30 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Binita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nawada district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Hathin Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:37Z

SidneySorensen: Added First Pg W/ Sources...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hathin
| state = [[Haryana]]
| type = SLA
| map_image = Hathin Assembly constituency map.svg
| division =
| constituency_no = 82
| established = 
| abolished = 
| district = [[Palwal district|Palwal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Mohammad Israil]]
| party = {{party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,40,570
}}
'''Hathin''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Palwal district|Palwal]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Devi Singh Tewatia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Hem Raj Sehrawat || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1972
|[[Ramji Lal|Ramji Lal Dagar]]

|-
|1977
|Aditya Vesh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1982
|Azmat Khan<ref name=election1982>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3820-haryana-1982/ |title=Haryana 1982 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=28 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|1987
|Bhagwan Shai Rawat<ref name=election1987>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3821-haryana-1987/ |title=Haryana 1987 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=28 May 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Lok Dal (Rashtriya)}}
|-
|1991
|Ajmat Khan<ref name=election1991>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3822-haryana-1991/ |title=Haryana 1991 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=19 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1996
| Chaudhary Harsh Sorout
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
|2000
|Bhagwan Sahai Rawat<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3824-haryana-2000/ |title=Haryana 2000 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=5 May 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|2005
|Harsh Sorout<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3825-haryana-2005/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2005 |date=21 January 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2009
|[[Chaudhary Jaleb Khan|Jaleb Khan]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3826-haryana-2009/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |date=21 January 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Kehar Singh Rawat<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3827-haryana-2014/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |date=21 January 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Praveen Dagar]]<ref name=results2019/>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Mohammad Israil]]
|{{Full party name with color |Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Hathin">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Hathin |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0782.htm |accessdate=8 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108055400/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0782.htm |archivedate=8 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohd Israil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=79,907 |percentage=42.45% |change={{increase}}15.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,511 |percentage=25.24% |change={{decrease}}3.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tayub Husain Urf Nazir Ahmed |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=37,843 |percentage=20.10% |change={{increase}}18.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmendra Tewatia |party=Independent politician |votes=10,494 |percentage=5.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Kumar |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=5,699 |percentage=3.03% |change={{decrease}}15.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,945 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Singh Rawat |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,055 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=432 |percentage=0.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,396 |percentage=17.21% |change= {{increase}}15.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,88,238 |percentage=78.22% |change= {{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,40,570 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Praveen Dagar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=46,744 |percentage=29.19% |change={{increase}}3.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammad Israil S/O [[Jaleb Khan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=43,857|percentage=27.38%|change={{increase}}6.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tayyab Hussain Bhimsika|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=35,233|percentage=22.00%|change={{increase}}1.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Harsh Kumar|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=30,334|percentage=18.94%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rani Devi|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=1,828|percentage=1.14%|change={{decrease}}28.37}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,887 |percentage=1.80% |change= {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,60,163|percentage=76.65%|change={{decrease}}4.60}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,08,945 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=44,703 |percentage=29.52% |change={{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Harsh Kumar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=35000|percentage=25.31%|change={{increase}}24.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chaudhary Jaleb Khan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=31,270|percentage=20.65%|change={{decrease}}3.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tayub Husain Urf Nazir Ahmed|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=31,214|percentage=20.61%|change={{increase}}15.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramesh Chand|party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)|votes=1,719|percentage=1.13%|change={{decrease}}1.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhoop Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=1,422|percentage=0.94%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,372 |percentage=4.21% |change= {{decrease}}1.46 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,51,455|percentage=81.25%|change={{increase}}4.47}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,86,402 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chaudhary Jaleb Khan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=33,774 |percentage=29.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harsh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,301 |percentage=23.90% |change={{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=21,578 |percentage=18.89% |change={{decrease}}6.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramji Lal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=15,634 |percentage=13.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nasima |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,927 |percentage=5.19% |change={{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmat Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,296 |percentage=2.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Shakti Singh Rawat |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=2,563 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,709 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ser Mohammad @ Shera |party=Independent politician |votes=683 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tekchand Sorot |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=602 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}3.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,473 |percentage=5.67% |change= {{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,14,224 |percentage=76.78% |change= {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,764 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}6.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harsh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=31,879 |percentage=35.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chaudhary Jaleb Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,049 |percentage=26.00% |change={{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azmat Khan |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=22,570 |percentage=25.46% |change={{decrease}}4.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Sahai Rawat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,825 |percentage=4.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailash Chand Gupta Bahin |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,298 |percentage=3.72% |change={{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratan Singh Sorot |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=3,253 |percentage=3.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deenu |party=Independent politician |votes=457 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,830 |percentage=9.96% |change= {{increase}}8.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,657 |percentage=71.10% |change= {{decrease}}5.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,694 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}6.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Sahai Rawat |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=23,777 |percentage=29.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harsh Kumar |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=22,423 |percentage=27.78% |change={{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmat Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,471 |percentage=20.41% |change={{increase}}14.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yudhbir Singh Zaildar |party=Republican Party of India |votes=8,822 |percentage=10.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogender |party=Independent politician |votes=4,773 |percentage=5.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daler Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,908 |percentage=4.84% |change={{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,354 |percentage=1.68% |change= {{decrease}}7.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,720 |percentage=77.51% |change= {{increase}}11.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,994 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harsh Kumar |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=16,252 |percentage=23.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmat Khan |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=10,131 |percentage=14.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chaudhary Jaleb Khan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,069 |percentage=14.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra |party=Samata Party |votes=9,268 |percentage=13.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Sahai Rawat |party=Janata Dal |votes=7,465 |percentage=10.80% |change={{decrease}}13.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Liyakat Ali @ Vilayat Ali |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,553 |percentage=8.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Chaudhary |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,855 |percentage=5.58% |change={{decrease}}22.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Islam Alias Islamudin |party=Independent politician |votes=3,025 |percentage=4.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=870 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Usman |party=Independent politician |votes=687 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,121 |percentage=8.85% |change= {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,142 |percentage=68.11% |change= {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,213 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmat Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,250 |percentage=28.35% |change={{increase}}12.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Saye |party=Janata Dal |votes=15,334 |percentage=23.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harsh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=13,959 |percentage=21.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=11,525 |percentage=17.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,462 |percentage=6.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,916 |percentage=4.53% |change= {{decrease}}7.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,375 |percentage=67.59% |change= {{decrease}}4.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,945 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Shai |party=Lokdal |votes=17,260 |percentage=27.51% |change={{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramji Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,984 |percentage=15.91% |change={{decrease}}7.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harsh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=9,577 |percentage=15.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azmat Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,527 |percentage=13.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zalab Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,349 |percentage=8.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,206 |percentage=6.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor Mohmad Mewati |party=Independent politician |votes=2,685 |percentage=4.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khillan Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=1,846 |percentage=2.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aditiya Vesh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,614 |percentage=2.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ismali Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=499 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,276 |percentage=11.60% |change= {{increase}}11.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,747 |percentage=69.89% |change= {{increase}}2.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,554 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Azmat Khan |party=Janata Party |votes=12,828 |percentage=24.81% |change={{decrease}}10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khillan Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=12,655 |percentage=24.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramji Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,230 |percentage=23.65% |change={{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wali Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=7,800 |percentage=15.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Sahai Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=3,954 |percentage=7.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanshonu Ansari |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhutmal |party=Independent politician |votes=329 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=173 |percentage=0.33% |change= {{decrease}}21.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,712 |percentage=67.43% |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,939 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Aditya Vesh |party=Janata Party |votes=15,182 |percentage=35.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhutmal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,665 |percentage=13.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Dayal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,107 |percentage=11.87% |change={{decrease}}17.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basir |party=Independent politician |votes=4,751 |percentage=11.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=3,744 |percentage=8.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,358 |percentage=5.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Net Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,985 |percentage=4.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,794 |percentage=4.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,242 |percentage=2.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Lakdir |party=Independent politician |votes=828 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,517 |percentage=22.12% |change= {{increase}}11.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,033 |percentage=65.85% |change= {{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,372 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}4.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramji Lal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=17,173 |percentage=39.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,697 |percentage=29.26% |change={{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sufed Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,680 |percentage=24.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suleman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,632 |percentage=3.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jiwan Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,210 |percentage=2.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,476 |percentage=10.32% |change= {{increase}}10.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,392 |percentage=69.18% |change= {{increase}}22.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,523 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=7,381 |percentage=28.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debi Singh Tewatia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,311 |percentage=28.72% |change={{decrease}}21.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suleman |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=6,113 |percentage=24.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Safed Khan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=3,442 |percentage=13.52% |change={{increase}}11.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishnu Datt Sharma |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,210 |percentage=4.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=70 |percentage=0.27% |change= {{decrease}}24.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,457 |percentage=46.13% |change= {{decrease}}18.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,412 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hathin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,921 |percentage=50.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,190 |percentage=25.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wali Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=8,001 |percentage=22.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=599 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,731 |percentage=24.45% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,711 |percentage=67.57% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,915 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Palwal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|28.04|77.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Palwal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Nagari Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:06Z

SidneySorensen: New some details v1!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nagari
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 170
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (170-Nagari highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Nagari Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]],[[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
| established = 1962
| electors = {{Formatnum:194748}}{{update after|2024|7}}
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Gali Bhanu Prakash.jpg
| mla = [[Gali Bhanu Prakash|Gali Bhanu Prakash Naidu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
}}

'''Nagari Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Chittoor district]] and [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name="delimitation2008">{{cite web |date=26 November 2008 |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |accessdate=12 February 2021 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Ghali Bhanu Prakash|Gali Bhanu Prakash]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhanu wins in Nagari, but Iron-Leg tag intact! |url=http://www.gulte.com/news/27099/Roja-wins-in-Nagari-but-Iron-Leg-tag-intact |access-date=2018-05-02 |work=Gulte.com |language=en-us}}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 178,530 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web |date=25 May 2019 |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1962, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1962)''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPACO (1961) |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgItkPooCRaZcvrgUBFpKv6bdcr76FQDeo4Kbxo8pmzBdqn57Vkq%2BOs6XLNlp7ij%2BALC0VvUMtFnsvNH%2Ba3UdineGBntf08Jwr8por21kYpP4d |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders}}</ref>

== Mandals ==

Presently this constituency consists of the following Mandals as per ''Delimitation Orders, 2008'':<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation Order 2008 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DelimitationofParliamentaryAssemblyConstituenciesOrder-2008(English).pdf |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=www.eci.gov.in/delimitation}}</ref>{{Static row numbers}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
!District
|-
|[[Nindra]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|-
|[[Vijayapuram]]
|-
|[[Nagari, Andhra Pradesh|Nagari]]
|-
|[[Puttur mandal|Puttur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
|-
|[[Vadamalapeta mandal|Vadamalapeta]]
|-
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Dommaraju Gopalu Raju
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Kilari Gopalu Naidu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Reddyvari Chenga Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|Elavarthi Gopal Raju
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Reddyvari Chenga Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|[[V. Doraswamy Raju]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |Reddyvari Chenga Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Gali Muddu Krishnama Naidu|Gali Muddukrishnama Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[R. K. Roja]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Gali Bhanu Prakash]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==

{{Bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{Party color|Independent (politician)}}|51.16}}
{{Bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.13}}
{{Bar percent|[[#1972|1972]]|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}|73.83}}
{{Bar percent|[[#1978|1978]]|{{Party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}|39.65}}
{{Bar percent|[[#1983|1983]]|{{Party color|Independent (politician)}}|56.37}}
{{Bar percent|[[#1985|1985]]|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.78}}
{{Bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.83}}
{{Bar percent|[[#1994|1994]]|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|53.32}}
{{Bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.28}}
{{Bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.80}}
{{Bar percent|[[#2009|2009]]|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|43.35}}
{{Bar percent|[[#2014|2014]]|{{Party color|YSR Congress Party}}|47.23}}
{{Bar percent|[[#2019|2019]]|{{Party color|YSR Congress Party}}|47.6}}
{{Bar percent|[[#2024|2024]]|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|60.38}}
}}

=== 2024 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Gali Bhanu Prakash]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=107,797|percentage=60.38|change={{increase}}14.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = R.K. Roja
| party = YSR Congress Party
| votes = 62,794
| percentage =35.17
| change ={{decrease}}12.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pochareddy Rakesh Reddy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,551|percentage=2.55|change={{increase}}0.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above|party=NOTA|votes=1,744|percentage=0.98|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 45,004
| percentage = 25.2
| change = {{increase}}23.58
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 178,530
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Telugu Desam Party
| loser =YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = R. K. Roja
| party = YSR Congress Party
| votes = 80,333
| percentage = 47.6
| change = {{increase}}0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Gali Bhanu Prakash]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=77,625|percentage=46|change={{decrease}}0.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pochareddy Rakesh Reddy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,357|percentage=1.99|change={{decrease}}1.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Naganaboyina Pravallika|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=3,044|percentage=1.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the Above|party=NOTA|votes=1,688|percentage=1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nishidha. M|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,352|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appani Niranjan Reddy|party=Janam Manam Party|votes=325|percentage=0.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gnsnsprakash|party=Independent (politician)|votes=233|percentage=0.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dhanasekhar Chetty|party=Independent (politician)|votes=204|percentage=0.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayaramaiah|party=Independent (politician)|votes=159|percentage=0.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Echa Vinayakam|party=Independent (politician)|votes=157|percentage=0.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chitti Babu|party=Independent (politician)|votes=148|percentage=0.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Dilli Baabu|party=Independent (politician)|votes=139|percentage=0.08|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 2,708
| percentage = 1.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 1,68,764
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,69,741|percentage=87.09|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,94,900
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = R. K. Roja
| party = YSR Congress Party
| votes = 74,724
| percentage = 47.23
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Gali Muddu Krishnama Naidu
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| votes = 73,866
| percentage = 46.69
| change = {{increase}}3.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Sathya Swarupa Indira Vakati
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 5,170
| percentage = 3.27
| change = {{decrease}}39.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Pothugunta Vijaya Babu
| party = Lok Satta Party
| votes = 1,546
| percentage = 0.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = C. Malathi
| party = Pyramid Party of India
| votes = 530
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = G.Jawahar Ruban
| party = Jai Samaikyandhra Party
| votes = 507
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = A. Chitti Babu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 472
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = None of the Above
| party = NOTA
| votes = 458
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = K. Dhanasekhar Chetty
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 327
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = C. Naga Raveendra Reddy
| party = Jai Maha Bharath Party
| votes = 226
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = P. Jayaramaiah
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 147
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = B. Ramakrishnama Naidu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 117
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = B. Dhilli Babu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 111
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 858
| percentage = 0.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 1,57,743
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,58,211
| percentage = 85.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,85,593
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Gali Muddukrishnama Naidu
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| votes = 60,849
| percentage = 43.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Chenga Reddy
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 59,541
| percentage = 42.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = G. Sudarshana Varma
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| votes = 13,841
| percentage = 9.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = J. Venugopal Raju
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| votes = 1,568
| percentage = 1.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = N. Sankar Yadav
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| votes = 1,501
| percentage = 1.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = B. Ramakrishnama Naidu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 1,256
| percentage = 0.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Dr. G. Jawahar Ruban
| party = Lok Satta Party
| votes = 742
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = B. Dalli Babu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 455
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = K. Dhanasekhar Chetty
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 403
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = G. Gunasekhar
| party = Bharatheeya Sadharma Samsthapana Party
| votes = 207
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 1,308
| percentage = 0.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 1,40,363
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 241
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,40,604
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,68,421
| change = 83.48
| ref =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Chengareddy Reddyvari
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 65,561
| percentage = 50.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = R. K. Roja
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| votes = 59,867
| percentage = 46.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = P. Jayaram
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 1,817
| percentage = 1.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = R. Nagandra Yadav
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 835
| percentage = 0.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = B. Ramakrishnama Naidu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 983
| percentage = 0.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 5,694
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 1,29,063
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 2
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,29,065
| percentage = 77.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,66,845
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Chenga Reddy Reddyvari
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 62,592
| percentage = 50.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = V. Doraswamy Raju
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| votes = 59,478
| percentage = 47.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = V. Ambrose Wilson
| party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| votes = 1,513
| percentage = 1.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = K. N. Mohan Modaliar
| party = Anna Telugu Desam Party
| votes = 428
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = J. Jaleel
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 315
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = P. V. Dharmalingam
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 126
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = B. Ramakrishnama Naidu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 39
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 3,114
| percentage = 2.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 1,24,491
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 5,697
| percentage = 4.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,30,188
| percentage = 73.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,76,911
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = V. Doraswamy Raju
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| votes = 65,432
| percentage = 53.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = V. Chenga Reddy
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 52,327
| percentage = 42.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = P. Harinathan
| party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| votes = 3,029
| percentage = 2.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = K. Nagaiah
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| votes = 1,010
| percentage = 0.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = K. G. Govindaswamy
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| votes = 500
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = B. Jagannatha Naidu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 265
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = S. S. Balakrishnan
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 75
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = A. N. Sampath
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 13,105
| percentage = 10.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 1,22,711
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 2,524
| percentage = 2.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,25,294
| percentage = 78.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,60,051
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Changa Reddy V
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 66,423
| percentage = 56.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Chilakam Ramakrishnama Reddy
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| votes = 50,248
| percentage = 42.99
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Bathala Ramakrishnama Naidu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 199
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 16,175
| percentage = 13.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 1,16,870
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 5,078
| percentage = 4.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,21,948
| percentage = 74.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,63,132
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Chenga Reddy V
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 50,646
| percentage = 49.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = A. M. Radhakrishna
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| votes = 49,504
| percentage = 48.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Pavuluri Jagannadham Naidu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 860
| percentage = 0.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = R. Mahadeva Naidu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 264
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Enamandala Subramanyam Naidu
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 196
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Kalikiri Narayana Reddy
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 135
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = R. Subramanyam Reddy
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 128
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 1,142
| percentage = 1.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 1,01,733
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 1,742
| percentage = 1.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,03,475
| percentage = 74.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,38,281
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Independent (politician)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = E. V. Gopal Rraju (Elavarti)
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 53,778
| percentage = 56.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Chengareddy Vellire
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 41,626
| percentage = 43.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 12,152
| percentage = 12.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 95,404
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 1,766
| percentage = 1.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 97,170
| percentage = 80.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,20,077
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Independent (politician)
| loser = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Chenga Reddy Vellir
| party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| votes = 33,448
| percentage = 39.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Ramachandra Reddy Chilakam
| party = Janata Party
| votes = 25,995
| percentage = 30.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Ramesh Chandra Prasad Gandhamaneni
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 11,031
| percentage = 13.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Bhaskar Naidu K.
| party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| votes = 7,677
| percentage = 9.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Subramanyam Mukali Chittor
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| votes = 6,206
| percentage = 7.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 7,453
| percentage = 8.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 84,357
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 2,185
| percentage = 2.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 86,542
| percentage = 77.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,11,305
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Kilari Gopalu Naidu
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 43,484
| percentage = 73.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Gnanaprakasam
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| votes = 15,412
| percentage = 26.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 28,072
| percentage = 47.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 58,896
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 1,832
| percentage = 3.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 60,728
| percentage = 75.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 80,130
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Kilari Gopalu Naidu
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 31,292
| percentage = 57.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = K. B. Siddaaiah
| party = Swatantra Party
| votes = 23,477
| percentage = 42.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 7,815
| percentage = 14.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 54,769
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 1,821
| percentage = 3.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 56,590
| percentage = 76.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 74,125
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Independent (politician)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagari
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Dommaraju Gopalu Raju
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 19,696
| percentage = 51.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Kilari Gopalu Naidu
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 18,159
| percentage = 47.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Raghava Modali
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 642
| percentage = 1.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 1,537
| percentage = 3.99
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 38,497
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 1,261
| percentage = 3.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 39,758
| percentage = 81.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 48,662
| change =
| ref =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Independent (politician)
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
{{Chittoor district}}
{{Tirupati district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Coord|13.32|79.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Kakinada Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:25Z

SidneySorensen: Added Some Entry More To Come...

{{short description|Defunct assembly constituency of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kakinada
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Kakinada Assembly constituency''' was a constituency in [[East Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elected representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It was one of six assembly segments in [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2008-10-01 |title=Medicare Competitive Bidding Demonstration Project Repealed |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.3.455.2 |journal=Microbe Magazine |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=455 |doi=10.1128/microbe.3.455.2 |issn=1558-7452|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2 | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Chittajallu Venkata Krishna Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[Mallipudi Pallam Raju]]<ref name=election1955>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1955 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Dantu Bhaskara Rao]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 7 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[C. V. K. Rao]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 7 February 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Akkineni Bhaskra Rao]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 February 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Malladi Swamy]]<ref name=election1978>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1978 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 February 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|rowspan=2 |Mutha Gopala Krishna Murthy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Malladi Swami
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Mutha Gopala Krishna Murthy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Andhra Pradesh 1999 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Mutha Gopala Krishna Murthy<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakinada<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chittajallu Venkata Krishna Rao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=48,371 |percentage=29.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanteti Mohana Rao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=42,201 |percentage=26.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Dayananda Raja |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,483 |percentage=13.88% |change=13.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pamu Ramanamurthy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,968 |percentage=12.33% |change=12.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Vadapalli |party=Republican Party of India |votes=6,854 |percentage=4.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parapudi Rama Mohana Rao |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=3,442 |percentage=2.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Naayarnamoorthy |party=Republican Party of India |votes=3,199 |percentage=1.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pitta Venkatesu |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=3,187 |percentage=1.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandramandri Venkataratnam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,112 |percentage=1.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Palavarty Bhommalingamurthy |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=3,102 |percentage=1.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goli Venkatarayudu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,960 |percentage=1.83% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,170 |percentage=3.81% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,61,997 |percentage=113.83% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,42,309 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|16.99|82.25|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Faridkot Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:22:00Z

SidneySorensen: new new stub...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Faridkot
| map_image = 87-Faridkot.svg
| mla = [[Gurdit Singh Sekhon]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:169823}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| constituency_no = 87
| type= SLA
}}
'''Faridkot Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
It is part of [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="5" | '''As part of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] (1956–Present)'''
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Gurdit Singh Sekhon]]<ref name=election2022/>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Kushaldeep Singh Dhillon]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Deep Malhotra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Avtar Singh Brar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Kushaldeep Singh Dhillon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|rowspan=2|[[Avtar Singh Brar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Karnail Singh Doad]]
|
|Independent
|-
|1982 (By-elections)
|[[Jagdish Kaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Jasmat Singh Dhillon]]
|
|Independent
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Manmohan Singh Brar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]] (SC)
|[[Durdev Singh]]
|-
|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]] (SC)
|[[Bhagat Singh?|Bhagat Singh]]
|-
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]] (SC)
|[[B. Singh?|B. Singh]]
| style="background-color:#FF8000" |
|[[Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group|Akali Dal - Sant Fateh Singh]]
|-
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Mehar Singh (politician)|Mehar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" | '''As part of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly]] (1951–56)'''
|-
|[[1954 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|1954]]
|[[Harindar Singh (H.H. Raja)]]
|
|Independent
|-
|[[1952 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| [[Hazura Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patiala & East Punjab States Union, 1951 - Election Commission|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4096-patiala-east-punjab-states-union-1951/}}</ref>
|
|Independent
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Faridkot<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Gurdit Singh Sekhon]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = 53,484
|percentage = 41.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Parambans Singh Romana]]
|votes = 36,687
|percentage = 28.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kushaldeep Singh Dhillon]]
|votes = 33,255
|percentage = 25.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gaurav Kakkar]]
|votes = 2,424
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Gursawak Singh Bhana
|votes = 1,563
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = 732
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,797
|percentage = 12.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:169823 }}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Faridkot<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kushaldeep Singh Dhillon]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:51026}}
|percentage = 40.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Gurdit Singh Sekhon]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:39367}}
|percentage = 31.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Parambans Singh Bunty Romana]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:32612}}
|percentage = 25.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:759}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:11659}}
|percentage = 9.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:125661}}
|percentage = 82.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:154149}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Faridkot district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.68|74.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Faridkot district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Vipul Dubey

2026-04-13T22:42:55Z

SidneySorensen: starting some stub with sources - done

{{Short description|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vipul Dubey
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Gyanpur Assembly constituency|Gyanpur]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Vijay Mishra (politician)|Vijay Mishra]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|1|27}}
| birth_place = Milky, [[India]]
| party = [[NISHAD Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
| alma_mater = Kashi Naresh Government Post Graduate College
| father = Ram Sagar Dubey
| spouse = Sangita Devi
| children = 3
}}
'''Vipul Dubey''' (born 27 January 1982) is an Indian [[politician]], [[farmer]], and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Gyanpur Assembly constituency]].<ref name="upla">{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18393/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |language=hi |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/vipul-dubey/ |title=Vipul Dubey, NISHAD MLA from Gyanpur |publisher=ourneta.com |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[NISHAD Party]].<ref name="upla" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/vipul-dubey |title=Vipul Dubey |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Vipul Dubey was born on 27 January 1982 in Milky to a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] family of Ram Sagar Dubey.<ref name="upla" /> He married Sangita Devi, and they have three children.<ref name="upla" />

==Education==

Vipul Dubey completed his education with a [[Master of Arts]] from Kashi Naresh Government Post Graduate College, [[Gyanpur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4461 |title=Vipul Dubey(Nirbal Indian Shoshit Hamara Aam Dal):Constituency- GYANPUR(BHADOHI) |publisher=myneta.info |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Vipul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:NISHAD Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Tulaipanji rice

2026-04-11T12:18:19Z

SidneySorensen: starting first article more to come - done

{{Short description|Rice cultivar from India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Tulaipanji Rice
| image = Tulaipanji rice at Bangiya Khadya Utsav 2015.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Tulaipanji rice being sold by Sufal Bangla at Bangiya Khadya Utsav 2015
| alternative names = তুলাইপাঞ্জি চাল
| description =Tulaipanji is a aromatic rice cultivated in [[West Bengal]]
| type =[[West Bengal]] aromatic rice
| area = [[Raiganj subdivision]] of [[North Dinajpur district]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 24 October, 2017
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/530|ipindiaservices.gov.in}}}}

'''Tulaipanji''' ({{langx|bn|তুলাইপাঞ্জি}}) is an Indian rice cultivar from [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is an indigenous aromatic rice grown mainly in the [[Raiganj subdivision]] of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] and some pockets of [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]]. In 2012, the Government of West Bengal sent Tulaipanji rice to the food festival at the London Olympics.<ref name="abp24072012">{{cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1120724/24bus2.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130721164830/http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1120724/24bus2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2013|title=অলিম্পিক মাতাবে তুলাইপাঞ্জি, গোবিন্দভোগ|date=24 July 2012|work=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn|access-date=21 July 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

Tulaipanji is an indigenous aromatic rice landrace grown mainly in Raiganj sub-division of North Dinajpur district of West Bengal, India. The aroma and quality of this rice variety are strongly associated with its native origin.

Tulaipanji is categorized as 'non-[[Basmati]] aromatic rice'. It has medium-long slender grain with an average length of 5.5 mm, length/breadth ratio of 3.4 and elongation ratio of 1.6. Cooked rice is bright in appearance, non-sticky and [[friable]] due to high [[amylose]] content.
Tulaipanji contains amylose – 28.3%, protein – 7.3%. It has comparable quality parameters like 77.1% hulling, 65% milling, 54.2% head rice recovery and alkali value at 4.0.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

Traditionally, Tulaipanji is grown without using any fertilizer in mid-land to high-land condition and preferably in [[jute]] harvested fields, after rainy season during the August–December period. Low [[soil fertility]] and moisture stress generally prevail in the growing field and believed to be the key factor behind the aroma{{Citation needed|date = July 2015}}. Inorganic fertilizers are generally not used due to the reduction in aroma and other qualitative parameters.

==Detailed descriptive parameters of Tulaipanji rice==
[[File:Tulaipanji rice at a Bengali household in India, photo taken on January 14, 2023.jpg|thumb|Tulaipanji rice at a Bengali household in India]]
The Tulaipanji rice when cooked turns out to be whitish-yellow, slender and non-sticky. The rice is valued in the preparation of pulao, fried rice and biryani. Tulaipanji is also known for its disease-pest resistance quality.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Parameter !! Value
|-
| Kernel length (mm) || 5.2
|-
| Kernel breadth (mm) || 1.8
|-
| L/B ratio || 2.8
|-
| Kernel type || Medium slender
|-
| Kernel color || White
|-
| Amylose (%) || 16.7
|-
| Protein (%) || 7.1
|-
| Elongation ratio || 1.7
|-
| Aroma || Medium
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Gobindobhog]]
*[[Kanakchur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264315135_Tulaipanji_-_A_precious_scented_rice_land_race_of_North_Bengal_India A precious scented rice land race of North Bengal India] – ''ResearchGate''

{{Varieties of rice}}
{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Rice varieties of India]]
[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]

Maurice Paquirissamypoullé

2026-04-11T00:02:07Z

SidneySorensen: New the entry basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maurice Paquirissamypoullé
| image = File:Maurice Paquirissamypoullé.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[List of senators of French India|Senator for French India]]
| term_start = 26 January 1947
| term_end = 19 June 1955
| predecessor = [[Eugène Le Moignic]]
| successor = (seat suppressed)
| birth_name = Ajagasoundirame
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1906|08|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karaikal]], French India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1956|01|13|1906|08|09|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Karaikal]], Puducherry, India
| blank1 = Also called
| data1 = Maurice Paquirissamy-Poullé
| occupation =
| known_for =
}}
'''Maurice Paquirissamypoullé''', or '''Paquirissamy-Poullé''', (9 August 1906 – 13 January 1956) was a rice trader and politician from the colony of [[Karaikal]] in [[French India]].
He represented the colony in the Council of the Republic from 1947 until 1955, when his seat was dissolved following the union with India.
He did what he could to ensure a [[peaceful transition of power]].

==Early years==

Maurice Paquirissamypoullé was born on 9 August 1906 in [[Karaikal]], French India.
He studied at the Collège Colonial in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].
He became a rice trader.{{sfn|collectif|2012}}
Paquirissamypoullé did not speak French well, and flirted with communism before entering mainstream politics as a socialist.{{sfn|Gaymard|2009}} He was married to Nagammal. He was born Hindu Vellala and became ''renonçant'' (i.e., rejecting the Hindu traditions) on 10 December 1924.<ref>Journal officiel des établissements français dans l'Inde, 31 janvier 1925, p.75.</ref>

==Local politics==

After [[World War II]] (1939–45) Paquirissamypoullé was elected a member of the Representative Assembly of French India on 15 December 1946.
He became vice-president of the assembly on 25 January 1947.{{sfn|collectif|2012}}
The French administration was often lethargic and bureaucratic, despite attempts by Paquirissamypoullé in the Assembly to goad it into action.{{sfn|Mulvany|2011|p=126}}
On 20 December 1948 the Assembly voted for a motion that approved the resolution of the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Jaipur]] that required annexation of all foreign possessions in India, and called for the opening of negotiations between Paris and New Delhi.
Paquirissamypoullé approved this resolution.{{sfn|Gaymard|2009}}
On 23 October 1948 Paquirissamypoullé was elected municipal councilor of Karikal.
He was appointed mayor of Karaikal on 27 October 1948.
He was reelected municipal councilor on 3 May 1953, holding office until his death.{{sfn|collectif|2012}}

==Senator==

On 26 January 1947 Paquirissamypoullé was elected to the [[Council of the Republic (France)|Council of the Republic]] (the equivalent to the Senate in the [[French Fourth Republic]]) to represent the French Establishments in India (''Établissements français dans l'Inde'').
He sat with the [[Popular Republican Movement]] (MRP, Mouvement Républicain Populaire) group.{{sfn|collectif|2012}}
He was reelected on 19 December 1948.{{sfn|PAQUIRISSAMYPOULLE Maurice – Sénat}}
In 1949 he participated in debating the draft law for organizing a referendum in [[Chandannagar]], the first of the French Establishments to become part of the Indian Union (in 1951).
In 1953 he asked for government assistance for the victims of a cyclone that had devastated Karikal.
He was a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs, Customs and Trade Conventions in 1952, and of the Beverage Committee from 1952 to 1954.{{sfn|collectif|2012}}

In January 1954 Paquirissamypoullé returned from Paris, where he had met with [[Georges Bidault]], Minister of Foreign Affairs, and [[Louis Jacquinot]], Minister of Overseas France.
They had told him that a merger of the French Establishments with India was inevitable, and France wanted the transfer to take place under the most favorable terms and conditions possible.{{sfn|Stech|2011|p=108}}
The Indian government made repeated acts of aggression and intimidation that year.{{sfn|Stech|2011|p=116}}
[[Yanaon]] was lost to India on 13 June 1954, and [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé]] was evacuated by the freighter Granville on 16 July 1954.{{sfn|Pitoëff |1991|p=126}}
Paquirissamypoullé, until then loyal to France, bowed to the inevitable and came out in favour of the return to India.{{sfn|Pitoëff |1991|p=126}}
The troops of [[Dadala Raphael Ramanayya]] attacked the commune of [[Bahour]] to the north of Pondicherry on 22 July 1954.
Paquirissamypoullé managed to maintain calm in Karikal, whose evacuation by the French would have signalled general evacuation of the colonies.{{sfn|Stech|2011|p=116}}

[[Pierre Mendès France]] became head of the French government on 17 June 1954 on a program of peace in [[Indochina]].
On 20 July 1954 he asked [[Robert Buron]], Minister of Overseas France, to settle the French Indian problem.{{sfn|Pitoëff |1991|p=126}}
A Franco-Indian accord was signed in New Delhi on 11 October 1954.
The formal transfer of power took place on 31 October 1954.{{sfn|Stech|2011|p=117}}
The last four French Establishments in India, Karaikal, Mahé, Pondicherry and Yanaon, became part of the Indian Union.{{sfn|collectif|2012}}
Their seat in the Council of the Republic was suppressed by decree of 5 May 1955.{{sfn|PAQUIRISSAMYPOULLE Maurice – Sénat}}
Maurice Paquirissamypoullé's term of office ended on 4 July 1955.
He died on 13 January 1956 in Karaikal, Puducherry, India.{{sfn|collectif|2012}}

==Positions held==
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box | before= Position created | title=[[Puducherry Representative Assembly|Membre de l'assemblée réprésentative de Karikal]] | after=[[P. Shanmugam]]|years=1946 – 13 January 1956}}
{{S-end}}

==See also==
* [[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]
* [[1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |language=fr |chapter=PAQUIRISSAMY-POULLÉ (Maurice) |title=Dictionnaire des parlementaires français de 1940 à 1958 |volume=6 (P-Z)
|author=collectif |publisher=La Documentation française |location=Paris |year=2012 |isbn=978-2110079930
|chapter-url=https://www.senat.fr/senateur-4eme-republique/paquirissamypoulle_maurice0342r4.html#1940-1958 |accessdate=2018-04-07}}
*{{citation |title=Les derniers feux de l'Inde française |date=1 January 2009 |journal=Le Rêve Indien de la France |language=fr
|last=Gaymard |first=Hervé |url=http://cidif2.go1.cc/index.php/essais/285-32-185-les-derniers-feux-de-linde-francaise |accessdate=2018-04-07}}
*{{citation |date=12 August 2011 |title=Flood of Memories:Narratives of Flood and Loss in Tamil South India
|last=Mulvany |first=Aaron Patrick |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |citeseerx=10.1.1.222.8209
}}
*{{citation |language=fr |ref={{harvid|PAQUIRISSAMYPOULLE Maurice – Sénat}}
|title=PAQUIRISSAMYPOULLE Maurice |publisher=Sénat de France
|url=https://www.senat.fr/senateur-4eme-republique/paquirissamypoulle_maurice0342r4.html#1940-1958 |accessdate=2018-04-07}}
*{{citation |language=fr
|last=Pitoëff |first=Patrick |title=L'Inde française en sursis. 1947-1954 |journal=Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer |volume=78 |issue=290 |pages=105–131 |year=1991
|doi=10.3406/outre.1991.2875 |url=https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/outre_0300-9513_1991_num_78_290_2875.pdf |accessdate=2018-04-07}}
*{{citation |language=fr |publisher=Université de Montréal |type=Mémoire de maîtrise |date=15 September 2011
|last=Stech |first=Zorian |title=Les possessions françaises en Inde dès les années 1920 jusqu'à l'indépendance : histoire d'un revirement politique
|url=https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/6047/Zorian_Stech_2011_memoire.pdf |accessdate=2018-04-08}}
{{refend}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paquirissamy-Poulle, Maurice}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Senators of French India]]

K. P. Basheer

2026-03-30T20:08:40Z

SidneySorensen: Added The Stub W/ Refs

{{primary sources|date=March 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur based in the United Arab Emirates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. P. Basheer
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1963
| birth_place = Vadakara, Kerala, India
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| known_for = Founder of [[Nesto Group]]; chairman of [[Western International Group]]
}}

'''K. P. Basheer''' (born 1963) is an Indian entrepreneur based in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. He is the founder and chairman of [[Western International Group]] and the founder of [[Nesto Group]], a retail chain headquartered in the UAE.<ref name="Forbes2021">{{cite web |last=Shabbir |first=Ahsan |title=K P Basheer |url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/lists/top-indian-business-leaders-in-the-middle-east/k-p-basheer/ |website=Forbes Middle East |date=23 January 2021 |access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="FastCompany2026">{{cite web |title=Retail in the Middle East is being rebuilt in real time. These 60 leaders are designing what comes next |url=https://fastcompanyme.com/retail-in-the-middle-east-is-being-rebuilt-in-real-time-these-60-leaders-are-designing-what-comes-next/ |website=Fast Company Middle East |date=March 2026 |access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref> He has been included in regional business rankings including ''Forbes Middle East's'' list of top Indian business leaders in the Middle East.<ref name="Forbes2021" />

==Early life and career==
Basheer was born in 1963 in Vadakara, Kerala, India.<ref name="WIGAbout">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.westerninternationalllc.com/about.php |website=Western International Group |access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref> He established a shop in Bahrain called ''Gift Palace'' in 1986, before diversifying into multiple businesses later consolidated under Western International Group.<ref name="Forbes2021" />

Basheer moved to [[Dubai]] in 1998 and founded the consumer brand Geepas there.<ref name="WIGAbout" /> The company later expanded into electronics, household goods, fashion, retail, food, and e-commerce businesses.<ref name="WIGAbout" /><ref name="FastCompany2026" />

==Business career==
Basheer is the founder and chairman of Western International Group, a Dubai-headquartered conglomerate with operations in retail and consumer goods.<ref name="Forbes2021" /><ref name="FastCompany2026" /> In 2004, he founded [[Nesto Group]], which grew into a hypermarket and supermarket chain operating across Gulf Cooperation Council countries and India.<ref name="NestoAbout">{{cite web |title=About Nesto |url=https://nestogroup.com/about-us/ |website=Nesto Group |access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref>

In its 2021 profile of Basheer, ''Forbes Middle East'' ranked him ninth in its list of ''Top Indian Business Leaders in the Middle East'' and said that Western International Group comprised 14 brands spanning fashion, apparel, electronics, retail, and e-commerce. Nesto had 85 outlets across the GCC and India, while the wider group employed 15,000 people and sold products in 90 countries at the time.<ref name="Forbes2021" />

A 2026 profile in ''Fast Company Middle East'' described Basheer as founder and chairman of both Western International Group and Nesto Group, and said that the broader enterprise had grown to more than 30 brands operating across 90 countries with over 35,000 employees worldwide.<ref name="FastCompany2026" />

==Philanthropy==
In April 2023, ''Gulf News'' reported that Nesto Group, operated by Western International Group, pledged Dh10 million over five years to support the UAE's ''1 Billion Meals Endowment'' campaign. Basheer, identified in the report as chairman of Western International Group, said the contribution reflected the group's commitment to social responsibility.<ref name="GulfNewsMeals2023">{{cite news |title=Nesto Group supports ‘1 Billion Meals Endowment’ campaign with a Dh10 million contribution |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/ramadan/nesto-group-supports-1-billion-meals-endowment-campaign-with-a-dh10-million-contribution-1.94992059 |work=Gulf News |date=7 April 2023 |access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref>

In March 2024, the [[Emirates News Agency]] reported that Basheer was among a group of business leaders who met [[Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum]] in Dubai in connection with philanthropic initiatives in the UAE.<ref name="WAM2024">{{cite news |title=Hamdan bin Mohammed meets with philanthropic businessmen in Dubai |url=https://www.wam.ae/en/article/b1zoxva-hamdan-bin-mohammed-meets-with-philanthropic |work=Emirates News Agency |date=5 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Basheer was ranked No. 9 in ''Forbes Middle East's'' 2021 list of ''Top Indian Business Leaders in the Middle East''.<ref name="Forbes2021" /> He was also included in ''Arabian Business'''s 2024 feature ''UAE Indians: Meet the 50 Indian Aces you need to know'', a list highlighting influential Indian business figures in the Gulf region.<ref name="AB2024">{{cite web |title=UAE Indians: Meet the 50 Indian Aces you need to know |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/listing/uae-indians-meet-the-50-indian-aces-you-need-to-know |website=Arabian Business |date=8 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Western International Group]]
* [[Nesto Group]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.westerninternationalllc.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basheer, K.P.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]

Manoj–Gyan

2026-03-21T02:16:29Z

SidneySorensen: rework section per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|Indian music composer duo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Manoj–Gyan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alias =
| genre = [[Film score]], [[Fusion music]]
| occupation = Composer, music director, [[orchestrator]], conductor
| years_active =
}}

'''Manoj–Gyan''' was an Indian musical duo consisting of composers '''Manoj Bhatnagar''' and '''Gyan Varma'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=டியூனுக்கு எழுதுவதில் சிக்கல்! - கவிஞர் முத்துலிங்கம்|url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/aug/05/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D---%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2974347.html|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Dinamani|language=ta|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521155226/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/aug/05/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D---%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2974347.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1980s, the two collaboratively composed music for [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]]-language films. Manoj hails from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], while Gyan is from [[Punjab]].

== Career ==
In the 1980s the duo ended up composing for movies like ''[[Oomai Vizhigal]], [[Senthoora Poove]], [[Uzhavan Magan]], [[Thaai Naadu]], [[Urimai Geetham]], [[Megam Karuththirukku]], [[Velicham]]'' and these movies had several hit songs.

In particular, the song "Tholvi Nilayena Ninaithal" sung by [[P B Srinivas]] in the movie ''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]'' became a hit. The song went on to assume the role of an unofficial anthem of sorts for the [[LTTE]] in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/tholvi-nilayena-oomai-vizhigal?articleid=3140|title=Tholvi Nilayena (Oomai Vizhigal) | Tamil Guardian|website=www.tamilguardian.com}}</ref>

The two split up around 1989. Following the split, Gyan Verma scored music for a couple of films on his own including ''[[Inaindha Kaigal]]'' and ''[[Sathya Vaakku]]''. Manoj also tried his hand at scoring in a film titled ''Panthaya Kuthiraigal'', but the film wasn't released to the public.

Years later, Manoj built a recording theater and eventually returned as a producer-music director in 1998, assuming the name of Manoj Bhatnagar. He produced and also directed the music for two films ''[[Endrendrum Kadhal]]'' (starring Vijay) and ''[[Good Luck (2000 film)|Good Luck]]'' (starring Prashanth). Both films received positive response with the audiences and critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamilminutes.com/manoj-gyan-music-director-1259282/|title=இசை மாயாஜாலங்களை நிகழ்த்திய இரட்டை இசையமைப்பாளர்கள்- மனோஜ் கியான் - Tamil Minutes|date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
!Year
! Film !! Language !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Roohi (1981 film)|Roohi]]'' || [[Hindi]] || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Roohi-LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Roohi-Bollywood-Vinyl-Lp-Record-OST-Polydor-Music-By-Manoj-Gyan-l770-/360812743857?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item54021d8cb1|access-date=2013-12-09|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017093426/http://www.ebay.com/itm/Roohi-Bollywood-Vinyl-Lp-Record-OST-Polydor-Music-By-Manoj-Gyan-l770-/360812743857?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item54021d8cb1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|1986
| ''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Misaal]]'' || Hindi || || align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Misaal-LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Bollywood-Record-EK-MISAAL-LP-Manoj-Gyan-Lyrics-Asad-Bhopali-Manoj-Bhatnagar-/251398403719?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item3a88833687|access-date=2013-12-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Iniya Udhayam]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |1987
| ''[[Velicham]]'' || Tamil || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Velicham Vinyl LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/VELIECHEM-Manoj-Gyan-LP-Record-India-Tamil-531-/310858812418?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item4860a10c02|publisher=ebay|access-date=2014-02-08}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Uzhavan Magan]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Parisam Pottachu]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Evargal Indiyargal]]'' || Tamil || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Evargal Indiyargal Vinyl LP Records|url=http://musicalaya.net/imgviewer.php?mod=lpcovers/254/3/1/1|publisher=musicalaya|access-date=2014-01-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182642/http://musicalaya.net/imgviewer.php?mod=lpcovers%2F254%2F3%2F1%2F1|archive-date=2014-02-01}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Urimai Geetham]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' || Tamil || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0001925.html|title=Senthoora Poove|access-date=2011-12-10|website=[[Raaga.com]]|archive-date=2 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202181120/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0001925.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thambathyam]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Vairagyam]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Megam Karuththirukku]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Ananda Aradhanai]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988
| ''[[Hum Farishte Nahin]]'' || Hindi || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Hum Farishte Nahin-LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Bollywood-Record-HUM-FARISHTE-NAHIN-LP-Manoj-Gyan-Lyrics-Pls-See-The-List-/390709373059?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item5af817e883|access-date=2013-12-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bahaar]]'' || Hindi || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bahaar Vinyl LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Bahaar-Bollywood-Vinyl-Lp-Record-OST-T-Series-Music-by-Manoj-Gyan-l2415-/360847249614?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item54042c10ce|publisher=ebay|access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref>
|-
| ''Anjaam Khuda Jaane'' || Hindi || ||
|-
|1989
| ''[[Thaai Naadu]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992
| ''[[Mr. Prasad]]'' || Tamil || ||align="center"|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Mr. Prasad Tamil Movie (1992) - Venpura |url=http://www.venpura.com/movie/Mr.-Prasad-1992 |website=www.venpura.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prema Shikharam]] / Anokha Premyudh'' || Telugu / Hindi || ||
|-
|1989
| ''[[Kadhal Enum Nadhiyinile]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
|1990
| ''[[Kalyana Rasi]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
|1993
| ''[[Dhaadi]]''|| Telugu || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994
| ''[[Rojakkal Unakkaga]]'' || Tamil || ||<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Rojakkal Unakkaga 1994 Tamil Mp3 Songs Free Download Masstamilan |date=22 December 2018 |url=https://masstamilan.in/rojakkal-unakkaga/}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Siragadikka Aasai]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Nyaya Rakshana]]'' || Telugu || ||<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Nyaya Rakshana 1994 Telugu Movie Wiki,Cast Crew,Songs,Videos,Release Date |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/nyaya-rakshana-6202 |website=MovieGQ}}</ref>
|-
|1997
| ''[[Samrat (1997 film)|Samrat]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
|1999
| ''[[Endrendrum Kadhal]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
|2000
| ''[[Good Luck (2000 film)|Good Luck]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
|2004
| ''Chess: A Game Plan''|| Hindi || Unreleased film ||
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Back to Honeymoon]]'' || Hindi || Unreleased film ||<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Gulshan Grover on location of film 'Back to Honeymoon'. |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/gulshan-grover-on-location-of-film-back-to-honeymoon_141 |website=India Forums}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || ''Kuchh Din Kuchh Pal'' || Hindi || Unreleased film ||
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!Year
! Film
!Director
!Producer!! Language !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="1"|1986
| ''[[Ek Misaal]]''
|
|{{Yes}}|| Hindi || || align="center" |
|-
|1999
| ''[[Endrendrum Kadhal]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}|| Tamil || ||
|-
|2000
| ''[[Good Luck (2000 film)|Good Luck]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}|| Tamil || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
| ''[[Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart]]''
|
|{{Yes}}|| Hindi || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaun Hai Jo Sapno Mein Aaya]]''
|
|{{Yes}}|| Hindi || ||
|-
|2005
| ''[[Chocolate (2005 film)|Chocolate]]''
|
|{{Yes}}|| Hindi || ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manoj-Gyan}}

II Corps (India)

2026-03-15T08:30:54Z

SidneySorensen: updated information after review

{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = II Corps
| image = Kharga Corps, Indian Army.svg
| image_size = 190px
| caption = Indian Army II Corps Formation Sign
| dates = 1971-present
| country = [[India]]
| allegiance =
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| role = Strike [[Corps]]
| size = [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:Western Command (India).png|20px]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
| garrison = [[Ambala]]
| nickname = ''Kharga Corps''
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| mascot =
| equipment = 
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| notable_commanders = [[General (India)|General]] [[Tapishwar Narain Raina]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Zorawar Chand Bakhshi]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Biddanda Chengappa Nanda|B.C. Nanda]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Hanut Singh]] [[General (India)|General]] [[V. K. Singh]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| current_commander = [[Lt Gen]] Rajesh Pushkar {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|VSM|}}<ref>{{cite web|date=1 July 2024 |title=Lt Gen Rajesh Pushkar assumed the command of Kharga Corps from Lt Gen Rahul R Singh.|url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1807753194279260372?t=SUooCly10AsPqwiw3jZq3A&s=19|website=x (formerly twitter)}}</ref>
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[I Corps (India)|I Corps]]|next=[[III Corps (India)|III Corps]]}}

'''II Corps''' is a [[corps]] of the [[Indian Army]], based in [[Ambala]] and known as Kharga Corps.

The Corps was raised on October 7, 1971 by Lt Gen [[Tapishwar Narain Raina|T N Raina]] at Krishna Nagar in [[West Bengal]] and saw action two months later in December. During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], it captured the important towns of [[Khulna]], [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]], Jhenida, [[Magura District|Magura]] and [[Faridpur Sadar Upazila|Faridpur]] and also the area between the rivers [[Ganges]] and [[Padma]]. Subsequently, the Corps was shifted to the Western Theatre where it was initially located at [[Chandimandir Cantonment]] till 1984, and then moved to [[Ambala]] in January 1985.
[[File:Kharga Corps Celebrated 48th Raising Day.jpg|thumb|305px|48th Raising Day of Kharga Corps (2 Corps), October 2018]]

==Indo-Pakistani War of 1971==
The II Corps consisted of [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Mountain Division]] and [[9th Infantry Division (India)|9th Infantry Division]] (the only infantry division in the east, it had more motor vehicles and heavier artillery than its mountain counterparts); the corps was later reinforced by 50 Parachute Brigade (minus one battalion). Under Lieutenant General [[Tapishwar Narain Raina]] ('Tappy'), the 20 infantry battalions of II Corps were to take Khulna, Jessore, Goalundo Ghat, Faridpur, and the Hardinge Bridge. Convinced that Khulna was one of the keys to East Pakistan, General [[Manekshaw]] placed especial stress on its capture. Dacca was not mentioned except in some contingency plans for crossing the Padma (Ganges) at Faridpur and Goalundo Ghat. Paying little attention to possible operations against the chief city of East Pakistan, therefore, Raina planned to advance on two axes with 4th Division in the north towards Jhenida and 9th Division aiming for Jessore on the southern approach.

Operations by Indian troops and Mukti Bahini during late November had secured a sizable
enclave between Bayra and [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]]. An Indian success at Garibpur on 21/22 November was
particularly significant, as it allowed the Indian 9th Division to gain considerable ground towards Jessore and resulted in the virtual destruction of the lone Pakistani armored squadron in the area. The action at Garibpur, however, also alerted the Pakistanis to the 9th Division’s proposed line of advance. As a result, the division quickly became embroiled in a tough and costly slogging match on 4 and 5 December once the full-scale conflict broke out. This fight took its toll on the Pakistanis too, however, and the exhausted 107 Brigade abandoned [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] on the night of 6/7 December, withdrawing south to Khulna in considerable confusion.47

The Pakistani division headquarters and other remnants fled east toward the Madhumati River. A Pakistani officer recalled that “The front here had crumbled completely...Withdrawal quickly turned into a rout.” Riding into Jessore in the dawn hours of 7 December, he noted, “It looked like a ghost town, except for sleepy dogs and chickens, not a soul stirred. Doors were wide open; all kinds of personal belongings littered the roads. It looked like the end of East Pakistan.”48 The Indians occupied Jessore later that day, but Major General Dalbir Singh, the 9th Division commander, allowed himself to be distracted by [[Khulna]] and turned his entire division toward an objective that was supposed to be taken by a brigade. The town held out stoutly for the remainder of the war in the face of repeated attacks.

The 9 Division’s reserve force, 50 Para Brigade, engaged in a brief skirmish at Khajura north of Jessore on 8 December before being pulled out the next day for transfer to the western front. A planned two-company airborne attack by 8 Para near Jhenida was called off as unnecessary. The “Red Eagles,” Indian 4 Division, launched a well-conducted attack north and east from its positions around Jibannagar, skillfully bypassing or overwhelming resistance to enter Jhenida on 7 December. Like 9 Division, however, the leadership of the 4th was distracted by a flank objective. In this case, when a hasty attempt to capture Kushtia and the Hardinge Bridge miscarried, the senior commanders overreacted and diverted the entire division to the north. Although the Indian advance helped urge Pakistan’s 57 Brigade in its retreat across the Ganges, by the time 4 Division had returned to the Magura area (14 December), it was too late to participate in the drive for Dacca. The division made a fine crossing of the Madhumati (albeit against light resistance) and took the surrender of the broken remnants of Pakistani 9 Division at [[Faridpur Sadar Upazila|Faridpur]] on 16 December. Indian Army and BSF troops from Bengal Area under Major General P. Chowdry made limited gains on the Satkhira axis.

==Shift to West==
The corps moved to its present location in January 1985. The [[pullback]] of over four lakh troops along with heavy armored and [[artillery]] formations from forward positions along the [[International Border]] (IB) with [[Pakistan]] was an enormous logistical exercise, with costs running into hundreds of crores of rupees. Demobilisation began from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], followed by [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] and the Jammu sector. While it took 28 days for the initial [[mobilisation]], the [[pullback]] is expected to take slightly longer. The troops had been hanging on the border in combat readiness for 10 months, and the harsh weather and [[terrain]] took a heavy toll on both the men and their equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/2-corps.htm|title = 2 Corps / II Corps}}</ref>
[[File:Kharga Corps 20 years of Kargil Victory.jpg|thumb|305px|Celebration of 20 years of Kargil Victory at Kharga Corps (2 Corps), July 2019]]
As of around 2016, it consists of<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/at-ambala-cantt-an-elite-force-ready-to-respond/articleshow/54617229.cms|title=At Ambala Cantt, an elite force elite force ready to respond|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2016-10-01|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref> -
*Divisions
**[[1st Armoured Division (India)|1 Armoured Division]] ''(Airawat Division)'' headquartered at [[Patiala]]. 1 Division had 1 Armoured and 43 Lorry Brigade, a scheme it retained till after the 1971 War, when armoured divisions were changed to a three-brigade layout, and 43 Lorry Brigade became 43 Armoured Brigade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ww2incolor.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-1967.html |title=Indian Army [Archive] - WW2inColor Talk |website=www.ww2incolor.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125051416/http://www.ww2incolor.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-1967.html |archive-date=2008-01-25}}</ref>
**[[14th_Indian_Infantry_Division|14 Infantry Division]] (RAPID) ''(Golden Key Division)]'' at [[Dehra Dun]], [[Uttarakhand]]. Division Artillery Brigade is at Dehra Dun, 35 Infantry Brigade at Dehra Dun, 58 Armoured Brigade at Roorkee, and 116 Infantry Brigade at Dehra Dun.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mandeep Bajwa |author2=Ravi Rikhye |url=http://orbat.com/site/toe/toe/india/rapids.html |title=Indian Army RAPID Divisions |date=February 11, 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128012736/http://orbat.com/site/toe/toe/india/rapids.html |archive-date=2010-11-28}}</ref>
**22 Infantry Division ''(Charging Ram Division)'' headquartered at [[Meerut]]
**40 Artillery Division ''(Deep Strikers Division)'' at [[Ambala]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-12-25 |title=Kharga Corps receives victory flame |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/kharga-corps-receives-victory-flame-188908 |access-date=2022-09-10}}</ref>
*Corps Brigades
**2 Corps Artillery Brigade
**474 Engineering Brigade (''Kharga Engineers'') headquartered at [[Zirakpur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Zaki |date=2022-05-14 |title=Examining High-Level Changes in the Indian Army Headquarters |url=https://cscr.pk/explore/themes/defense-security/examining-high-level-changes-in-the-indian-army-headquarters/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Centre for Strategic and Contemporary Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2007-03-01 |title=Exquisite Exhibition |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/mar01-07/h6.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2021-10-02 |archive-date=2021-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002103300/http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/mar01-07/h6.htm }}</ref>
*Independent Brigades
**612 Mechanised Independent Air Defence Brigade at Ambala
**16 Independent Armoured Brigade ''(Black Arrow Brigade)'' at [[Pathankot|Mamun]]

== List of General Officers Commanding (GOCs) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment Date
!Left office
!Unit of Commission
!References
|-
|rowspan=50|[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|[[Tapishwar Narain Raina]]
|7 October 1971
|17 October 1973
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref name="Raina 2 Corps">{{cite book |last1=Issar |first1=Brigadier Satish K. |title=Vision, Courage and Service: Life and Times of General T.N. Raina, MVC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1U1EAAAQBAJ&dq=lt+gen+am+vohra+2+corps+1973&pg=PT199 |publisher=Vision Books |language=en |date=15 June 2021|isbn=9789386268525 }}</ref>
|-
|A. M. Vohra
|18 October 1973
|27 May 1975
|[[3rd Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref name="Raina 2 Corps" />
|-
|[[Zorawar Chand Bakhshi]]
|28 May 1975
|31 January 1979
|[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Zorawar Chand Bakshi: The soldiers' General who fought all of India's wars |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/the-soldiers-general-who-fought-all-of-indias-wars-5192751/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=27 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manohar Lal Chibber]]
|1 February 1979
|21 July 1980
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|[[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]]
|22 July 1980
|28 May 1981
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|
|-
|Hriday Kaul
|29 May 1981
|19 January 1983
|[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|2nd Lancers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-western-command-goc-in-c-passes-away-at-85/story-c1rV3Pqi5gPk8IGB9z5vYJ.html|title=Former Western Command GOC-in-C passes away at 85|date=2013-12-03|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>
|-
|Nirmal Puri
|20 January 1983
|16 December 1984
|[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
|<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/19850315-as-gen-arun-shridhar-vaidya-retires-indian-army-reshuffles-to-appoint-new-army-chief-769878-2013-12-02|title=As Gen Arun Shridhar Vaidya retires, Indian Army reshuffles to appoint new army chief|date=1985-03-15|access-date=2021-06-23}}</ref>
|-
|[[Biddanda Chengappa Nanda]]
|17 December 1984
|28 April 1986
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>
|-
|[[Hanut Singh (soldier)|Hanut Singh]]
|29 April 1986
|11 July 1988
|[[Poona Horse|17th Horse (Poona Horse)]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/1971-war-hero-hanut-singh-passes-away/|title=1971 war hero Hanut Singh passes away|date=2015-12-04|access-date=2021-06-23}}</ref>
|-
|G. S. Grewal
|12 July 1988
|30 June 1990
|[[1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)]]
|
|-
|[[Prakash Mani Tripathi]]
|1 July 1990
|15 September 1992
|[[63rd Cavalry (India)|63 Cavalry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=493&lastls=13|title=Members Bioprofile|date=|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref>
|-
|K. L. D'Souza
|16 September 1992
|30 April 1994
|[[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
|
|-
|S. K. Sharma
|1 May 1994
|30 March 1995
|[[Armoured Corps]]
|
|-
|S. K. Jetley
|31 March 1995
|11 October 1996
|[[Central India Horse]]
|
|-
|S. S. Mehta
|12 October 1996
|19 March 1998
|[[63rd Cavalry (India)|63 Cavalry]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080625/main3.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|Gurbaksh Singh Sihota
|20 March 1998
|30 September 2000
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thapar |first1=V. N. |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Neha |title=Vijyant at Kargil: The Biography of a War Hero |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OjkDwAAQBAJ&dq=lt+gen+gs+sihota+2+corps&pg=PT196 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |language=en |date=15 May 2020|isbn=9789353058272 }}</ref>
|-
|Kapil Vij
|1 October 2000
|29 January 2002
|[[70th Armoured Regiment (India)|70 Armoured Regiment]]
|
|-
|Bhupender Singh Thakur
|30 January 2002
|September 2003
|[[Central India Horse]]
|
|-
|G.D. Singh
|October 2004
|March 2006
|[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/gen-gd-singh-takes-over-as-army-deputy-chief/articleshow/1401967.cms|title= Gen GD Singh takes over as Army deputy chief|website= [[The Times of India]]|date=2006-02-06|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>
|-
|[[V. K. Singh|Vijay Kumar Singh]]
|April 2006
|February 2008
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|
|-
|J. P. Singh
|1 March 2008
|20 March 2009
|[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/Lt.Gen_JP_Singh_04072012.pdf|title=CV JP Singh|date=|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref>
|-
|Chetinder Singh
|21 March 2009
|25 December 2010
|[[7th Light Cavalry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20090321/1204772.html|title=Lt Gen Chetinder Singh is Kharga Corps commander|date=2009-03-21|access-date=2021-06-20|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203557/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20090321/1204772.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anil Chait|Anil Chandra Chait]]
|26 February 2010
|29 May 2011
|[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
|<ref name="May31">{{cite web |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |date=May 30, 2011 |title=Chabbewal is GOC of Kharga Corps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chabbewal-is-GOC-of-Kharga-Corps/articleshow/8656082.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Amarjeet Singh Chabbewal
|30 May 2011
|4 August 2012
|[[67th Armoured Regiment (India)|67 Armoured Regiment]]
|<ref name=May31/>
|-
|Sandeep Singh
|5 August 2012
|11 August 2013
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|<ref name="Aug12">{{cite web |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |date=Aug 12, 2013 |title=Lt General Ravindra Pratap Sahi takes over as general officer commanding of Kharga Corps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lt-General-Ravindra-Pratap-Sahi-takes-over-as-general-officer-commanding-of-Kharga-Corps/articleshow/21783914.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Ravindra Pratap Sahi
|12 August 2013
|9 December 2014
|[[Brigade of The Guards]]
|<ref name=Aug12/>
|-
|Amarjeet Singh
|10 December 2014
|18 December 2015
|[[Bihar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/army-expedition-flagged-in/89574.html|title=Army expedition flagged in|date=2015-06-04|access-date=2021-06-24|archive-date=2019-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421073345/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/army-expedition-flagged-in/89574.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]
|19 December 2015
|4 January 2017
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/lt-gen-jaiveer-singh-takes-over-as-kharga-corps-goc/345936.html|title=Lt-Gen Jaiveer Singh takes over as Kharga Corps GOC|date=2017-01-05|access-date=2021-06-24|archive-date=2019-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421073345/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/lt-gen-jaiveer-singh-takes-over-as-kharga-corps-goc/345936.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-jaiveer-negi-takes-over-as-commanding-officer-of-kharga-corps/states/news/739700.html|title=Lt Jaiveer Negi takes over|date=2017-01-04|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jaiveer Singh Negi]]
|5 January 2017
|12 January 2018
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/>
|-
|[[Alok Singh Kler]]
|13 January 2018
|27 January 2019
|[[68th Armoured Regiment (India)|68 Armoured Regiment]]
|<ref name="Kahlon_II_Corps">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/lt-gen-kahlon-is-kharga-corps-goc/719892.html|title=lt-gen-kahlon-is-kharga-corps-goc|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402194504/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/lt-gen-kahlon-is-kharga-corps-goc/719892.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="uniindia.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-alok-singh-kler-assumes-command-of-kharga-corps/states/news/1105189.html | title=Lt Gen Alok Singh Kler assumes command of Kharga Corps| access-date=2024-03-15 | website=www.uniindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|Manmohan Jeet Singh Kahlon
|28 January 2019
|2 February 2020
|[[75th Armoured Regiment (India)|75 Armoured Regiment]]
|<ref name=Kahlon_II_Corps/>
|-
|[[Surinder Singh Mahal]]
|3 February 2020
|11 February 2021
|[[41st Armoured Regiment (India)|41 Armoured Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/lt-gen-mahal-is-kharga-corps-goc/articleshow/73915765.cms|title=Lt General SS Mahal is Kharga Corps GOC|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2020-02-04|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[N. S. Raja Subramani]]
|12 February 2021
|21 March 2022
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Subramani |first1=NS Raja |title=Lt Gen Subramani takes over kharga corps |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/lt-gen-subramani-assumes-command-of-kharga-corps-211442}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pratik Sharma]]
|21 March 2022
|31 May 2023
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Pratik |title=Lt gen Pratik Sharma goc 2 corps |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/mar/21/two-important-corps-of-indian-army-have-change-of-command-with-new-gocs-2432632.html}}</ref>
|-
|Rahul R Singh
|1 June 2023
|30 June 2024
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sainiksamachar.nic.in/press-realease-details/5259|title=Lt Gen Rahul R Singh, VSM, Takes Over Command of Kharga Corps|date=2023-06-01|access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref>
|-
|Rajesh Pushkar
|1 July 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[74th Armoured Regiment (India)|74 Armoured Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|date=1 July 2024 |title=Lt Gen Rajesh Pushkar assumed the command of Kharga Corps from Lt Gen Rahul R Singh.|url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1807753194279260372?t=SUooCly10AsPqwiw3jZq3A&s=19|website=x (formerly twitter)}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Army}}
{{Active_corps_of_the_Indian_Army}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ii Corps (India)}}
[[Category:Corps of India|002]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Corps of India in World War I]]

Tanda, Bengal

2026-03-13T22:59:37Z

SidneySorensen: enhanced content also

{{Short description|16th-century city of Bengal in South Asia}}{{Distinguish|Tandah}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Tanda
|alternate_name = Tandah
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
| map_alt =
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| relief = y
|coordinates = {{coord|23.476401|86.358962|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[East India]]
|type = Settlement
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built = 16th century
|abandoned =
|epochs =
|cultures =
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|condition =
|ownership =
|management =
|public_access =
|website = 
|notes =
| designation1 =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_free1name =
| designation1_free1value =
| designation1_free2name =
| designation1_free2value =
}}{{Bengal Sultanate}}
'''Tanda''' ({{langx|bn|তান্ডা}}, {{lit|high ground}}), also known as '''Tandah''' and '''Khwaspur Tandah''', was a historic 16th-century city of [[Bengal]] in the eastern part of [[South Asia]], and one of the most prominent medieval capitals; serving the [[Karrani dynasty|Karrani]] [[Sultans of Bengal]] and the early [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subahdar|governors]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]].<ref name=bpedia/>

==Location==
Almost completely opposite to the city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], Tanda is located east of [[Teliagarhi]] by approximately 19.31km, 1.60km away from [[Lakshipur]] and southeast of [[Malda, West Bengal]] by roughly 24.14km. It lay on the western banks of the [[Ganges River]] where the river historically used to split into two.<ref name=bpedia/>

==History==
During the reign of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Humayun]] struck silver coins in Tanda in the late 1530s. According to [[numismatics]], Tanda achieved mint town status in 1544 when the region was under the [[Sur Empire]] ruled by [[Sher Shah Suri]]. During the reign of the [[Sultan of Bengal]] [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]], the capital of Bengal was switched from [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] to Tanda.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=History|author=Ahmed, Helal Uddin}}</ref> From then on, it continued as the capital of Bengal's [[Karrani dynasty]]. Tanda continued to host a prominent [[Mint (facility)|mint]] up until 1576.

The rise of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal dominion]] in the region was led by the [[Bengal Subah]]'s first Mughal [[Subahdar|governor]] [[Munim Khan]]. Defeating the [[Bengal Sultanate]] at the [[Battle of Tukaroi]] in 1575, the capital was switched back to Gaur. An epidemic plague in Gaur swiftly led to the death of Munim and many Mughal troops, allowing Sultan [[Daud Khan Karrani]] to regain control and reestablish Tanda as the capital.<ref name=munim>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Husain, AKM Yaqub|article=Munim Khan Khan-i-Khanan}}</ref> Karrani was defeated the following year at the [[Battle of Rajmahal]] by the following Mughal general, [[Khan Jahan I]], who kept Tanda as the capital due to fear of plague in Gaur. Tanda was made a part of the [[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkar]] Udambar (commonly known as Sarkar Tanda) which included [[Rajmahal subdivision|Rajmahal]], [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] and [[Birbhum district|North Birbhum]].

In 1586, a gentleman merchant from [[London]] by the name of [[Ralph Fitch]] visited the city, describing it as prosperous whilst at the same time decaying due to the [[Ganges River|Ganges' course]] changing. Tanda remained the capital of Bengal up until the governorship of [[Man Singh I]] in the 1590s, who abandoned the city for [[Rajmahal]].

According to [[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]] of Mirza Nathan (later known as Shitab Khan),<ref name=vol2/>{{rp|666}} Tanda was noted for its stock of goods. Mirza Nathan's officer, Madari, purchased a shipload of [[lead]], [[gunpowder]] and [[bow and arrow|bows and arrows]].<ref name=vol2/>{{rp|585}} There was a notable [[dargah]] (shrine) located in the village of Malatipur in Tanda. This contained the tomb of Mir Syed Ahmad al-Husayni, who was a notable Muslim ascetic who lived in Malatipur and would receive hundreds of visitors. After his death, Ahmad was succeeded by his [[Sajjada nashin|Sahib-i-Sajjada]] Mir Syed Nizam ad-Din as the chief Sufi of the town. During the reign of Emperor [[Jahangir]], it was common for Mughal officers to visit the shrine and commemorate [[urs]] there, as done by Shitab Khan — a disciple of [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]].<ref name=vol2>{{cite book|title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume II|author=M. I. Borah|year=1936|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279665/page/n281/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|716}} In April 1660, Prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] and his family briefly took shelter in Tanda whilst hiding from [[Mir Jumla II]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Shah Shuja|author=Abdul Karim}}</ref>

By 1826, Tanda had been destroyed by floods, thus disappearing into the river. Presently, Tanda is a heap of dusts.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Tandah|author=Akhtaruzzaman, Muhammad}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Non-extant Bengal places}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanda}}
[[Category:Bengal Sultanate]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Ruins in India]]
[[Category:Capitals of Bengal]]

Inigo Prabhakar

2026-03-07T23:26:06Z

SidneySorensen: Added The Pg V1...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Inigo Prabhakar
| image = Veeraiyan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1985}}
| birth_place = Reddi Veppankulam, [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Kalki|language=ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-01-12/page/92/mode/2up|title=நாளைய நட்சத்திரம்!|pages=92-93|access-date=26 February 2024|date=12 January 2003}}</ref>
| other_names = Inigo
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2005–Present
| website =
}}
'''Inigo Prabhakar''' is an Indian actor who predominantly appears in Tamil films.

==Career==
Prabhakar made his entry into acting in 2001 in the film ''[[Chocklet]]''. He became known for his role as a cricket captain in the 2007 sports film ''[[Chennai 600028]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-from-theatre-to-films/article5512005.ece|title=Etcetera: From theatre to films|first=Nikhil|last=Raghavan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 December 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Prabhakaran went on to play supporting roles in ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'' (2008) and ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]'' (2011). He has also played antagonistic roles in ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' and ''[[RK Nagar (film)|RK Nagar]]'' (2019) and lead roles in ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'' (2014), ''[[Pichuva Kaththi]]'' (2017) and ''[[Veeraiyan]]'' (2017).

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !!
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Chocklet]]'' || Crowd member || Uncredited
|-
| 2003 ||''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]''|| Sarathy's Friend || Uncredited
|-
| 2005 ||''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]''|| Raghu ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' || John ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' || Bus Passenger || Special appearance
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'' || Karuppasamy ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]'' || Ramakrishnan ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' || Arivazhagan||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'' || Sakthi ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' || John ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Pichuva Kaththi]]'' || Anbu ||
|-
| ''[[Veeraiyan]]'' || Usilai ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[RK Nagar (film)|RK Nagar]]'' || Mannu aka Manoj ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Gajaana]]'' || Nandhi Varman ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gajaana Movie Review : A high-concept idea gets lost in low-effort execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gajaana/movie-review/121051644.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Kaakaa'' || ||
|-
|}

===Television===

{| Class ="wikitable sortable"
!Year !!Show !!Role !! Channel!! Notes
|-
|2021||''[[Survivor Tamil (season 1)|Survivor Tamil]]'' || Himself || [[Zee Tamil]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakaran, Inigo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

Wat Pa Phon Phao

2026-03-07T12:42:03Z

SidneySorensen:

{{Short description|Buddhist temple in Luang Prabang, Laos}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Wat Pa Phon Phao
| native_name =
| image = Luang Prabang-Phou Si-10-Santi Chedi-gje.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| caption = Wat Phol Phao - Santi Chedi
| map_type = Laos
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Luang Prabang]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19|52|59|N|102|9|1|E|type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| deity =
| country = [[Laos]]
| functional_status =
| website =
| founded_by =
| year_completed =
}}

'''Wat Pa Phon Phao''', also '''Wat Phon Phao''', '''Wat Phonphao''', or '''Wat Phol Phao''', meaning "Peacefulness Temple",<ref name="WhiteEmmons2011">{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Daniel|last2=Emmons|first2=Ron|last3=Eveland|first3=Jennifer|author4=Lin-Liu, Jen |title=Frommer's Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_-R5_if_AsC&pg=PA661|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=9 June 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-08767-1|page=661}}</ref> is a Buddhist temple situated on a hill in the southeast of [[Luang Prabang]], [[Laos]], across the [[Nam Khan]] River from [[Luang Prabang Airport]].<ref>{{Google maps | url = https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=19.883056,102.150278&spn=0.01,0.01&t=h&q=19.883056,102.150278 | accessdate =6 February 2013}}</ref> The temple, a golden stupa,<ref name="White2010">{{cite book|last=White|first=Daniel|title=Frommer's Cambodia and Laos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RqcdCf6nMkC&pg=PA280|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=1 March 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-49778-4|page=280}}</ref> is used as a forest meditation retreat, and was once headed by the abbot [[Ajahn Saisamut]], a noted Lao Buddhist teacher.<ref name="BurkeVaisutis2007">{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=Andrew|last2=Vaisutis|first2=Justine|title=Laos|url=https://archive.org/details/laos00burk|url-access=registration|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=1 August 2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-568-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/laos00burk/page/145 145]}}</ref> His funeral in 1992 was one of the largest funeral services Laos had ever seen. The temple has a fine collection of murals, some of them gruesome in nature.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Wat Phol Phao}}
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/scofo76/3759069886/ Photograph]
*[http://www.lurvely.com/photo/7955330310/Disturbing_murals_at_Wat_Phol_Phao/ Photographs of murals]

[[Category:Buddhist temples in Laos]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Luang Prabang]]

{{Laos-Buddhist-temple-stub}}

Sheikh Bhikhari

2026-03-07T06:19:59Z

SidneySorensen: brief correct formatting after review and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian freedom fighter}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheikh Bhikhari Ansari
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1819|10|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Chutupalu, [[Ranchi district]], [[Chota Nagpur Division|Chotanagpur]], (now in [[Jharkhand]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1858|01|08|1819|10|02|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]]
| occupation = [[Divan|Diwan]] and [[Commander]]
| known_for = Freedom struggle in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
}}
'''Sheikh Bhikhari Ansari''' (1819-1858) was born on 2 Oct 1819 in a weaver Ansari family at Lotwa-Khudia Village located in the city of Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. He fought in the Revolt of 1857 against the British rule in India. Sheikh Bhikhari Ansari was a craftsman who prepared coarse clothes and earned his livelihood by selling them in the local Haat market since childhood.

A Dewan and general of [[Tikait Umrao Singh]] he was a combatant in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] .

He prevented [[East India Company]] forces from occupying [[Ranchi]] by cutting down Chutupalu Ghati trees in order to obstruct their advance prior to engaging Company forces. The British hanged him alongside Tikait Umrao Singh in a banyan tree of [[Chutupalu|Chutupalu Ghati]] in Ramgarh in January 8, 1858.
General Mc Doland said at that time “Among the rebels, Bhikhari is the most dangerous and notorious mutineer.”

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/model-makeover-for-martyr-hamlets/cid/557412|title=Model makeover for martyr hamlets|website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html|title=JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari|website=news.webindia123.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heritagetimes.in/sheikh-bhikhari/|title= शेख़ भिखारी और टिकैत उमराव सिंह के शहादत की अमर कथा |website=heritagetimes.in|date= 12 January 2018 }}</ref>

Sheikh Bhikhari Ansari, who endured many barbaric tortures of the British for the independence of the country and kissed the noose of death smilingly.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sheikh Bhikhari, who endured many barbaric tortures of the British for the independence of the country. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/sheikh-bhikhari-tikait-umrao-singh-freedom-fighter-hindi-news-both-fought-hard-for-freedom |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sheikh Bikhari Ansari was born to Sheikh Buland Ansari on October 2, 1819 at the Lotwa-Khudia in Chotanagpur (now in [[Ranchi district]], [[Jharkhand]]) in a [[weaver Ansari]] family. He spent his life in Khudia-Lotwa in [[Ormanjhi block|Ormanjhi]] current day Ranchi city.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

4. https://www.siasat.com/sheikh-bhikhari-indian-freedom-fighter-who-raged-against-doctrine-of-lapse-2422790/

5. https://radianceweekly.net/sheikh-bhikhari-a-great-martyr-2-october-1811-6-january-1858/

6. http://www.njssamiti.com/janpratinidhi-suchi-detail.php?uid=11&id=64

7. https://wahwahyar.com/diwas/shahid-sheikh-bhikhari-shahadat-diwas/

8. https://muslimmirror.com/eng/shaikh-bhikari-gate-at-ormanjhi-chowk/

[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

Mahajananiki Maradalu Pilla

2026-03-05T02:45:08Z

SidneySorensen: New some entry added tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahajananiki Maradalu Pilla
| image =
| caption =
| writer = [[Y. Kasi Viswanath|Kasi Viswanath]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Chi. Udayashankar|Uday Kumar]] Vijaya Bapineedu {{small|(Script)}}
| screenplay = Vijaya Bapineedu
| producer = M. Narasimha Rao
| director = [[Vallabhaneni Janardhan]] [[Vijaya Bapineedu]] {{small|(Supervision)}}
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Nirosha]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = V. Srinivasa Reddy
| editing = Trinath
| studio = Raasi Movie Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|7|3}}
| runtime = 132 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mahajananiki Maradalu Pilla''''' ({{translation|Darling to multitudes}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Vallabhaneni Janardhan]] under the supervision of [[Vijaya Bapineedu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2022 |title=‘Gang Leader’ SP Vallabhaneni Janardhan passes away |url=https://www.hindudayashankar.com/news/gang-leader-sp-vallabhaneni-janardhan-passes-away/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2019 |title=Vijaya Bapineedu passes away |url=https://www.tollywood.net/vijaya-bapineedu-passes-away/ |website=Tollywood}}</ref> Produced by M. Narasimha Rao under the Raasi Movie Creations banner, the film stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Nirosha]] in lead roles, with music composed by Upendra Kumar.

The film is a remake of the 1989 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Nanjundi Kalyana]]'', which was based on Parvathavani's Kannada play ''Bahaddur Ganda'', itself a translation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s comedy ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''.<ref name="nk">{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=23 April 2016 |title=Shakespeare influenced Kannada films too |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/shakespeare-influenced-kannada-films-too/article8510212.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230910075904/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/shakespeare-influenced-kannada-films-too/article8510212.ece |archive-date=10 September 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Manju |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORE9TDOoU1IC&dq=nanjundi+kalyana+based+on+shakespeare+drama+bahaddur+ganda&pg=PA233 |title=Narratives of Indian Cinema |year=2009 |isbn=9788190891844}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where Dr. Ram Murthy lives with his wife, Seeta, and their three daughters in his in-laws' house. When Dr. Ram Murthy urgently needs money for a patient on the brink of death, his brother-in-law, Narayana Rao, refuses to help, resulting in the patient's death. This creates a rift between the two families, and Dr. Ram Murthy leaves with his family, severing ties with Narayana Rao.

Years later, Narayana Rao’s son, Ravi, decides to locate Dr. Ram Murthy and his family. He discovers that the family is in turmoil due to their eldest daughter, Devi, who is adamantly refusing to marry. Lack of marriage of the eldest sister is preventing the marriages of her two younger sisters, Lakshmi and Saraswati. Ravi decides to infiltrate his uncle's house by posing as his late father’s brother, Kishtayya, who was thought to have died.

Ravi, in the guise of Kishtayya, manages to manipulate Devi, who attempts to reject him but is unsuccessful. Frustrated, Devi goes to great lengths to label him insane, which leads to her public humiliation. With no other option, Devi agrees to marry Ravi (disguised as Kishtayya), but her true intention is to control him. Ravi accepts her challenge and vows to humble her.

The couple then returns to their village, where Ravi continues his charade as a servant and reveals his deception to Devi by exposing the mask he is wearing as Kishtayya. Upon learning the truth, Devi becomes upset but finds herself stranded. Ravi treats her harshly, which leads to her defamation of him and a serious illness. However, Ravi’s care and affection for her help her recover, and she realizes his true character, eventually bowing to him in respect.

Meanwhile, Narayana Rao informs Dr. Ram Murthy and Seeta about Ravi's impersonation of Kishtayya and Devi’s deteriorating condition. The family rushes to reunite with Devi and is overjoyed to see her transformed. In the end, Ravi reveals his true identity as Narayana Rao’s son, and the family is reunited, concluding the film on a happy note.

==Cast==
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Ravi / Kishtayya
*[[Nirosha]] as Devi
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Dr. Ram Murthy
*[[Sreedhar|Sridhar]] as Narayana Rao
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Nakkapalli Narayana Swamy
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Dr. Vyayam Vyagreswara Rao
*[[Maharshi Raghava]] as Hari
*Dora Babu as Giri
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Srilakshmi]] as Aademma
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Seeta
*Anitha as Ravi's mother
*Mamatha as Nakkapalli Rajeswari Devi
*Rajitha as Lakshmi
*Pavitra as Saraswathi
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Bamma

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mahajananiki Maradalu Pilla
| type = film
| artist = Upendra Kumar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1990
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 24:50
| label = Cauvery Audio
| producer = Upendra Kumar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's music was composed by Upendra Kumar, with lyrics penned by [[Bhuvana Chandra]]. The soundtrack was released by Cauvery Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahajananiki Maradalu Pilla (Songs) |url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/4286/Mahajananiki%20Maradalu%20Pilla%20(1990)/ |work=Cineradham}}</ref> Upendra Kumar retained all six songs from the original Kannada version, which also featured his music.

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Oka Rama Katha
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 5:01
| title2 = Koka Thadipina
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Espetu Papa
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 3:30
| title4 = Mahajanaaniki Maradalu Pilla
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:04
| title5 = Manuve Madhuram
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 3:30
| title6 = Thappa Thagithe
| extra6 = [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| length6 = 4:20
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt1579623}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]

Maharaja (1998 film)

2026-03-04T00:01:41Z

SidneySorensen: minor cleanup

{{for|the 2024 film|Maharaja (2024 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maharaja
| image = Maharaja.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| producer = Naraindas Mukhija
| writer = [[Shyam Goel]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070428074930/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/542757 Maharaja (1998)]". BFI Film & TV Database</ref>
| narrator =
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Raj Babbar]] [[Shakti Kapoor]]
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = R. Rajendran
| distributor = Navchitra Productions
| released = {{Film date|1998|09|4|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}5.75 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2529|title=Maharaja – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}11.22 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Maharaja''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]] [[superhero]] film directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]. It stars [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Manisha Koirala]] in the title roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1998-09-11 |title=Maharaja Cast List {{!}} Maharaja Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/maharaja-2/cast/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Fearing his death, Ranbir Singh ([[Salim Ghouse]]) decides to kill Kohinoor when he is a child, though in vain. After 20 years, Kohinoor ([[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]) returns to claim his rightful place in the kingdom. He has developed advanced powers over matter and animals, which he uses to his advance to free his nanny, Ameenabi ([[Aruna Irani]]) who is being held by Ranbir and his associates. Kohinoor must pass numerous tests, including being exploited by a television reporter, Shaili Mathur ([[Manisha Koirala]]), who claims that she loves him; and fight hungry, blinded, man-eating lions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-20|title=Maharaja 1998 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts 1990's Box Office Collection|url=https://ksboxoffice.com/maharaja-1998-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/1990s-box-office-collection/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=KS Box Office}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Prince Kohinoor Karan
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Shaili Mathur
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Ali
* [[Salim Ghouse]] as Ranbir Singh
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Bhalu Prasad Bihari Orey
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Hanuman Baba
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Suryamani
* Monty Nath as Devkaran
* Aparajita Bhushan as Kohinoor's mom
* [[Kunika]] as Mrs. Singh, Ranvir's wife
* [[Dinesh Hingoo|Lambodar Nahak]] as Bride Broker
* [[Shashikala]] as Ranvir's mother
* Shanoor Mirza as Tutu, Shaili's younger brother
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Amina Bi
* [[Syed Badr-ul Hasan Khan Bahadur]]
* [[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Hunter
* [[Neelam Mehra]] as Neelam
* Ishrat Ali as Munna,Suryamani's brother in law

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maharaja
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Nadeem–Shravan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Universal Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music of Maharaja has been composed by Nadeem-Shravan with lyrics by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. Tracks like 'Jab Tum Aajaate Ho Saamne'and 'Maharaja ki kahani' became famous during the release.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Maharaja Maharaja"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 2
| "Jab Tum Aa Jaate Ho"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| 3
| "Thero To Sahi Socho To"
| Sonu Nigam
|-
| 4
| "Hai Ajnabi"
| Sonu Nigam
|-
| 5
| "Maharaja Ki Kahani"
| Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| 6
| "Ishq Mohabbat"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| 7
| "Mera Pyara Mukhda"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy, [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|}

==Reception==
Syed Firdaus Ashra of [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "The film is badly edited, sequences of scenes often being pretty disjointed. But the cinematography by Madhu Ambat is excellent. Particularly impressive was a chase on horseback, and some grand vistas of jungle and river. But the animation involving the animals was visibly fake and terrible to watch.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rediff.com/movies/1998/sep/05mah.htm | title=Movies: A review of Maharaja |work=Rediff}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0119596|Maharaja}}

{{Anil Sharma}}
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Sharma]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural films]]
[[Category:Indian superhero films]]
[[Category:Indian superheroes]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Pulavanibham

2026-03-03T11:42:23Z

SidneySorensen: done...

{{Short description|Historical trade festival in Palluruthy, Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
'''Palluruthy Pulavanibha Mela''', shortly called as '''Pulavanibham''', is a historical trade festival held every year since the late 1700s at [[Palluruthy]] in [[Ernakulam district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Special |first=Weekly Edition |date=13 January 2012 |title=History of Pulavanibham |pages=2, 3 |work=Malayala Manorama}}</ref> The festival is a commemoration of Palluruthy Azhakiyakav Devi's entry into the temple as per the special proclamation of the [[Kingdom of Cochin|King of Kochi]] in the 1700s, when the lower [[Caste system in India|caste]] community was [[Caste system in Kerala|denied entry]] to the temple. Through this proclamation, the north side of the temple was opened to the [[Pulayar|Pulaya]] people on the last Thursday of the month of [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam month]] [[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]] in every year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-08 |title=To MARKET, to market! |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/to-market-to-market/article5553744.ece |access-date=2023-01-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> At that time, lower caste people from [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]], [[Malabar District|Malabar]] and [[Travancore]] used to travel for several days to reach here. They used to sell the products they made in the temple premises to pay for their travel expenses. But upper caste people called it as ''Pulavanibham'' (business by Pulayas). This objection was later accepted by the Pulayas and it is still celebrated every year on the last Thursday of the month of Dhanu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Priyadershini |date=2020-03-26 |title=How a small pox epidemic launched Kochi's Pulavanibham market |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/centuries-old-pulavanibham-in-kochi-began-because-of-a-small-pox-epidemic/article31170552.ece |access-date=2023-01-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Origin==
Legend is that a few kilometers away from the temple was the village of Pulayas. The village faced a [[Smallpox|smallpox epidemic]] and the dying villagers were directed to appease the angry goddess of Azhakiyakavu. But they could not enter the temple due to the prohibition of entry into the temple for lower caste people. The Pulayas made a plea to the then Cochin Maharaja who granted them permission to enter from the North side of the Azhakiyakav temple on the last Thursday of Malayalam month [[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]].

For centuries, Pulavanibham is held in front of the temple on the last Thursday of the month of Dhanu. People come several parts in Kerala come at Palluruthy to do business and buy products from the fair.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Market of yore still bustling with life |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/jan/12/market-of-yore-still-bustling-with-life-442388.html |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=The New Indian Express|date=12 January 2013 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Anti-caste movements]]
[[Category:Indian caste movements]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]

Kondal

2026-03-03T09:36:56Z

SidneySorensen: Added New Info Basic Info...

{{short description|2024 Indian-Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kondal(2024).png
| director = Ajith Mampally
| writer = Ajith Mampally Roylin Robert Satheesh Thonakkal
| producer = Sophia Paul
| starring = [[Antony Varghese]] [[Raj B. Shetty]] [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]]
| music = [[Sam C. S]]
| cinematography = Deepak D. Menon
| editing = Sreejith Sarang
| studio = [[Weekend Blockbusters]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|09|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kondal''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action film]] directed by Ajith Mampally, who co-wrote with Roylin Robert and Satheesh Thonakkal, and produced by Weekend Blockbusters. The film stars [[Antony Varghese]], alongside [[Raj B. Shetty]], [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]], Prathiba, [[Gauthami Nair]], Jaya Kurup and [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondal Movie (2024) {{!}} Release Date, Cast, Trailer, Songs, Streaming Online at Netflix |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/kondal-862550.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Sam C. S]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Deepak D. Menon and Sreejith Sarang.

''Kondal'' was theatrically released on 13 September 2024, coinciding with [[Onam]] weekend, and received mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Immanuel, affectionately called Manuel by those around him, comes from the seaside village of Anchuthengu located in Thiruvananthapuram. His carefree and reckless way of living mostly centered around drinking, suggests he is grappling with some unseen struggles, all while remaining fiercely devoted to his family. As Manuel faces his own challenges, the village finds itself embroiled in a scandal that threatens its very existence, primarily dependent as it is on fishing for sustenance. The local business, Stephen and Sons, a well-known name in the community, is found to be peddling rotten fish, triggering an uproar among the villagers and tarnishing their reputation. With sales taking a nosedive, the fishermen rally together, demanding that the company take responsibility for its actions in order to salvage their way of life. Yet, the owners, played by Spadikam Sunny and Usha, brush off these pleas and persist in marketing their tainted goods. As frustrations mount, tensions reach a boiling point, culminating in a fierce clash, with Manuel's involvement transforming the situation into a brutal altercation.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Antony Varghese starrer 'Kondal' delivers high-octane stunts in a sea-bound thriller {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/09/13/kondal-movie-review-antony-varghese-pepe-raj-b-shetty-malayalam-movie.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

Following the police's involvement in the rising tensions, Manuel finds himself compelled to temporarily abandon his village. In search of safety and employment, he signs on with a fishing crew on a vessel leaving from Munambam Harbour in Ernakulam, a location where his deceased brother Danny (Raj B Shetty) used to toil. What should have been a time of peace swiftly morphs into a charged and unfriendly atmosphere. Tensions flare between Manuel and some fellow crew members, especially Jude (Shabeer Kallarakkal) and Michael (Rahul Rajagopal), whose dubious behaviors raise red flags. These clashes uncover disturbing revelations surrounding Danny's enigmatic demise, which Manuel had always assumed was a tragic accident. As Manuel investigates further, he stumbles upon alarming facts that indicate his brother's death was anything but accidental. Fueled by a fierce determination to achieve justice and avenge his sibling, Manuel plunges into a perilous journey to uncover the truth. In the meantime, Jude and the other crew members, aware of the danger Manuel represents, begin to conspire to eliminate him before he can gather more evidence. The narrative then unfolds as Manuel doggedly seeks retribution, setting him on a collision course with those accountable for Danny's fate in a gripping battle for survival and justice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title=ആഴക്കടല്‍ പരപ്പില്‍ ഒരു ആക്ഷന്‍ ത്രില്ലര്‍ യാത്ര - കൊണ്ടല്‍ റിവ്യൂ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/kondal-movie-review-antony-varghese-sjqts9 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Antony Varghese]] as Manuel/Immanuel
**[[Nebish Benson]] as Young Manuel
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as Daniel, Manuel's deceased brother
* [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]] as Jude
* [[Prathiba]] as Manuel's wife
* [[Gauthami Nair]] as Daniel's wife
* Jaya Kurup as Manuel's mother
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]
* Faizah Mariam
* Pratibha
* Rahul Rajagopal as Michael
* [[Manikandan R.Aachari]]
* Sarath Sabha
* Siraj
* Usha
* Pramod Velliyanad}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kondal
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| released = 5 September 2024
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:57
| language = Malayalam
| label = Saregama
}}

'''Track listing'''
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Choolamadikkada
| lyrics1 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| music1 = [[Sam C. S.]]
| extra1 = Pranavam Sasi, Guru, Gireesh
| length1 = 3:35

|title2 = Kondal
|lyrics2 = [[Vedan]]
|music2 = Sam C. S.
|extra2 = Vedan
|length2 = 4:22

|title3 = Aradi Nee
|lyrics3 = Vinayak Sasikumar
|music3 = Sam C. S.
|extra3 = Sam C. S.
|length3 = 5:00

|total_length = 12:57
}}

==Release==
''Kondal'' was theatrically released on 13 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=കാറും കോളുമടങ്ങി; യു/എ സർട്ടിഫിക്കറ്റുമായി 'കൊണ്ടൽ' സെപ്റ്റംബർ പതിമൂന്ന് മുതൽ തീയേറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kondal-movie-release-date-announced-1.9890008 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> The film was premiered on [[Netflix]] from 13 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=നെറ്റ്ഫ്ലിക്സിൽ സർപ്രൈസായി റിലീസ് ചെയ്ത് 'കൊണ്ടൽ' |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/ott/2024/10/13/kondal-ott-release-in-netflix.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=നെറ്റ്ഫ്ലിക്സിൽ സർപ്രൈസായി റിലീസ് ചെയ്ത് ‘കൊണ്ടൽ’ |language=ml}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The movie had similar resemblances with [[Adithattu]]

Rohit panikker of ''[[Times Now News]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Fun Theatrical Watch Mainly For Its High Energy Action Sequences".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=Kondal Film Review: A Fun Theatrical Watch Mainly For Its High Energy Action Sequences |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/kondal-film-review-a-fun-theatrical-watch-mainly-for-its-high-energy-action-sequences-review-113330430 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Swathi P Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "Antony Varghese starrer 'Kondal' delivers high-octane stunts in a sea-bound thriller".<ref name="auto"/>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and reviewed "Antony Varghese Pepe's actioner is ruined by aimless writing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=Kondal movie review: Antony Varghese Pepe's actioner is ruined by aimless writing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kondal-movie-review-antony-varghese-pepes-actioner-is-ruined-by-aimless-writing-9565129/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Box Office ==
Despite an initial strong opening of Rs 55 lakhs, the film's earnings have steadily declined. Directed by Ajith Mampally and featuring Kannada actor Raj B Shetty, 'Kondal' is set in a coastal village but has received mediocre reviews from audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-24 |title='Kondal' box office collections day 11: Antony Varghese starrer mints Rs 2.85 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kondal-box-office-collections-day-11-antony-varghese-starrer-mints-rs-2-85-crores/articleshow/113622024.cms#:~:text=Despite%20an%20initial%20strong%20opening,received%20mediocre%20reviews%20from%20audiences. |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title| tt29929060}}
 
''[https://www.netflix.com/watch/81721827?source=35 Kondal]'' on [[Netflix]]

[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
{{Improve categories|date=December 2024}}

Bhanumathi & Ramakrishna

2026-03-03T09:19:34Z

SidneySorensen: Adding a info

{{short description|2020 romantic drama directed by Srikanth Nagothi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhanumathi & Ramakrishna
| image = Bhanumathi & Ramakrishna poster.jpg
| caption = Release Poster
| director = Srikanth Nagothi
| producer = Yashwanth Mulukutla
| writer = Srikanth Nagothi
| starring = [[Naveen Chandra]] [[Salony Luthra]]
| music = Shravan Bharadwaj
| cinematography = Sai Prakash Ummadisingu
| editing = [[Ravikanth Perepu]]
| studio = North Star Enetertainment
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|2020|07|03|df=y}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Bhanumathi & Ramakrishna''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by Srikanth Nagothi starring [[Naveen Chandra]] and [[Salony Luthra]]. The plot follows relationship of a couple who are in their thirties. The film was released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 3 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=15 June 2020 |title=Romantic drama Bhanumathi Ramakrishna to release on July 3 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/romantic-drama-bhanumathi-ramakrishna-to-release-on-july-3 |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bhanumathi, a 30-year old working woman is dumped by Ram who wants to seek marriage with a younger woman. Bhanu, though discontented, decides to move on. Meanwhile, Ramakrishna, a 33-year old free-spirited bachelor from [[Tenali]], is offered a better paying job at [[Hyderabad]] in the same company where Bhanu works. Ramakrishna accepts the offer and moves into Bunty's apartment. Though hardworking, Ramakrishna struggles to speak English fluently which is abhorred by Bhanu who perceives him as being mediocre.

Bhanu and Ramakrishna are given a 4-day off on the occasion of [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]]. Ramakrishna advises Bhanu to visit her parents in [[Vijayawada]]. Although reluctant, she decides to go with him after her roommates leave to [[Goa]] on vacation. Ramakrishna and Bhanu drive to Vijayawada together where Ramakrishna tells her that his family is looking for a [[Matchmaking|match]] to him. Bhanu's parents also insist her on getting married. Later in Hyderabad, Ramakrishna tells Bhanu that he is rejected by his match after knowing his age. Bhanu relates with him and they start getting closer.

Bhanu notices that Ramakrishna is rejecting the letters sent by his sister who eloped with her lover a few years ago. Bhanu takes Ramakrishna to his sister's place without his knowledge, where he gets emotional after seeing his sister and her son. Following this, Bhanu and Ramakrishna develop feelings on each other. Ramakrishna, however, decides to return her favour by sending an e-mail pretending as Bhanu to Ram, asking to reconcile their past relationship. In reply, Nimmi, Ram's fiance calls up Bhanu and rudely warns her not to contact again. Knowing this, Bhanu chastises Ramakrishna, asking him not to interfere in her personal life. Disheartened Ramakrishna leaves to his hometown.

Bhanu however, feels guilty for being harsh on Ramakrishna and decides to meet him. Arriving at his place, Bhanu expresses her love and seeks forgiveness. They both reunite and affectionately kiss each other.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Naveen Chandra]] as Ramakrishna
* [[Salony Luthra]] as Bhanumathi "Bhanu" Devineni
* [[Viva Harsha]] as Bunty
* Raja Chembolu as Ram
* [[Shalini Vadnikatti]] as Nimisha "Nimmi" Bopanna
* [[Ravikanth Perepu]] as Bhanu's date
* Devyani Sharma as Isha
* Ajay as Manish
* [[Kalpa Latha]] as Ramakrishna's mother
* Ragini as Ramakrishna's aunt
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Bhanu's father
* Jaya Naidu as Bhanu's mother
}}

== Release ==
The film was originally titled ''Bhanumathi Ramakrishna'', but upon orders from the [[Madras High Court]], it was retitled ''Bhanumathi & Ramakrishna''. A disclaimer was added, explaining that the film was not a [[biographical film]] about the actress [[P. Bhanumathi]] (also known as Bhanumathi Ramakrishna).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Legal |date=3 July 2020 |title=HC orders for adding ampersand between film title Bhanumathi Ramakrishna |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hc-orders-for-adding-ampersand-between-film-title-bhanumathi-ramakrishna/article31975342.ece |access-date=14 August 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three and half stars out of five and called it a "perfect and clean blend of love innocence and humour," particularly praising Nagothi's writing and Chandra's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=BHANUMATHI & RAMAKRISHNA REVIEW : A PERFECT AND CLEAN BLEND OF LOVE, INNOCENCE AND HUMOUR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/bhanumathi-and-ramakrishna/webseriesshow/76750384.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715152206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/bhanumathi-and-ramakrishna/webseriesshow/76750384.cms |archive-date=2020-07-15 }}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that the film has a well written female protagonist. She also praised the film's screenplay which gradually develops the relationship between the couple without ever being "overly cinematic."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2 July 2020 |title='Bhanumathi & Ramakrishna' movie review: A charming, mature slice-of-life romance |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/bhanumathi-ramakrishna-review-director-srikanth-nagothis-film-starring-naveen-chandra-and-salony-luthra-is-a-charming-mature-romance/article31970713.ece |access-date=12 August 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Ashameera Ayyappan writing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', gave three and half starts out of five and said that the film explores mismatch of expectations between men and women. While praising the characters, she opined that the film should have explored a little more on their relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayyappan |first=Ashameera |date=4 July 2020 |title=Bhanumathi Ramakrishna review: A sensible new-age love story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/jul/04/bhanumathi-ramakrishna-review-a-sensible-new-age-love-story-2165057.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704151408/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/jul/04/bhanumathi-ramakrishna-review-a-sensible-new-age-love-story-2165057.html |archive-date=2020-07-04 }}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt12498582}}

[[Category:2020 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2020 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shravan Bharadwaj]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhanumathi and Ramakrishna}}

Ramu (actor)

2026-02-21T20:16:49Z

SidneySorensen: general fix formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramu
| image =
| birth_name = Bhasi Padikkal
| birth_date =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|businessman}}
| years_active = 1983–present
| spouse = Reshmi
| children = 2
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Sukumaran]] (cousin)|[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] (nephew)|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] (nephew)}}
}}
'''Bhasi Padikkal''', professionally credited as '''Ramu''', is an Indian actor who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]]s. He has acted in more than 100 films, mainly portraying antagonistic roles. He wrote screenplay for the film ''Kalikkoottukar'' (2019).

==Early life==
Ramu was born as the eldest among four children to Kochunni Nair and Devakiamma at Tavanur, [[Edappal]]. Malayalam actor [[Sukumaran]] was his elder cousin.<ref>[http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/397261?page=0,1]{{dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/what-is-the-relationship-between-actor-ramu-prithviraj-sukumaran-and-his-father-s-family/articleshow/123670963.cms|title=അമ്മയുടെ ചേച്ചിയുടെ മകനാണ്! ഒഫീഷ്യലായ ബന്ധമല്ല, ഞങ്ങൾ കുടുംബക്കാർ; എന്താണ് ബന്ധമെന്ന് ചോദിച്ചവർക്ക് ഉത്തരം|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married Reshmi in 1995. They have a daughter, Amritha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/09/01/ramu-daughter-wedding-malayalam-actor-star-studded-guest-list.html|title=Dileep, Kavya Madhavan attend actor Ramu’s daughter Amritha's star-studded wedding ceremony|website=Dileep, Kavya Madhavan attend actor Ramu’s daughter Amritha's star-studded wedding ceremony}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/prithviraj-dileep-among-others-attend-wedding-of-malayalam-actor-ramus-daughter-in-thrissur-watch-ratl30mt|title=Prithviraj, Dileep among others attend wedding of Malayalam actor Ramu’s daughter in Thrissur| WATCH|date=1 September 2025|website=@mathrubhumi}}</ref> and son Devadas, who was a child artist, acted in 2007 Malayalam movies ''[[Anandabhairavi (2007 film)|Anandabhairavi]]'' and ''[[Athisayan]]''.

==Filmography==
===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Ormakkayi]]'' || Peter ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1983 || ''Aana'' || George Joy ||
|-
| ''[[Engane Nee Marakkum]]'' || Jayadevan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Madapravinte Katha]]'' || Kochettan ||
|-
| ''[[Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mortuary (1983 Malayalam film)|Mortuary]]'' || Satheesh ||
|-
| ''[[Aadyathe Anuraagam]]'' || Rajasekharan Thampi ||
|-
| ''[[Saagaram Santham]]'' || Sreedevi's brother ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1984 || ''[[Poomadhathe Pennu]]'' || Rajagopal ||
|-
| ''[[Minimol Vathicanil]]'' || James ||
|-
| ''Aashamsakalode'' || Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Kalithozhan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Theere Pratheekshikkathe'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''[[Thirakkil Alppa Samayam]]'' || Majeed ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1985 || ''[[Black Mail (1985 film)|Black Mail]]'' || Rajesh ||
|-
| ''[[Uyarum Njan Nadake]]'' || Rajendran ||
|-
| ''[[Aazhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Piranna Nattil]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
| ''[[Revenge (1985 film)|Revenge]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ottayan]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1986 || ''[[Kulambadikal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Shabdham]]'' || Sudhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Sakhavu (1986 film)|Sakhavu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ithra Maathram'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| ''[[Onnu Randu Moonnu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagavan (1986 film)|Bhagavaan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1987 || ''[[Neeyallengil Njan]]'' || Vinod ||
|-
| ''[[Avalude Katha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sarvakalashala]]'' || Inspector ||
|-
| ''Maanasa Maine Varu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1988 || ''[[Bheekaran]]'' || SI Kannan ||
|-
| ''[[Sanghunadam]]'' || Rameshan ||
|-
| ''[[Moonnam Pakkam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1989 || ''Ivalente Kaamuki'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' || Unnichandror ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1990 || ''[[Arhatha]]'' || Mohammad ||
|-
| ''[[Niyamam Enthucheyyum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Prosecution'' || C.I. Cyriac John ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1991 || ''[[Inspector Balram]]'' || Siddique ||
|-
| ''[[Koumara Swapnangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Aswathy'' || Satheesh ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Apaaratha]]'' || Jayapalan Panicker ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1993 || ''[[Devaasuram]]'' || Kunjananthan ||
|-
| ''[[Butterflies (1993 film)|Butterflies]]'' || Jayan Menon ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1994 || ''Kambolam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sukham Sukhakaram]]'' || ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Special Squad (film)|Special Squad]]'' || Bony ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Aaraam Thampuran]]'' || Salim Ahmed ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2001 || ''[[Raavanaprabhu]]'' || Kunjananthan || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Sharja To Sharja]]'' || Kumaran Kappithan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''[[Black (2004 film)|Black]]'' || Francis ||
|-
| ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || M. L. A. Salim Thangal ||
|-
| ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' || Jagannathan ||
|-
| ''[[Vettam]]'' || Madhava Menon ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Bus Conductor (film)|Bus Conductor]]'' || Fasaludheen ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2006 || ''[[Yes Your Honour]]'' || Musthafa ||
|-
| ''[[Red Salute (2006 film)|Red Salute]]'' || S.P. Mohammed Kasim ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2007 || ''[[Athisayan]]'' || Yunus Kunju ||
|-
| ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' || DGP Rajendran Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Black Cat (2007 film)|Black Cat]]'' || Prakash Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 || ''[[Roudram]]'' || [[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]] Balagopal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] ||
|-
| ''[[Magic Lamp (film)|Magic Lamp]]'' || Alphonsa's elder brother ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2010 || ''[[Nilavu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]'' || Bahuleyan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || Kizhakkedathu Sreedharan ||
|-
| ''[[Thanthonni]]'' || Vadakkan Veettil Thomachen ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Arjunan Saakshi]]'' || Commissioner Jayaraman ||
|-
| ''[[Vellaripravinte Changathi]]'' || Augustien Joseph ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2012 || ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]'' || Raja's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' || Abdul Khader ||
|-
| ''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]'' || Kuruvila Jacob ||
|-
| ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Mr. Pavanayi 99.99'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2013 || ''[[Yathrakkoduvil]]'' || Vishwambaran ||
|-
| ''[[Careebeyans]]'' || D.I.G. ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]'' || Aby's father ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Manglish (film)|Manglish]]'' || Sulaiman Haji ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pa Va]]'' || Dr. Mathew ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Naam (2018 film)|Naam]]'' || Mohammed || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]'' || Moideen ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Forensic (2020 film)|Forensic]]'' || Rajeev Madhavan IPS ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]'' || DGP Santhosh Menon IPS ||
|-
| ''[[Salute (2022 Indian film)|Salute]]'' || I. G. Sam Eapan Koshy ||
|-
| ''[[Kaapa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || Diwan ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]'' || Contractor Punnoose ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-12-04 |title=Rifle Club trailer: Aashiq Abu's film promises a quirky action spectacle with a dynamic ensemble |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/04/rifle-club-trailer-aashiq-abus-film-promises-a-quirky-action-spectacle-with-a-dynamic-ensemble |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As a writer===
*''Kalikkoottukar '' (2019)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0709129}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Ramu&limit=50 Ramu at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1953 births]]

Mor Chhainha Bhuinya

2026-02-20T11:55:44Z

SidneySorensen: New the details basic info!

{{Short description|2000 Chhattisgarhi film directed by Satish Jain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mor Chhainha Bhuinya
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Satish Jain (director)|Satish Jain]]
| producer = Shivdayal Jain
| studio = Pooran Entertainment
| writer = Satish Jain
| starring = Shekhar Soni [[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma]] Poonam Naqvi Jagriti Ray Ashish Shendre Manmohan Thakur
| music = Babla Bagchi
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = Sundrani Video World
| released = {{Film date|2000|10|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Chhattisgarhi]]
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|0.2 crore}}
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|2.5 crore}}
}}
'''''Mor Chhainha Bhuinya''''' ({{translation|My Cherished Land}}) is a 2000 [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]-language [[Comedy-drama|comedy drama film]] directed by [[Satish Jain (director)|Satish Jain]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-02|title=छत्तीसगढ़ी फिल्मों को विशेष पहचान दिलाने वाले निर्देशक सतीश जैन का सम्मान|url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-director-satish-jain-honored-for-giving-special-recognition-to-chhattisgarhi-films-6635141|access-date=2021-12-10|website=Nai Dunia|language=hi|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110022224/https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-director-satish-jain-honored-for-giving-special-recognition-to-chhattisgarhi-films-6635141|url-status=live}}</ref> with Shekhar Soni, [[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma]], Poonam Naqvi, Jagriti Rai, Ashish Shendre, and Manmohan Thakur in lead roles. It is the first film to be made in Chhattisgarhi language after ''Ghar Dwar'' (1971).

''Mor Chhainha Bhuinya'' was released on [[Diwali]] day on October 27, 2000. The film was a major commercial and critical success.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnMZEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22My+shadow+and+earth%22&pg=PT108 |title=Reel India: Cinema off the Beaten Track |date=2019-07-20 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5009-728-1 |language=en}}</ref> The film produced by Shivdayal Jain, is recognized as [[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma's]] debut film and is credited for giving a major impetus to [[Chhattisgarh]]'s own [[film industry]] or [[Chhattisgarhi cinema|Chhollywood]]. After 24 years the director came out with a sequel [[Mor Chhainha Bhuinya 2]].

== Plot ==
The film is about a farmer family's trials and tribulations involving three generations. A man with his wife and children leaves his poor old parents' home alone and goes to [[Mumbai]] for work. However, disillusioned he is forced to return to the village after facing tough times in the big city where they had gone with many hopes and dreams.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Shekhar Soni as Uday
** Piyush Mishra as young Uday
* Poonam Naqvi as Sudha, Uday's Lover
* [[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma]] as Kartik
** Vash Shirshak as young Kartik
* Jagriti Rai
* Samita Nayak
* Ashish Shendre as Kishan, Kartik's father
* Sanju Sahu as Kartik's mother
* Suresh Gondale as Kartik's grandfather
* Nisha Gautam as Kartik's grandmother
* Chandrakala as Sudha's Sister
* Manmohan Thakur as Girdhari Pandey
* Ravi Tiwari as Netaji or Tauji
* Shiv Kumar as Dipak
* Anil Sharma as D.K. Sharma, College Principal
* Kshamanidhi Mishra as College Teacher
* Kamal Narayan Sinha as Librarian
}}

==Production==

===Development===
As no films were made in the Chhattisgarhi language till then for a long time, making the film was difficult for writer-director Satish Jain. He had a story ready, but no [[finance]] was available. This ultimately resulted in his father Shivdayal Jain to come in as a [[Film producer|producer]], however, continued budget constraints forced curtailing the movie by cutting back on shooting of 20 scenes and 1 song.<ref name="R">{{Cite news|title=Chhattisgarhi film beats Mohabbatein|work=[[Rediff.com]]|url=https://us.rediff.com/entertai/2001/feb/09chhat.htm}}</ref> Since the director couldn't afford a playback singer, he got his brother Tinkoo to sing a few songs.<ref name="T">{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |date=May 16, 2010 |title=Chhollywood calling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Chhollywood-calling/articleshow/5936093.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-16/special-report/28314831_1_film-industry-silver-jubilee-raipur |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The director toured the state of Chhattisgarh extensively in search for suitable actors/actresses for his new film. A technical team came from Mumbai to shoot the movie and the action sequences were executed by fight master Andlib Pathan from Mumbai.

===Filming===
The film was mostly shot in and around the city of [[Bhilai]], Chhattisgarh.<ref name="R"/>

==Release and impact==
Initially, no one was willing to distribute the movie. So the writer-director Satish Jain and his brother decided to distribute the film themselves. [[Film exhibitor|Exhibitor]]s were apprehensive of the idea of screening a [[Chhattisgarhi]] film. But Satish Jain requested exhibitors to release the film in [[Raipur]], [[Durg]], and [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] on the occasion of [[Diwali]] on October 27, 2000. Initially released with just 3 [[film print|prints]], the subsequent demand after the film became a [[superhit]], meant that producers released additional 12 prints. Post release a new song was added.<ref name="R" /> The film is culturally significant as three days after the release of the film, the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] was created. The film is credited with reviving the Chhattisgarhi film industry, as after its release nearly 2 dozen Chhattisgarhi films went on floor within few weeks. Not just film exhibitors but transporters also benefited from the film's release as they ferried people to and from towns and villages where there were no cinema halls, to the cities to watch the movie.<ref name="T" /><ref name=":0" />

==Box office==

The film ran for more than 100 days across many theatres of cities like [[Bhilai]], [[Rajnandgaon]], [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]], [[Dhamtari]], [[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]], [[Sakti, Chhattisgarh|Sakti]], [[Rajim]] in the newly formed state of Chhattisgarh grossing over {{estimation}} ₹2.5 crores in lifetime collections. The film had a slow start in the first 2 days, but [[word-of-mouth]] publicity and the euphoria surrounding creation of a new state, turned the fortunes of the film from 3rd day onwards making it a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]]. The film surpassed other [[Bollywood]] films that were also released alongside it on [[Diwali]] such as ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' and ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="R" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mor Chhainha Bhuinya
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Babla Bagchi
| released = 28 October 2000
| recorded = 2000
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=32|s=26}}
| language = [[Chhattisgarhi]]
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] ([[Saregama]])
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|kioujnRAaZI&list|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

The song ''Turi Ice Cream Kha Ke'' alone has racked in over 1 million views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Mor Chaiya Bhuiya 2: आज रिलीज होगी छॉलीवुड की सबसे बड़ी फिल्‍म मोर छंइहा भुंईया-2, 24 साल बाद आया सीक्वल|url=https://bansalnews.com/chhattisgarhi-film-mor-chaiya-bhuiya-part-2-release-on-24-may-2024-news-in-hindi-amn/}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = Laxman Masturia, Vinay Bihari, Pushpa Kulu, and Rakesh Nirala <ref>{{Citation|title=Mor Chhainha Bhuinya|url=https://www.saregama.com/album/mor-chhainha-bhuinya_101563}}</ref>
| all_music = Babla Bagchi.<ref>{{Citation|title=मोर छंइहा भुंईया के अमर गीत । 20 साल मोर छंइहा भुंईया के। Ep.02|date=9 November 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNyjGJPkkGg|language=en|access-date=2022-01-31|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110022246/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNyjGJPkkGg&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Mor Chhainha Bhuniya With Dialogues|url=https://gaana.com/album/mor-chhainha-bhuniya-with-dialogues}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chhainha Bhuinya La Chod
| note1 = Title Track
| length1 = 2:48
| extra1 = Sunil Sharma
| title2 = Bombai Ke Turi Re
| length2 = 3:22
| extra2 = Sunil Sharma
| title3 = Chhattisgarh ke Chore
| length3 = 4:05
| extra3 = Tinkoo, Prabha Bharati
| title4 = Dekh Ke Tola Sanghi Mola
| note4 =
| length4 = 6:02
| extra4 = Pradeep Pandit, Prabha Bharati
| title5 = Turi Ice Cream Kha Ke
| length5 = 3:37
| extra5 = Pradeep Pandit
| title6 = Jaan Le Pahechan Le
| length6 = 4:06
| extra6 = Tinkoo, Prabha Bharati
| title7 = Raipur Wale Ankh Marhi
| length7 = 3:19
| extra7 = Sunil Sharma
| title8 = Upparwale Ye Tor Khel
| length8 = 5:07
| extra8 = Tinkoo
| total_length = 32:26
}}

==Sequel==

After 23 years writer and director Satish Jain decided to make a sequel, ''[[Mor Chhainha Bhuinya 2]]''. Satish Jain returns as writer and director of the new film, which is a [[remake]] or [[spiritual sequel]] of the original movie and was released on 24 May 2024. The lead characters in the new film play the same role as the original movie but the setting is different.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mor Chaiya Bhuiya 2: छत्‍तीसगढ़ के सिनेमाघरों में आज रिलीज हो रही है ये धमाकेदार फिल्म, पार्ट वन थी सुपरहिट|url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-mor-chaiya-bhuiya-2-release-date-chhattisgarhi-film-mor-chaiya-bhuiya-part-2-is-being-released-in-theatres-today-8316255}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title="मोर छंइहा भुंईया" एक फिल्म नहीं इमोशन है, पार्ट 2 से भी है ढेर सारी उम्मीद : मन कुरैशी - Mor Chaiya Bhuiya 2|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/chhattisgarhi-film-mor-chaiya-bhuiya-part-2-promotion-event-in-korba-cts24052104280|access-date=2 July 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624071727/https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/chhattisgarhi-film-mor-chaiya-bhuiya-part-2-promotion-event-in-korba-cts24052104280|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chhattisgarhi cinema|Chhattisgarhi films]]
* [[Mor Chhainha Bhuinya 2]]
* [[Mor Chhainha Bhuinya 3]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0277162}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|mor-chhainha-bhuinya}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:Chhattisgarhi-language films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Economy of India under the British Raj

2026-02-16T23:45:44Z

SidneySorensen: page updated

{{Short description|none}}
{{tone|date=January 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
The role and scale of British imperial policy during the [[British Raj]] (1858 to 1947) on India's relative decline in global GDP remains a topic of debate among economists, historians, and politicians. Some commentators argue that the effect of British rule was negative, and that Britain engaged in a policy of [[deindustrialisation in India]] for the benefit of British exporters, which left Indians relatively poorer than before British rule.<ref name="Tharoor">{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33618621 |date=22 July 2015 |title=Viewpoint: Britain must pay reparations to India |work=BBC News |access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref> Others argue that Britain's impact on India was either broadly neutral or positive, and that India's declining share of global GDP was due to other factors, such as new [[mass production]] technologies or internal ethnic conflict.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33647422 |title=Viewpoint: Why Britain does not owe reparations to India |last=MacKenzie |first=John |date=28 July 2015 |work=BBC News |access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

==Economic impact of British imperialism==
[[William Digby (writer)|William Digby]] estimated that from 1870 to 1900, £900 million was transferred from India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Rama Dev |year=1987 |title=Some Aspects of the Economic Drain from India during the British Rule |journal=Social Scientist |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=39–47 |doi=10.2307/3517499 |jstor=3517499}}</ref> In the 17th century, India was a relatively urbanized and commercialized nation with a large export trade, devoted largely to cotton textiles, but also silk, spices, and rice. India was the world's main producer of cotton textiles and had substantial export trade to Britain as well as many other European countries, via the East India Company. According to some commentators, after the British victory over the Mughal Empire ([[Battle of Buxar]]), India was deindustrialized by the East India Company, and then the British.<ref name="Tharoor"/>

In contrast, historian [[Niall Ferguson]] argues that India benefited from the British investment of £270 million in Indian infrastructure, irrigation, and industry by the 1880s (representing nearly one-fifth of all British investment overseas). That amount reached £400 million by 1914. He also writes that the British increased the area of irrigated land eight-fold, to 25% of all land.<ref name="FergusonEmpire">{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson |year=2003 |title=Empire: How Britain Made The Modern World |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=215–216 |isbn=0-713-99615-3}}</ref> The village economy's share of total after-tax income rose under British rule from 45% to 54%. Ferguson argues that since the sector represented three quarters of the entire population, their rising share reduced income inequality in India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson |year=2003 |title=Empire: How Britain Made The Modern World |publisher=Penguin Books |page=218 |isbn=0-713-99615-3}}</ref>

=== Impact on trade ===
The British [[East India Company]] had forced open the large Indian market to British [[goods]], which could be sold in India without [[tariff]]s or [[Duty (economics)|duties]], compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed. At the same time, [[protectionist]] policies in Britain, such as bans and high tariffs, were implemented to restrict Indian textiles from being sold there. The British enforced tariffs and duties of 70-80% on textiles produced in India, making them impractical for export.<ref name="shas1">[[Shashi Tharoor]], March 2017, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWwwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India], [[Hurst Publishers|C. Hurst & Co.]], UK.</ref> In the early 1700s, India had a hold of 25% of the global textile trade.<ref name="shas1" /> Raw cotton, however, was imported without tariffs from India to British factories. The factories [[Manufacturing|manufactured]] textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market. British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India's large market and cotton resources.<ref name="Cypher">{{cite book |last1=Cypher |first1=James M. |year=2014 |orig-year=First published 1997 |title=The Process of Economic Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxFxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |edition=4th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=97 |isbn=978-0-415-64327-6}}</ref><ref name="gupta">{{cite web |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen |last2=Gupta |first2=Bishnupriya |year=2005 |title=Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600–1850 |url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf |access-date=5 December 2016 |website=International Institute of Social History |publisher=Department of Economics, University of Warwick}}</ref> India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large [[captive market]] for British manufactured goods.<ref name="Henry Yule, A. C. Burnell 2013 20">{{cite book |author=[[Henry Yule]], [[A. C. Burnell]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NXOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9781317252931 |page=20}}</ref> With the export of manufactured goods rendered unviable over the period of British rule, India's share of global manufacturing exports dropped from 27% to 2%. In contrast, exports from Britain to India soared with duty-free goods that Indian goods could no longer compete with on quality or price.<ref name="shas1" />

The damage to the textile industry went beyond just a decrease in production and export. As industrial production was severely disrupted, Indian workers were forced into agriculture at levels unsustainable by the land. Rural wages were then driven down by the newly crowded market of agricultural workers. These workers had used cloth making as a backup source of income if weather affected their crops. This was no longer a viable option for them. Ultimately, poverty in rural India was catalyzed by the policies deployed by the British.<ref name="shas1" />

=== Taxation ===
Taxation by the British, up to 50% of income in parts of India, was so burdensome on the population that they were forced to flee their lands. This form of revenue generation was a departure from the practices deployed by Indian rulers in the past, who primarily raised funds through global and regional trade networks rather than through taxing farmers. Under the [[Zamindar#British era|zamindari revenue system deployed by the British]], farmers were no longer taxed a percentage of their crops produced. Rather, they were taxed a percentage of the land rent payments, regardless of the success or failure of the crops. According to estimates by the British, agricultural taxes were two to three times higher than before British rule, and the highest in the world.<ref name="shas1" />

However, [[P. J. Marshall]] argues that the British regime did not make any sharp breaks with the traditional economy, and that control was largely left in the hands of regional rulers. The economy was sustained by general conditions of prosperity through the latter part of the 18th century, excepting the frequent [[Famine in India|famines]] with high fatality rates. Marshall notes the British raised revenue through local tax administrators and kept the old Mughal rates of taxation. Marshall wrote that the British managed this primarily indigenous-controlled economy through cooperation with Indian elites.<ref>P.J. Marshall, "The British in Asia: Trade to Dominion, 1700–1765", in ''The Oxford History of the British Empire'': vol. 2, "The Eighteenth Century" ed. by P. J. Marshall, (1998), pp 487–507</ref>

=== Impact to GDP ===
From 1850 to 1947, India's gross domestic product (GDP) in 1990 international dollar terms grew from $125.7 billion to $213.7 billion, a 70% increase, or an average annual growth rate of 0.55%. This was a higher rate of growth than during the [[Mughal era]] (1600–1700), when it had grown by 22%, an annual growth rate of 0.20%, or the longer period of mostly [[Economy of India under Company rule|British East Indian company rule]] from 1700 to 1850 where it grew 39%, or 0.22% annually.<ref name="MaddisonGDP">{{cite report |url=https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/data/md2010_vertical.xlsx |title=Historical Statistics of the World Economy:1–2008 AD |last=Maddison |first=Angus |publisher=University of Groningen |access-date=26 March 2022 |format=XLSX |section=GDP}}</ref> However, by the end of British rule, India's economy represented a much smaller proportion of [[Gross world product|global GDP]]. In 1820, India's GDP was 16% of the global GDP. By 1870, it had fallen to 12%, and by 1947 to 4%. India's [[per-capita income]] remained mostly stagnant during the Raj, with most of its GDP growth coming from an expanding population. Per capita income growth from 1850 to 1900 is estimated to range from 0.75% to 1.25% annually. This figure is buoyed by a decrease in India's rate of population increase stemming from disease and famines.<ref name=":0" /> From 1850 to 1947, India's GDP per-capita had grown by 16%, from $533 to $618 in 1990 international dollars. According to [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|historical GDP estimates]] by economist [[Angus Maddison]], India's GDP grew in absolute terms but declined in relative share to the world.<ref name="MaddisonGDP" />

From the 1st century CE to the start of British colonization in India in the 17th century, India's GDP varied between [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)#Indian empires|25% and 35%]] of the world's total GDP,<ref name="maddison">Maddison 2007, p. 379, table A.4.</ref> more than all of Europe combined.<ref name="shas1" /> It dropped to 2% by the time Britain departed India in 1947.<ref name="williamson">{{Cite web |author=[[Jeffrey G. Williamson]], David Clingingsmith |date=August 2005 |title=India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries |url=http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf |access-date=18 May 2017 |publisher=[[Harvard University]]}}</ref> At the same time, the United Kingdom's share of the world economy rose from 2.9% in 1700 to 9% in 1870 alone.<ref name="gupta" /> Politician [[Shashi Tharoor]] claims "The reason is simple: India was governed for the benefit of Britain. Britain's rise for 200 years was financed by its depredation of India."<ref name="shas1" />

Under British rule, India's share of the world economy declined from 23% at the beginning of the 18th century down to just over 3% when India gained independence. In 1700, that figure had been 27%.<ref name="shas1" /> India's GDP (PPP) per capita was [[Economic stagnation|stagnant]] during the [[Mughal Empire]] and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule.<ref name="maddison261">[[Angus Maddison|Maddison, Angus]] (2003): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA261 Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics]'', [[OECD Publishing]], {{ISBN|9264104143}}, page 261</ref> India's share of global industrial output declined from 25% in 1750 to 2% in 1900.<ref name="williamson" /> From 1600 to 1871 the ratio of [[GDP per capita]] in India to that in Britain fell from more than 60% to less than 15%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen |last2=Custodis |first2=Johann |last3=Gupta |first3=Bishnupriya |year=2015 |title=India and the great divergence: An Anglo-Indian comparison of GDP per capita, 1600–1871 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56838/ |journal=Explorations in Economic History |language=en |volume=55 |pages=58–75 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2014.04.003 |s2cid=130940341}}</ref> India's national debt ballooned under British rule, and half of India's revenue was being siphoned to foreign countries, primarily England. Indian taxes were also used to fund the British Army and its expeditions globally, with 64% of total revenue funding British Indian troops outside of India in 1922.<ref name="shas1" />

==== Declining share of world GDP ====
[[File:Share of Global GDP.gif|thumb|300px|The global contribution to world's GDP by major economies from 1 CE to 2003 CE according to Angus Maddison's estimates.<ref>Data table in Maddison A (2007), Contours of the World Economy I-2030AD, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199227204}}</ref> Up until the early 18th century, China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output.]]

According to British economist Angus Maddison, India's total share of the [[world economy]] went from 24.4% in 1700 to 4.2% in 1950. Over the same period Maddison estimates that India's per capita GDP increased slightly from $550 to $619.{{cn|date=November 2025}} This would indicate that while India's economy did grow over the period, its total share of the world economy lost ground to the rapidly emerging economies of Europe as well as the newly created United States. India's GDP (PPP) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule.<ref name="maddison261" /> India's share of global industrial output also declined from 25% in 1750 down to 2% in 1900.<ref name="williamson" /> At the same time the economies of Western Europe and the United States grew rapidly. For example, the United Kingdom's share of the world economy rose from 2.9% in 1700 up to 9% in 1870,<ref name="maddison261" /> and Britain replaced India as the world's largest textile manufacturer in the 19th century.<ref name="gupta" /> Historian Shireen Moosvi also provides estimates of India's economic output over this period, which are slightly different to the estimates provided by Maddison. Moosvi estimates that [[Mughal India]] also had a per-capita income 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India had in the early 20th century, and the [[secondary sector]] contributed a higher percentage to the [[economy of the Mughal Empire]] (18.2%) than it did to the economy of early 20th-century British India (11.2%).<ref name="moosvi2015">{{cite book |author=Shireen Moosvi |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450541.001.0001/acprof-9780199450541-chapter-18 |title=The Economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595: A Statistical Study |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-908549-1 |edition=2nd |pages=432–433 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450541.001.0001 |orig-year=First published 1989}}</ref> In terms of urbanization, Mughal India also had a higher percentage of its population (15%) living in urban centers in 1600 than British India did in the 19th century.<ref name="eraly">[[Abraham Eraly]] (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zpa8gyGW_twC&pg=PA5 ''The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age'', page 5], [[Penguin Books]]</ref>

A number of modern [[Economic history|economic historians]] have blamed the colonial rule for the state of India's economy, with investment in Indian industries limited since it was a colony.<ref>{{cite book |author1=T.R. Jain |title=Statistics for Economics and indian economic development |author2=V.K. Ohri |publisher=VK publications |isbn=9788190986496 |page=15}}</ref> Under British rule, India experienced deindustrialization.<ref name="Cypher" /><ref name="gupta" /><ref name="Bairoch">{{cite book |last=Bairoch |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Bairoch |year=1993 |title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes |url=https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair/page/89/mode/1up |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |page=89 |isbn=0-226-03462-3}}</ref> The [[yarn]] output of the handloom industry declined from 419 million pounds in 1850 to 240 million pounds in 1900.<ref name="williamson" /> Due to the colonial policies of the British, a significant transfer of capital from India to England occurred, leading to a massive drain of revenue rather than a systematic effort at modernisation of the domestic economy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=K. N. |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |isbn=0-521-22802-6 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Dharma |editor-link=Dharma Kumar |volume=2 |pages=876–877 |chapter=Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments (1757-1947) |author-link=Kirti N. Chaudhuri}}</ref>

According to Historian Zareer Masani, "India in 1700 also had 25 per cent of the world's population, meaning that its per capita GDP, the real measure of prosperity, was relatively low, due to its poor productivity as a largely agrarian economy on the eve of global industrialisation, which exponentially multiplied world GDP." With "the major drop in India's per capita GDP occurring between 1600 and 1750".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-08 |title=THE BRITISH RAJ: An Assessment - History Reclaimed |url=https://historyreclaimed.co.uk/the-british-raj-an-assessment/#_edn1 |access-date=2025-05-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) in 1990 [[international dollars]]<ref name="MaddisonGDP" />
|-
! Year
! GDP (Millions of [[International dollar|1990 dollars]])
! colspan="1" | [[GDP per capita]] (1990 dollars)
! Avg % [[GDP growth]]
|-
| 1850 || 125,681 || 533 || —
|-
| 1870 || 134,882 || 533 || 0.354
|-
| 1890 || 163,341 || 584 || 0.962
|-
| 1900 || 170,466 || 599 || 0.428
|-
| 1910 || 210,439 || 697 || 2.129
|-
| 1920 || 194,051 || 635 || −0.807
|-
| 1930 || 244,097 || 726 || 2.321
|-
| 1940 || 265,455 || 686 || 0.842
|-
| 1947 || 213,680 || 618 || −3.052
|}

== Absence of industrialisation ==
{{See also|History of cotton}}

===The views of historians and economists===
In the 17th century, India was a relatively urbanised and commercialised nation with a buoyant export trade devoted largely to cotton textiles, but also included silk, spices, and rice. India was the world's main producer of cotton textiles and had a substantial export trade to Britain, as well as many other European countries via the East India Company (EIC).

India's share of global industrial output also declined from 25% in 1750 down to 2% in 1900. At the same time, the United Kingdom's share of the world economy rose from 2.9% in 1700 up to 9% in 1870, and Britain replaced India as the world's largest textile manufacturer in the 19th century.

After the British victory over the Mughal Empire ([[Battle of Buxar]], 1764), India was deindustrialized by the EIC, British and colonial policies.<ref name="williamson"/>

As the British cotton industry underwent a technological revolution during the late 18th to early 19th centuries, the Indian industry stagnated and was deindustrialized.<ref name="Cypher"/>

As late as 1772, Henry Pattullo, writing about the economic resources of Bengal, commented that their textiles were of such unrivaled quality that demand for them could never wane.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=K. N. |author-link=K. N. Chaudhuri |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 1978 |title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660–1760 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C&pg=PA237 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=237 |isbn=978-0-521-03159-2}}</ref> However, by the early 19th century, textile exports began to decline;<ref>{{cite book |title=India and the Contemporary World – II |year=2007 |publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] |isbn=978-8174507075 |page=116 |edition=March 2007 |url=http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm?jess3=5-8}}</ref> in 1840, the chairman of the East India and China Association told the English parliament: "This company has succeeded in converting India from a manufacturing country into a country exporting raw produce".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Dylan |last2=Hickel |first2=Jason |title=How British colonialism killed 100 million Indians in 40 years |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/12/2/how-british-colonial-policy-killed-100-million-indians |access-date=2023-08-31 |publisher=Al Jazeera |type=Opinion |language=en}}</ref>

An oft repeated legend is that the EIC cut off the thumbs of weavers in Bengal to destroy the indigenous weaving industry in favour of British textile imports. However, this is generally considered to be a myth originating from [[William Bolts]]' 1772 account, in which he alleges that a number of silk spinners had cut off their own thumbs in protest of poor working conditions.<ref name="Doniger 2010, p. 582">{{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |author-link=Wendy Doniger |year=2009 |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |publisher=The Penguin Press |page=582 |isbn=978-159420-205-6}}</ref><ref name="CoIA">{{cite book |last1=Bolts |first1=William |author-link=William Bolts |year=1772 |title=Considerations on India affairs: particularly respecting the present state of Bengal and its dependencies |publisher=J. Almon |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.195631/page/n686 194] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.195631 |access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref>

Economic historian Prasannan Parthasarathi pointed to earnings data that show [[real wages]] in 18th-century [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] and [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] were comparable to Britain. Workers in the textile industry, for example, earned more in Bengal and Mysore than they did in Britain.<ref name="williamson" /><ref>{{cite book |surname=Parthasarathi |given=Prasannan |year=2011 |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=38–39 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0}}</ref> There is also evidence that labour in Britain had to work longer hours than in Bengal and South India.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Parthasarathi |given=Prasannan |year=2011 |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA41 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=41 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |quote=Weekly earnings in Britain and the Indian subcontinent must also be placed in relation to working hours. There is much evidence that the eighteenth-century working day was far longer in Britain than in Bengal or South India.}}</ref> According to economic historian [[Immanuel Wallerstein]], per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century Mughal India were probably higher than in 17th-century Europe and certainly higher than in early 20th-century [[British India]].<ref name="suneja">{{Cite book |last=Suneja |first=Vivek |title=Understanding Business: A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy |page=13 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Stw3qadXG0C&pg=PA13 |isbn=9780415238571}}</ref>

British control of trade and exports of cheap Manchester cotton are cited as significant factors for why Britain industrialized first before France, Germany, India and China,<ref>{{cite web |last=Griffin |first=Emma |title=Why was Britain first? The industrial revolution in global context |url=https://www.academia.edu/1940258 |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> though Indian textiles had maintained a competitive price advantage over British textiles until the 19th century.<ref name="gupta" /> Several historians point to the colonization of India as a major factor in both India's deindustrialization and Britain's [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="tong">Junie T. Tong (2016), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 ''Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets'', page 151], [[CRC Press]]</ref><ref name="esposito">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John L. Esposito |encyclopedia=The Islamic World: Past and Present |title=Great Britain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-19-516520-3 |page=174 |quote=The sale of exports from these regions helped to support the Industrial Revolution in Britain}}</ref><ref name="ray">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ |page=7}} |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref>

== Indian Ordnance Factories ==
The history and development of the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]] is directly linked to the British Raj in India. The East India Company considered military hardware to be a vital element for securing their economic interest in India and for increasing their political power. In 1775, the British East India Company accepted the establishment of the Board of Ordnance at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], [[Calcutta]]. This marked the official beginning of the Army Ordnance and the [[Industrial Revolution]] in India.

In 1787, a [[gunpowder]] factory was established at Ichapore. Production began in 1791, and the site was later used as a rifle factory beginning in 1904. In 1801, Gun Carriage Agency (now known as Gun & Shell Factory), was established at Cossipore, Calcutta, and production began on 18 March 1802. This is the oldest ordnance factory in India still in existence. There were eighteen ordnance factories before India became independent in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=gsf&page=about&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Gun and Shell Factory |publisher=Ofb.gov.in |access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref>

==Agriculture and industry==

Between 1860 and 1914, agriculture grew by expanding the land frontier which became more difficult after 1914.<ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=255 |isbn=9781107507180}}</ref>

The entrepreneur [[Jamsetji Tata]] began his industrial career in 1877 with the Central India Spinning, Weaving, and Manufacturing Company in Bombay. While other Indian mills produced cheap coarse yarn (and later cloth) using local short-staple cotton and cheap machinery imported from Britain, Tata did much better by importing expensive longer-stapled cotton from Egypt and buying more complex ring-spindle machinery from the United States to spin finer yarn that could compete with imports from Britain.<ref name="dnb">{{cite ODNB |last1=Brown |first1=F. H. |last2=Tomlinson |first2=B. R. |title=Tata, Jamshed Nasarwanji [Jamsetji] (1839–1904) |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/36421 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36421 |date=23 September 2004 |access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> The effect on industry was a combination of two distinct processes: a robust growth of modern factories and a slow growth in artisanal industry, which achieved higher growth by changing from traditional household-based production to wage-based production.<ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=255 |isbn=9781107507180}}</ref>

In the 1890s, Tata launched plans to expand into heavy industry using Indian funding after being denied permission by the British since 1883.<ref name="shas1" /> The Raj did not provide capital, but it was aware of Britain's declining position against the U.S. and Germany in the steel industry, and it wanted steel mills in India so it promised to purchase any surplus steel Tata could not sell.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bahl |first1=Vinay |title=The emergence of large-scale steel industry in India under British colonial rule, 1880-1907 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=December 1994 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=413–460 |doi=10.1177/001946469403100401 |s2cid=144471617}}</ref> However, the British controlled government and railways, the largest consumers of steel in the country, mandated the use of steel with a BSSS (British Standard Specification Steel) rating, while the rest of the world used a NBSSS (Non-British Standard Specification Steel) rating. This obstructed Indian steelmakers' ability to produce cheaper NBSSS rated steel, making Indian steel uncompetitive in the global market. Britain also placed restrictions on steel imports, making Indian produced BSSS rated steel difficult to export for profits.<ref name="shas1" /> The [[Tata Steel|Tata Iron and Steel Company]] (TISCO), opened its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908. It became the leading iron and steel producer in India, with 120,000 employees in 1945.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nomura |first1=Chikayoshi |year=2011 |title=Selling steel in the 1920s: TISCO in a period of transition |journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=48 |pages=83–116 |doi=10.1177/001946461004800104 |s2cid=154594018}}</ref> According to ''The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', TISCO "became a symbol of Indian technical skill, managerial competence, and entrepreneurial flair".<ref name="dnb" />

==Irrigation==
{{Main|Irrigation in India}}
The British Raj invested in infrastructure including canals and [[irrigation]] systems.<ref>for the historiography, see {{cite journal |last1=D'Souza |first1=Rohan |title=Water in British India: The Making of a 'Colonial Hydrology' |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/cweh/documents/hcomroh.pdf |journal=History Compass |date=July 2006 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=621–628 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00336.x}}</ref> The Ganges Canal reached 350 miles from Haridwar to Cawnpore, and supplied thousands of miles of distribution canals. By 1900, the Raj had the largest irrigation system in the world. In all, the amount of irrigated land rose eightfold. Historian [[Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet|David Gilmour]] says:<ref>{{cite book |author=David Gilmour |author-link=Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet |title=The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEzx2zVHXSwC&pg=PA9 |year=2007 |orig-year=First published 2005 |publisher=Macmillan |page=9 |isbn=978-0-374-53080-8}}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text=By the 1870s the peasantry in the districts irrigated by the Ganges Canal were visibly better fed, housed and dressed than before; by the end of the century the new network of canals in the Punjab had produced an even more prosperous peasantry there.
}}

== Railways ==
{{Main|Rail transport in India#History}}
[[File:IndianRailways1871b.jpg|thumb|Railway map of India in 1871]]
[[File:India railways1909a.jpg|thumb|Railway map of India in 1909]]

British investors built a modern railway system in the late 19th century, which became the fourth largest in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kerr |first=Ian J. |title=Engines of change: the railroads that made India |year=2007 |publisher=Praeger |page=63 |isbn=978-0-275-98564-6}}</ref> The government was supportive of the railways, realizing their value for military use and economic growth, and they were designed to improve defense and foreign trade.<ref name=":0" /> While private British companies invested in the railways, they invested very little outside of this project. From 1890, the year main stage construction was completed, to 1914, the proportion of overseas British capital invested in India declined from 19% to 10%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Washbrook |first=David |title=India and the British Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780191744587 |pages=48, 49, 56, 58}}</ref> At first, the railways were privately owned and operated by British administrators, engineers, and craftsmen, and the only unskilled workers were Indians.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Derbyshire |first=I. D. |year=1987 |title=Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=521–545 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009197 |jstor=312641 |s2cid=146480332}}</ref>

A plan for a rail system in India was first put forward in 1832. The first train in India ran from [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]] to [[Chintadripet]] bridge in [[Madras]] in 1837. It was called ''Red Hill Railway''.<ref name = Bhandari_Chap1-2/> It was used for freight transport only. A few more short lines were built in the 1830s and 1840s, but they did not interconnect and were used for freight transport only. The East India Company, and later the colonial government, encouraged new railway companies backed by private investors under a scheme that would provide land and guarantee an annual return of up to 5% during the initial years of operation. The companies were to build and operate the lines under a 99-year lease, with the government having the option to buy them earlier.<ref name = Bhandari_Chap1-2>{{cite book |title=Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years |author=R.R. Bhandari |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=1–19 |isbn=978-81-230-1254-4 |year=2005}}</ref> In 1854, Governor-General [[Lord Dalhousie]] formulated a plan to construct a network of trunk lines connecting the principal regions of India. Encouraged by the government guarantees, investments flowed in and a series of new rail companies were established, leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India.<ref name = Thorner>{{cite book |last=Thorner |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Thorner |editor-last=Kerr |editor-first=Ian J. |year=2001 |chapter=The pattern of railway development in India |title=Railways in Modern India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=83–85 |isbn=978-0-19-564828-7}}</ref>

In 1853, the first passenger train service was inaugurated between [[Bori Bunder]] in [[Bombay]] and [[Thane]], covering a distance of {{convert|34|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name = Babu>{{cite magazine |last=Babu |first=T. Stanley |year=2004 |title=A shining testimony of progress |magazine=Indian Railways |publisher=Indian Railway Board |volume=50 |page=101}}</ref> The route mileage of this network increased from {{convert|1349|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 1860 to {{convert|25495|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 1890, mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.<ref name = Hurd>{{cite book |last=Hurd |first=John |editor-last=Kerr |editor-first=Ian J. |year=2001 |chapter=Railways |title=Railways in Modern India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=149 |isbn=978-0-19-564828-7}}</ref> Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. The system was heavily built, consisting of sturdy tracks and strong bridges. Several large princely states soon built their own rail systems, and the network spread to almost all the regions in India.<ref name = Bhandari_Chap1-2/> By 1900, India had a full range of rail services with diverse ownership and management, operating on broad, meter, and narrow gauge networks.<ref name = Bhandari_Chap7/>

During [[World War I]], railways were used to transport troops and grain to the ports of Bombay and [[Port of Karachi|Karachi]] en route to Britain, Mesopotamia, and East Africa.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} With shipments of equipment and parts from Britain curtailed, maintenance became much more difficult. Critical workers entered the army, workshops were converted to make munitions, and the locomotives, rolling stock, and track of some entire lines were shipped to the Middle East. The railways could barely keep up with the increased demand.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Headrick |first1=Daniel R. |author-link=Daniel R. Headrick |year=1988 |title=The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=78–79 |isbn=0-19-505115-7}}</ref> By the end of the war, the railways had deteriorated badly.<ref name = Awasthi_Ch7-8>{{cite book |title=History and development of railways in India |last=Awasthi |first=Aruna |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |location=New Delhi |year=1994 |pages=181–246}}</ref><ref name = Bhandari_Chap7>{{cite book |title=Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years |author=R.R. Bhandari |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=44–52 |isbn=978-81-230-1254-4 |year=2005}}</ref>

Headrick argues that both the Raj lines and the private companies hired only European supervisors, civil engineers, and even operating personnel such as locomotive engineers. The government's Stores Policy required that bids on railway contracts be made to the India Office in London, shutting out most Indian firms.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} The railway companies purchased most of their hardware and parts in Britain. There were railway maintenance workshops in India, but they were rarely allowed to manufacture or repair [[locomotives]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Headrick |first1=Daniel R. |author-link=Daniel R. Headrick |year=1988 |title=The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=81–82 |isbn=0-19-505115-7}}</ref>

Christensen looks at colonial purpose, local needs, capital, service, and private-versus-public interests. He concludes that making the railways a creature of the state hindered success because railway expenses had to go through the same time-consuming and political budgeting process as did all other state expenses. Railway costs could therefore not be tailored to the timely needs of the railways or their passengers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christensen |first1=R. O. |title=The State and Indian Railway Performance, 1870–1920 Part I. Financial Efficiency and Standards of Service |journal=The Journal of Transport History |date=September 1981 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1177/002252668100200201 |s2cid=168461253}}</ref>

==Great Depression==

{{main|Great Depression in India}}

The worldwide [[Great Depression]] of 1929 had little direct impact on India, with only slight impact on the modern secondary sector. The government did little to alleviate distress, and was focused mostly on shipping gold to Britain.<ref>K. A. Manikumar, ''A colonial economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929–1937)'' (2003) p 138-9</ref> The worst consequences involved deflation, which increased the burden of debt on villagers, while lowering the cost of living.<ref>Dietmar Rothermund, ''An Economic History of India to 1991'' (1993) p 95</ref> In terms of volume of total economic output, there was no decline between 1929 and 1934. Falling prices for jute and wheat hurt larger growers. The hardest hit sector was jute, based in Bengal, which was an important element in overseas trade. It had prospered in the 1920s, but was hard hit in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goswami |first1=Omkar |title=Agriculture in slump: the peasant economy of East and North Bengal in the 1930s |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=August 1984 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=335–364 |doi=10.1177/001946468402100304 |s2cid=144852916}}</ref> In terms of employment, there was some decline, while agriculture and small-scale industry exhibited gains.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simmons |first1=Colin |title=The Great Depression and Indian Industry: Changing Interpretations and Changing Perceptions |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=May 1987 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=585–623 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009215 |jstor=312643 |s2cid=145538790}}</ref> The most successful new industry was sugar, which experienced growth in the 1930s.<ref>Dietmar Rothermund, ''An Economic History of India to 1991'' (1993) p 111</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rothermund |first=Dietmar |author-link=Dietmar Rothermund |title=India in the Great Depression, 1929–1939 |year=1992 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar |page=169 |isbn=81-85425-76-0}}</ref>

==Aftermath==

The newly independent, but weak Union government's treasury reported annual revenue of £334 million in 1950. In contrast, [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Nizam Asaf Jah VII]] of [[Hyderabad State]] in South India was widely reported to have a fortune of almost £668 million at that time.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,868973,00.html?iid=chix-sphere |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203010704/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,868973,00.html?iid=chix-sphere |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2009 |title=The Nizam's Daughter |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=19 January 1959 |access-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> Approximately one-sixth of the national population was urban by 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?country=IN&indicatorid=30 |title=One-sixth of Indians were urban by 1950 |access-date=8 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303095118/http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?country=IN&indicatorid=30 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The US Dollar was exchanged at 4.97 Indian Rupees.

In 1947, the year India gained Independence over the British Raj, 90% of India's population was rural and 55% lived below the international poverty line.<ref name=":0" /> The average life expectancy was 27 years, and the literacy rate (in 1951) was 16.7%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |date=2024-08-17 |title=A glass half full or half empty? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Aug/17/a-glass-half-full-or-half-empty |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{section link|List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|Indian}}
* [[Exploitation colonialism]]
* [[Economy of India under Company rule]]
* [[Economic history of India]]
* {{section link|Economy of India|British era (1793–1947)}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation |last1=Oldenburg |first1=Philip |chapter="India: Movement for Freedom" |chapter-url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557562_13/India.html#S133 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524174651/https://www.webcitation.org/5kwQMax7R?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557562_13/India.html |archive-date=24 May 2024 |url-status=dead |year=2007 |title=Encarta Encyclopedia}}.

==Further reading==
* {{Citation |doi=10.1017/S0022050700096297 |last1=Adams |first1=John |last2=West |first2=Robert Craig |title=Money, Prices, and Economic Development in India, 1861–1895 |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=39 |issue=1 |year=1979 |pages=55–68 |jstor=2118910 |s2cid=154570073}}
* {{Citation |last=Appleyard |first=Dennis R. |title=The Terms of Trade between the United Kingdom and British India, 1858–1947 |year=2006 |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=635–654 |doi=10.1086/500031 |s2cid=154484126}}
* {{Citation |doi=10.1257/0002828054825574 |last1=Bannerjee |first1=Abhijit |last2=Iyer |first2=Lakshmi |title=History, Institutions, and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India |journal=American Economic Review |volume=95 |issue=4 |year=2005 |pages=1190–1213 |jstor=4132711 |hdl=1721.1/63662 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Citation |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.1985.tb00391.x |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |author-link=Christopher Bayly |title=State and Economy in India over Seven Hundred Years |journal=The Economic History Review |series=New Series |volume=38 |issue=4 |date=November 1985 |pages=583–596 |jstor=2597191}}
* {{Citation |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |author-link=Christopher Bayly |title=Indigenous and Colonial Origins of Comparative Economic Development: The Case of Colonial India and Africa |journal=World Bank Policy Research Working Paper |volume=4474 |year=2008 |doi=10.1596/1813-9450-4474 |series=Policy Research Working Papers |hdl=10535/6331 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Citation |last1=Bose |first1=Sumit |year=1993 |title=Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal since 1770 (New Cambridge History of India) |publisher=Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press.}}.
* {{Citation |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen |last2=Gupta |first2=Bishnupriya |title=Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage in cotton textiles, 1700–1850: the neglected role of factor prices |year=2007}}
* {{Citation |last1=Clingingsmith |first1=David |last2=Williamson |first2=Jeffrey G. |year=2008 |title=Deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India: Mughal decline, climate shocks and British industrial ascent |journal=Explorations in Economic History |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=209–234 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2007.11.002 |url=http://osf.io/jy7u8/}}
* {{Citation |last=Cuenca-Esteban |first=Javier |title=India's contribution to the British balance of payments, 1757–1812 |journal=Explorations in Economic History |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=2007 |pages=154–176 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2005.10.007 |hdl=10016/435 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Citation |doi=10.1006/exeh.1999.0718 |last=Collins |first=William J. |title=Labor Mobility, Market Integration, and Wage Convergence in Late 19th Century India |journal=Explorations in Economic History |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=246–277 |year=1999}}
* {{Citation |last=Farnie |first=DA |year=1979 |title=The English Cotton Industry and the World Market, 1815–1896 |publisher=Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Pp. 414 |isbn=978-0-19-822478-5}}
* {{Citation |last1=Ferguson |first1=Niall |last2=Schularick |first2=Moritz |title=The Empire Effect: The Determinants of Country Risk in the First Age of Globalization, 1880–1913 |year=2006 |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=283–312 |doi=10.1017/S002205070600012X |s2cid=3950563 |url=http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/economics/docs/workingpapers/2004/04-03Ferguson.pdf |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709235037/https://w4.stern.nyu.edu/economics/docs/workingpapers/2004/04-03Ferguson.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation |last=Ghose |first=Ajit Kumar |title=Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent |year=1982 |journal=Oxford Economic Papers |series=New Series |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=368–389 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 |pmid=11620403}}
* {{Citation |doi=10.1016/S0165-1765(97)00228-0 |last=Grada |first=Oscar O. |title=Markets and famines: A simple test with Indian data |journal=Economics Letters |volume=57 |issue=2 |year=1997 |pages=241–244}}
* {{Citation |last1=Guha |first1=R. |year=1995 |title=A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of the Permanent Settlement |publisher=Durham, NC: Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59692-3}}
* {{Citation |last=Habib |first=Irfan |title=Indian Economy 1858–1914 |year=2007 |publisher=Aligarh: Aligarh Historians Society and New Delhi: [[Tulika Books]]. Pp. xii, 249. |isbn=978-81-89487-12-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Harnetty |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Harnetty |date=July 1991 |title='Deindustrialization' Revisited: The Handloom Weavers of the Central Provinces of India, c. 1800-1947 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=455–510 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00013901 |jstor=312614 |s2cid=144468476}}
* {{Citation |last=Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III |title=The Indian Empire, Economic |publisher=Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. |year=1907}}
* {{Citation |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: c. 1757 – 2003 |editor1-last=Kumar |editor1-first=Dharma |editor2-last=Raychaudhuri |editor2-first=Tapan |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press. 2ND ED. Pp. 1078 |isbn=978-0-521-22802-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ |display-editors=etal}}
* {{Citation |doi=10.1017/S0022050700096352 |last=McAlpin |first=Michelle B. |title=Dearth, Famine, and Risk: The Changing Impact of Crop Failures in Western India, 1870–1920 |year=1979 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=143–157 |s2cid=130101022}}
* {{Citation |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00013986 |last=Ray |first=Rajat Kanta |year=1995 |title=Asian Capital in the Age of European Domination: The Rise of the Bazaar, 1800–1914 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=449–554 |jstor=312868 |s2cid=145744242}}
* {{Citation |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |date=Summer 2002 |title=Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link |journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=109–130 |doi=10.1257/089533002760278749 |jstor=3216953 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |title=The Economic History of India 1857–1947, Second Edition |year=2006 |publisher=New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xvi, 385. |isbn=978-0-19-568430-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |title=Globalisation, factor prices, and poverty in colonial India |year=2007 |journal=Australian Economic History Review |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8446.2006.00197.x |doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |title=Sardars, Jobbers, Kanganies: The Labour Contractor and Indian Economic History |journal=Modern Asian Studies |year=2008 |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=971–998 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003071 |s2cid=154880051}}
* {{Citation |last=Sen |first=A. K. |title=Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation |publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pp. ix, 257 |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-19-828463-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Studer |first=Roman |title=India and the Great Divergence: Assessing the Efficiency of Grain Markets in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century India |year=2008 |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=393–437 |doi=10.1017/S0022050708000351 |s2cid=55102614 |url=http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/2880/68studer.pdf |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002222558/https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/2880/68studer.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* Tirthankar, Roy. "Financing the Raj: the City of London and colonial India 1858–1940". ''Business History'' 56#6 (2014): 1024–1026.
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* Wolpert, Stanley, ed. ''Encyclopedia of India'' (4 vol. 2005) comprehensive coverage by scholars
* [[Jadunath Sarkar]], Economics of British India (1965)

{{India topics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of India Under The British Raj}}
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Economy of British India]]
[[Category:Economic history of Pakistan]]

Huirem Seema

2026-02-11T18:24:04Z

SidneySorensen: Added New Post Nd Citations...

{{Short description|Indian actress from Manipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image = File:Huirem_Seema,_Manipuri_Film_Actress.png
| caption = Seema in ''Yumleima Lamleima'' (2009)
| birth_name = Huirem Seema
| occupation = Actress, Producer, Director
| years active =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1970|11|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = Yaiskul Hiruhanba Leikai, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|09|17|1970|11|08|df=y}}
| death_place = Nagamapal Phougeisangbam Leikai, Imphal
| relatives =
| spouse = Laimayum Surjakanta
| children = Suraj Sharma Bolex Laimayum
| parents = Huirem Motilal Singh Huirem Ongbi Ibeni Devi
}}

'''Huirem Ningol Laimayum Ongbi Seema''' (8 November 1970 – 17 September 2011) was an Indian actress from [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/manipur-filmstar-seema-no-more?infinitescroll=1|title=Manipur filmstar Seema no more|author=Sobhapati Samom|accessdate=28 June 2021|newspaper=Assam Tribune}}</ref> She had appeared in more than 100 [[Manipuri films]]. As a producer, she had four Manipuri digital films to her credit. She was best known for her roles in movies like ''Kanaga Hinghouni'', ''Chang Shi Chang'', ''[[Lakhipurgi Lakhipyari]]'', ''Naoshum'', ''Yumleima Lamleima'' and ''Thasi Thanou''. Two films where she acted, namely ''[[Yenning Amadi Likla]]'' (feature) and ''[[Ngaihak Lambida]]'' (non-feature) made entries into the Indian Panorama of the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/northeast-packs-a-punch-at-iffi/story-6kpwNNhH26LDWml7GVi0sI.html|title=Northeast packs a punch at IFFI|access-date=24 September 2024|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Yenning_Amadi_Likla|title=Yenning Amadi Likla ends drought of Manipuri cinema in IFFI|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Many of her films like ''Tolenkhomba (Lakhpati)'', ''Amamba Sayon'', ''Naoba Naobi'' and ''Langon'' were released posthumously.

==Career==
Seema started her film career at the age of five. Her father was a renowned theatre artiste. She also acted in a few plays of leading theatre group Rupmahal Theatre and teleplays for Doordarshan before she shaped her career in movies. Her appearance in movies started since the times of celluloid era of Manipuri cinema. She acted in 15 celluloid films and around 100 digital films. Her debut movie was ''31st December'', a video film directed by L. Surjakanta. Her notable celluloid films include ''Nongju Ahing'', ''Aroiba Bidaai'' and ''Kanaga Hinghouni''. Her appearance in video format films were marked by movies like ''Mantri Dolansana'' and ''One Way''. In digital films where she acted, ''Seema'' played supporting roles in general. But her acting prowess and versatility could be seen vividly in digital films where she took leading roles. ''Yumleima Lamleima'', ''Sanahanbi'' and ''Thasi Thanou'' were such films of her.

Besides acting, she had produced four films under the banner of Seema Productions (SF). The movies were ''Asha'', ''Kalpana'', ''Thamoinungda'' and ''Yumleima Lamleima''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/relevant-theme-backed-by-a-moral/cid/594701|title=Relevant theme backed by a moral|author=M.C. Thoiba|newspaper=Telegraph India}}</ref> She co-directed ''Yumleima Lamleima'' with [[Homen D' Wai]]. She was an approved artiste of All India Radio, Imphal.

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Director
|-
|1993
|''Mantri Dolansana''
|Samuma
|Dinesh Tongbram
|-
|1996
|''Kanaga Hinghouni''
|Mamta
|Chan Heisnam & [[Khwairakpam Bishwamittra]]
|-
|1999
|''Aroiba Bidaai''
|Ibeyaima
|[[Oken Amakcham]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2002
|''Nongju Ahing''
|
|L. Surjakanta
|-
|''[[Thawanmichakna Kenkhrabada]]''
|Meera
|Ksh. Kishorekumar
|-
|2003
|''Kalpana''
|Kalpana
|Ksh. Kishorekumar
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004
|''Chang Shi Chang''
|Memi
|Eepu
|-
|''Asha''
|Shila
|Ishomani
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
|''Thamoinungda''
|Rani
|Ishomani
|-
|''Amuktang Chamthoknashi''
|Achouba's mother
|Diya Khwairakpam
|-
|rowspan="7"|2006
|''[[Nakenthana Ngairi]]''
|Bem
|Dinesh Tongbram
|-
|''Payal''
|Rani
|Amar Raj
|-
|''Best Friend (Eta Chanabi)''
|Langlen's sister
|O. Sanou
|-
|''[[Ngaihak Lambida]]''
|Manileima
|[[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
|-
|''Ngamloi Eidee Kainaba''
|Rishi's sister
|Amar Raj
|-
|''[[Lakhipurgi Lakhipyari]]''
|Thambal
|L. Surjakanta
|-
|''Eedom Chatcharage''
|Punshiba's sister-in-law
|Amar Raj
|-
|rowspan="3"|2007
|''Naoshum''
|Leibaklei
|[[Oinam Gautam Singh]]
|-
|''[[Yenning Amadi Likla]]''
|Leibaklei
|[[Makhonmani Mongsaba]]
|-
|''Akhunba Mani''
|Thasana
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|''Nungshibi Ahing''
|Matouleibi
|[[Homen D' Wai]]
|-
|''[[Tayai]]''
|Tharo
|K. Bimol Sharma
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009
|''Yumleima Lamleima''
|Sanahanbi
|Seema & [[Homen D' Wai]]
|-
|''[[Kaboklei]]''
|Kaboklei's mother
|Pilu H.
|-
|''Paachaa''
|Panthoi's sister
|[[Khwairakpam Bishwamittra]]
|-
|''Dharmagi Mingda Imagidamak''
|Ganga
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|rowspan="7"|2010
|''Thasi Thanou''
|Thagoi
|Eepu
|-
|''Hayengna Kanana Pangani''
|Hemba's mother
|L. Surjakanta
|-
|''[[Tillaikhombee]]''
|Likla
|[[Khwairakpam Bishwamittra]]
|-
|''Chanu''
|Leima
|Bimol Phibou
|-
|''Manglando''
|Tampha
|Ranjitkumar
|-
|''Lambidudei''
|Sakhen's mother
|K. Bimol Sharma
|-
|''[[Mamado Leisabido Angaobido]]''
|Lalita
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|2011
|''Meehatpa''
|Leisemba's wife
|Ksh. Kishorekumar
|-
|''Loibataare Ta Raju''
|Soochi's mother
|Pilu H.
|-
|''Punshi Chuppa Nangshe Eigini''
|Thaja's mother
|Premanda
|-
|''Ishwar Masu Angaobani''
|Leichil's sister-in-law
|L. Prakash
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012
|''Tolenkhomba (Lakhpati)''
|Leimahan
|L. Rajesh
|-
|''[[Lanphamda Ibeni]]''
|Judge's wife
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|''Mangalsigee Ashada''
|Naoba's mother
|Suvas E.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''Amamba Sayon''
|Priestess
|Johnson Mayanglangbam
|-
|''80,000 Meiraba Romio''
|Thasana
|Premanda
|-
|2019
|''Langon''
|Khamnu
|L. Surjakanta
|}

==Accolades==
Seema was honoured with different titles at several film awards and festivals.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Film
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 3rd Manipur State Film Awards 1999
| Best Actress in a Lead Role
| ''Kanaga Hinghouni''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/condolences-pour-in-for-veteran-manipuri-filmmaker-em-kay/cid2713600.htm|title=Condolences pour in for veteran Manipuri Filmmaker Em Kay Jeet|accessdate=28 June 2021|website=thenortheasttoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/4/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Apr-14-The-Manipur-State-Film-Development-Society-MSFDS-and-the-Celebration-Committee-of-the-Golden-Jubilee-of-Manipuri-Cinema-have-condoled-the-untimely-demise-of-S.amp.html|title=MSFDS, committee condole demise of Em Kay Jeet|accessdate=28 June 2021|newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref>
|-
| 4th Manipur State Film Awards
| Best Female Supporting Actress
| ''Aroiba Bidaai''
|
|-
| 6th Manipur State Film Festival
| Best Actress in a Lead Role
| ''Nongju Ahing''
|
|-
| First Festival of Manipuri Cinema 2007
| Best Supporting Role - Female
| ''[[Lakhipurgi Lakhipyari]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Manipuri Film awards announced, Olen best actor|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/20/manipuri-film-awards-announced-olen-best-actor-1200902527.html|website=One India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..140108.jan08|title=Festival of Manipuri cinema ends|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
|-
| 7th Manipur State Film Festival 2010
| Best Supporting Actress
| ''Naoshum''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2010/09/glittering-end-to-7th-state-film-festival-chief-minister-pledges-rs-10-lakh-award-for-mary-kom/|title=Glittering end to 7th state film festival; Chief minister pledges Rs. 10 lakh award for Mary Kom|website=kanglaonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..210910.sep10|title=Nobap walks away with the lion's share at 7th film fest : 21st sep10 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
|-
| 1st Sahitya Seva Samiti MANIFA 2012
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
| ''Thasi Thanou''
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/09/nominees-of-manipur-film-awards-2012-announces/|title=Nominees Of Manipur Film Awards 2012 Announced|accessdate=24 September 2024|website=kanglaonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..130912.sep12|title=Nominees of Manipuri Film awards announced|accessdate=24 September 2024|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=26..240912.sep12|title=Raju Nong, Seema win Best Actors' awards|accessdate=24 September 2024|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkqgHcggBno|title=Remembering Seema: Queen of Manipuri Cinema - Film News Update|accessdate=29 June 2021|via=YouTube}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seema, Huirem}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Actresses from Manipur]]
[[Category:Actresses in Meitei cinema]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]

Saptarshi Roy Chowdhury

2026-01-28T01:38:47Z

SidneySorensen:

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1982)}}
{{Distinguish|Saptarshi Roy}}
{{Indian patronymic|Saptarshi|Roy Chowdhury}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|2|13}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2013)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main4269.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2500 (June 2013)
| FideID = 5002974
}}
'''Saptarshi Roy Chowdhury''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
In April 2010, Saptarshi tied for 3rd–6th with [[Vladimir Malaniuk]], [[David Smerdon]], and [[Magesh Chandran Panchanathan]] in the [[Doeberl Cup]] in [[Canberra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic805.html#9|title=TWIC 805: Doeberl Cup|last=Crowther|first=Mark|date=2010-04-12|publisher=London Chess Centre|accessdate=2020-08-07}}</ref>

In May 2023, Saptarshi tied for first place with [[Neelash Saha]], Kushagra Mohan, and Chakravarthi Reddy M in the Late Bharatbai Halkude Memorial Chess Festival 7th Rating Open. He lost the win to Neelash after tiebreaks, but remained undefeated throughout the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Neelash-Saha-wins-Late-Bharatbai-Halkude-Memorial-Chess-Festival-7th-Rating-Open-2023|title=Neelash Saha wins Late Bharatbai Halkude Memorial Chess Festival 7th Rating Open 2023|date=18 May 2023}}</ref>

In December 2023, Saptarshi was a joint leader after the second round of the 1st Marvel All India Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/saptarshi-in-joint-lead-in-1st-marvel-all-india-open-fide-rated-chess-tournament|title=Saptarshi in joint lead in 1st Marvel All India Open Fide Rated Chess Tournament|date=24 December 2023|newspaper=Telangana Today|accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref> He remained undefeated and ultimately finished in second place with a score of 7.5/9, behind winner Bharat Kumar Reddy Poluri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Bharat-Kumar-Reddy-Poluri-victorious-at-1st-Marvel-Rating-Open-2023|title=Bharat Kumar Reddy Poluri victorious at 1st Marvel Rating Open 2023|date=10 January 2024|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE|5002974}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy Chowdhury, Saptarshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Music of India

2026-01-27T19:45:46Z

SidneySorensen: small changes

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Redirect|Indian music}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Citation style|date=July 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Indian music}}
{{Indian culture}}
Owing to India's vastness and diversity, Indian music encompasses numerous genres in multiple varieties and forms which include [[Indian classical music|classical music]], [[Indian folk music|folk]], [[Indian rock|rock]], and [[Indian pop|pop]]. It has a history spanning several millennia and developed over several geo-locations spanning the sub-continent. Music in India began as an integral part of socio-religious life.

==History==
{{main | Music in ancient India }}
[[File:Dancing_girl.jpg|thumb|''[[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|Dancing Girl]]'' sculpture from the [[Indus Valley civilization]] (c. 4,500 years ago)]]
[[File:Nimbu Bhoj cave, harper.jpg|thumb|Nimbu Bhoj cave, [[Pachmarhi]], India, date uncertain, possibly 2nd millennium B.C. - 1st millennium B.C.<ref name="Dubey">{{Cite book |last=Dubey-Pathak |first=Meenakshi |title=Studien zur Musikarchäologie I. Saiteninstrumente im archäologischen Kontext |date=2000 |publisher=Verlag Marie Leidorf |editor-last=Ellen Hickmann |series=Orient-Archäologie, Band 6 (Orient Department of the ''German Archaeological Institute'', Berlin) |location=Rahden/Westphalia |pages=22–23, 29 |chapter=Musical Depictions in the Rock-Paintings of the Pachmarhi Hills in Central India |isbn=9783896466365 |quote=A painting in the Nimbu Bhoj shelter shows...the male figure is playing a string harp...Fig. 2 Harper and family... |editor-last2=Ricardo Eichmann |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/saiteninstrument0000ictm/page/20/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref><ref name="Meshk">{{Cite book |last=Meshkeris |first=Veronika |title=Studien zur Musikarchäologie I. Saiteninstrumente im archäologischen Kontext |date=2000 |publisher=Verlag Marie Leidorf |editor-last=Ellen Hickmann |series=Orient-Archäologie, Band 6 (Orient Department of the ''German Archaeological Institute'', Berlin) |location=Rahden/Westphalia |pages=74, 75, 83 |chapter=Musical Phenomena of Convergency in Eurasian Rock Art |isbn=9783896466365 |quote=plate VII, figures 5, 6 and 7... Then, in the late Bronze Age and Iron Age (2nd-1st mill. B.C.) the attention of the painters shifted from imaginary images to ritual participants...development of musical culture is confirmed by the appearance of different musical instruments...the bowed harp and hourglass drum (Plate VII, 5-7, India)... |editor-last2=Ricardo Eichmann |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/saiteninstrument0000ictm/page/82/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref> Bronze Age harper playing an [[arched harp]]. Digital drawing, recreating cave painting.]]

=== Pre-history ===
====Paleolithic====
The 30,000-year-old [[paleolithic]] and [[neolithic]] cave paintings at the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO world heritage site]] at [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] in Madhya Pradesh show a type of dance.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Dance in Indian Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC |year=1982|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-153-9|pages=12–19}}</ref> [[Mesolithic]] and [[chalcolithic]] cave art of [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetka]] illustrates musical instruments such as [[Gong]]s, [[Lyre|Bowed Lyre]], [[daf]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&q=Varadpande|title=History of Indian Theatre|last=Varadpande|first=Manohar Laxman|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8170172215|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Varadpande|first=Manohar Laxman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&q=Varadpande|title=History of Indian Theatre|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170172215|pages=55, illustration no 10|language=en}}</ref>

====Neolithic====
[[Chalcolithic]] era (4000 BCE onward) narrow bar shaped polished stone [[Celt (tool)|celts]] like music instruments, one of the earlier musical instrument in India, were excavated at [[Sankarjang]] in the [[Angul]] district of [[Odisha]].<ref>[http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-014.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029204543/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-014.pdf|date=29 October 2009}}</ref> There is historical evidence in the form of sculptural evidence, i.e. musical instruments, singing and dancing postures of damsels in the Ranigumpha Caves in [[Khandagiri]] and [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] at [[Bhubaneswar]].

==== Indus River Valley Civilization ====
[[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|Dancing Girl sculpture]] (2500 BCE) was found from the [[Indus Valley civilization]] (IVC) site.<ref name="national">{{cite web|title=Collections:Pre-History & Archaeology|publisher=National Museum, New Delhi|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=44&id=1&lk=dp1|access-date=3 February 2014|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106145719/http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=44&id=1&lk=dp1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e--vDQAAQBAJ&q=aesthetics+of+the+dancing+girl+mohenjodaro&pg=PA34|title=Origin of Indians and their Spacetime|last=Nalapat|first=Suvarna|date=2013|publisher=D C Books|isbn=978-9381699188|language=en}}</ref><ref name="singh">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8131711200|page=162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=dancing+girl+harappa&pg=PA162|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="jane">{{cite book|last1=McIntosh|first1=Jane R.|title=The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1576079072|pages=281, 407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=dancing+girl|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> There are IVC-era paintings on pottery of a man with a [[dhol]] hanging from his neck and a woman holding a drum under her left arm.<ref name="shodh1">[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13634/8/08_chapter%202.pdf origin of Indian music and arts]. Shodhganga.</ref>

===Vedic and ancient era===
[[Vedas]] (c. 1500 – c. 800 BCE [[Vedic period]])<ref>see e.g. MacDonell 2004, pp 29–39; ''Sanskrit literature'' (2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09</ref><ref>see e.g. Radhakrishnan and Moore, 1957,; Witzel, Michael, "Vedas and {{IAST|Upaniṣads}}", in: {{Harvnb|Flood|2003|p=68}}; MacDonell 2004, pp 29–39; ''Sanskrit literature'' (2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09</ref><ref>Sanujit Ghose (2011). "[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/230/ Religious Developments in Ancient India]" in ''Ancient History Encyclopedia''.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/37 37]–39}}</ref> document rituals with performing arts and play.<ref name="var1" />{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|2008|pp=181–182}} For example, [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] ({{circa}}800–700 BCE) has [[shloka|verses]] in chapter 13.2 written in the form of a play between two actors.<ref name="var1">ML Varadpande (1990), History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-8170172789}}, p. 48</ref> ''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]'' or ''taal'' is an ancient music concept traceable to [[Vedas|Vedic]] era texts of [[Hinduism]], such as the ''[[Samaveda]]'' and methods for singing the Vedic hymns.{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=3–4}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|year=2012|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-61117-108-2|pages=63–64}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=William Alves|title=Music of the Peoples of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fkJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA266|year=2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-133-71230-5|page=266}}</ref> [[Smriti]] (500 BCE to 100 BCE ) post-vedic [[Hindu texts]]{{Sfn|Patrick Olivelle |1999 |pages=xxiii}}<ref>Jan Gonda (1970 through 1987), A History of Indian Literature, Volumes 1 to 7, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02676-5}}</ref><ref>Teun Goudriaan and Sanjukta Gupta (1981), Hindu Tantric and Śākta Literature, A History of Indian Literature, Volume 2, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02091-6}}, pp. 7–14</ref> include [[Valmiki]]'s [[Ramayana]] (500 BCE to 100 BCE) which mentions dance and music (dance by [[Apsara]]s such as [[Urvashi]], [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]], [[Menaka]], [[Tilottama]] [[Panchāpsaras]], and [[Ravana]]'s wives excelling in ''nrityageeta'' or "singing and dancing" and ''nritavaditra'' or "playing musical instruments"), music and singing by [[Gandharva]]s, several [[string instrument]]s ([[Veena|vina]], [[Santoor|tantri]], [[Rudra veena|bīn]], [[Vipanchi veena|vipanci]] and ''vallaki'' similar to ''veena''), [[wind instrument]]s ([[shankha]], [[venu]] and ''venugana'' – likely a mouth organ made by tying several flutes together), [[raga]] (including ''kaushika'' such as ''raag kaushik dhwani''), [[vocal register]]s (seven ''[[svara]]'' or ''sur'', ''ana'' or ''[[Shruti (music)|ekashurti]]'' drag note, ''murchana'' the [[Scale (music)|regulated rise and fall]] of voice in ''[[Matra (music)|matra]]'' and ''tripramana'' three-fold ''[[Tala (music)#Description|teen taal]]'' ''[[Tempo#Musical vocabulary|laya]]'' such as ''[[drut]]'' or quick, ''[[Madhya laya|madhya]]'' or middle, and ''[[vilambit]]'' or slow), poetry recitation in [[Bala Kanda]] and also in [[Uttara Kanda]] by [[Lava (Ramayana)|Luv]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] in ''[[Marga Sangeet|marga]]'' style.<ref name="rama1">Ananda W. P. Guruge, 1991, [https://archive.org/details/trent_0116402264364/page/180  The Society of the Ramayana], pp. 180–200.</ref>

Starting from the earliest known work [[Tholkappiyam]] (500 BCE), there are several references to music and ''Panns'' in the ancient pre-Sangam and [[Sangam literature]] starting from the earliest known work [[Tholkappiyam]] (500 BCE). Among Sangam literature, ''[[Mathuraikkanci]]'' refers to women singing ''sevvazhi pann'' to invoke the mercy of God during childbirth. In ''[[Tolkappiyam]]'', the five [[Sangam landscape|landscapes]] of the Sangam literature had each an associated ''Pann'', each describing the mood of the song associated with that landscape. Among the numerous ''panns'' that find mention in the ancient Tamil literature are, ''Ambal Pann'', which is suitable to be played on the flute, ''sevvazhi pann'' on the ''Yazh'' (lute), ''Nottiram'' and ''Sevvazhi'' expressing pathos, the captivating ''Kurinji pann'' and the invigorating ''Murudappann''. [[Pann]]({{langx|ta|பண்}}) is the melodic mode used by the [[Tamil people]] in [[Ancient Tamil music|their music]] since the ancient times. The ancient ''panns'' over centuries evolved first into a [[pentatonic]] scale and later into the seven note Carnatic [[Swara|Sargam]]. But from the earliest times, Tamil Music is [[heptatonic]] and known as Ezhisai (ஏழிசை).<ref>Adiyarkunallar's commentary to the ''Aychiyarkkuravai'', the seventh book of [[Cilappatikaram]] gives the number of Srutis and how they were allotted among Seven notes. {{Harvnb|Rowell|2000|pp=138–144}}</ref>

[[sanskrit]] saint-poet [[Jayadeva]], who was the great composer and illustrious master of classical music, shaped ''Odra-Magadhi'' style music and had great influence on [[Odissi music|Odissi Sangita]].<ref name="bare_url_a"/><ref name="orissatourism"/>

[[Sharngadeva|Śārṅgadeva]] composed [[Sangita-Ratnakara]], one of the most important [[Sanskrit]] musicological texts from India,<ref name="Bod2013p116">{{cite book|author=Rens Bod|title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=321oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-164294-4|page=116}}</ref><ref name="Nijenhuis1977p12">{{cite book|author=Emmie te Nijenhuis|title=Musicological literature, Volume 6, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkUIAQAAIAAJ|year= 1977|publisher =Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-01831-9|pages=12, 33–34}}, Quote: "The largest work that has for a long time been the most important source of information on the ancient period, is the famous Samgitaratnakara written by Sarngadeva in the first half of the thirteenth century."</ref> which is regarded as the definitive text in both [[Hindustani music]] and [[Carnatic music]] traditions of [[Indian classical music]].<ref name="MasseyMassey1996">{{cite book|author1=Reginald Massey|author2=Jamila Massey|author2-link=Jamila Massey|title=The Music of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC&pg=PA42| year= 1996|publisher= Abhinav Publications|isbn= 978-81-7017-332-8|pages=42–43}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rens Bod|title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=321oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116| year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-164294-4|page=116}}</ref>

[[Assamese people|Assamese]] poet [[Madhava Kandali]], writer of [[Saptakanda Ramayana]], lists several instruments in his version of ''"Ramayana"'', such as [[Pakhavaj|mardala]], khumuchi, bhemachi, dagar, gratal, ramtal, [[tabla|tabal]], [[anklet|jhajhar]], jinjiri, bheri mahari, [[Tokari geet|tokari]], dosari, [[kendara]], [[dotara]], [[Veena|vina]], [[Rudra veena|rudra-vipanchi]], etc. (meaning that these instruments existed since his time in the 14th century or earlier).<ref name="mus1">Suresh Kant Sharma and Usha Sharma, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ffe4dMu4p_gC&dq=ramayana+mentions+musical+instruments&pg=PA288 Discovery of North-East India], p. 288.</ref> The Indian system of [[Musical notation|notation]] is perhaps the world's oldest and most elaborate.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gaurishankar Hirachand | last=Ojha |title=Madhya Kalin Bharatiya Sanskriti}} pp. 193–194.</ref>

===Medieval era===
In the early 14th century under the [[Khiljis]], there were concerts and competitions between Hindustani and Carnatic musicians.<ref>Beale, T.W., [[An Oriental Biographical Dictionary]], p. 145</ref>

From the 16th century onwards, treatises written on music<ref name="bare_url_a"/><ref name="orissatourism"/> were [[Arts of Odisha#Music|Sangitamava Chandrika, Gita Prakasha, Sangita Kalalata and Natya Manorama]].

===Twentieth century===
In the early 1960s [[Jazz]] pioneers such as [[John Coltrane]] and [[George Harrison]] collaborated with Indian instrumentalists and started to use Indian instruments such as [[sitar]] in their songs. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, [[rock and roll]] fusions with Indian music were well known throughout [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. In the late 1980s, Indian-British artists fused Indian and Western traditions to make the [[Asian Underground]]. In the [[new millennium]], American [[hip-hop]] has featured Indian filmi and bhangra. [[wikt:mainstream|Mainstream]] [[hip-hop]] artists have sampled songs from [[Bollywood movies]] and have collaborated with [[List of Indian artists|Indian artists]], such as [[Timbaland]]'s "Indian Flute"

In 2010, [[Laura Marling]] and [[Mumford & Sons]] collaborated with the Dharohar Project.<ref name=dharo1/>

== Classical music ==
{{Main|Indian classical music}}
The two main traditions of Indian classical music are [[Carnatic music]], which is practised predominantly in the peninsular (southern) regions, and [[Hindustani music]], which is found in the northern, eastern and central regions. The basic concepts of this music includes ''[[Shruti (music)|Shruti]]'' (microtones), ''[[Swaras]]'' (notes), ''[[Alankar]]'' (ornamentations), ''[[Raga]]'' (melodies improvised from basic grammars), and ''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]'' (rhythmic patterns used in percussion). Its tonal system divides the octave into 22 segments called Shrutis, not all equal but each roughly equal to a quarter of a whole tone of the Western music. Both the classical music are standing on the fundamentals of [[The seven notes of Indian Classical music]]. These seven notes are also called as Sapta svara or Sapta Sur. These seven svaras are Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha and Ni respectively. These Sapta Svaras are spelt as Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha and Ni, but these are shortforms of Shadja (षड्ज), Rishabha (ऋषभ), Gandhara (गान्धार), Madhyama (मध्यम), Panchama (पंचम), Dhaivata (धैवत) and Nishada (निषाद) respectively.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://brainly.in/question/4916824| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200728090947/https://brainly.in/question/4916824| archive-date = 28 July 2020| title = What is the full form of SA,RA,GA,MA,PA,DHA,NI,SA - Brainly.in}}</ref> These are also equivalent to Do, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La, Ti. Only these seven svaras built up the Hindustani classical music and the Carnatic classical music. These seven svaras are the fundamentals of a [[raga]]. This seven svaras without any variations in them, are called as Shuddha svaras. Variations in these svaras cause them to be {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}} and {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} svaras. All the other svaras except Sadja(Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} svaras but Sa and Pa are always {{lang|hi-Latn|Shuddha}} svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called '''Achal Svaras''', since these svaras don't move from their original position while svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called '''Chal Svaras''', since these svaras move from their original position.

'''Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - {{lang|hi-Latn|Shuddha}} Svaras'''

'''Re, Ga, Dha, Ni - Komal Svaras'''

'''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} Svaras'''

[[Sangeet Natak Academy]] recognizes eight classical dance and music forms, namely [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathak]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Odissi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Sattriya]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] and [[Mohiniyattam]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bishnupriya Dutt |author2=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi |title=Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |year=2010 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0612-8 |page=216}}</ref> Additionally, India's Ministry of culture also includes [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] in its classical list.

===Carnatic music===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2018}}
{{Main|Carnatic music}}

Carnatic music can be traced to the 14th - 15th centuries AD and thereafter. It originated in South India during the rule of [[Vijayanagar Empire]] through the Keerthanas composed by [[Purandara Dasa]]. Like Hindustani music, it is [[Melodic music|melodic]], with improvised variations, but tends to have more fixed compositions. It consists of a composition with improvised embellishments added to the piece in the forms of ''[[Alapana|Raga Alapana]]'', ''[[Kalpanaswaram]]'', ''[[Niraval|Neraval]]'' and, in the case of more advanced students, [[Ragam Thanam Pallavi]]. The main emphasis is on the vocals as most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in a singing style (known as ''gāyaki''). Around 300 [[raga]]ms are in use today. [[Annamayya]] is the first known composer in Carnatic music. He is widely regarded as the Andhra Pada kavitā Pitāmaha (Godfather of Telugu song-writing).

[[Purandara Dasa]] is considered the father of Carnatic music, while the later musicians [[Tyagaraja]], [[Shyama Shastry]] and [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] are considered the trinity of Carnatic music.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

Noted artists of Carnatic music include [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]] (the father of the current concert format), [[Palghat Mani Iyer]], [[Madurai Mani Iyer]], [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], [[Nedunuri Krishnamurthy]] [[Alathur Brothers]], [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]], [[Balamuralikrishna]], [[T. N. Seshagopalan]], [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[N. Ramani]], [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]], [[Sanjay Subrahmanyan]], [[T. M. Krishna]], [[Bombay Jayashri]], [[Aruna Sairam]], [[Mysore Manjunath]],

Every December, the city of [[Chennai]] in India has its eight-week-long [[Madras Music Season|Music Season]], which is the world's largest cultural event.<ref>[[Madras Music Season]]</ref>

Carnatic music has served as the foundation for most music in South India, including folk music, festival music and has also extended its influence to film music in the past 100–150 years or so.

===Hindustani music===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2016}}
{{Main|Hindustani classical music}}
The tradition of Hindustani music dates back to Vedic times where the hymns in the Sama Veda, an ancient religious text, were sung as Samagana and not chanted. It diverged from Carnatic music around the 13th–14th centuries CE, primarily due to Islamic influences.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Developing a strong and diverse tradition over several centuries, it has contemporary traditions established primarily in India but also in Pakistan and Bangladesh. In contrast to Carnatic music, the other main Indian classical music tradition originating from the South, Hindustani music was not only influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, historical [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic philosophy]] and native Indian sounds but also enriched by the [[Persian traditional music|Persian]] performance practices of the [[Mughal era|Mughals]]. Classical genres are [[dhrupad]], [[dhamar (music)|dhamar]], [[khyal]], [[tarana]] and [[sadra (music)|sadra]], and there are also several semi-classical forms.

The root of the name C(K)arnatic music is derived from Sanskrit. Karnam means ears and Atakam means that which is sweet or that which lingers on.

===Light classical music===
There are many types of music which comes under the category of light classical or semi-classical. Some of the forms are [[Thumri]], [[Dadra]], [[Bhajan]], [[Ghazal]], [[Chaiti]], [[Kajri]], [[Tappa]], [[Natya Sangeet]] and [[Qawwali]]. These forms place emphasis on explicitly seeking emotion from the audience, as opposed to the classical forms.

==Folk music==
[[File:Hira Devi Waiba.jpg|thumb|[[Hira Devi Waiba]], pioneer of Nepali folk songs in India|alt=]]
{{Main|Indian folk music}}

=== Tamang Selo ===
{{Main|Tamang Selo}}
[[File:Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg|thumb|[[Navneet Aditya Waiba|Navneet Aditya Waiba-]] Folk singer]]
This is a musical genre of the [[Tamang people]] and popular amongst the Nepali speaking community in West Bengal, Sikkim, India and around the world. It is accompanied by Tamang instruments, the [[Madal]], [[Damphu drum|Damphu]] and [[Tungna]], although nowadays musicians have taken to modern instruments. A Tamang Selo can be catchy and lively or slow and melodious, and is usually sung to convey sorrow, love, happiness or day-to-day incidents and stories of folklore.<ref>{{Cite web|last=(ACCU)|first=Asia⁄Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO|title=Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)|url=https://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/arts/A_NPL12.html|access-date=2018-07-21|website=www.accu.or.jp}}</ref>

[[Hira Devi Waiba]] is hailed as the pioneer of Nepali folk songs and Tamang Selo. Her song '[[Chura ta Hoina Astura]]' (चुरा त होइन अस्तुरा) is said to be the first Tamang Selo ever recorded. She has sung nearly 300 songs through her musical career spanning 40 years.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2011|title=Hira Devi dies of burn injuries|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta (Kolkata)|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hira-devi-dies-of-burn-injuries/cid/445656|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-12-07|title=चुरा त होइन अस्तुरा – पहिलो तामाङ सेलो गीत ? – Tamang Online|language=en-US|work=Tamang Online|url=http://www.tamangonline.com/news/13540|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref> After Waiba's death in 2011, her son Satya Aditya Waiba (producer/manager) and [[Navneet Aditya Waiba]] (singer) collaborated and re-recorded her most iconic songs and released an album titled ''[[Ama Lai Shraddhanjali]]'' (आमालाई श्रद्धाञ्जली-Tribute to Mother).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Daughter revives mother's songs|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/siliguri/story_132419.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/siliguri/story_132419.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2017|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-01-10|title=Songs of Tribute|language=en-US|work=The Himalayan Times|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/music/songs-of-tribute-navneet-aditya-waiba-and-satya-aditya-waiba/|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=छोराछोरीले दिए हीरादेवीलाई श्रद्धाञ्जली|language=ne|url=https://www.kantipurdaily.com/literature/2017/11/04/20171104075616.html|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref> The duo are the only individuals in the Nepali folk music genre who produce authentic traditional Nepali folk songs without adulteration or modernisation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-10|title=Music Khabar हिरादेवी वाइवाका गीतलाई पुनर्जीवन - Music Khabar|url=http://musickhabar.com/2016/12/29/16166/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610202829/http://musickhabar.com/2016/12/29/16166/|archive-date=2018-06-10|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=26 January 2017|title=Daughter revives Mother's songs|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/siliguri/story_132419.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/siliguri/story_132419.jsp|archive-date=2 February 2017|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

===Bhangra and Giddha===
{{main|Music of Punjab}}

[[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] ([[Gurmukhi|Punjabi]]: ਭੰਗੜਾ) is a form of [[dance]]-oriented [[folk music]] of [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The present musical [[File:Tamak and Tumdak 01.jpg|thumb|[[Tamak']] (r.) and [[Tumdak']] (l.) - typical drums of the Santhal people, photographed in a village in [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]], [[Bangladesh]].]]style is derived from non-traditional musical accompaniment to the riffs of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] called by the same name. The female dance of [[Punjab region]] is known as [[Giddha]] ([[Gurmukhi|Punjabi]]: ਗਿੱਧਾ).

===Bihu and Borgeet===
{{Main|Bihu|Borgeet|Music of Assam}}

[[File:Bihu dance of Assam.jpg|thumb|[[Assamese people|Assamese youth]] performing [[Bihu dance|Bihu]].]]

[[Bihu]] ({{langx|as|বিহু}}) is the festival of New Year of [[Assam]] falling on mid-April. This is a festival of nature and mother earth where the first day is for the cows and buffaloes. The second day of the festival is for the man. Bihu dances and songs accompanied by traditional drums and wind instruments are an essential part of this festival. Bihu songs are energetic and with beats to welcome the festive spring. Assamese drums (dhol), Pepa(usually made from buffalo horn), Gogona are major instruments used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/celebrating-spring-bihu/|title=Bihu Dance|date=2013-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mythicalindia.com/features-page/bihu-dance-and-other-popular-folk-dance-forms-of-assam/|title=Bihu- Most prominent amongst folk dance forms of Assam|date=2016-05-07}}</ref>

[[Borgeet]]s ({{langx|as|বৰগীত}}) are lyrical songs that are set to specific [[raga]]s but not necessarily to any [[Tala (music)|tala]]. These songs, composed by [[Srimanta Sankardeva]] and [[Madhavdeva]] in the 15th–16th centuries, are used to begin prayer services in [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|monasteries]], e.g. [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|Satra]] and [[Namghar]] associated with the [[Ekasarana Dharma]]; and they also belong to the repertoire of [[Music of Assam]] outside the religious context. They are a lyrical strain that express the religious sentiments of the poets reacting to different situations, and differ from other lyrics associated with the [[Ekasarana Dharma]]. [[File:Jodhpur RIFF.jpg|right|thumb|Group of Dharohar [[Indian folk music|folk music]]ians performing in [[Mehrangarh Fort]], [[Jodhpur]], India]]Prominent instruments used in borgeets are ''Negera,''[[Taal (instrument)|Taal]], [[Khol]]s etc.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Early history of the Vaisnava faith and movement in Assam|last=Neog|first=Maheswar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1980|isbn=81-208-0007-9|location=Delhi}}</ref>

=== Dandiya ===
{{Main|Dandiya}}

[[Dandiya]] or Raas is a form of Gujarati cultural dance that is performed with sticks. The present musical style is derived from the traditional musical accompaniment to the folk dance. It is practiced mainly in the state of Gujarat. There is also another type of dance and music associated with Dandiya/Raas called [[Garba (dance)|Garba]].

=== Gaana ===
{{Main|Gaana}}
[[Gaana]] is a [[Rapping|rap]]-like "collection of rhythms, beats and sensibilities native to the [[Dalit]]s of Chennai."<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Valan|first=Antony Arul|title=Keywords for India : A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century.|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|year=2020|isbn=978-1-350-03927-8|location=London|pages=83–84|chapter=Gana (Gānā)|oclc=1134074309}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-04-02|title='Gaana' Ulaganathan bags 3 more film offers|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/gaana-ulaganathan-bags-3-more-film-offers/article3141626.ece|access-date=2019-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It evolved over the past two centuries, combining influences from the ''siddhars'' (tantric adepts) of ancient [[Tamilakam]], Tamil Sufi saints, and more.<ref name=":02" /> Gaana songs are performed at weddings, stage shows, political rallies, and funerals. Performers sing about a wide range of topics, but the essence of gaana is said to be "angst and melancholy" based in life's struggles.<ref name=":02" /> In the past few decades, the genre has entered the music of the mainstream Tamil film industry and gained popularity.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Srivathsan|first=A.|date=2012-08-25|title=A struggle to elevate the subaltern Chennai Gana|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-struggle-to-elevate-the-subaltern-chennai-gana/article3817592.ece|access-date=2021-03-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Contemporary gaana bands like [[The Casteless Collective]] are bringing the genre to new audiences while using it for social activism, especially against [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]].<ref name=":02" />

=== Haryanvi ===
{{Main | Music of Haryana | l1= Haryanvi music}}
[[File:Indian_Been_Music_at_Surajkund_Craft_Fair.webm|thumb|277x277px|Video of [[Dhol]], string instrument (Ektara) and [[Pungi|Been]] musicians at [[Surajkund#Surajkund International Crafts Mela|Surajkund International Crafts Mela]] (c. 12 Feb 2012).]]

[[Music of Haryana|Haryana folk music]] has two main forms: classical folk music of Haryana and desi folk music of Haryana (country music of Haryana).<ref name=harmu1>S. C. Bhatt and Gopal K. Bhargava, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8178353652 Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: 21 Arts and Crafts of Haryana].</ref> They take the form of ballads and pangs of parting of lovers, valor and bravery, harvest and happiness.<ref name=harmu3>Manorma Sharma, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8131300463 Musical Heritage of India], p. 65.</ref> Haryana is rich in musical tradition and even places have been named after [[raga]]s, for example [[Charkhi Dadri district]] has many villages named as Nandyam, Sarangpur, Bilawala, Brindabana, Todi, Asaveri, Jaisri, Malakoshna, Hindola, Bhairvi and Gopi Kalyana.<ref name=harmu1/><ref name=harmu2>S. Gajrani, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=818205060X History, Religion and Culture of India], Volume 1, p. 96.</ref>

=== Himachali ===
Himachal's folk music varies according to the event or the festival. One of the most popular style of music is ''Nati Music,'' where ''nati'' being the traditional dance that is done on the song. Nati Music is usually celebratory, and done in fairs or other occasions such as marriages.

===Jhumair and Domkach===
[[Jhumair]] and [[Domkach]] are [[Nagpuri people#Culture|Nagpuri folk music]]. The musical instruments used in folk music and dance are [[Dhol]], [[Madal|Mandar]], [[Bansuri|Bansi]], [[Naqareh|Nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|Dhak]], [[Shehnai]], [[Khartal]], Narsinga etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democraticworld.in/component/k2/item/603-out-of-the-dark|title=Out of the Dark|website=democratic world.in}}</ref><ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/talk-on-nagpuri-folk-music-at-ignca.html|title=talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca|website=daily Pioneer.com}}</ref>

===Lavani===
{{Main|Lavani}}

[[Lavani]] comes from the word ''Lavanya'' which means "beauty". This is one of the most popular forms of dance and music that is practiced all over [[Maharashtra]]. It has, in fact, become a necessary part of the Maharashtrian folk dance performances. Traditionally, the songs are sung by female artists, but male artists may occasionally sing [[Lavani]]s. The dance format associated with [[Lavani]] is known as [[Tamasha]]. Lavani is a combination of traditional song and dance, which particularly performed to the enchanting beats of 'Dholaki', a drum-like instrument. The dance is performed by attractive women wearing nine-yard saris. They are sung in a quick tempo. Lavani originated in the arid region of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

=== Manipuri ===
{{Main | Music of Manipur }}
[[File:Apsara Gandharva Dancer Pedestal Tra Kieu.jpg|thumb|Gandharva as dancers are found sculpted in early medieval era temples of Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, Micronesia, Polynesia and the Arctic. The Meiteis believe that they are the Gandharvas.<ref name=raginidevi1/>]]

[[Music of Manipur]] and [[Manipuri dance]] are heritage of [[Meitei people|Manipuri people]]. According to tradition of the Manipuri people in the Himalayan foothills and valleys connecting India to Burma, they are the Gandharvas (celestial musicians and dancers) in the [[Vedas|Vedic]] texts,<ref name=raginidevi1/> and historic texts of Manipuri people calls the region as ''Gandharva-desa''.<ref name=reginald1/> The Vedic ''Usha'', the goddess of the dawn, is a cultural motif for Manipuri women, and in the Indian tradition, it was ''Usha'' who created and taught the art of feminine dance to girls.<ref name=reginald1/> This oral tradition of women's dance is celebrated as ''Chingkheirol'' in the Manipuri tradition.<ref name=reginald1/>

The ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata epic mentions [[Manipur]], where Arjuna meets and falls in love with Chitragada.<ref name=raginidevi1/> Dance is called ''Jagoi'' in a major Meitei language of the region and it traces a long tradition in Manipur. Lai Haraoba dance likely has ancient roots and shares many similarities with dance postures of [[Nataraja]] and his legendary disciple called Tandu (locally called ''Tangkhu'').<ref name=reginald1/><ref name=raginidevi1/> Similarly, as does the dance related to commoner ''Khamba'' and princess ''Thoibi'' – who perform as pan-Indian Shiva and Parvati, in the legendary tragic love story of Khamba-Thoibi found in the Manipuri epic ''Moirang Parba''.<ref name=raginidevi1>Ragini Devi, 1990, Dance Dialects of India, Motilal Banarsidass publishers, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0674-0}}, p. 176.</ref><ref name=reginald1>2004, Reginald Massey, India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire, Publications, {{ISBN|978-81-7017-434-9}}, pp. 178–181.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Shovana Narayan|title=The Sterling Book of Indian Classical Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLOiaGDLYOAC |year=2011|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-9078-0|page=54}}</ref>

=== Marfa music ===
{{Main | Marfa (music) | l1= Marfa music}}

[[Marfa (music)|Hadrani Marfa]], or simply Marfa music, introduced during the 18th century in [[Hyderabad State]] by the East African [[Siddi| Siddi community]] from Afro-Arab music of [[Hadhramawt]] in [[Yemen]], is a form of celebratory rhythmic music and dance among the [[Hyderabadi Muslims]], played with high tempo using [[Marfa (instrument)|Marfa instrument]], [[daf]]f, [[Dhol]], [[percussion instrument|sticks]],<ref name="TheHindu1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2216021.ece# |title='Marfa' band of the Siddis 'losing' its beat |work=The Hindu|date=10 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011 |location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref><ref name="An_African_Indian_community_in_Hyderabad">{{Cite book|title=An African Indian community in Hyderabad: Siddi identity, its maintenance and Change |author=Ababu Minda Yimene |pages=209–211 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=3-86537-206-6 |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&q=marfa+hyderabad+history&pg=PA210}}</ref> [[steel pot]]s and [[wooden]] strips called ''thapi''.<ref name="TheHindu3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/23/stories/2008102358610200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026124808/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/23/stories/2008102358610200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2008 |title=It's "teen maar" for marriages, festivals |date=23 October 2008 |access-date=16 August 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref>

=== Mizo ===
{{Main | Mizo music }}

[[Mizo music]] originated when couplets were developed during the settlement of [[Thantlang]] in Burma between 1300 and 1400 CE, and folk songs developed during this period were dar hla (songs on gong); Bawh hla (War chants), Hlado (Chants of hunting); Nauawih hla (Cradle songs) A greater development of songs can be seen from the settlement of Lentlang in Burma, estimated between late 15th to 17th Century CE.<ref>B. Thangliana, Mizo Literature, 1993, p. 76</ref> The Mizo occupied the present Mizoram from the late 17th century. The pre-colonial period, that is from the 18th to 19th century was another important era in the history of Mizo folk literature. Prior to the annexation by the British Government, the Mizo occupied the present Mizoram for two centuries. In comparison with the folk songs of Thantlang and Lentlang settlement, the songs of this period are more developed in its number, form and contents. The languages are more polished and the flows also better. Most of the songs of this period are named after the composers.

=== Odissi ===
{{Main | Odissi music }}
[[File:Basi_Basistha_Jabali_Bamadeba.ogg|left|thumb|Sample of Odissi performance art with the 17th Canto from the 17th century Odia poet Upendra Bhanja's 'Baidehisha Bilasa' being sung. Odissi and Kathakali drama traditions have had an important influence on India's narrative traditions.]]

[[Jayadeva]], the 12th century sanskrit saint-poet, the great composer and illustrious master of classical music, has immense contribution to Odissi music. During his time '''Odra-Magadhi''' style music got shaped and achieved its classical status. He indicated the classical ragas prevailing at that time in which these were to be sung. Prior to that there was the tradition of '''Chhanda''' which was simple in musical outline. From the 16th century onwards, treatises on music<ref name="bare_url_a">{{cite web |url=http://orissaculture.gov.in/dance.asp |title=Culture Department |publisher=Orissaculture.gov.in |access-date=2012-05-26 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403151246/http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/dance.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="orissatourism">{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.net/dance-music.html |title=Orissa Dance & Music |publisher=Orissatourism.net |access-date=2012-05-26 |archive-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520225020/http://www.orissatourism.net/dance-music.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> were '''Sangitamava Chandrika''', '''Gita Prakasha''', '''Sangita Kalalata''' and '''Natya Manorama'''. A couple of treatise namely, ''Sangita Sarani'' and ''Sangi Narayana'', were also written in the early path of the 19th century.

[[Odissi music|Odissi Sangita]] comprises four classes of music namely '''Dhruvapada''', '''Chitrapada''', '''Chitrakala''' and '''[[Panchal]]''', described in the ancient oriya music texts. The chief Odissi and '''Shokabaradi'''. Odissi '''Sangita''' (music) is a synthesis of four classes of music, i.e. '''Dhruvapada''', '''Chitrapada''', '''Chitrakala''' and [[Panchal]], described in the above-mentioned texts.

The great exponents<ref name="bare_url_a" /><ref name="orissatourism" /> of Odissi music in modern times are the Late Singhari Shyamasundara Kar, Markandeya Mahapatra, Kashinath Pujapanda, [[Balakrushna Das]], [[Gopal Chandra Panda]], [[Ramhari Das]], Bhubaneswari Misra, Shymamani Devi and [[Sunanda Patnaik]], who have achieved eminence in classical music.

===Rabindra Sangeet (music of Bengal)===
{{Main|Rabindra Sangeet}}
[[File:Rabindranath Tagore Ra-Tha seal initials.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Rabindranath Tagore's Bengali-language initials are worked into this "Ro-Tho" wooden seal, stylistically similar to designs used in traditional Haida carvings. Tagore embellished his manuscripts with such art.]]
[[File:Dance with Rabindra Sangeet - Kolkata 2011-11-05 6669.JPG|Dance accompanied by Rabindra Sangeet|thumb]]
Rabindra Sangeet ({{langx|bn|রবীন্দ্রসঙ্গীত}} ''Robindro Shonggit'', {{IPA|bn|ɾobindɾo ʃoŋɡit}}), also known as Tagore songs, are songs written and composed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. They have distinctive characteristics in the [[music of Bengal]], popular in India and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>[[#Gh|Ghosh, p. xiii]]</ref> "Sangeet" means music, "Rabindra Sangeet" means music (or more aptly songs) of Rabindra.
[[File:T S Nandakumar,N Rajam And N Ramani.jpg|[[N. Ramani]] and [[N Rajam]] accompanied by T S Nandakumar|thumb]]

Tagore wrote some 2,230 songs in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], now known as ''Rabindra Sangeet'', using [[Indian classical music|classical music]] and traditional [[Indian folk music|folk music]] as sources.<ref name=Britannica-wb>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Huke |first= Robert E. |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |title= West Bengal |year= 2009 |url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640088/West-Bengal |access-date = 2009-10-06}}</ref><ref>''Tagore: At Home in the World'' {{ISBN|978-8-132-11084-2}} pp. 253–254</ref>

Tagore wrote national anthems of India and [[Bangladesh]], and influenced the national anthem of [[Sri Lanka]]. Furthermore, the digitisation of Rabindra Sangeet has been undertaken by [https://www.saregama.com/rabindra-sangeet/song Saregama], which has created digital archives and made the music available on streaming platforms. Additionally, Brainware University's "[https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/rabindra-sangeet-collection/ Celebrating Tagore]" initiative includes online archives, educational resources, and [https://www.youtube.com/@pmbrainware/videos digital performances] to promote Tagore's works.

===Shyama Sangeet (music of Bengal)===

Generally all music dedicated to goddess Mother [[Kali]] is called '[[Shyama Sangeet]]' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Two famous singers of this [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Shyama Sangeet]] are [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]] and [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]]. [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]]'s elder brother Prafulla Bhattacharya and middle brother [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]] were the first music teachers of saint artist [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]]. [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]] stopped singing devotional songs after finding devotional spirit in his brother Pannalal. However, after the demise of [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]], he contributed again in [[Bengali music]] with many devotional songs by his sweet, melodious voice.

===Rajasthani===
{{main|Music of Rajasthan}}

[[Rajasthan]] has a very diverse cultural collection of musician [[caste]]s, including [[Langha (tribe)|Langa]]s, [[Sapera]], [[Bhopa]], [[Jogi (caste)|Jogi]] and [[Manganiyar]] (lit. "the ones who ask/beg"). ''Rajasthan Diary'' quotes it as a soulful, full-throated music with harmonious diversity. The melodies of Rajasthan come from a variety of instruments. The stringed variety includes the [[Sarangi]], [[Ravanahatha]], Kamayacha, Morsing and Ektara. Percussion instruments come in all shapes and sizes from the huge Nagaras and Dhols to the tiny Damrus. The Daf and Chang are a favorite of [[Holi]] (the festival of colours) revelers. Flutes and bagpipers come in local flavors such as Shehnai, Poongi, Algoza, Tarpi, Been and [[Bankia (instrument)|Bankia]].

Rajasthani music is derived from a combination of string instruments, percussion instruments and wind instruments accompanied by renditions of folk singers. It enjoys a respectable presence in Bollywood music as well.

=== Sufi folk rock / Sufi rock ===
Sufi folk rock contains elements of modern hard rock and traditional folk music with Sufi poetry. While it was pioneered by bands like Junoon in Pakistan it became very popular, especially in northern India.

===Uttarakhandi===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2016}}
{{main | Music of Uttarakhand}}

The folk music of Uttarakhand is deeply rooted in the natural environment and the hilly terrain of the region. The following themes are commonly identified in the folk music of Uttarakhand: the beauty of nature, the various seasons, festivals, religious traditions, cultural practices, folk stories, historical characters, and the bravery of ancestors. The musical instruments employed in Uttarakhand music include the Dhol, Damoun, Hudka, Turri, Ransingha, Dholki, Daur, Thali, Bhankora and Masakbhaja. Tabla and harmonium are also occasionally employed, especially in recorded folk music from the 1960s onwards. The incorporation of generic Indian and global musical instruments into modern popular music has been a significant development, with singers such as Mohan Upreti, Narendra Singh Negi, Gopal Babu Goswami, and Chandra Singh Rahi playing a pivotal role in this evolution.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

==Popular music in India==

===Dance music===
{{Main|Dance in India|Hindi Dance Music|Music of Bollywood}}

Dance music, more popularly called ''"[[Disc jockey|DJ]] music"'', is mostly played at nightclubs, parties, [[Weddings in India|weddings]] and other celebrations. It is more popular among youths. It is mostly based on Indian movie music as well as Indian pop music, both of which tend to borrow and modernise the classical and folk dance songs with modern instruments and other innovations.

===Movie music===
{{Main|Filmi|Music of Bollywood}}

The biggest form of Indian [[popular music]] is [[filmi]], or songs from Indian films, it makes up 72% of the music sales in India.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8405891.stm | work=BBC News | title=Plans to start India music awards | date=10 December 2009 | access-date=19 May 2010 | first=Prachi | last=Pinglay}}</ref> The film industry of India supported music by according reverence to classical music while utilising the western orchestration to support Indian melodies. Music composers, like [[R. D. Burman]], [[Shankar Jaikishan]], [[S. D. Burman]], [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]], [[Bhupen Hazarika]], [[Naushad Ali]], [[O. P. Nayyar]], [[Hemant Kumar]], [[C. Ramchandra]], [[Salil Chowdhury]], [[Kalyanji Anandji]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Jatin–Lalit]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Nadeem-Shravan]], [[Harris Jayaraj]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Salim–Sulaiman]], [[Pritam]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and [[S. D. Batish]] employed the principles of harmony while retaining classical and folk flavor. Reputed names in the domain of Indian classical music like [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Vilayat Khan]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]] and [[Ram Narayan]] have also composed music for films. Traditionally, in Indian films, the voice for the songs is not provided by the actors, they are provided by the professional [[playback singer]]s, to sound more developed, melodious and soulful, while actors lipsynch on the screen. In the past, only a handful of singers provided the voice in films. These include [[Kishore Kumar]], [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Hemant Kumar]], [[Manna Dey]], [[P. Susheela]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhonsle]], [[K. S. Chitra]], [[Geeta Dutt]], [[S. Janaki]], [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Suraiya]], [[Noorjahan]] and [[Suman Kalyanpur]]. Recent playback singers include [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Alisha Chinai]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[S. P. Charan]], [[Madhushree]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Nihira Joshi]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Hariharan (singer)]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Raja Hasan]], [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Alka Yagnik]]. Rock bands like [[Indus Creed]], [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], [[Silk Route (band)|Silk Route]] and [[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]] have gained mass appeal with the advent of cable music television.

===Pop music===
{{main|Indian pop}}

{{see also|Asian Underground|Bhangra (music)|Bhangragga}}

Indian pop music is based on an amalgamation of Indian folk and classical music, and modern beats from different parts of the world. Pop music really started in the [[South Asian]] region with the playback singer [[Ahmed Rushdi]]'s song ‘''[[Ko Ko Korina]]''’ in 1966, then by [[Kishore Kumar]] in the early 1970s.<ref name="CITEREFSocPolHistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.chowk.com/articles/8459|title=Socio-political History of Modern Pop Music in Pakistan|publisher=[[Chowk.com|Chowk]]|access-date=2008-06-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618091924/http://www.chowk.com/articles/8459|archive-date=2010-06-18}}</ref>

After that, much of Indian Pop music comes from the [[Indian Film Industry]], and until the 1990s, few singers like [[Usha Uthup]], [[Sharon Prabhakar]], and [[Penaz Masani|Peenaz Masani]] outside it were popular. Since then, pop singers in the latter group have included [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Alisha Chinai]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Shantanu Mukherjee]] a.k.a. Shaan, [[Sagarika Mukherjee|Sagarika]], [[Colonial Cousins]] ([[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]]), [[Lucky Ali]], and [[Sonu Nigam]], and music composers like [[Zila Khan]] or [[Jawahar Wattal]], who made top selling albums with, [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Shweta Shetty]] and [[Hans Raj Hans]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120900620200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704210135/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120900620200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2003 |title=Music man with a golden touch |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |date=9 December 2002 }}</ref>

Besides those listed above, popular Indi-pop singers include [[Sanam (band)|Sanam]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Creating New Memories With Old Songs: Sanam, The Band That Redefined The Meaning of Renditions |url=https://www.news18.com/news/ivideos/creating-new-memories-with-old-songs-sanam-the-band-that-redefined-the-meaning-of-renditions-1801793.html |access-date=22 October 2018 |agency=News 18}}</ref> (Band), [[Gurdas Maan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]], [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Raghav Sachar]] [[Rageshwari]], [[Vandana Vishwas]], [[Devika Chawla]], [[Bombay Vikings]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Bombay Rockers]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Jazzy B]], [[Malkit Singh]], [[Raghav]], [[Jay Sean]], [[Jaimin Rajani]], [[Juggy D]], [[Rishi Rich]], Udit Swaraj, [[Sheila Chandra]], [[Bally Sagoo]], [[Punjabi MC]], [[Beno]], [[Bhangra Knights]], [[Mehnaz]], [[Sanober]] and [[Vaishali Samant]].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

Recently, Indian pop has taken an interesting turn with the "[[remix]]ing" of songs from past Indian movie songs, new beats being added to them.

===Patriotic music===
Patriotic feelings have been instigated within Indians through music since the era of the freedom struggle. [[Jana Gana Mana]], the [[national anthem]] of India by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], is largely credited<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/rabindranath-tagore-77-death-anniversary-rare-photos-gurudev-mahatma-gandhi-5295604/|title=Rabindranath Tagore's 77th death anniversary: Rare photos of 'Gurudev' with Mahatma Gandhi|date=2018-08-07|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/ivideos/independence-day-2018-the-unheard-full-version-of-jana-gana-mana-1845167.html|title=Independence Day 2018 : The Unheard Full Version Of Jana Gana Mana|work=News18|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref> for uniting India through music and [[Vande Mataram]] by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] as the national song of India. Patriotic songs were also written in many regional languages such as ''Biswo Bizoyi No Zuwan '' in Assamese. Post-independence songs such as Aye mere watan ke logo, [[Mile Sur Mera Tumhara]], [[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo]], [[Maa Tujhe Salaam (song)|Maa Tujhe Salaam]] by [[A.R. Rahman]] have been responsible for consolidating feelings of national integration and [[unity in diversity]].

===Western music adoption in India===
[[Western world]]'s music has been adopted in India, by creating fusion music in India which in turn have enriched and created global genres of western music.

====Goa trance====
{{Main|Goa trance|Psychedelic trance}}

[[Goa trance]], an [[electronic music]] style that originated during the late 1980s in [[Goa]] in India,<ref name="allmusic guide">{{cite book |author=Bogdanov, Vladimir |title=All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music |edition=4th |year=2001 |publisher=Backbeat Books |isbn=978-0879306281 |pages=xi |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetoe00vlad }}</ref> has funky, drone-like basslines, similar to the techno minimalism of 21st century [[psychedelic trance|psytrance]]. Psychedelic trance developed from Goa trance.<ref name=PsyBook2010>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_ctCgAAQBAJ&q=in+psytrance+similar+observations+full-on&pg=PA116|author=Graham St John|title=The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance|isbn=978-1136944345|year=2010|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Goa became popular as a [[hippie]] capital, which resulted in evolution of Goa trance throughout the 1980s by mixing the [[Indian religions|spiritual culture of India]] with western musical elements of [[industrial music]], [[new beat]] and [[electronic body music]] (EBM), and the actual Goa trance style became established by the early 1990s.<ref name="allmusic guide" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moodbook.com/music/trance.html#goa-trance |title=Goa Trance |author= |website=moodbook.com |access-date=23 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319084451/http://www.moodbook.com/music/trance.html#goa-trance |archive-date=19 March 2008 }}</ref>

====Jazz and blues====
{{main|Jazz in India|Indian blues}}

[[Jazz in India]] was first performed regularly in the metropoles [[Calcutta]] and [[Bombay]] in the early or middle 1920s.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sahar Adil |url=http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0809/jazz-music-and-india-by-madhav-chari-.html |title=Jazz Music and India, By Madhav Chari |publisher=Mybangalore.com |date=2009-08-10 |access-date=2012-07-17 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128041813/http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0809/jazz-music-and-india-by-madhav-chari-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=American Popular Music in Britain's Raj|last=Shope|first=Bradley|publisher=University of Rochester Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1580465489|location=Rochester, NY|pages=63}}</ref> From the 1930s to the 1950s is called as the golden age of jazz in India, when jazz musicians like [[Leon Abbey]], Crickett Smith, Creighton Thompson, Ken Mac, Roy Butler, [[Teddy Weatherford]] (who recorded with [[Louis Armstrong]]), and Rudy Jackson who toured India to avoid the racial discrimination they faced in the United States.<ref>Taj Mahal Foxtrot: The Story of Bombay's Jazz Age, Naresh Fernandes, 2012, {{ISBN|978-8174367594}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afropop.org/wp/8489/hip-deep-interview-naresh-fernandes-on-bombays-jazz-age/ |title=HIP DEEP INTERVIEW: Naresh Fernandes on Bombay's Jazz Age • Hip Deep • Afropop Worldwide |access-date=2013-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708094023/http://www.afropop.org/wp/8489/hip-deep-interview-naresh-fernandes-on-bombays-jazz-age/ |archive-date=2013-07-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 1930s, jazz musicians played in the nightclubs of Bombay, such as at the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower|Taj Mahal hotel]] ballroom, many of these musicians were [[Goa]]ns most whom also [[Goans in Hindi film music composition|worked in the Bollywood film industry]] and were responsible for the introduction of genres like jazz and swing to Hindi film music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2906/stories/20120406290607300.htm |title=The Indian jazz age |publisher=Frontlineonnet.com |date=2012-04-06 |access-date=2012-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411020314/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2906/stories/20120406290607300.htm |archive-date=2012-04-11 }}</ref>

Indian blues is less prevalent in India than jazz. Interest in the blues in India has only been incidental due to the shared ancestry with jazz.

====Rock and metal music====

=====Indian rock=====
{{Main|Indian rock}}

[[File:Nicotine Metal Band Indore.jpg|thumb|[[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]] playing at 'Pedal to the Metal', TDS, Indore, India in 2014. The band is known for being the pioneer of [[metal music]] in [[Central India]].]]

The rock music scene in India is small compared to the filmi or fusion musicality scenes. Rock music in India has its origins in the 1960s when international stars such as [[the Beatles]] visited India and brought their music with them. These artists' collaboration with Indian musicians such as [[Ravi Shankar]] and [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] have led to the development of [[raga rock]]. International shortwave radio stations such as The Voice of America, BBC, and Radio Ceylon played a major part in bringing Western pop, folk, and rock music to the masses. Indian rock bands began to gain prominence only much later, around the late 1980s.

It was around this time that the rock band [[Indus Creed]] formerly known as The Rock Machine got itself noticed on the international stage with hits like ''Rock N Roll Renegade''. Other bands quickly followed. With the introduction of MTV in the early 1990s, Indians began to be exposed to various forms of rock such as grunge and speed metal, impacting the national scene. The cities of the North Eastern Region, mainly Guwahati and [[Shillong]], [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]] have emerged as major melting pots for rock and metal enthusiasts. Bangalore has been the hub for rock and metal movement in India. Some prominent bands include [[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]], [[Voodoo Child (band)|Voodoo Child]], [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], [[Kryptos (band)|Kryptos]], [[Thermal and a Quarter]], [[Demonic Resurrection]], [[Motherjane]], [[Avial (band)|Avial]], [[Bloodywood]] and [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]]. Rock-specific labels such as DogmaTone Records and [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation]] have since emerged, supporting Indian rock acts.

From Central India, [[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]], an Indore-based metal band, has been credited with pioneering [[metal music]] in the region.

=====Raga rock=====
{{Main|Raga rock}}

{{See also|Psychedelic rock}}

Raga rock is rock or pop music with a heavy Indian influence, either in its construction, its timbre, or its use of instrumentation, such as the sitar and tabla. Raga and other forms of classical Indian music began to influence many rock groups during the 1960s; most famously [[the Beatles]]. The first traces of "raga rock" can be heard on songs such as "[[See My Friends]]" by [[the Kinks]] and [[the Yardbirds]]' "[[Heart Full of Soul]]", released the previous month, featured a sitar-like riff by guitarist [[Jeff Beck]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller, Andy.|page=3|year=2003|title=The Kinks are the Village Green Preservation Society (33⅓ series)|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-1498-4}}</ref><ref name="bellman">{{cite book|author=Bellman, Jonathan.|page=297|year=1997|title=The Exotic in Western Music|publisher=Northeastern|isbn=978-1-55553-319-9}}</ref> The Beatles song "[[Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)]]", which first appeared on the band's 1965 album [[Rubber Soul]], was the first western pop song to actually incorporate the sitar (played by lead guitarist [[George Harrison]]).<ref name="bellman"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Lewisohn, Mark.|author-link=Mark Lewisohn|page=63|year=1989|title=The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions|publisher=The Hamlyn Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-600-55784-5}}</ref> [[The Byrds]]' March 1966 single "[[Eight Miles High]]" and its B-side "[[Why (The Byrds song)|Why]]" were also influential in originating the musical subgenre. Indeed, the term "raga rock" was coined by The Byrds' publicist in the press releases for the single and was first used in print by journalist Sally Kempton in her review of "Eight Miles High" for [[The Village Voice]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bellman, Jonathan.|page=351|year=1997|title=The Exotic in Western Music|publisher=Northeastern Publishing|isbn=978-1-55553-319-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hjort, Christopher.|page=88|year=2008|title=So You Want To Be A Rock 'n' Roll Star: The Byrds Day-By-Day (1965–1973)|publisher=Jawbone Press|isbn=978-1-906002-15-2}}</ref> George Harrison's interest in Indian music, popularised the genre in the mid-1960s with songs such as "[[Love You To]]", "[[Tomorrow Never Knows]]" (credited to [[Lennon-McCartney]]), "[[Within You Without You]]" and "[[The Inner Light (song)|The Inner Light]]".<ref>{{cite book|author=Lavezzoli, Peter.|page=293|year=2007|title=The Dawn of Indian music in the West|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-2819-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lavezzoli, Peter.|page=175|year=2007|title=The Dawn of Indian music in the West|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-2819-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pedler|first=Dominic|page=524|title=The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles|publisher=Omnibus Press|location=London|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7119-8167-6}}</ref> The rock acts of the sixties both in turn influenced British and American groups and Indian acts to develop a later form of [[Indian rock]].

====Western classical music====
Despite more than a century of exposure to Western classical music and two centuries of British colonialism, classical music in India has never gained significant popularity.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}.

However, Western classical music education has improved with the help of certain institutions in India, including [[KM Music Conservatory]] (founded by Oscar-winning Composer [[A.R. Rahman]]), [[Calcutta School of Music]], [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://gnews.com/outstanding-results-for-eastern-fare-in-trinity-guildhall-exam-01200923114518/ | work=G News | title=Outstanding Results for Eastern Fare in Trinity Guildhall Exam | date=18 November 2009 | access-date=2 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124001117/http://gnews.com/outstanding-results-for-eastern-fare-in-trinity-guildhall-exam-01200923114518/ | archive-date=24 November 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1930, [[Mehli Mehta]] set up the Bombay Symphony Orchestra.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://interlude.hk/symphony-orchestra-bombay/| title = A Symphony Orchestra in Bombay : Interlude| date = 13 May 2017}}</ref> His son [[Zubin Mehta]] has enjoyed a long international conducting career. The Bombay Chamber Orchestra<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcoindia.co.in/|title=The Bombay Chamber Orchestra – orchestra in Mumbai|website=www.bcoindia.co.in}}</ref> (BCO) was founded in 1962. [[Delhi School of Music]], [[Delhi Music Academy]], [[Guitarmonk]] and others supporting Western classical music.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}. In 2006, the [[Symphony Orchestra of India]] was founded, housed at the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]] in Mumbai. It is today the only professional symphony orchestra in India and presents two concert seasons per year, with world-renowned conductors and soloists.

== Globalization of Indian music ==
{{anchor | musicpower }}
{{Main|Indianization|Indian diaspora}}

As per [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|UN]], the [[Indian diaspora]] is world's largest overseas diaspora with 17.5 million Indian-origin international migrants across the world,<ref name=bharatmig1>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/at-17-5-million-indian-diaspora-largest-in-world-says-un-report/834498.html |title=At 17.5 million, Indian diaspora largest in world, says UN report |website=The Tribune (India)}}</ref> who help spread the [[Indianization|global soft power of India]].<ref name=diasind1/>

=== Influence on other genres ===

==== Ancient influence on Southeast Asian music genres ====
{{ anchor | musicsphere }}

{{Main|Greater India|Indosphere|History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia}}

[[File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg|thumb|300px|right|Historic [[Indosphere]] cultural influence zone of [[Greater India]] for transmission of elements of Indian elements such as the [[Indian honorifics|honorific titles]], [[Indian name#Global Indian influence in names|naming of people]], [[Place names in India#Global Indian influence in place name|naming of places]], mottos of organisations and educational institutes as well as adoption of [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hindu temple architecture#Southeast Asia as part of Greater India|Indian architecture]], [[Indian martial arts#Influence|martial arts]], [[#Globalization of Indian music|Indian music and dance]], [[Clothing in India|traditional Indian clothing]], and [[Indian cuisine#Outside India|Indian cuisine]], a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of [[Indian diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of India|first=Hermann|last=Kulke|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|others=Rothermund, Dietmar, 1933–|isbn=0203391268|edition= 4th|location=New York|oclc=57054139}}</ref>]]

With expansion of [[Indosphere]] cultural influence of [[Greater India]],<ref name="Hal1985">{{cite book|author=Kenneth R. Hal|title=Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0843-3|page=63}}</ref> through transmission of [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia, Metropolitan museum, New York: exhibition catalogues | author = Guy, John | publisher = Metropolitan Museum of Art | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1588395245| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific | encyclopedia = Britannica | date = 2 September 2024 | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/The-spread-of-Hinduism-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Pacific}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kapur|author2=Kamlesh|title=History of Ancient India (portraits of a Nation), 1/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465|year=2010|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-4910-8|page=465}}</ref> and the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]<ref name="college">{{cite journal |last=Fussman |first=Gérard | title= History of India and Greater India |journal=La Lettre du Collège de France |issue=4 |pages=24–25 |year=2008–2009 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lettre-cdf/756 |access-date=20 December 2016|doi=10.4000/lettre-cdf.756 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref> leading to [[Indianization of Southeast Asia]] through formation of non-Indian southeast Asian native [[Indianized kingdom]]s<ref>{{citation |first=Pierre-Yves |last=Manguin |chapter=From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia |title=25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient |location=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO |year=2002 |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJBwAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> which adopted [[Sanskritization|sanskritized language]]<ref name="academia edu">{{citation |last=Lavy |first=Paul | title= As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=34 |pages=21–39 |number=1 |year=2003 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2635407 |access-date=23 December 2015|doi=10.1017/S002246340300002X |s2cid=154819912 }}</ref> and other Indian elements<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of India|first=Hermann|last=Kulke|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|others=Rothermund, Dietmar |isbn=0203391268|edition= 4th|location=New York|oclc=57054139}}</ref> such as the [[Indian honorifics|honorific titles]], [[Indian name#Global Indian influence in names|naming of people]], [[Place names in India#Global Indian influence in place name|naming of places]], mottos of organisations and educational institutes as well as adoption of [[Hindu temple architecture#Southeast Asia as part of Greater India|Indian architecture]], [[Indian martial arts#Influence|martial arts]], [[#Globalization of Indian music|Indian music and dance]], [[Clothing in India|traditional Indian clothing]], and [[Indian cuisine#Outside India|Indian cuisine]], a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of [[Indian diaspora]].<ref name=diasind1>{{Cite book|title=A history of India|first=Hermann|last=Kulke|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|others=Rothermund, Dietmar|isbn=0203391268|edition= 4th|location=New York|oclc=57054139}}</ref>

===== Indonesian and Malay music =====
In [[Indonesian music|Indonesian]] and [[Music of Malaysia|Malaysian]] music, the [[Dangdut]] a genre of folk music is partly derived and fused from [[Hindustani Classical Music|Hindustani]] music. It is a very popular because of its melodious instrumentation and vocals. Dangdut features a [[tabla]] and [[gendang]] beat.<ref name="billboard1998">{{Citation | last=Campbell | first=Debe | date=18 April 1998 | magazine=Billboard | title=Dangdut thrives in SE Asia – music rules Indonesia | volume=110 | page=1 }}</ref><ref name="billboard1998B">{{Citation | last=Nuvich | first=Alexandra | date=18 April 1998 | magazine=Billboard | title=Dangdut thrives in SE Asia – Malaysia embraces genre | volume=110 | page=1}}</ref> Indonesians dance in somewhat similar to the [[ghoomar]] while listening to dangdut music, but in a much slower version.

===== Thai music =====
[[Thai literature]] and [[Thai art|drama]] draws great inspiration from [[Indian art]]s and [[Hindu mythology|Hindu legend]]s. Epic of [[Ramayana]] is as popular in Thailand as the [[Ramakien]]. Two of the most popular classical thai dances the [[Khon]], performed by men wearing ferocious masks, and the [[Dance in Thailand#Lakhon|Lakhon]] ([[Lakhon nai]], [[Lakhon chatri]] and [[Lakhon nok]]), performed by women who play both male and female roles draws inspiration primarily from the Ramakien. Percussion instruments and [[Piphat]], a type of woodwind accompany the dance.<ref name="indthai">{{cite web| url = http://www.esamskriti.com/essay-chapters/Historical-Ties-India-and-Thailand-1.aspx| title = Historical Ties India and Thailand}}</ref> [[Nang talung]], a Thai [[shadow play]] inspired by [[South India]]n Bommalattam, has shadows made from the pieces of cow or water buffalo hide cut to represent human figures with movable arms and legs are thrown on a screen for the entertainment of spectators.

===== Philippines =====
* Filipino epics and chants inspired by the Indian [[Hindu]] religious epics [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharta]].
** [[Ifugao#Alim and Hudhud Oral traditions of Ifugao|Alim and Hudhud Oral traditions of Ifugao]] of [[Ifugao people]] of the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] in [[Luzon]] island of [[Philippines]], 11 [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] in 2001 and formally inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2008. See also [[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras#The Ifugao epic Hudhud|Hudhud – the Ifugao epic]].
** [[Biag ni Lam-ang]] ({{Langx|en|"The Life of Lam-ang"}}) is an [[epic poem]] of the [[Ilocano people]] from the [[Ilocos]] region.
** [[Ibalong]] epic of [[Bicol Region|Bikol region]] of southeast Luzon.
** ''"Aginid, Bayok sa atong Tawarik"'', a Bisayan epic of Cebu.
** Bayok, an epic of Marano people of northwestern Mindanao .
* Music instrument
** [[Kudyapi]], native Filipino guitar of [[Maranao]], [[Manobo]] and [[Maguindanao people]], is influenced by the [[Indian classical music]] concepts of melody and scale.

==== Fusion with traditional music of other nations ====

Sometimes, the music of India is fused with the native traditional music of other countries. For example, [[Delhi 2 Dublin]], a band based in Canada, is known for fusing Indian and [[music of Ireland|Irish]] music, and Bhangraton is a fusion of [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] music with [[reggaeton]].<ref name=bang1>[http://www.reggaetonline.net/luny-tunes-04262006_inside-reggaeton reggaetonline.net]</ref>

==== Western world music ====

=====Film music=====
Indian film composer [[A. R. Rahman]] wrote the music for [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]'s ''[[Bombay Dreams]]'', and a musical version of ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun]]'' was staged in London's West End. The Bollywood [[sports film]] ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001) was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], and two other Bollywood films (2002's ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' and 2006's ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'') were nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]].

[[Danny Boyle]]'s ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008) was inspired by Bollywood films.<ref name=Kumar>{{cite web|author=Amitava Kumar|title=Slumdog Millionaire's Bollywood Ancestors|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=23 December 2008|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors.html|access-date=4 January 2008}}</ref><ref name=Age>{{cite news|title=Slumdog draws crowds, but not all like what they see|work=[[The Age]]|date=25 January 2009|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/slumdog-draws-crowds-but-not-all-like-what-they-see-20090124-7p33.html|access-date=24 January 2008|location=Melbourne}}</ref>

=====Hip-hop and reggae=====
Bhangraton is a fusion of [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] music with [[reggaeton]], which itself is a fusion of hip-hop, reggae, and traditional [[Latin American music]].<ref name=bang1/>

===== Jazz =====
{{Main|Indo jazz}}

In early 1960s [[Jazz]] pioneers such as [[John Coltrane]]—who recorded a composition entitled 'India' during the November 1961 sessions for his album [[Village Vanguard|''Live at the Village Vanguard'']] (the track was not released until 1963 on [[John Coltrane|Coltrane]]'s album ''[[Impressions (John Coltrane album)|Impressions]]'')—also embraced this fusion. [[George Harrison]] (of [[the Beatles]]) played the [[sitar]] on the song "[[Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)]]" in 1965, which sparked interest from Shankar, who subsequently took Harrison as his apprentice. [[Jazz]] innovator [[Miles Davis]] recorded and performed with musicians like Khalil Balakrishna, Bihari Sharma, and Badal Roy in his post-1968 electric ensembles. Virtuoso jazz guitarist John McLaughlin spent several years in Madurai learning Carnatic music and incorporated it into many of his acts including Shakti which featured prominent Indian musicians. Other Western artists such as the [[Grateful Dead]], [[Incredible String Band]], [[the Rolling Stones]], [[the Move]] and [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]] soon incorporated Indian influences and instruments, and added Indian performers.

Legendary Grateful Dead frontman [[Jerry Garcia]] joined guitarist [[Sanjay Mishra (musician)|Sanjay Mishra]] on his classic CD "Blue Incantation" (1995). Mishra also wrote an original score for French Director Eric Heumann for his film ''Port Djema'' (1996) which won best score at Hamptons film festival and [[The Golden Bear]] at [[Berlin]]. in 2000 he recorded ''Rescue'' with drummer [[Dennis Chambers]] ([[Carlos Santana]], [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]] et al.) and in 2006 [[Chateau Benares]] with guests [[DJ Logic]] and [[Keller Williams]] (guitar and bass).

=====Musical film=====
Since the early 2000s, Bollywood began influencing [[musical film]]s in the Western world and was instrumental role in reviving the American musical film. [[Baz Luhrmann]] said that his musical film, ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' (2001), was inspired by Bollywood musicals;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aa030902a.htm|title=Baz Luhrmann Talks Awards and 'Moulin Rouge'}}</ref> the film incorporated a Bollywood-style dance scene with a song from the film ''[[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]''. The critical and financial success of ''Moulin Rouge!'' began a renaissance of Western musical films such as ''[[Chicago (2002 film)|Chicago]]'', ''[[Rent (film)|Rent]]'', and ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guide Picks – Top Movie Musicals on Video/DVD|publisher=[[About.com]]|url=http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aatpmusicals.htm|access-date=15 May 2009}}</ref>

===== Psychedelic and trance music =====
{{main|Psychedelic music}}

[[Psychedelic music|Psychedelic trance]] developed from [[Goa trance]].<ref name=PsyBook2010/>

===== Rock and roll =====
{{main|Raga rock}}

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, [[rock and roll]] fusions with Indian music were well known throughout [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. [[Ali Akbar Khan]]'s 1955 performance in the [[United States]] was perhaps the beginning of this trend. In 1985, a beat-oriented, [[Raga Rock]] hybrid called Sitar Power by [[Ashwin Batish]] reintroduced sitar in western nations. Sitar Power drew the attention of a number of record labels and was snapped up by [[Shanachie Records]] of [[New Jersey]] to head their [[Worldbeat|World Beat]] Ethno Pop division.

=====Technopop=====
The influence of ''[[filmi]]'' may be seen in [[popular music]] worldwide. [[Electropop|Technopop]] pioneers [[Haruomi Hosono]] and [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]] of the [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]] produced a 1978 [[Electronic music|electronic]] album, ''Cochin Moon'', based on an [[Experimental music|experimental]] [[Fusion (music)|fusion]] of electronic music and Bollywood-inspired Indian music.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dominique Leone|date=19 July 2005|title=Hosono & Yokoo: Cochin Moon|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/4016-cochin-moon/|access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> [[Truth Hurts (singer)|Truth Hurts]]' 2002 song "[[Addictive (song)|Addictive]]", produced by [[DJ Quik]] and [[Dr. Dre]], was taken from [[Lata Mangeshkar]]'s "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" in ''Jyoti'' (1981).<ref name=VH1>{{cite web|title=Truth Hurts |publisher=[[VH1]] |date=19 September 2002 |url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1457672/09192002/truth_hurts.jhtml |access-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413172839/http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1457672/09192002/truth_hurts.jhtml |archive-date=13 April 2009 }}</ref> [[The Black Eyed Peas]]' [[Grammy Award]] winning 2005 song "[[Don't Phunk with My Heart]]" was inspired by two 1970s [[Bollywood songs]]: "Ye Mera Dil Yaar Ka Diwana" from ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978) and "Ae Nujawan Hai Sub" from ''[[Apradh]]'' (1972).<ref name=Apradh>{{YouTube|id=fWsSXjIDL3Q|title=ae naujawan hai sub kuchh yahan – Apradh 1972}}</ref> Both songs were composed by [[Kalyanji Anandji]], sung by [[Asha Bhosle]], and featured the dancer [[Helen (actress)|Helen]].<ref name=Denselow>{{cite news|author=Robin Denselow|title=Kalyanji Anandji, The Bollywood Brothers|work=The Guardian|date=2 May 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/may/02/worldmusic1|access-date=1 March 2009 | location=London}}</ref>

=====Western classical music=====
Some prominent Indians in Western [[classical music]] are:
* [[Andre de Quadros]]- [[conducting|conductor]] and music educator,
* [[Zubin Mehta]], conductor
* [[Mehli Mehta]], father of Zubin, violinist and founding conductor of the Bombay Symphony Orchestra
* [[Anil Srinivasan]], pianist
* [[Ilaiyaraaja]], the first Indian to compose a full symphony performed by the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]] in London's Walthamstow Town Hall
* [[Naresh Sohal]], British Indian-born composer
* [[Param Vir]], British Indian-born composer
* [[Beno]], Indian-born composer

=== Influence on national music scene ===
{{expand section|date=April 2020}}

Bollywood has been a significant form of [[soft power]] for India, increasing its influence and changing overseas perceptions of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Baahubali 2, Dangal's overseas box office success is a testimony to Indian film industry's soft power|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-dangals-overseas-box-office-success-is-a-testimony-to-indian-film-industrys-soft-power-3500555.html|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=31 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news|title=A window to India's rising soft power – Bollywood|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/a-window-to-india-rising-soft-power-bollywood-4611855/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 April 2017}}</ref> According to author Roopa Swaminathan, "Bollywood cinema is one of the strongest global cultural ambassadors of a new India."<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Swaminathan|first=Roopa|title=Bollywood Boom: India's Rise as a Soft Power|date=2017|publisher=Random House Publishers|isbn=978-9386495143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDfCDgAAQBAJ}}</ref> Its role in expanding India's global influence is comparable to Hollywood's similar role with American influence.<ref name="desiblitz">{{cite news|title=Impact of Bollywood on Indian Culture|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/impact-bollywood-indian-culture|work=DESIblitz|date=15 January 2014}}</ref>

==== Africa ====

[[Kishore Kumar]] is popular in [[Egypt]] and [[Somalia]].<ref name="Baru">{{cite book|last=Baru|first=Sanjaya|title=Strategic Consequences of India's Economic Performance|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-70973-1|page=442|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXE3cEqRcDoC}}</ref>

Hindi films were originally distributed to some parts of Africa by Lebanese businessmen, and ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) continued to be screened in [[Nigeria]] decades after its release. Indian movies have influenced [[Hausa people|Hausa]] clothing, songs have been covered by Hausa singers, and stories have influenced Nigerian novelists. Stickers of Indian films and stars decorate taxis and buses in Nigeria's [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], and posters of Indian films hang on the walls of tailoring shops and mechanics' garages.<ref name="samar">{{cite web|last=Larkin |first=Brian |url=http://www.samarmagazine.org/archive/article.php?id=21 |title=Bollywood Comes To Nigeria |publisher=Samarmagazine.org |date=31 August 2002 |access-date=12 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731164710/http://www.samarmagazine.org/archive/article.php?id=21 |archive-date=31 July 2010 }}</ref>

In [[South Africa]], film imports from India were watched by black and [[Indian South Africans|Indian]] audiences.<ref name="Rajinder">{{cite book|last1=Rajinder|first1=Dudrah|last2=Jigna|first2=Desai|title=The Bollywood Reader|date=2008|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780335222124|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65}}</ref> Several Bollywood figures have travelled to Africa for films and off-camera projects. ''[[Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav]]'' (2005) was filmed in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news|author=Balchand, K.|title=Lalu Prasad, at home|date=26 September 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600682000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116044729/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600682000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2004|access-date=9 December 2009|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ''[[Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...]]'' (2005) was also filmed almost entirely in [[Mauritius]], which has a large ethnic-Indian population.

In Egypt, Bollywood films were popular during the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title = Living the spectacle: Why Egyptians worship Bollywood |url = http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/0/127435/Arts--Culture/0/Living-the-spectacle-Why-Egyptians-worship-Bollywo.aspx|website = Ahram Online |access-date = 2015-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Bollywood Rides Back to Egypt on Chennai Express|url = https://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2013/09/30/bollywood-rides-back-to-egypt-on-chennai-express/|website = WSJ Blogs - Middle East Real Time|date = 2013-09-30|access-date = 2015-12-02|first = Matt|last = Bradley}}</ref> [[Amitabh Bachchan]] has remained popular in the country<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Amitabh Bachchan mania|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Egypts-Amitabh-Bachchan-mania/articleshow/1315446.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 December 2005}}</ref> and Indian tourists visiting Egypt are asked, "Do you know Amitabh Bachchan?"<ref name="bollywoodlife">{{cite news|last=Sudhakaran|first=Sreeju|title=Aamir Khan in China, Shah Rukh Khan in Germany - 7 Bollywood stars who have massive fan following in other countries|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/aamir-khan-in-china-shah-rukh-khan-in-germany-7-bollywood-stars-who-have-massive-fan-following-in-other-countries/|work=Bollywood Life|date=10 June 2017}}</ref>

==== Americas ====

===== Caribbean =====
{{main|Indo-Caribbean music|chutney music}}

[[Indo-Caribbean music]] of [[Indo-Caribbean]] people in [[Caribbean]] is most common in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], and [[Suriname]], which reflects their [[Music of Bihar|Bhojpuri]] heritage. Main instrumentation are [[dhantal]], metal rod, clapper, [[dholak]], two-headed [[barrel drum]]. Women sing [[Hindu]] [[bhajan]]s and folk songs from the [[Music of Bihar|music of Bhojpur]] on various important life events, rituals, celebrations, festivals like [[phagwah]] and [[holi]]. Indo-Caribbean contributions to popular music are very important. The most well-known is the Indo-Trinidadian ''[[chutney music]]'' tradition. Chutney is a form of popular dance music that developed in the mid-to late 20th century. [[Baithak Gana]] is a similar popular form originating in [[Suriname]].<ref>{{cite book
|title = Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
|chapter = Indo-Caribbean Music
|first = Peter
|last = Manuel
|pages = 813–818
|publisher = Garland Publishing
|location = New York and London
|year = 2001
|isbn = 0-8240-6040-7
}}</ref><ref>Peter Manuel, East Indian Music in the West Indies: Tan-singing, Chutney, and the Making of Indo-Caribbean Culture. Temple University Press, 2000.</ref>

===== Latin America =====

There is significant Indian diaspora communities in [[Suriname]]<ref>[http://swarit.com/pop_music.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112152317/http://swarit.com/pop_music.html|date=12 January 2015}}</ref> and [[Guyana]], Indian music and Hindi-language movies are popular.<ref>Global Bollywood – Anandam P. Kavoori, Aswin Punathambekar</ref> In 2006, ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' became the first Bollywood film to be shot in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/15sfa.htm|title=Will Hrithik's Dhoom 2 prove lucky for Brazil?|date=15 September 2006|author=Firdaus Ashraf, Syed|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=5 March 2008}}</ref>

===== North America =====
In the [[new millennium]], American [[hip-hop]] has featured Indian filmi and bhangra. [[wikt:mainstream|Mainstream]] [[hip-hop]] artists have sampled songs from [[Bollywood movies]] and have collaborated with [[List of Indian artists|Indian artists]]. Examples include [[Timbaland]]'s "Indian Flute", [[Erick Sermon]] and [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]]'s "React", Slum Village's "Disco", and [[Truth Hurts (singer)|Truth Hurts]]' hit song "Addictive", which sampled a [[Lata Mangeshkar]] song, and [[The Black Eyed Peas]] sampled [[Asha Bhosle]]'s song "Yeh Mera Dil" in their hit single "[[Don't Phunk With My Heart]]". In 1997, the British band [[Cornershop (band)|Cornershop]] paid tribute to [[Asha Bhosle]] with their song ''[[Brimful of Asha]]'', which became an international hit. [[United Kingdom|British]]-born Indian artist [[Panjabi MC]] also had a Bhangra hit in the US with "Mundian To Bach Ke" which featured rapper [[Jay-Z]]. [[Asian Dub Foundation]] are not huge mainstream stars, but their politically charged [[hip-hop|rap]] and [[punk rock]] influenced sound has a multi-racial audience in their native UK. In 2008, international star [[Snoop Dogg]] appeared in a song in the film [[Singh Is Kinng]]. In 2007, hip-hop producer [[Madlib]] released [[Beat Konducta Vol 3–4: Beat Konducta in India]]; an album which heavily samples and is inspired by the music of India.

==== Asia ====
{{see also|Music of Asia}}

===== South Asia =====
{{see also|List_of_Asian_folk_music_traditions#South_Asia|l1=Folk music of South Asia}}

Due to shared cultural heritage and language, Indian music and Bollywood films are also popular in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Nepal]], where Hindustani is widely understood.<ref name="Pakistan">{{cite web |url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEE20051004061008&Page=E&Title=Startrek&Topic=0 |title=Despite official ban, Hindi movies are a craze in Pakistan |access-date=5 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224205938/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEE20051004061008&Page=E&Title=Startrek&Topic=0 |archive-date=24 February 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/05/09/stories/2005050900561400.htm The Hindu Business Line: It's Bollywood all the way in Afghanistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403082744/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/05/09/stories/2005050900561400.htm |date=3 April 2007 }}</ref>

===== Southeast Asia =====
{{see also|Music of Southeast Asia}}

Already covered in earlier section [[#musicsphere|Ancient influence on Southeast Asian music genre]].

===== West Asia =====
{{see also|Middle Eastern music}}

West Asia has large Indian diaspora population, who mainly consume Indian music. Indian music is also popular with native middle eastern people. 85% of Qatar's and 75% of UAE's total population are Indian citizens.<ref name="bq magazine">{{cite web |url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2013/12/population-qatar |title=Qatar's population by nationality |date=18 December 2013 |publisher=bqdoha.com |access-date=19 November 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222095738/http://www.bqdoha.com/2013/12/population-qatar |archive-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> Hindi films and music have become popular in [[Arab world|Arab countries]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/bollywood-films-gaining-popularity-in-gulf-countries/articleshow/2121632.cms|title=Bollywood films gaining popularity in Gulf countries|date=8 October 2006|access-date=21 November 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> and imported Indian films are usually subtitled in Arabic when they are released. Bollywood has progressed in [[Israel]] since the early 2000s, with channels dedicated to Indian films on cable television;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041116/world.htm|title=Indian films swamp Israel|date=16 November 2004|access-date=21 November 2008|work=The Tribune|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

==== Europe ====

=====Germany=====

In [[Germany]], [[Stereotypes of South Asians|Indian stereotypes]] included [[bullock cart]]s, beggars, sacred cows, corrupt politicians, and catastrophes before Bollywood and the [[Information technology in India|IT industry]] transformed global perceptions of India.<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite news|title=Shah Rukh Khan as popular as Pope: German media|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-as-popular-as-pope-german-media-1150157|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=10 February 2008}}</ref>

===== UK =====
{{Main|Asian Underground|Bhangra (music)}}

In the late 1980s, Indian-British artists fused Indian and Western traditions to make the [[Asian Underground]]. Since the 1990s, Canadian born musician Nadaka who has spent most of his life in India, has been creating music that is an acoustic fusion of [[Indian classical music]] with western styles. One such singer who has merged the Bhakti sangeet tradition of India with the western non-Indian music is [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] and sells music records of his musical [[sadhana]]. Another example is the [[Indo-Canadian]] musician [[Vandana Vishwas]] who has experimented with western music in her 2013 album ''Monologues''.

In a more recent example of Indian-British fusion, [[Laura Marling]] along with [[Mumford and Sons]] collaborated in 2010 with the Dharohar Project on a four-song EP.<ref name=dharo1>{{cite news |publisher=BBC review |title=A triumphant experiment that feels surprisingly authentic |first= Colin |last=Irwin |date=2010-09-03 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/rqzb/}}</ref> The British band [[Bombay Bicycle Club]] also sampled the song "[[Nagin (1954 film)#Soundtrack|Man Dole Mera Tan Dole]]" for their single "[[So Long, See You Tomorrow (album)|Feel]]".<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Indian Express|title= A Little This, A Little That |first= Pallavi |last= Pundir | date= 15 March 2013}}</ref> Laxmikant-Pyarelal

==== Oceania ====
Due to large Indian diaspora population, Indian music and movies are very popular in [[Fiji]] especially among [[Indo-Fijians]].<ref name="Oceania">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/ET_Cetera/Bollywood_clubs_popular_among_Australians/articleshow/2372640.cms|title=Bollywood clubs popular among Australians|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 September 2007|access-date=12 November 2007|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212095151/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/ET_Cetera/Bollywood_clubs_popular_among_Australians/articleshow/2372640.cms|archive-date=12 February 2008}}</ref>

[[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] have 2 percent Indian population, as well as other a large South Asian diaspora, and Bollywood music and movies are popular amongst non-Asians in the country as well.<ref name="Oceania"/>

==Organisations promoting Indian music==

[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] is the national level academy for [[performing arts]] set up by the [[Government of India]] in 1952, which bestows [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] as the highest official Indian government's recognition given to practicing artists,<ref>{{cite news|title=Gursharan gets 'Akademi Ratna' |author=[[United News of India]], [[Press Trust of India]] |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | location=Chandigarh |date=2007-03-01 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070302/nation.htm#3 |access-date=2009-03-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304065453/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070302/nation.htm#3 |archive-date=4 March 2007 }}</ref> It has established several institutions including the Manipur Dance Academy in [[Imphal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.org/sna/inst.htm|title=Institutions of the Sangeet Natak Akademi|publisher=SNA|access-date=8 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727234331/http://sangeetnatak.org/sna/inst.htm|archive-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ravindra Rangshala Centers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.org/sna/centres.htm|title=Centres of the Akademi|publisher=SNA|access-date=8 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727235028/http://sangeetnatak.org/sna/centres.htm|archive-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sattriya Centre, [[Kathak Kendra]] ([[National Institute of Kathak Dance]]) at [[New Delhi]], Centre for Kutiyattam at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Chhau Centre at [[Baripada]] in [[Jamshedpur]], Banaras Music Akademi, [[Varanasi]], and the Northeast Centre. '''[[Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal]]''' ('''अखिल भारतीय गान्धर्व महाविद्यालय मंडल''') is an institution for the promotion and propagation of Indian classical music and dance.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Indian classical music]]
* [[Indian classical dance]]
* [[Indian musical instruments]]
* [[Indian Music Industry]]
* [[Military Music Wing]]
* [[Music of South Asia]]
* [[List of regional genres of music]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Flood |editor-first1=Gavin |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |date=2003 |publisher=Blackwell Publ |location=Oxford |isbn=1-4051-3251-5}}
*{{cite book |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |year=2004 |title=A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2000-5}}
* {{cite book |author=Maurice Winternitz |author-link=Moriz Winternitz |title=History of Indian Literature Vol 3 (Original in German published in 1922, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981) |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8120800564}}
* {{cite book |author=Patrick Olivelle |title=Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnVxqvPg9a0C |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-283882-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. |last2=Moore |first2=C. A. |author-link=Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan |year=1957 |title=A Source Book in Indian Philosophy |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-01958-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh}}
* {{Citation |last=Rowell |first=Lewis |title=Scale and Mode in the Music of the Early Tamils of South India |journal=Music Theory Spectrum |volume=22 |pages=135–156 |year=2000 |issue=2 |doi=10.1525/mts.2000.22.2.02a00010 |jstor=745957}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sorrell |first1=Neil |last2=Narayan |first2=Ram |title=Indian Music in Performance: A Practical Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNhRAQAAIAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-0756-9}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Day |author2=Joshi, O. P. |year=1982|title=The changing social structure of music in India| journal = International Social Science Journal | volume= 34|issue=94|page= 625 }}
* {{cite book|last=Day |first=Charles Russell |title=The Music and Musical instruments of Southern India and the Deccan|url=https://archive.org/stream/musicmusicalinst00dayc#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1891|publisher= Adam Charles Black, London}}
*{{cite book|last=Clements|first=Sir Ernest |title=Introduction to the Study of Indian Music |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924018413900#page/n5/mode/2up.|year=1913|publisher= Longmans, Green & Co., London}}
* {{cite book|last=Strangways|first=A.H. Fox |title=The Music of Hindostan|url=https://archive.org/stream/musicofhindostan00foxs#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1914|publisher=Oxford at The Clarendon Press, London}}
* {{cite book|last=Strangways|first=A.H. Fox |title=The Music of Hindostan|url=https://archive.org/stream/musicofhindostan00foxs#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1914|publisher=Oxford at The Clarendon Press, London}}
* {{cite book|last= Popley|first=Herbert Arthur|title=The Music of India |year=1921|publisher= Association Press, Calcutta}}
* {{cite book|author=Killius, Rolf|title=Ritual Music and Hindu Rituals of Kerala. New Delhi: B.R. Rhythms, 2006.}}
* {{cite book|author=Moutal, Patrick|title=Hindustāni Gata-s Compilation: Instrumental themes in north Indian classical music| publisher=Patrick Moutal Publisher|place=Rouen|year=2012|isbn=978-2-9541244-1-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Moutal, Patrick|title=A Comparative Study of Selected Hindustāni Rāga-s| publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd|place=New Delhi|year=1991|isbn=978-81-215-0526-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Moutal, Patrick|title=Hindustāni Rāga-s Index| publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd|place=New Delhi|year=1991}}
* {{cite book|author=Manuel, Peter|title=Thumri in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989.}}
* {{cite book|author=Manuel, Peter|title=Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India. University of Chicago Press, 1993|isbn=978-0-226-50401-8|date=May 1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cassetteculturep00manu}}
* Wade, Bonnie C. (1987). ''Music in India: the Classical Traditions''. New Dehi, India: Manohar, 1987, t.p. 1994. xix, [1], 252 p., amply ill., including with examples in musical notation. {{ISBN|81-85054-25-8}}
*Maycock, Robert and Hunt, Ken. "How to Listen - a Routemap of India". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp. 63–69. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}
*Hunt, Ken. "Ragas and Riches". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp. 70–78. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}.
*"Hindu music." (2011). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1.
*[[Emmie te Nijenhuis]] (1977), [https://books.google.com/books?id=kFkVJDlg-4IC ''A History of Indian Literature: Musicological Literature''], Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447018319}}, {{oclc|299648131}}
*[https://archive.org/stream/NatyaShastra/natya_shastra_translation_volume_2_-_bharat_muni#page/n7/mode/2up Natya Sastra] ''Ancient Indian Theory and Practice of Music'' (translated by M. Ghosh)

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xm48 BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): The Nizamuddin shrine in Delhi.] Accessed 25 November 2010.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xm4c BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): A mahfil Sufi gathering in Karachi.] Accessed 25 November 2010.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjq8 BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): The Misra brothers perform Vedic chant.] Accessed 25 November 2010.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjqc BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Rikhi Ram and sons, Nizami brothers.] Accessed 25 November 2010.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjqk BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Rajasthan, Bombay and Trilok Gurtu.] Accessed 25 November 2010.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xl8n BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Gujarat - Praful Dave.] Accessed 25 November 2010.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xl8s BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Courtesan songs and music of the Bauls.] Accessed 25 November 2010.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xm4k BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Music from the Golden Temple of Amritsar.] Accessed 25 November 2010.
* {{in lang|en|fr}} [http://www.moutal.eu/indian-music.html Hindustani Rag Sangeet Online – A rare collection of more than 800 audio and video archives from 1902]
* Rabindra Sangeet - [https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/rabindra-sangeet-collection/ Celebrating Tagore]

{{India topics}}
{{Music of Asia}}
{{Indian Music|South Indian Music=https://naasongs24.com/}}
{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}

[[Category:Music of India| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Ubaidullah Sindhi

2026-01-27T14:26:46Z

SidneySorensen: cleaned up intro per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian scholar and political activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image = Molana Sindhi.jpg
| occupation = [[Political activist]]/[[Islamic Philosophy|Islamic philosopher]]/[[Islamic scholar|scholar]]
| office1 = [[Home Minister]] of the [[Provisional Government of India]]
| term_start1 = 1 December 1915
| term_end1 = January 1919
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = ''Position abolished''
| caption = Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi
| name = Imam-e-Inqilab<ref>{{Citation |last=Zaman |first=Maheen |title='Ubaid Allah Sindhi |date=2018 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_884 |work=Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=701–703 |editor-last=Kassam |editor-first=Zayn R. |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_884 |isbn=978-94-024-1267-3 |access-date=2022-10-15 |editor2-last=Greenberg |editor2-first=Yudit Kornberg |editor3-last=Bagli |editor3-first=Jehan|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1872|03|10}}
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1944|08|21|1872|03|10}}<ref name=cybercity/>
| death_place = [[Rahim Yar Khan District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Sindhi|first=Ubaidullah|title=At-Tamheed li Ta'reef Aimma at-Tajdeed|date=1976|publisher=THe Sindhi Adabi Board|pages=286}}</ref>
}}
'''Ubaidullah Sindhi''' (10 March 1872 – 21 August 1944) was a political activist of the [[Indian independence movement]] and one of its vigorous leaders. According to ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', Karachi, Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi struggled for the independence of British India and for an exploitation-free society in India.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/317843 |title=Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi remembered|newspaper= Dawn newspaper|date= 23 August 2008|access-date=3 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203002135/https://www.dawn.com/news/317843|archive-date=3 February 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also Home Minister of first Provisional Government of India established in Afghanistan in 1915.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Naim Ullah|date=2015|title=Political ideas and role of Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/simple-search?query=Maulana%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+Hussain%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+Ahmed%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+Madani%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+a%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+Prolific%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+personality%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%281879%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+A.D.%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C-1957%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+A.D.%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%29&sort_by=score&order=desc&rpp=10&etal=0&start=10|journal=Aligarh Muslim University}}</ref>

Ubaidullah Sindhi was the Life Member of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], A Central University in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. He served the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] for a long period of time on a very low salary. A boys' hostel in Dr. Zakir Husain Hall of Boys' Residence in [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] has been named after him.

==Early life and education==
Ubaidullah was born on 10 March 1872<ref name=cybercity>{{cite web|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/maulana_obaidullah_sindhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807235821/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/maulana_obaidullah_sindhi.html|title= Profile and commemorative postage stamp image of Ubaidullah Sindhi on Cybercity.net website|access-date=2 February 2024|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> in a [[Sikh|Sikh Jatt]] family in the district of [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab, British India]] as Buta Singh Uppal. His father died four months before Ubaidullah was born, and the child was raised for two years by his paternal grandfather. Following the paternal grandfather's death, he was taken by his mother to the care of her father, at his maternal grandfather's house. Later, young Buta Singh was entrusted to the care of his uncle at [[Jampur Tehsil]], [[Punjab, British India]], when his maternal grandfather died. Buta Singh Uppal converted to [[Islam]] at age 15 and chose "Ubaidullah Sindhi" as his new name, and later enrolled in the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he was, at various times, associated with other noted Islamic scholars of the time, including Maulana [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] and Maulana [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]. Maulana Sindhi returned to the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1909, and gradually involved himself in the [[Pan-Islamic movement]]. During [[World War I]], he was among the leaders of the Deoband School, who, led by Maulana Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, left [[India]] to seek support among other nations of the world for a Pan-Islamic revolution in India in what came to be known as the [[Silk Letter Conspiracy]].<ref name=cybercity/>

Ubaidullah had reached [[Kabul]] during the war to rally the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] Amir Habibullah Khan, and after a brief period there, he offered his support to Raja Mahendra Pratap's plans for revolution in [[British India]] with [[Niedermayer-Hentig Expedition|German support]]. He joined the [[Provisional Government of India]] formed in Kabul in December 1915, and remained in [[Afghanistan]] until the end of [[World War I]], and then left for [[Russia]]. He subsequently spent two years in [[Turkey]] and, passing through many countries, eventually reached [[Hijaz]] ([[Saudi Arabia]]) where he spent about 14 years learning and pondering over the philosophy of [[Islam]] especially in the light of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]'s works. In his career, he was a Pan-Islamic thinker.<ref name=cybercity/><ref name=Dawn/>

==Conversion to Islam ==
When he was at school, a Hindu friend gave him the book ''Tufatul Hind'' to read.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Why the British were scared of Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi? |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/culture-news/why-the-british-were-scared-of-maulana-ubaidullah-sindhi-4556.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en-US}}</ref> It was written by a converted scholar Maulana Ubaidullah of [[Malerkotla]]. After reading this book and some other books like ''Taqwiyatul Eeman'' and ''Ahwaal ul Aakhira'', Ubaidullah's interest in Islam grew, leading eventually to his conversion to Islam. In 1887, the year of his conversion, he moved from Punjab to [[Sindh]] area where he was taken as a student by [[Hafiz Muhammad Siddique]] of Chawinda (Bhar Chandi Shareef). He subsequently studied at ''Deen Pur Shareef'' (a village near Khanpur, Distt Rahim Yar Khan) under Maulana Ghulam Muhammad, Where he delved deeper into Islamic education and training in the mystical order. In 1888, Ubaidullah was admitted to [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he studied various Islamic disciplines in depth under the tutelage of noted Islamic scholars of the time including Maulana Abu Siraj, Maulana [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] and Maulana [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]. He took lessons in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] and [[Tirmidhi]] from Maulana Nazeer Husain Dehalvi and read logic and philosophy with Maulana Ahmad Hasan Cawnpuri.

In 1891, Ubaidullah graduated from the Deoband school. In 1899, he left for [[Sukkur]] area in Sindh province.<ref name=":1"/> In 1909, at the request of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, he returned to Deoband School in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Here, he accomplished much for the student body, Jamiatul Ansaar.<ref name=":1"/> Ubaidullah was now very active in covert anti-British propaganda activities, which led to him alienating a large number of the Deoband School leaders. Subsequently, Ubaidullah moved his work to [[Delhi]] at Mahmud Hasan Deobandi's request. At Delhi, he worked with [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] and Dr. Ansari. In 1912, he established a [[madrassah]], Nazzaaratul Ma'arif to propagate Islam among the people.<ref name=":1" />

==Attempt to involve Afghanistan's ruler ==
{{Main|Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal|Provisional Government of India}}
{{See also|Indo-German Conspiracy}}
With the onset of [[World War I]] in 1914, efforts were made by the Darul Uloom Deoband to forward the cause of Pan-Islam in British India with the help of the other sympathetic nations of the world. Led by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, plans were sketched out for an insurrection beginning in the tribal belt of [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]] of British India.<ref name=Jalal2007105>{{Harvnb|Jalal|2007|p=105}}</ref><ref name=Reetz142>{{Harvnb|Reetz|2007|p=142}}</ref> Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, left India to seek the help of Galib Pasha, the Turkish governor of [[Hijaz]], while at Hasan's directions, Ubaidullah proceeded to [[Kabul]] to seek [[Habibullah Khan|Emir Habibullah's]] support there. Initial plans were to raise an Islamic army (''Hizb Allah'') headquartered at [[Medina]], with an Indian contingent at Kabul. Maulana Hasan was to be the General-in-Chief of this army.<ref name=Reetz142/> Some of Ubaidullah's students went to Kabul to explore things before Ubaidullah arrived there. While at Kabul, Ubaidullah came to the conclusion that focusing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]] would best serve the pan-Islamic cause.<ref name="Ansari 1986 515">{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=515}}</ref> Ubaidullah had proposed to the Afghan Emir that he declare war against British India.<ref name=Qureshi78>{{Harvnb|Qureshi|1999|p=78}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Qureshi|1999|pp=77–82}}</ref> [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] is known to have been involved in the movement prior to his arrest in 1916.<ref name=Jalal2007105/><ref name=cybercity/>

Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi and Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (principal of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]) had proceeded to Kabul in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of British India. For this purpose, Ubaid Allah was to propose that the [[Habibullah Khan|Amir of Afghanistan]] declare war against [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] while Mahmud Hasan Deobandi sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to Hijaz. Ubaidullah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Emir Habibullah of Afghanistan. At Kabul, Ubaidullah along with some of his students, were to make their way to [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] to join the [[Caliph]]'s "''[[Jihad]]''" against Britain. But it was eventually decided that the pan-Islamic cause was to be best served by focusing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]].<ref name="Ansari 1986 515"/>

In late 1915, Sindhi was met in Kabul by the 'Niedermayer-Hentig Expedition' sent by the [[Indian Independence Committee]] in [[Berlin]] and the German war ministry. Nominally led by the exiled Indian prince [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], it had among its members the Islamic scholar [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]], and the German officers [[Werner Otto von Hentig]] and [[Oskar Niedermayer]], as well as a number of other notable individuals. The expedition tried to rally Emir Habibullah's support, and through him, begin a campaign into British India. It was hoped that it would initiate a rebellion in British India. On 1 December 1915, the [[Provisional Government of India]] was founded at Emir Habibullah's 'Bagh-e-Babur Palace' in the presence of the Indian, German, and Turkish members of the expedition. It was declared a 'revolutionary government-in-exile' which was to take charge of independent India when British authority was overthrown.<ref name=Hughes469>{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=469}}</ref> Mahendra Pratap was proclaimed its president, Barkatullah the Prime minister, Ubaidullah Sindhi the Minister for India, another Deobandi leader ''Moulavi Bashir'' its War Minister, and [[Champakaran Pillai]] was to be the Foreign Minister.<ref>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=516}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> The Provisional Government of India obtained support from Galib Pasha and proclaimed Jihad against Britain. Recognition was sought from the [[Russian Empire]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican China]] and [[Imperial Japan|Japan]].<ref name=Andreyev95>{{Harvnb|Andreyev|2003|p=95}}</ref> This provisional government later attempted to obtain support from [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leadership. After the [[February Revolution]] in Russia in 1917, Pratap's government corresponded with the nascent Soviet government. In 1918, Mahendra Pratap met [[Trotsky]] in [[Petrograd]] before meeting the [[Kaiser]] in Berlin, urging both to mobilise against British India.<ref name=Hughes474>{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=474}}</ref><ref name=Hughes470>{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=470}}</ref>

However, these plans faltered, Emir Habibullah remained steadfastly neutral while he awaited a concrete indication where the war was headed, even as his advisory council and family members indicated their support against Britain. The Germans withdrew their support in 1917, but the 'Provisional Government of India' stayed behind at Kabul. In 1919, this government was ultimately dissolved under British diplomatic pressure on Afghanistan. Ubaidullah had stayed in Kabul for nearly seven years. He even encouraged the young King [[Amanullah Khan]], who took power in Afghanistan after Habibullah's assassination, in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. The conclusion of the war ultimately, forced Ubaidullah Sindhi to leave Afghanistan as King Amanullah came under pressure from Britain.<ref name="Dawn1">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/642407 |title=Of socialism and Islam|newspaper= Dawn newspaper|date= 8 July 2011|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215210443/https://www.dawn.com/news/642407|archive-date=15 December 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Later works==
Ubaidullah then proceeded from Afghanistan to Russia, where he spent seven months at the invitation of the Soviet leadership, and was officially treated as a guest of the state. During this period, he studied the ideology of [[socialism]]. According to an article in a major newspaper of Pakistan, titled 'Of socialism and Islam', "Islam showed not only deep sympathy for the poor and downtrodden but also condemned strongly the concentration of wealth in a number of Makkan surahs. Makkah, as an important centre of international trade, was home to the very rich (tribal chiefs) and the extremely poor."<ref name="Dawn1"/> In Russia, however, he was unable to meet [[Lenin]], who was severely ill at the time. Some people at that time thought, incorrectly, that Sindhi was impressed by Communist ideals during his stay in Russia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sindhi|first1=Ubaidullah|title=Shaoor o Aghai}}</ref> In 1923, Ubaidullah left Russia for [[Turkey]] where he initiated the third phase of the 'Shah Waliullah Movement' in 1924. He issued the 'Charter for the Independence of India' from [[Istanbul]]. Ubaidullah then left for [[Mecca]], Arabia in 1927 and remained there until 1929. During this period, he brought the message of the rights of Muslims and other important religious issues to the people of Arabia. During his stay in Russia, he was not impressed by the Communist ideas but rather, after the Soviet revolution, he presented his belief to the Soviet government that: "Communism is not a natural law system but rather is a reaction to oppression, the natural law is offered by Islam".{{Cite quote| date= December 2012}} He attempted to convince them, but could not answer when asked to provide an example of a state run according to the laws of Islam.

==Literary works==
Among his famous books are:
* ''Safarnama-i-Kabul''<ref name=cybercity/>
* ''Shah Waliullah aur Unka Falsafa''<ref name=cybercity/>
* ''Shaoor-o-Agahi''
* ''Qurani Shaoor-e-Inqalab''
* ''Khutbat-o-Makalat''
* Mere Zindegi<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pages=150–153}}</ref>
* ''Zaati Diary'' (an autobiography)<ref name=cybercity/><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pages=154–159}}</ref>

== Death ==
In 1936, the [[Indian National Congress]] requested his return to India, and the British Raj subsequently gave its permission. He landed at the port of [[Karachi]] from Saudi Arabia in 1938.<ref name=":1"/> He then went to [[Delhi]], where he began a programme teaching Shah Waliullah's ''Hujjatullahil Baalighah'' book to Maulana [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]], who would then write an [[exegesis]] in his own words. [[Opposition to the partition of India|Opposed to the partition of India]], Ubaidullah led a conference supporting a united India in June 1941 at [[Kumbakonam]].<ref name="Ali2017">{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Afsar |title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims? |newspaper=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en |date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014134540/https://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims/|archive-date=14 October 2022|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref> Right after his return to India, he started meeting Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and planned his movement to Germany and Japan. They met several times and are supposed to have discussed a plan similar to the one carried out by Ubaidullah, Raja Mahendra Pratap and Maulana Barkatullah during the First World War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netaji Subhas and Ubaidullah Sindhi: A Nationalist Alliance |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/culture-news/netaji-subhas-and-ubaidullah-sindhi-a-nationalist-alliance-15006.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He was opposed to the Pakistan plan of Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Muslim League. In his view Muslims and Hindus of India were one civilization and he was against the idea of foreign help in Indian affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ulema forbid outsiders' interference in Indian Muslims' issues |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/lifestyle-news/ulema-forbid-outsiders-interference-in-indian-muslims-issues-15815.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Ubaidullah left for [[Rahim Yar Khan]] to visit his daughter in 1944. At the village 'Deen Pur' near [[Khanpur, Rahim Yar Khan|Khanpur]] town in [[Rahim Yar Khan District]], he was taken seriously ill, and died on 21 August 1944.<ref name=cybercity/> He was buried in the graveyard adjacent to the grave of his mentors.

==Legacy==
*[[Pakistan Postal Services]] has issued a commemorative postage stamp in honor of Ubaidullah Sindhi in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.<ref name=cybercity/>
* [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]] wrote Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi awr Unke Naaqid.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* [[Islami Bishwakosh]], Volume 6, p. 121–122
*[http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/20430 برصغیر میں اصول تفسیر کا اتقاء سرسید احمد خان، حمید الدین فراہمی، عبید اللہ سندھی کے خصو صی افکار کی روشنی میں]
*[http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/17982 تحقیق مخطوط "التفسیر إلھام الرحمن" للشیخ عبیداللہ السندي (1944م) من سورۃ الدھر إلي سورۃ الحجرات (دراسۃ و تحقیقا)]
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Waqar |last2=Hashmi |first2=Dr Shah Moinuddin |date=2021-12-31 |title=Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi's Theory of Ethics and the Formation of Society (In Modern Context): مولانا عبید اللہ سندھی کا نظریہ اخلاق اور تشکیل معاشرت (عصری تناظرمیں) |url=https://arjish.com/index.php/arjish/article/view/471 |journal=Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=167–180 |doi=10.53575/u14.v5.04(21)167-180 |issn=2707-1219|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Rahman
|first=Mujibur
|title=Comparative analysis of Syed Jamaluddin Afghani and Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi's concept of revolution
|publisher=[[Bahauddin Zakariya University]]
|year=2007
|location=Pakistan
|language=ur
|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8572
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Hayee |first1=Abdul |last2=Afser |first2=Qari Taj |date=2020 |title=Commentary of Sūrah al-Aḥzāb from the Manuscript "Ilhām al-Raḥmān" by ʻUbaidullāh al-Sindhī: Study and Annotation |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/188 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=31–46 |issn=2664-4398}}
*[http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/6110 Mawlana Ubayd Allah Sindhi's Mission to Afghanistan and Soviet Russia]
*{{Citation
| last1 = Ansari
| first1 = K.H.
| year = 1986
| title = Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialist. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3. (1986), pp. 509-537
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
}}.
*{{Citation
| last1 = Seidt
| first1 = Hans-Ulrich
| year = 2001
| title = From Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918. German Studies Review, Vol. 24, No. 1. (Feb., 2001), pp. 1-18
| journal = German Studies Review
| publisher = German Studies Association
| doi = 10.2307/1433153
| jstor = 1433153
| issn = 0149-7952
}}.
*{{Citation
| last1 = Sims-Williams
| first1 = Ursula
| year = 1980
| title = The Afghan Newspaper Siraj al-Akhbar. Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), Vol. 7, No. 2. (1980), pp. 118-122
| journal = Bulletin
| publisher = London, Taylor & Francis Ltd
| issn = 0305-6139
}}.
*{{Citation
| last1 = Engineer
| first1 = Ashgar A
| year = 2005
| title = They too fought for India's freedom: The Role of Minorities.
| publisher = Hope India Publications.
| isbn= 81-7871-091-9
}}.
* {{Citation | title = Mawlānā ʻUbayd Allāh Sindhī : ʻālāt-i zandagī, taʻlīmāt awr siyāsī afkār
| first1 = Muḥammad | last1 = Sarwar | publisher = Lahore | year = 1976}}
* {{Citation | title = Khutbāt o maqālāt-i Maulānā ʻUbaidullāh Sindhī. murattib Muḥammad Sarvar| first1 = ʻUbaidullāh |last1 = Sindhī| first2 = Muḥammad | last2 = Sarwar | publisher = Lāhaur, Sindh Sāgar Ikādamī | year = 1970}}
*[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2263761 Maulana Ubaydullah Sindhi Deobandi in the Sight of Sheikh Muhammad Ikram]
*[https://journals.pakistanreview.com/index.php/JGPSS/article/view/87 An Analysis of the Work of Mulana Ubaid Ullah Sindhi]

{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhi, Ubaidullah}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Sikhism]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:People from Sialkot]]
[[Category:Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language travel writers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Afghanistan]]

Yash Singh

2026-01-05T22:18:01Z

SidneySorensen: starting new biography basic info

{{Short description|Indian athlete (born 1995)}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name= Yash Vir Singh
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = {{IND}}n
| sport = [[Track and Field|Athletics]]
| event = [[Javelin throw]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|10|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| height =
| pb = 82.57 m (Gumi, 2025)
| medaltemplates =
}}
'''Yash Vir Singh''' (born 22 October 2001) is an Indian [[javelin throw]]er.<ref>{{cite web|title= Yash Vir Singh|accessdate=17 September 2025|website=World Athletics|url= https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/yashvir-singh-14818383}}</ref>

==Career==
From [[Rajasthan]], he broke [[Neeraj Chopra]]'s meeting record at the Indian U20 Federation Cup, and made a [[javelin throw]] over 80 metres for the first time in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/yashvir-singh-the-80m-man-adding-to-india-s-javelin-depth-101653489844499.html|website=Himdustan Times|date=25 May 2022|title= Yashvir Singh, the 80m man adding to India’s javelin depth|first=Avishek|last=Roy}}</ref>

He won the men’s javelin throw at the Indian Open Athletics 2025 meet in April 2025 in [[Chennai]], throwing 77.49m on his fifth attempt to best his compatriot [[Kishore Jena]].<ref>{{cite web|date=15 April 2025|website=Olympics.com|url= https://www.olympics.com/en/news/indian-open-athletics-2025-chennai-report|title= Indian Open Athletics 2025: Yash Vir Singh beats Kishore Jena for javelin throw title in Chennai|accessdate=17 Sep 2025}}</ref> He placed fifth overall in the javelin throw at the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|2025 Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Gumi, South Korea]] in May 2025, with a personal best 82.57 metres.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7216290?eventId=10229636 |website=World Athletics|accessdate=16 September 2025|title= 26th Asian Athletics Championships|date=27 May 2025 }}</ref> In June 2025, he threw 78.29 metres to win the G Arzumanov Memorial 2025 meet in [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{cite web|date=22 June 2025|website=Olympics.com|url= https://www.olympics.com/en/news/g-arzumanov-memorial-athletics-2025-yash-vir-singh-javeli-throw-win |title= Yash Vir Singh wins javelin throw event at G Arzumanov Memorial 2025 meet in Uzbekistan |accessdate=17 Sep 2025}}</ref>

He was selected to compete for
India at the [[2025 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|2025 World Athletics Championships]] in [[Tokyo]], Japan, throwing 77.51 metres without advancing to the final.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7190593?eventId=10229636&gender=M |website=World Athletics|accessdate=23 September 2025|title= World Athletics Championships, Tokyo 2025|date=18 Sep 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.espn.co.uk/athletics/story/_/id/46278322/neeraj-chopra-2025-world-athletics-championships-javelin-timings-telecast-competition-details|website=ESPN|accessdate=17 Sep 2025|title= Neeraj Chopra at 2025 World Athletics Championships: javelin timings, telecast, competition details|date=16 Sep 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Yash}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Athletes from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

History of smoking

2026-01-01T23:45:14Z

SidneySorensen: added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|more about the practice|Smoking}}
[[File:Helmont Smokers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''Smokers in an Inn'' by [[Mattheus van Hellemont]] (1650s)]]

The '''history of smoking''' dates back to as early as 5000 BC in the [[Americas]] in [[Shamanism|shamanistic]] rituals. With the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century, the consumption, cultivation, and trading of [[tobacco]] quickly spread. The modernization of farming equipment and manufacturing increased the availability of [[cigarettes]] following the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|reconstruction]] era in the United States. Mass production quickly expanded the scope of consumption, which grew until the scientific controversies of the 1960s, and condemnation in the 1980s.

In Eurasia, [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] was common before the arrival of tobacco, and is known to have been used since at least 5000 BC. Cannabis was not commonly smoked directly until tobacco came into widespread use in the 16th century. Before this cannabis and numerous other plants were vaporized on hot rocks or charcoal, burned as incense or in vessels and [[censer]]s and inhaled indirectly. Evidence of direct smoking before the 16th century is contentious, with pipes thought to have been used to smoke cannabis dated to the 10th to 12th centuries found in Southeastern Africa.

Previously eaten for its medicinal properties, [[opium]] smoking became widespread in China and the [[Western world|West]] during the 19th century. These led to the establishment of [[opium dens]]. In the latter half of the century, opium smoking became popular in the artistic communities of Europe. While opium dens continued to exist throughout the world, the trend among the Europeans abated during the First World War, and among the Chinese under the [[Mao Zedong#Social reform|Mao regime]].

More widespread cigarette usage as well as increased life expectancy during the 1920s made adverse health effects more noticeable. In 1929, [[Fritz Lickint]] of Dresden, Germany, published formal statistical evidence of a cancer–tobacco link. The subject remained largely taboo until 1954 with the [[British Doctors Study]], and in 1964 United States Surgeon General's report. Tobacco became stigmatized, which led to the largest civil settlement in United States history, the [[Tobacco Master Settlement]] (MSA), in 1998.

== Early usages ==
[[File:Mayan priest smoking.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A carving from the temple at [[Palenque]], [[Mexico]], depicting a Mayan priest using a smoking tube]]

Smoking has been practiced in one form or another since ancient times. Tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs were smoked all over the Americas as early as 5000 BC in shamanistic rituals and originated in the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Gately
|first1 = Iain
|date = 1 December 2007
|orig-date = 2001
|chapter = To Breathe is to Inhale
|title = Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x41jVocj05EC
|publication-place = New York
|publisher = Open Road + Grove/Atlantic
|pages = 3–4
|isbn = 9780802198488
|access-date = 21 February 2025
|quote = Plant geneticists have established that tobacco's 'centre of origin', i.e. the meeting place between a species' genetic origin and the area where it was first cultivated, is located in the Peruvian/Ecuadorean Andes. [...] early Americans invented a new method of consumption for their herbal friend: smoking.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Wilbert
|first1 = Johannes
|date = 1 January 1987
|title = Tobacco and Shamanism in South America
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qPCuo4LkrIwC
|series = Psychoactive Plants of the World Series
|publisher = Yale University Press
|isbn = 9780300057904
|access-date = 21 February 2025
}}
</ref>{{pn|date=February 2025}}
Many ancient civilizations, such as the [[Babylonians]], Indians and Chinese, burnt [[incense]] as a part of religious rituals, as did the [[Israelites]] and the later Catholic and [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox]] churches. However, the burning of incense is not direct inhalation. It has been suggested that cannabis resin or possibly opium was at times included in this incense.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-29 |title='Cannabis burned during worship' by ancient Israelites - study |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-52847175 |access-date=2025-12-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is unknown how much resin this incense would have contained and if it came from psychoactive types of cannabis or possibly was opium. The ancient Assyrians employed cannabis fumes as a cure for "poison of the limbs", presumed to mean [[arthritis]].<ref name="Clarke 1993">Clarke 1993.</ref>

The Greek historian [[Herodotos]] wrote that the Scythians vaporized cannabis seeds as part of their cultural rituals. He wrote that after a funeral procession held for one of their kings:

{{blockquote|They make a booth by fixing in the ground three sticks inclined towards one another, and stretching around them woolen felts which they arrange so as to fit as close as possible: inside the booth a dish is placed upon the ground into which they put a number of red-hot stones and then add some hemp seed. At once it begins to smoke, giving off a vapor unsurpassed by any vapor-bath one could find in Greece. The Scythians delighted shout for joy.<ref name="Clarke 1993">Clarke 1993.</ref><ref>J. L. Butrica criticised this translation, emphasizing that the term "ἀγάμενοι" should be translated as "astounded" or "in mourning", as this is "closer to what one might expect in a ritual connected with death": {{cite journal |doi =10.1300/J175v02n02_04 |title =The Medical Use of Cannabis Among the Greeks and Romans |year =2002 |last1 =Butrica |first1 =James L. |journal =Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics |volume =2 |issue =2 |pages =54–55 |url= http://www.cannabis-med.org/data/pdf/2002-02-3.pdf |access-date =2014-11-08 |archive-date =2014-11-11 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141111224607/http://www.cannabis-med.org/data/pdf/2002-02-3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

Herodotos' Scythians had constructed a [[sweat lodge]] - as used ritualistically by a number of different peoples. In 1947–1949 [[Sergei Rudenko | Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko]] excavated a Scythian burial site that included a miniature version at [[Pazyryk burials | Pazyryk]] in the Tien Shen Mountains. A leather pouch containing cannabis seed was attached to one pole of the tent. Coriander seeds have also been discovered in this kurgan. Likely a mixture of cannabis seeds and [[coriander]] seeds was vaporized on the hot rocks to create a thick fragrant if not psychoactive smoke for ritual bathing.<ref name="Clarke 1993">Clarke 1993.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150522-scythians-marijuana-bastard-wars-kurgan-archaeology/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150524063528/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150522-scythians-marijuana-bastard-wars-kurgan-archaeology/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= May 24, 2015 |title=Gold Artifacts Tell Tale of Drug-Fueled Rituals and 'Bastard Wars' |last1 =Curry |first1 =Andrew |date =May 22, 2015 |publisher =National Geographic News|access-date =May 27, 2015 |quote =Belinski asked criminologists in nearby Stavropol to analyze a black residue inside the vessels. The results came back positive for opium and cannabis. The opium was drunk as part of a mixture and the cannabis was buried nearby in a vessel.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi =10.1038/scientificamerican0565-100 |title = Frozen tombs of the Scythians |year =1965 |last1 =Artamonov |first1 =M. I. |journal =Scientific American |volume =212 |issue =5 |pages =100–09 |bibcode = 1965SciAm.212e.100A |url =http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v212/n5/pdf/scientificamerican0565-100.pdf }}{{dead link|date=August 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

[[File:Aztec feast 1.jpg|thumb|Aztec women are handed flowers and smoking tubes before eating at a banquet. [[Florentine Codex]], 16th century.]]
[[Francis Robicsek|Robicsek]] posits that smoking in the Americas probably originated in incense-burning ceremonies, and was later adopted for pleasure or as a social tool.<ref>Robicsek (1978), p. 30.</ref> The [[Maya civilization|Maya]] employed it in classical times (at least from the 10th century) and the [[Aztecs]] included it in their mythology. The Aztec goddess [[Cihuacōātl |
Cihuacoahuatl]] had a body consisting of tobacco,<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Winter
|first1 = Joseph C.
|editor-last1 = Winter
|editor-first1 = Joseph C.
|year = 2000
|chapter = From Earth Mother to Snake Woman: The Role of Tobacco in the Evolution of Native American Religious Organization
|title = Tobacco Use by Native North Americans: Sacred Smoke and Silent Killer
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UGI4hxx6mTQC
|series = The civilization of the American Indian series, volume 236
|publication-place = Norman
|publisher = University of Oklahoma Press
|page = 268
|isbn = 9780806132624
|access-date = 21 February 2025
|quote = [...] one priesthood - that of Cihuacoatl, the earth goddess - stood above all others as a true tobacco priesthood. Cihuacoatl, in fact, was manifested on earth as the tobacco plant.
}}
</ref>
and the priests who performed human sacrifices wore tobacco gourds as symbols of divinity. Even today certain [[Tzeltal people | Tzeltal Maya]] sacrifice 13 calabashes of tobacco at New Year.<ref>Francis Robicsek, "Ritual Smoking in Central America" in ''Smoke'', p. 33.</ref> The smoking of tobacco and of various other hallucinogenic drugs was used to achieve trances and to come into contact with the spirit world. Reports from the first European explorers and conquistadors to reach the Americas tell of rituals where native priests smoked themselves into such high degrees of intoxication that it is unlikely that the rituals were limited to just tobacco. No concrete evidence of exactly what they smoked exists, but the most probable theory is that the tobacco was much stronger, consumed in extreme amounts, or was mixed with other, unknown psychoactive drugs.

[[File:MacoocheeMoundEffigyPipe.png|thumb|left|A ceremonial pipe of the [[Mississippian culture]]]]
In early North America the most common form of smoking by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] involved [[tobacco pipe | pipe]]s, either for social or for [[Ceremonial pipe|religious]] purposes (which varied between different cultures). Sometimes pipes were smoked by representatives of warring tribes, and later with European settlers, as a gesture of goodwill, diplomacy, or to seal a peace treaty (hence the misnomer, [[Ceremonial pipe|"peace pipe"]]). In the Caribbean, Mexico and Central and South America, early forms of cigarettes - including smoking reeds or cigars - were the most common smoking tools. Only in modern times has the use of pipes become fairly widespread. Smoking is depicted in engravings and on various types of pottery from as early as the 9th century, but it is not known whether it was limited to just the upper class and priests.<ref>Francis Robicsek, "Ritual Smoking in Central America" in ''Smoke'', p. 35.</ref>

After Europeans arrived in the Americas in the late 15th century, tobacco smoking as a recreational activity became widespread. At the banquets of [[Aztec]] nobles, the meal would commence by passing out fragrant flowers and smoking tubes for the dinner guests. At the end of the feast, which would last all night, the remaining flowers, smoking tubes, and food would be given as a kind of alms to old and poor people who had been invited to witness the social occasion, or would be given as a reward to the servants.<ref>Coe, pp. 74–81.</ref>

Four baked-clay, non-Arab produced pipes were found at the Iron Age Sebanzi Hill site in the [[Lochinvar National Park]], [[Zambia]]. [[Radiocarbon dating]], along with related pottery, on the two oldest specimens indicates they were in use around the 10th to 12th century CE. The pipes have not been chemically analyzed; it has been argued they were used for smoking cannabis because they predate the introduction of tobacco. North of Zambia, in Ethiopia, the remains of two ceramic [[Hookah|waterpipe]] bowls were recovered from Lalibela Cave and dated to 640–500 BP. Both contained trace amounts of THC according to modified thin-layer chromatography. These reports are controversial because these dates predate the exploration of the New World by Spain and the supposed first introduction of tobacco, pipes, and smoking from the New World into Eurasia.<ref>Clarke & Merlin, 2013.</ref>

==Popularization of smoking==

=== Europe ===
[[File:Gentlemen Smoking and Playing Backgammon in a Tavern, Dirck Hals 1627.png|thumb|''Gentlemen Smoking and Playing Backgammon in a Tavern'' by [[Dirck Hals]], 1627]]

A Frenchman named [[Jean Nicot]] (from whose name the word nicotine derives) introduced tobacco to France in 1560 from Portugal. From there, it spread to England. The first report of a smoking Englishman is of a sailor in Bristol in 1556, seen "emitting smoke from his nostrils".<ref name="L&M">Lloyd & Mitchinson</ref> Like tea, coffee and opium, tobacco was just one of many intoxicants originally used as a form of medicine.<ref>Tanya Pollard, "The Pleasures and Perils of Smoking in Early Modern England" in ''Smoke'', p. 38</ref>

Early modern European medical science was still to a great extent based on [[humorism]], the idea that everything had a specific humoral nature that varied between hot and cold, dry and moist. Tobacco was often seen as something that was beneficial in its heating and drying properties and was assigned an endless list of beneficial properties. The concept of ingesting substances in the form of smoke was also entirely new and was met with both astonishment and great skepticism by Europeans.

The debate raged among priests, scientists and laymen about whether tobacco was a bane or boon and both sides had powerful supporters. The English king [[James I of England|James I]] was one of the first outspoken skeptics and wrote ''[[A Counterblaste to Tobacco]]'', an unforgiving literary assault on what he believed was a menace to society. Though rife with, at times, irrelevant and partial arguments, it did address some of the health issues and pointed out the peculiar fact that tobacco was frequently assigned conflicting, and at times almost miraculous, properties:
{{cquote|It makes a man sober that was drunke. It refreshes a weary man, and yet makes a man hungry. Being taken when they goe to bed, it makes one sleepe soundly, and yet being taken when a man is sleepie and drowsie, it will, as they say, awake his braine, and quicken his understanding. As for curing of the Pockes, it serves for that use but among the pockie Indian slaves. Here in England it is refined, and will not deigne to cure heere any other than cleanly and gentlemanly diseases.<ref name="James I">{{cite web| author=James I | url=http://www.la.utexas.edu/research/poltheory/james/blaste/blaste.html | title=A Counterblaste to Tobacco }}</ref>}}

=== South and Southeast Asia===
[[File:Djarum-blacks-kretek.jpg|thumb|[[Djarum Black]]s, a popular brand of Indonesian clove-flavoured cigarettes called ''[[kretek]]'']]

Cannabis 'smoking' in India has been known since at least 2000 BC<ref>''Marihuana and medicine'', p. 3</ref> and is first mentioned in the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', which dates back a few hundred years BC. Fumigation (''dhupa'') and fire offerings (''homa'') are prescribed in the [[Ayurveda]] for medical purposes and have been practiced for at least 3,000 years while smoking, ''dhumrapana'' (literally "drinking smoke"), has been practiced for at least 2,000 years. Always the cannabis was burned in an open vessel or censer rather than being smoked in a pipe or rolled into a cigarette.<ref>Clarke, Hashish, 1998</ref>

Fumigation and fire offerings have been performed with various substances, including clarified butter ([[ghee]]), fish [[offal]], dried snake skins, and various pastes molded around [[incense]] sticks and lit to spread the smoke over wide areas. The practice of inhaling smoke was employed as a remedy for many different ailments. It was not limited to just cannabis; various plants and medicinal concoctions recommended to promote general health were also used.

Before modern times, smoking was done with [[smoking pipe (tobacco)|pipes]] with stems of various lengths, or [[Chillum (pipe)|chillums]]. Today ''dhumrapana'' has been replaced almost entirely by cigarette smoking, but both ''dhupa'' and ''homa'' are still practiced. [[Beedi]], a type of hand-rolled herbal cigarette consisting of cloves, ground betel nut, and tobacco, usually with a rather low proportion of tobacco, is a modern descendant of the historical ''dhumrapana''.<ref>P. Ram Manohar, "Smoking and Ayurvedic Medicine in India" in ''Smoke'', pp. 68–75</ref>

In [[Indonesia]], a specific type of cigarette that includes [[cloves]] called ''[[kretek]]'' was invented in the early 1880s as a way of delivering the therapeutic properties of clove oil, or [[eugenol]], to the lungs. It quickly became a popular cough remedy, and in the early 20th century ''kretek'', producers began to market pre-rolled clove cigarettes. In the 1960s and 1970s, ''kretek'' took on the form of a national symbol, with tax breaks compared to "white" cigarettes<ref>{{cite web |website=Website of US Embassy in Jakarta |url=http://www.usembassyjakarta.org/econ/kretek.html |date=June 3, 1999 |title=Where there's smoke, there's Kretek: the cigarette industry in Indonesia |access-date=July 20, 2007}}</ref> and the production began to shift from traditional hand-rolling to machine-rolling.

The industrial method passed the hand-rolled type in numbers in the mid-1980s and today ''kretek'' dominates up to 90% of the Indonesian cigarette market. The production is one of the largest sources of income for the Indonesian government and the production, which is spread out among some 500 independent manufacturers, employs some 180,000 people directly and over 10 million indirectly.<ref>Mark Hanusz, "A Century of Kretek" in ''Smoke'', pp. 140–143</ref>

=== The Middle East ===
[[File:Persian girl smoking.jpg|thumb|upright|A Persian girl smoking by [[Muhammad Qasim (painter)|Muhammad Qasim]]. [[Isfahan]], 17th century.]]

Waterpipes were introduced into Persia and the Middle East in the 16th century from India. At first these pipes were used to smoke tobacco but very quickly cannabis flowers and hashish were mixed in. As tobacco use exploded across the Middle East and Northern Africa the hashish trade blossomed within a few decades. During the 16th and 17th centuries, hashish smoking quickly gained in popularity across Eurasia, from Turkey to Nepal, peaking during more modern times in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Throughout the 18th century, the technique of gathering and drying cannabis plants to make hashish became increasingly widespread as mass production became necessary to satisfy the rapidly increasing Eurasian hashish trade.<ref>(Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany Clarke and Merlin, 2013)</ref>

Today, the pipes often had several tubes to accommodate multiple smokers, or smokers would pass the nozzle around in the many smoking houses that functioned as social hubs in major centers of Muslim culture like [[Istanbul]], [[Baghdad]], and [[Cairo]]. Smoking, especially after the introduction of tobacco, was an essential component of Muslim society and culture and became integrated with important traditions like weddings and funerals, and was expressed in architecture, clothing, literature and poetry.<ref>Sander L. Gilman and Zhou Xun, "Introduction" in ''Smoke'', p. 20–21</ref>

There is a reference to tobacco in a [[Persian Literature|Persian poem]] dating from before 1536, but because of the lack of any corroborating sources, the authenticity of the source has been questioned. The next reliable eyewitness account of tobacco smoking is by a Spanish envoy in 1617, but by this time the practice was already deeply engrained in [[Iranian peoples|Persian society]].

The waterpipe called ''Argila'' (or [[hookah]]) was created in [[Persia]]. The pipes of the rich were made of finely crafted glass and precious metals while common people used coconuts with bamboo tubing, and these were used to smoke cannabis before the arrival of tobacco.

The two substances in combination became very popular and were also smoked in normal "dry" pipes. The waterpipe, however, remained the most common smoking tool until the introduction of the [[cigarette]] in the 20th century. Foreign visitors to the region often remarked that smoking was immensely popular among Persians. On [[Ramadan]], the Muslim period of fasting when no food is eaten while the sun is up, among the first thing many Persians did after sunset was light their pipes.

Both sexes smoked, but for women it was a private affair enjoyed in the seclusion of private homes. In the 19th century [[Iran]] was one of the world's largest tobacco exporters, and the habit had by then become a national Iranian trait.<ref>Rudi Mathee, "Tobacco in Iran" in ''Smoke'', pp. 58–67</ref>

=== East Asia ===
[[File:Komon gawa.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A man smoking a [[kiseru]] on the cover of ''Komon gawa'' ("Elegant chats on fashion"), a novel by [[Santō Kyōden]] published in 1790]]

After the European discovery of the Americas, tobacco spread to Asia—first via Spanish and Portuguese sailors, and later by the Dutch and English. Spain and Portugal were active in Central and South America, where cigarettes and cigars were the smoking tools of choice, and their sailors smoked mostly cigars. The English and Dutch had contact with the pipe-smoking natives of North America, and adopted the habit. While the Southern Europeans began smoking earlier, it was the long-stemmed pipes of the northerners that became popular in East and Southeast Asia. Tobacco smoking arrived through expatriates in the Philippines and was introduced as early as the 1570s.<ref>Barnabas Tatsuya Suzuki, "Tobacco Culture in Japan" in ''Smoke'', pp. 76–83</ref>

By the early 17th century the [[kiseru]], a long-stemmed Japanese pipe inspired by Dutch clay pipes, was common enough to be mentioned in Buddhist textbooks for children. The practice of tobacco smoking evolved as a part of the [[Japanese tea ceremony]] by employing many of the traditional objects used to burn [[incense]] for tobacco smoking. The ''kō-bon'' (the incense tray) became the ''tabako-bon'', the incense burner evolved into a pot for tobacco embers and the incense pot became an ashtray.

During the Edo period, weapons were frequently used as objects of ostentation, indicating wealth and social status. Since only [[samurai]] were allowed to carry weapons, an elaborate kiseru slung from the waist served a similar purpose. After the Meiji restoration and abolition of the caste system, many craftsmen who previously decorated swords switched to designing kiserus and buckles for tobacco pouches. Though mass-production of cigarettes began in the late 19th century, not until after World War II did the kiseru go out of style and become an object of tradition and relative obscurity.<ref name = "Screech-Smoke">Timon Screech, "Tobacco in Edo Period Japan" in ''Smoke'', pp. 92-99</ref>

=== Sub-Saharan Africa ===
[[File:Nama Woman Smoking Kalahari Desert Namibia Luca Galuzzi 2004.JPG|thumb|A [[Nama people|Nama]] woman smoking in the [[Kalahari Desert]] in [[Namibia]]]]

Around 1600, French merchants introduced tobacco in what is now [[Gambia]] and [[Senegal]]. At the same time, caravans from [[Morocco]] brought tobacco to the area around [[Timbuktu]], and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the plant) to southern Africa. This established the popularity of tobacco throughout all of Africa by the 1650s. Imported tobacco and tobacco pipes became prized and valuable trading goods and were both quickly absorbed into African cultural traditions, rituals, and politics. The practice spawned a rich artistic tradition of decorated pipes of wood, ceramics, and eventually metal in an endless variety of themes and motifs of all shapes and sizes.

Tobacco and cannabis were used, much like elsewhere in the world, to confirm social relations, but also created entirely new ones. In what is today [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], a society called [[Bena Diemba]] ("People of Cannabis") was organized in the late 19th century in Lubuko ("The Land of Friendship").

The Bena Diemba were collectivist pacifists that rejected alcohol and herbal medicines in favor of cannabis.<ref>Allen F. Roberts, "Smoking in Sub-Saharan Africa" in ''Smoke'', pp. 53–54</ref> Certain other herbs have been and still are smoked by certain African communities. [[Tabwa]] shamans smoke ''lubowe'' (''[[Amaranthus dubius]]''), a plant said to help shamans see invisible spirit sorcerers, even though there are no reports of the substance being hallucinogenic.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}

Some groups, such as the [[Fang people|Fang]] of [[Gabon]] consume ''eboga'' (''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]''), a mind-altering drug in religious rituals. In modern Africa, smoking is, in most areas, considered an expression of modernity, and many of the strong adverse opinions that prevail in the West receive less attention.<ref>Allen F. Roberts, "Smoking in Sub-Saharan Africa" in ''Smoke'', pp. 46–57</ref>

== Opium ==
{{main|Opium}}
[[File:French opium den.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of an [[opium den]] on the cover of ''[[Le Petit Journal (newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', July 5, 1903]]

In the 19th century, the practice of smoking opium became widespread in [[Qing Dynasty|China]]. Previously, opium had only been ingested via consumption, and then only for its medicinal properties (opium was an [[anaesthetic]]). The narcotic was also outlawed in China sometime in the early 18th century due to the societal issues it caused. Due to a massive trade imbalance, however, foreign merchants started to smuggle opium into China via [[Guangzhou|Canton]], to the chagrin of the Chinese authorities. Attempts by Chinese official [[Lin Zexu]] to eliminate the trade led to the outbreak of the [[First Opium War]]. The Chinese defeat in the First and [[Second Opium War]]s resulted in the legalization of the importation of opium into China.<ref name="Josh_ten_Berge">Jos Ten Berge, "The ''Belle Epoque'' of Opium in ''Smoke'', p. 114</ref><ref name="Stephen R. Platt 2018">Stephen R. Platt, ''Imperial Twilight: the Opium War and the End of China's Last Golden Age'' (NY: Knopf, 2018), 166-73. {{ISBN|9780307961730}}</ref>

Opium smoking later spread with [[Chinese diaspora|Chinese immigrants]] and led to the establishment of numerous [[opium den]]s in [[China town]]s around South and Southeast Asia and Western nations. In the latter half of the 19th century, opium smoking became popular in the artistic community in Europe, especially in Paris: artists' neighborhoods such as [[Montparnasse]] and [[Montmartre]] became virtual opium capitals. While opium dens that catered primarily to emigrant Chinese continued to exist in [[Chinatown|Chinatowns]] around the world, the trend among the European artists largely abated after the outbreak of World War I.<ref>Jos Ten Berge, "The ''Belle Epoque'' of Opium", in ''Smoke'', p. 114</ref><ref name="Stephen R. Platt 2018"/>

== Social stigma ==

=== Early opposition ===

Ever since smoking was introduced outside of the Americas, there has been much vehement opposition to it. Arguments ranged from socio-economic, with tobacco called a usurper of good farmland, to purely moralistic, where many religiously devout individuals saw tobacco as another form of immoral intoxication. Many arguments were presented to the effect that smoking was harmful, and even if the critics were in the end right about many of their claims, the complaints were usually not based on scientific arguments – or if they were, these often relied on [[four humors|humorism]] and other pre-modern scientific methods.

Dr Eleazar Duncon, 1606, wrote that tobacco "...is so hurtful and dangerous to youth that it might have the pernicious nation expressed in the name, and that it were as well known by the name of Youths-bane as by the name of tobacco".<ref>In a letter discovered in c.2009 by Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (RCPE) librarians,{{cite web|url=http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/uk/Doctor39s-400yearold-letter-strikes-chord.5662844.jp|title=Doctor's 400-year-old letter strikes chord with Holyrood plan to curb tobacco sale|publisher=The Scotsman|date=19 September 2009|access-date=23 September 2009|archive-date=9 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609045213/http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/uk/Doctor39s-400yearold-letter-strikes-chord.5662844.jp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Early 17th-century descriptive notices of various characteristic types and fashions of men portray tobacconists and smokers as individuals who suffer from false self-images and mistaken illusions about the properties of tobacco taking.<ref>17th century books of characters. ''See Halliwell''</ref> Though physicians such as [[Benjamin Rush]] claimed tobacco use (including smoking) negatively impacted health as far back as 1798,<ref>Goldberg, p. 147</ref> not until the early 20th century did researchers begin to conduct serious medical studies.

[[File:Grimaults cigarette ad.jpg|thumb|upright|1907 advertisement for Grimault's Indian Cigarettes, emphasising their alleged efficacy for the relief of [[asthma]] and other respiratory conditions; these are [[cannabis cigarette]]s that contain leaves of [[Atropa belladonna|belladonna]] as filler but no tobacco.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grimault's Cigarettes of Cannabis Indica Sales Brochure |publisher=The Herb Museum |url=http://www.herbmuseum.ca/node/1918/ |accessdate=2 July 2021}}</ref>]]

=== Regulation of tobacco===

{{For|more about the movement in Nazi Germany|Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany}}
{{For|information on the social acceptance of female smoking|Women and smoking}}

In the late 19th century, automated cigarette-making machinery was invented. Factories, primarily located in the southern United States, geared up for the mass production of cigarettes at low cost. Cigarettes became elegant and fashionable among society men as the Victorian era gave way to the Edwardian. In 1912, American Dr. Isaac Adler was the first to strongly suggest that [[lung cancer]] was related to smoking.<ref>Isaac Adler. "Primary Malignant Growth of the Lung and Bronchi". (1912) New York, Longmans, Green. pp. 3–12. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/canjclin.30.5.295/abstract Reprinted (1980)] by ''A Cancer Journal for Clinicians''</ref>

Prior to World War I, lung cancer was a rare disease that most physicians never saw in their careers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Witschi |title=A Short History of Lung Cancer |journal=Toxicol Sci |date=November 2001|volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=4–6 |pmid=11606795 |doi=10.1093/toxsci/64.1.4|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>Adler I. Primary malignant growths of the lungs and bronchi. New York: Longmans, Green; 1912., cited in {{cite journal |vauthors=Spiro SG, Silvestri GA |title=One hundred years of lung cancer. |journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med |date=September 1, 2005 |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=523–529 |pmid=15961694 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200504-531OE }}</ref>

With the postwar rise in cigarette smoking, however, the significant increase in lung cancer promoted nascent investigations into the link between smoking and cancer. In 1929, German scientist Fritz Lickint published a formal statistical description of a lung cancer–tobacco link, based on a study that showed lung cancer sufferers were likely to be smokers.<ref name=about_lickint>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060903123902/http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/30/1/31 Commentary: Schairer and Schoniger's forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity - Proctor 30 (1): 31 - International Journal of Epidemiology]</ref> Lickint also argued that tobacco use was the best way to explain the fact that lung cancer struck men four or five times more often than women (since women smoked much less).<ref name=about_lickint />

In Germany, anti-smoking groups, often associated with anti-liquor groups,<ref name="NWC178">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=178}}</ref> first published advocacy against the consumption of tobacco in the journal ''Der Tabakgegner'' (The Tobacco Opponent), by the Bohemian organization between 1912 and 1932. The ''Deutsche Tabakgegner'' (German Tobacco Opponents) was published in Dresden from 1919 to 1935, and was the second anti-tobacco journal.<ref name="NWC177">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=177}}</ref>

After [[Adolf Hitler]] rose to power in 1933 he condemned his earlier smoking habit as a waste of money.<ref name="NWC219"/> In later years, Hitler viewed smoking as "decadent"<ref name="HRCPL1374">{{Harvnb|Clark|Briggs|Cooke|2005|Ref=CITEREFClarkBriggsCooke2005|p=1374}}</ref> and "the wrath of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Red Man]] against the White Man, vengeance for having been given [[hard liquor]],"<ref name="NWC219">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=219}}</ref> lamenting that "...so many excellent men have been lost to tobacco poisoning."<ref name="NWC173">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=173}}</ref>

Nazi reproductive policy likewise strengthened the anti-smoking movement. Women who smoked were considered vulnerable to premature [[aging]] and loss of [[physical attractiveness]]—unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family. Werner Huttig of the [[Nazi Party]]'s ''[[Office of Racial Policy|Rassenpolitisches Amt]]'' (Office of Racial Politics) said that a [[Smoking and pregnancy|smoking mother]]'s [[breast milk]] contained [[nicotine]],<ref name="NWC187">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=187}}</ref> a claim that modern research has verified.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120122530/abstract |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630024519/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120122530/abstract |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-06-30 |title=Nicotine in breast milk influences heart rate variability in the infant |author1=Anders Dahlström |author2=Christina Ebersjö |author3=Bo Lundell |access-date=2008-11-15|journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=97 |issue=8 |pages=1075–1079 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18498428 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00785.x|s2cid=8076552 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nazi political resistance to smoking, however, did not cross enemy lines.

=== Scientific rationalization ===

A true breakthrough came in 1948, when the British epidemiologist [[Richard Doll]] published the first major studies that demonstrated that smoking could cause serious health damage.<ref>Sander L. Gilman and Zhou Xun, "Introduction" in ''Smoke'', p. 25</ref> While some physicians in the United States once pitched cigarettes as health-improving products, some commentators now argue that it is unethical for physicians, as role models, to smoke at all.<ref>JM Appel. Smoke and Mirrors: One Case for Ethical Obligations of the Physician as Public Role Model ''Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics'', Volume 18, Issue 01, January 2009, pp 95-100.</ref>

In 1950, Richard Doll published research in the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' that showed a close link between smoking and lung cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739 | last1 = Doll | first1 = Richard | last2=Hill|first2= A. Bradford | date = September 30, 1950 | title = Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 4682 | pages = 739–48 |pmid=14772469 | pmc = 2038856 }}</ref> Four years later, in 1954 the [[British Doctors Study]], a study of some 40,000 doctors over twenty years, confirmed the suggestion, based on which the UK Government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Doll Richard |author2=Bradford Hilly A | date = June 26, 1954 | title = The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits. A preliminary report | journal = British Medical Journal | issue = 4877 | pages = 1451–55 |pmid=13160495 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.4877.1451 | volume = 1 | pmc = 2085438 }}</ref> The British Doctors Study lasted until 2001, with results published every ten years and final results published in 2004 by Doll and [[Richard Peto]].<ref name="Doll2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I |title=Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observation on male British doctors. |year=2004 |pmid=15213107 |volume=328 |issue=7455 |pages=1519 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE |pmc=437139 |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) }}</ref> Much early research was also done by Dr. Ochsner. ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' magazine for many years published frequent anti-smoking articles.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

In 1964, the [[Surgeon General of the United States|United States Surgeon General]]'s [[Smoking and Health|Report on Smoking and Health]] began the font, suggesting a link between smoking and cancer. This eventually led to bans on [[tobacco advertising|certain advertising]], and requirements for [[Tobacco packaging warning messages|health warning labels on tobacco products]].

In the 21st century, smoking has become stigmatized throughout Western societies,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Evans-Polce|first1=Rebecca J.|last2=Castaldelli-Maia|first2=Joao M.|last3=Schomerus|first3=Georg|last4=Evans-Lacko|first4=Sara E.|date=November 2015|title=The downside of tobacco control? Smoking and self-stigma: A systematic review|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=145|pages=26–34|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.026|issn=1873-5347|pmc=4630105|pmid=26439764}}</ref> but it is still a frequent practice among individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Graham|first=Hilary|date=January 2012|title=Smoking, Stigma and Social Class|journal=Journal of Social Policy|volume=41|issue=1|pages=83–99|doi=10.1017/S004727941100033X|s2cid=145745440|issn=1469-7823}}</ref>

A recent development is the rise in popularity of [[e-cigarettes]]. In the late 2010s, some health institutions<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/quit-smoking/using-e-cigarettes-to-stop-smoking/|title = Using e-cigarettes to stop smoking|date = 24 November 2021}}</ref> began to praise them for helping people quit smoking. Many studies concluded e-cigarettes are an effective smoking cessation tool, but the long-term side effects of vaping have yet to be discovered. By late 2019,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Maxwell L. |last2=Gotway |first2=Michael B. |last3=Crotty Alexander |first3=Laura E. |last4=Hariri |first4=Lida P. |date=2021 |title=Vaping-related lung injury |journal=Virchows Archiv |language=en |volume=478 |issue=1 |pages=81–88 |doi=10.1007/s00428-020-02943-0 |issn=0945-6317 |pmc=7590536 |pmid=33106908}}</ref> the life-threatening 'vaping associated lung injury' syndrome was described,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Christiani|first=David C.|date=2020-03-05|title=Vaping-Induced Acute Lung Injury|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=382|issue=10|pages=960–962|doi=10.1056/NEJMe1912032|pmid=31491071|s2cid=201869701|issn=0028-4793|doi-access=free}}</ref> it is a form of [[Lipid pneumonia|Lipoid pneumonia]] caused by black market e-liquids containing [[lipid]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6836e1.htm|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6836e1|title=Outbreak of Electronic-Cigarette–Associated Acute Lipoid Pneumonia — North Carolina, July–August 2019|year=2019|last1=Davidson|first1=Kevin|last2=Brancato|first2=Alison|last3=Heetderks|first3=Peter|last4=Mansour|first4=Wissam|last5=Matheis|first5=Edward|last6=Nario|first6=Myra|last7=Rajagopalan|first7=Shrinivas|last8=Underhill|first8=Bailey|last9=Wininger|first9=Jeremy|last10=Fox|first10=Daniel|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=68|issue=36|pages=784–786|pmid=31513559|pmc=6755817}}</ref>

Since the popularisation of e-cigarettes, the tobacco industry [[lobbying|protected its interests]] in a few ways:
* Developing [[Heated tobacco product|their own smoking cessation tools]], later proven to be ineffective and just as harmful as cigarettes.<ref>{{Citation
| first = Stanton A.
| last = Glantz
| year = 2020
| title = PMI's own data shows IQOS is as bad for lungs as a cigarette, including depressing immune function
| url = https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/pmi%E2%s-own-data-shows-iqos-bad-lungs-cigarette-including-depressing-immune-function
| publisher = University of California, San Francisco - Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education
| website = ucsf.edu
| access-date = 15 Jul 2023
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Manufacturing [[Juul|their own e-cigarettes]].
* Funding studies with the intent of discrediting e-cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16658358/vape-lobby-vaping-health-risks-nicotine-big-tobacco-marketing|title = Vaping companies are using the same old tricks as Big Tobacco|date = 16 November 2017}}</ref>
* [[Premarket tobacco application#FDA deeming regulation|Interfering with the FDA]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/03/us/politics/e-cigarettes-vaping-cigars-fda-altria.html|title = A Lobbyist Wrote the Bill. Will the Tobacco Industry Win Its E-Cigarette Fight?|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2 September 2016|last1 = Lipton|first1 = Eric}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, it was estimated in September 2018 that there are now 3,000,000 people who vape, 40% of whom are smokers trying to quit smoking. There is an ongoing debate in the country about whether e-cigarettes should be treated the same under the law, as regular cigarettes would. Amidst the debate, many businesses and institutions have put up signs saying "no vaping" next to their no smoking signs.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319774480|title=Smoking Motivation in the Face of Stigmatization: A Bourdieusian Analysis of Impressions|last1=Aronson|first1=Olov |last2=Bergh |first2=Daniel |journal=Stigma and Health|volume=4|pages=30–37|language=en|access-date=2017-09-22|doi=10.1037/sah0000118|year=2017|s2cid=37498711}}</ref>

== Other substances ==

{{For|more about the rise in consumption in the 1980s|Crack epidemic (United States)}}

In the early 1980s, the majority of [[cocaine]] shipped to the United States that arrived at [[Miami, Florida|Miami]] came through the [[Bahamas]]. However, overproduction of cocaine powder in those islands drove the price down by as much as 80 percent. Confronted with falling profits for their illegal product, [[drug dealer]]s decided to convert the powder to [[Crack cocaine|''crack,'']] a solid, smokable form of cocaine, that they could sell in smaller quantities to more people. It was cheap, simple to produce, ready to use, and highly profitable. As early as 1980, reports of crack appeared in Los Angeles, [[San Diego]], [[Houston]], and the [[Caribbean]].<ref name=CrackDEA85>"[[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] History Book, 1876 - 1990 (drug usage & enforcement), [[US Department of Justice]], 1991, USDoJ.gov webpage: [http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/history/1985-1990.html DoJ-DEA-History-1985-1990] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823024931/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/history/1985-1990.html |date=2006-08-23 }}.</ref>

This growth in popularity abated in the late 1990s. Described by criminologist [[Alfred Blumstein]], this change resulted from four factors: tighter gun restrictions in areas where crack cocaine is prevalent, a shrinking market and its institutionalization, the robustness of the economy, and the availability of jobs.<ref name=End>{{cite journal|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6847&context=jclc&sei-redir=1&referer=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3DAlfred%2BBlumstein%26btnG%3D%26as_sdt%3D1%252C5%26as_sdtp%3D#search=%22Alfred%20Blumstein%22|title=Youth Violence, Guns, and the Illicit-Drug Industry|journal=The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology|volume=86|issue=1|pages=10–36| last= Blumstein|first=Alfred|jstor=1143998|year=1995|doi=10.2307/1143998|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|colwidth=40em}}
*''Ashes to Ashes: The History of Smoking and Health'' (1998) edited by S. Lock, L.A. Reynolds and E.M. Tansey 2nd ed. Rodopi. {{ISBN|90-420-0396-0}}
*Clarke, Robert Connell and Mark D Merlin (2013) 'Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany' ({{ISBN|978-0-520-27048-0}})
*Clarke, Robert Connell (1998 and 2010) 'Hashish' {{ISBN|978-0-929349-07-7}}
*Coe, Sophie D. (1994) ''America's first cuisines'' {{ISBN|0-292-71159-X}}
* Frieden, Thomas R. et al. ''The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General'' (2014) [https://archive.org/details/full-report online]

*Gately, Iain (2003) ''Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization'' {{ISBN|0-8021-3960-4}}
*Goldberg, Ray (2005) ''Drugs Across the Spectrum''. 5th ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole. {{ISBN|0-495-01345-5}}
*Greaves, Lorraine (2002) ''High Culture: Reflections on Addiction and Modernity.'' edited by Anna Alexander and Mark S. Roberts. State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-5553-X}}
*[[James I of England]], ''[http://www.la.utexas.edu/research/poltheory/james/blaste/ A Counterblaste to Tobacco]''
*[[John Lloyd (writer)|Lloyd, J]] & [[John Mitchinson (researcher)|Mitchinson, J]]: "[[The Book of General Ignorance]]". Faber & Faber, 2006
*''Marihuana and Medicine'' (1999), editor: Gabriel Nahas {{ISBN|0-89603-593-X}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Phillips | first1 = J. E. | year = 1983| title = African Smoking and Pipes | jstor = 181897 | journal = The Journal of African History | volume = 24 | issue = 3| pages = 302–319 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700022039| s2cid = 161397712 }}
*Robicsek, Francis (1978) ''The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History, and Religion'' {{ISBN|0-8061-1511-4}}
*''Smoke: A Global History of Smoking'' (2004) edited by Sander L. Gilman and Zhou Xun {{ISBN|1-86189-200-4}}
*Wilbert, Johannes (1993) ''Tobacco and Shamanism in South America'' {{ISBN|0-300-05790-3}}
*{{Cite book | last = Proctor | first = Robert | year = 1999 | title = The Nazi War on Cancer | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-691-07051-3 }}.
* {{Cite book | last1 = Clark | first1 = George Norman | last2 = Briggs | first2 = Asa | last3 = Cooke | first3 = A. M. | year = 2005 | title = A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 1 | issue = 5427 | pages = 79–82 | publisher = Oxford University Press | doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.5427.79 | pmid = 14218483 | pmc = 2165065 | isbn = 978-0-19-925334-0 }}.
* U.S. Surgeon General. ''The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General '' (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004), 956pp.

{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
{{Smoking nav}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Smoking}}
[[Category:Smoking]]

25th International Film Festival of India

2025-12-15T03:31:57Z

SidneySorensen: Adding entry

{{Short description|Indian film festival in 1994}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number =25
| award =International Film Festival of India
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best of World cinema
| award_org =
| presenting_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| announced_date =
| presented_date =
| host =
| website = {{URL|http://www.iffigoa.org/}}
| lifetime_achievement =
| best_feature =
| last = 24th
| next = 26th
}}
The '''25th [[International Film Festival of India]]''' was held during 10-20 January 1994 at [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1993Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1993.pdf|title=Directorate of Film Festival|date=April 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403135953/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1993Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1993.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chinnarayana |first=Pulagam |url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Siva?sort=3&page=1 |title=A natural frustration in the history of celluloid |language=Telugu |date=August 2007 |work=[[Telugu Naadi (magazine)|Telugu Naadi]] |location=[[United States]] |issn=1559-7008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531122221/http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Siva?sort=3&page=1 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=9 April 2016 |page=54}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/2786170|title=Holdings: 25th International Film Festival of India, 1994, Calcutta, January 10-20, 1994 =|website=catalog.lib.uchicago.edu| date=1994 | oclc=34850090 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bN1kAAAAMAAJ|title=25th International film festival of India, Calcutta in 1994|year=1994 |via=google books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=130480|title=25th International film festival of India, Calcutta in 1994|via=pib}}</ref>

The festival was made interim non-competitive following a decision taken in August 1988 by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=12IIFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=2018-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231211420/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=12IIFA.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|title=International Film Festival in India|website=rrtd.nic.in|access-date=31 March 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121093039/http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|archive-date=21 November 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_V26X9d0Qq4|title=25th International film festival of India, Calcutta in 1994|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==Non-Competitive Sections==
*Cinema of The World
*Indian Panorama - Feature Films
*Indian Panorama - Non-Feature Films
*Indian Panorama - Mainstream Films

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:1994 film festivals]]
[[Category:International Film Festival of India|25th]]
[[Category:1994 in Indian cinema]]

Kalpavas

2025-11-14T15:46:15Z

SidneySorensen: Added A Pg Added Tags...

{{Short description|Religious practices in Hinduism}}
{{Infobox religion
| name = Kalpavas
| native_name = कल्पवास
| native_name_lang = Sa
| type = Religious rituals
| main_classification = [[Sanatana]] [[Hinduism]]
| area = [[Indian subcontinent]]
}}
'''Kalpavas''' ([[Sanskrit]]: कल्पवास) is a month-long spiritual tradition in '''Sanatan Dharma''' ([[Hinduism]]) that involves a period of deep spiritual practice, austerity, and detachment from worldly life, practiced by staying near the bank of a holy river.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kalpavas: माघ माह में क्या है कल्पवास का विधान? जानें इसके विशिष्ट नियम - Kalpavas know what is the law of Kalpavas in the month of Magh |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/puja-path-kalpavas-know-what-is-the-law-of-kalpavas-in-the-month-of-magh-22395733.html#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Kalpvas Rituals and Practices - Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 |url=https://mahakumbh.in/kalpvas-rituals-and-practices/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=mahakumbh.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]], Kalpavas is said to be the combination of [[Sannyasa|Sanyaas]] and [[Vānaprastha|Vanprastha Ashram]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 |url=https://kumbh.gov.in/en/kalpavas |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=kumbh.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalpvas: A month devoted to simple living, performing rituals begins |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/kalpvas-a-month-devoted-to-simple-living-performing-rituals-begins-101673033315828.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-15 |title=Simaria Mahotsav marks end of monthlong Kalpavas Mela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/simaria-mahotsav-celebrates-conclusion-of-kalpavas-mela-with-cultural-extravaganza/articleshow/115335419.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Kalpavas is a combination of the Indic words ''[[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpa]]'' and ''Vas''. The word 'Kalpa' means Refers to a long cycle of time, signifying an era or aeon in Hindu cosmology 'Vas' means dwelling or to stay. Thus the literal meaning of Kalpavas is to stay for a certain period of time. On this basis, Kalpavas, is said to remain on the banks of the [[Ganges]] for a certain period of time. The certain period of time is one month in general but according to capacity of devotees, it could be reduced to 5, 11 or 21 days.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Features of Kalpavas ==

* '''Bathing in the Holy River''': Daily early-morning baths in the sacred river are considered purifying for the body and soul.
* '''Meditation and Prayer''': Devotees dedicate time to chanting mantras, reading scriptures, and meditating.
* '''Fasting''': Simple sattvic meals (without onion, garlic, or rich spices) are consumed.
* '''Listening to Discourses''': Saints and spiritual leaders deliver teachings on the Vedas, Upanishads, and other scriptures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Spiritual Benefits of Kalpvas - Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 |url=https://mahakumbh.in/spiritual-benefits-of-kalpvas/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=mahakumbh.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />[[Category:Hindu rituals]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

Sir Hugh Rose Island

2025-11-07T07:11:58Z

SidneySorensen: starting the post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Island in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Sir Hugh Rose Island
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet = Rose Island
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| image_map_caption = Location map of Sir Hugh Rose Island
| coordinates = {{coord|11.7844702|93.0819226|format=dms|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| area_km2 = 0.69
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 1.2
| width_km = 0.8
| coastline_km = 3.5
| elevation_m = 73
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="nga">{{cite enroute|173|2017|284}}</ref>
| highest_mount =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Ritchie's Archipelago]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Port Blair|Port Blair Tehsil]]
| population = 0
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 =
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744104<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=22 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archivedate=23 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927 <ref name="allcodesindia">{{cite web|url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |publisher=allcodesindia.in|title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar|accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
}}

'''Sir Hugh Rose Island''', or '''Rose Island''', sometimes called '''Little Neill Island''', is an uninhabited island of the [[Andaman Islands]]. It belongs to the [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref>
The island lies {{convert|40|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Port Blair]].

==[[Etymology]]==
Rose is named after [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field marshal]] [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Hugh Rose]].

==History==
The [[lighthouse]] is situated on a [[hillock]]. There are 70 [[masonry]] steps to reach the tower. The Lighthouse is an unattended station. A rainwater tank and a restroom have been provided for the maintenance staff.
A third order revolving optic, on a [[Pneumatic trough|mercury trough]] with DA (dissolved [[acetylene]]) [[gas burner]] and gas motor to revolve the optic, all supplied by M/s BBT, Paris were installed inside the lantern house over the CI tower . The light was commissioned on 14 April 1969. Due to frequent failures of the rotation system, the revolving optic assembly was removed and a {{convert|500|mm|lk=out|adj=on|abbr=off}} cut-and-polished drum optic was placed in position in 1978. The DA gas burner was replaced by a DA gas flasher with a sun valve. This reduced the consumption of DA gas but the intensity of the light went down.

With the shortage in the supply of DA gas, it became essential to change over to [[solar energy]]. Accordingly, the light source was replaced by 12V 100W [[Halogen lamp]] inside the same optic and on the same pedestal. The system became operational on 18 October 1993.

<ref name="light">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/LightHouse.aspx?Consent_id=159&Module_id=16&LocationId=10&LangId=1|publisher=www.dgll.nic.in|title=Government of India, Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships.|accessdate=2016-10-18}}</ref>

==Geography==
The island belongs to the [[Ritchie's Archipelago]] and is located {{convert|4|km|0|abbr=on}} south of [[Neill Island]].
It is locally known as 'Chhota' Neil (‘Little’ Neil).<ref>[http://www.andamans.gov.in/html/neil.html info]</ref>

==Administration==
Politically, Rose Island is part of [[Port Blair]] [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]].<ref name="and">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |publisher=andssw1.and.nic.in|title=DEMOGRAPHIC – A&N ISLANDS |accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The island is uninhabited.

==Image gallery==
<gallery widths="180">
File:Ritchies Archipelago locale.png|Outline map of the [[Andaman Islands]], with Ritchie's Archipelago highlighted (in red).
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Ritchie's Archipelago}}
{{South Andaman district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Ritchie's Archipelago]]
[[Category:Islands of South Andaman district]]
[[Category:Islands of the Andaman Sea]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rose Island}}

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

Nuziveedu Seeds

2025-10-30T22:01:42Z

SidneySorensen: stub...

{{Short description|Indian agribusiness company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=January 2017}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=July 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox company
|name = Nuziveedu Seeds Limited
|logo = Nuziveedu Seeds logo 2013.png
|type = Limited Company
| traded_as =
|foundation = 1973
|location = [[Hyderabad, India]]
|key_people = M. Prabhakara Rao
|industry = [[Agribusiness]]
|products = [[Seed]]s
|revenue = Rs 1060 crores
|net_income =
|assets =
|equity =
|num_employees =
|homepage = [http://www.Nuziveeduseeds.com/ Nuziveeduseed.com]
}}

'''Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd''' (originally established as a part of the NSL Group) is an Indian [[agribusiness]] company that provides agricultural and [[hybrid seed]] products, specialising in the production and development of:

* [[Field crop|Field crops]], such as [[cotton]], [[maize]], [[rice]], [[sorghum]], [[pearl millet]] (bajra), [[wheat]], [[Castor bean|castor]], [[Sunflower seed|sunflower]] and [[Mustard seed|mustard]].
* Vegetable crops, such as [[Tomato|tomatoes]], [[okra]], [[Hot pepper|hot peppers]], [[Melon|melons]], [[cabbage]], [[cauliflower]] and [[Gourd|gourds]].<ref name="agricultureinformation_2011-02">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-14 |title=Nuziveedu Seeds {{!}} Agriculture and Industry Survey |url=http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2011/02/nuziveedu-seeds-2/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514043840/http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2011/02/nuziveedu-seeds-2/ |archive-date=14 May 2012 }}</ref>

The company operates in 17 [[Indian states|states]] and markets approximately 350 varieties of seed products to more than 5.5 million farmers across [[India]].<ref name="agricultureinformation_2011-02"/>

The seeds business of the NSL Group was founded by Sri Mandava Venkatramaiah in 1973, who was a farmer in the Nuziveedu town of [[Andhra Pradesh]] with a [[postgraduate degree]] in [[Agricultural science|agricultural sciences]]. He had an interest in cotton seed technology and understood the value in hybrid cotton seeds, which he wanted to make available to cotton cultivators.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=2011-11-02|title=Nuziveedu Seeds Said to Appoint Goldman, IDFC to Manage IPO|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-02/nuziveedu-seeds-said-to-appoint-goldman-idfc-to-manage-ipo.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310001834/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-02/nuziveedu-seeds-said-to-appoint-goldman-idfc-to-manage-ipo.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>

However, this was created as a hobby{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} and was later changed{{How|date=October 2023}} by Sri Venkataramaiah's son, Mr M Prabhakar Rao, who took over the seeds business of the NSL Group in 1982. Under his leadership, Nuziveedu Seeds became the largest hybrid seed company in India (in terms of volumes of [[Bt cotton]] seed packets sold between 2009 and 2010).
<ref>{{cite web
| title=Top Indian Agri Biotech Company in 2011
| work=Biospectrum
| url=http://www.cybermedia.co.in/press/pressrelease180.html
| accessdate=3 December 2011
| archive-date=1 January 2012
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101103306/http://www.cybermedia.co.in/press/pressrelease180.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2011/02/nuziveedu-seeds-2/|title=Nuziveedu Seeds - Agriculture and Industry Survey|publisher=|access-date=3 December 2011|archive-date=14 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514043840/http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2011/02/nuziveedu-seeds-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd - Company Profile and News - Bloomberg Markets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/7176541Z:IN|access-date=2020-11-17|website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> M Prabhakar Rao is currently also President of the National Seed Association of India (NSAI)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsai.co.in/about-us|title=NSAI - about-us|access-date=28 August 2022|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918100402/https://www.nsai.co.in/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)|Department of Scientific and Industrial Research]] Award<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nuziveeduseeds.com/aw.html |title=Awards |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107043644/http://www.nuziveeduseeds.com/aw.html |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Genome Valley]]
*[[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Agriculture companies of India]]
[[Category:Intensive farming]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1973]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Seed companies]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Agriculture companies established in the 1970s]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1973]]

Adyar River

2025-10-26T20:20:08Z

SidneySorensen: Adding new location

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Adyar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Adyar_estuary.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Adyar in [[Chennai]].
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption= Mouth

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Chennai]] (Madras)

| length = {{convert|26|mi|km|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= Adyar, Chennai (Madras)
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Adanur Tank
| source1_location = Manimangalam village, [[Kancheepuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Adyar estuary]]
| mouth_location = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|204|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
[[File:Hari adyar.jpg|thumb|Adayar River Joining the Bay of Bengal]]
The '''Adyar River''', which originates near the [[Chembarambakkam Lake]] in the [[Kanchipuram district]], is one of the three rivers that winds through [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, and joins the [[Bay of Bengal]] at the [[Adyar estuary]]. The {{convert|42.5|km|mi|adj=on}} long river contributes to the [[Estuary|estuarine]] [[ecosystem]] of Chennai. Despite the high pollution levels, boating and fishing take place in this river. The river collects surplus water from about 200 tanks and lakes, small streams and the rainwater drains in the city, with a combined catchment area of {{convert|331|mi2|km2|order=flip}}. Most of the waste from the city is drained into this river and the [[Cooum]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-03 |title=Tamil Nadu: 'Adyar, Cooum waters still polluted' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/adyar-cooum-waters-still-polluted/articleshow/88654827.cms |access-date=2023-08-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Origin and course ==
The Adyar starts from the [[Malaipattu]] tank (80.00° longitude and 12.93° latitude) near [[Manimangalam]] in [[Sriperumbudur taluk]] at about {{convert|15|km|mi|0}} west of [[Tambaram]] in south Chennai. It begins to resemble a stream only from the point where water released from [[Chembarambakkam lake|Chembarambakkam Lake]] joins the river at Thiruneermalai. It flows through [[Kancheepuram district|Kancheepuram]], [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] and [[Chennai district|Chennai]] districts for about {{convert|42.5|km|mi}} before joining the [[Bay of Bengal]] in [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]], Chennai.<ref name="Venugopal">{{cite journal | title=Environmental impact assessment and seasonal variation study of the groundwater in the vicinity of River Adyar, Chennai, India | first4=P | last4=Periakali | first3=M | last3=Jayaprakash | first2=L | last2=Giridharan| last=P. Periakali|first=T. Vengopal|journal=[[Environmental Monitoring and Assessment]]| year=2009| volume=149 | issue=1-4 | pmid=18253854| pages=81–97|doi=10.1007/s10661-008-0185-x}}</ref><ref name="Venugopal2">{{cite journal | title=A comprehensive geochemical evaluation of the water quality of River Adyar, India. | first4=PM | last4=Velmurugan | first3=M | last3=Jayaprakash | first2=L | last2=Giridharan| last=P. M. Velmurugan|first=T. Vengopal|journal=Bull Environ Contam Toxicol| year=2009| volume=82 | issue=2 | pmid=18784895| pages=211–217|doi=10.1007/s00128-008-9533-3}}</ref> Here it forms an estuary, which extends from Adyar Bridge to the sandbar at the edge of the sea, with some small islets in between. The estuary attracts a wide variety of birds. The estuary covering an area of about {{convert|300|acre|ha|order=flip}} was made a protected wildlife reserve in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adyar River |url=http://moef.nic.in/modules/recent-initiatives/NRCD/Adyar1.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714143242/http://moef.nic.in/modules/recent-initiatives/NRCD/Adyar1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2012 |work=National River Conservation Directorate |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests |access-date=9 March 2012 }}</ref> The river forms a backwater near the mouth, known as the Adyar creek, due to the formation of sand bar at the mouth. This creek is a natural channel which carries tidal water back into the sea.

== Geography ==
[[File:Adyar river CH.JPG|thumb|200px|Aerial view of the Adyar creek]]
[[File:Adyar River Manapakkam Bridge.jpg|thumb|200px|A view of the Adyar River from the Manapakkam Bridge]]
[[File:Adyar estuary dusk panorama.jpg|thumb|200px|Sunset over the river]]
[[File:Adyar estuary panorama.jpg|thumb|200px|The Adyar Estuary]]

The river has varying depth of approximately {{convert|0.75|m|ft}} in its upper reaches and {{convert|0.5|m|ft}} in its lower reaches. The catchment area of the river is {{convert|530|km2|mi2}}. Bed width ranges from {{convert|10.5|to|200|m|ft}}. It flows for {{convert|24|km|mi}} in the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]] including about {{convert|15|km|mi|0}} within the Chennai district before draining into the sea.<ref name="RiverDrainageSystemInCMA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/SeminarOnWaterways/5.pdf |title=Session-3 River and Drainage System in CMA |access-date=25 September 2011 |archive-date=28 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328075547/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/SeminarOnWaterways/5.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It discharges about {{convert|190|to|940|e6m3|acre-ft}} water annually to the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The discharge is seasonal with about 7 to 33 times more than the annual average during the [[Northeast monsoon]] season between September and December. The river is also supplied by surplus water from about 40 ponds.<ref name="Gowri">{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10661-007-9789-9 | title=Application of GIS in the study of mass transport of pollutants by Adyar and [[Cooum]] Rivers in Chennai (Madras), Tamilnadu.| last=K. Krishnaveni|first=V. Gowri|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment| year=2008| volume=138| pages=41–47}}</ref><ref name="Ramesh">{{cite journal | title=Anthropogenic forcing on methane efflux from polluted wetlands (Adyar River of Madras city, India) | last=A. P. Mitra|first=R. Ramesh|journal=Ambio| year=1997| volume=26| pages=369–374}}</ref><ref name="Nirmal Rajkumar">{{cite journal | title=Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in the polluted Adyar River and estuary, SE India | first5=RC | last5=Upstill-Goddard | first4=R | last4=Purvaja | first3=R | last3=Ramesh | first2=J | last2=Barnes| last=R. C. Upstill-Goddard|first=A. Nirmal Rajkumar|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin| year=2008| volume=56 | issue=12 | pmid=18814890| pages=2043–2051|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.08.005}}</ref>

The present [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the river is 39,000 cu.ft/s whereas the anticipated flood discharge capacity is about 60,000 cubic feet per second. During the floods of 2005, the river had a discharge of 55,000 cubic feet per second.<ref name="RiverDrainageSystemInCMA"/>

== Ecology ==
Adyar Estuary and Creek and the Theososphical Society on the Estuary's southern side has been a haven for migratory and resident birds for years. The environmental conditions in the estuary with low salinity, good shelters and high [[plankton]] availability in the Adyar creek serves as a good nursery for fish. The flow of tidal water in and out of the creek allowed for easy travel of boats. It therefore encouraged fishing and there was a thriving economy of fish trade here. However, with the city's sewage and effluence from its various industries, for some time, emptying into the river, the biological activities in the region was affected. Although the number has been in decline due to pollution and anthropogenic activities, they still attract hundreds of birds. A few years before, the Theosophical Society has come out with a CD on 'Birds of Adyar', compiled by the Trust for Environment Monitoring and Action Initiation. The [[Adyar Eco Park|Adyar Poonga]], whose Phase 1 and 2 stand completed (as of 2015), are a first towards restoring this fragile but vibrant eco-system. Efforts were being made by the [[AIADMK]] government to close sewage inlets, free the flood banks from encroachments, and replant native varieties of trees after cordoning of the river, to prevent further illegal occupation since the [[2015 South India Floods|Chennai Floods]] of 2015 and have been reasonably successful.

== Landmarks ==
The [[Theosophical Society]], [[Anna University]], [[Madras Boat Club]], [[Thenral]] are prominent institutions located in the banks of Adyar. Adayar river crosses 6 line Outer Ring Road landmark of Royappa nagar And JJ Nagar.

== Contamination ==
{{see also|Water pollution in India}}
The river receives a sizeable quantity of sewage from Chennai after reaching [[Nandambakkam]] near Chennai. The river is almost stagnant except during the rainy season. Rapid [[industrialisation]] and [[urbanisation]] have led to severe contamination.<ref name="Venugopal"/> Adyar River receives 10% of the untreated sewage being let into the three principle waterways of Chennai daily; the [[Buckingham Canal]] and the [[Cooum River]] receive 60% and 30%, respectively.<ref name="UntreatedSewagePollutesWaterways">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
|author2= Deepa H Ramakrishnan
| title = Untreated sewage pollutes waterways
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 29 September 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2495513.ece
| access-date = 2 Oct 2011}}</ref>

The problem of [[sedimentation]] was not severe as the Adyar's width near Thiru.Vi.Ka. Bridge is nearly {{convert|480|m|ft}} that enabled tidal effect into the waterway for about {{convert|4|km|mi}}. However, it was essential to provide [[groynes]] to keep the river mouth open for adequate width and prevent inundation during [[monsoon]]. In 2011, the Water Resources Department (WRD) proposed to construct groynes to reduce formation of sand bars near the mouth the river.<ref name="GroynesInTheMouth">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = WRD plans groynes
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 3 December 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2683597.ece
| access-date = 4 Dec 2011}}</ref>

==Cleaning up==
In 2012, the state government allotted {{INR}} 3,000 million towards construction of 337 sewage cleaning systems in the waterways in the city, including 49 locations in the Adyar river. Others include 105 points in Cooum river and 183 locations in the Buckingham Canal.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = நீர்வழி தடங்களை சுத்திகரிக்க ரூ.300 கோடி நிதி: கூவம் ஆற்றில் நீச்சல் சாத்தியமாகும்?
| newspaper = தினமலர் (Dina Malar)
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Dina Malar
| date = 26 July 2012
| url = http://www.dinamalar.com/News_Detail.asp?Id=516350
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120728061535/http://www.dinamalar.com/News_Detail.asp?Id=516350
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 28 July 2012
| access-date = 28 Jul 2012}}</ref>

==Bridges==
[[File:Kotturpuram Bridge Adyar River Chennai Jul18 DSC05376.jpg|thumb|Kotturpuram Bridge (aerial view), 2018]]
[[File:Saidapet Bridges Adyar River Chennai Jul18 DSC05378.jpg|thumb|Maramalai Adigalar Bridge and Metro Line 1 bridge (aerial view), 2018]]
[[File:Guindy Railway Bridge Adyar River Chennai Jul18 DSC05379.jpg|thumb|Guindy Railway Bridge (aerial view), 2018]]
There are several bridges built across the river over the course of time. The Corporation of Chennai maintains about 6 of these bridges.<ref name="CC_Bridges_AboutDept">{{cite web
| title = Departments—Bridges
| publisher = Corporation of Chennai
| url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/bridges/aboutBridges.htm
| access-date = 29 Dec 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130118000056/http://chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/bridges/aboutBridges.htm
| archive-date = 18 January 2013
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

* [[Broken bridge, Adyar|Broken bridge]] in [[Foreshore Estate]]
* Eliphinstone Bridge in [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]]
* Thiru Vi Ka Bridge in [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]]
* Kotturpuram Bridge in [[Kotturpuram]]
* Maramalai Adigalar Bridge in [[Saidapet]]
* Abraham Bridge (replaced Alandur Causeway) in West [[Saidapet]]
* Jafferkhanpet Bridge in [[Jafferkhanpet]]
* Manapakkam Bridge in [[Manapakkam]]

The Thiru Vi Ka Bridge was constructed at a cost of {{INR}} 5.8 million and was inaugurated in October 1973.<ref name="Hindu_173YearOldBridgeGetsAMakeover"/> It is a four-laned bridge measuring {{convert|1025|ft|m|order=flip}} long and {{convert|62|ft|m|order=flip}} wide. During the time of its inauguration, the bridge had separate lanes for cyclists and footpaths for pedestrians. The bridge was damaged in November 1985 due to a rush of flood water, resulting in the suspension of vehicular traffic over the bridge. It had developed a gaping hole and a portion of the road surface had caved in.<ref name="Hindu_DrivingOverAdyarToBeSmooth">{{Cite news
| title = Soon, driving over Adyar river to be smooth sailing
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 20 December 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/soon-driving-over-adyar-river-to-be-smooth-sailing/article4218680.ece
| access-date = 24 Dec 2012}}</ref>

The Elphinstone Bridge was constructed in the 1840s during the time of Lord Elphinstone, who was governor of Madras from 1837 to 1842 and was the first to connect south Madras to [[Santhome]] and [[Mylapore]]. Before its construction, there were no bridges across the Adyar river except the causeway then known as Marmalong Bridge. ''Parisals'', which were round floats pushed by long poles, were the chief mode of transportation across the river, and there were several makeshift landing places on the banks of the river for carrying goods. Soon, the British found the area between Santhome and the river suitable for building their farmhouses. Further developments during the first half of the 19th century probably necessitated the building of a new bridge.<ref name="Hindu_173YearOldBridgeGetsAMakeover">{{Cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = Deepa H.
| title = 173-year-old Elphinstone Bridge gets a makeover
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 13 January 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/173yearold-elphinstone-bridge-gets-a-makeover/article4302496.ece
| access-date = 13 Jan 2013}}</ref> The bridge was still in use during the time of inauguration of the Thiru Vi Ka bridge. The bridge was meant for other, slow-moving traffic across the river.<ref name="Hindu_DrivingOverAdyarToBeSmooth"/> However, the bridge was severely damaged during a cyclone between 1876 and 1878. Today the bridge carries sewer pipelines. It is {{convert|11|m|ft}} wide and has concrete slabs covering the sewer pipelines running over it. The full width of the bridge is covered with the slabs and either side of the bridge has a flight of stairs, which is used by pedestrians.<ref name="Hindu_173YearOldBridgeGetsAMakeover"/>

In October 2005, a new bridge adjacent to the existing Thiru Vi Ka bridge was proposed as a two-lane facility. However, it was then decided to build it as a three-laned one based on a traffic survey. Construction work began in December 2010. The 16-span bridge, being built at a cost of {{INR}} 139.6 million, is {{convert|333|m|ft}} long and {{convert|11|m|ft}} wide. It is being built between the Thiru Vi Ka bridge and the Elphinstone bridge that carries the Chennai Metrowater lines.<ref name="Hindu_DrivingOverAdyarToBeSmooth"/> Although the capacity of the bridge is only 1,450 passenger car unit (PCU), the level of congestion during peak hours is 10,747 PCU—about 7.41 times its capacity.<ref>{{Cite news
|title=New 3-lane Adyar bridge to ease traffic congestion
|newspaper=The Deccan Chronicle
|location=Chennai
|publisher=The Deccan Chronicle
|date=24 January 2013
|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130124/news-current-affairs/article/new-3-lane-adyar-bridge-ease-traffic-congestion
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130215192903/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130124/news-current-affairs/article/new-3-lane-adyar-bridge-ease-traffic-congestion
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 February 2013
|access-date=28 Jan 2013
}}</ref>

The runways of [[Chennai International Airport]] were extended across the Adyar River. This contributed to the flooding of the airport during the [[2015 South India floods]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thiyagarajan |first=Swati |date=3 December 2015 |title=Chennai Airport Is Doomed to Suffer, Its Runway Is Built On River |url=https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/chennai-airport-was-doomed-its-runway-is-built-on-river-1250589 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

==Encroachments==
The banks of the Adyar river flooded often due to uncontrolled and unchecked encroachments. However, ever since the devastating [[2015 South India Floods|Chennai Floods]] of 2015, where 29,000 cusecs of water were estimated to have been released, purging everything in its path, the present [[AIADMK]] government, has made sustained efforts, to clean the river, with reasonable success - including cordon of its bank with a dedicated wall, remove encroachments from the Jaffarkhanpet End, till the mouth of the river near the Broken Bridge, along its flood banks, as well as regularly de-silt its sister channels, stormwater inlets and the river itself.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:The Adyar River, 1905.jpeg|The Adyar River, c. 1905
Image:Adyar in full flow.JPG|A flooded Adyar river
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Cooum river]]
*[[Kosasthalaiyar river]]
*[[Water management in Chennai]]
{{Portal bar|India|Geography|Environment|Water}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080213041001/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/17/stories/2004031711150300.htm Anna varsity begins study on water quality in rivers ]}}
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080404063906/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/10/19/stories/2005101916620400.htm Check dam to harness rainwater]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111004055510/http://www.adyar.net/brodie.htm Brodie Castle Madras]

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Hydrography of Chennai}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|13.01367|N|80.26559|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geography of Chennai]]

Indian Idol Junior

2025-10-07T16:12:33Z

SidneySorensen: adjust intro for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian reality television singing competition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| winner = Anjana Padmanabhan
| runner_up = Debanjana Karmakar Anmol Jaswal Nirvesh Dave
| judges = [[Vishal Dadlani]] [[Shekhar Ravjiani]] [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| host = [[Karan Wahi]] [[Mandira Bedi]]
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|06|01}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2015}}
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
}}

'''''Indian Idol Junior''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language reality television singing competition and is a spin-off of ''[[Indian Idol]]''. It began broadcasting on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] from 1 June 2013.<ref name=IIJA>{{cite news|url=http://www.setindia.com/show_details.php?sid=119|title=Indian Idol Junior - About|publisher=setindia.com|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> [[Karan Wahi]] and [[Mandira Bedi]] hosted the show, which was judged by music duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]] along with playback singer [[Shreya Ghoshal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Indian-Idol-Juniors-judges-in-Lucknow/articleshow/21361115.cms|title=Indian Idol Junior's judges in Lucknow|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Saloni|last=Tandon|date=26 July 2013|accessdate=18 June 2022}}</ref> Anjana Padmanabhan won the first edition of Indian Idol Junior. [https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/anjana-padmanabhan-from-bangalore-wins-indian-idol-junior/]

A second season started on 30 May 2015. The new judges were [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]], while [[Vishal Dadlani]] reprised his role as the judge. The show was hosted by [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] and co-hosted by [[Asha Negi]]. [[Ananya Sritam Nanda]] was the winner for the second season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/indian-idol-junior-winner-ananya-nanda-meets-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/48982114.cms?from=mdr|title=Indian Idol Junior's winner Ananya Nanda meets PM Narendra Modi - Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|date=16 September 2015 }}</ref>

A third season started in August. The judges of this season were [[Anu Malik]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]], while [[Vishal Dadlani]] reprised his role as the judge. The show was hosted by [[Manish Paul]] and co-hosted by [[Asha Negi]].

==Summary==
{| class="wikitable sortable" font-size:100%;
!scope|Season
!scope|Year
! colspan="3" |Judges
!Host
!Channel
! scope="" |Contestants
! scope="" |Winner
! scope="" |Runner-up
|-
|'''IIJ S1'''||'''2013'''
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Vishal Dadlani]]'''
|'''[[Shekhar Ravjiani]]'''
| '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]'''||'''[[Karan Wahi]] [[Mandira Bedi]]'''
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]'''||'''11'''|| style="background:pink;" | '''Anjana Padmanabhan'''|| style="background:pink;" | '''Debanjana Karmakar'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''IIJ S2'''
| rowspan="2" |'''2015'''
|<s>'''[[Shalmali Kholgade]]'''</s>
| rowspan="2" | '''[[Salim Merchant]]'''|| rowspan="2" |'''[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] [[Asha Negi]]'''|| rowspan="2" |'''13'''|| rowspan="2" style="background:pink;" | '''[[Ananya Nanda]]'''|| rowspan="2" style="background:pink;" | '''[[Nahid Afrin]]'''
|-
|'''[[Sonakshi Sinha]]'''
|-
|}

==Season 1==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}
*'''Judges'''
[[Vishal Dadlani]] [[Shreya Ghoshal]] [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]

*'''Host'''
[[Karan Wahi]] [[Mandira Bedi]]

=== Top 11 Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Name
! Hometown
! Result
! Place
|-
| Anjana Padmanabhan
| [[Bengaluru]]
| {{won|Winner}}
| 1st
|-
| Debanjana Karmakar
| [[Kolkata]]
| {{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
| 2nd
|-
| Anmol Jaswal
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | 2nd Runner-up
| 3rd
|-
| Nirvesh Dave
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" | 3rd Runner-up
| 4th
|-
| Sugandha Date
| [[Nagpur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 5th
|-
| Sonakshi Kar
| [[Cuttack]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 6th
|-
| Priyam Borpatragohain
| [[Assam]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 7th
|-
| Akash Sharma
| [[Haryana]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 8th
|-
| Eman Chaudhary
| [[Assam]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 9th
|-
| Sankalp Yaduwanshi
| [[Moradabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 10th
|-
| Aryan Das
| [[Moradabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 11th
|}

==Season 2==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}
Indian Idol Junior Season 2 started on30 May 2015 and finished on 6 September 2015.
*'''Judges'''
[[Salim Merchant]] [[Sonakshi Sinha]] replaced [[Shalmali Kholgade]] [[Vishal Dadlani]]

*'''Host'''
[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] [[Asha Negi]]

=== Top 13 Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Name
! Hometown
! Result
! Place
|-
| [[Ananya Sritam Nanda]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ananya-sritam-nanda-wins-indian-idol-junior-2/story-AJc6qjgzTRIjjeqmlzrIPI.html | title=Ananya Sritam Nanda wins Indian Idol Junior 2 | date=7 September 2015 }}</ref>
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| {{won|Winner}}
| 1st
|-
| [[Nahid Afrin]]
| [[Assam]]
| {{runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
| 2nd
|-
| Nithyashree Venkataramanan
| [[Chennai]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | 2nd Runner-up
| 3rd
|-
| [[Vaishnav Girish]]
| [[Thrissur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 4th
|-
| Niharika Nath
| [[Agartala]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 5th
|-
| Moti Khan
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 6th
|-
| Ranita Banerjee
| [[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 7th
|-
| Sreelakshmi Belmannu
| [[Bangalore]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 8th
|-
| Ajay Brijwasi
| [[Mathura]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 9th
|-
| Yumna Ajin
| [[Malappuram district|Vengara]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 10th
|-
| Surendra Singh Panwar
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 11th
|-
| Vidhi Jaswal
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 12th
|-
| Shubhankar
| [[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 13th
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.myindianidol.com}}

{{Indian Idol}}
{{SET Shows}}

[[Category:Indian Idol]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Reality television spinoffs]]
[[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Television series about children]]

Hill Palace, Kochi

2025-08-12T01:50:57Z

SidneySorensen: Added New Info W/ Sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Hill Palace
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ഹില്‍ പാലസ്
| image =Hill Palace Cochin (24176740822).jpg
| imagesize = 300
| caption = Entrance of Hill Palace
| alt =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| coordinates =
| established = 1865
| dissolved =
| location = [[Tripunithura]], [[Kochi, Kerala]], India
| type = [[Archeological museum]], [[History museum]]
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| collection =
| visitors =
| director =
| president =
| curator =
| publictransit = Road, Rail
| network =
| website =
}}
'''Hill Palace''' is an [[Archaeology museum|archaeological museum]] and [[palace]] located in the [[Tripunithura]] neighbourhood of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. It is the largest [[archeological museum]] in the state and was the imperial administrative office and official residence of the [[Kochi Rajas|Cochin Maharaja]]. Built in 1865, the palace complex consists of 49 buildings spreading across {{convert|54|acre|m2}} and built in the traditional architectural style. The complex has an archaeological museum, a [[cultural heritage|heritage]] museum, a [[deer]] park, a pre-historic park and a children's park.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081015135227/http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/heritage/html/profilehillpal.htm The magnificent hill palace at Thripunithura (Thiruvankulam panchayat, ernakulam district of Kerala), was once the Headquarters of the illustrious Kochi Royal family]}}</ref>

The campus section of the museum is home to several rare species of medicinal plants. Presently, the palace has been converted into a museum by The Kerala State Archaeology Department and is open to the public. The palace is about {{convert|10|km|mi}} from the city centre and is reachable by road and by rail.

The Centre for Heritage Studies (CHS), an autonomous research and training institute set up by the [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Department of Cultural Affairs]], of the [[Government of Kerala]] also functions at the site. The CHS is designated as the 'Manuscript Conservation Centre' (MCC) and 'Manuscript Resource Centre' (MRC) by the [[National Mission for Manuscripts]].<ref>[http://www.namami.org Namami.org]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604000327/http://www.namami.org/|date=4 June 2009}}[[National Mission for Manuscripts]]''.</ref>

==History ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Hill_palace_horse_cart_room_back_of_palace.jpg|thumb|right|South Block, Hill Palace Museum]]
[[File:Hill Palace by GV-1.JPG|thumb|A view of the palace from its northern side]]
The Hill Palace was built in 1865 by the Maharaja of Cochin and is now the largest archaeological museum in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetware.com/india/tripunithura-hill-palace-museum-ind-kerala-hillpal.htm |title=Tripunithura, India Tourism | PlanetWare |access-date=30 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330003645/http://www.planetware.com/india/tripunithura-hill-palace-museum-ind-kerala-hillpal.htm |archive-date=30 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The official capital of the Kingdom of Kochi was previously located in [[Thrissur]], and the royal office of the Maharaja as well as the court were all located in the city. However, as per ritualistic customs, the seat of the queen of Kochi (Penvazhithampuran) was seen as the royal capital, as the Kochi royal family had matrilineal traditions and the queen was regarded as sovereign of the state under whose authority the king ruled. Since 1755, the queen and her retinue lived in Tripunithura, thereby making the city as the official capital. Further, the prince Rama Varma was raised in Tripunithura, thus he preferred to live in that city even after his coronation as king rather than moving to Thrissur. Thus, for his benefit, a royal office was constructed in 1865. It initially started off as a royal office, court building and offices of royal secretaries and nobles of the court, but soon an increasing number of structures were added to the main structure for various purposes. Soon, an imperial residence building was also constructed for the residence of the king and his immediate family, although other members of the Cochin royal family had their own allocated [[bungalow]]s and official residences.

The palace was handed over to the government of Kerala by the [[Cochin royal family]], and in 1980, the palace was taken over by the [[Kerala State Department of Archaeology|Department of Archaeology]] and later converted into a museum. It was opened to the public in 1986. The museum and its campus are popular shooting locations for the Malayalam film industry. The horse cart gallery and weapons gallery house numerous historical artifacts.

The museum gardens are also some of the last green refuge of the town. A checklist of fauna found within the gardens, prepared by Sandeep Varma and Gokul Vinayan, has been published under the title 'The Fauna of Hill Palace'.[https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-dekko-into-past-glory/article2686817.ece/]

== Museum ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=March 2023}}
The museum displays 14 categories of exhibits, including the Crown and ornaments of erst from the Cochin royal family's reign, paintings, sculptures in stone and marble, weapons, inscriptions and coins. The major share of attractions in the museum were contributed by the [[Cochin royal family]], with some exhibits from the [[Paliam]] Devaswom and the Department of Archaeology. The museum collection includes a gold crown embedded with precious stones and many valuable coins, ornaments, majestic beds and samples of [[epigraphy]]. The Malayalam movie [[Manichitrathazhu]] was shot here in 1993

== In the media ==
The Hill Palace has been the location for many [[Malayalam Cinema|films in Malayalam]]. {{lang|ml|Manichitrathazhu}} is the most famous movie shot at this location, but many filmmakers have utilized this place for shooting purposes. Some popular films<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-dekko-into-past-glory/article2686817.ece|title=A dekko into past glory|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 December 2011}}</ref> shot in the palace include ''[[Moonnam Mura]]'' (1988), ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' (1993), ''[[Kaliyoonjal]]'' (1997), ''[[Dreams (2000 film)|Dreams]]'' (2000) and ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' (2007).

== Gallery ==

<gallery class="center">
Image:Thripunithura Hill Palace 2.jpg
Image:Hill Palace Cochin (23656703924).jpg
Image:Hill Palace Museum.jpg
Image:Hill Palace by GV-4.JPG
Image:Hill Palace by GV-6.JPG
Image:Fiberglass model of dinosaur, Hill Palace, Tripunithura (July 2011).jpg
Image:Thripunithura Hill Palace.jpg
Image:Hill Palace Ernakulam Deer Sanctuary.jpg
Image:Hill Palace Museum Tripunithura DSC 1234.JPG
Image:Hill Palace Museum Tripunithura DSC 1232.JPG
Image:Hill Palace Museum Tripunithura DSC 1243 03.jpg
Image:Hill Palace Museum Tripunithura DSC 1432.jpg
Image:Hill Palace Museum Tripunithura DSC 1497.jpg

</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Kerala]]
* [[Karingachira Church]]
* [[Cochin royal family]]
* [[Mattancherry Palace]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Hill Palace, Tripunithura}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107141411/http://www.ekm.kerala.gov.in/places.htm Govt of Kerala, India link]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081015135227/http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/heritage/html/profilehillpal.htm Centre for Heritage Studies, Govt. of Kerala]}}
* [https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/hill-palace-museum/182 Hill Palace Museum], Kerala Tourism
{{Kochi (India)}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

{{coord|9|57|9.5|N|76|21|51.0|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Palaces in Kochi]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums in Kochi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1865]]
[[Category:1865 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kochi]]

Bargolai

2025-07-14T18:56:52Z

SidneySorensen: Adding info

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=November 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bargolai
| native_name = Baragolai
| native_name_lang = Assamese
| other_name = Bargolai, Borgolai
| settlement_type = Rural
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Bargolai3.jpg
| photo2a = Baragolai5.jpg
| photo2b = Bargolai2.jpg
| photo3a = Bargolai1.jpg
| photo3b = Bargolai4.jpg
| spacing = 2
| color = white
| color_border = white
| size = 300
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|17|06|N|95|42|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat Raj under State Government
| governing_body = Bargolai Gaon Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5034
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 786181
| registration_plate = AS-23
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Bargolai
}}
'''Bargolai''' is a village located in [[Margherita, Assam|Margherita]], a sub-district of [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia District]] in the state of [[Assam]], [[India]].

==Demographics==
As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archivedate=2004-06-16 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |accessdate=2008-11-01 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bargolai had a population of 5,034. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Bargolai has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 75% and female literacy of 56%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Education==
Bargolai has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 61%, and female literacy is 65%.
Various schools are situated in Bargolai . Some of the prominent ones are:

* [[Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya|Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya(NEC), Baragolai]]
* Blue Bird Senior Secondary School, Baragolai
* Bargolai Colliery Assamese School
* Bargolai Colliery Bengali School
* Bargolai Colliery Nepali School
* Adarsh Hindi Senior Secondary School, Bargolai
* Margaret Memorial High School, Bargolai
* Kid-zee and Sunshine Senior Secondary School, Bargolai

'''<big>SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTERS:</big>'''

* Abacus Computer Academy, Bargolai Branch

==Politics==

Bargolai is part of Goan Panchayat rule headed by President (Gaon Pradhan) elected by the public of the Bargolai Village in term of 5 Years. Bargolai is part of Margherita Assembly.
Margherita is part of Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency). And the current M.P from this region is Mr. Sarbananda Sonowal. Margherita is also 124th Legislative Assembly constituency and is presently represented by Bhaskar Sharma.[6]

==Economy==
Coal mines of Bargolai Colliery under
North Eastern Coalfields located here and it’s is currently un-operational. Tea is the other developed industries.
There are various Tea industries, some of them are listed below:

* Green Gold Tea Industries
* NEFA Tea Industries
* Nivedita Tea Industry
* Tamuli Green Leaves

==Transportation==

Bargolai is well connected with all the major towns and districts both by road and rail. The NH 38 passes through and is a stretch of approximately 54 km, starting point being Ledo. Nearest railway station are Margherita Railway Station and Ledo Railway Station both are in distance of 4 km respectively from the village and Tinsukia railway station is just 54 km, about 1H 30Mins drive from the village. With RAJDHANI Express and other major trains running from [[Tinsukia]], it is well connected to the rest of [[India]]. There are two local trains a day connecting Margherita to [[Dibrugarh]] (via Tinsukia) and one express train running from Ledo to Guwahati to connect with capital of the state, i.e., Guwahati. Bargolai have nearest city of Margherita, which serves as a transit point to many parts of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and buses ply regularly to and from [[Changlang]], [[Miao, Changlang|Miao]] and [[Jairampur]]. Tourists, while going to [[Arunachal]], can get their passes from the office of A.P.S.T. [[Assam State Transport Corporation|Assam State Transport Corporation (ASTC)]] buses and a number of other private buses are also available from there. The nearest airport is in [[Dibrugarh]], 100 km away.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:Tinsukia]]

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Article 319 of the Constitution of India

2025-06-28T07:53:04Z

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[[Category:Articles of Part XIV of the Constitution of India]]

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Major State Highway 10 (Maharashtra)

2025-03-24T21:12:19Z

SidneySorensen: adjust content also and updated info

{{Short description|Road in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|state = Maharashtra
|type=MSH
|route=10
|maint = [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]]
|length_km =
|direction_a = South-West
|terminus_a = Nandgoan, [[Amravati District|Amravati]]
|junction =[[National Highway 53 (India)|NH 53]]
|direction_b =North-East
|terminus_b = Pusla Village, [[Amravati District|Amravati]]
|destinations= Nandgoan, Morshi, [[Warud]] and Pandhurana in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|districts= [[Amravati District|Amravati]].
}}

'''Maharashtra Major State Highway 10''', commonly referred to as MH or MSH-10, is a major state highway that runs north east through [[Amravati District|Amravati]] districts in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. This state highway touches numerous cities and villages Viz. Nandgoan, [[Morshi]], [[Warud]] and then proceeds north-west towards [[Maharashtra]]-[[Madhya Pradesh]] state border. This highway enters in [[Madhya Pradesh]] State near Bangoan village which is on border of [[Amravati district]] of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Chhindwara district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and ends at Bangoan village which is just 15 km East of Pandhurna in [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== Summary ==
This highway is passing along with [[Upper Wardha Dam]] popularly known as Nal Damyanti Sagar Dam.

== Route description ==
Below is the brief summary of the route followed by this state highway.

=== Amravati District ===
This highway starts off from intersection of [[National Highway 47]] near Nandgoan village and proceeds North-West towards Pusla village in Warud Taluka.

==== Chandur Taluka ====
==== Morshi Taluka ====
==== Warud Taluka ====

== Major junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

=== National highways ===
[[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] NH-53 near Nandgoan village, [[Amravati district]].

=== State highways ===
# [[State Highway]]-244 at [[Warud]] city, Warud taluka, [[Amravati District]].<ref>[http://www.mahapwd.com/gismaps/amravati/warudtaluka.htm Major State Highway 10 intersection with State Highway 244 at Warud Taluka.]</ref>
# [[State Highway 247 (Maharashtra)|State Highway-247]] at [[Warud]] city, Warud taluka, [[Amravati District]].<ref>[http://www.mahapwd.com/gismaps/amravati/warudtaluka.htm Major State Highway 10 intersection with State Highway 247 at Warud Taluka.]</ref>
# [[State Highway]]-240 at [[Morshi]] city, Morshi taluka, [[Amravati District]].<ref>[http://www.mahapwd.com/gismaps/amravati/morshitaluka.htm Major State Highway 10 intersection with State Highway 240 at Morshi Taluka.]</ref>
# [[State Highway]] 24A at Nandgoan village, Amravati taluka, [[Amravati District]].<ref>[http://www.mahapwd.com/gismaps/amravati/amrvatitaluka.htm Major State Highway 10 intersection with State Highway 24A at Amravati Taluka.]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Connections ==
Many villages, cities and towns in various districts are connected by this state highway.
*Nandgoan
*[[Morshi]]
*[[Warud]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of state highways in Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra State Highways}}

[[Category:State highways in Maharashtra]]

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Adil Shahi dynasty

2024-10-09T01:50:52Z

SidneySorensen: Article enhanced with better details

#REDIRECT [[Sultanate of Bijapur]]
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