Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Rashim Bali

2026-05-07T14:39:10Z

SidneyBecnel:

{{Short description|Indian Army general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Rashim Bali
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=100%|UYSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}
| image = Lt Gen Rashim Bali.jpg
| alt = Lieutenant General Rashim Bali in military uniform
| caption = Lieutenant General Rashim Bali
| allegiance = India
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| service_years = December 1988–present
| rank = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| service_number =
| unit = [[Sikh Light Infantry]]
| commands = [[Military Secretary (India)|Military Secretary]] [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|Victor Force]] 
| battles = [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Sino-Indian border dispute|Ladakh border standoff]]
| awards = [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Sena Medal]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| spouse =
| children =
| relations =
| other_work =
}}

'''Rashim Bali''' {{post-nominals|country=IND|UYSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}} is a serving [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He currently serves as the [[Military Secretary (India)|Military Secretary]] at Army Headquarters.<ref name="facebook">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Rashim Bali, Military Secretary, #IndianArmy delivered an insightful lecture |url=https://www.facebook.com/HQIDS.India/posts/lt-gen-rashim-bali-military-secretary-indianarmy-delivered-an-insightful-lectur/1071960078305058/ |website=Facebook |publisher=Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> Previously, he commanded the [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]] (Fire and Fury Corps) responsible for the [[Line of Actual Control|Ladakh sector of the Line of Actual Control]] with China.

==Military career==
Bali was commissioned into the [[Sikh Light Infantry]] regiment of the Indian Army.

His career has included a tenure as the [[Defence attaché|Defence Attaché]] to [[Afghanistan]], a key diplomatic-military role.<ref name="theprint">{{cite web |title=Leh-based 14 Corps gets new commander ahead of LAC talks with China likely this month |url=https://theprint.in/defence/leh-based-14-corps-gets-new-commander-ahead-of-lac-talks-with-china-likely-this-month/1440423/ |website=ThePrint |date=13 March 2023 |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref>

He later commanded the [[Rashtriya Rifles|Victor Force]] (a counter-insurgency formation of the [[Rashtriya Rifles]]) in South Kashmir.<ref name="ThePrint Command">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Rashim Bali takes over command of Leh-based XIV Corps |url=https://theprint.in/india/lt-gen-rashim-bali-takes-over-command-of-leh-based-xiv-corps/1440657/ |website=ThePrint |date=13 March 2023 |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> During his tenure there, the army conducted successful operations that led to the elimination and surrender of terrorists, and initiatives to educate parents to dissuade their children from militancy and join the mainstream.<ref name="ThePrint Command" />

On 13 March 2023, Bali took over command of the strategically important [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]] (Fire and Fury Corps) in Leh from Lieutenant General [[Anindya Sengupta]].<ref name="ThePrint Command" /> The XIV Corps is responsible for security along the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) with China in the [[Ladakh]] sector and the [[Line of Control]] with Pakistan.<ref name="ThePrint Command" /> His appointment as Corps Commander came amid the continued stand-off with China along the LAC in Eastern Ladakh and ahead of the 18th round of Corps Commander-level talks between India and China.<ref name="theprint"/> Upon assuming command, he paid homage at the War Memorial in Leh and exhorted all ranks to continue working with soldierly commitment and zeal.<ref name="ThePrint Command" /> One of his first acts as corps commander was to visit the troops at the [[Siachen Glacier]], the world's highest battlefield, where he interacted with and commended them for their zeal and enthusiasm in the harsh terrain and inclement weather.<ref>{{cite web |title=Corps Commander Meets Troops At Siachen |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2023/03/16/corps-commander-meets-troops-at-siachen/ |website=Kashmir Observer |date=16 March 2023 |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> He also visited frontline troops deployed at the frozen frontiers of the Siachen Glacier, complimenting all ranks for maintaining the highest standards of combat readiness and operational preparedness.<ref>{{cite web |title=GOC Fire and Fury Corps Lt General Rashim Bali visited frontline troops |url=https://www.facebook.com/jammulinksnews/posts/goc-fire-and-fury-corps-lt-general-rashim-bali-visited-frontline-troops-deployed/664996825657360/ |website=Facebook |publisher=Jammu Links News |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref>

Bali relinquished command of XIV Corps on 30 June 2024.<ref name="ladakh">{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Lt Governor Brig (Dr) BD Mishra (Retd) holds farewell party to bid farewell to outgoing GOC 14 Corps Lt Gen Rashim Bali |url=https://ladakh.gov.in/honble-lt-governor-brig-dr-bd-mishra-retd-holds-farewell-party-to-bid-farewell-to-outgoing-goc-14-corps-lt-gen-rashim-bali/ |website=Government of Ladakh |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref>

Following his command of XIV Corps, Bali was appointed as the [[Military Secretary (India)|Military Secretary]] at Army Headquarters.<ref name="facebook"/>

He also serves as the [[Colonel of the Regiment]] for the [[Sikh Light Infantry]].

==Awards and decorations==
Bali has been awarded the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] (UYSM), [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (AVSM), [[Sena Medal]] (SM), and [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] (VSM) during his military career.<ref name="ladakh"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bali, Rashim}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Military attachés for India]]

Kushavati district

2026-05-05T10:56:31Z

SidneyBecnel: put up the location added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Short description|District in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kushavati district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Goa|District of Goa]]
| image_map = Kushavati_district.png
| map_caption = Kushavati district in Goa state
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Goa]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 31 December 2025
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Quepem]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Talukas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{olist |[[Quepem taluka|Quepem]] |[[Sanguem taluka|Sanguem]] |[[Dharbandora taluka|Dharbandora]] |[[Canacona taluka|Canacona]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#Goa|GA]]
}}

'''Kushavati district''' is an [[administrative district]] in the Indian state of [[Goa]]. It was split from [[South Goa district]] on 31 December 2025 to become Goa's third district, with its headquarters to be located at [[Quepem]].<ref name=law>{{cite news |date=31 December 2025 |title= Notification 16/29/1/2023-Rev-I/3259 |url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/2526/2526-39-SI-EOG-2.pdf |access-date=3 January 2026 |newspaper=Official Gazette |series=Series I No. 39 |issue=2 (Extroardinary) |publisher=[[Government of Goa]]}}</ref>

The district is named after the Kushavati River, an ancient river with historical and cultural significance in southern Goa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Goa named its new district Kushavati |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/why-did-goa-name-its-new-district-kushavati-10449241/ |work=The Indian Express |date=1 January 2026 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
The proposal to create a third district in Goa had been under consideration for several years prior to its formal notification, as part of efforts to decentralise administration and improve governance in the southern and interior regions of the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Third district in Goa was planned long before announcement |url=https://navhindtimes.in/new-year-gift-govt-notifies-goas-third-district-kushavati/ |work=The Navhind Times |date=1 January 2026 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> In 2023, the [[Government of Goa]] constituted committees to study the feasibility, boundaries and administrative implications of carving out a new district from South Goa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Committees examined feasibility of third district |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/politics/cm-announces-creation-of-third-district-kushavati/35340.html |work=Prudent Media Goa |date=31 December 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

Kushavati district was officially notified on 31 December 2025, with [[Quepem]] designated as its administrative headquarters. Until full administrative infrastructure is established, interim arrangements remain under the South Goa district administration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Government notifies Kushavati as Goa’s third district |url=https://navhindtimes.in/new-year-gift-govt-notifies-goas-third-district-kushavati/ |work=The Navhind Times |date=1 January 2026 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Goa gets its third district, Kushavati |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/goa-gets-its-3rd-district-kushavati-named-after-ancient-river-10143659 |work=NDTV |date=31 December 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The district comprises four talukas—[[Quepem]], [[Sanguem]], [[Dharbandora taluka|Dharbandora]] and [[Canacona taluka|Canacona]]—which were previously part of South Goa district.<ref>{{cite news |title=Talukas included in Kushavati district |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/goa-gets-its-3rd-district-kushavati-named-after-ancient-river-10143659 |work=NDTV |date=31 December 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As Kushavati district was formed after the 2011 Census of India, official district-level demographic statistics are yet to be published. Demographic characteristics are therefore derived from census data of the constituent talukas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |publisher=Government of India |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> The district has about 27 % tribal population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third district in Goa to be named as Kushavati CM |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/12/31/third-district-in-goa-to-be-named-as-kushavati-cm.html |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Kushavati district (derived from 2011 Census)
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 66.08
|color1 = darkorange
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|value2 = 26.68
|color2 = dodgerblue
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|value3 = 6.45
|color3 = green
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 0.79
|color4 = grey
}}

According to derived data from the 2011 Census of India, [[Hinduism]] is the majority religion in Kushavati district, accounting for approximately 66.08% of the population. [[Christianity]] constitutes about 26.68%, while [[Islam]] accounts for 6.45%. Other religions together form about 0.79% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=C-1 Population by Religious Community – Goa |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Language ===
[[Konkani language|Konkani]] is the predominant and official language spoken across Kushavati district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Languages of Goa |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/language/state/30-goa.html |publisher=Census 2011 India |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

Marathi, Hindi, Kannada and English are also spoken by sections of the population, reflecting the linguistic diversity of the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goa language demographics |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/language/state/30-goa.html |publisher=Census 2011 India |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Districts of Goa]]
* [[South Goa district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Goa}}

[[Category:Districts of Goa]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2025]]

Varanasi–Dehradun Express

2026-05-04T15:31:40Z

SidneyBecnel: Creating the data added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Varanasi Dehradun Janta Express
| image = Varanasi–Dehradun_Express.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}
| stops = 46 as 14265 Varanasi–Dehradun Janta Express 48 as 14266 Dehradun–Varanasi Janta Express
| end = {{stnlnk|Dehradun}}
| distance = {{convert|846|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 22 hours 05 minutes as 14265 Varanasi–Dehradun Express 21 hours 25 minutes as 14266 Dehradun–Varanasi Express
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Unreserved/General]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No [[pantry car]] attached
| observation = No rake sharing
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 15119 / 15120
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|38.90|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Varanasi - Dehradun) Express route map.png|290px|(Varanasi–Dehradun) Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 15119/15120 '''Varanasi–Dehradun Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train operated by [[Indian Railways]] which belongs to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Junction]] and [[Dehradun railway station|Dehradun]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Railway News: Dehradun–Banaras Janata Express will be canceled for 13 days
|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/railway-news-dehradun-banaras-janta-express-will-be-canceled-for-13-days-varanasi-news-c-20-vns1011-667574-2024-07-19
|website=Amar Ujala
|publisher=Amar Ujala
|date=19 July 2024
|access-date=13 October 2025
|language=hi
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=15119 BSBS DDN Express Train Route, Schedule, Time Table
|url=https://www.ixigo.com/trains/15119
|website=ixigo
|date=13 October 2025
|access-date=13 October 2025
|language=en
}}</ref>

==Service==
Earlier the first name was Janata Express while run with ICF rakes, and since LHB coaches upgraded to this train it was rebranded as Varanasi - Dehradun Express
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Schedule of 15119/15120 Varanasi–Dehradun Express'''
! Train No. !! From !! To !! Distance (km) !! Journey Time !! Average Speed
|-
| 14265 || Varanasi Junction (BSB) || Dehradun (DDN) || 846 || 22h 05m || 38.31 km/h
|-
| 14266 || Dehradun (DDN) || Varanasi Junction (BSB) || 846 || 21h 25m || 39.50 km/h
|}

==Timetable==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Station code
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Station name
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"|
'''15119 – {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Dehradun}}'''<ref>{{cite web
|title=15119 BSBS DDN EXPRESS: Train Route, Schedule and Timings
|url=https://www.confirmtkt.com/train-schedule/15119-BSBS-DDN-EXPRESS
|website=ConfirmTkt
|date=13 October 2025
|access-date=13 October 2025
|language=en
}}</ref>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Distance from source in km
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Day
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"|
'''15120 – {{stnlnk|Dehradun}} to {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}'''<ref>{{cite web
|title=15120 DDN BSBS EXP Train Route
|url=https://erail.in/train-enquiry/15120
|website=eRail
|date=13 October 2025
|access-date=13 October 2025
|language=en
}}</ref>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Distance from source in km
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Day
|-
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Arrival
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Departure
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Arrival
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Departure
|-
| valign="center" | BSB
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}
| valign="center" | '''Source'''
| valign="center" | '''08:30'''
| valign="center" | 0
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | '''15:45'''
| valign="center" | '''Destination'''
| valign="center" | 846
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | PBH
| valign="center" | [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Partapgarh Junction]]
| valign="center" | 11:45
| valign="center" | 11:50
| valign="center" | 129
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 11:52
| valign="center" | 11:57
| valign="center" | 718
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | LKO
| valign="center" | [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]]
| valign="center" | 16:35
| valign="center" | 16:45
| valign="center" | 302
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 07:35
| valign="center" | 07:55
| valign="center" | 545
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | SPN
| valign="center" | [[Shahjehanpur]]
| valign="center" | 20:07
| valign="center" | 20:12
| valign="center" | 466
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 03:10
| valign="center" | 03:15
| valign="center" | 380
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | BE
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}
| valign="center" | 21:12
| valign="center" | 21:17
| valign="center" | 537
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 02:00
| valign="center" | 02:05
| valign="center" | 310
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | MB
| valign="center" | [[Moradabad]]
| valign="center" | 23:35
| valign="center" | 23:50
| valign="center" | 627
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 23:55
| valign="center" | 00:30
| valign="center" | 219
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | PBH
| valign="center" | [[Najibabad]]
| valign="center" | 01:35
| valign="center" | 01:40
| valign="center" | 726
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 22:04
| valign="center" | 22:06
| valign="center" | 121
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | LRJ
| valign="center" | [[Laksar|Laksar Junction]]
| valign="center" | 02:52
| valign="center" | 02:55
| valign="center" | 767
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 21:10
| valign="center" | 21:13
| valign="center" | 79
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | HW
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Haridwar Junction}}
| valign="center" | 03:45
| valign="center" | 04:20
| valign="center" | 794
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 20:05
| valign="center" | 20:33
| valign="center" | 52
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | DDN
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Dehradun}}
| valign="center" | '''06:35'''
| valign="center" | '''Destination'''
| valign="center" | 846
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | '''Source'''
| valign="center" | '''18:20'''
| valign="center" | 0
| valign="center" | 1
|}

==Coaches==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Coach Composition of 15119/15120 Varanasi–Dehradun Express'''
! Coach No. !! Coach Type
|-
| 0 || Loco (L)
|-
| 1 || SLR
|-
| 2 || General (GS)
|-
| 3 || General (GS)
|-
| 4 || Sleeper (S1)
|-
| 5 || Sleeper (S2)
|-
| 6 || Sleeper (S3)
|-
| 7 || AC 3-Tier (M1)
|-
| 8 || AC 3-Tier (M2)
|-
| 9 || AC 2-Tier (B1)
|-
| 10 || AC 2-Tier (B2)
|-
| 11 || AC First Class (A1)
|-
| 12 || AC First Class (A2)
|-
| 13 || First Class (H1)
|-
| 14 || General (GS)
|-
| 15 || General (GS)
|-
| 16 || End-on Generator (EOG)
|}

'''Legend:'''
* L – Locomotive
* SLR – Seating cum Luggage Rake
* GS – General Unreserved
* S – Sleeper Class
* M – AC 3-Tier
* B – AC 2-Tier
* A – AC First Class
* H – First Class
* EOG – End-on Generator
<ref>{{cite web
|title=15120 DDN BSBS EXP Coach Position
|url=https://www.zoopindia.com/check-train-coach-position/15120-ddn-bsbs-exp-coach-position
|website=Zoop India
|date=13 October 2025
|access-date=13 October 2025
|language=en
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=15119 BSBS DDN EXPRESS Train Route
|url=https://erail.in/train-enquiry/15119
|website=eRail
|date=13 October 2025
|access-date=13 October 2025
|language=en
}}</ref>

==Train accident==
{{Main|2015 Uttar Pradesh train accident}}
On 20 March 2015 train number 14266 [[2015 Uttar Pradesh train accident|derailed in Bachhrawa]] near [[Rae Bareli]] at 09:10 in the morning. It was returning from Dehradun to Varanasi. Resulting one carriage of the train was crushed and flattened and As per sources 38 people died while more than 200 injured. The central government offered ₹200000 compensation for dead,₹50000 for seriously injured and ₹20000 for minor injured people. According to Indian Railways the main cause of the accident was the failure of train's braking system.

==Traction==

earlier was [[WDM-3D]]. It is hauled by [[Diesel Loco Shed, Lucknow]]-based [[WAP-7]] locomotive for its entire run.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indianrail.gov.in Indianrail.gov.in]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/ Irctc.co.in]
* [http://www.irfca.org Irfca.org]
* ''Dainik Jagran'' Hindi newspaper, Gorakhpur, 21 March 2015, page 1

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varanasi-Dehradun Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Trains from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Trinayani (Bengali TV series)

2026-05-02T17:18:32Z

SidneyBecnel: Creating initial biography from scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian Bengali Television Series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Trinayani.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Supernatural]] [[Conspiracy]]
| creator = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| story = Sahana
| screenplay = Sarbari Ghoshal '''Dialogues''' Suparna Ghoshal
| director = Swarnedu Samadder
| creative_director = Sahana
| presenter = SVF Entertainment
| starring = {{ubl|Shruti Das|Gourab Roy Chowdhury}}
| judges =
| voices = Madhuraa Bhattacharya
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 423
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] Mahendra Soni
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2019|3|04}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2020|7|26}}
| related =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
}}

'''''Trinayani''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] television [[supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[soap opera]] that premiered on 4 March 2019 and aired on Bengali [[Generalist channel|GEC]] [[Zee Bangla]]. The show starred Gourab Roy Chowdhury and Shruti Das.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bengali/zee-bangla-launches-promo-of-its-new-serial-trinayani-1988247|title=Zee Bangla Launche's promo of its new serial trinayani}}</ref> The story of the girl who can foresee the future was well received by the audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-daily-soap-krishnakoli-tops-the-trp-charts-trinayani-and-joy-baba-loknath-secure-2nd-and-3rd-positions-respectively/articleshow/69888957.cms|title=Bengali daily soap Krishnakoli tops the TRP charts; Trinayani and Joy Baba Loknath secure 2nd and 3rd positions respectively|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2019 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Shruti Das]]<ref>{{cite news |title=টিআরপি তালিকায় রাজত্ব করছেন দুই 'কালো মেয়ে', শ্যামা ও ত্রিনয়নী, কী বলছেন তাঁরা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-trinayani-and-shyama-top-in-trp-chart-dgtl-1.1080072 |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=8 December 2019|language=bn}}</ref> as Trinayani Basu aka Nayan.
* Gourab Roy Chowdhury<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/boimela-is-an-emotion-says-actor-gourab-roy-chowdhury-of-shubho-drishti-fame/articleshow/67864126.cms|title=Boimela is an emotion, says actor Gourab Roy Chowdhury of 'Shubho Drishti' fame|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Driptobroto Basu aka Dipu.

===Recurring===
* Jasmine Roy as Jasmine / Jessi, Nayan's rival, Driptobroto Basu's ex fiancee, obsessive lover
* Debjani Chattopadhyay as Sanjukta Basu Dripto's step-mother, Topobroto's second wife.
* Sujoy Prasad Chatterjee / Sourav Chatterjee as Vicky Deb - Sanjukta's younger brother.
* Siddhartha Banerjee as Dr.Devdut - Eye specialist and also Nayan's well-wisher.
* Yuvraj Chowdhury as Jasmine's husband.
* Moyna Mukherjee<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/moyna-mukherjee-is-all-set-to-resume-shooting-after-maternal-leave-dgtl-1.954608?ref=entertainment-new-stry|title=Moyna Mukherjee is all set to resume shooting after maternal leave}}</ref> as Kalpana Basu - Dripto's late mother.
* Kaushiki Guha as Trinayani's mother.
* Priya Malakar as Kumu: Trinayani's Sister.
* Mita Chatterjee as Kripamoyee Basu- Dripto's grandmother, Topobroto's mother.
* Bodhisattwa Majumder as Topobroto Basu- Dripto's father, Kalpana and Sanjukta's husband.
* Pushpita Mukherjee as Protima Basu - Dripto's aunt, Topobroto's younger brother's wife, a drunkard.
* Aditya Chowdhury as Piku Basu - Dripto's half-brother, Sanjukta-Tapobroto's elder son, Rangana's husband.
* [[Rii Sen]] as Rangana Basu, Piku's wife.
* Indranil Mallick as Jeet Basu - Dripto's younger half-brother, Sanjukta-Tapobroto's younger son.
* Debaparna Chakraborty<ref>{{cite news |title=বিয়ে করতে চলেছেন দেবপর্ণা-শুভ্রজ্যোতি, সোশাল মিডিয়ায় বিশেষ বার্তা |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actress-debaparna-chakraborty-to-tie-the-knot-with-young-entrepreneur-subhrajyoti-paul-chowdhury-149664/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 October 2019 |language=bn}}</ref> as Sudha.
* Rohit Mukherjee as Tarun Karmakar, Sudha's father and police inspector who loves Trinayani like a daughter.
* Neil Chatterjee as Jayanta- Jasmine's Elder Brother, Sudha's Husband.
* Nandini Chatterjee as Durba- Topobroto's younger sister, Dripto's paternal aunt.
* [[Ratna Ghoshal]] as Suhasini Lahiri.
* [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] as Aniruddha Lahiri - Suhasini's first son, Korok and Koli's father.
* Arindam Chatterjee as Aniket Lahiri - Suhasini's second son.
* Dwaipayan Das as Anil Lahiri - Suhasini's younger son.
* Sanmitra Bhaumik as Korok Lahiri-Suhasini's Grandson, Aniruddha's son, Koli's brother.
* Deerghoi Paul as Koli Lahiri-Suhasini's Granddaughter, Aniruddha's daughter, Korok's sister.

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Language
! style="background:Violet; width:25%;" |Title
! style="background:Violet; width:20%;" |Original release
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Last aired
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Trinayani'' ত্রিনয়নী
| 4 March 2019
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 26 July 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Trinayani (Telugu TV series)|Trinayani]]'' త్రినయని
| 2 March 2020
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 25 January 2025
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Nayan - Jo Vekhe Unvekha]]'' ਨਯਨ - ਜੋ ਵੇਖੇ ਉਨਵੇਖਾ
| 3 January 2022
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 23 March 2024
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Maari (TV series)|Maari]]'' மாரி
| 4 July 2022
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 1 November 2025
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulgi]]'' सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी
| 12 September 2022
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 21 December 2024
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Parvathy''<ref>{{cite web|title=Parvathy Serial Starring Niyuktha Prasad on Zee Keralam is The Malayalam Adaption of Trinayani|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/parvathy-serial-zee-keralam/|website=Kerala TV|date=4 May 2023}}</ref> പാർവ്വതി
| 12 June 2023
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 30 September 2024
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/trinayani/0-6-1422 Trinayani]'' at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt10241830}}

[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

Shri Ganganagar–Dadar Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:39:25Z

SidneyBecnel: Creating new entry w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Shri Ganganagar-Dadar Superfast Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] & [[Maharashtra]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Shri Ganganagar Junction}} (SGNR)
| stops = 26
| end = {{stnlnk|Dadar}} (DDR)
| distance = {{convert|1545|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 27 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly.
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12489 / 12490
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12489 / 12490 '''Shri Ganganagar–Dadar Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[North Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Shri Ganganagar Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Dadar}} in India.

It operates as train number 12489 from Shri Ganganagar Junction to Dadar and as train number 12490 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] & [[Maharashtra]].

==Coaches==

The 12489
/12490 Shri Ganganagar–Dadar Superfast Express presently has 1 AC 2 tier, 6 AC 3 tier, 10 Sleeper Class, 4 Second Class seating & 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not have a [[pantry car]].

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

12489 Shri Ganganagar–Dadar Superfast Express covers the distance of 1545 kilometres in 27 hours 10 mins (57 km/h).

12490 Dadar–Shri Ganganagar Superfast Express covers the distance of 1545 kilometres in 26 hours 55 mins (57 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above 57 km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.

==Routeing==

The train runs from Shri Ganganagar via {{stnlnk|Suratgarh Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Lunkaransar}}, {{stnlnk|Bikaner Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Merta Road Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jodhpur}}, {{stnlnk|Dhanera}}, {{stnlnk|Bhildi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Anand Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Surat}}, {{stnlnk|Borivali}} to Dadar.

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-5]] or [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on ots entire journey.

==Timings==

12489 Shri Ganganagar–Dadar Superfast Express leaves Bikaner Junction every Tuesday & Saturday at 13:50 hrs IST and reaches Dadar at 12:00 hrs IST the next day.

12490 Dadar–Shri Ganganagar Superfast Express leaves Dadar every Wednesday & Sunday at 14:35 hrs IST and reaches Bikaner Junction at 13:10 hrs IST the next day.

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 |df=dmy }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://railroadair.blogspot.in/2012/09/wr-attaches-extra-coach-in-dadar.html|title=Rail Road Air-Indian Railways: WR ATTACHES EXTRA COACH IN DADAR-BIKANER EXPRESS|publisher=railroadair.blogspot.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://rti.railnet.gov.in/rtidata/scanned/9357.pdf|date=26 May 2010|title=Information sought under "Right to Information Act 2005"|author=Bagh Singh Chowdhary|accessdate=2014-06-30}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JOD-railways-to-add-extra-coaches-in-trains-to-meet-rush-2084361.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520020908/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JOD-railways-to-add-extra-coaches-in-trains-to-meet-rush-2084361.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2011|title=Railways to add extra coaches in trains to meet rush – daily.bhaskar.com|publisher=daily.bhaskar.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bikaner-Dadar Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bikaner]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]

Jal Jeevan Mission

2026-04-25T20:51:40Z

SidneyBecnel: put up basic entry with sources

{{Short description|Schemes of Government of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Har Ghar Jal
| logo = Har Ghar Jal (Jal Jeevan Mission) logo.jpg
| formed = 2019
| parent_department = Jal Jeevan Mission
| parent_agency = Ministry of Jal Shakti
| website = https://jaljeevanmission.gov.in/
}}
'''Har Ghar Jal''' ({{Translation|Water To Every Household}}) is a scheme initiated by the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]] of [[Government of India]] under the Jal Jeevan Mission in 2019 with the aim to provide 55 litres of [[tap water]] to every [[Rural area|rural]] household per capita per day regularly on a long term basis by 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Har Ghar Jal Scheme |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1779739 |access-date=28 January 2023 |agency=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Jal Shakti |date=9 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Har Ghar Jal Scheme |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/har-ghar-jal-3 |website=drishtiias.com |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref> It is a restructuring of National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) by [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]] in August 2019.<ref name=":0" />

Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] during his Independence Day speech on August 15, 2019, addressed the goal of providing potable water connections to rural households across India by 2024 under a budget of 3.60 lakh crores. In this the central government share is 2.08 lakh crore.<ref name="pib.gov.in">{{Cite web | title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1807827 | access-date=2025-12-28 | website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The scheme envisages cost sharing in the ratio of 100:0 between Central Government-Union Territories, 90:10% between Central Government-North Eastern States/Himalayan State Governments and 50:50% between Central Government and other State Governments.<ref name="pib.gov.in"/>

==History==

* In 1972, Central government assistance to states for rural water supply under the “Accelerated Rural Drinking Water Supply Scheme” launched.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) | url=https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/JJM_note.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123081359/https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/JJM_note.pdf | archive-date=2019-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Water as a social determinant of health: bringing policies into action {{!}} Published in Journal of Global Health Reports | url=https://www.joghr.org/article/92160-water-as-a-social-determinant-of-health-bringing-policies-into-action | access-date=2025-12-28 | website=www.joghr.org}}</ref>
* In 2009, the project was renamed as "National Rural Drinking Water Program" (NRDWP), making it a joint project between the central and state governments. One of the NRDWP's objectives is to "ensure that all households have access to safe and adequate drinking water as much as possible, a goal proposed to be achieved by 2030 in collaboration with the United Nations".<ref>{{Cite web | title=Jal Jeevan Mission: Less than half of rural households have access to piped water supply - The HinduBusinessLine | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/data-focus/jal-jeevan-mission-less-than-half-of-rural-households-have-access-to-piped-water-supply/article65186436.ece | access-date=2025-12-28 | website=www.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref>
* As of now, the target is planned to be achieved by 2024 through the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM). As per the information in DDWS, as on 31.3.2019, only 18.33% of rural households i.e. 3.27 crore out of total 17.87 crore rural households in the country have piped water connection.
* Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] announced the scheme in [[2019 Union budget of India|2019 Union budget]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/budget-2019-har-ghar-jal-to-all-rural-households-by-2024-says-fm-sitharaman/videoshow/70087056.cms | title=Budget 2019: 'Har Ghar Jal' to all rural households by 2024, says FM Sitharaman | date=5 July 2019 | newspaper=The Economic Times | accessdate=4 September 2019 }}</ref> In August 2019 National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) was restructured by Modi government as Jal Jeevan Mission.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jal Jeevan Mission - Explained |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2023/08/18/explained-jal-jeevan-mission.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>
* Since its inception, the scheme has significantly improved household clean [[tap water]] availability in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/21/world/asia/india-water-modi.html| title=In India's Water- Stressed Villages, Modi Seeks a Tap for Every Home | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=21 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ejalshakti.gov.in/jjmreport/JJMIndia.aspx|title=Jal Jeevan Mission - Har Ghar Jal |date=22 December 2021}}</ref> The government has also published website based dashboard to track the progress details of the mission.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jal Jeevan Mission Dashboard |url=https://ejalshakti.gov.in/jjmreport/JJMIndia.aspx |website=ejalshakti.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Jal Shakti |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>
* In August 2022, [[Goa]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] became the first 'Har Ghar Jal' certified State and UT respectively with 100% tap-water access.<ref>{{cite news |title=Goa becomes the First 'Har Ghar Jal' Certified State & Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diubecomes the First 'Har Ghar Jal' Certified UT in the Country |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1852929 |access-date=28 January 2023 |agency=PIB |publisher=Ministry of Jal Shakti |date=18 August 2022}}</ref>

== Jal Jeevan Mission 2.0 ==
'''Jal Jeevan Mission 2.0 (JJM 2.0)''' is the extended and restructured phase of India’s rural drinking water programme, approved by the Government of India on '''22 March 2026.''' It builds upon the original Jal Jeevan Mission (launched in 2019) and aims to ensure tap water to rural household by '''2028.'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=bs |title= |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/datanomics-jal-jeevan-mission-connections-rise-supply-remains-hurdle-126032600592_1.html?utm_}}</ref>

On 1 April 2026, Central Government released ₹1,561 crores under JJM 2.0 for five states, including ₹792.93 crore to [[Uttar Pradesh]],₹536.53 crore to [[Chhattisgarh]], ₹ 154.02 for [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the remaining amount for [[Odisha]] and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-31 |title=Money starts flowing again: 5 states get Rs 1,561 crore as Centre reboots Jal Jeevan Mission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jal-jeevan-mission-2-0-funds-resumed-states-extension-2028-10611455/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Impact ==
* Rural India is now saving 5.5 crore hours a day in water fetching through this project, increasing labor participation and productivity, especially from women.<ref>{{Cite web | title=davos: River linking projects helping water reach more households, talks on with more states: C R Patil - The Economic Times | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/river-linking-projects-helping-water-reach-more-households-talks-on-with-more-states-c-r-patil/articleshow/117555873.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-12-28 | website=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Drinking water {{!}} No more a pipe dream {{!}} 75 Years of the Republic - India Today | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/75-years-of-the-republic/story/20250203-drinking-water-no-more-a-pipe-dream-75-years-of-the-republic-2669471-2025-01-24 | access-date=2025-12-28 | website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref>
* The World Health Organization says nearly 400,000 deaths from diarrheal diseases are prevented because of a safely managed drinking water program for all households in the country.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2042989 | access-date=2025-12-28 | website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2095791 | access-date=2025-12-28 | website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
* About 1.36 lakh child deaths can be prevented by providing safe drinking water to all rural households.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Potential Reduction in Child Mortality through Expanding Access to Safe Drinking Water in India | url=https://jaljeevanmission.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/potential-reduction-in-child-mortality-through-expanding-access-to-safe-drinking-water-in-india.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501140919/https://jaljeevanmission.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/potential-reduction-in-child-mortality-through-expanding-access-to-safe-drinking-water-in-india.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-01}}</ref>

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rural tap water connection <ref>https://ejalshakti.gov.in/JJM/JJMReports/Physical/JJMRep_HouseholdTapWaterConnection.aspx</ref><ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2220143&reg=3&lang=1</ref><ref>https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/263/AU252.pdf?source=pqars</ref><ref>https://ddnews.gov.in/en/centre-says-81-71-rural-households-now-have-tap-water-supply/</ref><ref>https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312144</ref>
! Year !! Rural tap water connection (in Crores)
|-
| 2019 Aug || 3.23
|-
| 2020 Aug || 5.32
|-
| 2021 Aug || 8.05
|-
| 2022 Aug || 10.04
|-
| 2023 Aug || 12.96
|-
| 2024 Aug || 15.11
|-
| 2025 Aug || 15.69
|-
|}

* Rural tap water connection % barchart<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jal-jeevan-mission-provides-tap-water-to-11-crore-rural-households/article66432978.ece</ref><ref>https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/262/AU899.pdf?source=pqars</ref>
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! rowspan="2" |State
! rowspan="2" |Total number of households
! rowspan="2" |Households with water supply as of April 14, 2024
! rowspan="2" |Percentage as of August 15, 2019
! rowspan="2" |Percentage as of April 14, 2024
! rowspan="2" |Year set to achieve 100% target
|-
|-
|Goa
|2,63,002
|2,63,002
|75.7
|100.00
|2021
|-
|Telangana
|53,98,219
|53,98,219
|29.113
|100.00
|2021
|-
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|62,037
|62,037
|46.016
|100.00
|2024
|-
|Puduchery
|1,14,908
|1,14,908
|81.33
|100.00
|2021
|-
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
|85,156
|85,156
|0.00
|100.00
|
|-
|Haryana
|30,41,314
|30,41,314
|58.08
|100.00
|2023
|-
|Punjab
|34,18,055
|34,18,055
|49.11
|100.00
|2022
|-
|Gujarat
|91,18,449
|91,18,449
|71.46
|100.00
|2023
|-
|Bihar
|1,66,29,634
|1,60,34,628
|1.90
|96.42
|2021
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|17,08,727
|17,08,727
|44.64
|100.00
|2023
|-
|Manipur
|4,51,566
|3,53,296
|5.740
|78.24
|2022
|-
|Maharashtra
|1,46,71,746
|1,25,13,721
|33.01
|85.29
|2024
|-
|Sikkim
|1,33,147
|1,17,912
|52.83
|88.56
|2022
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2,28,566
|2,28,566
|9.97
|100
|2023
|-
|Mizoram
|1,33,060
|1,33,060
|6.91
|100
|2023
|-
|Uttarakhand
|14,54,005
|13,67,523
|8.96
|94.05
|2022
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|95,44,575
|70,04,569
|32.21
|73.39
|2024
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir
|18,71,488
|14,47,088
|30.75
|77.32
|2023
|-
|Karnataka
|1,01,14,843
|76,88,890
|24.226
|76.02
|2023
|-
|Tripura
|7,48,801
|5,94,756
|3.27
|79.43
|2023
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1,25,23,029
|1,02,71,639
|17.38
|82.02
|2023
|-
|Ladakh
|40,808
|37,723
|3.47
|92.44
|2022
|-
|Odisha
|88,67,992
|64,80,055
|3.510
|73.07
|2024
|-
|Nagaland
|3,62,159
|3,18,773
|3.83
|88.02
|2024
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1,11,81,285
|68,84,884
|12.10
|61.58
|2024
|-
|Kerala
|70,80,541
|37,17,974
|23.542
|52.51
|2023
|-
|Meghalaya
|6,51,391
|4,99,608
|0.70
|76.70
|2023
|-
|Assam
|71,35,784
|55,06,485
|1.56
|77.17
|2024
|-
|West Bengal
|1,75,11,651
|82,52,370
|1.23
|47.13
|2024
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|50,00,306
|39,01,291
|6.39
|78.02
|2024
|-
|Rajasthan
|1,06,95,325
|51,32,870
|10.93
|47.99
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|62,23,239
|32,55,403
|5.55
|52.31
|2024
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2,65,51,702
|2,16,90,513
|1.94
|81.69
|2022
|-
|Total
|19,30,29,941
|14,66,54,447
|16.77
|75.97
|2024
|}

==See also ==
{{main|List of schemes of the government of India}}

* [[DigiLocker]] (easier access to online identity proof and services)
* [[Ration card (India)|One Nation, One Ration Card]] (food security card's national portability)
* [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] (affordable housing for all)
* [[Saubhagya scheme|Saubhagya electrification scheme]] (electrification for all houses)
* [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan|Swachh Bharat]] (sanitation mission)
* [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana|Ujjwala Yojana]] (clean cooking gas connections for all)
* [[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana]] (for road development)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Water in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:55:59Z

SidneyBecnel: Creating the details v1 - done

{{short description|Former Lok Sabha constituency in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tezpur
| type = LS
| map_image = Tezpur Lok Sabha 2008.svg
| map_caption = Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency in Assam
| state = [[Assam]]
| assembly_cons = [[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]] [[Barchalla Assembly constituency|Barchalla]] [[Dhekiajuli]] [[Biswanath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biswanath]] [[Sootea]] [[Bihpuria]] [[Rangapara]] [[Gohpur]] [[Behali]]
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2023
| electors = <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014"]</ref>
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Pallab Lochan Das]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Indian general elections|2019]]
}}
'''Tezpur''' was a former Lok Sabha constituency in [[Assam]]. After the delimitation, the constituency's area changed, and the name was changed to [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]].

{{Pie chart|caption=Most Successful parties from Tezpur Lok Sabha Constituency|other=|value1=73|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (11 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|value2=13|label2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''Bharatiya Janata Party'''( 2 Times)]]|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|value3=7|label3=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' ( 1 Time)]]|color3={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value4=7|label4=[[Asom Gana Parishad|'''Asom Gana Parishad''' ( 1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Janata Party}}|value5=|label5=|color5=|value6=|label6=|color6=|value7=|label7=|color7=|value8=|label8=|color8=}}

==Assembly segments==
Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-06
|work = Assam
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate = 2006-05-04
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!width="150px"|Name
!width="100px" style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!District
!width="150px"|Party
!width="150px"|MLA
|-
|71
|[[Dhekiajuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhekiajuli]]
|None
|[[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Ashok Singhal]]
|-
|72
|[[Barchalla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barchalla]]
|None
|[[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Ganesh Kumar Limbu]]
|-
|73
|[[Tezpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]]
|None
|[[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
|bgcolor=#99CCFF|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|[[Prithiraj Rava]]
|-
|74
|[[Rangapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangapara]]
|None
|[[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Krishna Tanti
|-
|75
|[[Sootea (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sootea]]
|None
|[[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Padma Hazarika]]
|-
|76
|[[Biswanath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biswanath]]
|None
|[[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Promod Borthakur]]
|-
|77
|[[Behali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behali]]
|None
|[[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Ranjit Dutta]]
|-
|78
|[[Gohpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gohpur]]
|None
|[[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Utpal Borah]]
|-
|109
|[[Bihpuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bihpuria]]
|None
|[[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Amiya Kumar Bhuyan]]
|}
===Vote share===
{{bar box|float=right|title=Vote share of Winning candidates|titlebar=#ddd|width=300px|barwidth=275px|bars={{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|57.48}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.52}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|29.11}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|32.68}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.09}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.98}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.62}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.10}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Independent}}|Election not held}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.58}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.91}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|66.22}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.97}}
{{bar percent|1967|{{party color|CPI(M)}}|35.90}}}}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart|caption=Most Successful M.P.s from Tezpur Vidhan Sabha|other=|value1=20|label1=[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati|'''Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati(INC)'''( 3 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|value2=20|label2=[[Moni Kumar Subba|'''Moni Kumar Subba(INC)'''( 3 Times)]]|color2={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|value3=7|label3=[[Kamala Prasad Agarwala|'''Kamala Prasad Agarwala(INC)'''( 1 Times)]]|color3={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|value4=7|label4=[[Purna Narayan Sinha|'''Dr. Purna Narayan Sinha(BLD)'''( 1 Times)]]|color4={{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|value5=7|label5=[[Joseph Toppo|'''Joseph Toppo(AGP)'''( 1Time)]]|color5={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value6=7|label6=[[Ram Prasad Sarmah|'''Ram Prasad Sarma(BJP)'''( 1Time)]]|color6={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|value7=33|label7='''Others'''( 5 Times)|color7={{party color|Independent}}|value8=|label8=|color8=}}
=== Members of Parliament ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Lok Sabha
!Winner
!colspan="2"|Party
!Runner-up
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="7" |'''Darrang Lok Sabha Constituency (1952-1967)'''
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
|[[Kamakhya Prasad Tripathy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|'''H.C. Barua'''
|{{Full party name with color | Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
|[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Unopposed]]
|{{Full party name with color|N/A}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
|[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|'''Prasanta Baruah'''
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| colspan="7" |'''Tezpur lok Sabha Constituency (1967-2023)'''
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|'''G.Mahanta'''
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|[[Kamala Prasad Agarwala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|'''Francis Hans'''
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|[[Purna Narayan Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
| colspan="5" |'''Election not held in Assam'''
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|[[Bipinpal Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Purna Narayan Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
| colspan="5" |'''Election not held in Assam'''
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|[[Swarup Upadhyay]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Purna Narayan Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|[[Iswar Prasanna Hazarika]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|'''Harsha Bahadur Biswakarma'''
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|[[Moni Kumar Subba]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Iswar Prasanna Hazarika]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|[[Moni Kumar Subba]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ram Prasad Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|[[Moni Kumar Subba]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Padma Hazarika]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|[[Joseph Toppo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|[[Moni Kumar Subba]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|[[Ram Prasad Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bhupen Kumar Borah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|[[Pallab Lochan Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|'''M.G.V.K. Bhanu'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Sonitpur Lok Sabha Constituency(2024-present)'''
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Ranjit Dutta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|'''Premlal Gunju'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{Pie chart|caption=Most Successful 1st Runner-up parties from Tezpur Lok Sabha|other=|value1=26|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (4 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|value2=20|label2=[[Asom Gana Parishad|'''Asom Gana Parishad''' (3 Times)]]|color2={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value3=13|label3=[[Praja Socialist Party|'''Praja Socialist Party''' (2 Times)]]|color3={{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|value4=13|label4=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''Bharatiya Janata Party''' (2 Times)]]|color4={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|value5=7|label5=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' (1 Time)]]|color5={{party color|Janata Party}}|value6=7|label6=[[Congress Socialist Party|'''Congress Socialist Party''' (1 Time)]]|color6={{party color|Socialist Party}}|value7=7|label7=[[Independent politician|'''Independents''' (1 Time)]]|color7={{party color|Independent}}|value8=7|label8=[[Unopposed 1957|'''Unopposed 1957''' (1 Time)]]|color8={{party color|Independent}}}}

===[[17th Lok Sabha]]: [[2019 Indian general election|2019 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Tezpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pallab Lochan Das]]|votes=6,84,166|percentage=57.48|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M.G.V.K. Bhanu|votes=4,41,325|percentage=37.03|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Bijoy Kumar Tiru|votes=23,646|percentage=1.98|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=15,626|percentage=1.31|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Voters Party International|candidate=Mahendra Orang|votes=7,966|percentage=0.67|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Mahendra Bhuyan|votes=6,483|percentage=0.54|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=National People's Party (India)|candidate=Ram Kumar Sunar|votes=5,880|percentage=0.49|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Zaibur Rahman Khan|votes=5,104|percentage=0.43|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,42,841|percentage=20.40|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,91,885|percentage=79.48|change=|}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[16th Lok Sabha]]: [[2014 Indian general election|2014 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Tezpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Prasad Sarmah]]
|votes = 4,46,511
|percentage = 45.52
|change = +45.52
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhupen Kumar Borah]]
|votes = 3,60,491
|percentage = 36.75
|change = -1.46
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Moni Kumar Subba]]
|votes = 62,730
|percentage = 6.40
|change = +6.40
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Joseph Toppo]]
|votes = 40,489
|percentage = 4.13
|change = -37.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Khemraj Chetry
|votes = 24,910
|percentage = 2.54
|change = -1.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 16,667
|percentage = 1.70
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Lakshikanta Kurmi
|votes = 10,725
|percentage = 1.09
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Gopi Chand Shahabadi
|votes = 8,712
|percentage = 0.89
|change = +0.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Elias Kujur
|votes = 5,207
|percentage = 0.53
|change = +0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Rajen Saikia
|votes = 4,246
|percentage = 0.43
|change = +0.43
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 86,020
|percentage = 8.77
|change = +5.20
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,80,846
|percentage = 77.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing = +41.59
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[15th Lok Sabha]]: [[2019 Indian general elections|2009 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Tezpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Joseph Toppo]]|votes=3,52,246|percentage=29.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Moni Kumar Subba]]|votes=3,22,093|percentage=26.62|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Deba Orang|votes=46,255|percentage=3.82|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Jiten Sundi|votes=36,734|percentage=3.04|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Rudra Parajuli|votes=19,684|percentage=1.63|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Prasanta Boro|votes=14,613|percentage=1.21|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Rubul Sarma|votes=11,657|percentage=0.96|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Dr. Pranab Kumar Das|votes=7,750|percentage=0.65|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Independent Politician|candidate=MD. Nazir Ahmed|votes=6,208|percentage=0.51|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Vikas Morcha|candidate=Arun Kumar Murmoo|votes=5,645|percentage=0.47|change=N/A|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Independent Politician|candidate=Daniel David Bharali|votes=5,646|percentage=0.47|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kalyan Kumar Deori Bharali|votes=4,317|percentage=0.36|change=N/A|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|candidate=Regionld V. Johnson|votes=3,857|percentage=0.32|change=N/A|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Jugananda Hazarika|votes=3,464|percentage=0.29|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Parashmoni Sinha|votes=3,228|percentage=0.27|change=N/A|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=30,153|percentage=3.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=8,43,014|percentage=69.66|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Asom Gana Parishad|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}[[14th Lok Sabha]]:[[2004 Indian general election]]{{Election box begin|title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Tezpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Moni Kumar Subba]]|votes=2,89,847|percentage=|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Padma Hazarika]]|votes=2,19,402|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ghisa Lal Agarwala|votes=1,64,662|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=[[CPI(ML)L]]|candidate=Rubul Sarma|votes=24,595|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Dipen Tanti|votes=21,262|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=70,445|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,19,768|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Tezpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Moni Kumar Subba]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ram Prasad Sarmah]]|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=Dr. Khoseswar Bora|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Bibek Das|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Independent Politician|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Independent Politician|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=30,153|percentage=3.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=8,43,014|percentage=69.66|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Asom Gana Parishad|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin|title=[[1957 Indian general election]] : Tezpur Lok Sabha Constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati|party=Indian National Congress|votes=Elected Unopposed|percentage=N/A|change=N/A}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|percentage=N/A|change=N/A|swing=}} {{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tezpur]]
* [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/assam/tezpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Tezpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord|26.7|92.8|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tezpur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam]]

Ghonda Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:33Z

SidneyBecnel: starting new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghonda
| mla = [[Ajay Mahawar]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[North East Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 66
}}
'''Ghonda Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.
Ghonda assembly constituency is a part of [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Lal Bihari Tiwari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" | Bhisham Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sahab Singh Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[Shri Dutt Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan =2|[[Ajay Mahawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: [[Ghonda (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ghonda]]<ref name="Delhi Assembly election 2025: Ghonda">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly election 2025: Ghonda |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0566.htm |accessdate=21 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221172228/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0566.htm |archivedate=21 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Ajay Mahawar]]
| votes = 79,987
| percentage = 56.96
| change = {{decrease}}0.59
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Gaurav Sharma
| votes = 53,929
| percentage = 38.41
| change = {{increase}}0.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Bheeshma Sharma
| votes = 4,883
| percentage = 3.48
| change = {{decrease}}0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sunder Lohiya
| votes = 454
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 26,058
| percentage = 18.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,40,420
| percentage = 61.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Ghonda]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2020 |title=General Legislative Election 2020|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ajay Mahawar
| votes = 81,797
| percentage = 57.55
| change = +18.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Shri Dutt Sharma]]
| votes = 53,427
| percentage = 37.59
| change = -7.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Bhisham Sharma
| votes = 5,484
| percentage = 3.86
| change = -10.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 512
| percentage = 0.36
| change = 0.00
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 28,370
| percentage = 19.95
| change = +13.98
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,42,191
| percentage =63.94
| change =-2.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +18.57
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Ghonda]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = '''[[Shri Dutt Sharma]]'''
| votes = 60,906
| percentage = 44.95
| change = +25.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sahab Singh Chauhan
| votes = 52,813
| percentage = 38.98
| change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Bhisham Sharma
| votes = 18,892
| percentage = 13.94
| change = -15.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ranjeet Singh Chaudhary
| votes = 1,314
| percentage = 0.96
| change = -4.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Altaf Hussain
| votes = 770
| percentage = 0.56
| change = -3.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Naveen Tiwari
| votes = 129
| percentage = 0.09
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 500
| percentage = 0.36
| change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 8,093
| percentage = 5.97
| change = -3.88
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,35,586
| percentage =66.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +25.31
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Ghonda]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=66 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = '''Sahab Singh Chauhan'''
| votes = 47,531
| percentage = 39.25
| change = +0.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Bheeshma Sharma
| votes = 35,599
| percentage = 29.40
| change = -8.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Dataram
| votes = 23,621
| percentage = 19.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Naresh Chand Rathore
| votes = 6,155
| percentage = 5.08
| change = -18.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Rohtash Kumar
| votes = 4,464
| percentage = 3.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kiran Pal Singh
| votes = 1,857
| percentage = 1.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lokpriya Samaj Party
| candidate = Jai Prakash Singh
| votes = 264
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Proutist Bloc India
| candidate = Aflatoon
| votes = 225
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
| candidate = Waseem
| votes = 217
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Kiran Singh
| votes = 131
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| candidate = Md Nazir
| votes = 129
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Mukti Morcha
| candidate = Mohinder Pal Singh
| votes = 109
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Socialist Party (India)
| candidate = Rajiv Kumar
| votes = 86
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janmorcha
| candidate = Padam Chand
| votes = 84
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janshoshit Samaj Party
| candidate = Ramesh Chand
| votes = 77
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 549
| percentage = 0.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 11,932
| percentage = 9.85
| change = +9.21
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 121,139
| percentage = 65.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +0.79
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
Major Boundary Changes(Yamuna Vihar constituency merged with Ghonda)
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Ghonda<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = '''Shahab Singh Chauhan'''
| votes = 35,226
| percentage = 38.46
| change = +14.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Bheeshma Sharma
| votes = 34,646
| percentage = 37.82
| change = -10.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rohtash Kumar
| votes = 21,724
| percentage = 23.72
| change = +1.32
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 580
| percentage = 0.64
| change = -23.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 91,596
| percentage = 57.5
| change = -0.97
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +14.73
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Ghonda<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = '''Bheeshma Sharma'''
| votes = 26,785
| percentage = 48.23
| change = -2.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = B D Sharma
| votes = 13,177
| percentage = 23.73
| change = -5.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rohtash Kumar
| votes = 12,439
| percentage = 22.40
| change = +17.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Sunder Lal
| votes = 829
| percentage = 1.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jai Prakash Janata Dal
| candidate = Hari Ram
| votes = 528
| percentage = 0.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajendra Kumar
| votes = 392
| percentage = 0.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Surinder Gautam
| votes = 324
| percentage = 0.58
| change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Anil Kumar Tiwari
| votes = 287
| percentage = 0.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prem Singh Rawat
| votes = 243
| percentage = 0.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Ram Kishan
| votes = 241
| percentage = 0.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Amar Singh
| votes = 103
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ombir Singh
| votes = 92
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Loktantrik Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Dr Bishwas Sandilya
| votes = 63
| percentage = 0.11
| change = -0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = M Iqbal
| votes = 32
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 13,608
| percentage = 24.50
| change = +3.30
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 55,535
| percentage = 58.47
| change = +11.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -2.66
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Ghonda<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = '''Bheeshma Sharma'''
| votes = 25,014
| percentage = 50.89
| change = +19.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sarvesh Sharma
| votes = 14,594
| percentage = 29.69
| change = -19.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Jai Pal Singh
| votes = 2,551
| percentage = 5.19
| change = +1.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ashok Kumar
| votes = 1,539
| percentage = 3.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nathu Singh
| votes = 1,479
| percentage = 3.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Naresh Chand
| votes = 1,148
| percentage = 2.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Manoj
| votes = 689
| percentage = 1.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Raj Kumar Bhati
| votes = 646
| percentage = 1.31
| change = -7.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Loktantrik Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Ved Prakash
| votes = 323
| percentage = 0.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Puran Singh Sajwan
| votes = 300
| percentage = 0.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Vijender Kumar Sharma
| votes = 272
| percentage = 0.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Napal Yadav
| votes = 179
| percentage = 0.36
| change = -0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Mangal Singh
| votes = 148
| percentage = 0.30
| change = -0.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Babu Khan
| votes = 92
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Mukesh Sharma
| votes = 81
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Krantikari Manuwadi Morcha
| candidate = Awani Kumar Tiwari
| votes = 45
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bedi Singh
| votes = 35
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
| candidate = Ram Shankar
| votes = 22
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 10,420
| percentage = 21.20
| change = -3.65
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 49,157
| percentage = 47.45
| change = -18.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +19.64
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Ghonda<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Lal Behari Tiwari
| votes = 21,614
| percentage = 48.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Dhiraj Singh
| votes = 13,841
| percentage = 31.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Balraj Singh
| votes = 3,915
| percentage = 8.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Kumarji Lal Rajoria
| votes = 1,583
| percentage = 3.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Prakash Sharma
| votes = 1,301
| percentage = 2.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Surinder Gautam
| votes = 368
| percentage = 0.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Pratap Singh Bisht
| votes = 311
| percentage = 0.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sudan Singh
| votes = 285
| percentage = 0.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mangal Singh
| votes = 181
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ziley Singh
| votes = 150
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Om Prakash
| votes = 121
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Madan Mohan
| votes = 116
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Desh Bhakt Party
| candidate = Harish Chauhan
| votes = 108
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Kranti Dal
| candidate = Ram Lal Tanwar
| votes = 92
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Vijay
| votes = 91
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajesh Sharma
| votes = 82
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 71
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Gulvir Singh
| votes = 40
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Aashe Ram Sharma
| votes = 13
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| candidate = Joginder Prasad
| votes = 6
| percentage = 0.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,773
| percentage = 17.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 44,289
| percentage = 65.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.691|77.265|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:North East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Amer Ali Khan

2026-04-18T21:04:04Z

SidneyBecnel: starting bio

{{Short description|Indian journalist and politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mir Amer Ali Khan
| birth_name =
| caption = Mir Amir Ali Khan
| image = Mer_Amir_Ali_khan.jpg
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Telangana]]
| term_start = 16 August 2024
| term_end = 13 August 2025
| constituency = [[State legislative councils of India#Composition|Nominated]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|10|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Journalist, Politician
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
| spouse = Juveria Khaleel Rehman
| children = One Son and Two Daughters
| parents = Zahid Ali Khan, Shama Fatima Khan<ref name="Amer Ali Khan">{{cite news |title=Amer Ali Khan |url=https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/mlcmemberdetails/export/pdf |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=Telangana Legislative Council |date=2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327112124/https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/mlcmemberdetails/export/pdf |archive-date=27 March 2025}}</ref>
| footnotes =
| father =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getmlcmemberdetailsnew?q=bWVtaWQ9MTAxJmNvbnN0aWQ9NDA=
}}
'''Amer Ali Khan''' (born 18 October 1973) is an Indian journalist and politician from Telangana. He was nominated as Member of Legislative Council (MLC) for [[Telangana Legislative Council]] under Governors quota in August 2024 and took oath as MLC on August 16.<ref name="Telangana: Kodandaram, Amer Ali Khan took oath as MLCs">{{cite news |title=Telangana: Kodandaram, Amer Ali Khan took oath as MLCs |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Kodandaram&action=edit#com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-kodandaram-amer-ali-khan-took-oath-as-mlcs-1816948 |access-date=19 August 2024 |date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091907/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-kodandaram-amer-ali-khan-took-oath-as-mlcs-1816948 |archive-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Amer Ali Khan is the son of ‘[[The Siasat Daily]]’ chief editor [[Zahid Ali Khan]]. He had completed his bachelor's degree in Communication and Journalism from [[Osmania University]] and [[Master of Business Administration|Masters in Business Administration]] from [[Sultan-ul-Uloom Education Society|Sultan–ul-Uloom]] in Hyderabad.<ref name="Telangana: Activist Kodandram and Amer Ali Khan nominated as MLCs">{{cite news |title=Telangana: Activist Kodandram and Amer Ali Khan nominated as MLCs |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/telangana-activist-kodandram-and-amer-ali-khan-nominated-as-mlcs |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809185330/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/telangana-activist-kodandram-and-amer-ali-khan-nominated-as-mlcs |archive-date= 9 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Amer Ali Khan, news editor of Urdu daily [[The Siasat Daily|Siasat]], he has been in the forefront of the movement to demand implementation of 12 percent reservation as promised by the BRS government. Khan's name was recommended by the Council of Ministers (Cabinet) on 13 January 2024 in recognition of the social, economic, welfare and educational activities of ‘Siasat’, one of the largest circulated Urdu dailies in India and the Gazette Notification issued on 27 January appointing him as MLC under the Governor's quota which the Governor had accepted on March 7.<ref name="Kodandaram and Amer Ali Khan to be nominated again as MLCs under Governor’s quota after HC verdict">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Kodandaram and Amer Ali Khan to be nominated again as MLCs under Governor's quota after HC verdict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kodandaram-and-amer-ali-khan-to-be-nominated-again-as-mlcs-under-governors-quota-after-hc-verdict/article67928997.ece |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715215645/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kodandaram-and-amer-ali-khan-to-be-nominated-again-as-mlcs-under-governors-quota-after-hc-verdict/article67928997.ece |archive-date=15 July 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Kodandaram, Amer Ali to be renominated for MLC berths">{{cite news |title=Kodandaram, Amer Ali to be renominated for MLC berths |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kodandaram-and-amer-ali-renominated-for-mlc-berths-in-telangana-cabinet-decision/articleshow/112208114.cms |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327110504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kodandaram-and-amer-ali-renominated-for-mlc-berths-in-telangana-cabinet-decision/articleshow/112208114.cms |archive-date=27 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Governor nominates Amer Ali Khan, Prof M K Rama Reddy as MLCs">{{cite news |title=Telangana Governor nominates Amer Ali Khan, Prof M K Rama Reddy as MLCs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/telangana/story/telangana-governor-nominates-amer-ali-khan-prof-m-l-rama-reddy-as-mlcs-2494439-2024-01-28 |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215044913/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/telangana/story/telangana-governor-nominates-amer-ali-khan-prof-m-l-rama-reddy-as-mlcs-2494439-2024-01-28 |archive-date=15 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

Amer Ali Khan took oath as MLC on 16 August 2024.<ref name="Kodandaram and Amer Ali Khan take oath as MLCs">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Kodandaram and Amer Ali Khan take oath as MLCs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kodandaram-and-amer-ali-khan-take-oath-as-mlcs/article68531796.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819092053/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kodandaram-and-amer-ali-khan-take-oath-as-mlcs/article68531796.ece |archive-date=19 August 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Telangana: Professor Kodandaram, Amir Ali Khan take oath as MLCs">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana: Professor Kodandaram, Amir Ali Khan take oath as MLCs |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-professor-kodandaram-amir-ali-khan-take-oath-as-mlcs-1816825 |access-date=27 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327104540/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-professor-kodandaram-amir-ali-khan-take-oath-as-mlcs-1816825 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The Supreme Court on 13 August 2025 imposed a stay on the appointment of Amer Ali Khan as Member of the Telangana Legislative Council (MLC) under the Governor’s quota.<ref name="Supreme Court modifies interim order, halts tenure of Kodandaram, Amer Ali Khan as MLCs">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Supreme Court modifies interim order, halts tenure of Kodandaram, Amer Ali Khan as MLCs |url=https://telanganatoday.com/supreme-court-modifies-interim-order-halts-tenure-of-kodandaram-amer-ali-khan-as-mlcs |access-date=14 August 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=13 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814140141/https://telanganatoday.com/supreme-court-modifies-interim-order-halts-tenure-of-kodandaram-amer-ali-khan-as-mlcs |archive-date=14 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SC stays appointment of two Congress MLCs in Telangana">{{cite news |title=SC stays appointment of two Congress MLCs in Telangana |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/sc-stays-appointment-of-two-congress-mlcs-in-telangana |access-date=14 August 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |date=14 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814140356/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/sc-stays-appointment-of-two-congress-mlcs-in-telangana |archive-date=14 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Amer Ali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Journalists from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]

Dinesh Singh (politician, born 1925)

2026-04-17T20:02:09Z

SidneyBecnel: starting a bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{about|member of parliament|member of Punjab Legislative Assembly|Dinesh Singh (Punjab politician)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raja Dinesh Singh
| image = File:Dinesh Singh Lok Sabha portrait.gif
| image_size = 150
| caption =
| office = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister of External Affairs]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| term_start1 = 1969
| term_end1 = 1970
| predecessor1 = Indira Gandhi {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor1 = [[Sardar Swaran Singh]]
| prime_minister2 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| term_start2 = 1993
| term_end2 = 1995
| predecessor2 = P. V. Narasimha Rao {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Union Ministry of Water Resources]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| term_start3 = 14 February 1988
| term_end3 = 25 June 1988
| predecessor3 = [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
| successor3 = [[B. Shankaranand]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
| term_start4 = 1967
| term_end4 = 1977
| predecessor4 = [[Ajit Pratap Singh]]
| successor4 = [[Roop Nath Singh Yadav]]
| constituency5 = [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
| term_start5 = 1984
| term_end5 = 1991
| predecessor5 = [[Ajit Pratap Singh]]
| successor5 = [[Abhay Pratap Singh]]
| module = {{Infobox pretender
| embed = yes
| title = [[Raja]] of [[Kalakankar]]
| throne = [[Kalakankar]]
| pretend from = 1971–1995
| year = '''Sovereign Monarchy''' 1947 ([[Instrument of Accession]]) '''Titular Monarchy''' 1971 ([[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|26th Amendment of the Indian Constitution]])
| king = ''Himself''
| relationship =
| successor = ''Vacant''
| footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed = yes
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Kalakankar]]
| reign = 1933–1947
| reign-type2 = Titular Reign
| reign2 = 1947–1971
| predecessor = [[Raja Awadhesh Singh]]
| birth_date ={{birth date|1925|7|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kalakankar]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date ={{death date and age|1995|11|30|1925|7|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| spouse = Neelima Kumari
| father = [[Raja Awadhesh Singh]]
|module = {{Infobox person
| embed=yes
|children= 6 (including [[Rajkumari Ratna Singh]])
|alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]] [[The Doon School]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]}}
}}
}}

'''Raja Dinesh Singh''' (19 July 1925 – 30 November 1995) was an Indian politician. His family is from [[Kalakankar]]. He served as a [[Member of Parliament]] on several occasions, and twice served as the [[Minister of External Affairs]] of India.<ref name=ind>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Dinesh Singh |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-dinesh-singh-1523677.html |work=The Independent |date= 2 December 1995}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dinesh Singh was born on 19 July 1925, to [[Raja Awadhesh Singh]], the [[taluqdar]], or landed nobleman, of [[Kalakankar]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was educated at [[The Doon School]], Dehradun and at [[Lucknow University]].<ref>{{cite web|agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/04/world/dinesh-singh-indian-cabinet-minister-70.html |title=Dinesh Singh, Indian Cabinet Minister, 70 – The New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=1995-12-04 |accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 1962-66 he was Deputy Minister in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] 1962–66, Minister of State 1966–67, and Minister of Commerce 1967-69 and 1988–89, Minister of Industrial Development and Internal Trade 1970–71. He was Minister of External Affairs 1969-70<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/14/archives/mrs-gandhi-appoints-a-new-foreign-minister-dinesh-singh-43-is.html|title=Mrs. Gandhi Appoints a New Foreign Minister; Dinesh Singh, 43, Is Viewed as Mistrustful of the West -- Other Aides Shifted|newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 February 1969|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> and 1993–1995.

He was elected from Pratapgarh for seven terms from the Second [[Lok Sabha]] (1957–62), to the [[Fifth Lok Sabha]] (1971–77), and then again for the Eighth<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870315-dinesh-singh-minister-in-external-affairs-for-half-dozen-years-in-60s-seems-political-grave-798615-1987-03-15|title=Dinesh Singh, minister in External Affairs for half dozen years in 60s|access-date=1 August 2021|date=15 March 1987}}</ref> and Ninth Lok Sabha 1984–1991, serving in the [[Rajya Sabha]] in the interregnum.

==Personal life==
He married Neelima Kumari of the [[Tehri-Garhwal]] ruling family, in 1944, and had six daughters. His sixth daughter is [[Ratna Singh]], who was also a member of Lok Sabha from the same Pratapgarh constituency.

He died on 30 November 1995 in New Delhi, due to various diseases. At the time of his death, he was a minister without portfolio in the Cabinet headed by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].

==See also==
* [[Brajesh Singh]], uncle of Dinesh Singh.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kalakankar.html Kalakankar royal family tree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908042545/http://www.members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kalakankar.html |date=8 September 2014 }}
*[https://scroll.in/article/844878/indira-gandhi-the-alpha-female-who-was-attracted-to-alpha-males]
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Indira Gandhi]]|
title=[[Indian Foreign Minister|Minister for External Affairs of India]]|
years=1969–1970|
after=[[Sardar Swaran Singh]]
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[P V Narasimha Rao]]|
title=[[Indian Foreign Minister|Minister for External Affairs of India]]|
years=1993–1995|
after=[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{External Affairs Ministers of India}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dinesh}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Ministers for external affairs of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:People from Banda district, India]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]

Nalchar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:06Z

SidneyBecnel: created new details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nalchar
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| map_image = Nalchar Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 21
| mla = [[Kishor Barman]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:44814}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Nalchar''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India – Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map – Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[Sipahijala district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. Nalchar is also part of [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Tripura Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/bishalgarh.html Sitting and Previous MLAs from Nalchar Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/TRP2013_Reports.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura]</ref><ref>[http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/ne/6133-list-of-assembly-constituency-of-tripura.html List of assembly constituency of Tripura]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Benode Behari Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Sumanta Kumar Das || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Narayan Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=5 | [[Sukumar Barman]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[List of by-elections to the Tripura Legislative Assembly|2012]]* ||rowspan =2|Tapan Chandra Das
|-
|[[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Subhash Chandra Das || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Kishor Barman]]
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>By-election

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kishor Barman]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,836 |percentage=49.95% |change={{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tapan Chandra Das|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=18,452|percentage=44.24%|change={{decrease}}3.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lutan Das|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=889|percentage=2.13%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=725|percentage=1.74%|change={{increase}}0.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bimal Das|party=Independent politician|votes=486|percentage=1.17%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sunil Chandra Das|party=Independent politician|votes=324|percentage=0.78%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,384 |percentage=5.72% |change= {{increase}}4.58 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=41,712|percentage=93.19%|change={{decrease}}2.51}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,814 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chandra Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,261 |percentage=48.48% |change={{increase}}47.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chandra Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,810 |percentage=47.34% |change={{decrease}}12.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=594 |percentage=1.50% |change={{decrease}}36.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=347 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashutosh Das |party=Amra Bangali |votes=230 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=451 |percentage=1.14% |change= {{decrease}}20.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,732 |percentage=94.48% |change= {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,565 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}11.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chandra Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,969 |percentage=59.96% |change={{increase}}7.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uttam Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,862 |percentage=37.83% |change={{decrease}}5.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Barman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=541 |percentage=1.48% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Das |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=270 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,107 |percentage=22.12% |change= {{increase}}13.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,642 |percentage=96.46% |change= {{increase}}1.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,323 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}7.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukumar Barman]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,748 |percentage=52.40% |change={{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukla Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,216 |percentage=43.40% |change={{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sujit Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=511 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purabi Barman |party=Independent politician |votes=465 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashutosh Das |party=Amra Bangali |votes=207 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,532 |percentage=9.00% |change= {{decrease}}6.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,147 |percentage=95.09% |change= {{increase}}11.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,797 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukumar Barman]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,220 |percentage=56.18% |change={{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nani Gopal Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,648 |percentage=41.00% |change={{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Putul Das |party=Amra Bangali |votes=415 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Kamal Das |party=Independent politician |votes=250 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,572 |percentage=15.18% |change= {{decrease}}2.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,533 |percentage=82.98% |change= {{decrease}}2.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,413 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukumar Barman]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,905 |percentage=57.26% |change={{increase}}4.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pulin Behari Bhowmik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,243 |percentage=39.65% |change={{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrata Sarkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=593 |percentage=2.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,662 |percentage=17.61% |change= {{increase}}10.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,790 |percentage=86.53% |change= {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,447 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukumar Barman]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,526 |percentage=52.65% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,108 |percentage=45.56% |change={{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=143 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashutosh Das |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niranjan Das |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,418 |percentage=7.09% |change= {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,992 |percentage=85.31% |change= {{decrease}}4.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,714 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukumar Barman]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,420 |percentage=52.73% |change={{increase}}4.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,254 |percentage=46.20% |change={{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijay Krishna Das |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,166 |percentage=6.53% |change= {{increase}}5.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,865 |percentage=89.92% |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,119 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,420 |percentage=49.94% |change={{increase}}25.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumanta Kumar Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,210 |percentage=48.53% |change={{decrease}}4.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Gopal Das |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashutosh Das |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=210 |percentage=1.41% |change= {{decrease}}27.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,857 |percentage=89.03% |change= {{increase}}5.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,021 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumanta Kumar Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,433 |percentage=52.69% |change={{increase}}14.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Chandra Barman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,945 |percentage=24.12% |change={{decrease}}24.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harendra Chandra Das |party=Janata Party |votes=2,493 |percentage=20.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouranga Chandra Das |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=339 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,488 |percentage=28.57% |change= {{increase}}18.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,210 |percentage=83.37% |change= {{increase}}17.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,977 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalchar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Benode Behari Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,078 |percentage=48.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Madhab Bhowmik |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,199 |percentage=38.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harendra Chandra Das |party=Independent politician |votes=1,085 |percentage=12.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=879 |percentage=10.51% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,362 |percentage=67.01% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,017 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sipahijala district]]
* [[Nalchar]]
* [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.55|91.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Sipahijala district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]

Benipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:56Z

SidneyBecnel: starting stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Benipur
|type= SLA
|map_image = 80-Benipur constituency.svg
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|mla = [[Binay Kumar Choudhary]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|state = [[Bihar]]<ref name="election2022">{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>
|district = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = 80 [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1967
| electors = 300,497
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}

'''Benipur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Darbhanga district]] of [[Bihar]], India.

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 80 Benipur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Benipur [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]];Baheri CD Block;Biraul CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Benipur (Nagar Parisad (Navtoliya Chairman Mateen Mustafa) & Deputy Chairman's Md Nazim Amin (Assembly constituency) is part of No. 14 [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/benipur.html | title=Benipur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Bhup Narayan Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Hari Nath Mishra
|style="background-color:{{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress}}" |
|Lok Tantrik Congress
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1977-2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Gopal Jee Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Sunil Choudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Binay Kumar Choudhary]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Benipur<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Binay Kumar Choudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:84207}}
|percentage = 44.7
|change = +7.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:70604}}
|percentage = 37.48
|change = +3.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Amresh Kumar Amar
|votes = {{formatnum:6558}}
|percentage = 3.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chun Chun Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:6532}}
|percentage = 3.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Avadhesh Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:5428}}
|percentage = 2.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Narayan Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:4457}}
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pramod Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2001}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3108}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change = -1.18
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13603}}
|percentage = 7.22
|change = +3.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188366}}
|percentage = 62.68
|change = +6.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Benipur<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Binay Kumar Choudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:61416}}
|percentage = 37.58
|change = -9.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:54826}}
|percentage = 33.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Kamal Ram Vinod Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:17616}}
|percentage = 10.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:6221}}
|percentage = 3.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Rajeev Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4641}}
|percentage = 2.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjeet Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3741}}
|percentage = 2.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Saguni Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:3082}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Wazib Adhikar Party
|candidate = Nathuni Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1929}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:1576}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4621}}
|percentage = 2.83
|change = -0.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6590}}
|percentage = 4.03
|change = -13.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163428}}
|percentage = 56.51
|change = +0.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: [[Benipur]]<ref name="election2015">[https://ceobihar.nic.in/PDF/Stat_Assem_GE_Bihar_2015.pdf Bihar Assembly Election 2015]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunil Chaudhary
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:69511}}
|percentage = 46.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gopal Jee Thakur]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:43068}}
|percentage = 29.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kamalramvinod Jha "Kamal Seth"
|votes = {{formatnum:10154}}
|percentage = 6.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:6061}}
|percentage = 4.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Siyalakhan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2459}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Jha "Moti Babu"
|votes = {{formatnum:2340}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ram Naresh Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:2299}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Laxman Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1685}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vinoda Nand Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:1385}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Krishna Kant Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:1350}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4614}}
|percentage = 3.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26443}}
|percentage = 17.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148283}}
|percentage = 55.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2010]]: [[Benipur]]<ref name="election2010">{{cite web | url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0480.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127013622/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0480.htm | archive-date=27 November 2010 | title=Constituencywise Results Status | access-date=16 March 2023 | url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gopal Jee Thakur]]
|votes = 43,222
|percentage = 40.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Hare Krishna Yadav
|votes = 29,265
|percentage = 27.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 13,957
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 107,175
|percentage = 47.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Walva Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:48Z

SidneyBecnel: Creating some entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Walva
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1962
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''[[Walva]]''' (वाळवा) Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], in [[India]]. Walva seat existed until the 2004 elections after which most of the area under it was included in a new constituency named [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walva Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/walva-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Nagnath Naikwadi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajarambapu Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Vilasrao Shinde
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Vishwasrao Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Nagnath Naikwadi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Jayant Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2008 onwards : See [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 120,830 |percentage = 74.43% |change={{increase}}13.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raghunath Dada Patil |party=Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 35,740 |percentage = 22.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Sharad Shivaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,919 |percentage = 1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waydande Ashok Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,675 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaypal Shankar Choudhari (Aba) |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,172 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 85,090 |percentage = 52.42% |change= {{increase}}12.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,167 |percentage = 75.15% |change= {{increase}}1.30 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 162,336}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,121|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}13.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 83,112 |percentage = 61.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=C. B. Patil |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,162 |percentage = 21.50% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. Y. Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,757 |percentage = 16.77% |change={{decrease}}48.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 53,950 |percentage = 39.77% |change= {{decrease}}3.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 141,886 |percentage = 73.85% |change= {{decrease}}4.38 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,667}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,130|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 94,605 |percentage = 65.45% |change={{increase}}5.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Ashok Shamarao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,394 |percentage = 21.72% |change={{increase}}20.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pracharya Sayanakar Vishwas Baburao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 11,459 |percentage = 7.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raghunath Dada Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,788 |percentage = 2.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 63,211 |percentage = 43.73% |change= {{increase}}19.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,514 |percentage = 79.84% |change= {{decrease}}1.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,545}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,768|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 81,018 |percentage = 60.12% |change={{increase}}18.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Vilasrao Bhauso |party=Independent politician |votes = 48,459 |percentage = 35.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Raghunath Ramchandra |party=Janata Dal |votes = 2,308 |percentage = 1.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryawanshi Babaso Vishnu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,522 |percentage = 1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,559 |percentage = 24.16% |change= {{increase}}16.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,139 |percentage = 80.10% |change= {{increase}}7.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,754}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,964|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nagnath Naikwadi]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 47,970 |percentage = 48.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Vilasrao Bhauso |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,616 |percentage = 41.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhai Shivajirao Mane |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,768 |percentage = 8.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,354 |percentage = 7.48% |change= {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,673 |percentage = 73.22% |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,282}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,125|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Vishwasrao Atmaram |party=Janata Party |votes = 40,779 |percentage = 47.92% |change={{increase}}16.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Gulabrao Raghunath |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,856 |percentage = 38.61% |change={{increase}}38.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Manikrao Mohanrao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 5,646 |percentage = 6.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Chandrakant Bhimrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,535 |percentage = 4.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Ashok Ramchandra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,123 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Krishnarao Bhau |party=Independent politician |votes = 544 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,923 |percentage = 9.31% |change= {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,492 |percentage = 70.54% |change= {{decrease}}11.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,103}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,618|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Vilasrao Bhauso |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,449 |percentage = 41.92% |change={{decrease}}46.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajarambapu Patil|Rajaram Anand Patil]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 28,637 |percentage = 31.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Dhyanu Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 22,464 |percentage = 24.49% |change={{increase}}16.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vethare Janendra Devappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,026 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Madhav Hindurao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 555 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,812 |percentage = 10.70% |change= {{decrease}}69.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,047 |percentage = 82.43% |change= {{increase}}2.92 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,710}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,883|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}46.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajarambapu Patil|Rajaram Anand Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 65,607 |percentage = 88.20% |change={{increase}}24.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Vasant Shankar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,963 |percentage = 8.02% |change={{decrease}}27.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Joshi Rajaram Ganapati |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,815 |percentage = 3.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 59,644 |percentage = 80.18% |change= {{increase}}51.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,785 |percentage = 79.80% |change= {{decrease}}1.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,385}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,971|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}24.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajarambapu Patil|Rajaram Anand Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,202 |percentage = 63.79% |change={{decrease}}10.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Dhyanu Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 22,903 |percentage = 35.46% |change={{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. M. Bhandare |party=Independent politician |votes = 481 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,299 |percentage = 28.33% |change= {{decrease}}19.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,343 |percentage = 82.46% |change= {{increase}}0.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,586}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,453|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajarambapu Patil|Rajaram Anand Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,345 |percentage = 73.99% |change={{increase}}34.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Dhyanu Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,589 |percentage = 26.01% |change={{decrease}}34.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,756 |percentage = 47.98% |change= {{increase}}27.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,635 |percentage = 82.55% |change= {{increase}}6.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,934}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,662|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}13.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Walva<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nagnath Naikwadi]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 28,356 |percentage = 60.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Sadashivrao Daji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,733 |percentage = 39.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,623 |percentage = 20.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,089 |percentage = 73.91% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,089}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,714|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.85|73.19|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sangli district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Goregaon, Gondia Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:47Z

SidneyBecnel: starting new pg.

{{Short description|Legislative assembly constituency of Maharashtra, India}}
{{For|the current constituency in Mumbai Suburban district|Goregaon Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Goregaon-Vidarbha
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1962
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Goregaon''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]], in India. Goregaon is a tehsil in [[Gondia district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Pannalal Beharilal Dube || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=3 | Puranlal Dharmabhan Rahangdale || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || R. Tulsiramji Harinkhede
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Girjashankarsingh Hemrajsingh Nagpure || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Khushal Bopche]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[Chunnilal Thakur|Chunnilalbhau Thakur ]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Khushal Bopche]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Khomeshwar Natthulal Rahangadale || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Hemant (Tanubhau) Shrawan Patle
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patle Hemant (Tanubhau) Shrawan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,209 |percentage = 44.63% |change={{increase}}4.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baghele Dr. Zamsinghbhau Fagalalbhau |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 48,435 |percentage = 42.22% |change={{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrichand Nebhandas Rohala |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 9,543 |percentage = 8.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shende Premlal Mansaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,323 |percentage = 2.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,774 |percentage = 2.42% |change= {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,731 |percentage = 76.02% |change= {{increase}}0.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,729}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,919|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Rahangadale Khomeshwar Natthulal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,308 |percentage = 39.66% |change={{increase}}3.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baghele Dr. Zamsinghbhau Fagalalbhau |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,326 |percentage = 37.66% |change={{decrease}}3.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bopche Khushal Parasram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 13,616 |percentage = 13.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rane Vijay Yeshwantrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,004 |percentage = 8.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,982 |percentage = 2.00% |change= {{decrease}}2.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,785 |percentage = 75.67% |change= {{decrease}}4.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,100}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,162|ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bopche Khushal Parasram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 46,944 |percentage = 41.59% |change={{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakur Chunnilalbhau Gopal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,318 |percentage = 36.61% |change={{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Funne Hemantkumar Asaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,074 |percentage = 7.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahangdale Hauslal Harichand |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 3,481 |percentage = 3.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,626 |percentage = 4.98% |change= {{decrease}}6.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,625 |percentage = 82.40% |change= {{increase}}12.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,867}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,318|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chunnilalbhau Gopalbhau Thakur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,038 |percentage = 41.25% |change={{decrease}}11.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katare Manojkumar Hemendranath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,415 |percentage = 29.73% |change={{decrease}}16.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Gyaniram Maroti |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 8,350 |percentage = 9.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kirsan Namdeo Dasram |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,069 |percentage = 7.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nagpure Girjashankarsingh Hemrajsingh |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,800 |percentage = 6.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,623 |percentage = 11.52% |change= {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,479 |percentage = 69.01% |change= {{decrease}}5.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,217}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,456|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Khushal Parasram Bopche |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,046 |percentage = 52.33% |change={{increase}}10.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patel Praful Manoharbhai |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,707 |percentage = 45.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kothewar Sadashio Shivaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 591 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,339 |percentage = 6.34% |change= {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,253 |percentage = 74.54% |change= {{increase}}13.48 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,175}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,378|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}6.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nagpure Girjashankarsingh Hemrajsingh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 29,602 |percentage = 45.47% |change={{decrease}}9.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bopche Khushal Parasram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,340 |percentage = 41.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrikapure Laxman Gowardhan |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 5,724 |percentage = 8.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Doye Dilip Madhukarrao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 2,442 |percentage = 3.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,262 |percentage = 3.47% |change= {{decrease}}9.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,432 |percentage = 61.34% |change= {{decrease}}16.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,108}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,302|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}9.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nagpure Girjashankarsingh Hemrajsingh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 42,796 |percentage = 54.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Puranlal Dharmabhan Rahangdale |party=Janata Party |votes = 32,240 |percentage = 41.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harinkhede Ramchandraji Tulshiramji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 2,663 |percentage = 3.40% |change={{decrease}}44.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dongre Jaichand Prasad Adkuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 704 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,556 |percentage = 13.46% |change= {{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,420 |percentage = 79.20% |change= {{increase}}19.80 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,403}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,804|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=R. Tulsiramji Harinkhede |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,201 |percentage = 47.97% |change={{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajaram Ghusaji Dhamgaye |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 16,612 |percentage = 30.41% |change={{increase}}11.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghansambhai Doye |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 11,807 |percentage = 21.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,589 |percentage = 17.56% |change= {{increase}}15.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,674 |percentage = 58.58% |change= {{decrease}}6.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,620}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,740|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Puranlal Dharmabhan Rahangdale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,524 |percentage = 40.05% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. B. Doye |party=Independent politician |votes = 21,233 |percentage = 37.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. S. Bansod |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 10,659 |percentage = 18.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. J. Mendhe |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,388 |percentage = 2.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=L. B. Rahulikar |party=Independent politician |votes = 430 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,291 |percentage = 2.30% |change= {{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,021 |percentage = 69.70% |change= {{increase}}11.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,234}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,988|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Puranlal Dharmabhan Rahangdale |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 19,271 |percentage = 50.62% |change={{increase}}17.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pannalal Biharilal Dube |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,303 |percentage = 40.20% |change={{increase}}9.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sivaji Dharma Shahare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,463 |percentage = 3.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dasaram Dama Raut |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,220 |percentage = 3.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harbhau Domaji Harankhede |party=Independent politician |votes = 450 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tulsiram Shioram Uaike |party=Independent politician |votes = 361 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,968 |percentage = 10.42% |change= {{increase}}8.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,371 |percentage = 57.24% |change= {{increase}}4.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,068}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,026|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}17.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Puranlal Dharmabhan Rahangdale |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,887 |percentage = 32.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katare Tejsingh Narayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,109 |percentage = 30.52% |change={{decrease}}12.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meshram Goma Urkuda (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 8,446 |percentage = 25.50% |change={{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pradhan Bakaram Jangli |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,685 |percentage = 11.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 778 |percentage = 2.35% |change= {{decrease}}10.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,127 |percentage = 47.01% |change= {{decrease}}16.68 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,127}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,474|ref = |change= {{increase}}40.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Goregaon, Gondia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221154/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pannalal Beharilal Dube |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,660 |percentage = 42.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. D. Rahangdale |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,592 |percentage = 29.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Jangli Dongare |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 4,568 |percentage = 14.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bairagi Mahuru Patel |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,847 |percentage = 5.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nathuji Ganpatiji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,539 |percentage = 4.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhiman Sakharam Sahare |party=Independent politician |votes = 796 |percentage = 2.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,068 |percentage = 12.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,002 |percentage = 63.69% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,002}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,247|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|21.35|80.21|display=title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goregaon, Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Gondia district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

Chomu Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:23Z

SidneyBecnel: starting entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chomu
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-43-Chomu.svg
| incumbent_image = Dr Shikha Meel.jpg
| mla = [[Shikha Meel Barala]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| established = 1962
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jaipur district]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 43
}}

'''Chomu Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Shikha Meel Barala]] is currently serving as MLA of Chomu.<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chomu Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Dr. Shikha Meel Barala Wins From Chomu |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chomu-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647057 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

Chomu constituency covers all voters from parts of [[Chomu|Chomu tehsil]], which include [[Chomu|ILRC Chomu]] including Chomu Municipal Board, ILRC Govindgarh, ILRC Kaladera; and Singod Kalan, Singod Khurd, Itawa Bhopji and Udaipuriya of [[Khejroli|ILRC Khejroli]].<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

== Member of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1962 || Bhanu Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1967 || Rameshwar Singh<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1972 || [[Ram Kishore Vyas]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1977 || Rameshwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1980 || Tej Pal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1985 || rowspan=2|Rameshwar Dayal Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1990 || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1993 || [[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1998 || Bhagwan Sahai Saini || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2003 || [[Ram Lal Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2008 || Bhagwan Sahai Saini || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election2008-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2013
| rowspan=2|[[Ram Lal Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Shikha Meel Barala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shikha Meel Barala
|votes = {{formatnum:85746}}
|percentage = 40.15
|change = +3.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramlal Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:80051}}
|percentage = 37.48
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Chhuttan Lal Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:42369}}
|percentage = 19.84
|change = -1.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:987}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change = -0.54
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5695}}
|percentage = 2.67
|change = +1.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213563}}
|percentage = 84.42
|change = +0.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Chomu<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Lal Sharma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:70183}}
|percentage = 37.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhagwan Sahai Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:68895}}
|percentage = 36.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Chhuttan Lal Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:39042}}
|percentage = 20.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1859}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1288}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186401}}
|percentage = 84.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.17|75.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Manakanchara Nayanar

2026-04-14T07:09:24Z

SidneyBecnel: created pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Manakanchara Nayanar
| image = Manakanchara Nayanar.jpg
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 8th century CE
| birth_place = [[Anandathandavapuram|Kancharur]] presently Anandathandavapuram, [[Mayiladuthurai district]]
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| philosophy = [[Shaivism]], [[Bhakti]]
| honors = [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint,
| footnotes =
}}

'''Manakanchara Nayanar''', also known as '''Manakkanychaara Nayanar''', '''Manakkancharar''', '''Manakanjara Nayanar''', '''Mankkanjara Nayanar''' and '''Manakkanjarar''', was a [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint, venerated in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] sect of [[Shaivism]]. He is generally counted as the twelfth in the list of 63 Nayanars.<ref name="Dalal2011">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=281}}</ref> Like other Nayanars, he was a fervent devotee of the god [[Shiva]]. Manakanchara Nayanar is dated to the 8th century and was a contemporary of [[Eyarkon Kalikkama Nayanar]], a Nayanar saint and his son-in-law as well as [[Sundarar]]. He is described to have cut his daughter's hair and given it to Shiva disguised as a Shaiva ascetic, on her wedding day.

==Life==

The life of Manakanchara Nayanar is described in the ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' by [[Sekkizhar]] (12th century), which is a hagiography of the 63 Nayanars.<ref name="Dalal2011"/><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.shaivam.org/english/sen_th12_manakkanch.htm | title=The Puranam Of Manakkancharar| publisher=T N Ramachandran | accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref> Manakanchara Nayanar is dated to the 8th century and was a contemporary of [[Eyarkon Kalikkama Nayanar]], a Nayanar saint and his son-in-law as well as [[Sundarar]], one of the most prominent Nayanars.

Manakanchara Nayanar was born in [[Anandathandavapuram|Kancharu]] a fertile place in the [[Chola]] kingdom. Kancharu, presently known as Anandathandavapuram, is located in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=கலைக்களஞ்சியம் (தொகுதி 8) |url=https://tamildigitallibrary.in/Articles/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-6494-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%20%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81#book/286 |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=Tamil Digital Library |publisher=Tamil Virtual Academy |page=266 |language=ta}}</ref> He was a [[Vellalar]], a [[caste]] of agricultural land owners. He was a great devotee of [[Shiva]], the patron god of [[Shaivism]]. He was the commander-in-chief of the Chola army. Manakanchara became a powerful and wealthy commander. He served devotees of Shiva and generously donated gifts to them.<ref name="swami"/>

However, Manakanchara did not have a child. He prayed to Shiva for a child and was blessed with a daughter. He distributed many gifts to devotees, while celebrating the birth of his daughter with great pomp. The daughter is called Punniya Vardhini. She was instilled with values of devotion to Shiva by her father from childhood. She grew up to become a beautiful maiden, with long and beautiful locks of hair. The family elders arranged her marriage to Eyarkon Kalikkama Nayanar, who was a Vellalar commander-in-chief of the Chola kingdom. The prospective groom also shared the devotion and love for Shiva with Manakanchara Nayanar. It was said that Manakanchara Nayanar had gained two boons from Shiva: a pious daughter as well as a devout and illustrious son-in-law.<ref name="swami">{{cite book | author = Swami Sivananda | author-link = Swami Sivananda | title = Sixty-three Nayanar Saints | edition = 4 | publisher = The Divine Life Society | year = 1999 | location = Sivanandanagar }}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web | url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1568 | title=Sri Panchavateeswarar temple | publisher=[[Dinamalar]] | access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>

On day of the wedding (in some versions, a day prior to the wedding), while the bridegroom was on the way to the marriage venue at Manakanchara Nayanar's house, Shiva disguised himself as a Mahavrata Shaiva [[yogi]] (an ascetic who has kept a great vow), with [[Vibhuti|sacred ash]] smeared over his body, [[matted hair]] and wearing garlands of bones and skulls and a ''[[yagnopavita]]'' (sacred thread worn across the chest) made of human hair called a ''panchavati''. Manakanchara Nayanar welcomed and honoured the ascetic. The ascetic enquired about the festivities and in response, Manakanchara Nayanar informed him of his daughter's wedding. When she arrived and sought the blessings of the ascetic, he commented that her long hair would have been ideal for making his ''panchavati''. Without giving it a second thought, taking the statement as a command by the yogi, Manakanchara Nayanar chopped off the hair of his daughter and gifted them to the ascetic, in an act of supreme devotion to Shiva's devotees. Cutting of the hair of a young maiden - especially of a bride - is considered inauspicious and thus a taboo. The daughter of Manakanchara Nayanar had lost her hair, the reason of her beauty, and faced the risk of rejection by the bridegroom. The ascetic disappeared immediately, as soon as he accepted the hair. Shiva along with his consort [[Parvati]] gave a divine vision to the family of Manakanchara Nayanar, pleased with their service. The divine couple blessed the family and disappeared.<ref name="swami"/><ref name="dinamalar"/>

The bride's beautiful hair were also restored. Eyarkon Kalikkama Nayanar and his wedding party arrived at the place and got to know what had happened. Kalikkama regretted that he missed an opportunity to see his patron god Shiva. He felt that if he had married the bride when Shiva asked for the hair, he would have had the honour of gifting Shiva.<ref name="swami"/><ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Remembrance==
[[File:Sri Kokarneshvarar Temple in Tirukokarnam.JPG|thumb|The images of the Nayanars are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu.]]

Sundarar venerates Manakanchara Nayanar (called Manakkancaran) in the ''Tiruthonda Thogai'', a hymn to Nayanar saints. He is described as generous and having hill like shoulders.<ref name=Peterson>{{cite book|title=Poems to Śiva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0784-6|page=332}}</ref> The temple of Sri Panchavateeswarar temple, dedicated to Shiva, marks the vision of Shiva to Manakanchara Nayanar. It is located Anandathandavapuram, [[Nagapattinam district]], Tamil Nadu. An image of Shiva called Jata Nathar (the Lord of the hair) depicts Shiva with a lock of hair - alluding to the hair of Manakanchara Nayanar's daughter - in his hands.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

Manakanchara Nayanar is worshipped in the [[Tamil month]] of [[Margashirsha|Margazhi]], when the moon enters the [[Svati]] [[nakshatra]] (lunar mansion). He is depicted with folded hands (see [[Anjali mudra]]). He receives collective worship as part of the 63 Nayanars. Their icons and brief accounts of his deeds are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. Their images are taken out in procession in festivals.<ref name="Dalal2011"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nayanars}}

[[Category:Nayanars]]
[[Category:Chola poets]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]

Salahesh

2026-04-14T02:15:30Z

SidneyBecnel: Creating first stub first draft - done

{{Short description|Folk deity}}
'''Sahlesh''' was a folk hero of the [[Dusadh]] caste in [[Nepal]] and [[India]]. He is believed to have been the ruler of the [[Mahisautha]] in what became Nepal. In some parts of North India. Sahlesh is respected by communities apart from the Dusadhs. In local culture, he is portrayed as a symbol of prowess, valour and benevolence.<ref name="Jnanpith" /> Dauna Malin is believed to be a beloved of Sahlesh, while his four assistants namely [[Chauharmal]], Moti Ram and Karikant are also worshipped. Chauharmal is worshipped by Dusadhs of [[Bihar]] and is considered to be the military commander of King Sahlesh. Moti Ram and Karikant are considered as his brother and nephew, respectively. [[Biratnagar]], which is considered to be the land of Sahlesh, houses one of the finest temple of King Sahlesh.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NinRMPp1cUC&pg=PA56 |title=Scheduled Castes Today|author=Makhan Jha
|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year= 1997|
isbn=8175330600|page=56}}</ref> Sahlesh is also known as Rajaji.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOST-_H3oGcC&pg=PA130 |title=Changing Status of Depressed Castes in Contemporary India Essays in Honour of Professor S.C. Dube
|author=Shyam Nandan Chaudhary
|publisher=Daya Books|year=1988|
isbn=8170350425|page=130|accessdate=13 June 2022}}</ref> They worship mainly Salhesh Maharaj or Rajaji and his associates. In the region of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], several [[Raja Salhesh Mandir|Salhesh temples]] are built at different places dedicated to the King Salhesh and his associates. Within the Danuwar community, Salhesh is regarded as the royal wrestler of Danuwar King Kuleshwar Singh kingdom of Pakariya gadh, located in present day [[Siraha District|Siraha district]] of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |author=नथुनी सिंह दनुवार |title=लाेक नायक सलहेश एवं सिरहा जिल्लाका प्राकृतिक सम्पदाहरु |publisher=काठमाडौं : प्राकृतिक स्वास्थ्य संस्था}}</ref>

==Folklore==
Sahlesh saves [[Dalit]]s from the [[feudal lord]]s their women from the atrocities of the kings and their men. [[Dalit]] [[bride]]s were frequently kidnapped and raped by the feudal lords and the kings, and Sahlesh is known for confronting and challenging these practices. The root word "Sahlesh" also stands for "King of the mountains", and it is believed that his empire extended to parts of Bihar.<ref name="Jnanpith">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDqENKs_nZgC&pg=PA101 |title=दलित साहित्य का समाजशास्त्र|author=हरिनारायण ठाकुर|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith|year=2009|pages=101–103
|isbn=978-8126317349|accessdate=13 June 2022}}</ref>

Sahlesh was born in Mehsautha village in the [[Mithilanchal]] region into the Dusadh [[caste]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SClADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51 |title=Lore of the Land Storytelling Traditions of India
|author=Nalini Ramachandran
|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|year= 2017|
isbn=978-9387326217|accessdate=13 June 2022}}The Dusadhs, on the other hand, narrate the story of their king, Salhes.' A Humble King Centuries ago, there was a time when Shailesh (Salhes in the local dialect), a skilled man from the Dusadh community, ruled over Mithila.</ref> This caste is known for valour and for theft and robbery. Sahlesh was a critic of these crimes as well as the feudal structure of society. Sahlesh had an egalitarian ideology who wanted to remove the ills of society like [[untouchability]] in favor of a society based on equality.

Salesh created a large army with the help of forest dwellers.<ref name="Jnanpith" /> Mithilanchal during those times was a war-torn region facing invasions by [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and [[Mongol]]s. His army of forest dwellers defeated them all. [[F. E. Pargiter]] says that the devastation of the [[China|Chinese]] [[Shan County, Shandong|Shan]] army was such that not a single man was left to take the message of their defeat back to China.<ref name="Jnanpith"/>

Anang Kusuma, also known as Dauna Malin, is a [[nun]] of the [[Mahayana]] sect of [[Buddhism]] and the beloved of king Sahlesh.<ref name="Jnanpith"/>

==Rule of Sahlesh==
It is believed that Sahlesh focused on local governance and created local bodies, where he listened to people's problems. He is said to have punished a [[Tantra|Tantric]] named Chakranath for following inhumane practices such as ''Nagdasi''. Every year two young girls were forced to [[breastfeed]] a venomous [[snake]], which killed them. The people were fearful. Sahlesh ended this practice by defeating Chakranath with Anang Kusuma's help.<ref name="Jnanpith"/>

==Commemoration==
The Dusadh community over [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Bihar commemorate their folk heroes, including Sahlesh and [[Chauharmal|Reshama-Chauharmal]] via festivals and singing. They installed statues and formed socio-political organizations.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7feHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |title=Women Heroes and Dalit Assertion in North India Culture Identity and Politics
|author=Badri Narayan
|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year= 2006|
isbn=8132102800|page=47|accessdate=13 June 2022}}</ref>

In [[Darbhanga]] [[district]] of Bihar, potters make the figures of Sahlesh and his companions that are worshipped by the Dusadhs of the region.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7fzpAAAAMAAJ&q=sahlesh+dusadh |title=Art of India Prehistory to the Present|editor=Frederick M. Asher|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|year=2002|
isbn=0852298137|page=307|accessdate=14 June 2022}}The potters of Darbhanga in Bihar make equestrian figures of a legendary hero, Raja Salhesh, and his male and female companions, who are worshipped by the scheduled caste, the Dusadhs .</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HZAAAAMAAJ |title=Documenting Dissent Contesting Fables, Contested Memories, and Dalit Political Discourse|author=Badri Narayan|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|year=2001|
isbn=8185952930}}

[[Category:Indian folk culture]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]

Jethanand Vyas

2026-04-10T03:11:15Z

SidneyBecnel: put up new data needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jethanand Vyas
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| constituency = [[Bikaner West Assembly constituency|Bikaner West]]
| country =
| assembly =
| predecessor = [[Bulaki Das Kalla]]
| successor =
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_name =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Jethanand Vyas''' is an Indian politician from Rajasthan. He was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/jethanand-vyas-20013-1?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|title=Raj results 2023: Winners list from Anta, Kishanganj, Baran-atru, Chhabra, DAG, Jhalrapatan, Khanpur & Manohar Thana and Bikaner west|publisher=ndtv. com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref> representing the [[Bikaner West Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bikaner-west-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470619-2023-12-03|title=Bikaner West Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Jethanand Vyas with 97786 defeats INC's Bulaki Das Kalla. Jethanand has a tainted history of being hate speaker and has been involved in serious crimes in Bikaner City related to looting and criminal intimidation.|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=indiatoday.in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref> he was elected from the Bikaner West Assembly constituency, defeating [[Bulaki Das Kalla]], the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress|INC]], by a margin of 20,432 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/bikaner-west-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830388-2023-12-03|title=Bikaner West, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Jethanand Vyas won in Bikaner West by 20432 votes|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyas, Jethanand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Bikaner]]

Thukkachi Abatsahayesvar Temple

2026-04-07T12:37:12Z

SidneyBecnel:

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Thukkachi Abatsahayesvar Temple
| image = Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple11.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kumbakonam]]
| location = Thukkachi village, on the banks of the [[Arasalar River]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Thukkachi Abatsahayesvar temple''' (also known as ''Sri Abathsahayeswarar Sowndaranayaki Ambal temple'') is a [[Shiva]] temple in Thukkachi village near [[Kumbakonam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="thehindu"/>

== History ==
The temple is in Thukkachi village, on the banks of the [[Arasalar River]], {{convert|16|km}} east of Kumbakonam. The village derives its name from Durga Achi, after the goddess [[Durga]] seen in the temple, which over time got corrupted to become Thukkachi. The original temple was built by [[Rajaraja Chola|Rajendra Chola I]] (ruled between 1014-1044 CE). Legend says that [[Vikrama Chola]] suffered from [[vitiligo]] and visited many temples to pray for respite from the disease. Lord Abathsahayeswarar (Shiva) visited him in his dream when he was camping near Thukkachi, and asked him to worship him for 48 days. The king was completely cured in due course and subsequently ordered the expansion of the temple.<ref name="thehindu"/> The temple is also known as Southern Kalahasti after the temple town of [[Srikalahasti]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="thehindu"/><ref name="dinamani">[http://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/vellimani/2016/dec/16/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-2616392.html Thukkachi also known as South Kalahasti], ({{langx|ta|துக்காச்சி என்னும் தென் திருக்காளத்தி!}}), [[Dinamani|''Dinamani'', Tamil daily]], 16 December 2016 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219042035/http://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/vellimani/2016/dec/16/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-2616392.html |date=19 December 2016 }}</ref>

==Structure==
The presiding deity of the temple is known as Abathsahayeswarar ([[Shiva]]) who faces east. His consort is Sowndaranayaki Ambal (Durga) who has a separate niche and faces south, unlike in other Shiva temples where she faces north. The other deities in the temple include [[Sharabha|Sarabeshwarar]], [[Varahi]], [[Jyestha (goddess)|Jestadevi]], [[Matrikas|Saptamatas]], [[Dakshinamurthy]], [[Vinayaka]], [[Kartikeya|Subramaniar]] with his consorts [[Valli]] and [[Devasena]], [[Mahalakshmi]], [[Lingodbhava|Lingotbhavar]] and [[Kubera]]r.A small shrine of Chandikesvara is also present, facing north.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chola-shrine-getting-a-facelift/article7355136.ece|title=Chola shrine getting a facelift|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-29|language=en}}</ref><ref name="dinamani"/><ref name="dinamalar"/> The temple is famous for its sculptural and architectural beauty. It once had seven [[Prakaram|Prakaras]] but currently only has three. The Sarabeshwarar shrine of the temple is considered to be the first of the three Sarabeshwarar temples built in the temple town of Kumbakonam.<ref name="dinamalar">[https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=4661 Cleaning works in Thukatchi Abatsahayesvarar Temple], ({{langx|ta|துக்காச்சி ஆபத்சகாயேஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் கோவிலில் இறை திருக்கூட்டம் உழவாரப்பணி}}), [[Dinamalar|''Dinamalar'', Tamil daily]], 19 July 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.chennaitodaynews.com/sarabeswarar-temples/ Siva's Sarabeshwarar avatar to contain Narasimha], ({{langx|ta|நரசிம்மரின் ஆக்ரோஷம் தணிய சிவபெருமான் எடுத்த அவதாரம்!!}}), Chennaitodaynews, in Tamil, 7 January 2016</ref> The [[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimana]] of the presiding deity's shrine is similar to the one at [[Airavatesvara Temple|Darasuram Iravatesvara temple]].<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Renovation==
In 2015, on the advice of the state government, work began on renovating the temple, which had been left in disrepair. The Indian government contributed 5.5 million [[Indian rupee|rupees]], while devotees have also contributed to the ongoing restoration efforts.<ref name="thehindu"/> The [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of the temple was held in 3 September 2023.<ref name>[https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/apadsakayeswarar-temple-kudamuzku-1045058 ஆபத்சகாயேஸ்வரர் கோவில் குடமுழுக்கு, தினத்தந்தி, 3 செப்டம்பர் 2023]</ref> <ref name>[https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/live-streaming/kumbakonam-abthasagayeswara-temple-festival-2023/tamil-nadu20230903094740471471609 100 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பின் கும்பகோணம் ஆபத்சகாயேசுவரர் கோயில் குடமுழுக்கு விழா! பக்தர்கள் சாமி தரிசனம்! ஈடிவி பாரத் தமிழ்நாடு, 3 செப்டம்பர் 2023]</ref> As the renovation was carried out in new technology, without affecting its traditional beauty it got the UNESCO award. <ref>[https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-trichy/tanjore/2024/Dec/06/nesco-award-for-apadsakayeswarar-temple ஆபத்சகாயேஸ்வரர் கோயிலுக்கு யுனெஸ்கோ விருது, தினமணி, 7 டிசம்பர் 2024]</ref>

==Photogallery==
<gallery>
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple2.jpg|[[Gopuram|Rajagopuram]]
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple5.jpg|Rajagopuram,another view
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple4.jpg|Inner [[gopuram]]
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple6.jpg|Front [[Mandapa]]
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple9.jpg|Sculptures in right side of [[gopuram]]
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple10.jpg|Sculptures in left side of [[gopuram]]
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple8.jpg|The mandapa, next to [[Gopuram|Rajagopuram]]
</gallery>

==After renovation==
<gallery>
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple17.jpg|View of [[Gopuram|Rajagopuram]] from inside
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple12.jpg|Inner [[gopuram]]
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple13.jpg|Front [[Mandapa]]
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple14.jpg|Front [[Mandapa]], side view
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple15.jpg|[[Prakaram]], rightside
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple16.jpg|[[Prakaram]], left side
File: Thukachi abatsahayesvarartemple18.jpg|The mandapa, next to [[Gopuram|Rajagopuram]]
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|10.927045|79.482687|region:IN-TN_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]

2025 Indian electoral controversy

2026-04-03T03:28:59Z

SidneyBecnel: starting a post

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2025 Indian electoral controversy
| partof = [[Democratic backsliding in India]]
| date = August 2025 – present
| also known as = ''Vote chori''
| type = [[Politics of India]]
| cause = Alleged irregularities by the [[Election Commission of India]]
| motive = Alleged rigging of the [[2024 Indian general election]] and state assembly elections
| perpetrator = {{bulleted list
|[[Election Commission of India]] (alleged)
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (alleged)
}}}}
On 1 August 2025, [[Rahul Gandhi]], the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of opposition]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], stated that his party, the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), had found evidence of [[electoral fraud]] during the [[2024 Indian general election]]. On 7 August, he alleged that the electoral rolls prepared by the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) for the [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]] in [[Karnataka]] consisted of various discrepancies, and accused the commission of "''vote chori''" (vote theft) and indulging in systematic fraud, in collusion with the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).

The ECI dismissed the claims and urged him to submit them through a signed declaration. On 17 August, [[Gyanesh Kumar]], the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|chief election commissioner]], added that the allegations must be filed under oath within seven days, failing which they would be deemed “baseless and invalid," citing Rule 20(3)(B) of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 and no such affidavit was ever filed by Rahul Gandhi or [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Taken Constitution’s oath': Rahul Gandhi responds as spat with Election Commission over ‘vote theft’ intensifies|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/taken-oath-of-constitution-rahul-gandhi-responds-to-election-commission-after-vote-theft-claim-101754638377165.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2025-08-08|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}</ref>

Since then, the opposition parties led by the INC have organised protests and social media campaigns over the ECI's revision of [[Bihar]]'s electoral rolls. In reaction to the allegation, several members and affiliates of the BJP have defended the commission, while counter accusing the opposition parties of having indulged in electoral fraud themselves.

== Background ==
=== Democratic backsliding under BJP rule since 2014 ===
{{Main|Premiership of Narendra Modi#Democratic backsliding}}
{{Further information|Democracy in India#Democratic backsliding|Democratic backsliding in Asia by country#India}}
{{See also|Godi media|Fake news in India}}

Since the victory of [[Narendra Modi]], leading the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), in the [[2014 Indian general election]], India has witnessed significant [[democratic backsliding]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brunkert|first1=Lennart|last2=Kruse|first2=Stefan|last3=Welzel|first3=Christian|date=3 April 2019|title=A tale of culture-bound regime evolution: the centennial democratic trend and its recent reversal|url=http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/a-tale-of-culturebound-regime-evolution-the-centennial-democratic-trend-and-its-recent-reversal(2b6baaf4-3942-4491-92ca-55782d455a62).html|journal=Democratization|volume=26|issue=3|pages=422–443|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1542430|s2cid=148625260|issn=1351-0347|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010183922/http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/a-tale-of-culturebound-regime-evolution-the-centennial-democratic-trend-and-its-recent-reversal(2b6baaf4-3942-4491-92ca-55782d455a62).html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Khaitan|first=Tarunabh|date=26 May 2020|title=Killing a Constitution with a Thousand Cuts: Executive Aggrandizement and Party-state Fusion in India|journal=Law & Ethics of Human Rights|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=49–95|doi=10.1515/lehr-2020-2009|s2cid=221083830|issn=2194-6531|doi-access=free|hdl=11343/241852|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Laws on [[sedition]], [[defamation]], and [[counterterrorism]] have been regularly employed to crack down on critics and dissenting voices, including the detention and arrest of opposition leaders.<ref>Pillai, Shreeya and Lindberg, Staffan I. (2021) "Democracy Broken Down: India" in ''Democracy Report 2021: Autocratization Turns Viral'' pp.20–21. [[V-Dem Institute]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=The Modi decade and how it changed India: India's endangered democracy and freedom |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/event/modi-decade-and-how-it-changed-india-indias-endangered-democracy-and-declining-press-0 |website=[[SOAS University of London]]}}</ref> The government has moved to further stifle critics in academia and the press, leading to the rise of [[Godi media|an increasingly right-wing and pro-government mainstream media]].<ref>{{cite web|work=[[V-Dem Institute]]|url=https://www.v-dem.net/en/news/democratic-backsliding-india-worlds-largest-democracy/|date=24 February 2020|title=Democratic Backsliding in India, the World's Largest Democracy|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227182459/https://www.v-dem.net/en/news/democratic-backsliding-india-worlds-largest-democracy/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ismat |first=Ara |date=9 December 2020 |title=At Farmers' Protest, Field Reporters of 'Godi Media' Channels Face the Heat |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/farmers-protest-godi-media-channels-ground-reporters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127084958/https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/farmers-protest-godi-media-channels-ground-reporters |archive-date=27 November 2022 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> The country's referee institutions, such as the judiciary, investigative agencies, the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI), [[Lokpal]], among others have been weakened through coercion, patronage, and ideological alignment with the BJP, leading to an erosion of public trust in institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaishnav |first=Milan |title=Backsliding in India? |date=15 May 2025 |work=Global Challenges to Democracy |pages=35–53 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009602570.003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/9781009602570.003 |isbn=978-1-009-60257-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Gareth |date=7 April 2022 |title=Democracy in India |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/04/democracy-india |website=[[Chatham House]]}}</ref>

In 2021, the [[V-Dem Institute]] downgraded India from 'flawed democracy' to 'electoral autocracy'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=16 March 2021 |title='Electoral autocracy': The downgrading of India's democracy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56393944 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> In 2021, [[Freedom House]] downgraded India from "free" to "partly free," a title the country has since held for three consecutive years since.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[BBC]]|title=India is now only 'partly free', says global report|date=3 March 2021|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-56249596|access-date=3 March 2021|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303201849/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-56249596|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnankutty |first1=Pia |title=Freedom 'losing ground' — India ranked 'partly free' for 3rd year by US non-profit Freedom House |url=https://theprint.in/india/freedom-losing-ground-india-ranked-partly-free-for-3rd-year-by-us-non-profit-freedom-house/1440560/?amp |work=ThePrint |date=13 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India rated 'partially free' in Freedom House report for third straight year |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1045410/india-rated-partially-free-for-third-straight-year-in-freedom-house-report |work=Scroll.in |date=11 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Change in the appointment process of election commissioners ===
[[Election Commissioner of India|Election commissioners]] are members of the ECI, appointed by the [[president of India]] on the recommendation of a three-member panel, named the ''Selection Committee'', through a majority vote. Prior to 2023, the committee consisted of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]], the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice of India]], and the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha]]. However, the [[Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023|Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act]] of 2023 controversially replaced the chief justice with a [[Union Council of Ministers|union minister]], thereby giving the ruling government a dominant role in the appointment of election commissioners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2025 |title=Supreme Court puts off hearing pleas challenging law on CEC appointment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-postpones-hearing-of-pleas-challenging-cec-appointment-law/article69237757.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219101449/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-postpones-hearing-of-pleas-challenging-cec-appointment-law/article69237757.ece |archive-date=19 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Past allegation of electoral fraud ===
Earlier, the opposition [[Indian National Congress]] (INC; commonly known simply as "the Congress") had accused the ECI of collusion with the ruling BJP, and of rigging the assembly elections in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Malpani |first=Mehul |date=21 July 2025 |title='Madhya Pradesh elections could be stolen, just as in Maharashtra': Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/madhya-pradesh-elections-could-be-stolen-just-as-in-maharashtra-rahul-gandhi/article69839430.ece |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Allegation ==

On 1 August 2025, [[Rahul Gandhi]], the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of opposition]] in [[Lok Sabha]], alleged electoral fraud during the [[2024 Indian general election]]. He referred to the evidence as an "atom bomb" and stated that the ruling party will have "no place to hide."<ref>{{cite news |date=1 August 2025 |title=Rahul Gandhi says what we have found is an 'atom bomb'; there's 100% proof EC is doing 'vote chori' for BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-we-have-found-is-an-atom-bomb-theres-100-proof-ec-doing-vote-chori-for-bjp-congress-leader-rahul-gandhi/article69882114.ece |access-date=12 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 August 2025 |title=Hundreds of Indian Lawmakers Detained at a Protest Claiming Vote Rigging |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/11/world/asia/india-election-arrests-modi.html |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India police detain Rahul Gandhi, other opposition leaders during protest over electoral roll |url=https://trt.global/world/article/d2ba220c0b5a |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=TRT global }}</ref> On 6 August, the opposition demanded a discussion on the special exercise carried out by the ECI for the revision of electoral rolls in [[Bihar]]. [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]], the [[Minister of Law and Justice|law minister]], asked Rahul Gandhi to present the evidences regarding the fraud and stated that the functioning of the election commission cannot be debated in parliament, citing a previous precedence by [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha speaker]] [[Balram Jakhar]].<ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2025 |title=Opposition pulls out former Rajya Sabha Chairman Dhankhar's remarks to counter government over SIR debate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/oppositions-demand-for-discussion-on-votebandi-non-negotiable-congress/article69900089.ece |access-date=12 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 7 August, Rahul Gandhi, in a meeting of the [[Mass media|press]], alleged that the election commission added fraudulent voters to the electoral roll in the [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]] in [[Karnataka]], and accused the commission of rigging the 2024 Lok Sabha elections. The Congress lost the election to the [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency]], of which the assembly segment was part of, by 114,000 votes despite leading in the remaining six assembly segments of the constituency.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 August 2025 |title=Fix the flaws: On Rahul Gandhi's 'stolen elections' allegation and the Election Commission of India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/fix-the-flaws-on-rahul-gandhis-stolen-elections-allegation-and-the-election-commission-of-india/article69910219.ece |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He stated that the evidences were a result of a six month long research conducted by the party, and challenged the election commission to publish an electronic voter list and [[CCTV]] footage to debunk his claims.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 August 2025 |title=Cong alleges over 1 lakh fake voters in a K'taka seat; ECI seeks declaration |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cong-alleges-over-1-lakh-fake-voters-in-a-ktaka-seat-eci-seeks-declaration/articleshow/123173390.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 August 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Vyas |first=Neelu |date=7 August 2025 |title=Is Rahul right in accusing the EC of helping BJP steal elections? |url=https://thefederal.com/category/news/rahul-gandhi-ec-vote-fraud-expose-election-fake-200669 |access-date=12 August 2025 |work=The Federal}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Poovanna |first=Sharan |date=9 August 2025 |title=Rahul's '80 voters in one home' charge—what ThePrint found at House no. 35 in Mahadevapura |url=https://theprint.in/politics/rahuls-80-voters-in-one-home-charge-what-theprint-found-at-house-no-35-in-mahadevapura/2717544/ |access-date=12 August 2025 |work=[[The Print]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2025|title='Father's name dfojgaidf; house no. 0': Inside Rahul Gandhi's 'atom bomb proof' of vote rigging in Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/07/fathers-name-dfojgaidf-house-no-0-inside-rahul-gandhis-atom-bomb-proof-of-vote-rigging-in-karnataka |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref>

On 5 November, 2025 Rahul Gandhi alleged vote fraud in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]. He claimed theft of over 25 lakh votes in Haryana.<ref name="z077">{{cite web | last1=Jain | first1=Aishvarya | last2=Singh | first2=Ashwine Kumar | last3=Mishra | first3=Himanshu Shekhar | last4=Bose | first4=Saikat Kumar | title="Brazilian Model Voted 22 Times": Rahul Gandhi's Hydrogen Bomb, BJP Counters | website=www.ndtv.com | date=2025-11-05 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-hydrogen-bomb-live-updates-haryana-elections-brazilian-model-voted-as-seema-sweety-saraswati-rahul-gandhis-h-bomb-is-haryana-9578686 | access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref> He presented evidence including repeated use of the same photographic images in voter rolls and cited the case of a Brazilian model's image, which appeared on multiple voter IDs across Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-11-06 |title=Brazilian photographer deletes Instagram account amid India ‘vote chori’ row: How a photo put Matheus Ferrero in fix {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/brazilian-photographer-deletes-instagram-account-amid-india-vote-chori-row-how-a-photo-put-matheus-ferrero-in-fix-11762420429069.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-05 |title=On eve of Bihar polls, Rahul Gandhi drops 'H files', alleges theft of over 25 lakh votes in Haryana elections |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/05/on-eve-of-bihar-polls-rahul-gandhi-drops-h-files-alleges-theft-of-over-25-lakh-votes-in-haryana-elections |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-05 |title=BJP's 2024 Haryana win focus of Rahul's latest 'vote chori' salvo. At centre of it all, a Brazilian model |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjps-2024-haryana-win-focus-of-rahuls-latest-vote-chori-salvo-at-centre-of-it-all-a-brazilian-model/2777820/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+State-Wise data
!State
!Evidences and Allegations
|-
|Karnataka
|
* Addition of fake voters in Mahadevapura Assembly constituency including 11,956 duplicates, 40,009 invalid addresses, 10,452 bulk registrations (e.g., 80 at one small house), 4,132 invalid photos, and 33,692 misusing Form 6 for first-time voters
* Shakuni Devi, a 70-year-old woman allegedly registered twice, as proof of manipulation in Bangalore Central Lok Sabha seat, where Congress lost despite internal polls predicting a win.
* Addition of 10,452 bulk registrations: Clusters like 80 voters at <nowiki>''</nowiki>''House No. 35, 5th Cross, Muni Reddy Garden''<nowiki>''</nowiki> a 120 sq ft single-room house owned by Jayaram Reddy. Tenants were short-term migrants from Bihar/Odisha using rentals for IDs, later marked "shifted" by BLOs. None found on-site during EC probes.
* Invalid father names/house numbers: Widespread errors inflating rolls by 1.25 lakh out of 6.5 lakh total voters.
|-
|Haryana
|
* Photographs of Brazilian model were appeared on multiple voter IDs across Haryana, and they voted 22 times
* BJP sarpanch named Dalchand, whose name and his son's name appeared on the voter lists in both UP and Haryana.
* Allegations of 25 lakh fake voters added in Haryana, including 5.21 lakh duplicate voters, 93,174 invalid voters, and 19.26 lakh bulk voters.
|}

== Response from the ECI ==
The election commission dismissed the allegations as "baseless," and reverted that the Congress did not file any appeal or concern regarding the electoral rolls prior to the elections. It urged Rahul Gandhi to submit a written declaration with the allegations as per the rule 20(3)(B) of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960.<ref name="EP">{{cite news |date=8 August 2025 |title='Sign declaration or apologise': EC shreds Rahul Gandhi's '5 questions' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sign-declaration-or-apologise-ec-shreds-rahul-gandhis-5-questions-congress-bengaluru-rally-101754660845133.html |access-date=12 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The commission also reverted to the allegation of a particular voter Shakuni Rani voting twice, and said that a preliminary enquiry conducted by the office confirmed that she only voted once.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 August 2025 |title=Poll Body Fact-Checks Yet Another Voter Fraud Claim By Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/poll-body-fact-checks-yet-another-voter-fraud-claim-by-rahul-gandhi-9057177 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> It further stated that the request for a machine readable voter list was rejected by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in 2019, and that reviewing the CCTV footage for the 100,000 voting booths is "implausible," claiming that the footage is retained only if any losing candidate files an election petition to challenge the election in the concerned High Court within 45 days of the election.<ref name="EP"/>

The chief electoral officers of Maharashtra and [[Haryana]] issued notices to Rahul Gandhi for submitting a formal declaration under 10 days for his alleged accusation of inclusion and exclusion of non-eligible and eligible voters by the election commission in the respective states.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 August 2025 |title=CEOs of Maharashtra, Haryana issue fresh letter to Rahul Gandhi, give him 10 days to prove 'voter fraud' claims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ceos-of-maharashtra-haryana-issue-fresh-letter-to-rahul-gandhi-give-him-10-days-to-prove-voter-fraud-claims/articleshow/123228040.cms |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 17 August, [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|chief election commissioner]] [[Gyanesh Kumar]] responded to the claims of Rahul Gandhi stating that if the claims are not made under a declaration under oath within seven days, it would be considered as "baseless and invalid." He further stated that if Rahul Gandhi is not willing to submit a signed affidavit, he should then "apologise for his allegations."<ref>{{cite news |date=17 August 2025 |title=Submit affidavit or apologise to the nation: CEC Gyanesh Kumar to Rahul Gandhi over his 'voter theft' allegations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/submit-affidavit-or-apologise-to-the-nation-cec-gyanesh-kumar-to-rahul-gandhi-over-his-voter-theft-allegations/articleshow/123345589.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Protests and reactions ==
{{Overly detailed|section|date=December 2025}}
On 11 August, about 200 lawmakers and their supporters held a protest against the special intensive revision exercise of the electoral rolls carried out in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Sobhana K. |date=11 August 2025 |title=Opposition protests against SIR, calls it 'vote theft' by government |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/opposition-mps-protest-march-from-parliament-house-to-eci-headquarters-bihar-sir-vote-chori-on-august-11-2025/article69919118.ece |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They marched to the office of the election commission office in [[New Delhi]], and claimed that it is a government conspiracy for "vote theft" which will lead to disenfranchisement.<ref>{{cite news|title='Vote theft': India's opposition protests against electoral roll revision |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/11/indias-opposition-march-against-controversial-electoral-roll-revision |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=11 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title=Explained: Why is the opposition protesting against India's election commission? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0l6kg80de5o |access-date=13 August 2025|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The [[Delhi Police]] detained multiple protesters including Rahul Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 August 2025 |title=Rahul Gandhi among opposition leaders detained during protest against India election panel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/rahul-gandhi-among-opposition-leaders-detained-during-protest-against-india-2025-08-11/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Protests were also held by the opposition in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengal Congress activists hold protest outside Raj Bhavan |url=https://www.ptinews.com/editor-detail/bengal-congress-activists-hold-protests-outside-raj-bhavan-over-sir/2815114 |date=14 August 2025| access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] chairman [[K. T. Rama Rao]] accused the Congress of vote theft in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Telangana state elections]].<ref>{{cite news |date=11 August 2025|title=KTR takes dig at Rahul Gandhi over 'Vote Chori' allegations |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ktr-takes-dig-at-rahul-gandhi-over-vote-chori-allegations |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=Telangana Today }}</ref> Karnataka state minister [[K. N. Rajanna]] of the Congress condemned Rahul Gandhi's remarks on the election commission. He was removed from the cabinet for his remarks against his party leader, which sparked protests by his followers in [[Tumakuru district]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 August 2025 |title=Karnataka 'vote chori' row: Thousands protest KN Rajanna's removal from cabinet; supporter attempts self-immolation amid party dissent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-vote-chori-row-thousands-protest-kn-rajannas-removal-from-cabinate-supporter-attempts-self-immolation-amid-party-dissent/articleshow/123253451.cms |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Protests Erupt in Tumakuru Over Minister K N Rajanna's Removal from Cabinet |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/supporters-hit-streets-over-karnataka-minister-rajannas-unceremonious-removal-3678169 |access-date=14 August 2025|date=14 August 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref>

On 12 August, [[Member of Parliament|members of parliament]] from the Congress and other opposition parties protested the alleged electoral fraud by wearing t-shirts which bore the face of Minta Devi, a 124-year-old woman from the [[Daraunda Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 August 2025 |title=Bihar SIR row protest: Congress MPs wear '124 not out' T-shirts over voter fraud allegations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-mps-novel-protest-against-bihar-sir-features-indias-oldest-voter/article69923020.ece |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
In response, union minister [[Kiren Rijiju]] criticised the protesters for allegedly "mocking" Minta Devi and claiming her to be 124 years of age.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title=Will Congress apologise, BJP smirks as Bihar's Minta Devi hits out at Gandhis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/will-congress-apologise-kiren-rijiju-after-minta-devi-fumes-at-tshirt-protest-2770530-2025-08-13 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> Minta Devi, who was reportedly 35 years old, condemned the use of her picture in the protest without her permission.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 August 2025 |title='Who gave Priyanka, Rahul Gandhi the right?': Minta Devi slams use of her name, photo in voter chori protest by India bloc |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/who-gave-priyanka-rahul-gandhi-the-right-minta-devi-slams-use-of-her-name-photo-in-voter-chori-protest-by-india-bloc/articleshow/123263164.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The district administration later stated that a clerical error was responsible for the incorrect age.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/minta-devi-124-not-out-error-in-bihar-womans-age-on-voters-list-gives-ammo-to-opposition-she-says-gave-correct-details-10185576/|title=Minta Devi, 124 not out’ – error in Bihar woman’s age on voter list gives ammo to Opposition; she says gave correct detail|date=13 August 2025|access-date=14 August 2025|work=[[The Indian Express]]|quote=The district administration claimed the discrepancy was a clerical error during the online application process...}}</ref>

[[Anurag Thakur]] of the BJP called the allegations as an excuse for the defeat of congress in the elections and as a political agenda on the backdrop of the upcoming elections in Bihar. On 13 August, the BJP counter accused the opposition parties of electoral irregularities in various parliamentary seats such as [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]], [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]], [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]], and [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]] and demanded resignation of the respective opposition members Rahul Gandhi, [[Priyanka Gandhi|Priyanka Gandhi Vadra]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]], and [[Akhilesh Yadav]] representing those constituencies respectively. At a presentation held at the BJP headquarters in Delhi, the party alleged irregularities during the elections for the [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur assembly seat]] in Tamil Nadu represented by [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu chief minister]] and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] chief [[M. K. Stalin]] and in the [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri parliamentary seat]] in Uttar Pradesh represented by [[Samajwadi party]] leader [[Dimple Yadav]]. It further accused the opposition leaders for rigging elections, and blamed the opposition of protecting their "vote bank" of illegal immigrants from Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title='Chor machaye shor': BJP alleges irregularities in voter registration in seats of Oppn leaders |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/13/chor-machaye-shor-bjp-alleges-irregularities-in-voter-registration-in-seats-of-oppn-leaders |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title="Rahul Gandhi Wants To Save His 'Ghuspaithiye' Voters": BJP Flips The Debate On SIR |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/rahul-gandhi-wants-to-save-his-ghuspaithiye-voters-bjp-anurag-thakur-flips-the-debate-on-sir-article-152457417 |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

On 13 August, Rahul Gandhi reportedly met with seven voters of Bihar whose names were allegedly removed from the electoral rolls declaring them as dead.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2025 |title=Rahul Gandhi has tea with 'dead' voters from Bihar, thanks ECI for experience |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/rahul-gandhi-has-tea-with-dead-voters-from-bihar-thanks-eci-for-experience/article69929098.ece |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 14 August, he further declared that the opposition will set out a protest in all 30 districts of Bihar in three phases, beginning from 17 August, which was later postponed by a week.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=4 August 2025 |title=Rahul Gandhi to begin yatra covering 30 districts in Bihar from August 17 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/rahul-gandhi-to-set-off-yatra-in-bihar-from-august-10/article69892701.ece |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 15 August, Congress launched "Vote chori se azaadi" campaign on their social media handles, and requested people to change their display pictures to support their protest against the election commission.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 August 2025|title=Congress launches 'Vote Chori se Azaadi' campaign; urges for support by displaying picture |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-launches-vote-chori-se-azaadi-campaign-urges-for-support-by-displaying-picture-101755276448401.html |access-date=17 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> On 18 August, it was reported in the media that the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] was contemplating about moving an impeachment motion against the chief election commissioner Gyanesh Kumar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Sobhana K. |date=18 August 2025 |title=INDIA bloc considering motion to remove CEC Gyanesh Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-bloc-considering-motion-to-remove-chief-election-commissioner-gyanesh-kumar-august-18-2025/article69946271.ece |access-date=18 August 2025| work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Indian general election]]
* [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]]
* [[Elections in Karnataka]]
*[[Special Intensive Revision]] (SIR)
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Elections in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Elections in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Elections in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Election Commission of India]]
[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:Rahul Gandhi]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Democratic backsliding in India]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Voter suppression]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:Electoral fraud in India]]
[[Category:Electoral fraud]]

Garhwal Heroes FC

2026-03-27T21:37:47Z

SidneyBecnel: starting post

{{About|the men's football team|the women's team|Garhwal United FC}}{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{infobox football club
| clubname = Garhwal Heroes
| image = Garhwal Heroes Football Club.svg
| upright = 0.85
| fullname = Garhwal Heroes Football Club
| short name = GHFC
| nickname = ''Garhwalis''
| founded = {{Start date and age|1953}} (as ''Garhwal Heroes Football Club'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/team/garhwal-football-club|title=Garhwal Football Club|website=Khelnow.com|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121120231/https://khelnow.com/football/team/garhwal-football-club|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ground = [[Ambedkar Stadium]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| capacity = 35,000 60,254
| owner = Bhagwan Singh Negi
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| league = {{ubl|[[Delhi Football League|Delhi Premier League]]|[[I-League 2|Indian Football League 2]]}}
| season =
| position =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
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| body1 = 006400
| rightarm1 = 006400
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| pattern_la2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b2 = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh2 = _whitebottom
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| rightarm2 = FFDD00
| shorts2 = FFDD00
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| website =
}}

'''Garhwal Heroes Football Club''' (also known as '''Garhwal Football Club''') is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/football-delhi-2nd-division-league-qualifiers-fixtures-results-standings|title=Football Delhi 2nd Division League Qualifiers 2021: Fixtures, results, standings & more|access-date=17 July 2021|website=Khel Now|date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717173244/https://khelnow.com/football/football-delhi-2nd-division-league-qualifiers-fixtures-results-standings|url-status=live}}</ref> The club lifted its first [[Delhi Football League|FD Senior Division]] league title in 1986, which became one of the most successful seasons in their history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Football/The-history-and-the-current-status-of-football-in-Delhi/685|title=The history and the current status of football in Delhi|website=chaseyoursport.com|access-date=4 October 2021|date=29 April 2019|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001951/https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Football/The-history-and-the-current-status-of-football-in-Delhi/685|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Garhwal FC became the first Delhi based club to enter into the quarter final of [[Durand Cup]], prestigious and oldest knockout football club tournament in India. They also competed in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/live-streaming-i-league-qualifiers-2020-garhwal-fc-vs-bhawanipore-fc-when-and-where-to-watch-on-tv-2962079.html|title=Live Streaming I-League Qualifiers 2020 Garhwal FC vs Bhawanipore FC: When and Where to Watch on TV|website=New18.com|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417033951/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/sports/live-streaming-i-league-qualifiers-2020-garhwal-fc-vs-bhawanipore-fc-when-and-where-to-watch-on-tv-2962079.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-2nd-division-garhwal-fc-indian-football/s0zb3573durw1pdg2csbs4q3z|title=I-League 2nd Division: Garhwal FC ready to punch above its weight to gain promotion|website=Goal.com|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417033947/https://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-2nd-division-garhwal-fc-indian-football/s0zb3573durw1pdg2csbs4q3z|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==

===Foundation===
Garhwal Heroes FC was initially set up by Kesar Singh Negi as a platform for young players of the [[Garhwali people|Garhwali community]] to compete locally in Delhi. As the club gained popularity, it was formally registered with the [[Football Delhi]] (formerly ''Delhi Soccer Association'')<ref>{{Cite web|last=Josh|first=Sumit|date=8 May 2018|title=Football Delhi: A Complete Revival of The Game in The Capital|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/football/football-delhi-a-complete-revival-of-the-game-in-the-capital|access-date=11 December 2021|website=www.thequint.com|publisher=[[The Quint]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211074618/https://www.thequint.com/sports/football/football-delhi-a-complete-revival-of-the-game-in-the-capital|archive-date=11 December 2021|language=en}}</ref> in 1953. Since then, GHFC has regularly featured in the league championship organized by the [[Football Delhi]] (FD).<ref>{{cite web|title=DSA Senior Division Open League begins Tuesday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/DSA-Senior-Division-Open-League-begins-Tuesday/articleshow/18116612.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216065221/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-21/top-stories/36462157_1_ahbab-garhwal-heroes-air-force-new-delhi|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2013 |access-date=26 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballdelhi.com/division/all-clubs/|title=Football Delhi Senior Division League: All clubs|website=footballdelhi.com|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108022024/https://www.footballdelhi.com/division/all-clubs/|archive-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> One of the most memorable moments came in 1986, when GHFC were crowned the champions of the [[Delhi Football League|FD Senior Division]].
Unfortunately, the one and a half decades following the historic triumph saw GHFC beset by financial problems which resulted in the club being relegated to the A Division and then the B Division of the Delhi League. The club got a fresh lease of life when it was taken over by B. S. Negi and M. S. Patwal in 2001 following which the club gradually started its ascent once more. From the nadir of the B Division, the club gained promotion to A Division and then to the Senior Division in 2005. GHFC won the FD Senior Division League once more in 2012–13.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Garhwal-Heroes-to-meet-Goodwill-in-DSA-senior-division-league-final/articleshow/18885368.cms|title=Garhwal Heroes to meet Goodwill in DSA senior division league final - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 March 2013 |access-date=6 January 2020|archive-date=15 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315051727/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Garhwal-Heroes-to-meet-Goodwill-in-DSA-senior-division-league-final/articleshow/18885368.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Garhwal FC era (2013–present)===
In 2013, GHFC also won the Delhi leg of the [[Manchester United Premier Cup]], which is a nationwide U-16 club competition. As GHFC tries to attain sustainability of its operations, the partnership will strengthen the club's youth development and scouting network.

In 2013, GHFC was rechristened as Garhwal Football Club (GFC) in order to fulfill the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] Club Licensing Criteria laid down by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) – a step that would enable GFC to compete in the [[I-League]] – the highest level of professional football in the country. GFC brought about a major restructuring drive that would make it a complete club ready for the next generation. In addition to becoming an independent commercial entity as mandated by AIFF, GFC also set up a highly organized youth development system and a professional management team. They provide a pathway for player development to [[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools]]. BBFS players will be able to further their football development by playing professionally. GFC finished runners up in All India Football Tournament in [[Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]].

In July 2021, Garhwal FC participated in the [[2021 Delhi 2nd Division Qualifiers|Delhi 2nd Division Qualifiers]] and moved through knockout stages from group A.<ref name="thefangarage">{{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/18026-2nd-division-qualifiers-delhi--garwhal-heroes-sign-ansumana-kromah|title=2nd Division Qualifiers Delhi - Garwhal Heroes sign Ansumana Kromah|date=17 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718085946/https://thefangarage.com/articles/18026-2nd-division-qualifiers-delhi--garwhal-heroes-sign-ansumana-kromah|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="khelnow">{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/football-delhi-2nd-division-league-qualifiers-fixtures-results-standings|title=Football Delhi 2nd Division League Qualifiers 2021: Fixtures, results, standings & more|date=17 July 2021 |access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717173244/https://khelnow.com/football/football-delhi-2nd-division-league-qualifiers-fixtures-results-standings|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theawayend">{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/|title=Delhi (DSA) Senior Division League|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102053854/https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2023, the club earned an [[I-League 3]] spot to compete in the [[2023–24 I-League 3|inaugural edition]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Major AIFF Decisions: 15 Clubs Nominated In 3rd Division; Youth Quota In I League Teams |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=thefangarage.com |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918105857/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=AIFF League Committee: Youth quota for I-League, State FAs nominate 3rd Division League clubs |url=https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The Away End |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108050756/https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Flavio |last1=Lopes |date=25 September 2023 |agency=TNN |location=Panaji |title=THIRD DIVISION: Dempo to play at home, Sporting away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928075342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms }}</ref>

==Competitive seasons==
2020 was Garhwal's one of the successful seasons when the club finished top of the 2019–20 2nd Division League Group A preliminary round<ref>[Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India, a shorter format of the league was announced. Therefore, only the top 6 non-reserve clubs advanced to the Final Round.]</ref> and entered into the [[2020 I-League Qualifiers]], where they finished at the bottom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/17667-i-league-qualifiers-2020-full-match--fc-bengaluru-united-beat-garhwal-fc-1-0|title=I-League Qualifiers 2020 FULL MATCH -- FC Bengaluru United beat Garhwal FC 1-0|website=thefangarage.com|date=11 October 2020 |access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417033952/https://thefangarage.com/articles/17667-i-league-qualifiers-2020-full-match--fc-bengaluru-united-beat-garhwal-fc-1-0|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Achievements==
Apart from being champions of the [[Delhi Football League|Delhi League]], other notable achievements in the past include winning the Delhi Women's League in 2011 and reaching the quarterfinals of the prestigious Durand Cup in 2010, beating the likes of [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] and [[JCT FC|JCT]] in the process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/29/stories/2010102954722000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102143019/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/29/stories/2010102954722000.htm|archive-date=2 November 2010|title=Garhwal Heroes stuns Sporting Clube de Goa|website=www.thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 September 2021|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

==Tradition==

Historically, the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] in the [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s was established by King [[Kanak Pal]] by integrating the 52 forts or "Garhs" in the region at a time when these forts were owned by several warring chieftains. This helped the kingdom to unite and flourish despite the hardships posed by the unforgiving terrain and [[extreme weather]] conditions. Unity and bravery of the [[Garhwali people|Garhwalis]] were also instrumental in helping the Kingdom to withstand multiple invasions – firstly from the [[Mughal tribe|Mughals]] and then from the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]]s. These values of fighting against all odds to survive and succeed formed the basis of the club's philosophy when it was set up. Thus, '''Unity, Bravery, Victory''' (Ekta, Shaurya, Vijay) became the guiding principles of the club. The goal of the club is to promote community welfare by achieving sporting success in the field of football on the basis these principles.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

Since its inception, GFC has always been a community-oriented club with most of its roster being local players. It enjoys support both within [[Delhi]] and [[Uttarakhand]] with over 5000 fans celebrating its victory in the Delhi League in 2012–13.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.footyshekkeer.in/2014/01/garhwal-fc-gearing-up-for-i-league-2.html |title=Footyshekkeer: Garhwal FC All set for I-League 2 |access-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125150139/http://www.footyshekkeer.in/2014/01/garhwal-fc-gearing-up-for-i-league-2.html |archive-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Club management==
{| class="toccolours"
|-
! style="background:silver;" |Role
! style="background:silver;" |Name
|-
|Honorary president||{{flagicon|IND}} Bhagwan Singh Negi
|-
|Treasurer||{{flagicon|IND}} Magan Singh Negi
|-
|Director||{{flagicon|IND}} Kishor Gam Taid
|-
|Assistant director||{{flagicon|IND}} Anurag Khilnani
|-
|Honorary vice president||{{flagicon|IND}} Sukhpal Singh Negi
|-
|Honorary secretary||{{flagicon|IND}} Anil Kumar Negi
|}

==Youth team==
Garhwal FC's U17 team competes in various regional and national youth tournaments, as well as [[Youth League (India)|Hero Youth League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23|title=49 teams to participate in AIFF Elite Youth League 2022–23|date=7 December 2022|access-date=28 January 2023|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208054612/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/quick-starts-watertight-defences-and-perfect-records-a-look-ahead-to-the-hero-u-17-youth-cup-final-round|title=Quick starts, watertight defences and perfect records: A look ahead to the Hero U-17 Youth Cup final round|date=18 January 2023|access-date=28 January 2023|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first=Vaibhav|last=Raghunandan|location=New Delhi|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122082038/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/quick-starts-watertight-defences-and-perfect-records-a-look-ahead-to-the-hero-u-17-youth-cup-final-round}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Domestic===
'''Senior'''
*'''[[Delhi Football League#Teams|Delhi Premier League/Delhi Senior Division]]'''
**Champions (4): 1986, [[2013 DSA Senior Division|2012–13]],<ref>[https://www.footballdelhi.com/ Delhi Senior Division Football League] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301125100/https://www.footballdelhi.com/ |date=1 March 2021 }} ''footballdelhi.com''. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Arunava Chaudhary|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/dfl.html|title=List of Champions of the Delhi Football League (DSA Senior Division)|website=Indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020501132122/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/dfl.html|archive-date=1 May 2002|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2018–19,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi (DSA) Senior Division League|url=https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/|access-date=2 November 2021|website=theawayend.co|publisher=The Away End|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102053854/https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/|archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> 2023–24
**Runners-up (2): 1990, 2010<ref>{{Cite web|title=India — List of Delhi League Champions|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadelhichamp.html|date=2003|access-date=2021-12-18|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218121437/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiadelhichamp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): 1980<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/lalbahadurshastricup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Lal Bahadur Shastri Cup|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315014206/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/lalbahadurshastricup.html|archive-date=15 March 2016|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Runners-up (2): 1983, 2006
*'''[[Mohan Kumar Mangalam Football Tournament]]'''
**Champions (1): 1988<ref>{{cite web|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/DFA-Udaipur-team-in-final-of-MKM-Football-2023/cid9845573.htm|title=DFA Udaipur enter finals of the MKM National Football Tournament for the first time in 43 years|date=29 January 2023|access-date=28 February 2023|website=udaipurtimes.com|publisher=Udaipur Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129144906/https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/DFA-Udaipur-team-in-final-of-MKM-Football-2023/cid9845573.htm|archive-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>
* '''Shaheed Bhagat Singh Memorial Cup'''
**Champions (1): 2022–23<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FootballDelhi/status/1724043197893288376|title=𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐒 🥇 Garhwal Heroes FC has won the 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗵𝗲𝗲𝗱 𝗕𝗵𝗮𝗴𝗮𝘁 𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗵 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝘂𝗽 2023–24 🏆|website=Twitter.com|publisher=Sudeva Delhi Football Club|date=13 November 2023|access-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20231114071145/https://twitter.com/FootballDelhi/status/1724043197893288376|archive-date=14 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Youth'''
*'''FD U-18 Youth League'''
**Third place (1): 2022–23<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FootballDelhi/status/1612400866581151747|title=Football Delhi U-18 Youth League {{!}} Here's the table after the Final MatchDay of the 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟐! 🔥|website=twitter.com (FootballDelhi)|publisher=Football Delhi|date=9 January 2023|access-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110151601/https://twitter.com/FootballDelhi/status/1612400866581151747|archive-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Garhwal United FC]]
* [[List of football clubs in India]]
* [[Sport in Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|117414801685806}}
*{{Instagram|garhwalheroesfc}}
*{{Twitter|GarhwalFC}}
*[https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/garhwal-fc/18037/ Team info] at Global Sports Archive
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/club/10929 Garhwal FC] at ''[[All India Football Federation|the-aiff.com]]''

{{I-League 2nd Division}}

[[Category:Garhwal FC]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Delhi]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1953]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]

Naheed Abidi

2026-03-25T16:04:31Z

SidneyBecnel: created article

{{short description|Indian scholar of Sanskrit and writer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Naheed Abidi
| image = Dr. Naheed Abidi (2014).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Naheed Abidi, calls on [[Narendra Modi]], the Prime Minister of India
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1961}}
| birth_place = [[Mirzapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Indian scholar and writer
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Ehtesham Abidi
| domesticpartner =
| children = a son and a daughter
| parents =
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Naheed Abidi''' is an Indian scholar of [[Sanskrit]]<ref name="Elets Online">{{cite web | url=http://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2014/09/eminent-sanskrit-scholar-calls-on-pm/ | title=Elets Online | publisher=Elets Online | date=2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> and writer. In 2014, she was honoured with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for her contributions to the field of literature by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma">{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |work=Circular |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> She has received many awards and accolades for her contribution to Sanskrit literature & philosophy, notable among them are: Nawab Raza Ali Khan Award, 2018 for Sanskrit Language by Hon'ble Governor UP, Sri Ram Naik ji.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/Annual_Reports_Organizations/RRL-44th-Annual-Report-&-Audited-Account-Statement-for-the-year-2018-19.pdf |title=Rampur Raza Library, 44th Annual Report 2018-19. Ministry of Culture, Govt. of INDIA |publisher=Rampur Raza Library, Ministry of Culture, Govt. of INDIA |year=2019 |pages=56–57 |language=Hindi}}</ref> The Late Smt. Chandrawati Joshi Sanskrit Bhasha Puraskar 2015 awarded by Gyan Kalyan Datavya Nyas, 6 Raisina Road, New Delhi. Janani Jagriti Darshan Samman by Ramayanam Trust, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. Vikram Kalidas Puraskar by Kalidas Samiti, Government of M.P.; Dara Shikoh Sammaan & Yuva Pratibha Sammaan by Akhil Bhartiya Vidwat Parishad, Varanasi.

==Early life and education==
{{quote box|align = right|width=21em|''Conferring Padma Shri award upon me is like honouring the Sanskrit world and it will inspire Muslims for Sanskrit learning. I am highly grateful to the scholars of Sanskrit and Persian who encouraged me in my objective of exploring the uniting the bond between the two faiths. Sanskrit is a rich language, which has the quality of promoting harmony and peace in the society.'' says Naheed Abidi<ref name="Times of India">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sanskrit-has-a-special-place-in-the-heart-of-Padma-Shri-awardee-Naheed-Abidi/articleshow/29596641.cms | title=Sanskrit has a special place in the heart of Padma Shri awardee Naheed Abidi | first=Binay | last=Singh | newspaper=Times of India | date=30 January 2014 | access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref>}}

Abidi was born in 1961, in a Shia Muslim [[zamindari]] family at [[Mirzapur]],<ref name="TIN" /> in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Times of India2"/> Choosing [[Sanskrit]] as her subject, Abidi did her graduation at the Kamla Maheshwari Degree College and secured her MA from the K. V. Degree College, Mirzapur.<ref name="TIN">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sanskrit-has-a-special-place-in-the-heart-of-Padma-Shri-awardee-Naheed-Abidi/articleshow/29596641.cms | title=TOI | publisher=TOI | date=30 January 2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> She moved to [[Varanasi]], an ancient seat of Sanskrit scholarship after her marriage with Ehtesham Abidi - a Senior Advocate in the city.<ref name="Times of India" /><ref name="TIN" /> Varanasi is deemed holy by the Hindu text [[Garuda Purana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu18.htm|title=Garuḍa Purāṇa XVI 114|access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> She went on to secure a doctoral degree (PhD) from the [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]] (MGKV), a public university in the city, and published her thesis titled as ''Vedic Sahitya Mein Ashvinon Ka Swaroop'' (''The Utility and Form of Ashvin brothers in Vedic Literature'') in 1993.<ref name="One India">{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/06/13/no-permanent-job-for-muslim-sanskrit-scholar-1181729398.html | title=One India | publisher=One India | date=13 June 2007 | access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> She received her D.Litt. degree from Lucknow University (Sanskrit) in 2009.

== Career ==
In 2005, Abidi started working as a lecturer without any pay at [[Banaras Hindu University]]. Soon after, she joined the [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]] to work as a part-time lecturer on a daily wage scheme. However, the Sanskrit scholar, known as the first Muslim female to have worked as a lecturer in Sanskrit, had difficulties finding a regular job.<ref name="One India" /> Her first book was published in 2008 and was titled ''Sanskrit Sahitya Mein Rahim'' - which is an account of the Sanskrit leanings of the renowned poet, Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khana.<ref name="Elets Online" /> This was followed by ''Devalayasya Deepa'',<ref name="Text Book">{{cite book | url=http://www.gettextbooks.com/author/Naheed_Abidi | title=Devalayasya Dipah | publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan | author=Naheed Abidi | year=2008 | isbn=9788186111536}}</ref> a translation of ''Chirag-e-Dair'', written by poet, [[Mirza Ghalib]].<ref name="Times of India" /> The third book was ''Sirr-e-Akbar'',<ref name="Sirr-e-Akbar">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/DaraShukoh-ThePrinceWhoTurnedSufi/DaraShukoh-ThePrinceWhoTurnedSufi_djvu.txt | title=Sirr-e-Akbar | publisher=Internet Archive | date=2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> a Hindi translation of 50 [[Upanishad]]s, earlier translated by the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] prince, [[Dara Shikoh]] into [[Persian language|Persian]]. She has published a Hindi translation of Vedanta, translated into Persian by Dara Shikoh and also the [[Sufism|Sufi]] texts by the prince.<ref name="Elets Online" /><ref name="Times of India" /><ref name="One India" /><ref name="Narendra Modi" />

Abidi lives with her spouse Ehtesham Abidi and her two children, a son and a daughter,<ref name="Times of India" /><ref name="TIN" /> in V.D.A. colony in the [[Shivpuri district|Shivpur]] area of [[Varanasi]].<ref name="Wikimapia">{{cite web | url=http://wikimapia.org/9695030/Dr-Naheed-Abidi-Plot | title=Wikimapia | publisher=Wikimapia | date=2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> She also serves as an Executive Council member at the Sampurnanad Sanskrit University.<ref name="TIN" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Abidi was conferred with [[Padma Shri]], in 2014, by the [[Government of India]], for her services to literature.<ref name="Padma" /> She has also been conferred DLitt by the [[Lucknow University]].<ref name="TIN" />
Abidi met [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] on 9 September 2014 at the latter's residence and presented two of the books written by her.<ref name="DNA India">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sanskrit-scholar-dr-naheed-abidi-calls-on-pm-narendra-modi-2017066 | title=DNA India | publisher=DNA India | date=8 September 2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> The meeting was announced by Modi through a photo on his [[Google Plus]] page<ref name="Modi Google Plus">{{cite web | url=https://plus.google.com/+NarendraModi/posts/fPwmmqeh6bA | title=Modi Google Plus | publisher=Google Plus | date=2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> and the video of the meeting was displayed on the personal web site of the Prime Minister.<ref name="Narendra Modi">{{cite web | url=http://www.narendramodi.in/eminent-sanskrit-scholar-dr-naheed-abidi-calls-on-pm/ | title=Narendra Modi | publisher=Narendra Modi | date=2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> In 2016, She was honored with the Yash Bharati Award by UP government at a function held in Lucknow.<ref name="Times of India2">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Binay |title=Sanskrit scholar Dr Naheed Abidi gets Yash Bharati award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sanskrit-scholar-Dr-Naheed-Abidi-gets-Yash-Bharati-award/articleshow/51497899.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 March 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Awarded by
!Year
|-
|Padma Award (Padma Sri)
|President of India
|2014
|-
|‘Yash Bharti’ Sammaan
|Government of Uttar Pradesh
|2016
|-
|Late Nawab Raza Ali Khan Award
|Raza Library, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
|2018
|-
|Late Smt. Chandrawati Joshi Sanskrit Bhasha Puraskar
|Sri Gyan Kalyan Datavya Nyaas, New Delhi
|2015
|-
|Janani Jagriti Darshan Samman
|Ramayanam Trust, Ayodhya, U.P.
|2011
|-
|Vikram Kalidas Puraskar
|Kalidas Samiti, Govt. of M.P.
|2009
|-
|Dara Shikoh Sammaan
|Akhil Bhartiya Vidwat Parishad
|2007
|-
|Yuva Pratibha Sammaan
|Akhil Bhartiya Vidwat Parishad
|2006
|}

== Memberships/academic/social activities ==
* Member – NCMEI (National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions) MoHRD, GoI, 19 Jan to 7 April 2015, 7 December 2015 to 6 December 2020.
* Member – Academic Council, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. 12 Feb 2020 to February 2022.
* Member – CBFC (Central Board of Film Certification), MoH&B, GoI • Member – CABE (Central Advisory Board of Education), MoHRD, GoI, CABE Resolution, 11 June 2015.
* Member – Selection Committee for selecting Maharishi Sandipani Rashtriya Ved Vidya Pratishthan Awaredee Nominated by Hon’ble HRD Minister, Ujjain, 31.05.2013.
* Member - Executive Council, (Chancellor's Nominee), Sampurnanand Sanskrit University, Varanasi (2007-09 & 2009–2011).
* Visiting professor in various Central and State Universities and Post Grad. Colleges such as M.M.V. (B.H.U.), M.G. Kashi Vidyapeeth etc. since past 22 years till 2015.
* Promoting Muslim girls and boys to study Sanskrit. Providing academic help for promotion of linguistic harmony.

== Literary contributions ==
* {{cite book | url=http://www.gettextbooks.com/author/Naheed_Abidi | title=Devalayasya dipah | publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan | author=Naheed Abidi | year=2008 | isbn=9788186111536}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.hindibook.com/index.php?p=sr&Uc=HB-29663 | title=Sanskrit Sahitya Mein Rahim | publisher=Hindi Book Centre | author=Naheed Abidi | year=2006 | isbn=9788186111321}}
* Naheed Abidi (2021). ''[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/devalayasya-dipah-sanskrit-transalation-of-cheragh-e-dair-of-mirza-ghalib-uap430/ Devalayasya Deepah]'' 2nd Edition (2021). Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan. {{ISBN|8186111530}}
* Naheed Abidi (2022). ''Vartman Sandarbh Mein Vaidik Moolya''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abidi |first=Naheed |title=Vartman Sandarbh Mein Vaidik Moolya |publisher=National Book Trust |year=2022 |isbn=978-9354916243 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |language=hi |trans-title=Vedic Values in the Context of Today's time}}</ref> (2022). National Book Trust. {{ISBN|9789354916243}}.

== Books in press ==
* ''"Vaidik Sahitya me Ashwinav: Bhartiya evam P𝑎̅shch𝑎̅tya Mat".''
* A comparative study between ''Ishavasyopanishad'' by Acharya Shankar and by Dara Shikoh.
* ''Raheemkavye Sanskritsahitasya Prabhavah'' etc.

== Visits ==
Attended and presented in more than 200 National and International seminars and conferences: the most recent one being the '''World Conference organized by Madrasa Ayatullah Zafar-ul Millat (June 2018) in Iraq & Iran''' on the topic ''“Shia Azadari in India”'', which also hosted many notable clerics & educationists.

==See also==
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]]
* [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]]

{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=50em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://shiacelebrities.com/scholars/naheed-abidi/ Naheed Abidi Biography]
*{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/todays-top-15-narendra-modi-amitabh-bachchan-padma-shri-awards-gionee-elife-s5.5-mh370-and-more/4417-1.html | title=Civil Investiture Ceremony | publisher=Indian Express | date=2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}
*{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sanskrit-scholar-dr-naheed-abidi-calls-on-pm-narendra-modi-2017066 | title=News report | publisher=DNA India | date=2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}
*{{cite web | url=http://www.veooz.com/topic/naheed_abidi.html | title=News report | publisher=Veooz | date=2014 | access-date=1 October 2014 | archive-date=14 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814062733/https://www.veooz.com/topic/naheed_abidi.html | url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdPNcEbvrpg | title=Eminent Sanskrit Scholar, Dr. Naheed Abidi calls on PM Modi - YouTube video| publisher=YouTube | date=8 September 2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url=http://www.gettextbooks.com/author/Naheed_Abidi | title=Devalayasya dipah | publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan | author=Naheed Abidi | year=2008 | isbn=9788186111536}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abidi, Naheed}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian women scholars]]
[[Category:People from Mirzapur]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scholars from Varanasi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:Women educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Madurai Junction–Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express

2026-03-19T19:06:08Z

SidneyBecnel: starting new details

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Madurai Junction - Bengaluru Cantonment ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = Madurai - Bengaluru Cantt. VB Express (Sept '25).jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = This [[Vande Bharat Express]] departing from {{stnlnk|Krishnarajapuram}} and heading towards [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Jn.]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]]
| first = {{start date|2024|08|31|df=y}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|02 September 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways (SR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}} '''(MDU)'''
| stops = 6
| end = [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantonment]] '''(BNC)'''
| distance = {{convert|573|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 07 hrs 45 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20671 / 20672
| line_used = '''(TBC)'''
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: Sept 10 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(First service: Sept 11 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|74|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Southern Railway zone|Madurai Jn (MDU)]]
| map = {{Madurai Junction–Bengaluru Cantonment VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20671/20672 '''Madurai Junction - Bengaluru Cantonment ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 53rd [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the Temple city of [[Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] with the Silicon City of [[Bangalore]] in [[Karnataka]]. This express train was initially slated to be inaugurated on 20 June 2024, but has been postponed due to administrative reasons. Later, it was inaugurated on 31 August 2024 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-31 |title=PM Modi flags off three new Vande Bharat Express trains: Check route timing and stops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-flags-off-three-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-check-route-timing-and-stops/articleshow/112944133.cms |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=PM Modi flags off 3 Vande Bharat trains, check routes |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/pm-modi-flag-new-vande-bharat-train-new-train-route-1.9860587 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=மதுரை - பெங்களூரு, சென்னை எழும்பூர் - நாகர்கோவில் வந்தே பாரத் எக்ஸ்பிரஸ் ரயில் நேர அட்டவணை, டிக்கெட் கட்டணம் - முழு விவரம் |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/tamil-nadu/madurai-bengaluru-chennai-egmore-nagercoil-vande-bharat-express-train-schedule-route-details-article-112939828 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=TimesNowTamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=salah |first=Jibrael |title=6170415-0: 1.Meerut to lucknow 2.Chennai to nagerc 20671/Madurai - Bengaluru Cantt. Vande Bharat Express - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/6170415 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=Southern India to get two new Vande Bharat Express trains; Check details here |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/southern-india-to-get-two-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-check-details-here-2672787 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anbuselvan |first=B. |date=2024-08-30 |title=PM Modi to flag off Chennai to Nagercoil Vande Bharat on August 31 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Aug/30/pm-modi-to-flag-off-chennai-to-nagercoil-vande-bharat-on-august-31 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=DTNEXT |date=2024-08-30 |title=PM Modi to flag off Chennai-Nagercoil, Madurai-Bengaluru Vande Bharat trains |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/pm-modi-to-flag-off-chennai-nagercoil-madurai-bengaluru-vande-bharat-trains-801697 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
During the trial run for this express, it was scheduled to take place on June 17, 2024, where it would depart from Madurai in the morning and terminate at [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru]] in the afternoon. This trainset (Rake number 61) would depart from SMVT Bengaluru post noon and would reach Madurai in the night as [[Madurai - S.M.V.T Bengaluru Vande Bharat Express|Madurai SMVT Bangalore Vandebharat Express]] but during inaugural run and at regular commercial run, it has been provided a new destination at Bangalore Cantonment along with additional stoppage at Namakkal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-17 |title=Madurai–Bengaluru VB test run today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/maduraibengaluru-vande-bharat-express-trial-run-today/articleshow/111046380.cms |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This express train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}}, [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul Jn]], [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Trichy Jn]], [[Karur Junction railway station|Karur Jn]], [[Namakkal railway station|Namakkal]], [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Jn]], [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]] and [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantonment]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SIVAPRAKASH |title=6170217-0: 20671/20672 Madurai - Bengaluru Cant VB 20671/Madurai - Bengaluru Cantt. Vande Bharat Express - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/6170217 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It is currently operated with train numbers 20671/20672 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Madurai – Bengaluru Vande Bharat Express to be launched by PM Modi soon; Details here |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/tamil-nadu/madurai-bengaluru-vande-bharat-express-to-be-lauched-by-pm-modi-soon-details-here-2457521 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=N. T. |date=2024-03-06 |title=Madurai – Bengaluru Vande Bharat Express to be launched by PM |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2024/03/06/madurai-bengaluru-vande-bharat-express-to-be-launched-by-pm/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=News Today {{!}} First with the news |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2024 |title=Bengaluru-Madurai Vande Bharat Express Timings, Routes, Ticket Fare |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-madurai-vande-bharat-express-timings-routes-ticket-fare-3855527.html |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=[[oneindia]]}}</ref>

==Rakes==
[[File:Madurai - Bengaluru Cantonment Mini Vande Bharat Express train.jpg|left|thumb|238x238px|Formerly running 08-Coach Mini VB rake departing from [[Bengaluru Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantonment]] railway station]]
It was the fifty-first [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation]] and thirty-fifth '''[[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train]]''' which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Coach augmentation ===
As of September 2025, this express train was augmented with 8 additional AC coaches and is currently running with [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0 trainset]] (formerly used by [[Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express|Mangaluru–Trivandrum VB train]]), in order to meet the surge in passenger demand on this popular route.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-09 |title=Madurai - Bengaluru Vande Bharat train via Tiruchi to run with 16 coaches from September 11 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/madurai-bengaluru-vande-bharat-train-via-tiruchi-to-run-with-16-coaches-from-september-11/article70029172.ece |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-10 |title=Madurai-Bengaluru Vande Bharat to run with 16 coaches |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurai-bengaluru-vande-bharat-to-run-with-16-coaches/articleshow/123813801.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |date=2025-09-05 |title=Madurai–Bengaluru Vande Bharat Express train to run with 16 coaches from Sept 11 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/maduraibengaluru-vande-bharat-express-train-to-run-with-16-coaches-from-sept-11-845647 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WebDesk |title=பயணிகளுக்கு குட் நியூஸ்! மதுரை- பெங்களூர் வந்தே பாரத் ரயிலில் கூடுதல் பெட்டிகள் இணைப்பு |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/vande-bharat-train-madurai-to-bengaluru-vande-bharat-express-additional-coaches-10067604 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-09-05 |title=மதுரை-பெங்களூரு வந்தே பாரத் ரெயிலில் பெட்டிகள் அதிகரிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/increase-in-coaches-in-madurai-bengaluru-vande-bharat-train-1177843 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 20671/20672 Madurai Jn - Bengaluru Cantt Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Tuesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|573|km}} in a travel time of 7 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|74|km/h}}. The service has 6 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Madurai Junction railway station]]
* [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantonment railway station]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madurai Junction-Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Madurai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]

Sanam (band)

2026-03-17T11:43:01Z

SidneyBecnel: Creating first article with sources

{{short description|I-pop (Indian classical music in pop style)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sanam
| landscape = yes
| caption = Sanam's Hindi logo
| origin = [[Mumbai]], India
| genre = [[Pop rock]]
| years_active = 2010–present
| label = {{flatlist|
*[[Times Music]]
*[[Sony Music]]
*[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
*[[Saregama]]
*[[Zee Music Company]]
}}
| current_members = *[[Sanam Puri]]
*Samar Puri
*Venky S (Venkat Subramaniyam)
*Keshav Dhanraj
| website =
| image = SANAM Hindi Logo.jpg
}}

'''Sanam''' is an Indian pop rock band formed in 2010 currently based in [[Mumbai]], India known for its renditions of old classic Indian Bollywood songs as well as its original music. The band SANAM consists of Sanam Puri (lead vocalist), Samar Puri (lead guitarist), Venky S or Venkat Subramaniyam (bass guitarist) and Keshav Dhanraj (drummer).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ravishankar |first1=Sriram |title=Interview With The Unstoppable: SANAM BAND |journal=The Score Magazine |date=20 Feb 2018 |issue=Cover Story |url=https://highonscore.com/interview-unstoppable-sanam-band/}}</ref><ref name="Meet Sanam: India’s Coolest New Pop Band" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/interviews/170607-it-very-fulfilling-experience-feel-the|title=It is a very fulfilling experience to feel the energy of a stadium full of fans: Sanam|last=Yadav|first=Kavita|date=7 June 2017|work=Radio & Music|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> In 2016, the band was amongst India's top 10 independent YouTube Channels, India's biggest music artist on the digital platform and the fastest growing [[YouTube]] channel in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Qyukistars Tops The Youtube's Fastest Growing List, Passes 800 Million Views|journal=Business World|date=4 May 2016|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Qyukistars-Tops-The-Youtube-s-Fastest-Growing-List-Passes-5-Billion-Views/04-05-2016-97670/|accessdate=8 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Weiss|first1=Geoff|title=YouTube Announces "Breakneck Growth" In India, Slate Of New Shows From Local Content Partners|url=http://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/17/youtube-announces-breakneck-growth-in-india-slate-of-new-shows-from-local-content-partners/|website=tubefilter.com|publisher=Tube Filter|accessdate=17 March 2016|date=17 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Meet India's hottest YouTube stars who are all the rage with the millennial generation">{{cite news|last1=Goyal|first1=Malini|title=Meet India's hottest YouTube stars who are all the rage with the millennial generation|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-indias-hottest-youtube-stars-who-are-all-the-rage-with-the-millennial-generation/articleshow/52167036.cms|accessdate=8 May 2016|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|issue=Panache|work=Economic Times|date=8 May 2016}}</ref>

The band was awarded the Best Music Content Creator (National Category) at the Social Media Summit & Awards in [[Amaravati]] in 2017 by AP Tourism Minister Bhuma Akhila Priya and MP [[Kesineni Srinivas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/deepika-one-need-not-react-to-everything-on-social-media/article20557503.ece|title=Deepika: one need not react to everything on social media|last=Boda|first=Tharun|date=20 November 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/we-have-seen-our-songs-bring-broken-families-together-and-help-strangers-connect-sanam/articleshow/61770250.cms|title=We have seen our songs bring broken families together and help strangers connect: Sanam|last=Borthakur|first=Debarun|date=24 November 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicunplugged.in/news/trade_news_info/1033/10|title=Sanam nominated for the best music content creators-All India|date=20 November 2017|website=www.musicunplugged.in}}</ref>

==Musical career==

===2010: Formation and first years===

In 2003, Venky and Samar were classmates in [[Indian School, Muscat]], both of them played guitar and planned to start a band so they got Samar's younger brother, Sanam Puri, in the band to join as a singer. After completing school, they all moved to India for college. Sanam and Samar moved to Delhi and there became involved in the college rock circuits. Sanam Puri started winning awards for his singing and Samar Puri started writing songs. Venky meanwhile, in Bangalore, took up bass playing with various bands. He sang a cappella in college and started performing swing/jazz and pop standards regularly at clubs. Venky met Keshav (who was the drummer in bands such as Nerverek) through the college rock circuit and they formed an alternative rock outfit called ‘The Previous Band’. Venky used to travel to Chennai (where the band was based) to write songs, rehearse and perform with them. Eventually two band members took left for [[Musicians Institute]] in [[Los Angeles]] for music education and another member went to SAE in [[Byron Bay]]. Thus ended their short stint of ‘The Previous Band’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicunplugged.in/interviews/interviews_info/76/0|title=The word SANAM is used in countless Bollywood songs and is directly connected to Indian music|last=Ferriera|first=Verus|date=15 November 2016|website=www.musicunplugged.in}}</ref> In 2009, Samar and Sanam moved to Mumbai to pursue a music career. Keshav also took up a job with Furtados as their Brand Manager for [[Zildjian]], Evans and [[Pearl drums]]. Venky connected the three of them and they started writing music together.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Debarati S|title=Sanam Puri: Spreading love and happiness through music is our greatest achievement|url=http://www.bombaytimes.com/movies/india/-sanam-puri-spreading-love-and-happiness-through-music-is-our-greatest-achievement/articleshow/62471353.cms|accessdate=13 January 2018|agency=Times News Network|issue=Bombay Times|publisher=Times of India|date=13 January 2018}}</ref> In May 2010, [[Times Music]] launched a nationwide pop band hunt called ‘Supastars’ for young talent in India. Samar, Keshav and Sanam put in an entry randomly in the name of The SQS Project. Over 1,600 bands across India took part in this contest. Venky joined them in the final round and of all the entries The SQS Project won the title ‘Times Music Supastars’,<ref name="SQS Project wins Times Music Supastars">{{cite news|last1=TNN|first1=Times News Network|title=SQS Project wins Times Music Supastars|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/SQS-Project-wins-Times-Music-Supastars/articleshow/6445761.cms|accessdate=28 Aug 2010|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|issue=Entertainment|work=The Times of India|date=28 Aug 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Souza|first1=Alexis|title=The SQS Story|url=http://www.myopusradio.com/platformnews/news/the-sqs-story|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906182330/http://www.myopusradio.com/platformnews/news/the-sqs-story|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 September 2010|accessdate=9 February 2010|agency=Platform News|publisher=myopusradio.com|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> giving the band a name of ‘SQS Supastars’.
[[File:SANAM ENGLISH LOGO.png|thumb|190x190px|Band SANAM's Official LOGO (English)]]
[[File:SANAM Hindi Logo.jpg|thumb|193x193px|Band SANAM's Official LOGO (Hindi)]]
The band released their first self-titled album, ''Supastars'', and later released music videos for their songs "Hawa Hawa" and "Behka". Major Swedish and Denmark music labels handled the mixing and mastering of the album. The band also endorsed the ‘[[Mufti]]’ clothing line during their second music video "Behka".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Iyer|first1=Anita|title=Mufti clothes SQS!|url=http://www.soundbox.co.in/mufti-clothes-sqs/|website=soundbox.co.in|publisher=Select Publishing Company|accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref>

=== 2012: Formation of Sanam - the band and Growth Curve ===

In 2012 the band met Ben Thomas (managing director of Kurian & Co Talent Management and a music business manager who had managed music artists including [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Vishal–Shekhar]]).<ref name="Meet Sanam: India’s Coolest New Pop Band">{{cite web|last1=Satpute|first1=Shibani|title=Meet Sanam: India's Coolest New Pop Band|url=http://baysidejournal.com/wp/meet-sanam-indias-coolest-new-pop-band/|website=baysidejournal.com/|publisher=Bayside Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Basu|first1=Lahari|title=Sanam's secret to success: Good Management|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/sanams-secret-to-success-good-management-276764|accessdate=26 December 2017|agency=The Pioneer Group|issue=Entertainment|publisher=Millennium Post|date=26 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Exclusive: Sanam shares some tidbits">{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Sanam shares some tidbits|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/160201-radioandmusiccom-exclusive-sanam-shares-some#|website=radioandmusic.com|publisher=Indiantelevision.com Group|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> He also introduced the band to [[Vishal–Shekhar]] which led to Sanam Puri's first Bollywood break as a playback singer with songs like "Dhat Teri Ki"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ratti|first1=Pragati|title='Dhat Teri Ki' a perfect debut, says new singer in B-town Sanam Puri|url=http://www.news18.com/news/music/dhat-teri-ki-a-perfect-debut-says-new-singer-in-b-town-sanam-puri-648781.html|accessdate=12 September 2016|agency=Cable News Network|publisher=NEWS 18|date=4 November 2013}}</ref> from the movie ''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]'' and "Ishq Bulaava" from ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''.<ref name="Spider-Man singer Sanam started with a DU band">{{cite news|last1=Tuli|first1=Aanchal|title=Spider-Man singer Sanam started with a DU band|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Spider-Man-singer-Sanam-started-with-a-DU-band-Spider-Man-singer-Sanam-Sanam-sings-for-a-DU-band/articleshow/34469071.cms|accessdate=1 May 2014|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|issue=Entertainment|publisher=Times of India|date=1 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="I want to be like Honey Singh: Sanam Puri">{{cite news|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Akash|title=I want to be like Honey Singh: Sanam Puri|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-want-to-be-like-Honey-Singh-Sanam-Puri/articleshow/29646417.cms?|accessdate=31 January 2014|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|issue=Entertainment|publisher=Times of India|date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=I dont mind acting in films - Sanam Puri|url=http://www.zoom4india.com/entertainment/features/item/67195-i-dont-mind-acting-in-films-sanam-puri.html|accessdate=26 December 2013|publisher=Zoom 4 India|date=26 December 2013}}</ref> The same year the band composed its first original composition "Main Hoon" for the Hollywood blockbuster ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Adivarekar|first1=Priya|title=Singer Sanam Puri works on a promotional song for The Amazing Spiderman 2|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/screen/singer-sanam-puri-works-on-a-promotional-song-for-the-amazing-spiderman-2/|accessdate=12 September 2016|agency=The Express Group|publisher=The Indian Express|date=23 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sanam Puri made 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2' song in one night">{{cite news|last1=IANS|first1=India's Largest Independent News Service|title=Sanam Puri made 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2' song in one night|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Sanam-Puri-made-The-Amazing-Spider-Man-2-song-in-one-night/articleshow/33914010.cms|accessdate=18 April 2014|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|publisher=Times of India|date=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Parande|first1=Shweta|title=The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Hindi song Main Hoon by Sanam: Spidey flies to the soothing number!|url=http://www.india.com/stream/the-amazing-spider-man-2-hindi-song-main-hoon-by-sanam-spidey-flies-to-the-soothing-number-43287/|website=india.com|publisher=India Webportal Pvt Ltd|accessdate=23 April 2014|date=23 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ratti|first1=Pragati|title=The Amazing Spider-Man 2's Hindi anthem: A song composed in just one night|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/the-amazing-spider-man-2s-hindi-anthem-a-song-composed-in-just-one-night-683745.html|accessdate=26 April 2014|agency=A Time Warner Company|publisher=CNN News 18|date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

Given the growing following of the band digitally, in 2015 the band was invited by YouTube to perform at the YouTube FanFest.<ref>[https://www.youtubefanfest.com Youtube FanFest]</ref> They were again invited in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ganguly|first1=Srijani|title=Sanam: The four member band that dominates the virtual world|journal=India Today|date=6 March 2016|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/music/story/sanam-puri-band-popstars-qyuki-bollywood-hindi-songs-cover-311986-2016-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bahirwani|first1=Krishna|title=YouTube FanFest returns to Mumbai on 18th March|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-youtube-fanfest-returns-to-mumbai-on-18th-march-2185201|accessdate=3 March 2016|agency=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|publisher=DNA India|date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Dipanjan|title=Internet sensations to gather at the YouTube fanfest in Mumbai|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/internet-sensations-to-gather-at-the-youtube-fanfest-in-mumbai/17051150|accessdate=18 March 2016|agency=Mid-Day Infomedia Ltd.|publisher=Mid Day|date=18 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube FanFest returns to Mumbai for its third edition|url=http://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital/youtube-fanfest-returns-to-mumbai-for-its-third-edition/51238416|accessdate=3 March 2016|agency=ET Brand Equity|issue=Brand Equity|publisher=Economic Times|date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Gig 3.jpg|thumb|Band SANAM on the way from the green room to the stage for the SANAM Live in Concert @ Holland during Holland-Suriname-Trinidad 2017 Tour]]
The band performed in the capital Male at the VMY Music Festival in July 2015, which commemorated the 50th Anniversary of Independence of the [[Republic of Maldives]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Indian pop band Sanam in Maldives|url=http://travelcentremaldives.com/maldives-blog/the-indian-pop-band-sanam-in-maldives|website=travelcentremaldives.com|publisher=Travel Centre Maldives.|accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref> The Ballard Estate Festival in Mumbai was formally inaugurated by the chief guest [[Nitin Gadkari]], Minister of Road Transport and Highways of India on 24 January, followed by the headlining performance by the band Sanam. The event was attended by personalities such as actress and politician [[Hema Malini]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Ballard Estate Festival will give Mumbai more recreational options|url=http://www.newsx.com/lifestyle/17933-the-ballard-estate-festival-will-give-mumbai-more-recreational-options|accessdate=17 January 2016|agency=ITV Network|publisher=News X|date=17 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2016 as a part of a project called Jammin, a digital musical collaboration featuring YouTube's musical talent with four music composers [[A R Rahman]], [[Salim–Sulaiman]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], and [[Mithoon]],<ref name="Band 'Sanam' is India’s fabulous four">{{cite news|last1=TNN|first1=Times News Network|title=Band 'Sanam' is India's fabulous four|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Band-Sanam-is-Indias-fabulous-four/articleshow/53898085.cms|accessdate=29 August 2016|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|issue=Entertainment|publisher=Times of India|date=29 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cerejo, Sanam set Jammin' rolling with engaging track|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/160822-cerejo-sanam-set-jammin-rolling-engaging|website=radioandmusic.com|publisher=Indiantelevision.com Group|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> "Inquilab Mera Khwab" was released in collaboration with [[Clinton Cerejo]] and "Yaara" was released in collaboration with [[A R Rahman]] and all other artists who were a part of the programme.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanam grosses one million YouTube subscribers|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/161110-sanam-grosses-one-million-youtube|website=radioandmusic.com|publisher=Radio & Music|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Gurjeet|title=Sanam band grosses over One Million Subscribers on Youtube|url=http://punjabinfoline.com/s.26834.html|accessdate=19 February 2017|agency=Punjab Infoline|publisher=Punjab Infoline|date=19 February 2017}}</ref>

On 1 April 2017, music broadcaster Channel V announced the launch of its project ‘Only On V’, with an exclusive partnership with the band Sanam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Channel V partners pop-rock band Sanam for new property 'Only On V'|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/channel-v-partners-pop-rock-band-sanam-for-new-property-only-on-v/|website=www.televisionpost.com|publisher=Television Post|accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=MUMBAI|first1=IANS|title=Band Sanam's original compositions to be aired on TV|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/band-sanam-s-original-compositions-to-be-aired-on-tv-117033000556_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chunikiah|first1=Deena|title=Channel V to Launch "Only on V"|url=http://nextvnews.com/tag/sanam-band/|publisher=Next Tv News International|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Band Sanam's original compositions to be aired on TV|url=http://www.catchnews.com/television-news/band-sanam-s-original-compositions-to-be-aired-on-tv-56176.html|website=www.catchnews.com|accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref> In 2017 the band played a series of concerts as a part of the Pledge Tour to raise awareness of the growing number of cases of sexual child abuse in India, in association with a Chennai-based [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] Justice & Hope.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanam band aims to raise awareness about child sexual abuse|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/171219-sanam-band-aims-raise-awareness-about-child|website=www.radioandmusic.com|publisher=Radio & Music|accessdate=19 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhandari|first1=Kavi|title=Crooning for a cause|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/231217/crooning-for-a-cause.html|accessdate=23 December 2017|agency=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited (DCHL)|issue=Entertainment, Music|publisher=Deccaon Chronicle|date=23 December 2017}}</ref>

In February 2018, Sanam was declared the artist of the month on [[MTV Beats]] for their release "Sanam Mennu".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh Chouhan |first1=Abhishek |title=Quick Five with SANAM |url=http://www.musicplus.in/quick-five-with-sanam/ |accessdate=16 June 2018 |agency=Music Plus |publisher=Music Plus}}</ref> The band was featured in three shows.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrate the month of love with dil beats a show curated by SANAM on MTV Beats |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/music-and-youth/celebrate-the-month-of-love-with-dil-beats-a-show-curated-by-sanam-on-mtv-beats-180216 |website=www.indiantelevision.com/ |accessdate=16 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vargese |first1=Rebecca |title=Sanam Band release new single on MTV Beats |url=http://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/feb/11/sanam-band-release-new-single-on-mtv-beats-6087.html |accessdate=16 June 2018 |issue=Indulge |publisher=Indian Express |date=11 Feb 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=We've bonded over more than just music: Band Sanam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/feb/12/weve-bonded-over-more-than-just-music-band-sanam-1772207.html |access-date=16 June 2018 |agency=New Indian Express |date=12 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrate the month of love with Dilbeats |url=http://www.musicunplugged.in/news/trade_news_info/1101/10 |website=www.musicunplugged.in |publisher=Music Unplugged |accessdate=16 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=We've bonded over more than music: Band Sanam |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/180212-weve-bonded-over-more-music-band-sanam |website=www.radioandmusic.com |publisher=Radio and Music |accessdate=16 June 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, SANAM band was featured on the cover of [[Rolling Stone]] Magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Singh |first1=Nirmika |title=Sanam, The Digital Superstars |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=7 Dec 2018 |issue=Cover Story |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/sanam-cover-story/}}</ref>

==Discography==

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Release year !! Album title !! Song title !! Label !! Writer !! Composer !! Language
|-
| 2014 || ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]'' || "Main Hoon" || [[Sony Music]] || Samar Puri, Manoj Yadav || Sanam Band || Hindi
|}

=== Studio albums ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Release year !! Album title !! Song title !! Language
|-
| 2010 || ''Supastars'' || Hawa Hawa, Jaan Gaya, Aisa Laga, Behka, Tumse, Teri Aankhon Se, Hawa Hawa, Boondon Se || Hindi
|-
| 2011 || ''Samar Sanam'' || On N On, Paa Hi Liya, Roshni, Higher Mere Saath, Badalne Ke Intezaar Mein, Mujhe Pyaar Karo, Titli || Hindi
|-
| 2018 || ''Sanam Revolution'' || Itni Door, Garmi Di Tu, Ishtyle, Agar Tum Suno, Aaja Aaja, Jaanta Tha, Nazron Ko Nazron Se, Khushnaseeb, Shama Hai Jali, [[Tumi Robe Nirobe]] [[Rabindra Sangeet]] || Hindi, Bengali
|-
|}

=== Compilation albums ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Release year !! Album title !! Song title !! Language
|-
| 2017 || ''In Love With Sanam'' || Pehla Nasha, Kuch Na Kaho, Yeh Raatein Yeh Mausam, Kora Kagaz, Ek Ladki Ko dekha Toh, O Mere Dil Ke Chain, Roop Tera Mastana, Hai Apna Dil Toh Awara, Apki Nazron Ne Samjha, Lag Jaa Gale || Hindi
|-
| 2015 || ''Sanam Revisited'' || [[Lag Jaa Gale]], Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh, Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha, Tujhse Naraz Nahi Zindagi, Yeh Raatein Yeh Mausam, [[Mere Sapno Ki Rani]], O Mere Dil Ke Chain, Mere Mehboob Qayamat Hogi, Roop Tera Mastana, Yeh Vaada Raha
|Hindi
|-
|2019
|Universally Sanam
|Jaane De Mujhe, Gulabi Aankhein, Hum Bewafa Hargiz Na The, Yeh Vaada Raha, Dil Kya Kare
|Hindi
|-
|2020
|Memories Vol. 1
|Sanam Mennu, Itni Door, Nazaron Ko Nazaron Se, Garmi Di Tu, Dil Nachda, Jaanta Tha, Aaj Na Jaana, Tumi Robe Nirobe
|Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali
|}

'''Singles'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Release year
!Single Title
!Language
!Composer
!Lyricist
|-
|2018
|SANAM Mennu
|Punjabi
|Sanam
|Siddhant Kaushal
|-
|2018
|Amar Mallika Bone
|Bengali
|Rabindra Nath Tagore
|Rabindra Nath Tagore
|-
|2018
|Tu Yahaan
|Hindi
|Sanam
|Siddhant Kaushal
|-
|2018
|Dooba Dooba
|Hindi
|Silk Route
|Mohit Chauhan; Kem Trivedi; Atul Mittal; Kenny Puri Chris Powell Shantanu Moitra
|-
|2018
|Ek Pyar Ka Nagma
|Hindi
|Laxmikant Pyarelal
|Santosh Anand
|-
|2019
|Kahin Door
|Hindi
|Salil Choudhury
|Yogesh Gaur
|-
|2019
|Humein Tumse Pyaar Kitna
|Hindi
|R D Burman
|Majrooh Sultanpuri
|-
|2019
|Chala Jata Hoon
|Hindi
|R D Burman
|Majrooh Sultanpuri
|-
|2019
|Taarif Karoon
|Hindi
|O.P Nayyar
|S. H. Bihari
|-
|2019
|Fakira
|Hindi
|Vishal–Shekhar
|Anvita Dutt
|-
|2019
|Jaane De Mujhe
|Hindi
|Sanam
|Kunaal Vermaa
|-
|2025
|Badan Pe Sitate
|Hindi
|[[Shankar-Jaikishan]]
|[[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
|2026
|Chura Liya Hai
|Hindi
|[[R. D. Burman]]
|[[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|}

== Sanam Puri's works ==
=== Filmography ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Release year !! Film title !! Song title !! Label !! Lyricist !! Composer !! Language !! Co-singers
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
! ''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]''
| "Dhat Teri Ki"
| [[Sony Music]]
| Kumaar
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| Hindi
| [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
|-
!''Ishk Actually''
| "Lucky Tonight"
| [[T-Series (company)|T Series]]
| Manoj Yadav
| Chirantan Bhatt
| Hindi
| [[Ann Mitchai]]
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2014
! rowspan="2"| ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
| "Ishq Bulava (film version)"
| rowspan="2"| [[Sony Music]]
| rowspan="2"| Kumaar
| rowspan="2"| Vishal–Shekhar
| rowspan="2"| Hindi
| [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
| "Ishq Bulaava (soundtrack version)" || [[Shipra Goyal]]
|-
! ''[[Chandamama Kathalu]]''
|| "E Kadha" || - || Vanamali || [[Mickey J Meyer]] || Telugu || [[Shweta Pandit]]
|-
!''[[Humshakals]]''
|| "Barbaad Raat" || [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]] || Mayur Puri || [[Himesh Reshamiya]] || Hindi || [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|-
| rowspan="1"|2017
! ''[[Running Shaadi]]''
|| "Bhaag Milky Bhaag" || [[Times Music]] || Keegan Pinto, [[Sonal Sehgal]] || [[Anupam Roy]], [[Sanjeev Chimmalgi]], Abhishek-Akshay, Zeb || Hindi || [[Sonu Kakkar]]
|-
| rowspan="1"|2019
! ''[[Student of the Year 2]]''
|| "Fakira" || [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]] || Anvita Dutt || [[Vishal–Shekhar]] || Hindi || [[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
| Qued
! ''Jajabor''
|| "Priyotoma" || - || Faisal Roddy || Faisal Roddy || Bengali || -
|-
|}

=== Collaborations ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Release year !! Project title !! Song title !! Lyricist !! Composer !! Language !! Co-singers
|-
| 2013 || Single Release || Teri Aankhon Se (Acoustic Version) || Samar Puri || SANAM (band) || Hindi || [[Jonita Gandhi]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Coke Studio (India)|Coke Studio]]'' @ [[MTV]] Season 3 Episode 3 || Pinjra || Manoj Yadav || Clinton Cerejo || Hindi || [[Jonita Gandhi]]
|-
| 2013 || ''Micromax Unite Anthem'' || "Roobaroo" || [[Prasoon Joshi]] || [[A R Rahman]] || Various || Benny Dayal, Raghu Dixit, Apeksha Dandekar, Shruti Pathak, Neeti Mohan, Kamal Khan, Brodha V, Voctronica, Swaroop Khan
|-
| 2014 || Single Release || Dua (Cover) || Kumaar || Vishal - Shekhar || Hindi || Sanah Moidutty
|-
| 2016 || Jammin || Yaara || Navneeth || [[A R Rahman]] || Hindi || A.R. Rahman, Shraddha Sharma, Siddharth Slathia, Jonita Gandhi, Shirley Setia, Arjun Kanungo, Maati Baani ( Nirali Kartik & Kartik Shah), Sanah Moidutty, Raaga Trippin (Alan De Souza, Gary Misquitta, Gwen Dias, Keshia Braganza, Suzanne D'Mello and Thomson Andrews) and Mumbai's Finest (Ace, Diefferent, Ninja)
|-
| 2016 || Jammin || Inquilab Mera Khwab || Puneet Krishna ||[[Clinton Cerejo]]|| Hindi || Clinton Cerejo
|-
| 2015 || Single Release || Kuch Na Kaho (Cover) ||[[Javed Akhtar]]||[[R. D. Burman]]|| Hindi || Shirley Setia
|-
| 2019 ||[[ICC Cricket World Cup 2019|ICC Cricket World Cup]] Fan Anthem || Way O Way O ||Sonal Dabral
|[[Mikey McCleary|Mickey Mcleary]]|| English ||Jahmiel (Jamaica), Catherine Taylor Dawson (UK), Simba Diallo (NZ), Khayelitsha United Mambazo (South Africa)
|-
|2019
|Mcdowells No. 1 Yaari Jam
|Apni Yaari
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|SANAM & Clinton Cerejo
|Hindi
|
|-
|2019
|Single Release
|Aaj Kal Tere mere Pyar Ke Charche
|[[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|[[Shankar Jaikishan]]
|Hindi
|[[Sanah Moidutty]]
|}

== Awards ==

* Winner of Times Music Supastars in 2010 as SQS Project<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/SQS-Project-wins-Times-Music-Supastars/articleshow/6445761.cms|title=SQS Project wins Times Music Supastars|agency=TNN|date=28 August 2010|work=Times Of India|access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/just-talk/sqs-no-contest-indias-done-so-much-a-band|title=SQS: No contest in India's done so much for a band!|last=Ahuja|first=Poonam|date=24 Feb 2011|website=www.radioandmusic.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/music/sqs-supastars-reviving-indian-pop-music-357809.html|title=SQS Supastars: reviving Indian pop music|last=Ratti|first=Pragati|date=15 January 2011|work=News 18|access-date=15 January 2011}}</ref>
* Best Music Content Creator (National Category) in 2017<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* Radio City Freedom Awards 2019 for their song "Itni Door" in the Best Pop Artist (People's Choice) category

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SQS Supastars}}
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2010]]
[[Category:Indian musical quartets]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Punjabi musical groups]]
[[Category:Bengali musical groups]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian pop music groups]]
[[Category:Indian boy bands]]
[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
52.https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/telegram-to-instagram-india-anti-vaxxer-group-is-growing/663610/

Skybus Metro

2026-03-12T20:45:36Z

SidneyBecnel: small edit

{{short description|Prototype suspended railway system}}
{{other uses of|Skybus}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox public transit
| box_width =
| name = Skybus Metro
| image = Skybus at Station.jpg
| alt =
| imagesize = 260
| caption = A Skybus Metro car at a station
| native_name = 
| owner =
| area served = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| locale =
| transit_type = [[Suspension railway|Suspended railway]]
| lines = 1
| line_number =
| start =
| end =
| stations = 1
| daily_ridership =
| annual_ridership =
| chief_executive = 
| headquarters =
| website =
| began_operation = ''Never entered service''
| operation_will_start =
| ended_operation =
| operator = [[Konkan Railway]]
| marks =
| host =
| character =
| stock = [[BEML]]
| vehicles =
| train_length = {{cvt|18.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| headway =
| system_length = {{convert|1.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| notrack =
| track_gauge = 
| ogauge = 
| minimum_radius_of_curvature = {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| el =
| average_speed = 
| top_speed = {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_name =
| map_state = 
}}
The '''Skybus Metro''' was a prototype [[Suspension railway|suspended railway]] system by [[India]]n technologist B. Rajaram with the [[BEML]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-04-02 |title=First prototype of sky-bus to be unveiled in Goa |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/first-prototype-of-sky-bus-to-be-unveiled-in-goa/articleshow/42093524.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Konkan Railway]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/76439/konkan-railway-invite-eoi-sky.html|title=Konkan Rly to invite EOI for Sky Bus metro|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> which is patented by the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-02-09 |title=Sky Bus Metro track gets US patent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sky-bus-metro-track-gets-us-patent/articleshow/486269.cms |access-date=2024-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The system consisted of an elevated track with the cars suspended below, similar to the [[Wuppertal Schwebebahn]] or [[H-Bahn]] systems in [[Germany]].

A 1.6 [[km]] (1 [[Mile|mi]]) test track in [[Margao]], [[Goa]] started trials in 2004, but on 25 September, one employee was killed and three injured in an accident, ending the trial.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122304661200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114221729/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122304661200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2005|title=National : Sky Bus Metro resumes after 3 months|date=23 December 2004|last1=Sastry|work=[[The Hindu]]|first1=Anil}}</ref> The test track was supposed to be extended to 10.5 km, but no progress was made after the accident.<ref name=Pandey>{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1050035.cms| title=Skybus project: Fantasy or reality?| author=Pandey, Vineeta| work=The Times of India| date=2005-03-15| accessdate=2006-06-07 }}</ref> In 2013, the [[Konkan Railway]] dismantled the line.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Its final! Konkan Railway Corporation to scrap skybus project - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Its-final-Konkan-Railway-Corporation-to-scrap-skybus-project/articleshow/23940892.cms|website = The Times of India|accessdate = 2015-05-30}}</ref>

==Construction==
Skybus can run at 100 km/h using electric power,<ref name="RB15">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-_AEdUvAts |title=Skybus Tech Movie Full |publisher=Rajaram Bojji |date=19 January 2015 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref> with suspended cars that carry the passengers.

===Tracks===
[[File:Skybus Metro Suspended Railway in Margao, Goa, India.jpg|thumb|A Skybus Metro Railcar suspended at a station on the track at [[Margao]], Goa, India. The system looks like a "monorail" but there are two conventional steel rails on the overhead concrete beam, with the car hanging from this.]]

Heavy {{convert|52|kg/m|lb/yd}} rails of standard gauge are placed in 8 m x 2 m-box enclosures of reinforced concrete. These double-track enclosures are supported over 1 m diameter columns 10 m tall, spaced at 15-20 m intervals on pile foundation. This structure was planned to run in the divider space between road lanes, so Skybus Metro follows existing road routes without disturbing at-grade traffic. The steepest gradient possible was 1.75 % and the sharpest curve had a radius of 100 m.<ref name="RB15" /> The maximum radius of a vertical curve was 3,375 m.

===Bogies===
[[BEML]] had signed a memorandum of understanding with KRC for exclusive manufacture and supply of innovative Skybus bogies, the prototype development of Skybus for the first time in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-04-02 |title=First prototype of sky-bus to be unveiled in Goa |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/first-prototype-of-sky-bus-to-be-unveiled-in-goa/articleshow/42093524.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Two standard axle "bogies" provide the drive mechanism. Each bogie is driven by 3-phase alternating current (AC) motor. A third rail provides power. Braking is either regenerative (returning electricity to the grid) with supplemental disc and (emergency) mechanical braking. Power is delivered to the vehicles using brushes or by current carrying wheels.

===Coaches===
The coaches are double walled lightweight shells with wide larger windows and are suspended below the rails. The air conditioned coaches have 4 m-wide automatic doors. They offer audiovisual information to passengers. Each pair of coaches carries 300 passengers. Each coach is 9.25 m long and 3.2 m wide. "Trains" consist of two coaches, with total length of 18.5 m.

===Traverser===
The traverser automatically shifts units between tracks. The traverser is a modified form of transverser used in others industries for lifting & shifting objects. In the traverser a platform of track is hung to a bogie which consist of a motor and is also mounted on the track. The traverser acts like a station. A distance of 50 m from the last station to the traverser is maintained to provide holding capacity for two units as a third unit is getting traversed in case of unforeseen delay.

===Station===
The station is an air-conditioned platform 5.5 m above ground. Stations have automatic doors and lifts. A smart card opens the station door. The station fits in a 50 m long spot.

==Trials==
In 2004 the [[Konkan Railway]] carried out a trial of Skybus in [[Margao]], [[Goa]] with the help of Goa state government. On 25 September, one employee was killed and three injured in an accident when the coaches hit the concrete track pillars, ending the trial.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122304661200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114221729/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122304661200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-01-14 |title=National : Sky Bus Metro resumes after 3 months |date=2004-12-23 |accessdate=2010-08-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Managing director Bhanu Prakash Tayal shared that KRC was unable to engineer critical components like the "swing arrestor" and "switching apparatus" which could have potentially addressed the safety concerns that surrounded the project since the 2004 accident.<ref name=":0" />

Rajaram defended Skybus, stating that the accident was avoidable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1yYQcyramb5wecESziWdwWZtxdXkZpUQ897COcdE8H1I |title=ACD article 20th july 2010 |date= |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref>

==Closure==
In October, 2013 the [[Konkan Railway]] Corporation (KRC) decided to discontinue the Skybus project to curb expenses. The 1.6 km test track was dismantled as a result of the decision. The KRC had solicited interest from foreign firms to maintain and upgrade the test track; this was met with poor response which also contributed to the decision to dismantle.<ref name=":0"/>

==Revival discussions==

The state government of [[Goa]] considered reviving Skybus for a north-south metro rail project in 2018.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/govt-may-pitch-for-metro-rail-line-from-north-to-south-goa/articleshow/65546478.cms Govt may pitch for metro rail line from north to south Goa]</ref>

Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways [[Nitin Gadkari]] has advocated for building Skybus systems for [[Delhi]]-[[Gurgaon]], [[Bengaluru]], and [[Pune]]. In October 2023, he visited a suspended train system build by uSky Technologies in [[Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/nitin-gadkari-tests-skybus-in-sharjah-delhi-bengaluru-pune-to-get-suspended-rail-system-soon-101696434230653.html Nitin Gadkari Tests Skybus In Sharjah; Delhi, Bengaluru, Pune To Get Suspended Rail System Soon?]</ref><ref>[https://news.abplive.com/auto/gadkari-wants-skybuses-for-bengaluru-to-decongest-roads-what-is-a-skybus-1552626 Nitin Gadkari Wants Skybuses For Bengaluru To Decongest Roads. What Is A Skybus?]</ref><ref>[https://www.indianarrative.com/economy-news/will-nitin-gadkari-finally-announce-sky-bus-service-for-indian-cities-152708.html Will Nitin Gadkari finally announce sky bus service for Indian cities?]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pegu |first=Violina |date=October 26, 2023 |title=Explained: What are Sky Buses in India and Will We Get Them Soon? |url=https://coachbuildersindia.com/what-are-sky-buses-in-india/ |work=Coach Builders India}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Bennie Railplane]]
* [[H-Bahn]]
* [[List of monorail systems]]
* [[Memphis Suspension Railway]]
* [[Mumbai Monorail]]
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[Schwebebahn Dresden]]
* [[Transport in India]]
* [[Wuppertal Schwebebahn]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://archive.today/20060531160141/http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/sky_bus.htm Skybus page from konkanrailway.com]
* [http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/sky_Index.pdf Konkan Railways Skybus page] (PDF)
* [http://irfca.org/faq/faq-metro.html Indian Railways Fan Club: Konkan Railway Skybus Metro]
* [http://rajaram.bojji.googlepages.com/ B. Rajaram, designer of the Skybus Metro]
* [https://patents.google.com/patent/US6688235 Suspended coach transportation system.] Patent US 6688235 B2.

{{Rapid transit in India}}

{{coord missing|Goa}}

[[Category:Transport in Margao]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Margao]]
[[Category:Konkan Railway]]
[[Category:Monorails in India]]
[[Category:Suspended monorails]]

Cotton

2026-03-08T19:25:46Z

SidneyBecnel: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Plant fiber from the genus Gossypium}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Cotton sidebar}}

'''Cotton''' (from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''qutn'') is a soft, fluffy [[Staple (textiles)|staple fiber]] that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus ''[[Gossypium]]'' in the mallow family [[Malvaceae]]. The fiber is almost pure [[cellulose]] and may contain minor percentages of waxes, fats, pectins, and water. Under natural conditions, cotton bolls facilitate the dispersal of the seeds.

The plant is a [[shrub]] native to [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa (including Egypt) and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080625045134/http://www.ogtr.gov.au/pdf/ir/biologycotton08.pdf The Biology of ''Gossypium hirsutum'' L. and ''Gossypium barbadense'' L. (cotton)]. ogtr.gov.au</ref> Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Evolution of Cotton |url=https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cotton/evolution |website=Learn.Genetics |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

The fiber is most often [[Spinning (textiles)|spun]] into [[yarn]] or thread and used to make a soft, [[breathable]], and durable [[textile]]. The use of cotton for [[fabric]] is known to date to prehistoric times; the presence of ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' has been identified at a site in [[Nanchoc District]], Peru, and dated to the 7th-6th millennia BC, while indigo blue dyed textile fragments, dated to the 4th-3rd millennia BC, having been found at [[Huaca Prieta]], in [[Peru]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Splitstoser |first1=Jeffrey C. |last2=Dillehay |first2=Tom D. |last3=Wouters |first3=Jan |last4=Claro |first4=Ana |date=2016-09-14 |title=Early pre-Hispanic use of indigo blue in Peru |journal=Science Advances |volume=2 |issue=9 |article-number=e1501623 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501623 |pmid=27652337 |pmc=5023320 |bibcode=2016SciA....2E1623S }}</ref> Fragments of a cotton thread, used to connect a string of eight copper beads, and dated to the sixth millennium BC has been found at [[Mehrgarh]], Kachi, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moulherat |first1=Christophe |last2=Tengberg |first2=Margareta |last3=Haquet |first3=Jérôme-F. |last4=Mille |first4=Benoı̂t |date=2002-12-01 |title=First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440301907794 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=1393–1401 |doi=10.1006/jasc.2001.0779 |bibcode=2002JArSc..29.1393M |issn=0305-4403}}</ref>
Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the [[cotton gin]] that lowered the cost of production and led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used [[natural fiber]] cloth in clothing today.

Current estimates for world production are about 25 million [[tonne]]s or 110 million [[Cotton bale|bales]] annually, accounting for 2.5% of the world's [[arable land]]. India is the world's largest producer of cotton. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years.<ref name="natfibr2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/fibres/cotton.html|title=Natural fibres: Cotton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903094603/http://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/fibres/cotton.html|archive-date=3 September 2011 |website=2009 International Year of Natural Fibres }}</ref>

[[File:BALLS OF COTTON (ANDHRA -SOUTH INDIA) READY FOR HARVEST.jpg|thumb|Cotton ready for harvest in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.]]

==Types==
There are four commercially grown species of cotton, all domesticated in antiquity:
*''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' – upland cotton, native to [[Central America]], Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Florida (90% of world production)<ref name="natfibr2009" />
*''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' – known as extra-long staple cotton, native to tropical South America (over 5% of world production)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Xia |last2=Zhao |first2=Bo |last3=Zheng |first3=Hua-Jun |last4=Hu |first4=Yan |last5=Lu |first5=Gang |last6=Yang |first6=Chang-Qing |last7=Chen |first7=Jie-Dan |last8=Chen |first8=Jun-Jian |last9=Chen |first9=Dian-Yang |last10=Zhang |first10=Liang |last11=Zhou |first11=Yan |last12=Wang |first12=Ling-Jian |last13=Guo |first13=Wang-Zhen |last14=Bai |first14=Yu-Lin |last15=Ruan |first15=Ju-Xin |date=2015-09-30 |title=Gossypium barbadense genome sequence provides insight into the evolution of extra-long staple fiber and specialized metabolites |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=14139 |doi=10.1038/srep14139 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4588572 |pmid=26420475|bibcode=2015NatSR...514139L }}</ref>
*''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' – tree cotton, native to India and Pakistan (less than 2%)
*''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]'' – Levant cotton, native to southern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (less than 2%)

Hybrid varieties are also cultivated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Phundan|title=Cotton Varieties and Hybrids|url=http://www.cicr.org.in/pdf/cotton_varieties_hybrids.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cicr.org.in/pdf/cotton_varieties_hybrids.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> The two New World cotton species account for the vast majority of modern cotton production, but the two Old World species were widely used before the 1900s. While cotton fibers occur naturally in colors of white, brown, pink and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton have led many cotton-growing locations to ban the growing of colored cotton varieties.

==Etymology==
The word "cotton" has [[List of English words of Arabic origin|Arabic origins]], derived from the [[Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|قطن}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|qutn}} or {{lang|ar-Latn|qutun}}) which is ultimately derived from the [[Hebrew]] כֻּתֹּנֶת ''kuttṓnĕṯ'', ironically meaning a clothing made of linen. This was the usual word for cotton in [[Classical Arabic|medieval Arabic]].<ref name=BahethInfo>A number of large dictionaries were written in Arabic during medieval times. Searchable copies of nearly all of the main medieval Arabic dictionaries are online at [http://www.baheth.info/index.jsp Baheth.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415064207/http://baheth.info/index.jsp |date=15 April 2017 }} and/or [http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/AlwaraqSrv/getsubjectex?fkey=4&offset=1&subjectid=37 AlWaraq.net]. One of the most esteemed of the dictionaries is [[Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari]]'s ''"Al-Sihah"'' which is dated around and shortly after year 1000. The biggest is [[Ibn Manzur]]'s ''"Lisan Al-Arab"'' which is dated 1290 but most of its contents were taken from a variety of earlier sources, including 9th- and 10th-century sources. Often Ibn Manzur names his source then quotes from it. Therefore, if the reader recognizes the name of Ibn Manzur's source, a date considerably earlier than 1290 can often be assigned to what is said. A list giving the year of death of a number of individuals who Ibn Manzur quotes from is in [https://archive.org/stream/ArabicEnglishLexicon.CopiousEasternSources.EnlargedSuppl.Kamoos.Lane.Poole.1863/01.ArabicEnglLex.v1p1.let.1.2.3.4..Alif.Ba.Ta.Tha..Lane.1863.#page/n30/mode/1up Lane's ''Arabic-English Lexicon'', volume 1, page xxx] (year 1863). Lane's ''[[Arabic-English Lexicon]]'' contains much of the main contents of the medieval Arabic dictionaries in English translation. At AlWaraq.net, in addition to searchable copies of medieval Arabic dictionaries, there are searchable copies of a large number of medieval Arabic texts on various subjects.</ref> [[Marco Polo]] in chapter 2 in his book, describes a province he calls Khotan in Turkestan, today's [[Xinjiang]], where cotton was grown in abundance. The word entered the [[Romance languages]] in the mid-12th century,<ref name=CNRTLfr>More details at [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/ ''CNRTL.fr Etymologie''] in French language. [[Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales]] (CNRTL) is a division of the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]].</ref> and English a century later. Cotton fabric was known to the ancient [[Roman Empire|Romans]] as an import, but cotton was rare in the [[Romance-speaking Europe|Romance-speaking lands]] until imports from the Arabic-speaking lands in the later medieval era at transformatively lowered prices.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mazzaoui |first1=Maureen Fennell |title=The Italian Cotton Industry in the Later Middle Ages, 1100-1600 |date=1981 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23095-7 }}{{page needed|date=November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The definition of cotton |url=http://dictionary.com/browse/cotton |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=21 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of cotton}}

===Early history===
====Americas====
The presence of the indigenous species ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' has been identified at a site in [[Nanchoc District]], [[Peru]], and dated to the 7th–6th millennia BC, while [[indigo]] blue dyed textile fragments, dated to the 4th–3rd millennia BC, having been found at [[Huaca Prieta]], Peru.<ref name=":0" /> Cultivation of the indigenous cotton species ''G. barbadense'' from a find in Ancon, Peru has been dated to {{Circa|4200 BC}},<ref>{{Google books|FauFCwAAQBAJ|New World Cotton|page=117}} in {{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-27096-8_4 |chapter=Genetic Improvement of Cotton |title=Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement |series=Sustainable Development and Biodiversity |year=2016 |last1=Manickam |first1=S. |last2=Prakash |first2=A. H. |volume=10 |pages=105–161 |isbn=978-3-319-27094-4 }}</ref> and was the backbone of the development of coastal cultures such as the [[Norte Chico civilization|Norte Chico]], [[Moche culture|Moche]], and [[Nazca culture|Nazca]]. Cotton was grown upriver, made into nets, and traded with fishing villages along the coast for large supplies of fish. The Spanish who came to Mexico and Peru in the early 16th century found the people growing cotton and wearing clothing made of it.

Cotton bolls from in a cave near [[Tehuacán, Puebla|Tehuacán]], Mexico, have been dated to as early as 5500 BC.<ref>Jonathan D. Sauer, ''Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster'', Routledge (2017), [https://books.google.com/books?id=moZHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115 p. 115]</ref> The domestication of ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'', in Mexico, is dated to between around 3400 and 2300 BC.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huckell|first=Lisa W.|title=Plant Remains from the Pinaleño Cotton Cache, Arizona|journal=Kiva, the Journal of Southwest Anthropology and History|volume=59|issue=2|year=1993|jstor=30246122|pages=147–203}}</ref> During this time, people between the Río Santiago and the Río Balsas grew, spun, wove, dyed, and sewed cotton. What they did not use themselves, they sent to their Aztec rulers as tribute, on the scale of ~{{convert|116|e6lb|t|abbr=off}} annually.<ref>Beckert, S. (2014). Chapter one: The Rise of a Global Community. In Empire of Cotton: A global history. essay, Vintage Books.</ref>

====South Asia====
{{Further|Tree cotton}}
[[File:Mehrgarh pakistan rel96.JPG|thumb|Mehrgarh shown in a physical map of the surrounding region]]

The earliest evidence of the use of cotton in the [[Old World]], in the form of a few fibres of mineralised cotton thread, was found in a string of eight copper beads at the [[Neolithic]] site of [[Mehrgarh]], at the foot of the [[Bolan Pass]], [[Balochistan]], Pakistan.<ref name="Mithen2006">{{citation|last=Mithen|first=Steven|title=After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000-5000 BC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVygmardAA4C&pg=PA411|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01999-7|pages=411–412}} Quote: "One of the funerary chambers, dating to around 5500 BC, had contained an adult male lying on his side with legs flexed backward and a young child, approximately one or two years old, at his feet. Next to the adult's left wrist were eight copper beads which had once formed a bracelet. As such metal beads were only found in one other Neolithic burial at Mehrgarh, he must have been an extraordinarily wealthy and important person. Microscopic analysis showed that each bead had been made by beating and heating copper ore into a thin sheet which had then been rolled around a narrow rod. Substantial corrosion prevented a detailed technological study of the beads; yet this turned out to be a blessing as the corrosion had led to the preservation of something quite remarkable inside one of the beads – a piece of cotton. ... After further microscopic study, the fibres were unquestionably identified as cotton; it was, in fact, a bundle of both unripe and ripe fibres that had been wound together to make a thread, these being differentiated by the thickness of their cell walls. As such, this copper bead contained the earliest known use of cotton in the world by at least a thousand years. The next earliest was also found at Mehrgarh: a collection of cotton seeds discovered amidst charred wheat and barley grains outside one of its mud-brick rooms."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1006/jasc.2001.0779| title = First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead| journal = Journal of Archaeological Science| volume = 29| issue = 12| pages = 1393–1401| year = 2002| last1 = Moulherat | first1 = C. | last2 = Tengberg | first2 = M. | last3 = Haquet | first3 = J. R. M. F. | last4 = Mille | first4 = B. ̂T. | bibcode = 2002JArSc..29.1393M}} Quote: "The metallurgical analysis of a copper bead from a Neolithic burial (6th millennium BC) at Mehrgarh, Pakistan, allowed the recovery of several threads, preserved by mineralization. They were characterized according to new procedure, combining the use of a reflected-light microscope and a scanning electron microscope, and identified as cotton (Gossypium sp.). The Mehrgarh fibres constitute the earliest known example of cotton in the Old World and put the date of the first use of this textile plant back by more than a millennium. Even though it is not possible to ascertain that the fibres came from an already domesticated species, the evidence suggests an early origin, possibly in the Kachi Plain, of one of the Old World cottons.</ref><ref name="JIAPAN2018">{{cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=Yinhua |last2=Pan |first2=Zhaoe |last3=He |first3=Shoupu |last4=Gong |first4=Wenfang |last5=Geng |first5=Xiaoli |last6=Pang |first6=Baoyin |last7=Wang |first7=Liru |last8=Du |first8=Xiongming |title=Genetic diversity and population structure of Gossypium arboreum L. collected in China |journal=Journal of Cotton Research |date=December 2018 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=11 |doi=10.1186/s42397-018-0011-0 |bibcode=2018JCotR...1...11J |doi-access=free |quote=Gossypium arboreum is a diploid species cultivated in the Old World. It was first domesticated near the Indus Valley before 6000 BC (Moulherat et al. 2002).}}</ref> Fragments of cotton textiles and [[spindle whorl]]s, dated to the 3rd millennium BCE, have also been found at [[Mohenjo-daro]], in Sindh, Pakistan, and other sites of the [[Bronze Age]] [[Indus Valley civilization]], which is a likely site for the first cultivation of ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'',<ref name=":1" /> and cotton may have been an important export from it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Mukhtar |title=Ancient Pakistan - an Archaeological History: Volume III: Harappan Civilization - the Material Culture |date=2014 |publisher=Amazon |isbn=978-1-4959-6643-9 |page=249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qvVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 }}</ref>

==== Levant ====
Microremains of cotton fibers, some dyed, have been found at [[Tel Tsaf]] in the [[Jordan Valley]] dated 5,200 BCE. They may be the remnants of ancient clothing, fabric containers, or cordage. Research suggest the cotton might come from wild species in South Asia, and traded with the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Li |last2=Levin |first2=Maureece J. |last3=Klimscha |first3=Florian |last4=Rosenberg |first4=Danny |date=2022-12-08 |title=The earliest cotton fibers and Pan-regional contacts in the Near East |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |article-number=1045554 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.1045554 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-462X |pmc=9772618 |pmid=36570915|bibcode=2022FrPS...1345554L }}</ref>

====Iran====
In Iran ([[Persia]]), the history of cotton dates back to the [[Achaemenid]] era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. Cotton cultivation was common in [[Merv]], [[Ray, Iran|Ray]] and [[Fārs Province|Pars]]. In [[Persian poetry|Persian]] poems, especially [[Ferdowsi]]'s ''[[Shahname]]'', there are references to cotton ("panbe" in [[Persian language|Persian]]). [[Marco Polo]] (13th century) refers to the major products of Persia, including cotton. [[John Chardin]], a French traveler of the 17th century who visited [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Persia]], spoke approvingly of the vast cotton farms of Persia.<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation]] {{Cite web |url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2820 |title=پنبه |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-date=30 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630080822/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2820 |url-status=bot: unknown }}, Retrieved on 28 February 2009.</ref>

====Arabia====
The Greeks and the Arabs were not familiar with cotton until the [[wars of Alexander the Great]], as his contemporary [[Megasthenes]] told [[Seleucus I Nicator]] of "there being trees on which wool grows" in "Indica".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Simon |first=Matt |date=8 August 2013 |title=The Most Bonkers Scientific Theories (Almost) Nobody Believes Anymore |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/08/the-most-bonkers-scientific-theories-and-why-you-should-be-thankful-for-them/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US}}</ref> This may be a reference to "tree cotton", ''[[Gossypium arboreum]],'' which is native to the Indian subcontinent.

According to the ''[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]'':<ref name=ce>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923071411/https://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/cotton "cotton"] in ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition. 2001–07.</ref>

{{Blockquote|Cotton has been spun, woven, and dyed since prehistoric times. It clothed the people of ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era, cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, and their use spread to the Mediterranean countries.}}

====Kingdom of Kush====
Cotton (''Gossypium herbaceum'' Linnaeus) may have been domesticated 5000 BC in eastern [[Sudan]] near the Middle Nile Basin region, where cotton cloth was being produced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/ancient_egyptian_cotton/|title=Ancient Egyptian cotton unveils secrets of domesticated crop evolution|website=www2.warwick.ac.uk|access-date=2016-11-21}}</ref> Around the 4th century BC, the cultivation of cotton and the knowledge of its spinning and weaving in [[Meroë]] reached a high level. The export of textiles was one of the sources of wealth for Meroë. Ancient Nubia had a "culture of cotton" of sorts, evidenced by physical evidence of cotton processing tools and the presence of cattle in certain areas. Some researchers propose that cotton was important to the Nubian economy for its use in contact with the neighboring Egyptians.<ref name="Yvanez & Wozniak 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Yvanez |first1=Elsa |last2=Wozniak |first2=Magdalena M. |title=Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia: Archaeological sources and historical implications |journal=Revue d'ethnoécologie |date=30 June 2019 |issue=15 |doi=10.4000/ethnoecologie.4429 |s2cid=198635772 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksumite]] King [[Ezana]] boasted in his inscription that he destroyed large cotton plantations in Meroë during his conquest of the region.<ref>{{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gB6DcMU94GUC&q=cultivation+cotton+Meroe&pg=PA310 | title= Ancient civilizations of Africa |author= G. Mokhtar | publisher= Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa |page= 310 |via = Books.google.com |access-date= 2012-06-19 |isbn= 978-0-435-94805-4|date= 1981-01-01}}</ref>

In the Meroitic Period (beginning 3rd century BCE), many cotton textiles have been recovered, preserved due to favorable arid conditions.<ref name="Yvanez & Wozniak 2019"/> Most of these fabric fragments come from Lower Nubia, and the cotton textiles account for 85% of the archaeological textiles from Classic/Late Meroitic sites.<ref name=Yvanez2018/> Due to these arid conditions, cotton, a plant that usually thrives moderate rainfall and richer soils, requires extra irrigation and labor in Sudanese climate conditions. Therefore, a great deal of resources would have been required, likely restricting its cultivation to the elite.<ref name=Yvanez2018>{{cite journal |last1=Yvanez |first1=Elsa |title=Clothing the Elite? Patterns of Textile Production and Consumption in Ancient Sudan and Nubia |journal=Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae |date=2018 |volume=31 |pages=81–92 |doi=10.23858/FAH31.2018.006 |url=https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=67584 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the first to third centuries CE, recovered cotton fragments all began to mirror the same style and production method, as seen from the direction of spun cotton and technique of weaving.<ref name=Yvanez2018/> Cotton textiles also appear in places of high regard, such as on funerary stelae and statues.<ref name=Yvanez2018/>

====China====
During the [[Han dynasty]] (207 BC - 220 AD), cotton was grown by Chinese peoples in the southern Chinese province of [[Yunnan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/textilesofsouthe0000maxw|url-access=registration|title=Textiles of Southeast Asia: tradition, trade and transformation|author=Maxwell, Robyn J. |year=2003|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|edition=revised|isbn=978-0-7946-0104-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/textilesofsouthe0000maxw/page/410 410]}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
====Eastern world====
[[Egypt]]ians grew and spun cotton in the first seven centuries of the Christian era.<ref name=International>{{cite book|title = The International Cotton Trade|author = Roche, Julian|publisher = Woodhead Publishing Ltd.|location = Cambridge, England|year = 1994|page = 5}}</ref>

Handheld roller [[cotton gin]]s had been used in India since the 6th century, and was then introduced to other countries from there.<ref name=LakGin>{{cite book|ref=Lakwete|author=Lakwete, Angela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOMaGVnPfBcC|title=Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America|place=Baltimore|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8018-7394-2|pages=1–6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529151903/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOMaGVnPfBcC|archive-date=29 May 2016}}</ref> Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century. This mechanical device was, in some areas, driven by water power.<ref name=Baber1>Baber, Zaheer (1996). ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India''. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 57. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2919-8}}.</ref>

The earliest clear illustrations of the [[spinning wheel]] come from the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] in the eleventh century.<ref name=MIT>{{cite book | last = Pacey | first = Arnold | title = Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History | orig-date = 1990 | edition = First MIT Press paperback | year = 1991 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge MA}}</ref> The earliest unambiguous reference to a spinning wheel in India is dated to 1350, suggesting that the spinning wheel was likely introduced from Iran to India during the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Pacey | first = Arnold | title = Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History | orig-date = 1990 | edition = First MIT Press paperback | year = 1991 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge MA | pages = 23–24}}</ref>

====Europe====
[[File:Mandeville cotton.jpg|thumb|Cotton plants as imagined and drawn by [[John Mandeville]] in the 14th century]]
During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because [[Herodotus]] had written in his ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German ''[[wikt:Baumwolle|Baumwolle]]'', which translates as "tree wool" (''Baum'' means "tree"; ''Wolle'' means "wool"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. [[John Mandeville]], writing in 1350, stated as fact that "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungry." (See [[Vegetable Lamb of Tartary]].)[[File:Vegetable lamb (Lee, 1887).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Vegetable Lamb of Tartary]]]]
Cotton manufacture was introduced to Europe during the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]] [[Muslim conquest of Sicily|and Sicily]]. The knowledge of cotton weaving was spread to northern Italy in the 12th century, when [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Sicily was conquered by the Normans]], and consequently to the rest of Europe. The [[spinning wheel]], introduced to Europe circa 1350, improved the speed of cotton spinning.<ref name=Middle>{{cite web|title = Technology in the Middle Ages|author = Backer, Patricia|access-date = 12 June 2011|work = History of Technology|url = http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/history/middle.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130508045210/http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/history/middle.htm|archive-date = 8 May 2013}}</ref> By the 15th century, [[Venice]], [[Antwerp]], and [[Haarlem]] were important ports for cotton trade, and the sale and transportation of cotton fabrics had become very profitable.<ref name=Facts>{{cite encyclopedia|title = cotton|author = Volti, Rudi|encyclopedia = The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Society|year = 1999|url = http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE49\&iPin=ffests0220}}</ref>

===Early modern period===
====Mughal India====
{{Main|Mughal Empire|Muslin trade in Bengal}}
{{Further|Economic history of India}}
[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|A woman in [[Dhaka]] clad in fine [[Muslin trade in Bengal|Bengali muslin]], 18th century]]

Under the [[Mughal Empire]], which ruled in the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the early 16th century to the early 18th century, Indian cotton production increased, in terms of both raw cotton and cotton textiles. The Mughals introduced [[agrarian reform]]s such as a new revenue system that was biased in favour of higher value [[cash crops]] such as cotton and [[Indigo dye|indigo]], providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand.<ref name="richards">[[John F. Richards]] (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190 ''The Mughal Empire'', page 190] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220230104/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190 |date=20 December 2017 }}, [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref>

The largest [[manufacturing]] industry in the Mughal Empire was cotton [[textile manufacturing]], which included the production of [[piece goods]], [[calico]]s, and [[muslin]]s, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. The cotton [[textile industry]] was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade.<ref name="schmidt">Karl J. Schmidt (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 ''An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History'', page 100] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220230104/https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |date=20 December 2017 }}, [[Routledge]]</ref> India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century.<ref>[[Angus Maddison]] (1995), ''Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992'', [[OECD]], p. 30</ref> Indian cotton [[textile]]s were the most important [[manufactured goods]] in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the [[Americas]] to [[Japan]].<ref name="Parthasarathi">{{Citation |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |given=Prasannan |surname=Parthasarathi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |page=2}}</ref> The most important center of cotton production was the [[Bengal Subah]] province, particularly around its capital city of [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Eaton">Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 ''The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760'', page 202] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627124201/http://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 |date=27 June 2014 }}, [[University of California Press]]</ref>

The [[worm gear]] roller [[cotton gin]], which was invented in India during the early [[Delhi Sultanate]] era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century,<ref>[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500'', page 53], [[Pearson Education]]</ref> and is still used in India through to the present day.<ref name="LakGin"/> Another innovation, the incorporation of the [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]] handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.<ref>[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500'', pages 53–54], [[Pearson Education]]</ref> The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the [[spinning wheel]] across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin, led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era.<ref>[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA54 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500'', page 54], [[Pearson Education]]</ref>

It was reported that, with an Indian cotton gin, which is half machine and half tool, one man and one woman could clean {{convert|28|lb|kg}} of cotton per day. With a modified Forbes version, one man and a boy could produce {{convert|250|lb|kg}} per day. If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines, and a few people's labour was used to feed them, they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly.<ref>[[Karl Marx]] (1867). Chapter 16: "Machinery and Large-Scale Industry." ''[[Das Kapital]]''.</ref>

====Egypt====
{{Main|History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty}}
[[File:Cotton Picking in Egypt.tif|thumb|A group of Egyptian [[fellah]]s picking cotton by hand]]
In the early 19th century, a Frenchman named M. Jumel proposed to the great ruler of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Mohamed Ali Pasha]], that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho (''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'') cotton, in [[Lower Egypt]], for the French market. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in [[Egypt]]; and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops.

[[Egypt under Muhammad Ali]] in the early 19th century had the fifth most productive cotton industry in the world, in terms of the number of [[Spindle (textiles)|spindles]] per capita.<ref>{{cite book|title=Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870|author=Jean Batou|publisher=[[:fr:Librairie Droz|Librairie Droz]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjD4SCOE6IgC|page=181|isbn=978-2-600-04293-2}}</ref> The industry was initially driven by machinery that relied on traditional energy sources, such as [[Slavery|slave labour]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=Rise of Egyptian cotton market tripled rural slave population 1848-68 |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/research/research-for-the-world/economics/egyptian-cotton-slave-trade |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.lse.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[animal power]], [[water wheel]]s, and [[windmill]]s, which were also the principal energy sources in Western Europe up until around 1870.<ref name="batou193">{{cite book|title=Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870|author=Jean Batou|publisher=[[:fr:Librairie Droz|Librairie Droz]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjD4SCOE6IgC&pg=PA193|pages=193–196|isbn=978-2-600-04293-2}}</ref> It was under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century that [[steam engine]]s were introduced to the Egyptian cotton industry.<ref name="batou193"/>

By the time of the American Civil war annual exports had reached $16 million (120,000 bales), which rose to $56 million by 1864, primarily due to the loss of the Confederate supply on the world market. Exports continued to grow even after the reintroduction of US cotton, produced now by a paid workforce, and Egyptian exports reached 1.2 million bales a year by 1903.

===Britain===
====East India Company====
{{Main|Calico Acts|Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution}}

[[File:Cotton bales at the port in Bombay in the 1860s.JPG|thumb|[[Cotton bale]]s at the port in [[Bombay]], India, 1860s]]

The [[English East India Company]] (EIC) introduced the British to cheap [[Calico (textile)|calico]] and [[chintz]] cloth on the restoration of the monarchy in the 1660s. Initially imported as a novelty side line, from its spice trading posts in Asia, the cheap colourful cloth proved popular and overtook the EIC's spice trade by value in the late 17th century. The EIC embraced the demand, particularly for [[Calico (textile)|calico]], by expanding its factories in Asia and producing and importing cloth in bulk, creating competition for domestic woollen and linen textile producers. The impacted weavers, spinners, dyers, shepherds and farmers objected and the calico question became one of the major issues of National politics between the 1680s and the 1730s. Parliament began to see a decline in domestic textile sales, and an increase in imported textiles from places like [[China]] and [[India]]. Seeing the East India Company and their textile importation as a threat to domestic textile businesses, Parliament passed the 1700 Calico Act, blocking the importation of cotton cloth. As there was no punishment for continuing to sell cotton cloth, smuggling of the popular material became commonplace. In 1721, dissatisfied with the results of the first act, Parliament passed a stricter addition, this time prohibiting the sale of most cottons, imported and domestic (exempting only thread [[Fustian]] and raw cotton). The exemption of raw cotton from the prohibition initially saw 2 thousand bales of cotton imported annually, to become the basis of a new indigenous industry, initially producing [[Fustian]] for the domestic market, though more importantly triggering the development of a series of mechanised spinning and weaving technologies, to process the material. This mechanised production was concentrated in new [[cotton mill]]s, which slowly expanded until by the beginning of the 1770s seven thousand bales of cotton were imported annually, and pressure was put on Parliament, by the new mill owners, to remove the prohibition on the production and sale of pure cotton cloth, as they could easily compete with anything the EIC could import.

The acts were repealed in 1774, triggering a wave of investment in mill-based cotton spinning and production, doubling the demand for raw cotton within a couple of years, and doubling it again every decade, into the 1840s.<ref name="Broadberry & Gupta 2005"/>

Indian cotton textiles, particularly those from [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], continued to maintain a competitive advantage up until the 19th century. In order to compete with India, Britain invested in labour-saving technical progress, while implementing [[protectionist]] policies such as bans and [[tariff]]s to restrict Indian imports.<ref name="Broadberry & Gupta 2005">{{cite web |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen N. |last2=Gupta |first2=Bishnupriya |title=Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600-1850 |website=Centre for Economic Policy Research |date=August 2005 |series=CEPR Press Discussion Paper No. 5183 |ssrn=790866 |url=https://cepr.org/publications/dp5183 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> At the same time, the East India Company's [[Company rule in India|rule in India]] contributed to its [[deindustrialization]], opening up a new market for British goods,<ref name="Broadberry & Gupta 2005"/> while the capital amassed from Bengal after its [[Battle of Plassey|1757 conquest]] was used to invest in British industries such as textile manufacturing and greatly increase British wealth.<ref name="tong">Junie T. Tong (2016), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 ''Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets'', page 151], [[CRC Press]]</ref><ref name="esposito">[[John L. Esposito]] (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 ''The Islamic World: Past and Present 3-Volume Set'', page 190] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220230104/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |date=20 December 2017 }}, [[Oxford University Press]]</ref> British colonization also forced open the large Indian market to British goods, which could be sold in India without tariffs or [[Duty (economics)|duties]], compared to local Indian producers who were heavily [[tax]]ed, while raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton, giving Britain a monopoly over India's large market and cotton resources.<ref name="Cypher">{{cite book|title=The Process of Economic Development|author=James Cypher|year=2014|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxFxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|isbn=978-1-136-16828-4}}</ref><ref name="Broadberry & Gupta 2005"/><ref name="Bairoch">{{cite book |last1=Bairoch |first1=Paul |author-link=Paul Bairoch |title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-03463-8 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaF_cCknJScC&pg=PA89 }}</ref> India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large [[captive market]] for British manufactured goods.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India|first1=Henry |last1=Yule |author-link1=Henry Yule |first2=A. C. |last2=Burnell |author-link2=A. C. Burnell |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NXOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|isbn=978-1-317-25293-1}}</ref> Britain eventually surpassed India as the world's leading cotton textile manufacturer in the 19th century.<ref name="Broadberry & Gupta 2005"/>

India's cotton-processing sector changed during the East India Company (EIC) expansion in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, shifting from supplying the British market with finished textiles to supplying East Asia with raw cotton.[54] This occurred as artisan-produced textiles were no longer competitive with those produced industrially, and European markets began preferring cheaper, slave-produced, long-staple American and Egyptian cottons for their own manufacturing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Beckert |first=Sven |title=Empire of Cotton: A Global History |year=2014 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-0375713965 |pages=164–168}}</ref>

====Industrial Revolution====
{{Main|Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution}}
[[File:William L. Sheppard - First use of the Cotton Gin, Harper's weekly, 18 Dec. 1869, p. 813.png|thumb|Slaves using an early cotton gin (prior to Whitney's developed version) to help harvest and process the cotton. Illustration in ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'', 1869 depicting late 18th-century America.]]
[[File:MapCotton-1907-2023.jpg|alt=World map of cotton cultivation and export routes in 1907|thumb|World map of cotton cultivation and export routes in 1907]]
The advent of the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture, as textiles emerged as Britain's leading export. In 1738, [[Lewis Paul]] and [[John Wyatt (inventor)|John Wyatt]], of [[Birmingham]], England, patented the roller spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the [[James Hargreaves]]' [[spinning jenny]] in 1764, [[Richard Arkwright]]'s [[spinning frame]] in 1769 and [[Samuel Crompton]]'s [[spinning mule]] in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of [[Manchester]] acquired the nickname ''"[[Cottonopolis]]"'' due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade.<ref>{{Cite OED|Cottonopolis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Lowe |first= J |year= 1854 |title= A Manchester warehouse |journal= [[Household Words]] |volume= 9 |page= 269 }}</ref>

Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the modern [[cotton gin]] by the American [[Eli Whitney]] in 1793. Before the development of cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand. By the late 1700s, a number of crude ginning machines had been developed. However, to produce a bale of cotton required over 600 hours of human labor,<ref name=r1>{{cite journal |title=100 Years of Cotton Production, Harvesting, and Ginning Systems Engineering: 1907-2007 |journal=Transactions of the ASABE |date=2008 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1187–1198 |doi=10.13031/2013.25234 |first1=S. E. |last1=Hughs |first2=T. D. |last2=Valco |first3=J. R. |last3=Williford }}</ref> making large-scale production uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as slave labor. The gin that Whitney manufactured (the Holmes design) reduced the hours down to just a dozen or so per bale. Although Whitney patented his own design for a cotton gin, he manufactured a prior design from Henry Odgen Holmes, for which Holmes filed a patent in 1796.<ref name=r1/> Improving technology and increasing control of world markets allowed British traders to develop a commercial chain in which raw cotton fibers were (at first) purchased from [[British Empire|colonial]] [[plantations]], processed into cotton cloth in the mills of [[Lancashire]], and then exported on British ships to captive colonial markets in [[British West Africa|West Africa]], [[British Raj|India]], and China (via Shanghai and Hong Kong).

By the 1840s, India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories, while shipping bulky, low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' and ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]''), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from [[Plantations in the American South|plantations in the United States]] and in the [[Caribbean]]. By the mid-19th century, "[[King Cotton]]" had become the backbone of the [[antebellum South|southern American]] economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton became the leading occupation of [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]].

During the [[American Civil War]], American cotton exports slumped due to a [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[blockade]] on [[Confederate States of America|Southern]] [[port]]s, and because of a strategic decision by the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] government to cut exports, hoping to force Britain to recognize the Confederacy or enter the war. The [[Lancashire Cotton Famine]] prompted the main purchasers of cotton, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] and [[France]], to turn to [[Egypt]]ian cotton. British and French traders invested heavily in cotton plantations. The Egyptian government of [[Isma'il Pasha|Viceroy Isma'il]] took out substantial loans from European bankers and stock exchanges. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned [[Egyptian cotton]] and returned to cheap American exports,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Earle |first=Edward Mead |date=1926 |title=Egyptian Cotton and the American Civil War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142228 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=520–545 |doi=10.2307/2142228 |issn=0032-3195}}</ref> sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring [[bankruptcy]] in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's [[History of Egypt under the British|occupation by the British Empire in 1882]].
[[File:Espanya Industrial - segle XIX.jpg|thumb|Espanya Industrial" cotton factory, in Sants, Barcelona in the late 19th century.]]

During this time, cotton cultivation in the [[British Empire]], especially Australia and India, greatly increased to replace the lost production of the American South. Through tariffs and other restrictions, the British government discouraged the production of cotton cloth in India; rather, the raw fiber was sent to England for processing. The Indian [[Gandhi, Mohandas K.|Mahatma Gandhi]] described the process:

#English people buy Indian cotton in the field, picked by Indian labor at seven cents a day, through an optional monopoly.
#This cotton is shipped on British ships, a three-week journey across the Indian Ocean, down the Red Sea, across the Mediterranean, through Gibraltar, across the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic Ocean to London. One hundred per cent profit on this freight is regarded as small.
#The cotton is turned into cloth in Lancashire. You pay shilling wages instead of Indian pennies to your workers. The English worker not only has the advantage of better wages, but the steel companies of England get the profit of building the factories and machines. Wages; profits; all these are spent in England.
#The finished product is sent back to India at European shipping rates, once again on British ships. The captains, officers, sailors of these ships, whose wages must be paid, are English. The only Indians who profit are a few [[lascar]]s who do the dirty work on the boats for a few cents a day.
#The cloth is finally sold back to the kings and landlords of India who got the money to buy this expensive cloth out of the poor peasants of India who worked at seven cents a day.<ref>(Fisher 1932 pp 154–156){{full citation needed|date=November 2022}}</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|Cotton production in the United States|Black Belt in the American South}}
{{Multiple image
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| width = 230
| image1 = Cotton pickers and overseer around 1850.jpg
| image2 = Family of slaves in Georgia, circa 1850.jpg
| caption1 = Slaves picking cotton while being observed by an [[Plantation complexes in the Southern United States#Overseer|overseer]] on horseback, {{Circa|1850}}
| caption2 = Slaves with the cotton they had picked. Georgia, {{Circa|1850}}
| image3 = Adams & Bazemore Cotton Warehouse, 4th near Poplar, circa 1877 - DPLA - 7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg
| caption3 = Adams & Bazemore Cotton Warehouse, Macon, Georgia, {{Circa|1877}}
| align =
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}}
In the United States, growing Southern cotton generated significant wealth and capital for the antebellum South, as well as raw material for Northern textile industries. Before 1865 the cotton was largely produced through the labor of enslaved African Americans. It enriched both the Southern landowners and the new textile industries of the Northeastern United States and northwestern Europe. In 1860 the slogan "[[King Cotton|Cotton is king]]" characterized the attitude of Southern leaders toward this [[monocrop]] in that Europe would support an independent [[Confederate states of America|Confederate States of America]] in 1861 in order to protect the supply of cotton it needed for its very large textile industry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Owsley |first1=Frank Lawrence |title=The Confederacy and King Cotton: A Study in Economic Coercion |journal=The North Carolina Historical Review |date=1929 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=371–397 |jstor=23514836 }}</ref>
Russell Griffin of California was a farmer who farmed one of the biggest cotton operations. He produced over sixty thousand bales.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=D. Clayton |title=King Cotton in Modern America: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945 |date=2011 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-62846-932-5 }}{{page needed|date=November 2022}}</ref>
Cotton remained a key crop in the Southern economy after slavery ended in 1865. Across the South, [[sharecropping]] evolved, in which landless farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the land and bore the production costs themselves. Until mechanical [[cotton picker]]s were developed, cotton farmers needed additional labor to hand-pick cotton. Picking cotton was a source of income for families across the South. Rural and small town school systems had split vacations so children could work in the fields during "cotton-picking."<ref>Rupert B. Vance, ''Human factors in cotton culture; a study in the social geography of the American South'' (U of North Carolina Press, 1929) [https://archive.org/details/humanfactorsinco00vancrich online free]
</ref>

During the middle 20th century, employment in cotton farming fell, as machines began to replace laborers and the South's rural labor force dwindled during the World Wars. Cotton remains a major export of the United States, with large farms in California, Arizona and the [[Deep South]].<ref name="auto"/> To acknowledge cotton's place in the history and heritage of Texas, the [[Texas Legislature]] designated cotton the official "State Fiber and Fabric of Texas" in 1997.

===The Moon===
China's [[Chang'e 4]] spacecraft took cotton seeds to the [[Far side of the Moon|Moon's far side]]. On 15 January 2019, China announced that a cotton seed sprouted, the first "truly otherworldly plant in history". Inside the [[Von Kármán (lunar crater)|Von Kármán Crater]], the capsule and seeds sit inside the Chang'e 4 lander.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/43012-china-cotton-seed-moon-far-side-chang-e4.html|title=Cotton Seed Sprouts on the Moon's Far Side in Historic First by China's Chang'e 4|last1=Bartels|first1=Meghan|website=Space.com|access-date=2019-01-15|date=15 January 2019}}</ref>

==Cultivation==

Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long [[frost]]-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from {{convert|50|to|100|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} [[Soil]]s usually need to be fairly [[Soil morphology#Porosity|heavy]], although the level of [[nutrient]]s does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests.<ref>[http://www.cottonspinning.com/grow/plantingcottonseeds.html "Planting Cotton Seeds"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227062910/http://www.cottonspinning.com/grow/plantingcottonseeds.html |date=27 February 2015 }}. ''cottonspinning.com''.</ref> Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the [[South Plains]] is the largest [[Geographic contiguity|contiguous]] cotton-growing region in the world. While [[Dryland farming|dryland]] (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on [[irrigation]] water drawn from the [[Ogallala Aquifer]]. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As [[water resources]] get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wegerich | first1 = K. | year = 2002 | title = Natural drought or human-made water scarcity in Uzbekistan? | url = http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=1776 | journal = Central Asia and the Caucasus | volume = 2 | pages = 154–162 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121027155313/http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=1776 | archive-date = 27 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Keepers of the Spring|year=2004|isbn=978-1-55963-681-0|author=Pearce, Fred|publisher=Island Press|pages=109–122|chapter=9 "A Salty Hell"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.11.027| title = The water footprint of cotton consumption: An assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries| journal = Ecological Economics| volume = 60| pages = 186–203| year = 2006| last1 = Chapagain| first1 = A. K.| last2 = Hoekstra| first2 = A. Y.| last3 = Savenije| first3 = H. H. G.| last4 = Gautam| first4 = R.| issue = 1| bibcode = 2006EcoEc..60..186C| s2cid = 154788067| url = https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6843583/water_footprint_of_cotton_consumption.pdf| access-date = 18 August 2023| archive-date = 22 July 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230722044332/https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6843583/water_footprint_of_cotton_consumption.pdf}}</ref><ref name="AF">{{cite book|title=The Arid Frontier|isbn=978-0-7923-4227-4|publisher=Springer|year=1998|first=Monique| last=Mainguet|author2=Létolle, René |chapter=Human-made Desertification in the Aral Sea Basin|pages=129–145}}</ref><ref name="GT">{{cite journal |last1=Waltham |first1=Tony |last2=Sholji |first2=Ihsan |title=The demise of the Aral Sea - an environmental disaster |journal=Geology Today |date=November 2001 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.1046/j.0266-6979.2001.00319.x |bibcode=2001GeolT..17..218W |s2cid=129962159 }}</ref> For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to [[desertification]] in areas of [[Uzbekistan]], where cotton is a major export. In the days of the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Aral Sea]] was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now [[salination]] is widespread.<ref name="AF" /><ref name="GT" />

Cotton can also be cultivated to have colors other than the yellowish off-white typical of modern commercial cotton fibers. [[Naturally colored cotton]] can come in red, green, and several shades of brown.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-8782-0_4 |chapter=Naturally Colored Organic Cotton and Naturally Colored Cotton Fiber Production |title=Organic Cotton |series=Textile Science and Clothing Technology |year=2019 |last1=Günaydin |first1=Gizem Karakan |last2=Avinc |first2=Ozan |last3=Palamutcu |first3=Sema |last4=Yavas |first4=Arzu |last5=Soydan |first5=Ali Serkan |pages=81–99 |isbn=978-981-10-8781-3 |s2cid=134541586 }}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed>
File:Cottonfieldindia.jpg|Cotton field at Singalandapuram, Rasipuram, India (2017)
File:Cotton field, Floyd County, GA, US.jpg|Cotton field
File:Cotton boll, Floyd County, GA, US.jpg|Close-up of cotton boll
File:Cotton plant, Ware County, GA, US.jpg|Cotton plant with ''[[Ipomoea quamoclit]]'' vine
File:A Cotton Farm (South-West Punjab).jpg|A Cotton field, boll formation stage
File:Cotton field, late in season.jpg|A cotton field, late in the season
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-029895, Togo, Pflügen eines Baumwollfeldes.jpg|Cotton [[plowing]] in [[Togo]], 1928
File:Armenian cotton.jpg|Picking cotton in [[Armenia]] in the 1930s. No cotton is grown there today.
File:Cotton Ready for Shipment, Houston, Texas.jpg|Cotton ready for shipment, [[Houston, Texas]] (postcard, circa 1911)
File:Cotton modules.JPG|Cotton modules in Australia (2007)
File:Transport of cotton west of Walgett.JPG|Round cotton modules in Australia (2014)
</gallery>

=== Water footprint ===
The [[water footprint]] of cotton fibers is substantially larger than for most other plant fibers. Cotton is also known as a thirsty crop; on average, globally, cotton requires 8,000–10,000 liters of water for one kilogram of cotton, and in dry areas, it may require even more such as in some areas of India, it may need 22,500 liters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-07|title=World Water Week|url=http://cottonconnect.org/world-water-week-2017/|access-date=2020-09-23|website=CottonConnect|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-20|title=World Water Day: the cost of cotton in water-challenged India|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/mar/20/cost-cotton-water-challenged-india-world-water-day|access-date=2020-09-23|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

=== Genetic modification ===
{{Main|Bt cotton}}
[[Genetic engineering|Genetically modified]] (GM) cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. The bacterium ''[[Bacillus thuringiensis]]'' (Bt) naturally produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of insects, most notably the larvae of [[Lepidoptera|moths and butterflies]], [[Coleoptera|beetles]], and [[Diptera|flies]], and harmless to other forms of life.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Are Bt crops safe?|journal = Nature Biotechnology|date = 2003-01-01|volume = 21|issue = 9|doi = 10.1038/nbt0903-1003|first1 = Mike|last1 = Mendelsohn|first2 = John|last2 = Kough|first3 = Zigfridais|last3 = Vaituzis|first4 = Keith|last4 = Matthews|pmid=12949561|pages=1003–9|s2cid = 16392889|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1233343}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hellmich |first1=Richard L. |last2=Siegfried |first2=Blair D. |last3=Sears |first3=Mark K. |last4=Stanley-Horn |first4=Diane E. |last5=Daniels |first5=Michael J. |last6=Mattila |first6=Heather R. |last7=Spencer |first7=Terrence |last8=Bidne |first8=Keith G. |last9=Lewis |first9=Leslie C. |title=Monarch larvae sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis- purified proteins and pollen |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=9 October 2001 |volume=98 |issue=21 |pages=11925–11930 |doi=10.1073/pnas.211297698 |pmid=11559841 |pmc=59744 |bibcode=2001PNAS...9811925H |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rose |first1=Robyn |last2=Dively |first2=Galen P. |last3=Pettis |first3=Jeff |title=Effects of Bt corn pollen on honey bees: emphasis on protocol development |journal=Apidologie |date=July 2007 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=368–377 |doi=10.1051/apido:2007022 |s2cid=18256663 |url=https://www.apidologie.org/10.1051/apido:2007022/pdf }}</ref> The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted into cotton, causing cotton, called [[Bt cotton]], to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues. In many regions, the main pests in commercial cotton are [[lepidoptera]]n larvae, which are killed by the Bt protein in the transgenic cotton they eat. This eliminates the need to use large amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill lepidopteran pests (some of which have developed [[pyrethroid]] resistance). This spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further contributes to noninsecticide pest management.

However, Bt cotton is ineffective against many cotton pests, such as [[plant bug]]s, [[Halyomorpha halys|stink bugs]], and [[aphid]]s; depending on circumstances it may still be desirable to use insecticides against these. A 2006 study done by Cornell researchers, the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy and the Chinese Academy of Science on Bt cotton farming in China found that after seven years these secondary pests that were normally controlled by pesticide had increased, necessitating the use of pesticides at similar levels to non-Bt cotton and causing less profit for farmers because of the extra expense of GM seeds.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Cornell University|date=25 July 2006|title=Seven-year glitch: Cornell warns that Chinese GM cotton farmers are losing money due to 'secondary' pests|author=Lang, Susan|url=https://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July06/Bt.cotton.China.ssl.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012044920/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July06/Bt.cotton.China.ssl.html|archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> However, a 2009 study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Stanford University and Rutgers University refuted this.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = Z. | last2 = Lin | first2 = H. | last3 = Huang | first3 = J. | last4 = Hu | first4 = R. | last5 = Rozelle | first5 = S. | last6 = Pray | first6 = C. | doi = 10.1016/S1671-2927(09)60012-2 | title = Bt Cotton in China: Are Secondary Insect Infestations Offsetting the Benefits in Farmer Fields? | journal = Agricultural Sciences in China | volume = 8 | pages = 83–90 | year = 2009 }}</ref> They concluded that the GM cotton effectively controlled bollworm. The secondary pests were mostly miridae (plant bugs) whose increase was related to local temperature and rainfall and only continued to increase in half the villages studied. Moreover, the increase in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. A 2012 Chinese study concluded that Bt cotton halved the use of pesticides and doubled the level of ladybirds, lacewings and spiders.<ref name=20120613Guardian>Carrington, Damien (13 June 2012) [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jun/13/gm-crops-environment-study?INTCMP=SRCH GM crops good for environment, study finds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002523/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jun/13/gm-crops-environment-study?INTCMP=SRCH |date=5 October 2013 }} The Guardian, Retrieved 16 June 2012</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Lu y | first1 = W. K.| last2 = Wu | first2 = K.| last3 = Jiang | first3 = Y.| last4 = Guo | first4 = Y.| last5 = Desneux | first5 = N.| title = Widespread adoption of Bt cotton and insecticide decrease promotes biocontrol services| journal = Nature| volume = 487| issue = 7407| pages = 362–365| date=July 2012 | pmid = 22722864| doi = 10.1038/nature11153|bibcode = 2012Natur.487..362L | s2cid = 4415298}}</ref> The [[International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications]] (ISAAA) said that, worldwide, GM cotton was planted on an area of 25 million hectares in 2011.<ref name = ISAAA/> This was 69% of the worldwide total area planted in cotton.

GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011. The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011, so GM cotton was grown on 88% of the cotton area. This made India the country with the largest area of GM cotton in the world.<ref name=ISAAA>[http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/43/executivesummary/default.asp ISAAA Brief 43-2011: Executive Summary Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210025832/http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/43/executivesummary/default.asp |date=10 February 2012 }}. Retrieved 24 September 2012.</ref> A long-term study on the economic impacts of Bt cotton in India, published in the Journal [[PNAS]] in 2012, showed that Bt cotton has increased yields, profits, and living standards of [[smallholding|smallholder]] farmers.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1203647109|title=Economic impacts and impact dynamics of Bt (''Bacillus thuringiensis'') cotton in India|year=2012|last1=Kathage|first1=J.|last2=Qaim|first2=M.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109|issue=29|pages=11652–6|pmid=22753493|pmc=3406847|bibcode=2012PNAS..10911652K|doi-access=free}}</ref> The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world, the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011.<ref name = ISAAA/> The initial introduction of GM cotton proved to be a success in Australia – the yields were equivalent to the non-transgenic varieties and the crop used much less pesticide to produce (85% reduction).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419154729/http://www.cottonaustralia.com.au/facts/factsandfigures.aspx?id=14 Facts & Figures/Natural Resource Management Issues], Biotechnology, 2010. cottonaustralia.com.au.</ref> The subsequent introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to increases in GM cotton production until 95% of the Australian cotton crop was GM in 2009<ref name=GMOCompass>[http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/343.genetically_modified_cotton_global_area_under_cultivation.html Genetically modified plants: Global Cultivation Area Cotton] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729093637/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/343.genetically_modified_cotton_global_area_under_cultivation.html |date=29 July 2010 }} GMO Compass, 29 March 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.</ref> making Australia the country with the fifth largest GM cotton crop in the world.<ref name = ISAAA/> Other GM cotton growing countries in 2011 were Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa and Costa Rica.<ref name = ISAAA/>

Cotton has been genetically modified for resistance to [[glyphosate]] a broad-spectrum herbicide discovered by Monsanto which also sells some of the Bt cotton seeds to farmers. There are also a number of other cotton seed companies selling GM cotton around the world. About 62% of the GM cotton grown from 1996 to 2011 was insect resistant, 24% [[Gene stacked event|stacked]] product and 14% herbicide resistant.<ref name = ISAAA/>

Cotton has [[gossypol]], a toxin that makes it inedible. However, scientists have silenced the gene that produces the toxin, making it a potential food crop.<ref>Bourzac, Katherine (21 November 2006) [http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/17812/ Edible Cotton]. ''MIT Technology Review''.</ref> On 17 October 2018, the [[USDA]] deregulated [[Genetic Engineering|GE]] low-gossypol cotton.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/biotechnology/brs-news-and-information/2018_brs_news/texas_am_low_gossypol_cotton |title=USDA Announces Deregulation of GE Low-Gossypol Cotton |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |format=website |access-date=21 October 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022033541/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/biotechnology/brs-news-and-information/2018_brs_news/texas_am_low_gossypol_cotton }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/brs_20181017.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/fedregister/BRS_20181017.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Federal Register: Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Determination of Nonregulated Status of Cotton Genetically Engineered for Ultra-low Gossypol Levels in the Cottonseed |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |access-date=21 October 2018}}</ref>

===Organic production===
[[Organic cotton]] is generally understood as cotton from plants not [[Transgenic plant|genetically modified]] and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic [[agrochemical|agricultural chemicals]], such as [[fertilizers]] or [[pesticides]].<ref>[http://www.vineyardteam.org/resources/sustainableag.php CCVT Sustainable] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623021024/http://www.vineyardteam.org/resources/sustainableag.php |date=23 June 2009 }}. Vineyardteam.org. Retrieved on 27 November 2011.</ref> Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vineyardteam.org/pdf/Econ04_ohmart.pdf |title=VineYardTeam Econ |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705092431/http://www.vineyardteam.org/pdf/Econ04_ohmart.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2008 }}</ref> In the United States, organic cotton plantations are required to enforce the [[National Organic Program]] (NOP). This institution determines the allowed practices for pest control, growing, fertilizing, and handling of organic crops.<ref>[https://www.ams.usda.gov/about-ams/programs-offices/national-organic-program AMSv1] . Ams.usda.gov. Retrieved on 27 November 2011.</ref> As of 2007, 265,517 bales of organic cotton were produced in 24 countries, and worldwide production was growing at a rate of more than 50% per year.<ref name=OTA>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100214145702/http://www.ota.com/organic/mt/organic_cotton.html Organic Cotton Facts]. Organic Trade Association.</ref> Organic cotton products are now available for purchase at limited locations. These are popular for baby clothes and [[diapers]]; natural cotton products are known to be both sustainable and hypoallergenic.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===Pests and weeds===
[[File:Greene Co Ga1941 Delano.jpg|thumb|Hoeing a cotton field to remove weeds, [[Greene County, Georgia]], US, 1941]]
[[File:Cotton Harlequin Bugs.jpg|thumb|Female and nymph [[cotton harlequin bug]]]]

The cotton industry relies heavily on chemicals, such as [[fertilizers]], [[insecticides]] and [[herbicide]]s, although a very small number of farmers are moving toward an [[Organic farming|organic]] model of production. Under most definitions, organic products do not use [[genetic engineering|transgenic]] ''[[Bacillus thuringiensis|Bt]]'' cotton which contains a [[bacteria]]l gene that codes for a plant-produced [[protein]] that is toxic to a number of pests especially the [[bollworm]]s. For most producers, ''Bt'' cotton has allowed a substantial reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides, although in the long term [[Pesticide resistance#B. thuringiensis|resistance]] may become problematic.

====Global pest problems====
{{Main|List of cotton diseases}}
Significant global pests of cotton include various species of [[bollworm]], such as ''[[Pectinophora gossypiella]]''. Sucking pests include [[Dysdercus|cotton stainers]], the chili thrips, ''[[Scirtothrips dorsalis]]''; the cotton seed bug, ''[[Oxycarenus hyalinipennis]]''. Defoliators include the fall armyworm, ''[[Spodoptera frugiperda]]''.

Cotton yield is threatened by the evolution [[pest evolution|of new biotypes of insects]] and [[crop pathogen evolution|of new pathogens]].<ref name="advances" /> Maintaining good yield requires strategies to slow these adversaries' evolution.<ref name="advances">{{cite book | publisher=[[Springer Nature Switzerland AG]] | last1=Al-Khayri | first1=Jameel M. | last2=Jain | first2=S. Mohan | last3=Johnson | first3=Dennis Victor | series=Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies | volume=6 | title=Industrial and Food Crops | publication-place=Cham | year=2019 | isbn=978-3-030-23265-8 | oclc=1124613891}}{{rp|page=32}}

{{cite journal | last1=Gutierrez | first1=Andrew Paul | last2=Ponti | first2=Luigi | last3=Herren | first3=Hans R | last4=Baumgärtner | first4=Johann | last5=Kenmore | first5=Peter E | title=Deconstructing Indian cotton: weather, yields, and suicides | journal=[[Environmental Sciences Europe]] | publisher=[[Springer Science and Business Media]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2015 | article-number=12 | issn=2190-4707 | doi=10.1186/s12302-015-0043-8 | s2cid=3935402| doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Boll weevil.jpg|thumb|A [[boll weevil]] on a cotton boll]]

====North American insect pests====
Historically, in North America, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the [[boll weevil]]. Boll weevils are beetles who ate cotton in the 1950s, that slowed the production of the cotton industry drastically. "This bone pile of short budgets, loss of market share, failing prices, abandoned farms, and the new immunity of boll weevils generated a feeling of helplessness"<ref>{{Cite web|title=King_Cotton_in_Modern_America_A_Cultural_Political..._----_(11._"The_Fabric_of_Our_Lives").pdf: ART 2100-01 (95293)|url=https://calstatela.instructure.com/courses/63089/files/7639185?verifier=zc6E9xjUYSqXiH0RfBQRFfmHBJMnLEyINsGXPPsC&wrap=1|access-date=2021-10-19|website=calstatela.instructure.com}}</ref> Boll Weevils first appeared in Beeville, Texas wiping out field after field of cotton in south Texas. This swarm of Boll Weevils swept through east Texas and spread to the eastern seaboard, leaving ruin and devastation in its path, causing many cotton farmers to go out of business.<ref name="auto"/>

Due to the [[US Department of Agriculture]]'s highly successful [[Boll Weevil Eradication Program]] (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered [[Bacillus thuringiensis|Bt]] cotton, has improved the management of a number of pests such as [[cotton bollworm (American)|cotton bollworm]] and [[pink bollworm]]. Sucking pests include the cotton stainer, ''[[Dysdercus suturellus]]'' and the tarnish plant bug, ''[[Lygus lineolaris]]''. A significant cotton disease is caused by [[Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum|''Xanthomonas citri'' subsp. ''malvacearum'']].

==Harvesting==
[[File:Baumwoll-Erntemaschine.jpeg|thumb|Offloading freshly harvested cotton into a module builder in [[Texas]]; previously built modules can be seen in the background]]
[[File:Cotton picking in India.jpg|thumb|Cotton being picked by hand in [[India]], 2005]]

Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a [[cotton picker]], a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical [[defoliant]] or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow.

Cotton continues to be picked by hand in [[developing country|developing countries]]<ref>[[Craig Murray|Murray, Craig]] (2006). ''Murder in Samarkand – A British Ambassador's Controversial Defiance of Tyranny in the War on Terror''. {{ISBN|978-1-84596-194-7}}.</ref> and in [[Xinjiang]], China, allegedly by [[Xinjiang internment camps|forced labor]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172x2z33qb03tg China's 'tainted' cotton], BBC Newshour, Dec. 15, 2020: "A little further along the same road and workers are still in the fields, twisting and plucking the bolls of white fibre. It is hot, grueling, backbreaking work." See also {{cite news |last1=Ana Nicolaci da Costa |title=Xinjiang cotton sparks concern over 'forced labour' claims |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50312010 |agency=BBC |date=Nov 13, 2019}}, {{cite news |title=UK business 'must wake up' to China's Uighur cotton slaves |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55319797 |agency=BBC |date=Dec 16, 2020}}</ref> Xinjiang produces over 20% of the world's cotton.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davidson |first1=Helen |title=Xinjiang: more than half a million forced to pick cotton, report suggests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/15/xinjiang-china-more-than-half-a-million-forced-to-pick-cotton-report-finds |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |date=2020-12-15}}</ref>

==Competition from synthetic fibers==
The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of [[rayon]] in France in the 1890s. Rayon is derived from a natural cellulose and cannot be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacturing process, and led the less expensive replacement of more naturally derived materials. A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the chemicals industry in the following decades. [[Cellulose acetate|Acetate]] in fiber form was developed in 1924. [[Nylon]], the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals, was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936, followed by DuPont's [[acrylic fiber|acrylic]] in 1944. Some garments were created from fabrics based on these fibers, such as women's [[hosiery]] from nylon, but it was not until the introduction of [[polyester]] into the fiber marketplace in the early 1950s that the market for cotton came under threat.<ref>[http://www.teonline.com/fiber-history.html Fiber History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917085422/http://www.teonline.com/fiber-history.html |date=17 September 2008 }}. Teonline.com. Retrieved on 27 November 2011.</ref> The rapid uptake of polyester garments in the 1960s caused economic hardship in cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as [[Nicaragua]], where cotton production had boomed tenfold between 1950 and 1965 with the advent of cheap chemical pesticides. Cotton production recovered in the 1970s, but crashed to pre-1960 levels in the early 1990s.<ref>Brockett, Charles D. (1998) ''Land, Power, and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict.'' Westview Press. p. 46. {{ISBN|0-8133-8695-0}}.</ref>

== Competition from natural fibers ==
High water and pesticide use in cotton cultivation has prompted sustainability concerns and created a market for natural fiber alternatives. Other cellulose fibers, such as [[hemp]], are seen as more sustainable options because of higher yields per acre with less water and pesticide use than cotton.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Novaković |first1=Milada |last2=Popović |first2=Dušan M. |last3=Mladenović |first3=Nenad |last4=Poparić |first4=Goran B. |last5=Stanković |first5=Snežana B. |date=September 2020 |title=Development of comfortable and eco-friendly cellulose based textiles with improved sustainability |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=267 |article-number=122154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122154 |s2cid=219477637 |issn=0959-6526|doi-access= |bibcode=2020JCPro.26722154N }}</ref> Cellulose fiber alternatives have similar characteristics but are not perfect substitutes for cotton textiles with differences in properties like tensile strength and thermal regulation.

==Uses==
[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 10736 Manually decontaminating cotton before processing at an Indian spinning mill.jpg|thumb|Workers sort through cotton to remove contaminants. The workers wear masks to reduce the number of fibers they inhale.]]

Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include [[terrycloth]] for highly absorbent bath [[towel]]s and [[robe]]s; [[denim]] for [[Jeans|blue jeans]]; [[cambric]], popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which the term "[[blue-collar]]" is derived) and [[corduroy]], [[seersucker]], and cotton [[twill]]. [[Sock]]s, [[underwear]], and most [[T-shirt]]s are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. It is a preferred material for sheets as it is hypoallergenic, easy to maintain and non-irritant to the skin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why choose cotton bedding?|work=Double Jersey |date=10 March 2021|url=https://www.doublejersey.be/why-choose-cotton-bedding/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513235830/https://www.doublejersey.be/why-choose-cotton-bedding/ |archive-date=13 May 2021 }}</ref> Cotton also is used to make yarn used in [[crochet]] and [[knitting]]. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including [[rayon]] and [[synthetic fiber]]s such as [[polyester]]. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans. Cotton can be blended also with [[linen]] producing fabrics with the benefits of both materials. Linen-cotton blends are wrinkle resistant and retain heat more effectively than only linen, and are thinner, stronger and lighter than only cotton.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reference.com/home-garden/difference-between-cotton-linen-40242bc2265acaef |title=What is the difference between cotton and linen? |access-date=20 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017073804/https://www.reference.com/home-garden/difference-between-cotton-linen-40242bc2265acaef |archive-date=17 October 2016}}</ref>

In addition to the [[textile industry]], cotton is used in [[fishing net]]s, [[coffee filter]]s, [[tent]]s, explosives manufacture (see [[nitrocellulose]]), [[cotton paper]], and in [[bookbinding]]. [[Fire hose]]s were once made of cotton.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

===Cottonseed===
{{main|Cottonseed}}
The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce [[cottonseed oil]], which, after refining, can be consumed by humans like any other [[vegetable oil]]. The [[cottonseed meal]] that is left generally is fed to [[ruminant]] livestock; the [[gossypol]] remaining in the meal is toxic to [[monogastric]] animals. Cottonseed hulls can be added to dairy cattle rations for roughage. During the American slavery period, cotton root bark was used in [[folk remedies]] as an [[abortifacient]], that is, to induce a miscarriage. Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant and it was described by the scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It also appears to inhibit the development of sperm or even restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Resisting Reproduction: Reconsidering Slave Contraception in the Old South |author=Perrin, Liese M. |journal=Journal of American Studies |volume=35 |year=2001 |pages=255–274|doi=10.1017/S0021875801006612 |jstor=27556967 |issue=2|s2cid=145799076 }}</ref>

===Cotton linters===
Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers typically are less than {{convert|1/8|in|mm}} long. The term also may apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of [[cellulose]]. In the UK, linters are referred to as "cotton wool".{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
[[File:Cotton pads - Δίσκοι ντεμακιγιάζ.JPG|thumb|Cotton is made into balls, [[Cotton swab|swabs]], and [[Cotton pad|pads]] for applying and removing cosmetics.]]

A less technical use of the term "cotton wool", in the UK and Ireland, is for the refined product known as "absorbent cotton" (or, often, just "cotton") in U.S. usage: fluffy cotton in sheets or balls used for [[medical]], [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]], protective packaging, and many other practical purposes. Possibly the first medical use of cotton wool was by [[Sampson Gamgee]] at the Queen's Hospital (later the General Hospital) in [[Birmingham]], England.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gamgee |first=Sampson |date=1880-01-24 |title=Absorbent and Medicated Surgical Dressings |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(02)36703-5/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=115 |issue=2943 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)36703-5 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref>

=== Long staple cotton ===
Long staple (LS cotton) is cotton of a longer fibre length and therefore of higher quality, while [[Gossypium barbadense|Extra-long staple cotton]] (ELS cotton) has longer fibre length still and of even higher quality. The name "Egyptian cotton" is broadly associated high quality cottons and is often an LS or (less often) an ELS cotton.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100503015520/http://www.cottonguide.org/chapter-5/extra-long-staple-cotton Chapter 5. Extra long staple cotton]. cottonguide.org</ref> Nowadays the name "Egyptian cotton" refers more to the way cotton is treated and threads produced rather than the location where it is grown. The American cotton variety ''Pima'' cotton is often compared to Egyptian cotton, as both are used in high quality bed sheets and other cotton products. While Pima cotton is often grown in the American southwest,<ref>{{cite thesis |last=McGowan |first=Joseph Clarence |date=1960 |title=History of extra-long staple cottons |type=M.A. |chapter=XII |publisher=The University of Arizona. |citeseerx=10.1.1.1003.1154 }}</ref> the Pima name is now used by cotton-producing nations such as Peru, Australia and Israel.<ref>[http://www.cottonguide.org/cotton-guide/market-segments-extra-long-staple-cotton/ "5.2-Market segments-Extra long staple cotton"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121144756/http://www.cottonguide.org/cotton-guide/market-segments-extra-long-staple-cotton/ |date=21 January 2015 }}. ''cottonguide.org''.</ref> Not all products bearing the Pima name are made with the finest cotton: American-grown ELS Pima cotton is trademarked as ''Supima'' cotton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supima Cotton - FAQ |url=http://supima.com/faq |access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref> "Kasturi" cotton is a brand-building initiative for Indian long staple cotton by the [[Ministry of Textiles|Indian government]]. The [[Press Information Bureau|PIB]] issued a press release announcing the same.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=Ginners expected to produce 8-10 lakh bales of 'branded' Kasturi cotton this season|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ginners-expected-to-produce-8-10-lakh-bales-of-branded-kasturi-cotton-this-season-6708717/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=Telangana|title=Cotton research centres to be set up at Adilabad, Warangal|url=https://telanganatoday.com/cotton-research-centres-to-be-set-up-at-adilabad-warangal|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Telangana Today|date=6 August 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian cotton gets 'Kasturi' branding, logo |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/indian-cotton-gets-kasturi-branding-logo/article32816396.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 October 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730125309/https://www.thehindu.com/business/indian-cotton-gets-kasturi-branding-logo/article32816396.ece |archive-date= Jul 30, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kasturi, the first national brand of Indian cotton can fetch at least a 5% price premium: Experts|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/kasturi-the-first-national-brand-of-indian-cotton-can-fetch-at-least-a-5-price-premium-experts/articleshow/78605516.cms |date=Oct 11, 2020 |access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref><ref name="Cotton-Day-India">{{Cite web|title=India gets its first ever Brand & Logo for its Cotton on 2nd World Cotton Day – A Historic Day for Indian Cotton!|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1662480 |date=7 Oct 2020 |access-date=2021-08-12|website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

===Ornamental use===
Cottons have been grown as [[ornamental plant|ornamentals]] or novelties due to their showy flowers and snowball-like fruit. For example, [[Gossypium barbadense#jumels|Jumel's cotton]], once an important source of fiber in Egypt, started as an ornamental.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Porcher |first1=Richard D. |last2=Fick |first2=Sarah |title=The story of Sea Island cotton |date=2005 |publisher=Wyrick & Company |location=Charleston, South Carolina |isbn=0-941711-73-0 |pages=82–83}}</ref> However, agricultural authorities such as the [[Boll Weevil Eradication Program]] in the United States discourage using cotton as an ornamental, due to concerns about these plants harboring pests injurious to crops.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Glasgow|first=Tom|date=27 November 2015|title=Cotton growers must comply with state regulations|url=https://www.newbernsj.com/article/20151127/LIFESTYLE/151129187|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212143111/https://www.newbernsj.com/article/20151127/LIFESTYLE/151129187|archive-date=12 December 2015|access-date=2020-10-09|website=New Bern Sun Journal|language=en|location=North Carolina}}</ref>

==International trade==
[[File:CottonYield.png|thumb|Worldwide cotton production]]

The largest producers of cotton, as of 2017, are India and China, with annual production of about {{convert|18.53|e6t|lb}} and {{convert|17.14|e6t|lb}}, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], is the leading cotton broker in Africa, with hundreds of purchasing agents. It operates [[cotton gin]]s in Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods. [[Cargill]] also purchases cotton in Africa for export.

The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States are heavily [[subsidy|subsidized]] at the rate of $2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support.<ref>[http://agritrade.cta.int/Agriculture/Commodities/Cotton/Executive-Brief-Update-2013-Cotton-sector "Executive Brief Update 2013: Cotton sector"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224045221/http://agritrade.cta.int/Agriculture/Commodities/Cotton/Executive-Brief-Update-2013-Cotton-sector |date=24 February 2014 }}. ''cta.int''.</ref> The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations. This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.<ref>Zachary, G. Pascal (14 January 2007) [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/business/yourmoney/14duna.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FOrganizations%2FW%2FWorld%20Trade%20Organization%20&_r=0 "Out of Africa: Cotton and Cash"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625071441/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/business/yourmoney/14duna.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FOrganizations%2FW%2FWorld%20Trade%20Organization%20&_r=0 |date=25 June 2017 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>

To encourage trade and organize discussion about cotton, [[World Cotton Day]] is celebrated every October 7.<ref name="Cotton-Day">{{cite web | title=World Cotton Day – Welcome to World Cotton Day | website=World Cotton Day | url=http://www.worldcottonday.com/ | access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref><ref name="Cotton-Day-WTO">{{cite web | title=Celebrating World Cotton Day: an opportunity to recognize the global importance of cotton | website=[[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organization (WTO)]] | date=2021-10-07 | url=http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/wcd2021_e.htm | access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref><ref name="Cotton-Day-Argentina">{{cite web | url=http://inta.gob.ar/sites/default/files/inta_revista_voces_y_ecos_nro_42_nota_2_algodon.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://inta.gob.ar/sites/default/files/inta_revista_voces_y_ecos_nro_42_nota_2_algodon.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | title=Día mundial de algodón: seminario de innovaciones tecnológicas y organizativas | publisher=[[SENASA Argentina]] | first1=Martín | last1=Winkler | first2=Antonela | last2=Cereijo | first3=Robertino | last3=Muchut | first4=Pablo | last4=Dileo | first5=Gonzalo | last5=Scarpin | first6=Fernando | last6=Lorenzini | first7=Roxana | last7=Roeschlin | last8=Paytas | first8=Marcelo |date=3 September 2018 | language=es}}</ref><ref name="Cotton-Day-India" />

Cotton is included within [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) activities within two "complementary tracks":
*trade aspects, around multilateral negotiations aiming to address distorting subsidies and trade barriers affecting cotton; and
*development assistance provided within the cotton production industry and its [[value chain]].<ref>World Trade Organization, [https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/cotton_e.htm Cotton], accessed 11 June 2024</ref>
An agreement on trade in cotton formed part of the ministerial declaration concluding the [[World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005]].<ref>Tsang, J., "A Modest Triumph", ''Hong Kong Industrialist'', 2006/Jan, p. 43</ref>

==Production==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:16em; text-align:left; "
|+ Cotton production – 2022
|-
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Production ([[tonne]]s)
|-
| {{CHN}} || {{right|18,121,818}}
|-
| {{IND}} || {{right|14,990,000}}
|-
| {{USA}} ||{{right| 8,468,691}}
|-
| {{BRA}} || {{right|6,422,030}}
|-
| {{UZB}} || {{right|3,500,680}}
|-
| {{AUS}} || {{right|2,800,000}}
|-
| {{TUR}} || {{right|2,750,000}}
|-
| {{PAK}} || {{right|2,409,642}}
|-
| {{TKM}} || {{right|1,201,421}}
|-
| {{ARG}} || {{right|1,115,510}}
|-
| {{MEX}} || {{right|871,955}}
|-
| {{BFA}} || {{right|668,633}}
|-
| {{BEN}} || {{right|588,110}}
|-
| {{MLI}} || {{right|526,000}}
|-
| {{TJK}} || {{right|511,996}}
|-
| {{CIV}} || {{right|448,573}}
|-
| {{CMR}} || {{right|404,800}}
|-
| {{TAN}} || {{right|373,018}}
|-
| {{KAZ}} || {{right|361,819}}
|-
| {{AZE}} || {{right|322,471}}
|-
| {{MMR}} || {{right|289,488}}
|-
| '''World''' || {{right|'''69,668,143'''}}
|-
| colspan="2" | Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Seed cotton, unginned production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2024|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>
|}

In 2022, world production of cotton was 69.7 million [[tonne]]s, led by [[China]] with 26% of the total. Other major producers were [[India]] (22%) and the [[United States]] (12%) (table).

The five leading [[export]]ers of cotton in 2019 are (1) [[India]], (2) the [[United States]], (3) [[China]], (4) [[Brazil]], and (5) [[Pakistan]].

In [[India]], the states of [[Maharashtra]] (26.63%), [[Gujarat]] (17.96%) and [[Andhra Pradesh]] (13.75%) and also Madhya Pradesh are the leading cotton producing states,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/tab115.pdf|title= Three largest producing states of important crops|access-date= 6 April 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080409162742/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/tab115.pdf|archive-date= 9 April 2008}}</ref> these states have a predominantly tropical wet and dry climate.

In the United States, the state of [[Texas]] led in total production as of 2004,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Cotton Production and Support in the United States |author=Womach, Jasper |year=2004 |url=http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RL32442.pdf |journal=CRS Report for Congress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927185056/http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RL32442.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> while the state of [[California]] had the highest [[Crop yield|yield per acre]].<ref>{{cite book |author= Siebert, JB|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TllcVXmnLlEC&pg=PA366|title=Cotton production manual |year= 1996 |publisher= ANR Publications |chapter=26 |page=366 |isbn= 978-1-879906-09-9}}</ref>

===Fair trade===
Cotton is an enormously important commodity throughout the world. It provides livelihoods for up to 1 billion people, including 100 million smallholder farmers who cultivate cotton.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Voora, V. |author2=Larrea, C. |author3=Bermudez, S. |date=2020|title=Global Market Report: Cotton|url=https://www.iisd.org/ssi/commodities/cotton-coverage/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127005927/https://www.iisd.org/ssi/commodities/cotton-coverage/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |website=State of Sustainability Initiatives}}</ref> However, many farmers in developing countries receive a low price for their produce, or find it difficult to compete with developed countries.

This has led to an international dispute (see [[Brazil–United States cotton dispute]]):

<blockquote>On 27 September 2002, Brazil requested consultations with the US regarding prohibited and actionable subsidies provided to US producers, users and/or exporters of upland cotton, as well as legislation, regulations, statutory instruments and amendments thereto providing such subsidies (including export credits), grants, and any other assistance to the US producers, users and exporters of upland cotton.<ref>United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton, [http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds267_e.htm World Trade Organization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403032503/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds267_e.htm |date=3 April 2013 }}. Retrieved 2 October 2006.</ref>

On 8 September 2004, the Panel Report recommended that the United States "withdraw" export credit guarantees and payments to domestic users and exporters, and "take appropriate steps to remove the adverse effects or withdraw" the mandatory price-contingent subsidy measures.<ref>United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120520140128/http://docsonline.wto.org/DDFDocuments/t/WT/DS/267R.doc World Trade Organization]. Retrieved 2 October 2006.</ref>
</blockquote>

While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – also known as "Cotton-4" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a "Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.<ref>[http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/cotton_subcommittee_e.htm The Cotton Sub-Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902015509/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/cotton_subcommittee_e.htm |date=2 September 2012 }}. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 3 August 2012.</ref>

In addition to concerns over subsidies, the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers' health by exposure to pesticides used in production. The [[Environmental Justice Foundation]] has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in [[Uzbekistan]], the world's third largest cotton exporter.<ref>The Environmental Justice Foundation, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120815042003/http://www.ejfoundation.org/page93.html "Environmental Justice Foundation: Reports on Cotton"] retrieved 22 February 2010</ref>

The international production and trade situation has led to "[[fair trade]]" cotton clothing and footwear, joining a rapidly growing market for organic clothing, fair fashion or "ethical fashion". The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from [[Cameroon]], [[Mali]] and [[Senegal]], with the [[Association Max Havelaar France]] playing a lead role in the establishment of this segment of the fair trade system in conjunction with [[Fairtrade International]] and the French organisation [[:fr:Dagris|Dagris]] (''Développement des Agro-Industries du Sud'').<ref>UNCTAD, [https://web.archive.org/web/20131123215524/http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/cotton/market.htm#fair Market: Fair Trade Cotton Market], Info Comm: Market Information in the Commodities Area, archived 23 November 2013, accessed 23 August 2021</ref>

===Trading===
[[File:Cotton prices.webp|thumb|upright=1.35|Cotton prices 2009–2022 {{see also|2020s commodities boom}}]]
[[File:Horrockses display.jpg|thumb|A display from a British cotton manufacturer of items used in a [[cotton mill]] during the [[Industrial Revolution]]]]
[[File:Bale of cotton at LA State Cotton Museum IMG 7387.JPG|thumb|A bale of cotton on display at the [[List of museums in Louisiana|Louisiana State Cotton Museum]] in [[Lake Providence, Louisiana|Lake Providence]] in East Carroll Parish in northeastern Louisiana]]

Cotton is bought and sold by investors and price speculators as a tradable commodity on two different commodity exchanges in the United States of America.

*Cotton No. 2 futures contracts are traded on the ICE Futures US Softs (NYI) under the ticker symbol '''CT'''. They are delivered every year in March, May, July, October, and December.<ref name="PortaraCQG">{{Cite web |title=Historical Cotton Intraday Futures Data (CTA) |url=https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/historical-cotton-intraday-futures-data-cta/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=PortaraCQG |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Cotton [[futures contract]]s are traded on the [[New York Mercantile Exchange]] (NYMEX) under the ticker symbol '''TT'''. They are delivered every year in March, May, July, October, and December.<ref>[https://www.wikinvest.com/Cotton_Prices NYMEX Cotton Futures Contract Overview via Wikinvest]{{dead link|date=May 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Contract specifications<ref name="PortaraCQG" />
!Cotton (CTA)
!
|-
|Exchange:
|NYI
|-
|Sector:
|Energy
|-
|Tick size:
|0.01
|-
|Tick value:
|5 USD
|-
|BPV:
|500
|-
|Denomination:
|USD
|-
|Decimal place:
|2
|}

===Critical temperatures===
*Favorable travel temperature range: below {{convert|25|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
*Optimum travel temperature: {{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
*Glow temperature: {{convert|205|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
*[[Fire point]]: {{convert|210|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
*[[Autoignition temperature]]: {{convert|360|-|425|°C|°F|abbr=on}}<ref>Handbook of Fiber Chemistry Third Edition p594</ref>
*Autoignition temperature (for oily cotton): {{convert|120|°C|°F|abbr=on}}

A temperature range of {{convert|25|to|35|°C|°F|abbr=on}} is the optimal range for mold development. At temperatures below {{convert|0|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, rotting of wet cotton stops. Damaged cotton is sometimes stored at these temperatures to prevent further deterioration.<ref>Transportation Information Service of Germany, Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V. (GDV), Berlin, [http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/fasern/baumwoll/baumwoll.htm Transport Information Service (TIS) – Cargo, Packaging, Containers, Loss prevention, Marine insurance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304182310/http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/fasern/baumwoll/baumwoll.htm |date=4 March 2009 }}, 2002–2006</ref>

Egypt has a unique climatic temperature that the soil and the temperature provide an exceptional environment for cotton to grow rapidly.

==Fiber properties==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2012}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Property
! Evaluation
|-
|Shape
|Fairly uniform in width, 12–20 micrometers; length varies from 1 cm to 6 cm ({{frac|1|2}} to 2{{frac|1|2}} inches); typical length is 2.2 cm to 3.3 cm ({{frac|7|8}} to 1{{frac|1|4}} inches).
|-
|Luster
|High
|-
|Tenacity (strength) Dry Wet
| 3.0–5.0 g/d 3.3–6.0 g/d
|-
|Resiliency
|Low
|-
|Density
|1.54–1.56 g/cm3
|-
|Moisture absorption raw: conditioned saturation mercerized: conditioned saturation
| 8.5% 15–25% 8.5–10.3% 15–27%+
|-
|Dimensional stability
|Good
|-
|Resistance to acids alkali organic solvents sunlight microorganisms insects
| Damage, weaken fibers resistant; no harmful effects high resistance to most Prolonged exposure weakens fibers. Mildew and rot-producing bacteria damage fibers. Silverfish damage fibers.
|-
|Thermal reactions to heat to flame
| Decomposes after prolonged exposure to temperatures of 150 °C or over. Burns readily with yellow flame, smells like burning paper. The residual ash is light and fluffy and greyish in color.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=Maurice David |url=http://archive.org/details/fibertofabricsec00pott |title=Fiber to Fabric |edition=2nd |date=1954 |location=New York; Toronto |publisher=McGraw-Hill }}{{page needed|date=November 2022}}</ref>
|}
[[File:C21a.jpg|thumb|Cotton fibers viewed under a [[scanning electron microscope]]]]

Depending upon the origin, the chemical composition of cotton is as follows:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=S. P. |title=A Text Book of Fibre Science and Technology |date=2000 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1250-5 |page=78 }}</ref>
*[[Cellulose]] 91.00%
*[[Water]] 7.85%
*[[Protoplasm]], [[pectins]] 0.55%
*[[Waxes]], fatty substances 0.40%
*Mineral [[salts]] 0.20%

=== Morphology ===
Cotton has a more complex structure among the other crops. A [[Cotton Maturity|matured]] cotton fiber is a single, elongated complete dried multilayer cell that develops in the surface layer of cottonseed. It has the following parts.<ref name="Karmakar-1999">{{cite book |last1=Karmakar |first1=S. R. |title=Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles |date=1999 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-053947-8 |pages=3, 4, 5 }}</ref>

# The cuticle is the outer most layer. It is a waxy layer that contains [[pectin]]s and [[protein]]aceous materials.<ref name="Wakelyn-2006">{{cite book |last1=Wakelyn |first1=Phillip J. |last2=Bertoniere |first2=Noelie R. |last3=French |first3=Alfred D. |last4=Thibodeaux |first4=Devron P. |last5=Triplett |first5=Barbara A. |last6=Rousselle |first6=Marie-Alice |last7=Goynes |first7=Wilton R. |last8=Edwards |first8=J. Vincent |last9=Hunter |first9=Lawrance |last10=McAlister |first10=David D. |last11=Gamble |first11=Gary R. |title=Cotton Fiber Chemistry and Technology |date=15 December 2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-4588-8 |pages=24, 26, 30, 31, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63 }}</ref>
# The primary wall is the original thin cell wall. Primary wall is mainly [[cellulose]], it is made up of a network of fine fibrils (small strands of cellulose).<ref name="Wakelyn-2006" />
# The winding layer is the first layer of secondary thickening it is also called the S1 layer. It is different in structure from both the primary wall and the remainder of the secondary wall. It consists of fibrils aligned at 40 to 70-degree angles to the fiber axis in an open netting type of pattern.<ref name="Wakelyn-2006" />
# The secondary wall consists of concentric layers of cellulose it is also called the S2 layer, that constitute the main portion of the cotton fiber. After the fiber has attained its maximum diameter, new layers of cellulose are added to form the secondary wall. The fibrils are deposited at 70 to 80-degree angles to the fiber axis, reversing angle at points along the length of the fiber.<ref name="Wakelyn-2006" />
# The lumen is the hollow canal that runs the length of the fiber. It is filled with living protoplasm during the growth period. After the fiber matures and the boll opens, the protoplast dries up, and the lumen naturally collapses, leaving a central void, or pore space, in each fiber. It separates the secondary wall from the lumen and appears to be more resistant to certain reagents than the secondary wall layers. The lumen wall also called the S3 layer.<ref name="Wakelyn-2006" /><ref>{{Google books|k9AHEAAAQBAJ|Cotton Fiber Composition|page=83}} in {{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-9169-3_5 |chapter=Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton |title=Cotton Science and Processing Technology |series=Textile Science and Clothing Technology |year=2020 |last1=Wang |first1=Hua |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Muhammad Qasim |last3=Memon |first3=Hafeezullah |pages=79–97 |isbn=978-981-15-9168-6 |s2cid=229189581 }}</ref><ref name="Karmakar-1999" />

==== Dead cotton ====
[[Dead cotton]] is a term that refers to unripe cotton fibers that do not absorb [[dye]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manufacturers |first=National Association of Wool |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nERQAAAAYAAJ&dq=dead+cotton&pg=PA325 |title=Bulletin |date=1893 |publisher=National Association of Wool Manufacturers |page=325 |language=en}}</ref> Dead cotton is [[Cotton maturity|immature cotton]] that has poor dye affinity and appears as white specks on a [[Dyeing|dyed]] fabric. When cotton fibers are analyzed and assessed through a microscope, dead fibers appear differently. Dead cotton fibers have thin cell walls. In contrast, mature fibers have more cellulose and a greater degree of cell wall thickening<ref name="Crum-1863">{{Cite book |last=Crum |first=Walter |url=http://archive.org/details/oncottonfibreonm00crum |title=On the cotton fibre and on the manner in which it unites with colouring matter |date=1863 |publisher=Glasgow : Bell & Bain |others=Getty Research Institute |page=11}}</ref>

==Genome==
{{Update|section|talk="Genome" section needs revision and updating|date=April 2021}}
{{Technical|section|date=January 2011}}
There is a public effort to sequence the genome of cotton. It was started in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Z. Jeffrey |last2=Scheffler |first2=Brian E. |last3=Dennis |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Triplett |first4=Barbara A. |last5=Zhang |first5=Tianzhen |last6=Guo |first6=Wangzhen |last7=Chen |first7=Xiaoya |last8=Stelly |first8=David M. |last9=Rabinowicz |first9=Pablo D. |last10=Town |first10=Christopher D. |last11=Arioli |first11=Tony |last12=Brubaker |first12=Curt |last13=Cantrell |first13=Roy G. |last14=Lacape |first14=Jean-Marc |last15=Ulloa |first15=Mauricio |last16=Chee |first16=Peng |last17=Gingle |first17=Alan R. |last18=Haigler |first18=Candace H. |last19=Percy |first19=Richard |last20=Saha |first20=Sukumar |last21=Wilkins |first21=Thea |last22=Wright |first22=Robert J. |last23=Van Deynze |first23=Allen |last24=Zhu |first24=Yuxian |last25=Yu |first25=Shuxun |last26=Abdurakhmonov |first26=Ibrokhim |last27=Katageri |first27=Ishwarappa |last28=Kumar |first28=P. Ananda |last29=Zafar |first29=Yusuf |last30=Yu |first30=John Z. |last31=Kohel |first31=Russell J. |last32=Wendel |first32=Jonathan F. |last33=Paterson |first33=Andrew H. |last34=Paterson |first34=AH |title=Toward Sequencing Cotton (''Gossypium'') Genomes |journal=Plant Physiology |date=December 2007 |volume=145 |issue=4 |pages=1303–1310 |doi=10.1104/pp.107.107672 |pmid=18056866 |pmc=2151711 }}</ref> Their aim is to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that its nucleus has two separate genomes, called A and D. The consortium agreed to first sequence the D-genome wild relative of cultivated cotton (''G. raimondii'', a Central American species) because it is small and has few repetitive elements. It has nearly one-third of the bases of tetraploid cotton, and each chromosome occurs only once.{{Clarify|date=January 2011}} Then, the A genome of ''G. arboreum'' would be sequenced. Its genome is roughly twice that of ''G. raimondii''. Part of the difference in size is due to the amplification of ''retrotransposons'' (GORGE). After both diploid genomes are assembled, they would be used as models for sequencing the genomes of tetraploid cultivated species. Without knowing the diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of AD genomes would co-assemble, and their repetitive elements would assemble independently into A and D sequences respectively. There would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids, as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, the companies [[Monsanto]] and [[Illumina (company)|Illumina]] completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of ''G. raimondii'' about 50x.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Monsanto and Illumina Reach Key Milestone in Cotton Genome Sequencing|url = http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/pages/monsanto-illumina-key-milestone-cotton-genome-sequencing.aspx|website = www.monsanto.com|access-date = 2016-01-31|last = APPDMZ\gyoung|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042838/http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/pages/monsanto-illumina-key-milestone-cotton-genome-sequencing.aspx|archive-date = 1 February 2016}}</ref> They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but much work remains.

As of 2014, at least one assembled cotton genome had been reported.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Fuguang |last2=Fan |first2=Guangyi |last3=Wang |first3=Kunbo |last4=Sun |first4=Fengming |last5=Yuan |first5=Youlu |last6=Song |first6=Guoli |last7=Li |first7=Qin |last8=Ma |first8=Zhiying |last9=Lu |first9=Cairui |last10=Zou |first10=Changsong |last11=Chen |first11=Wenbin |last12=Liang |first12=Xinming |last13=Shang |first13=Haihong |last14=Liu |first14=Weiqing |last15=Shi |first15=Chengcheng |last16=Xiao |first16=Guanghui |last17=Gou |first17=Caiyun |last18=Ye |first18=Wuwei |last19=Xu |first19=Xun |last20=Zhang |first20=Xueyan |last21=Wei |first21=Hengling |last22=Li |first22=Zhifang |last23=Zhang |first23=Guiyin |last24=Wang |first24=Junyi |last25=Liu |first25=Kun |last26=Kohel |first26=Russell J |last27=Percy |first27=Richard G |last28=Yu |first28=John Z |last29=Zhu |first29=Yu-Xian |last30=Wang |first30=Jun |last31=Yu |first31=Shuxun |title=Genome sequence of the cultivated cotton Gossypium arboreum |journal=Nature Genetics |date=June 2014 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=567–572 |doi=10.1038/ng.2987 |pmid=24836287 |s2cid=13477556 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Cotton Belt]]
*[[Cotton candy]]
*[[Carding|Cotton carding]]
*[[Cotton gin]]
*[[Cotton mill]]
*[[The Cotton Museum]]
*[[Cotton recycling]]
*{{section link|Diplomacy of the American Civil War|Cotton and the British economy}}
*[[Environmental impact of fashion]]
*[[International Cotton Advisory Committee]]
*[[International Cotton Association]]
*[[Ceiba pentandra|Java cotton (kapok)]]
*[[King Cotton]]
*[[Madapollam]]
*[[Mercerized cotton]]
*[[Sea island cotton]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Beckert, Sven. ''Empire of Cotton: A Global History.'' New York: Knopf, 2014.
* Brown, D. Clayton. ''King Cotton: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945'' (University Press of Mississippi, 2011) 440 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-60473-798-1}}
* Ensminger, Audrey H. and Konlande, James E. ''Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia'', (2nd ed. CRC Press, 1993). {{ISBN|0-8493-8980-1}}
* [https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/cotton-and-wool/market-outlook USDA – Cotton Trade]
* [[William G. Moseley|Moseley, W.G.]] and L.C. Gray (eds). ''Hanging by a Thread: Cotton, Globalization and Poverty in Africa'' (Ohio University Press and Nordic Africa Press, 2008). {{ISBN|978-0-89680-260-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Riello |first1=Giorgio |title=Cotton: The Fabric that Made the Modern World |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00022-3 }}
* Smith, C. Wayne and Joe Tom Cothren. ''Cotton: origin, history, technology, and production'' (1999) 850 pages {{ISBN|978-0-471-18045-6}}
* True, Alfred Charles. ''The cotton plant: its history, botany, chemistry, culture, enemies, and uses'' (U.S. Office of Experiment Stations, 1896) [https://archive.org/details/cottonplantitshi33true online edition]
* {{cite book |last1=Yafa |first1=Stephen H. |author-link1=Stephen Yafa |title=Big Cotton: How a Humble Fiber Created Fortunes, Wrecked Civilizations, and Put America on the Map |date=2005 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-03367-6 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://ica-ltd.org/ Official website] of the [[International Cotton Association]]
*[https://www.cotton.org/ National Cotton Council of America]
*{{cite web | title=World Cotton Day |url=https://www.worldcottonday.com// | access-date=December 26, 2023}}
*{{cite web | title=Celebrating World Cotton Day: an opportunity to recognize the global importance of cotton | publisher=[[World Trade Organization]] | date=2021-10-07 | url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/wcd2021_e.htm| access-date=2021-10-08}}
*{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Cotton|short=x}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cotton|volume=7|pages=256–281|short=x}}
*{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Cotton|short=x}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Fibers}}
{{Fabric}}
{{Clothing materials and parts}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cotton| ]]
[[Category:Biodegradable materials]]
[[Category:Cellulose]]
[[Category:Domesticated crops]]
[[Category:Vegetable fibers]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]

Korutla

2026-03-06T00:30:44Z

SidneyBecnel: reworked section to improve readability and improved wording based on references

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=Unneeded capitalisation, incorrect spacing|date=January 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Korutla
| official_name =
| native_name = కోరుట్ల
| other_name = Korutla
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Korutla Railway Station(1).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Korutla Railway Station
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.8215|N|78.7119|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = Deccan
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Korutla Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Urban Local Body Information|url=http://www.dtcp.telangana.gov.in/ULBs-List-68.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Telangana|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615135503/http://dtcp.telangana.gov.in/ULBs-List-68.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2016}}</ref>
| area_rank = 2
| area_total_km2 = 34.12
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=geo>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Koratla.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Koratla, India|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 287
| population_total = 89,215
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="basic">{{cite web|title=Basic information of municipity|url=https://korultamunicipality.telamgana.gov.in/pases/basic-information|website=Official Site of Korutla Municipality}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 505326
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08725
| registration_plate = TS21
| website = {{URL|korutlamunicipality.telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Korutla''' or '''Koratla''') is a town and revenue division in the [[Jagtial district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/indian-states-with-highest-population-1358414-2018-10-08|title=Indian states with highest population|last=India Today Web Desk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jagtial.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/226.Jagityal-.226.pdf|title=District Administration – Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Jagtial district – Final Notification - Orders – Issued|website=Jagtial District|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> It is a historical town ruled by Jain Kings and second largest town in [[Jagtial district]]. It is the headquarters of [[Koratla (Assembly constituency)|Koratla constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/telangana-assembly-election-results-2018/koratla-election-result-2018-s29a020|title=Koratla Election Result|last=Assembly Elections 2018}}</ref> It is located about {{convert|23|km|mi|0}} from the district headquarters [[Jagtial]], 235 kilometers from [[Hyderabad]], 73 kilometers from [[Karimnagar]] and 76 kilometers from [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]].

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2026}}

Korutla is used to be called with names such as Koravattu, Korapattu, Koravatlu, Koratlu, Kagithalapatla. In archeological evacuations, historians found [[epigraphy]] on stones (shilashasanam), written in 1042-1068 A.D was found in the holy pond (koneru or [[Korutla Stepwell]]) of Korutla. As per the writings and opinions of people here, Korutla has got thousands of years of history and was recorded as ancient Jain hub. More than a millennium ago it was ruled by great [[Jainism|Jain]] kings, [[Western Chalukya Empire|Kalyani Chalukyas]] (957-1184), [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulawada Chalukyas]] (7th century to 10th century) and [[Rashtrakutas|Rastrakutas]].

In the era of Jain's it was called "Koravattu". As the days were passing, it changed to "Koravatlu", "Koratlu", and finally changed to present name Korutla. Another belief is that the Hindu Sages, belong to the tribe of Koravattu, used to live here and performed their devotional activities and penances in this place. The two idols of [[Tirthankara|Thirthankaras]] of [[Jainism]] were placed inside Shree Mahadevaswamy Temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] which was built by [[JAINA|Jain]] kings during their rule. An ancient [[katar]] ([[Push dagger]]) weapon was found in Shree Mahadevaswamy Temple which was used by one of the kings who ruled this place.

There are big and old constructions which are called as Burujulu (ancient [[Watchtower|watch towers]]). They were built for the protection of the palace which is called as Gadi (గడి) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], which is located in the middle of six burujulu (watch towers). The palace was recently destroyed. Out of these six burujulu, one was destroyed but remaining five which can be seen. A big wall used to be there connecting all burjulu, It was wide enough that a car could go on it.

Along the wall, there used to be a canal with full of water for additional protection measures. For this reason that area is still called as "Kalvagadda or Kaluva Gadda". In the premises of the palace there is a Holy Pond (koneru or [[Korutla Stepwell]]), which is constructed with rock, under the ground, surrounding the holy pond and it was a construction with pillars and a dressing room.

== Temples ==
The 4 temples of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] which were built during 10th century namely
* Shree Mahadevaswamy Temple
* Shree Nagareshwaraswamy Temple
* Shree Ramanathaswamy Temple
* Shree Rameshwara Temple

Other temples which are famous. They are

* Shree Astalakshmi Aadi Narayana Temple
* Shree Venkateshwara Temple
* Ayyappa Gutta Shree Gnana Saraswati Alaya Rahu Ketu Sahitha Shanaishwaralaya Shree Dharmashasta Ayyappa Temple
* Shree Venugopalaswamy Temple
* Shree Madvirat Potuluri Veerabrahmendra Swamy Temple
* Shree Peddamma Temple
* Trishakti Matha Temple
* Shree Koti Navadurga Shiva Markandeya Temple
* Shree Siddhi Vinayaka Temple
* Shree Hanuman Temple
* Shree Muthyala Pochamma Temple
* Shree Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple
* Shree Seetha Ramalayam Temple
* Shree Durgadevi Temple

== Geography ==
Korutla Municipality covers an area of 34.12 square kilometers (13.17 square miles), at an elevation of 287 meters (942 ft).<ref name="geo" /><ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Karimnagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2803_PART_B_DCHB_Karimnagar.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=9 June 2016|pages=12, 50}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical population| 1901| 5524| 1911| 6068| 1921| 6004| 1931| 6996| 1941| 8161| 1951| 8874| 1961| 11780| 1971| 17701| 1981| 30196| 1991| 40080| 2001| 54012| 2011| 66504|source=<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.gov.in/node/551261/download |title=Page Redirection|website=data.gov.in |date=21 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Census tables {{!}} Government of India | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables | access-date=2024-12-29 | website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>}}
As of 2011 [[Indian census]], Korutla had an estimated population of 66,504 But approximately in 2018 the population is 85,000.
The gender split is 50 percent male, 50 percent female. The Literacy rate is 60 percent—approximately equal to the national average of 59.5 percent. Male literacy is 69 percent, and female literacy is 51 percent.
14% of the population is under six years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
It has [[TSRTC]] bus stand. [KRTL]
The buses travel to [[Hyderabad]], [[Warangal]], [[Karimnagar]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Tirupati]], [[Pamur]], [[Kanigiri]] etc. [[National Highway 63 (India)|National Highway 63]] passes through this town.

===Rail===
[[Korutla Railway Station]].The Station code is: [KRLA].
It has Railway Connectivity via the [[Peddapalli–Nizamabad line]] to [[Mumbai]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Delhi]], and [[Chennai]].

== Education ==
=== Colleges ===
* P.V. Narasimha Rao College of Veterinary Science
* Government Degree College, Korutla
* Government Boys Junior College, Korutla
* Government Girls Junior College, Korutla
* Government Polytechnic College, Korutla
* Rashmidhar Teja B.Ed & D.Ed College, Korutla
* Sri Arunodaya Degree College, Korutla
* Ramakrishna Degree College, Korutla
* Pothani Rajesh Babu Memorial Junior College, Korutla
* Maastro E-Techno Girls Junior College, Korutla
* Sri Chaitanya Junior College, Korutla

=== Schools ===
* Kerala English Medium High School (Korutla)
* Zilla Parishad Boys High School, Korutla
* Zilla Parishad Girls High School, Korutla
* Adarsha High School, Korutla
* Siddhartha High School, Korutla
* Akshara High School, Korutla
* Korutla Public School
* Little Flower High School, Korutla
* Sri Saraswathi Shishu Mandir, Korutla
* Gowtham Model School, Korutla
* SFS High School, Korutla

== Notable People ==
* [[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
* [[Thippiri Tirupathi]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Koratla Railway Station.jpg|Koratla Railway Station
Shree Mahadevaswamy Temple.jpg|Shree Mahadevaswamy Temple
Mahadev Rishabanatha.jpg|Idol of 1st [[Tirthankara|Thirthankara]] [[Rishabhanatha]] inside Shree Mahadevaswamy Temple
Mahadev Parshvanath.jpg|Idol of 23rd [[Tirthankara|Thirthankara]] [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanath]]
Korutla Buruju 1.jpg|Korutla Buruju 1
Korutla Buruju 2.jpg|Korutla Buruju in ruining stage
Korutla Buruju carving.jpg|Flowers carving on the walls of one of the Burujulu
Push dagger korutla.jpg|A [[katar]] ([[Push dagger|Push Dagger]]) weapon was found in Korutla's Shree Mahadevaswamy Temple
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Telangana}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jagtial district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Jagtial district]]

Gast (film)

2026-03-04T09:36:59Z

SidneyBecnel: starting a article

{{Short description|2021 Indian Marathi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Amit Koli
| writer = Kalpesh Jagtap
| producer = Anvay Naykodi Bhavesh Janavlekar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Tanaji Galgunde]]
*[[Monalisa Bagal]]
*[[Shashank Shende]]
}}
| cinematography = Kaushal Goswami
| editing = Anant Kamath
| music = Aditya Bedekar
| studio = {{plainlist|
*Rush Media
}}
| distributor = [[Zee Talkies]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='सैराट'मधील लंगड्या त्याच्या आर्चीसाठी घातलोय 'गस्त'; चाहत्यांची उत्सुकता शिगेला|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/sairat-fame-marathi-actor-tanaji-galgunde-will-be-playing-new-live-role-in-marathi-movie-gast-will-be-playing-new-role-sb-522239.html|website=Lokmat}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2021|02|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Gast''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film directed by Amit Koli and produced by Anvay Naykodi, Bhavesh Janavlekar. The film stars [[Tanaji Galgunde]], [[Monalisa Bagal]], [[Shashank Shende]] and Arbaz Sheikh. It was theatrically released on 28 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title=सैराटमधील बाळ्या पुन्हा एकदा प्रेक्षकांच्या मनोरंजनासाठी सज्ज |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/sairat-fame-balya-aka-tanaji-galgunde-upcoming-movie-gasta/552495 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=24taas.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘सैराट’मधील बाळ्या पुन्हा येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/sairat-fame-tanaji-galgunde-upcoming-movie-avb-95-2400588/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
When thieves attack a village, the residents decide to rigorously patrol the area to avoid future robberies. Unfortunately, this causes problems with the romance between youngsters Amar and Sujatha.

== Cast ==

* [[Tanaji Galgunde]] as Amar<ref>{{Cite web |title='सैराट'मधील बाळ्या पुन्हा एकदा प्रेक्षकांच्या मनोरंजनासाठी सज्ज |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/sairat-fame-actor-tanaji-galgunde-new-movie-gast-coming-soon-408937 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Sakal |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
* [[Monalisa Bagal]] as Sujata<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-18 |title=सैराटच्या बाळ्याची 'गस्त'मधून मोनालिसा बागलशी रंगणार केमिस्ट्री |url=https://www.mumbaitak.in/entertainment/sairat-fame-tanaji-galgundes-new-film-gasta-release-very-soon/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Mumbai Tak |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Hari Bhunge
* [[Arbaz Shaikh]] as Chinya<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=रुपेरी पडद्यावर याराना, सैराटनंतर पुन्हा एकदा बाळ्या आणि सल्याची जोडी रसिकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/after-sairat-once-again-pair-balya-and-salya-will-be-seen-gast-marathi-movie-a591/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
* Jayant Sawarkar as Vamanrao<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gast (2021) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gast-45356/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328130930/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gast-45356/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Production ==
It is produced by Rush Media in association with [[Zee Talkies]]. The film was shot in locations of [[Kolhapur district]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Monalisa Bagal opens up about her role in movie Gasta |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/monalisa-bagal-opens-up-about-her-role-in-movie-gasta/articleshow/81127316.cms |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The [[digital streaming]] rights of the film are acquired by [[Zee Talkies]] and was directly premiered on Zee Talkies on 28 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जेव्हा सैराट फेम तानाजी गालगुंडेला मिळाली मुख्य नायकाची भूमिका, पाहा अभिनेत्याची प्रतिक्रिया |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/interview/tanaji-galgunde-upcoming-marathi-movie-gast-speical-interview/articleshow/81190423.cms |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> It is also available for streaming on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gast Marathi movie at Zee5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/gast/0-0-354635 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.zee5.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14822422}}
* ''[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gast Gast]'' at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romantic drama films]]

Janmadata

2026-03-04T03:48:36Z

SidneyBecnel: quick update

{{more footnotes|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Janmadata
| image = 
| caption = The poster for the film Janmadata
| director = [[Swapan Saha]]
| writer = Snehasis Chakraborty [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] (Story concept)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rachna Banerjee]]|[[Ranjit Mallick]]|[[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Razzak]]|[[Ranjit Mallick]]|[[Jisshu Sengupta]]|[[Tapas Paul]]}}
| music = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Jhamu Sughand]]|[[Prosenjit]]}}
| distributor = [[SVF Cinemas]]
| cinematography =K R Ramesh
| editing = Atish Dey Sarkar
| released = {{Film date|2008|02|08|df=yes}}
| country = [[India]]
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime = 170 minutes
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
}}

'''''Janmadata''''' ({{langx|bn|জন্মদাতা}}) (2008) is a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] family [[Drama Film| action thriller film]] directed by [[Swapan Saha]].<ref name="Cinestaan">{{cite web |title=Janmadata (2008) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/janmadata-34571 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825122553/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/janmadata-34571 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 August 2019 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Janmadata |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Janmadata/0SCAYHUR4XOHXJCF74AGJ1BAHS |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.primevideo.com }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ranjit Mullick]] as Durgacharan Singha
* [[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Razzak]] as Bhavani Chowdhury
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as CBI Officer Raj Sinha
* [[Rachana Banerjee]] as Sima Singha
* [[Tapas Paul]] as retired constable Iqbal
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as Durgacharan's wife
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] as Mohon Singha, Durgacharan's son
* [[Locket Chatterjee]] as Rina Singha
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)]] as Subal Da
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Shibnath
* [[Anamika Saha]] as Durgacharan's mother
* [[Rita Koiral]] as Durgacharan's sister
* [[Anuradha Ray]] as Bhavani's wife
* [[Dolon Roy]] as Durgacharan's late daughter
* Unknown as Bhavani's late son
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Raj's friend
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as son-in-law of Singha house
* [[Dulal Lahiri]]
* Shyamal Dutta as Police Commissioner

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1409103}}
*[http://gomolo.in/Movie/Movie.aspx?mid=21290 gomolo.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155712/http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/Movie.aspx?mid=21290 |date=21 July 2011 }}

{{Swapan Saha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janmadata (2008 Film)}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Swapan Saha]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Aruvadai Naal

2026-03-03T05:08:24Z

SidneyBecnel: rework layout additionally and fixed typos to improve readability

{{short description|1986 film by G. M. Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aruvadai Naal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[G. M. Kumar]]
| screenplay = G. M. Kumar
| story = [[J. Livingston|Livingston]]
| producer = Shanthi Narayanasamy T. Manohar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]]}}
| cinematography = [[B. R. Vijayalakshmi]]
| editing = Shyam
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Sivaji Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1986|11|01}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aruvadai Naal''''' ({{Translation|Harvest Day}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[G. M. Kumar]] in his debut. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]]. It was released on 1 November 1986. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Muvva Gopaludu]]'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2022 |title=Actor-director GM Kumar hospitalised in Chennai |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/28/actor-director-gm-kumar-hospitalised-in-chennai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927085852/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/28/actor-director-gm-kumar-hospitalised-in-chennai |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=February 2023}}
Nirmala, an orphan Christian girl, lives in a convent and she wants to become a nun. She is then sent to a village by the convent to become a nun. She joins, the church's father Vincent Parker Soosai and she works as a nurse until she becomes a nun.

She then meets Muthuvel, an innocent young man, and they fall in love. Rathnavel brings up his son Muthuvel without any affections and treats him like his worker, whereas his mother Vadivu loves him more than anything. When Rathnavel arranges Muthuvel's marriage with his niece, Muthuvel and Nirmala reveal to him about their love. Rathnavel finally accepts their marriage with Soosai's help. Nirmala is eager about her wedding and leaves the village taking with her the convent's sisters.

In the meantime, Rathnavel prepares the puberty ceremony of Rajalakshmi, Muthuvel's niece, and manages to hide a [[Mangala sutra|Thaali]] inside a flower garland. Muthuvel, as an uncle and as per the customs, puts the flower garland around Rajalakshmi's neck and he married her without knowing. Soosai complains against Rathnavel for arranging a child marriage but the complaint is withdrawn. The rest of the story is what happens to Muthuvel and Nirmala.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Muthuvel
*[[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]] as Nirmala
*R. P. Viswam as Rathnavel
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Vadivu
*Raasi as Rajalakshmi
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Lotha
*[[Sathyajith (Tamil actor)|Sathyajith]]
*[[Usilai Mani]]
*[[Ramkumar Ganesan]] as Vincent Parker Soosai
;Uncredited
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]]
*[[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as a police officer
}}

== Production ==
''Aruvadai Naal'' is the directorial debut of [[G. M. Kumar]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=12 January 2023 |title=அறுவடை நாள்: 'சின்னதம்பி', 'மின்சார கனவு' படங்களின் முன்னோடி; ஆனால் இளையராஜாவின் அந்தப் பாடல்..! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/aruvadai-naal-yet-another-80s-romance-with-a-tragic-ending-and-the-iconic-ilaiyaraaja-music |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112075753/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/aruvadai-naal-yet-another-80s-romance-with-a-tragic-ending-and-the-iconic-ilaiyaraaja-music |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> and the story was written by [[J. Livingston|Livingston]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=23 October 2019 |title=Livingston's 'Sundara Purushan' to get a sequel 23 years later |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/23/livingstons-sundara-purushan-to-get-a-sequel-23-years-later-2051964.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027203812/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/23/livingstons-sundara-purushan-to-get-a-sequel-23-years-later-2051964.html |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was originally to be produced by Vigranth Creations and was to feature debut actors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-9-312|access-date=4 July 2025|work=Anna|language=ta|title=அறுவடை நாள்|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|pages=6|date=22 September 1985}}</ref> [[Sivaji Ganesan]]'s elder son [[Ramkumar Ganesan|Ramkumar]] made his acting debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 July 2012 |title=Grand re-entry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/grand-reentry/article3613600.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730065650/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/grand-reentry/article3613600.ece |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to Kumar, ''Aruvadai Naal'' was "chopped mercilessly" by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]].<ref name="focus">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=7 January 2016 |title=Back in focus in Bala's film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Back-in-focus-in-Bala%E2%80%99s-film/article13986386.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730065652/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Back-in-focus-in-Bala%E2%80%99s-film/article13986386.ece |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The voice for the film's lead actress Pallavi was given by another actress [[Uma Bharani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=26 January 2004 |title=Voicing emotions |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/26/stories/2004012601740300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040227234732/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/26/stories/2004012601740300.htm |archive-date=27 February 2004 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Melatha Mella" was filmed at Prakash Studios.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-299|date=9 September 1986|page=4|access-date=13 July 2025|work=Anna|language=ta|title=பிரபு காதலுக்கு ராம்குமார் உதவி|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Gangai Amaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 1986 |title=Aruvadai Naal |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aruvadai-naal/,f79SbzehlE_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927064332/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aruvadai-naal/,f79SbzehlE_ |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aruvadai Naal Tamil Film LP Vinyl record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/aruvadai-naal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730065719/https://mossymart.com/product/aruvadai-naal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> Kumar said the song "Devanin Kovil" was almost removed from the film because Ilaiyaraaja felt the film did not need it, but the former successfully pushed for the song to be retained.<ref name="focus" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| "Chinna Ponnu" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]], [[Vani Jairam]] || 4:45
|-
| "Devanin Kovil" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:39
|-
| "Melatha Mella" || Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki || 4:42
|-
| "Naanga" || [[Gangai Amaran]], Malaysia Vasudevan || 4:33
|-
| "Ola Kuruththola" || S. Janaki || 4:39
|-
| "Oru Kaaviam" || Ilaiyaraaja || 4:36
|-
| "Vakkapattu" || Malaysia Vasudevan || 4:25
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Aruvadai Naal'' was released on 1 November 1986, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 1986 |title=Aruvadai Nall |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19861101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the film, saying, "Kumar and his team of technicians [..] have been courageous enough to make this film somewhat of an offbeat effort".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=14 November 1986 |title=Prabhu's day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o4RlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1787%2C43475 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=14 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote ''Aruvadai Naal'' is a film with unstriped margins that can tear the hand but with a different glow.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=16 November 1986 |title=அறுவடை நாள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/nov/16-11-1986/p31.jpg |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729120210/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/nov/16-11-1986/p31.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=1 November 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=31 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. M. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Dhananjay Diwakar Sagdeo

2026-02-24T08:37:26Z

SidneyBecnel: starting pg.

{{Short description|Indian doctor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhananjay Diwakar Sagdeo
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| occupation = [[Hematologist]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2021)
}}

'''Dhananjay Diwakar Sagdeo''' is a medical doctor from India who served the [[Tribe|tribal]] people in the village of [[Muttil, Kalpetta|Muttil]] in [[Wayanad district]] in [[Kerala]], India. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award in India in 2021.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/padma-shri-recognition-of-mission-will-continue-my-work-dr-sagdeo/articleshow/87614415.cms Padma Shri for Dr. Dhananjay Diwakar Sagdeo]. Accessed 30 November 2024</ref>

== Life ==

He completed his matriculation from Hadas High School, [[Nagpur]], enrolled for the medical education at [[Indira Gandhi Medical College]]. He moved from Nagpur to Wayanad when he was 24 years old. He has been serving the people of Muttil Village for the past 40 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Nagpur doctor who turned messiah for Wayanad tribals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/a-nagpur-doctor-who-turned-messiah-for-wayanad-tribals/articleshow/80492131.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=30 November 2024 |date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref> {{cite news |title=Dr. Dhananjay Diwakar Sagdeo - A doctor turns messiah to the tribal community for over four decades! |url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2021/11/16/Dr-Dhananjay-Diwakar-Sagdeo-A-doctor-turns-messiah-to-the-tribal-community-for-over-four-decades-.html |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=www.newsbharati.com |date=16 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

He also established Swami Vivekananda Medical Mission (SVMM) hospital, which was initially started as a clinic but it gradually turned into a hospital. He is currently working as a chief medical officer for SVMM in Wayanad, Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahuja |first1=Aastha |title=This Doctor Is Serving The Tribals Of Wayanad In Kerala For Over Four Decades {{!}} Season 9 Highlights |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/this-doctor-is-serving-the-tribals-of-wayanad-in-kerala-for-over-four-decades-80951 |website=swachhindia.ndtv.com |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagdeo, Dhananjay Diwakar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian haematologists]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Hartal

2026-02-20T10:16:49Z

SidneyBecnel: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Strike action associated with South Asia}}
{{about|the type of strike action|the Canadian painter and poet|Paul Hartal}}
{{Labor|selected=strikes}}
'''Hartal''' ({{IPA|hns|ɦəɽ.t̪aːl|pron}}) is a term in many [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] for a [[strike action]] that was first used during the [[Indian independence movement]] (also known as the nationalist movement) of the early 20th century. A hartal is a [[mass protest]], often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of [[civil disobedience]] similar to a labour strike. In addition to being a [[general strike]], it involves the voluntary closure of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision.<ref>[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html Online edition of Sunday Observer] - 10 Aug 2003</ref> A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an [[opposition party]] protesting against a governmental policy or action.

The term comes from [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ({{Langx|gu|હડતાળ|translit=haḍtāḷ|label=none}}, or {{Langx|gu|હડતાલ|translit=haḍtāl|label=none}}), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who hailed from [[Gujarat]], used the term to refer to his pro-independence general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term.

Hartal is step 118 in [[Gene Sharp]]'s ''198 Methods of Nonviolent Action''.<ref name="Sharp198">{{cite web |last1=Sharp |first1=Gene |title=198 Methods of Nonviolent Action |url=https://www.aeinstein.org/nonviolentaction/198-methods-of-nonviolent-action/ |website=Albert Einstein Institution |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704094543/https://www.aeinstein.org/nonviolentaction/198-methods-of-nonviolent-action/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
The contemporary origins of this form of public protest date back to the [[Colonial India|colonial period]] of [[History of India|Indian history]]. Unpopular policies, particular [[Tax resistance|regarding taxation]] by the colonial authorities and [[princely state]]s often triggered such localized public protests, as in [[Benares]] (present day [[Varanasi]]) and [[Bardoli]].<ref name="Gross99">{{cite book |last=Gross|first=David M.|year=2014|title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns|publisher=Picket Line Press|isbn=978-1490572741|page=144}}</ref>

=== In South Asia ===
Hartals are still common in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and in parts of [[Sri Lanka]], where the term is often used to refer specifically to the [[1953 Ceylonese Hartal]].

=== In Southeast Asia ===
The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[1967 Penang Hartal riot]].<ref name="Gross99" />

The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to the [[Hartal Doktor Kontrak]], a strike by doctors in July 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia|COVID-19 pandemic]] in response to the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/contract-medical-officers-walk-out-nationwide-in-support-of-hartal-call-for-immediate-reform|title=Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=26 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chua|first=Minxi|date=23 July 2021|title="We Are All Hartal": Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike|url=http://newnaratif.com/we-are-all-hartal-malaysian-contract-doctors-to-strike/share/wtbyqoret/23ac5c7a4f5baf9388a7ef179f045907/|access-date=28 July 2021|website=New Naratif|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gherao]]
*[[Dharna]]
*[[Bandh]]
*[[Raasta roko]]
*[[Rail roko]]
*[[List of hartal in Bangladesh]]
* [[Political activism in Kerala]]
* [[Rowlatt Act]] (1919)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |author-link1=Barbara D. Metcalf |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 2001 |title=A concise history of modern India |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=168 |isbn=978-0-521-86362-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Mahfuzul H. |year=2003 |title=Democratization in South Asia : lessons from American institutions |publisher=Ashgate |pages=84, 92 |isbn=0-7546-3423-X}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Baxter |editor1-first=Craig|editor1-link = Craig Baxter |editor2-last=Malik |editor2-first=Yogendra K. |editor3-last=Kennedy |editor3-first=Charles H. |editor4-last=Oberst |editor4-first=Robert C. |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=Government and politics in South Asia |publisher=Westview Press |edition=5th |page=296 |isbn=0-8133-3901-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Riaz |first1=Ali |author1-link=Ali Riaz |last2=Sajjadur Rahman |first2=Mohammad |year=2016 |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |publisher=Routledge |pages=17–18 |isbn=978-0-415-73461-5}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=Akhtar |title=Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh |journal=Asian Survey |date=May–June 2000 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=508–529 |doi=10.2307/3021159 |jstor=3021159}}

{{Organized labor}}

[[Category:Strikes (protest)]]
[[Category:General strikes in India|*]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in Singapore]]
[[Category:Political terminology in India]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Gujarati language]]
[[Category:Culture of South Asia]]
[[Category:Culture of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]

Bengali Wikipedia

2026-02-18T23:32:31Z

SidneyBecnel: starting new bio

{{short description|Bengali-language edition of Wikipedia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox website
| name = {{Wiki favicon}} Bengali Wikipedia
| screenshot = বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়ার প্রধান পাতা.png
| screenshot_size = 250px
| logo = Wikipedia-logo-v2-bn.svg
| logo_size = 85%
| collapsible = yes
| caption = Homepage of the Bengali Wikipedia, 24 January 2025
| url = [https://bn.wikipedia.org/ bn.wikipedia.org] [https://www.উইকিপিডিয়া.বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া.বাংলা]
| commercial = No
| location = [[Miami]], Florida, United States
| type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| registration = Optional
| owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]
| num_users = {{NUMBEROF|USERS|bn|N}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2004|01|27|df=yes}}
| author =
| current_status = {{color|green|Active}}, most users are based in [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]
| content_license = {{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution/ Share-Alike]] 4.0}} (most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]]) Media licensing varies
}}

The '''Bengali Wikipedia''' or '''Bangla Wikipedia''' ({{langx|bn| বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া|Bāṅlā Uikipiḍiẏā}}) is the [[Bengali language]] edition of [[Wikipedia]], the free online encyclopedia. Launched on 27 January 2004, it surpassed 10,000 articles in October 2006, becoming the second South Asian language edition to do so.<ref name="Nazmul">{{cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/tech/news/article_1206718.php/Bengali_Wikipedia_crosses_10000_articles |title=Bengali Wikipedia crosses 10,000 articles |last=Noronha |first=Frederick |date=30 September 2006 |work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |publisher=Monsters and Critics |access-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226084330/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/tech/news/article_1206718.php/Bengali_Wikipedia_crosses_10000_articles |archive-date=26 December 2013}}</ref> On 25 December 2020, the site achieved the milestone of 100,000 articles. As of {{Date}}, the Bengali Wikipedia has [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|bn|N}}]] articles.<ref>This prediction is based on <nowiki>{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|bn|N}}</nowiki> Wikipedia template that automatically updates article numbers. So this is not a permanent or fixed count. The number of articles shown here changes in real-time as soon as a new article is created or removed. Therefore, this is not a reliable source and the numbers shown here are subject to change without prior notice.</ref><ref name=DS-1>{{cite news |title=A decade of Bangla Wikipedia An open call |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/bytes/a-decade-of-bangla-wikipedia-an-open-call-15875 |access-date=15 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323090248/http://www.thedailystar.net/bytes/a-decade-of-bangla-wikipedia-an-open-call-15875 |archive-date=23 March 2014}}</ref> Although it joined later compared to top Wikipedias, it ranks 5th in terms of article depth among [[List of Wikipedias|318 active Wikipedias by language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia article depth - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_article_depth |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref>

As of June 2020, the Bengali Wikipedia is the only online free encyclopedia written in the Bengali language. It is also one of the largest Bengali-content-related sites on the internet. The mobile version of the Bengali Wikipedia was launched in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:এবার মোবাইল ফোনে বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া |url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2010-03-16/news/49176 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430091949/http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2010-03-16/news/49176 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It also has a phonetic [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]]-to-[[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] tool so Latin alphabet keyboards can be used to type Bengali without downloading any software. Community-produced news publications include ''WikiBarta''. Similar to most Wikipedias of the region, the median age of the Bengali Wikipedia's editors is younger than that of many European Wikipedias.

== Statistics ==
In the 12-month period between February 2022 and January 2023, the Bengali Wikipedia had an average of 346 active [[Wikipedia community|editors]]<ref>At least 1 edit done in the last month by the registered user.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikistats - Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/bn.wikipedia.org/contributing/active-editors/normal%7Cline%7C2022-02-01~2023-02-01%7C(page_type)~content*non-content%7Cmonthly |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=stats.wikimedia.org}}</ref> and was viewed about 248 million times<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikistats - Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/bn.wikipedia.org/reading/total-page-views/normal%7Cbar%7C2022-02-01~2023-03-01%7C(agent)~user%7Cmonthly |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=stats.wikimedia.org}}</ref> from all over the world.

As of January 2023, the largest amount of pageviews came from [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], the [[United States]] and [[Saudi Arabia]], respectively, reflecting the spread of the Bengali language and the geographical reach of Bengali-speaking immigrants. The article [[:bn:সুভাষচন্দ্র বসু|সুভাষচন্দ্র বসু]] (English: [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]) was the most viewed article with 74,239 [[Pageview|page views]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikistats - Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/bn.wikipedia.org/reading/top-viewed-articles/normal%7Ctable%7C2023-01-01~2023-03-01%7C(access)~desktop*mobile-app*mobile-web%7Cmonthly |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=stats.wikimedia.org}}</ref>

== Early history ==
In February 2002, the developers started creating language-code-based subdomains for different language Wikipedias. Along with other Wikipedia subdomains, the Bengali language subdomain was created at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bn.wikipedia.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020222224618/http://bn.wikipedia.com/ |archive-date=22 February 2002 |title=Wikipedia: HomePage |date=22 February 2002 |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> A placeholder page was created automatically in that subdomain on 1 June 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bn.wikipedia.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020723102052/http://bn.wikipedia.com/ |archive-date=23 July 2002 |title=Wikipedia: HomePage |date=23 July 2002 |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> On 9 December 2003, a Bangladeshi [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] student at Canada's [[McGill University]], Shah Asaduzzaman, emailed Wikipedia founder [[Jimmy Wales]] with a request to create the Bengali Wikipedia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lists.gt.net/wiki/wikitech/11087 |title=About starting a new wikipedia in language: Bengali |website=lists.gt.net |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030442/https://lists.gt.net/wiki/wikitech/11087 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kalerkantho">{{cite news |script-title=bn:বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়ায় প্রথম |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/techbishwa/2017/02/25/467582 |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |access-date=27 January 2019 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030422/http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/techbishwa/2017/02/25/467582 |archive-date=28 January 2019 }}</ref> As a result, the developers created a test page on Wikipedia named "Home Page" on 26 December of the same year.<ref name="Kalerkantho"/>

The Main Page of the Bengali Wikipedia was created on 27 January 2004, from an IP address, marking the official beginning of the Bengali Wikipedia. '[[:bn:বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলা ভাষা]]' ("Bānglā Bhāshā"; [[Bengali language]] in English) was the first article on the Bengali Wikipedia, created on 24 May 2004.

== History ==
[[File:10th year anniversary of Bengali Wikipedia.jpg|300px|thumb|Wikipedia founder [[Jimmy Wales]] with Bengali Wikipedians during the Bengali Wikipedia's 10th anniversary celebration in [[Dhaka]] (2015)]]
The Bengali Wikipedia launched on 27 January 2004.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/techbishwa/2017/02/25/467581 |script-title=bn:একনজরে বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn |access-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191715/http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/techbishwa/2017/02/25/467581 |archive-date=11 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/tech-everyday/2018/01/28/595065 |script-title=bn:১৪ বছরে বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn}}</ref> At that time, the Bengali-speaking population had little interest in Wikipedia. A few students and scholars used the [[English Wikipedia]], but it was not accountable. Besides that, there were various difficulties contributing in Bengali. This scenario changed in 2006.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/techbishwa/2017/02/25/467571 |script-title=bn:যুগ পেরিয়ে বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn |access-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191623/http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/techbishwa/2017/02/25/467571 |archive-date=11 September 2018 }}</ref> During that time, the Bengali blogging world was growing slowly, and many people became accustomed to Bengali computing, where a [[free and open-source]] Bengali typing tool, [[Avro Keyboard]], played a key role. On 25 March 2006, a Wiki team was created by the Bangladesh Open Source Network (BdOSN) to popularize Wikipedia throughout the country.<ref name="auto1"/> The aim was to represent Bengalis to the world through Wikipedia and build a complete encyclopedia in Bengali.

At that time, the Bengali Wikipedia had only 500 articles. The 'BdOSN wiki team' managed to spread the word through some newspapers and start a Bengali Wiki mailing list. Soon, many Bengali-speaking people from Bangladesh, India and abroad joined them. As a result, by the end of October, the Bengali Wikipedia got to 10,000 articles.<ref name="auto1"/> Among the South Asian language Wikipedias, the Bengali Wikipedia reached that milestone first, and many of these articles were illustrated with photos from the activist of the [[Bengali language movement|Bengali Language Movement]], Rafiqul Islam, who donated all his historical photographs taken during the language movement to [[Wikimedia Commons]].<ref name="auto1"/>

One of the pioneers of the Bengali Wikipedia, Ragib Hasan, stated: {{blockquote|The biggest challenge was writing something on internet in Bengali. The Bengali Unicode was not supported on most operating systems, only few websites on the internet supported Bengali Unicode, and users had difficulties configuring it. Moreover, the idea of writing something with Bengali Unicode was new. … in the beginning, the idea of a Wikipedia in Bengali was not actually workable.<ref name="auto1"/>}}

The very low activity of the Bengali Wikipedia for many years, mostly in the period between 2007 and 2013, can be attributed to the low number of internet users in Bangladesh, especially in the first decade of the 21st century (in 2010, there were only 556,000 internet users in Bangladesh according to research). Thus, it ranked below many other languages with much fewer speakers, including regional languages of Western Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Percentage-of-internet-users-in-Bangladesh-2003-2010_fig1_235303683 |website=[[ResearchGate]] |title=Percentage of internet users in Bangladesh (2003-2010) |language=en |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>

Between 2009 and 2010, Bengali speakers from [[West Bengal]], India, also started to contribute to the Bengali Wikipedia.<ref name="auto1"/> In the meantime, the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] started their operations and on 3 October 2011, a local chapter named [[Wikimedia Bangladesh]] was approved in Bangladesh<ref name="auto"/> by the Foundation to promote educational content in Bengali. On 26 February 2015, Jimmy Wales, the co-founder of Wikipedia, visited Bangladesh for a celebration program that was organized by Wikimedia Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/science-technology/news/59709/Wikipedia-co-founder-arrive-Dhaka |title=Wikipedia co-founder arrive Dhaka |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |url=http://somoynews.tv/pages/details/%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8 |script-title=bn:ঢাকায় উইকিপিডিয়ার সহ-প্রতিষ্ঠাতা জিমি ওয়েলস |work=[[Somoy News]] |language=bn|title=Somoy Tv News }}</ref> to mark the tenth year of the Bengali Wikipedia.<ref name="prothomalo.com">{{cite news |date=6 February 2018 |script-title=bn:যে বার্তা দিয়ে গেলেন জিমি ওয়েলস |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/technology/article/463339/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thedhakatimes.com/58671/bengali-wikipedia-third-language/ |script-title=bn:গভীরতার বিচারে বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়ায় তৃতীয় ভাষা |work=[[Dhaka Times]]|date=28 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ntvbd.com/tech/2524/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE |script-title=bn:উইকিপিডিয়ায় তৃতীয় ভাষা বাংলা |work=NTV |language=bn |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818150717/https://www.ntvbd.com/tech/2524/%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC-%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC-%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BE/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/technology/article/460678 |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশে আসছেন জিমি ওয়েলস |work=Prothom Alo |date=24 February 2015 |language=bn |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://en.ntvbd.com/sci-tech/1377/GP-subscribers-get-free-Wikipedia-access/print |title=GP subscribers get free Wikipedia access |work=[[NTV (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903140900/http://en.ntvbd.com/sci-tech/1377/GP-subscribers-get-free-Wikipedia-access/print |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his keynote, Wales said that according to article depth, Bengali Wikipedia is rated quite well.<ref name="prothomalo.com"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/technology/article/463339/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8 |script-title=bn:যে বার্তা দিয়ে গেলেন জিমি ওয়েলস |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=6 February 2018 |language=bn |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref>

Since 2018, the Bengali Wikipedia has begun to experience a very strong growth in articles, as more than 16,000 articles were written in 2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bn.wikiscan.org/date/2019/stats |title=General statistics for Bengali Wikipedia, 2019 |website=Wikiscan.org |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> and 21,000 articles in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bn.wikiscan.org/date/2020/stats |title=General statistics for Bengali Wikipedia, 2020 |website=Wikiscan.org |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> from just 8,800 articles in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bn.wikiscan.org/date/2018/stats |title=General statistics for Bengali Wikipedia, 2018 |website=Wikiscan.org |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> This growth can be attributed to a mixture of successful [[edit-a-thon]]s and the arrival of many prolific contributors.

The Bengali Wikipedia now has {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|Bn|N}} articles on various topics with {{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|Bn|N}} active editors per month. As of January 2019, Bengali Wikipedia is the only online free [[encyclopedia]] written in the Bengali language.<ref name="Jugantor">{{cite news |script-title=bn:বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়ার ১৫ বছর |language=bn |work=Jugantor |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/it-world/138790/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0 |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/chakriache/2015/02/18/189075 |script-title=bn:জেনে রাখুন |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> It is also one of the largest Bengali-content-related sites on the internet.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/world/2010/02/19/33256 |script-title=bn:কালের কণ্ঠ |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> Statistically, since early 2019, the Bengali Wikipedia has recorded significant growth. The number of articles has increased from 63,000 to nearly 101,000 in just two years and the number of active users has increased to above a thousand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/bn.wikipedia.org/content/pages-to-date/normal%7Cline%7C2-year%7C~total%7Cmonthly |title=Wikimedia Statistics - Bengali Wikipedia - Pages to date |website=Wikistats |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> The number of [[Editing|edits]] has also recorded significant growth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/bn.wikipedia.org/contributing/edits/normal%7Cbar%7C2017-02-15~2020-12-30%7C~total%7Cmonthly |title=Wikimedia Statistics - Bengali Wikipedia - Edits |website=Wikistats |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>

On 25 December 2020, the Bengali Wikipedia reached the milestone of 100,000 articles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wikipedias/Table&diff=20895702 |title=List of Wikipedias |website=Meta.wikimedia.org |access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref> Since 2019, the number of active users has remained above 1,000.

== Features ==
The Bengali Wikipedia has about {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|bn|N}} articles (as of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}). It features thousands of articles about Bangladesh and India, although it lacks some articles about the latter and Europe. Due to the history of Bangladesh, Pakistan-related topics are also well covered. Most contributors are based in [[Bangladesh]], and a fair minority in [[West Bengal]]; however, very few users are based in other Bengali-speaking areas of India or abroad. Also, online thematic editathons are common in Bengali Wikipedia.

As with many other Indic Wikipedias, before 2020 there was a tendency for active users and pageviews to record a significant increase during the monsoon season (June–October). After October, the growth was largely retained before a new cycle of growth was beginning at June of the next year. That process stopped after 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/bn.wikipedia.org/reading/total-page-views/normal |title=Wikimedia Statistics - Pageviews in Bengali Wikipedia |website=stats.wikimedia.org |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> As of June 2022, the Bengali Wikipedia is read approximately 710,000 times per day, indicating that it is pretty popular with Bengali-language speakers.<ref name=":0" /> Due to its rapid growth, as described earlier, the Bengali Wikipedia has improved its ranking in the list of the largest Wikipedias by number of articles, increasing from the 80th position in January 2019<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=List of Wikipedias/Table - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias/Table |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> to the 58th in February 2026.<ref name=":1" />

During May 2022, the Bengali Wikipedia received 12 million pageviews in Bangladesh and 4 million pageviews in India. Small numbers of pageviews also come from the United States and from the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikistats - Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/bn.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal%7Cmap%7C2022-10-02~2022-10-03%7C(access)~desktop*mobile-app*mobile-web%7Cmonthly |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=stats.wikimedia.org}}</ref> where there are sizable Bengali-speaking migrant communities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/bn.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal |title=Pageviews by country in Bengali Wikipedia |website=stats.wikimedia.org |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> It is Bangladesh's second most popular language version of Wikipedia, behind English, but in India it does not receive more than 1% of the Wikipedia pageviews in that country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report - Wikipedia Page Views Per Country - Breakdown |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryBreakdown.htm |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=stats.wikimedia.org |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080210/https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryBreakdown.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The significant number of people who live under the poverty line in Bangladesh (20.5% as of 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=ralph |date=12 May 2022 |title=Bangladesh: Poverty |url=https://www.adb.org/countries/bangladesh/poverty |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=Asian Development Bank |language=en}}</ref> and lower penetration of the internet in Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: internet penetration rate 2019 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/764102/internet-penetration-rate-bangladesh/ |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> and India is one of the causes for the still low number of articles in Bengali. Also to blame is the socioeconomic context of Bangladesh and West Bengal as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yahya |date=22 February 2023 |title=Amar Ekushey Article Contest 2023 has started |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/02/22/amar-ekushey-article-contest-2023-has-started/ |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=Diff |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Users and editors ==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center"
|+ Bengali Wikipedia statistics
|-
! Number of user accounts !! Number of articles !! Number of files !! Number of administrators
|-
| {{NUMBEROF|USERS|bn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|bn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|FILES|bn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|bn}}
|}

== Controversies ==
Over the years, there has been confusion in [[Media of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi media]] regarding some information on the Bengali Wikipedia. In April 2018, Bangladeshi print and electronic media reported that Wikipedia named [[Runa Laila]], a renowned singer from Bangladesh, among its top 30 Bengali people of all time.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:উইকিপিডিয়ায় শীর্ষ ত্রিশ বাঙালিতে রুনা লায়লা {{!}} আনন্দ বিনোদন |url=http://archive1.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/anondo-binodon/2018/04/05/268645.html |work=[[The Daily Ittefaq]] |language=bn |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729160643/https://archive1.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/anondo-binodon/2018/04/05/268645.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:উইকিপিডিয়ায় শীর্ষ ত্রিশ বাঙালির তালিকায় রুনা লায়লা |url=http://mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=111375 |work=[[Daily Manab Zamin]] |language=bn |access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:উইকিপিডিয়ার শীর্ষ ত্রিশ বাঙালির তালিকায় রুনা লায়লা |url=https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-entertainment/article/180438/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE |work=[[Samakal]] |access-date=17 March 2019 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:শীর্ষ ৩০ বাঙালির মধ্যে রুনা লায়লা |url=https://www.ekushey-tv.com/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE/31423 |work=[[Ekushey TV]] |language=bn |access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> This confusion arose due to the use of a collage image in the [[Bengalis]] article's infobox on the Bengali and English versions of Wikipedia.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:রুনা লায়লাকে নিয়ে গণমাধ্যমে বিভ্রান্তি |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/entertainment/news/418644 |work=[[Jago News 24]] |language=bn |access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> In October 2018, administrator Nurunnabi Chowdhury Hasive was permanently blocked by the Wikimedia Foundation after it was discovered he had accepted bribes totaling 1.5 million [[Bangladeshi taka]] (approx. [[US$]]17,685) from the Bangladeshi government for paid editing without disclosing the conflict of interest.<ref>{{cite news |title=বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়ার প্রশাসকত্ব হারালেন নুরুন্নবী চৌধুরী হাছিব |url=https://www.odhikar.news/crime/19718/বাংলা-উইকিপিডিয়ার-প্রশাসকত্ব-হারালেন-নুরুন্নবী-চৌধুরী-হাছিব |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=Odhikar.news |date=15 October 2018}}</ref> In August of the same year, an unregistered user added a false date of death in [[Muhammed Zafar Iqbal]]'s article, which also attracted media attention.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ড. জাফর ইকবালকে মৃত দেখাচ্ছে বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া |url=http://www.thebangladeshtoday.com/bangla/2018/08/03/%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D/ |work=The Bangladesh Today |language=bn |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807015919/http://www.thebangladeshtoday.com/bangla/2018/08/03/%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:জাফর ইকবালকে মৃত দেখাচ্ছে বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া |url=https://www.jamuna.tv/news/44063 |work=[[Jamuna Television]] |language=bn |access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:জাফর ইকবালের মৃত্যুর খবর সংশোধন করেছে উইকিপিডিয়া |trans-title=Wikipedia has corrected the news of Zafar Iqbal's death |url=https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2018/08/03/630832.htm |work=[[Amader Shomoy]] |language=bn |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jamuna.tv/news/44085 |script-title=bn:জাফর ইকবালের মৃত্যুর খবর সংশোধন করলো বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া |trans-title=The news of Zafar Iqbal's death was corrected by Bengali Wikipedia |work=[[Jamuna Television]] |language=bn |access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction =
| background color = #ffffff
| total_width =
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Wikipedia Sommilon 1 participants1.JPG
| link1 = File:Wikipedia Sommilon 1 participants1.JPG
| caption1 = First ever Bengali Wikipedia meetup, Dhaka (2007)
| image2 = BNWIKI10-Bengali Wikipedians Celebration Group Photo-Wikipedia 10th Anniversary Celebration.jpg
| link2 = File:BNWIKI10-Bengali Wikipedians Celebration Group Photo-Wikipedia 10th Anniversary Celebration.jpg
| caption2 = Bengali Wikipedia's 10th Anniversary group photo, Kolkata (2015)
| image4 = 14th Anniversary of Bengali Wikipedia, Dhaka 153.jpg
| link4 = File:14th Anniversary of Bengali Wikipedia, Dhaka 153.jpg
| caption4 = Bengali Wikipedia's 14th Anniversary group photo, Dhaka (2018)
| image3 = 13th anniversary of Bangla Wikipedia with all wikipedians 02.jpg
| link3 = File:13th anniversary of Bangla Wikipedia with all wikipedians 02.jpg
| caption3 = Bengali Wikipedia's 13th Anniversary group photo, Dhaka (2017)
| image5 = Group photo of Wikimania 2022 – Bangladesh Round.png
| caption5 = Wikimania Conference, Bangladesh Round (2022)
}}

== See also ==
* [[History of Wikipedia]]
* [[Reliability of Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia community]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://bn.wikipedia.org Bengali Wikipedia] * [https://bn.m.wikipedia.org Bengali Wikipedia mobile]
* [https://bn.wikiscan.org Bengali Wikipedia in Wikiscan] – website that provides real-time and other statistics for Wikimedia wikis

{{Wikipedia}}
{{Wikipedias}}

[[Category:2004 establishments in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2004]]
[[Category:Wikipedias in Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Bengali-language encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Wikipedias by languages of India]]

Ram Mandir

2026-02-11T17:11:12Z

SidneyBecnel: fixed issues

{{short description|Temple of the Hindu deity Rama in Ayodhya, India}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| image = Ram Janmbhoomi Mandir, Ayodhya Dham.jpg
| alt = Ram Mandir at Ayodhya{{efn|name=CIVNOT}}
| caption = Ram Mandir at Ayodhya, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7956|82.1943|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Ayodhya]]{{efn|name=CIVNOT}}
| deity = ''[[Balak Ram (idol)]]'' (infant form of [[Rama]])
| functional_status = * Completed, 25 November 2025
* (consecrated {{start date and age|2024|01|22|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref>{{cite news|title='Prana Pratishta' at Ram Mandir to be held on January 22: Nripendra Misra|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/prana-pratishta-at-ram-mandir-to-be-held-on-january-22-nripendra-misra-123121000419_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=10 December 2023|access-date=31 December 2023|language=en|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231062947/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/prana-pratishta-at-ram-mandir-to-be-held-on-january-22-nripendra-misra-123121000419_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)
| architect = Sompura family{{efn|Chandrakant Sompura<ref>{{Cite news |last=Umarji |first=Vinay |date=15 November 2019 |title=Chandrakant Sompura, the man who designed a Ram temple for Ayodhya |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chandrakant-sompura-the-man-who-designed-a-ram-temple-for-ayodhya-119111501801_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530024929/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chandrakant-sompura-the-man-who-designed-a-ram-temple-for-ayodhya-119111501801_1.html |archive-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> Nikhil Sompura and Ashish Sompura<ref name="pandey-2020" />}}
| architecture_style = [[Maru-Gurjara architecture]]
| groundbreaking = {{start date and age|2020|08|05|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Gaur|first=Vatsala|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone of Ram Mandir in Ayodhya, says wait of centuries has ended|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/first-bricks-laid-for-ram-temple-pm-modi-says-wait-of-centuries-has-ended/articleshow/77373354.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=5 August 2020|access-date=31 December 2023|language=en|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231062949/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/first-bricks-laid-for-ram-temple-pm-modi-says-wait-of-centuries-has-ended/articleshow/77373354.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| temple_board = [[Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra]]
| site_area = {{convert|2.7|acre|order=flip}}<ref name="mint-2022" />
| length = {{convert|360|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width = {{convert|235|ft|m|order=flip}}
|height_max={{convert|161|ft|m|order=flip}}<ref name="mint-2022" />
|native_name=''Rāma Maṁdira''|native_name_lang=hi|country={{flag|India}}|state={{flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]|district=[[Ayodhya district]]}}


The '''Ram Mandir''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{Transliteration|hi|iso|Rāma Maṁdira|italics=inherit}}, {{literal translation|Rama Temple}}) is a [[Hindu temple|Hindu temple complex]] in [[Ayodhya]],{{efn|Not to be confused with [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)]]|name=CIVNOT}} [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="the new york times-2024">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Why India's New Ram Temple Is So Important |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/asia/india-ram-temple-ayodhya.html |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206160611/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/asia/india-ram-temple-ayodhya.html |url-status=live|quote="Ram is one of the most revered gods among India’s Hindus, who make up about 80 percent of a total population of 1.4 billion"}}</ref><ref name="bbc news-2024">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: India PM Modi inaugurates Hindu temple on razed Babri mosque site |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68003095 |access-date=29 February 2024 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-UK |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122144228/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68003095 |url-status=live|quote="Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has inaugurated a grand temple to Hindu god Ram in the flashpoint city of Ayodhya."}}</ref> Many [[Hindus]] believe that it is located at the site of [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], the [[myth]]ical birthplace of [[Rama]], a principal [[Hindu deities|deity]] of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="bbc-2019">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277.amp |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907194334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277.amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Namita |date=7 May 2020 |title=Land levelling for Ayodhya Ram temple soon, says mandir trust after video conference |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/07/land-levelling-for-ayodhya-ram-temple-soon-says-mandir-trust-after-video-conference-2140354.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122919/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/07/land-levelling-for-ayodhya-ram-temple-soon-says-mandir-trust-after-video-conference-2140354.html |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=8 May 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The temple was inaugurated on 22 January 2024 in an elaborate ceremony led by [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi|Modi]], in which the Hindu priests performed religious rituals for ''[[Ram Mandir Prana Pratishtha|prāṇa pratiṣṭhā]]'' ({{translation|consecration}}) of the deity.<ref name="bbc news-2024" /><ref name="the new york times-2024" /><ref name="reuters-2024">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=India's Modi leads consecration of Ram temple in Ayodhya |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-counts-down-opening-grand-ram-temple-ayodhya-2024-01-22 |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=Reuters |language=en-US |quote="Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi led the consecration on Monday of a grand temple to the Hindu god Lord Ram on a site believed to be his birthplace"}}</ref> On the first day of its opening, the temple received a rush of over half a million visitors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Five lakh visitors and counting On Day 1 after Ayodhya Ram Temple inauguration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-opens-public-devotees-9123100/ |work=The Indian Express |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |quote="Five lakh visitors and counting- On Day 1 after Ayodhya Ram Temple inauguration, a rush for first darshan" |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409035849/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-opens-public-devotees-9123100/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The temple continues to have a high number of daily visitors reportedly between 100,000 and 150,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Visiting Ram Temple in Ayodhya - the guidelines - no mobile phones |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-visit-guidelines-what-to-carry-aarti-timings-9211777/ |work=The Indian Express |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |quote="A little over a month since the inauguration of the Ram temple.. the temple is witnessing an average of 1-to-1.5 lakh pilgrims on a daily basis" |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409035850/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-visit-guidelines-what-to-carry-aarti-timings-9211777/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ram Mandir has become one of the top religious tourism places in India, drawing over 135.5 million visitors in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=Ayodhya’s Ram Mandir becomes UP’s most visited attraction of 2024; outshines the Taj Mahal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/ayodhyas-ram-mandir-becomes-ups-most-visited-attraction-of-2024-outshines-the-taj-mahal/articleshow/116851743.cms |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The temple construction was completed on 25 November 2025 with an event marked by hoisting of the ''[[Dharma Dhwaj|Dharma Dhwaja]]'' (sacred flag).<ref name ="TOI-Nov-25">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=PM Modi Ayodhya Ram Temple Flag Hoisting Live: PM Narendra Modi hoists sacred flag at Ayodhya's Ram Temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ayodhya-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-temple-saffron-flag-hoisting-live-updates-pm-narendra-modi-vivah-panchami/liveblog/125553524.cms |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>


The site of the temple had been the subject of communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India, as it was the former location of [[Babri Masjid]], built around 1528. In the 1850s, a fence was erected and Hindus were allowed to worship in the outer courtyard.<ref name ="BBC-Ram-Timeline">{{Cite news |title=Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis |publisher=BBC News |date=29 September 2010 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11436552 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210110209/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11436552 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1949, the ''[[Murti]]'' ({{translation|sacred idol}}) of [[Rama]] was placed inside the fence.<ref name ="BBC-Ram-Timeline"/> In 1980s, a campaign was launched by [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) to claim the site for Hindus<ref name ="BBC-Ram-Timeline"/>, which led to the structure being attacked and [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished]] in 1992.<ref name="kunal-2016" /><ref name="sethi-2021">{{cite book |last=Sethi |first=M. |title=Communities and Courts: Religion and Law in Modern India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=Routledge South Asian History and Culture Series |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-00-053785-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVtQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT154 |page=154 |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113155847/https://books.google.com/books?id=MVtQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT154 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lal-2019">{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Makkhan |date=20 March 2019 |title=Historical texts prove that a temple was destroyed in Ayodhya to build the Babri Masjid |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/historical-texts-prove-that-a-temple-was-destroyed-in-ayodhya-to-build-the-babri-masjid/208224/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |department=Opinion |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224105211/https://theprint.in/opinion/historical-texts-prove-that-a-temple-was-destroyed-in-ayodhya-to-build-the-babri-masjid/208224/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India]] delivered [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|the verdict]] to give the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed land]] to Hindus for construction of a temple, while Muslims were given land nearby to [[Mohammed Bin Abdullah Masjid|construct a mosque]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2019 |title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277 |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017092145/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277 |url-status=live}}</ref> The court referenced a report from the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) as evidence of a pre-existing non-[[Islam]]ic structure beneath the demolished Babri Masjid.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2019 |title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277 |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017092145/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 August 2020, the ''bhūmi pūjana'' ({{Translation|ground breaking ceremony}}) for the commencement of the construction of Ram Mandir was performed by PM Modi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2021 |title=Six temples of different deities in Ayodhya Ram temple's final blueprint |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/six-temples-of-different-deities-in-ayodhya-ram-temples-final-blueprint/article36425034.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122054459/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/six-temples-of-different-deities-in-ayodhya-ram-temples-final-blueprint/article36425034.ece |archive-date=22 November 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The temple construction was supervised by the [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]] Trust. On 22 January 2024, Modi served as the ''Mukhya Yajamāna'' ({{translation|chief patron}}) of rituals for the event and performed the ''[[Ram Mandir Prana Pratishtha|prāṇa pratiṣṭhā]]'' ({{translation|consecration}}) of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir LIVE updates: PM Modi in garbha griha, rituals start |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-mandir-inauguration-live-updates-ram-temple-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-narendra-modi-speech-22-january-2024-101705843465943.html |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122032256/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-mandir-inauguration-live-updates-ram-temple-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-narendra-modi-speech-22-january-2024-101705843465943.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir Inauguration Live Updates, Ram Mandir Pran Pratishtha Ceremony: Chief Yajman Narendra Modi takes 'sankalp' for consecration ceremony at Ram temple in Ayodhya, Ganesh puja under way |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-news-live-updates-ram-temple-consecration-ceremony-pran-pratistha-january-22-ram-janmbhoomi-pm-modi/liveblog/107035131.cms |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122061115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-news-live-updates-ram-temple-consecration-ceremony-pran-pratistha-january-22-ram-janmbhoomi-pm-modi/liveblog/107035131.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''prana pratishtha'' ceremony was held in the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' ([[sanctum sanctorum]]) where the infant form of [[Rama]] deity, referred as ''Ram Lalla'' ({{literal translation|Child Rama}}) was sanctified and worshipped with religious rituals.<ref name="HT-Mandapa">{{Cite web |title=Ram Temple sanctum sanctorum likely to be built by end of the year |date=13 June 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-temple-in-ayodhya-to-be-inaugurated-in-january-2024-invitation-sent-to-pm-modi-new-delhilucknow-101686596031624.html |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906112533/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-temple-in-ayodhya-to-be-inaugurated-in-january-2024-invitation-sent-to-pm-modi-new-delhilucknow-101686596031624.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=Ayodhya Ram temple will open to the public on this date |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/consecration-22-inauguration-devotees-may-visit-ayodhya-ram-temple-from-january-23-says-sri-vishwaprasanna-tirtha/article67539534.ece |access-date=10 December 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210064053/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/consecration-22-inauguration-devotees-may-visit-ayodhya-ram-temple-from-january-23-says-sri-vishwaprasanna-tirtha/article67539534.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Temple Consecration: PM Modi's Full Schedule For Ayodhya Temple Event |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ram-temple-consecration-pm-modis-full-schedule-for-ayodhya-temple-event-4907800 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=NDTV |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122020501/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ram-temple-consecration-pm-modis-full-schedule-for-ayodhya-temple-event-4907800 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The temple is designed in the [[Nagara Style|Nagara style]] of [[Hindu temple architecture]].<ref name="sampal-2020" /> The temple's main structure includes ''garbha griha'' (sanctum sanctorum) and five ''[[mandapa]]s'' (domes), with [[shikhara]]s (towers).<ref name="HT-Mandapa"/><ref name ="TH-Archi">{{Cite news |title=Ram temple to be grander than planned earlier: Architect |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 July 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ram-temple-to-be-grander-than-planned-earlier-architect/article61677565.ece |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620205021/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ram-temple-to-be-grander-than-planned-earlier-architect/article61677565.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The presiding deity, Ram Lalla is centrally located in the sanctum sanctorum, on the ground floor, while the first floor houses the Ram Darbar, including Ram, [[Sita]], Lakshman, and [[Hanuman]].<ref name = "IE-2025">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2025 |title=Lord Shri Ram is soul of India: PM Modi and RSS chief Bhagwat hoist saffron flag at Ram Mandir | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/narendra-modi-ram-mandir-flag-hoisting-rituals-10384763/ |access-date=27 November 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The temple complex includes six smaller temples of [[Surya]] (Sun), Goddess Durga (Bhagwati), [[Ganesh]], and [[Shiva|Shiva]] at its four corners, while Maa Annapurna and Hanuman temples are on its the northern and southern sides.<ref name = "IE-2025"/><ref name = "IE-Archi">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=The Ayodhya Ram temple: 4 mandirs at each corner, 5 mandaps and emphasis on green cover |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-mandaps-green-cover-architecuture-9096270/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034350/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-mandaps-green-cover-architecuture-9096270/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Background ==
=== Significance of Rama ===
[[File:PM at the Pran Pratishtha ceremony of Shree Ram Janmaboomi Temple in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on January 22, 2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Ram Lalla'', the five-year old form of [[Rama]] is the principal deity of the Ram Mandir.]]

Rama is a prominent [[Hindu deity]] who is regarded as a {{IAST|Pūrṇāvatāra}} ({{literal translation|complete [[avatar]]}}) of the God [[Vishnu]].{{efn|The avatars of Vishnu are of two types. {{IAST|Pūrṇā}} and {{IAST|Amśa}} ({{literal translation|A part}}). In the former, Vishnu himself was supposed to have descended on Earth from his [[Vaikuntha|abode]] while in the latter, an equivalent part (or a copy) of him was sent to take the incarnation. [[Nrisimha]], [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]] are said to be the Purnavataras of Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Purnavatara, Pūrṇāvatāra, Purna-avatara: 5 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/purnavatara|access-date=15 February 2024|website=Wisdom Library|date=23 May 2018|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215075743/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/purnavatara|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Some Hindus view Rama as [[Para Brahman]] ({{literal translation|The ultimate [[Brahman]]}}). Rama holds immense significance in [[Hinduism]]. According to [[Hindu mythology]], the Rama avatar is not supposed to exhibit any of Vishnu's divine potencies, and he leads his life as a human.<ref>{{Cite book|first=R.K.|last=Narayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZTc1xwm8XEC|title=The Ramayana|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|date=2006|access-date=15 February 2024|isbn=9781440623271|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215080349/https://books.google.com/books?id=FZTc1xwm8XEC|url-status=live}}</ref> As Rama is said to have possessed sixteen ideal qualities, Hindus view Rama as {{IAST|Puruṣottama}} ({{literal translation|Ideal man}}), {{IAST|Vigrahavān dharmaḥ}} ({{literal translation|Embodiment of [[Dharma]]}}), and {{IAST|Ādi Puruṣa}} ({{Literal translation|First man|Primordial being}}).<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 May 2023|work=[[Eenadu]]|title=శ్రీ రామునిలో ఉన్న 16 గుణాలు.. మీకు తెలుసా?|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-article/temples/significance-of-sri-rama-navami-and-inspiration-from-lord-rama-in-telugu/0703/123054910|access-date=15 February 2024|language=Te|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215075742/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-article/temples/significance-of-sri-rama-navami-and-inspiration-from-lord-rama-in-telugu/0703/123054910|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Krishnan|last=Aravamudan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJe9BAAAQBAJ|title=Pure Gems of Ramayanam|publisher=Partridge India|date=2014|access-date=15 February 2024|isbn=9781482837209|page=12|archive-date=12 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412092734/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJe9BAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|As per Valmiki Ramayana, Rama had sixteen qualities. Rama was said to be {{IAST|1.'''guṇavān''', 2.'''vīryavān''', 3.'''dharmajñaḥ''', 4.'''kṛtajñaḥ''', 5.'''satyavākyaḥ''', 6.'''dṛḍhavrataḥ''', 7.'''cāritraḥ''', 8.'''sarvabhūteṣu hitaḥ''', 9.'''vidvān''', 10.'''samarthaḥ''', 11. '''priyadarśanaḥ''', 12.'''ātmavān''', 13.'''jitakrodhaḥ''', 14.'''dyutimān''', 15. '''anasūyakaḥ''', and 16.'''jātaroṣasya saṃyuge devāśca bibhyati'''.}}}} According to the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'', Rama was born in a mythical city named [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title='Faith in Ram's birthplace based on Valmiki Ramayana' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/faith-in-rams-birthplace-based-on-valmiki-ramayana-775047.html |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228211440/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/faith-in-rams-birthplace-based-on-valmiki-ramayana-775047.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Ayodhya|present-day city of Ayodhya]], which emerged in the second century CE, is a separate settlement and not the same as the Hindu mythical city of the same name.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gopal |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Thapar |first2=Romila |last3=Chandra |first3=Bipan |last4=Bhattacharya|first4=Sabyasachi |last5=Jaiswal |first5=Suvira |first6=Harbans |last6=Mukhia |first7=K. N. |last7=Panikkar |first8=R. |last8=Champakalakshmi |first9=Satish |last9=Saberwal |first10=B. D. |last10=Chattopadhyaya |first11=R. N. |last11=Verma |first12=K. |last12=Meenakshi |first13=Muzaffar |last13=Alam |first14=Dilbagh |last14=Singh |first15=Mridula |last15=Mukherjee |first16=Madhavan |last16=Palat |first17=Aditya |last17=Mukherjee |first18=S. F. |last18=Ratnagar |first19=Neeladri |last19=Bhattacharya |first20=K. K. |last20=Trivedi |first21=Yogesh |last21=Sharma |first22=Kunal |last22=Chakravarti |first23=Bhagwan |last23=Josh |first24=Rajan |last24=Gurukkal |first25=Himanshu |last25=Ray |title=The Political Abuse of History: Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute |journal=Social Scientist |volume=18 |issue=1/2 |year=1990 |jstor=3517330 |doi=10.2307/3517330 |pages=76–81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hans T. Bakker |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=Ayodhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8rIygAACAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Institute of Indian Studies, University of Groningen |pages=9–12}}</ref> Present-day Ayodhya was named "Saketa" until it was renamed in the fifth century CE by a king of the [[Gupta Empire]] who wished to associate himself with the mythical birthplace of Rama.<ref>{{cite book | last =Dumper | first =Michael | year =2020 | title =Power, Piety, and People: The Politics of Holy Cities in the Twenty-First Century | publisher =Columbia University Press}}</ref>

=== Deity ===
{{See also|Balak Ram}}
The Ram Mandir is being built to commemorate the birth of Rama: therefore, the presiding deity of the temple is supposed to be the infant form of [[Rama]], an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. Rama in that infant form was referred as ''Ram Lalla'' ({{literal translation|Child Rama}}) by [[Tulsidas]]. However, the idol of Rama that was placed in 1949 referred to as ''Ram Lalla Virajman'' ({{literal translation|Installed Child Rama}}) by local Hindus.<ref name="news18-2019">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2019 |title=Ayodhya Case Verdict: Who is Ram Lalla Virajman, the 'Divine Infant' Given the Possession of Disputed Ayodhya Land |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-who-is-ram-lalla-virajman-the-divine-infant-given-the-possession-of-disputed-ayodhya-land-2379679.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928112944/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-who-is-ram-lalla-virajman-the-divine-infant-given-the-possession-of-disputed-ayodhya-land-2379679.html |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=News18}}</ref> ''Ram Lalla'' was a [[litigant]] in the court case over the disputed site in 1989, being considered a "juristic person" by the law.<ref name="pandey-2020" /> He was represented by Triloki Nath Pandey, a senior VHP leader who was considered ''Ram Lalla'''s closest 'human' friend.<ref name="news18-2019" /> As a new idol of the deity got installed in the sanctum sanctorum as the ''{{IAST|Mūlavirāt mūrti}}'' (lit. The main presiding deity),{{efn|The presiding deity is also referred by other names such as {{IAST|Acala mūrti}} (lit. Immovable idol), {{IAST|Dhṛva mūrti}}(lit. Fixed idol) and {{IAST|Mūlavigraha}} (lit. The main idol).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Srivaishnavism and social change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1I7XAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Company|author=K. Seshadri|isbn=978-81-7074-198-5|page=50|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=12 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412092734/https://books.google.com/books?id=1I7XAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tirupati: A Guide to Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTIM7LS9_QC|year=2012|publisher=Random House India|author=[[Kota Neelima]]|isbn=978-81-8400-359-8|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=12 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412092735/https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTIM7LS9_QC|url-status=live}}</ref>}} the Mandir Trust has informed that the ''Ram Lalla Virajman'' idol of 1949 shall henceforth be used as ''{{IAST|Utsava mūrti}}'' (lit. idol for festivals).<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2024 |editor=Maulshree Seth |title='Ram Lalla Virajman' that fought temple suit for decades to be placed as 'festival idol' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ram-lalla-virajman-that-fought-temple-suit-for-decades-to-be-placed-as-festival-idol-9092621/ |access-date=11 February 2024 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127042117/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ram-lalla-virajman-that-fought-temple-suit-for-decades-to-be-placed-as-festival-idol-9092621/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Ayodhya dispute}}
{{Ayodhya debate}}

The site is the former location of the [[Babri Masjid]], which was built in the 16th century. The mosque was [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|attacked and demolished in 1992]].<ref name="kunal-2016" /><ref name="sethi-2021" /><ref name="lal-2019" /> In 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India]] delivered the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|verdict]] to give the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed land]] to Hindus for the construction of a temple, while Muslims would be given land elsewhere to [[Mohammed Bin Abdullah Masjid|construct a mosque]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2019 |title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017092145/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=2 January 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Medieval ===
In 1528, a commander of the [[Mughal Empire]], [[Mir Baqi]], constructed the [[Babri Masjid]] mosque, under the order of Babur. The site chosen for the mosque is identified by many Hindus as [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], the mythical birthplace of Rama.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |title=The Battle for Rama – Case of the Temple at Ayodhya |year=2017 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-8-173-05579-9 | page =7, 22, 42}}</ref> The earliest record of the mosque may be traced back to 1767, in the [[Latin]] book ''[[Joseph Tiefenthaler#Works|Descriptio Indiae]]'', authored by the [[Jesuit]] [[missionary]] [[Joseph Tiefenthaler]]. According to him, the local population believed that the mosque was constructed by destroying the Ramkot temple, believed to be the fortress of Rama in Ayodhya, and the Bedi, where the birthplace of Rama is situated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishore |first=Kunal |title=Ayodhya Revisited |publisher=Ocean Books Pvt. Ltd. |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-8430-357-5 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=xxix |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Babri mosque to Ram temple: A timeline from 1528 to 2024|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/22/babri-mosque-to-ram-temple-a-timeline-from-1528-to-2024|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=22 January 2024|access-date=22 January 2024|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122093200/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/22/babri-mosque-to-ram-temple-a-timeline-from-1528-to-2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Modern ===
[[File:Shri Ram Janambhoomi Mandir, Ayodhya Dham.jpg|thumb|Completed Ram Mandir in 2025]]

====Disputed location====
The first instance of religious violence was documented in 1853.<ref name ="BBC-Ram-Timeline">{{Cite news |title=Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis |publisher=BBC News |date=29 September 2010 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11436552 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210110209/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11436552 |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 1858, the British administration prohibited Hindus from conducting ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) at the contested site. A platform was created for conducting rituals outside the mosque.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kunal |first=Kishore |title=Ayodhya Revisited |publisher=Ocean Books Pvt. Ltd |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-8430-357-5 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=xxx |language=English}}</ref>

''[[Murti]]s'' ({{translation|sacred idols}}) of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] were installed inside the Babri Masjid on the night of 22–23 December 1949, after which devotees began visiting the site.<ref name="kunal-2016">{{Cite book |last=Kunal |first=Kishore |title=Ayodhya Revisited |publisher=Ocean Books Pvt. Ltd |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-8430-357-5 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=xxxii |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Agrawal |first1=S.P. |last2=Aggarwal |first2=J.C. |title=Information India 1990–91 : Global View |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |series=Concepts in communication informatics and librarianship |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7022-293-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXFk-DAX8fQC&pg=PA489 |page=489 |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104081133/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXFk-DAX8fQC&pg=PA489 |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1950, the state took control of the mosque under Section 145 CrPC and allowed Hindus, not Muslims, to perform their worship at the site.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=R. |title=Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance |publisher=Fordham University Press |series=Forms of Living |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8232-6187-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJOUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT408 |page=408 |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104110659/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJOUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT408 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), belonging to the [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] family, [[Sangh Parivar]], launched a new movement to reclaim the site for Hindus and to erect a temple dedicated to the infant Rama (''Ram Lalla'') at this spot. The VHP began to collect funds and bricks with "[[Jai Shri Ram]]" written on them. Later, [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|the government]] under Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] gave the VHP permission for {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|Shilanyas}} ({{translation|the [[foundation stone]] ceremony}}) to proceed, with the then [[Home Minister]], [[Buta Singh]], formally conveying the permission to the VHP leader, [[Ashok Singhal]]. Initially, the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] had agreed that the {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|shilanya}}s would be conducted outside of the disputed site. However, on 9 November 1989, a group of VHP leaders and Sadhus laid the foundation stone by digging a {{convert|7|cuft|L|order=flip|abbr=off|adj=on}} pit adjacent to the disputed land. The {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|singhdwar}} ({{translation|main entrance}}) of the [[sanctum sanctorum]] was constructed there.<ref name="the new indian express-2019">{{Cite news |date=11 November 2019 |title=Grand Ram temple in Ayodhya before 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=IANS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/nov/11/grand-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-before-2022-2060227.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113143002/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/nov/11/grand-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-before-2022-2060227.html |archive-date=13 November 2019}}</ref> The VHP then laid the foundations of a temple on the land adjacent to the disputed mosque.

====Demolition of the Babri Masjid====
{{Main|Demolition of the Babri Masjid}}

On 6 December 1992, the VHP and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] organised a rally at the site involving 150,000 volunteers, known as karsevaks. The rally turned violent, the crowd overwhelmed the security forces and [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|tore down the mosque]].<ref name="anderson-1992">{{Cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=John Ward |last2=Moore |first2=Molly |date=8 December 1992 |title=200 Indians killed in riots following mosque destruction |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/12/08/200-indians-killed-in-riots-following-mosque-destruction/7ce3e7cf-354d-439c-8c69-b7db290dea3c/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714030046/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/12/08/200-indians-killed-in-riots-following-mosque-destruction/7ce3e7cf-354d-439c-8c69-b7db290dea3c/ |archive-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Fuller |first=Christopher John |title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&pg=PA262 |page=262 |year=2004 |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821053012/https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&pg=PA262 |url-status=live |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-12048-X |archive-date=21 August 2023}}</ref>

The demolition of the mosque resulted in several months of [[Religious violence in India|inter-communal violence]] between India's Hindu and Muslim communities, causing the [[Bombay riots|death of an estimated 2,000 people in Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]) as a direct consequence, and triggering riots all over the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="kidangoor-2020">{{Cite magazine |last=Kidangoor |first=Abhishyant |date=4 August 2020 |title=India's Narendra Modi Broke Ground on a Controversial Temple of Ram. Here's Why It Matters |url=https://time.com/5875380/modi-ram-temple-ayodhya-groundbreaking/ |magazine=Time|access-date=29 January 2024 |quote=For Muslims in India, it is the site of a 16th century mosque that was demolished by a mob in 1992, sparking sectarian riots that led to some 2,000 deaths. |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112152359/https://time.com/5875380/modi-ram-temple-ayodhya-groundbreaking/?amp=true |url-status=live}}</ref> A day after the demolition of the mosque, on 7 December 1992, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that over 30 Hindu temples across [[Pakistan]] were attacked, some set on fire, and one was demolished. Hindu temples in [[Bangladesh]] were also attacked.<ref name="anderson-1992" />

On 5 July 2005, five terrorists attacked the makeshift Ram temple at the site of the destroyed Babri Masjid in Ayodhya. All five were shot dead in the ensuing encounter with the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF), while one civilian died in the [[grenade]] attack that the attackers launched to breach the cordoned wall. The CRPF suffered three casualties, two of whom were seriously injured with multiple gunshot wounds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2005 |title=Front Page: Armed storm Ayodhya complex |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=PTI, UNI |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/06/stories/2005070612430100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050708012430/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/06/stories/2005070612430100.htm |archive-date=8 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2005 |title=Indian PM condemns the attack in Ayodhya |work=People's Daily Online |agency=Xinhua |url=http://english.people.com.cn/200507/06/eng20050706_194315.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011151654/http://english.people.com.cn/200507/06/eng20050706_194315.html |archive-date=11 October 2012}}</ref>

====ASI excavations====
Reports on two [[archaeological excavations]] in 1978 and 2003 conducted by the ASI claimed to have found evidence indicating that a temple existed on the site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Santwana |date=6 March 2003 |title=I found pillar bases back in mid-seventies: Prof Lal |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/19644/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116055005/http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/19644/ |archive-date=16 January 2016 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2020 |title=Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008082504/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=Rediff |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref> The claims were [[Archaeology of Ayodhya|heavily disputed by critics]] as contradictory and unreliable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Betwa |title=Babri Revisited: ASI Suppressed Animal Bone Findings At Mosque Site |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/babri-asi-suppressed-animal-bone-findings-at-mosque-site_in_5c42c412e4b0a8dbe1718924 |website=HuffPost |access-date=16 January 2024 |date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116120450/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/babri-asi-suppressed-animal-bone-findings-at-mosque-site_in_5c42c412e4b0a8dbe1718924 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Ayodhya-verdict-yet-another-blow-to-secularism-Sahmat/article15766526.ece |title=Ayodhya verdict yet another blow to secularism: Sahmat |date=3 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063051/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article809521.ece |archive-date=6 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Aligarh Historians Society |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryJudgementOfAllahabadHighCourtInRamjanmabhumibabriMasjidCase/mode/2up |title=History & Judgement of Allahabad High Court in Ramjanmabhumi and Babri Masjid Case |date=3 January 2011 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Archeologist Who Observed Dig Says No Evidence of Temple Under Babri Masjid |url=https://thewire.in/history/babri-masjid-asi-excavation-ayodhya-ram-temple |website=The Wire |access-date=17 January 2024 |date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401222754/https://thewire.in/history/babri-masjid-asi-excavation-ayodhya-ram-temple |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pankaj |first1=Jayant |title=Rama Janmabhoomi Issue: Exposing the myth behind the narrative |url=https://www.internationalmagz.com/articles/rama-jamnabhoomi-issue |website=The International |access-date=17 January 2024 |date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529053114/https://internationalmagz.com/articles/rama-jamnabhoomi-issue |url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeologist [[K. K. Muhammed]] maintained that remains of a Hindu temple were found in 1978, and accused several historians of averting a settlement for the dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2016 |title=Left historians prevented resolution of Babri Masjid dispute, says KK Mohammed, former ASI regional head |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/left-historians-connived-with-extremists-mislead-muslims-on-babri-issue-says-archaeologist-in-new-book-2592188.html |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103031506/https://www.firstpost.com/india/left-historians-connived-with-extremists-mislead-muslims-on-babri-issue-says-archaeologist-in-new-book-2592188.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Court rulings====
Over the years, various title and legal disputes took place, such as the passage of the Acquisition of Certain Areas at Ayodhya Act in 1993. In 2010, the Allahabad High Court ruled that the {{convert|2.77|acre|order=flip}} of disputed land be divided into three parts, one going to the [[Rama|Ram Lalla]] or Infant Rama, represented by the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] for the construction of the Ram temple, one going to the Muslim [[Sunni Waqf Board]], and one going to Hindu religious denomination [[Nirmohi Akhara]].<ref name="bbc-2019">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277.amp |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907194334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277.amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/ayodhyabench4.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085435/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/ayodhyabench4.html|url-status=dead|title=Ram Janm Bhumi Babri Masjid: Gist of Judgments|archivedate=28 September 2011}}</ref> All three parties involved appealed against the division of disputed land to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Court orders 3-way division of disputed Ayodhya land |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article804632.ece?homepage=true |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 September 2010 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003104001/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article804632.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/babri-masjid-ram-janmabhoomi-case/ |title=Ayodhya Dispute Case Background |website=Supreme Court Observer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063612/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/babri-masjid-ram-janmabhoomi-case/ |archive-date=6 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|Supreme Court's verdict on the Ayodhya dispute in 2019]], it was decided that the disputed land would be handed over to a trust formed by the [[Government of India]] for the construction of a Ram temple.<ref name="news.18_2023"/><ref name="theprint.india_2021"/>

The court referenced the 2003 report from the ASI, as evidence suggesting the presence of a structure beneath the demolished Babri Masjid, that was found to be non-[[Islam]]ic.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2019 |title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017092145/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=27 December 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Daniyal_scroll.in_2019"/> The Supreme Court, in its [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|landmark judgement]] concluded that the underlying structure beneath the mosque was not an Islamic structure, and also concluded that no evidence was found that a non-Islamic structure was specifically demolished for the construction of the Babri Masjid.<ref name="Daniyal_scroll.in_2019">{{cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=No, the Supreme Court did not uphold the claim that Babri Masjid was built by demolishing a temple |website=Scroll.in |date=11 November 2019 |url=https://scroll.in/article/943337/no-the-supreme-court-did-not-uphold-the-claim-that-babri-masjid-was-built-by-demolishing-a-temple |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204165034/https://scroll.in/article/943337/no-the-supreme-court-did-not-uphold-the-claim-that-babri-masjid-was-built-by-demolishing-a-temple |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-verdict-the-asi-findings-supreme-court-spoke-about-in-its-judgment-1617433-2019-11-09|title=Ayodhya verdict: The ASI findings Supreme Court spoke about in its judgment|date=4 April 2022|newspaper=[[India Today]]|location=New Delhi, India|access-date=22 January 2024|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219085908/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-verdict-the-asi-findings-supreme-court-spoke-about-in-its-judgment-1617433-2019-11-09|url-status=live}}</ref> Another salient aspect in the apex court's judgement is on the question on the claim of Hindus that disputed structure as the birthplace of Rama. The court observed that the Hindu claim is 'undisputed' and opined that there is clear evidence that Hindus believed that site to be Rama's birthplace.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dam|first=Abhirup|title=In search of Ram: The death of wisdom, tradition and philosophy|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/in-search-of-ram-the-death-of-wisdom-tradition-and-philosophy/cid/1721222|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=22 November 2019|access-date=12 February 2024|language=en|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219175552/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/in-search-of-ram-the-death-of-wisdom-tradition-and-philosophy/cid/1721222|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ayodhya verdict: The ASI findings Supreme Court spoke about in its judgment|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-verdict-the-asi-findings-supreme-court-spoke-about-in-its-judgment-1617433-2019-11-09|work=India Today|date=4 April 2024|access-date=12 February 2024|language=en|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219085908/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-verdict-the-asi-findings-supreme-court-spoke-about-in-its-judgment-1617433-2019-11-09|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Terror attack====
{{See also|2005 Ram Mandir attack}}

On 5 July 2005, five [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Lashkar-e-Taiba's]] terrorists<ref name="article3">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/06/stories/2005070612430100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050708012430/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/06/stories/2005070612430100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-07-08|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-07-06|title=Front Page : Armed storm Ayodhya complex}}</ref><ref name="article4">{{cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200507/06/eng20050706_194315.html|title=People's Daily Online -- Indian PM condemns the attack in Ayodhya|work=people.com.cn}}</ref> attacked the makeshift Ram temple at the site of destroyed [[Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]], [[India]]. All five were shot dead in the ensuing gunfight with the [[Central Reserve Police Force|Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)]], while one [[civilian]] died in the [[grenade]] attack that the attackers launched in order to breach the cordoned wall. The CRPF suffered three casualties, two of whom were seriously injured with multiple gunshot wounds.

====Trust formation and start of construction====
The trust was eventually formed under the name of the [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]]. On 5 February 2020, it was announced in the [[Parliament of India]] that [[Second Modi ministry|the government under Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] had accepted a plan to construct the temple. Two days later, on 7 February, {{convert|5|acre|ha|order=flip}} of land was allocated for a new [[Ayodhya Mosque, Dhannipur|mosque]] to be built {{cvt|22|km}} away from Ayodhya city in [[Dhannipur]] village.<ref name="news.18_2023">{{cite news|title=From Parliament Floor, PM Modi Announces 15-Member Trust for Ayodhya Ram Temple; 5 Acres Allotted for Masjid|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/modi-announces-setting-up-of-trust-to-construct-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-2487595.html|work=News18|date=5 February 2020|access-date=31 December 2023|language=en|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231072035/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/modi-announces-setting-up-of-trust-to-construct-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-2487595.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theprint.india_2021">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2020 |title=Dhannipur near Ayodhya already has 15 mosques, local Muslims want hospital and college too |url=https://theprint.in/india/dhannipur-near-ayodhya-already-has-15-mosques-local-muslims-want-hospital-and-college-too/361492/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202103401/https://theprint.in/india/dhannipur-near-ayodhya-already-has-15-mosques-local-muslims-want-hospital-and-college-too/361492/ |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
{{See also|Hindu temple architecture}}

The original design for Ram Mandir was devised in 1988 by the Sompura family of [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="pandey-2020">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Alok |date=23 July 2020 |title=Ayodhya's Ram Temple Will Be 161-Foot Tall, An Increase Of 20 Feet |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-temple-will-be-161-feet-tall-an-increase-by-20-feet-2267315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825071325/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-temple-will-be-161-feet-tall-an-increase-by-20-feet-2267315 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=NDTV}}</ref> The Sompuras have contributed to the design of over 100 temples worldwide for at least 15 generations, including the [[Somnath temple]].<ref name="sampal-2020">{{Cite web |last=Sampal |first=Rahul |date=28 July 2020 |title=Somnath, Akshardham & now Ram Mandir – Gujarat family designing temples for 15 generations |url=https://theprint.in/india/somnath-akshardham-now-ram-mandir-gujarat-family-designing-temples-for-15-generations/469120/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729110356/https://theprint.in/india/somnath-akshardham-now-ram-mandir-gujarat-family-designing-temples-for-15-generations/469120/ |archive-date=29 July 2020 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The chief architect of the temple was Chandrakant Sompura, assisted by his two sons, Nikhil Sompura and Ashish Sompura, who are also architects.<ref name="bajpai-2020" />

A new design, with some changes from the original, was prepared by the Sompuras in 2020,<ref name="bajpai-2020" /> per the Hindu texts, the [[Vastu shastra]] and the [[Shilpa shastras]].<ref name="misra-2020" /> The temple will be {{convert|250|ft|m}} wide, {{convert|380|ft|m}} long and {{convert|161|ft|m}} high.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Nagara-style architecture, no iron: What the historic Ram temple in Ayodhya will look like |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/nagara-style-architecture-no-iron-what-the-historic-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-will-look-like-13575222.html |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105174610/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/nagara-style-architecture-no-iron-what-the-historic-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-will-look-like-13575222.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Upon completion, the temple complex became the [[List of largest Hindu temples|world's third largest Hindu temple]].<ref name="bajpai-2020">{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Namita |date=5 August 2020 |title=280-feet wide, 300-feet long and 161-feet tall: Ayodhya Ram temple complex to be world's third-largest Hindu shrine |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Jul/21/280-feet-wide-300-feet-long-and-161-feet-tall-ayodhya-ram-temple-complex-to-be-worlds-third-largest--2172847.html |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203120637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Jul/21/280-feet-wide-300-feet-long-and-161-feet-tall-ayodhya-ram-temple-complex-to-be-worlds-third-largest--2172847.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is designed in the [[Maru-Gurjara architecture]] of [[Nagara Style|Nagara style]], a type of [[Hindu temple architecture]] found primarily in northern India.<ref name="sampal-2020" /> A model of the proposed temple was showcased during the [[2019 Prayag Kumbh Mela|Prayag Kumbh Mela in 2019]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2020 |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir construction to begin in April this year: Trustee |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ram-temple-work-to-begin-in-april-this-year-trustee-120020601389_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713220403/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ram-temple-work-to-begin-in-april-this-year-trustee-120020601389_1.html |archive-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>

The temple's main structure has been built on a raised platform with three storeys. It has five ''[[mandapa]]s'' in the middle of the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' ([[sanctum sanctorum]]) and on the entrance passage. The Shri Ram Darbar, located on the first floor, comprises five halls – Nritya Mandap, Rang Mandap, Sabha Mandap, Prarthana Mandap, and Kirtan Mandap. In Nagara style, the mandapas are decorated with ''[[shikhara]]s''.<ref name="HT-Mandapa">{{Cite web |title=Ram Temple sanctum sanctorum likely to be built by end of the year |date=13 June 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-temple-in-ayodhya-to-be-inaugurated-in-january-2024-invitation-sent-to-pm-modi-new-delhilucknow-101686596031624.html |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906112533/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-temple-in-ayodhya-to-be-inaugurated-in-january-2024-invitation-sent-to-pm-modi-new-delhilucknow-101686596031624.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name ="TH-Archi">{{Cite news |title=Ram temple to be grander than planned earlier: Architect |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 July 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ram-temple-to-be-grander-than-planned-earlier-architect/article61677565.ece |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620205021/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ram-temple-to-be-grander-than-planned-earlier-architect/article61677565.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Adorned with deity statues, the temple includes dedicated mandirs for [[Surya]], Bhagwati, [[Ganesh]], and [[Shiva|Shiv]] at the corners. Annapurna and [[Hanuman]] temples are on the northern and southern arms. The foundation features a {{convert|14|m|ft|adj=on}}-thick roller-compacted concrete layer resembling artificial rock, with a {{convert|21|ft|m|adj=on}} granite plinth for moisture protection, avoiding iron use. Accessibility is ensured with ramps, lifts, and facilities for the elderly and differently-abled. A pilgrims facility centre for 25,000 people offers medical and locker services. Environmental focus preserves 70% of the {{convert|70|acre|ha|adj=on}} area as green space, emphasising water conservation.<ref name = "IE-Archi">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=The Ayodhya Ram temple: 4 mandirs at each corner, 5 mandaps and emphasis on green cover |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-mandaps-green-cover-architecuture-9096270/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034350/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-mandaps-green-cover-architecuture-9096270/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=22 January 2024 |title=With no iron or steel, Ayodhya temple is a study in sandstone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-ram-temple-a-new-age-architectural-marvel-carved-in-stone/article67765899.ece |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129092438/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-ram-temple-a-new-age-architectural-marvel-carved-in-stone/article67765899.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Nagara architecture, 392 pillars, 5 mandaps: The key features of Ram Mandir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagara-architecture-392-pillars-5-mandaps-decoding-ram-janmabhoomi-mandirs-key-features-101705892188859.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129152826/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagara-architecture-392-pillars-5-mandaps-decoding-ram-janmabhoomi-mandirs-key-features-101705892188859.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The temple has a total of 366 columns. The columns have 16 idols each to include the incarnations of [[Shiva]], the 10 [[Dashavatara]]s, the [[Yogini#64 Yoginis|Chausath Yoginis]], and the 12 incarnations of the goddess [[Saraswati]]. The width of the stairs are {{convert|16|ft|m}}. Per scriptures dedicated to the design of temples dedicated to [[Vishnu]], the sanctum sanctorum is octagonal in shape.<ref name="misra-2020">{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Leena |date=6 August 2020 |title=Meet the Sompuras, master architects who are building the Ram Temple in Ayodhya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/meet-the-sompuras-master-architects-who-are-building-the-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-6540155/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211703/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/meet-the-sompuras-master-architects-who-are-building-the-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-6540155/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> According to the temple committee, the site has a capability to handle 70,000 visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Nripendra Misra, Chairman Of Construction Panel On 'Pran Pratishtha' Of Ram Mandir In Ayodhya |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-tv/video/nripendra-misra-chairman-of-construction-panel-on-pran-pratishtha-of-ram-mandir-in-ayodhya-404726-2023-11-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203225127/https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-tv/video/nripendra-misra-chairman-of-construction-panel-on-pran-pratishtha-of-ram-mandir-in-ayodhya-404726-2023-11-06 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Larsen & Toubro]] offered to oversee the design and construction of the temple free of cost, and became the contractor of the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2020 |title=L&T to oversee the construction of Ram temple: Vishwa Hindu Parishad |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/l-t-to-oversee-ram-temple-construction-champat-rai-120030300169_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170359/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/l-t-to-oversee-ram-temple-construction-champat-rai-120030300169_1.html |archive-date=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bajpai |first=Namita |date=29 February 2020 |title=L&T ready to construct Ram temple in Ayodhya for free, say VHP leaders |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/feb/29/lt-ready-to-construct-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-for-free-say-vhp-leaders-2110327.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823054736/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/feb/29/lt-ready-to-construct-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-for-free-say-vhp-leaders-2110327.html |archive-date=23 August 2020}}</ref> The [[Central Building Research Institute]], [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] and the [[IIT Bombay|Bombay]], [[IIT Guwahati|Guwahati]] and [[IIT Madras|Madras]] [[IITs]] have assisted in areas such as [[soil test]]ing, concrete supply and design.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Avaneesh |date=10 September 2020 |title=Ayodhya Ram Temple construction: L & T reaches out to IIT-M for expert help on design, concrete |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ayodhya-ram-temple-lt-iit-m-expert-help-design-concrete-6590242/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125184356/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ayodhya-ram-temple-lt-iit-m-expert-help-design-concrete-6590242/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=17 November 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rashid-2021">{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=4 January 2021 |title=Work on Ayodhya Ram temple foundation to begin by January-end, says trust |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/work-on-ayodhya-ram-temple-foundation-to-begin-by-january-end-says-trust/article33492571.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109052524/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/work-on-ayodhya-ram-temple-foundation-to-begin-by-january-end-says-trust/article33492571.ece |archive-date=9 January 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The construction work has been accomplished with {{Convert|600000|cuft}} of sandstone from [[Baansi]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="misra-2020" /> No iron and steel has been used in the construction of the temple, and the fusing of the stone blocks has required ten thousand copper plates.<ref name ="ANI-Sandstone">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2020 |title=Construction of Ram Mandir in Ayodhya begins |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/construction-of-ram-mandir-in-ayodhya-begins20200820133647/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122124219/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/construction-of-ram-mandir-in-ayodhya-begins20200820133647/ |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=17 November 2020 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> In a culturally significant move, [[Thailand]] also symbolically contributed to the inauguration of the Ram Mandir, by sending soil to the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], building on their prior gesture of sending water from two rivers in Thailand to honour the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayodhya's Ram Temple To Receive Soil From Thailand Ahead Of Consecration |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhyas-ram-temple-to-receive-soil-from-thailand-ahead-of-consecration-4621617 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=NDTV |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202065305/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhyas-ram-temple-to-receive-soil-from-thailand-ahead-of-consecration-4621617 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the temple trust, the final blueprint of Ram Mandir included temples dedicated to [[Surya]], [[Ganesha]], [[Shiva]], [[Durga]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Brahma]] in the temple grounds.<ref name="india today-2021">{{Cite news |date=13 September 2021 |title=6 temples of different deities to be constructed in Ram Janmabhoomi premises |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/6-temples-different-deities-constructed-ram-janmabhoomi-premises-1852092-2021-09-13 |url-status=live |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122054503/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/6-temples-different-deities-constructed-ram-janmabhoomi-premises-1852092-2021-09-13 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

== Fundraising ==
The Ram Mandir was built with funds gained through international fundraising drives, involving nearly two million volunteers. [[Ramnath Kovind]] was the first to contribute, donating {{INR}}500,000 on 14 January 2021, during his tenure as the  [[president of India]].<ref>{{cite news|date=10 January 2024|title=Ayodhya Ram Temple: Nearly Rs 5,000 Crore Donations Received Ahead Of Consecration Ceremony|url=https://www.news18.com/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-nearly-rs-5000-crore-donations-received-ahead-of-consecration-ceremony-8734580.html|work=News 18|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212232201/https://www.news18.com/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-nearly-rs-5000-crore-donations-received-ahead-of-consecration-ceremony-8734580.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Over 127 million donations amounting to approximately {{INR}}50 billion were received by the temple.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 December 2023|title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: Kashi And Prayagraj Beggars Donate Rs 4 Lakh|url=https://www.news18.com/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-kashi-and-prayagraj-beggars-donate-rs-4-lakh-8720424.html|work=News 18|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229082038/https://www.news18.com/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-kashi-and-prayagraj-beggars-donate-rs-4-lakh-8720424.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Das|first=Yudhajit Shankar|date=22 January 2024|title=How the Ayodhya Ram temple became a mandir of the masses|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sunday-special/story/ram-mandir-inauguration-temple-movement-vhp-rss-fundraising-drive-masses-connected-ayodhya-2482499-2023-12-31|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209155558/https://www.indiatoday.in/sunday-special/story/ram-mandir-inauguration-temple-movement-vhp-rss-fundraising-drive-masses-connected-ayodhya-2482499-2023-12-31|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kapoor|first=Sheersh|date=22 January 2024|title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: How much money was spent and what does UP stand to gain?|url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ayodhya-ram-mandir-how-much-money-was-spent-and-what-does-up-stand-to-gain/107045031#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Economic%20Times,₹3%2C500%20crore%20in%20donations.|work=The Economic Times|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201162620/https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ayodhya-ram-mandir-how-much-money-was-spent-and-what-does-up-stand-to-gain/107045031#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Economic%20Times,₹3%2C500%20crore%20in%20donations.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=8 January 2024|title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: 'అయోధ్య' విరాళాల మొత్తం ఇప్పటివరకు ఎంత? అధికమొత్తం ఇచ్చింది ఎవరు?|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/national/who-donated-most-money-ayodhya-ram-mandir-1910581|language=Telugu|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109023453/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/national/who-donated-most-money-ayodhya-ram-mandir-1910581|url-status=live}}</ref> Some media outlets in India claimed that the construction of the Ram mandir was one of the world's biggest crowd funded projects.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Swadesh|date=10 January 2024|title=This is how world's largest crowdfunding project was achieved in Ayodhya|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/this-is-how-worlds-largest-crowdfunding-project-was-achieved-in-ayodhya/1912804/|work=[[The Print]]|access-date=13 February 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213094352/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/this-is-how-worlds-largest-crowdfunding-project-was-achieved-in-ayodhya/1912804/|url-status=live}}</ref> Fundraising by the Mandir trust has ended on 27 February 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gopinathan|first=Meenakshi|date=21 January 2024|title=రామ మందిర నిర్మాణానికి 10 కోట్ల మంది విరాళాలు ఇచ్చారు…45 రోజుల్లో రూ.2500 కోట్లు!|language=Telugu|url=https://telugu.vikatan.com/india/10-crore-people-donated-for-the-construction-of-ram-mandirrs-2500-crore-in-just-45-days|work=[[Vikatan]]|access-date=13 February 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213094351/https://telugu.vikatan.com/india/10-crore-people-donated-for-the-construction-of-ram-mandirrs-2500-crore-in-just-45-days|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], among the leading organisation involved in the Ram Mandir issue, alleged the BJP-affiliate [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) of carrying out donation scam of over {{INRConvert|1400|c}} over the construction of the temple. The VHP denied this allegation.<ref name="verma-2015">{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Lalmani |title=Ram Temple in Ayodhya: Hindu Mahasabha claims VHP 'pocketed' Rs 1,400 cr; Singhal rubbishes charge |website=The Indian Express |date=16 July 2015 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ram-temple-in-ayodhyahindu-mahasabha-claims-vhp-pocketed-rs-1400-cr-singhal-rubbishes-charge/ |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104081135/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ram-temple-in-ayodhyahindu-mahasabha-claims-vhp-pocketed-rs-1400-cr-singhal-rubbishes-charge/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, the national spokesperson of the [[Nirmohi Akhara]], Mahant Sitaram Das, accused the VHP of carrying out a {{INRConvert|1400|c}} scam over the temple.<ref name="newsabplivecom-2019">{{cite web |title=Ram Temple: Nirmohi Akhada accuses VHP of financial scam over funds collected for building mandir |website=news.abplive.com |date=30 January 2019 |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/ram-temple-nirmohi-akhada-accuses-vhp-of-alleged-financial-scam-worth-1400-crores-over-money-collected-for-building-mandir-907460 |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326153532/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/ram-temple-nirmohi-akhada-accuses-vhp-of-alleged-financial-scam-worth-1400-crores-over-money-collected-for-building-mandir-907460 |url-status=live}}</ref> Political leaders from opposition parties have also questioned the methods of fund collection.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Ram Mandir: Siddaramaiah questions fund drive, HDK says he was threatened |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-mandir-siddaramaiah-questions-fund-drive-hdk-says-he-was-threatened-143621 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217121455/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-mandir-siddaramaiah-questions-fund-drive-hdk-says-he-was-threatened-143621 |archive-date=17 February 2021 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johari |first=Aarefa |date=13 February 2021 |title=Ram temple fundraisers leave behind stickers on doors – sparking fear and concern |url=https://scroll.in/article/986670/ram-temple-fundraisers-leave-behind-stickers-on-doors-sparking-fear-and-concern |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216072240/https://scroll.in/article/986670/ram-temple-fundraisers-leave-behind-stickers-on-doors-sparking-fear-and-concern |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

The public were warned of instances in which online scammers posed as fundraisers.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 January 2024|title=Ayodhya Ram temple consecration: Beware of fake donation websites, 'VIP passes' & other online scams|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/technology/ayodhya-ram-temple-consecration-beware-of-fake-donation-websites-vip-pass-online-scams-2856062|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212232508/https://www.deccanherald.com/technology/ayodhya-ram-temple-consecration-beware-of-fake-donation-websites-vip-pass-online-scams-2856062|url-status=live}}</ref> The temple has also attracted a number of controversies due to alleged misuse of donation, sidelining of its major activists, and politicisation of the temple by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="newsabplivecom-2019" /><ref name="verma-2015" /><ref name="rai-2017" /><ref name="jaiswal-2020" />

== Construction ==
{{See also|2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute}}
The [[Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra]] trust began the first phase of construction of the Ram Mandir in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Pratul |date=23 March 2020 |title=1st phase of Ram temple construction begins in Ayodhya |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/23/1st-phase-of-ram-temple-construction-begins-in-ayodhya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330175900/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/23/1st-phase-of-ram-temple-construction-begins-in-ayodhya.html |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2020 |title=Ram Mandir Construction: राम मंदिर निर्मितीच्या पहिल्या टप्प्यातील काम सुरू |language=mr |trans-title=Ram Mandir Construction: Ram mandir Foundation Starts First Phase of Work |work=Times Now Marathi |url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/india-news-international/article/ram-mandir-foundation-first-phase-of-work-starts-cleaning-of-site-starts/292477 |url-status=live |access-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018015943/https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/india-news-international/article/ram-mandir-foundation-first-phase-of-work-starts-cleaning-of-site-starts/292477 |archive-date=18 October 2021}}</ref> The [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]] caused a temporary suspension of the construction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Namita |date=9 April 2020 |title=Ram Mandir plans continue during COVID-19 lockdown, temple trust releases its official Logo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/09/ram-mandir-plans-continue-during-covid-19-lockdown-temple-trust-releases-its-official-logo-2127639.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414021852/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/09/ram-mandir-plans-continue-during-covid-19-lockdown-temple-trust-releases-its-official-logo-2127639.html |archive-date=14 April 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1970 |title=COVID-19: लॉकडाउन खत्म होते ही अयोध्या में शुरू होगा भव्य राम मंदिर निर्माण |trans-title=COVID-19: The Ram Temple construction will begin in Ayodhya after the end of lockdown |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-after-lockdown-ram-mandir-construction-work-will-start-in-ayodhya-upnga-upns-3094651.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509073923/https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-after-lockdown-ram-mandir-construction-work-will-start-in-ayodhya-upnga-upns-3094651.html |archive-date=9 May 2020 |access-date=8 May 2020 |website=News18 India |language=hi}}</ref> On 25 March 2020, Ram's idol was moved to a temporary location in the presence of the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=25 March 2020 |title=U.P. Chief Minister Adityanath shifts Ram idol amid lockdown |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-chief-minister-adityanath-shifts-ram-idol-amid-lockdown/article31160225.ece |url-status=live |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414223226/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-chief-minister-adityanath-shifts-ram-idol-amid-lockdown/article31160225.ece |archive-date=14 April 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In preparation for the temple's construction, the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) organised a '{{Transliteration|hi|ISO|Vijay Mahamantra Jaap Anushthan}}', in which individuals would gather at different places to chant the 'Vijay Mahamantra' – {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|Shri Ram, Jai Ram, Jai Jai Ram}}, on 6 April 2020. This was said to ensure "victory over hurdles" in constructing the temple.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2020 |title=VHP to organise 'Vijay Mahamantra Jaap Anushthan' |work=Outlook |agency=IANS |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/vhp-to-organise-vijay-mahamantra-jaap-anushthan/1508964 |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806200651/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/vhp-to-organise-vijay-mahamantra-jaap-anushthan/1508964 |archive-date=6 August 2020}}</ref>

It was officially announced by [[Champat Rai]], the General Secretary of the Sri Ram Janmbhoomi Kshetra Trust, that 22 January 2024 would be the scheduled date for the installation of the ''Ram Lalla'' idol in the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' ([[sanctum sanctorum]]). On 25 October 2023, a formal invitation was extended to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] to attend the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu|date=25 October 2023 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Ram Temple Trust invites PM Modi to install Lord Ram idol in Ayodhya on Jan 22, 2024 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-pm-modi-to-install-lord-ram-idol-ayodhya-22-january-2024-ram-janmbhoomi-trust-invitation-champat-rai-latest-updates-2023-10-25-899614 |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=India TV News |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103142302/https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-pm-modi-to-install-lord-ram-idol-ayodhya-22-january-2024-ram-janmbhoomi-trust-invitation-champat-rai-latest-updates-2023-10-25-899614 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, the national spokesperson of the [[Nirmohi Akhara]], Mahant Sitaram Das, criticised the BJP's decision to have the temple foundation begun by Narendra Modi and said that the work of building the temple should be done only by the religious priests.<ref name="jaiswal-2020">{{cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Anuja |title=Leave bhoomi pujan to saints: Nirmohi Akhara spokesperson tells PM |website=The Times of India |date=24 July 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/leave-bhoomi-pujan-to-saints-nirmohi-akhara-spokesperson-tells-pm/articleshow/77156140.cms |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104081133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/leave-bhoomi-pujan-to-saints-nirmohi-akhara-spokesperson-tells-pm/articleshow/77156140.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> A number of [[Hindutva]] proponents, including online social media influencers, raised objections over the temple's construction with regards to its design and involvement of the Muslims, claiming that they found Islamic motifs in the Ram Mandir. [[Champat Rai]], the general secretary of the [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]] trust, responded to these concerns by saying that temple was being sculpted by experts, and there could be no question about their religion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Deb |first=Abhik |title=Why some Hindutva supporters are angry with Modi's Ayodhya temple inauguration |website=Scroll.in |date=22 December 2023 |url=https://scroll.in/article/1060891/why-some-hindutva-supporters-are-angry-with-modis-ayodhya-temple-inauguration |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071025/https://scroll.in/article/1060891/why-some-hindutva-supporters-are-angry-with-modis-ayodhya-temple-inauguration |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2024}}
The vice-president of the Hindu Mahasabha, Pandit Ashok Sharma, said that the BJP "got the entire thing politicised."<ref name="rai-2017" />

A number of opposition parties, as well as BJP members themselves, have criticised the BJP for using the temple to for gain political mileage.<ref>{{cite web |title=JD(U) Minister Slams BJP's Attempt |website=The Times of India |date=2 January 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/lord-ram-lives-in-our-heart-jdu-minister-slams-bjps-attempt/articleshow/106464409.cms |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104081136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/lord-ram-lives-in-our-heart-jdu-minister-slams-bjps-attempt/articleshow/106464409.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The President of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Mallikarjun Kharge]], had questioned the authority of [[Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]], after he declared the opening date of the temple.<ref>{{cite web |last=Manoj |first=C G |title='Are you mahant of Ram Temple?': Mallikarjun Kharge slams Amit Shah for announcing temple opening date |website=The Indian Express |date=6 January 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ram-temple-mallikarjun-kharge-amit-shah-announcing-opening-date-8365437/ |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125132453/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ram-temple-mallikarjun-kharge-amit-shah-announcing-opening-date-8365437/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP leader [[Subramanian Swamy]] questioned Prime Minister Narendra Modi's involvement in Ram Mandir's inauguration.<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP leader Subramanian Swamy questions PM Modi attending inauguration of Ram temple |website=The News Minute |date=27 December 2023 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/bjp-leader-subramanian-swamy-questions-pm-modi-attending-inauguration-of-ram-temple |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104110807/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/bjp-leader-subramanian-swamy-questions-pm-modi-attending-inauguration-of-ram-temple |url-status=live}}</ref> The Congress MP [[Shashi Tharoor]] has criticised the Indian media for diverting attention from critical governance issues by overly focusing on the temple.<ref>{{cite web |last=Team |first=WION Web |title=Ram temple consecration ceremony: Shashi Tharoor slams BJP over politicisation of religious event |website=WION |date=27 December 2023 |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/temples-not-governments-shashi-tharoor-slams-bjp-over-ram-temple-inauguration-674041 |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227130402/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/temples-not-governments-shashi-tharoor-slams-bjp-over-ram-temple-inauguration-674041 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Bhumi Pujan'' ceremony ===
[[File:Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi performing Bhoomi Pujan at ‘Shree Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir’, in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on August 05, 2020.jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] performing ''Bhumi Pujan'' or the groundbreaking ceremony for the Ram Mandir. Also visible are the chief of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), [[Mohan Bhagwat]], and the [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Anandiben Patel]].]] On the occasion of Bhumi Pujan, the Ram Lalla's dress was stitched by tailors Bhagwat Prasad and Shankar Lal, a fourth generation tailor to Rama's idol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2020 |title=अयोध्या: 5 अगस्त को इस टेलर का सिला पोशाक पहनेंगे रामलला |trans-title=On 5 August Ram will wear clothes stitched by this tailor |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-ayodhya-tailor-bhagwat-prasad-and-shyam-lal-preparing-cloths-for-ramlala-upat-3187451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727043827/https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-ayodhya-tailor-bhagwat-prasad-and-shyam-lal-preparing-cloths-for-ramlala-upat-3187451.html |archive-date=27 July 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020 |website=News18 India |language=hi}}</ref>

The temple construction officially started again after a ''[[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]]-[[Puja (Hinduism)|Pujan]]'' ({{Translation|ground breaking ceremony}}) on 5 August 2020. The three-day long [[Vedic ritual]] was held ahead of the groundbreaking ceremony, which revolved around the installation of a {{convert|40|kg|abbr=in}} silver brick as the [[foundation stone]] by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="pandey-2020" /> On the day before on 4 August, the {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|Ramarchan Puja}} ({{Translation|[[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] of Rama's feet}}) was performed, in order to ritually invite all the major deities into the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title='Ramarchan puja' begins ahead of 'bhoomi pujan' in Ayodhya |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-ramarchan-puja-begins-ahead-of-bhoomi-pujan-in-ayodhya-2835952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829200353/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-ramarchan-puja-begins-ahead-of-bhoomi-pujan-in-ayodhya-2835952 |archive-date=29 August 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

On the occasion of the {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhoomi Poojan}}'','' soil and [[holy water]] were collected from several religious places across India, such as the [[Triveni Sangam]] of the rivers [[Ganga]], [[Yamuna]], and [[Saraswati River|Saraswati]] at [[Prayagraj]], the head of the [[Kaveri River]] at [[Talakaveri]] in [[Karnataka]], and the [[Kamakhya Temple]] in [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Kriti |date=22 July 2020 |title=Ram temple bhumi pujan: Sangam soil, water to be taken to Ayodhya; proceedings to be telecast live |work=The Times Of India |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/ram-temple-bhumi-pujan-sangam-soil-water-to-be-taken-to-ayodhya-proceedings-to-be-telecast-live/625336 |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726052246/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/ram-temple-bhumi-pujan-sangam-soil-water-to-be-taken-to-ayodhya-proceedings-to-be-telecast-live/625336 |archive-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> Soil was also sent from various [[Hindu temples]], [[gurudwaras]] and [[Jain temples]] across the nation, as well as from the four pilgrimage sites in [[Char Dham]], to bless the temple.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2020 |title=Soil from Sharda Peeth in Kashmir to be used in Ram Mandir foundation in Ayodhya |work=The Kashmir Monitor |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/soil-from-sharda-peeth-in-kashmir-rss-hqrs-in-nagpur-to-be-used-in-ram-mandir-foundation-in-ayodhya/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726045901/https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/soil-from-sharda-peeth-in-kashmir-rss-hqrs-in-nagpur-to-be-used-in-ram-mandir-foundation-in-ayodhya/ |archive-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>

Before the ceremony, Prime Minister Narendra Modi sought [[Hanuman]]'s blessing by praying at the [[Hanuman Garhi Temple]] in Ayodhya.<ref name="hindustan times-2020">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2020 |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Meenakshi |title=After bhoomi poojan at Ayodhya, RSS' Mohan Bhagwat says we have fulfilled our resolve |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-bhoomi-poojan-at-ayodhya-rss-mohan-bhagwat-says-we-have-fulfilled-our-resolve/story-kqQsI65xMwDKXkCkijqkBP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825071324/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-bhoomi-poojan-at-ayodhya-rss-mohan-bhagwat-says-we-have-fulfilled-our-resolve/story-kqQsI65xMwDKXkCkijqkBP.html |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, [[Yogi Adityanath]], Chief of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], [[Mohan Bhagwat]], Chief of the [[Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas]] and Chief of the [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]], [[Nritya Gopal Das]] and Narendra Modi gave speeches.<ref name="hindustan times-2020" />

Some priests and religious leaders, such as [[Swaroopanand Saraswati]], complained that 5 August was not a ritually auspicious date and that the ceremony did not follow proper ritual procedures. They also claimed that the function did not include a [[havan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Sharat |date=7 August 2020 |title=At Ayodhya Bhoomi Pujan, Modi Became All-in-One; Proper Rituals Not Followed, Allege Pundits |url=https://thewire.in/politics/ayodhya-bhoomi-pujan-narendra-modi-priests-pundits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924014614/https://thewire.in/politics/ayodhya-bhoomi-pujan-narendra-modi-priests-pundits |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=7 August 2020 |website=thewire.in}}</ref> Writer and activist [[Arundhati Roy]], a noted critic of PM Modi, pointed out that the chosen date marked one year since the [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="kidangoor-2020" /> The [[Pakistan Foreign Office]] issued a statement criticising [[India]] for commencing for constructing a temple on the former site of the destroyed Babri Masjid.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2020 |title=Pakistan criticises India for starting construction of Ram temple in Ayodhya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistan-criticises-india-for-starting-construction-of-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/article31694301.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626073923/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistan-criticises-india-for-starting-construction-of-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/article31694301.ece |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI}}</ref>

In 2017, the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] accused the BJP, [[Bajrang Dal]] and other Sangh Parivar organisations of hijacking the Ram Mandir despite having no involvement in its long battle.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rai |first=Sandeep |title=India News |website=The Times of India |date=18 November 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rss-the-biggest-traitor-hindu-mahasabha/articleshow/49823815.cms |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826055542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rss-the-biggest-traitor-hindu-mahasabha/articleshow/49823815.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rai-2017">{{cite web |last=Rai |first=Sandeep |title=We were real architects of Ram temple movement: Hindu Mahasabha |website=The Times of India |date=6 December 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/we-were-real-architects-of-ram-temple-movement-hindu-mahasabha/articleshow/61952411.cms |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627132639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/we-were-real-architects-of-ram-temple-movement-hindu-mahasabha/articleshow/61952411.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Pramod Joshi, the national spokesperson of the Hindu Mahasabha, said that the real credit of Ram Mandir belongs to Hindu Mahasabha, and that the Hindu Mahasabha should have performed the bhumi pujan, but instead had been kept away. He added that the committee for the temple was formed at the BJP's central office and the Hindu Mahasabha was sidelined.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Karmarkar |first1=Ninad |script-title=mr:अयोध्येतल्या राममंदिराचं खरं श्रेय हिंदू महासभेचंच! भाजपने विश्वासघात केल्याची हिंदू महासभेची आगपाखड |trans-title=Real credit for the Ram temple in Ayodhya goes to Hindu Mahasabha |website=marathi.abplive.com |date=4 August 2020 |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/real-credit-for-the-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-goes-to-hindu-mahasabha-796253 |language=mr |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104081135/https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/real-credit-for-the-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-goes-to-hindu-mahasabha-796253 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2021–present ===
The temple trust decided to launch a nationwide "mass contact and contribution campaign" aimed at reaching 55–600 million people.<ref name="rashid-2021" /> Voluntary donations of {{INRConvert|1}} and higher were accepted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=15 December 2020 |title=Ram Mandir trust to launch nationwide fund collection drive next month for temple construction |url=https://theprint.in/india/ram-mandir-trust-to-launch-nationwide-fund-collection-drive-next-month-for-temple-construction/567100/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112093311/https://theprint.in/india/ram-mandir-trust-to-launch-nationwide-fund-collection-drive-next-month-for-temple-construction/567100/ |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> On 1 January 2021, former [[President of India|President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] made the first contribution towards the construction of the Ram Mandir by donating more than {{INRConvert|5|l}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2021 |title=President Kovind donates Rs 5 lakh for Ram temple construction as fund-raising drive kicks off |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/president-kovind-donates-rs-5-lakh-for-ram-temple-construction-7147458/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120155721/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/president-kovind-donates-rs-5-lakh-for-ram-temple-construction-7147458/ |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Several leaders and notable personalities across the nation followed this. By April 2021, around {{INRConvert|5000|c}} was collected from donations across India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |date=28 February 2021 |title=Ayodhya Ram temple fundraising drive concludes. Rs 21000000000 collected |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-mandir-temple-fundraising-drive-concludes-funds-collected-1774058-2021-02-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228170831/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-mandir-temple-fundraising-drive-concludes-funds-collected-1774058-2021-02-28 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2021 |title=Ayodhya Ram temple donation: 15,000 bank cheques worth Rs 22 crore bounce |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/around-15000-collected-bank-cheques-donations-for-ram-temple-bounce-2355453.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419064904/https://zeenews.india.com/india/around-15000-collected-bank-cheques-donations-for-ram-temple-bounce-2355453.html |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Nearly 150,000 VHP activists participated in collecting donations. The temple trust also received donations from the members of the Muslim and Christian communities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2021 |title=Karnataka Dy CM, Christian organisations donate over Rs 1 crore for Ram temple's construction |url=http://businessworld.in/article/Karnataka-Dy-CM-Christian-organisations-donate-over-Rs-1-crore-for-Ram-temple-s-construction/07-02-2021-374870 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508121954/https://www.businessworld.in/article/Karnataka-Dy-CM-Christian-organisations-donate-over-Rs-1-crore-for-Ram-temple-s-construction/07-02-2021-374870/ |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=13 March 2021 |work=Business World}}</ref>
[[File:அயோத்தி இராமர் கோயில் கட்டுமானப் பணி.jpg|thumb|View of the Ram Mandir under construction in 2022]]
In August 2021, a viewing location was created for the public to observe the construction works in the temple site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Corridor for devotees to see construction of Ram temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/corridor-for-devotees-to-see-construction-of-ram-temple-101628516896092.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811142812/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/corridor-for-devotees-to-see-construction-of-ram-temple-101628516896092.html |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Following the groundbreaking ceremony, up to {{convert|40|ft|m}} of debris were removed and the remaining earth compacted.<ref name="pandey-2021">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Alok |date=16 September 2021 |editor-last=Sanyal |editor-first=Anindita |title=First Glimpse of Ayodhya Temple Construction, Opening Before 2024 Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ram-temple-site-in-ayodhya-showcased-opening-before-lok-sabha-polls-2543113 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122052520/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ram-temple-site-in-ayodhya-showcased-opening-before-lok-sabha-polls-2543113 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=NDTV}}</ref> The foundation was made using [[roller-compacted concrete]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Construction of Ram Temple in Ayodhya caught in satellite images |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/construction-ayodhya-ram-temple-satellite-images-1821165-2021-06-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122052521/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/construction-ayodhya-ram-temple-satellite-images-1821165-2021-06-30 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> A total of 47–48 layers, with each layer {{convert|1|ft|m|adj=on}} high, were completed by mid-September 2021.<ref name="pandey-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Meenakshi |date=17 September 2021 |title=Ram Mandir foundation complete; granite from Karnataka, Mirzapur's sandstone to be used next |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-mandir-foundation-complete-see-images-101631854940761.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122052522/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-mandir-foundation-complete-see-images-101631854940761.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Due to electricity supply issues in [[Mirzapur]], the cutting of the sandstone was slowed down.<ref name="india today-2021" /> In early 2022, a video was released by the temple trust, showing the planned construction of the temple in 3D along with other related information.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Pawan |date=13 January 2022 |title=Trust launches YouTube channel, releases short movie on Ram temple construction |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/trust-launches-youtube-channel-releases-short-movie-on-ram-temple-construction-101642096502714.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126131237/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/trust-launches-youtube-channel-releases-short-movie-on-ram-temple-construction-101642096502714.html |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust releases short film on mandir construction |url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/shri-ram-janmabhoomi-teerth-kshetra-trust-releases-short-film-on-mandir-construction/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126131237/https://navjeevanexpress.com/shri-ram-janmabhoomi-teerth-kshetra-trust-releases-short-film-on-mandir-construction/ |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=Navjeevan Express}}</ref><ref name="mint-2022">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2022 |title=Ram Temple: Second phase of foundation expected to be completed by Jan end |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ram-temple-second-phase-of-foundation-expected-to-be-completed-by-jan-end-11642219352876.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126131234/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ram-temple-second-phase-of-foundation-expected-to-be-completed-by-jan-end-11642219352876.html |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

In January 2023, two 60-million-year-old [[Shaligram]] rocks, 26 tonnes and 14 tonnes respectively, were sent from the [[Gandaki River]] in [[Nepal]]. These rocks were used to carve the idol of ''Ram Lalla'' in the [[sanctum sanctorum]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rare rocks for Lord Ram idol to reach Ayodhya from Nepal on February 2 |work=IndiaTV News |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ram-temple-construction-rare-rocks-for-lord-ram-idol-to-reach-ayodhya-from-nepal-on-february-2-latest-updates-2023-01-28-842996 |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128164449/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ram-temple-construction-rare-rocks-for-lord-ram-idol-to-reach-ayodhya-from-nepal-on-february-2-latest-updates-2023-01-28-842996 |archive-date=28 January 2023}}</ref> In August 2023, according to the [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]] Trust, 70% of the groundwork was completed and 40% of the roof work was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Ayodhya's Ram Mandir Takes Shape: Here's First Look of 'Garbha Griha' | See Pics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/ayodhyas-ram-mandir-takes-shape-heres-first-look-of-garbha-griha-see-pics-article-100292909 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521102451/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/ayodhyas-ram-mandir-takes-shape-heres-first-look-of-garbha-griha-see-pics-article-100292909 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref> In December 2023, the entire base, along with the six smaller temples that surround the main temple, which consists of the sanctum sanctorum, were almost completed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chakraborty|first=Prateek|title=Ayodhya Ram temple's sanctum sanctorum nearly ready. See pics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-temple-construction-update-sanctum-sanctorum-consecration-ceremony-2474062-2023-12-09|work=India Today|date=9 December 2023|access-date=31 December 2023|language=en|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226121728/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-temple-construction-update-sanctum-sanctorum-consecration-ceremony-2474062-2023-12-09|url-status=live}}</ref> For its consecration, only the ground floor was opened.<ref name="pandey-2024">{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Geeta|title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: India PM Modi inaugurates Hindu temple on razed Babri mosque site|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68003095|publisher=BBC News|date=22 January 2024|access-date=22 January 2024|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122144228/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68003095|url-status=live}}</ref> The temple is expected to be completed by July 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-04 |title="Construction of Shikhar has started": Nripendra Mishra on Ram Janmabhoomi construction |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/construction-of-shikhar-has-started-nripendra-mishra-on-ram-janmabhoomi-construction/articleshow/113933339.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Consecration ==
[[File:Glimpses of Pran Pratishtha ceremony of Shree Ram Janmaboomi Temple in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on January 22, 2024.jpg|thumb|Devotees and visitors celebrating the ''[[Prana Pratishtha]]'' ceremony outside the temple on 22 January 2024]]On 22 June 2023, Temple Construction Committee chairman [[Nripendra Misra]] announced that the ground floor of the three-story temple was complete and was expected to open for the devotees in January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tak|first1=Yashavi|title=Ayodhya: Construction Committee Announces To Open Ram Temple By 24 January 2024|url=https://news24online.com/india/ayodhya-construction-committee-announces-to-open-ram-temple-by-24-january-2024-yas/144989/|access-date=22 January 2024|publisher=News 24|date=22 June 2023|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122233000/https://news24online.com/india/ayodhya-construction-committee-announces-to-open-ram-temple-by-24-january-2024-yas/144989/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ram Mandir Teerth Kshetra Trust announced that Hindu astrologers had selected 22 January 2024 as the auspicious date for the consecration ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Mandir consecration: Why was 22 January 2024 picked as date for ceremony|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/ram-temple-consecration-why-has-22-january-2024-been-picked-as-the-date-for-the-ceremony-678233|access-date=22 January 2024|website=WION|date=9 January 2024 |language=en|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122233727/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/ram-temple-consecration-why-has-22-january-2024-been-picked-as-the-date-for-the-ceremony-678233|url-status=live}}</ref>

In preparation for the ''[[Prana Pratishtha]]'' (consecration) ceremony, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] earmarked {{INRconvert|100|c}} for 'Ramotsav', a series of religious events that spanned 826 local bodies across [[Uttar Pradesh]] along with the ''Ram Paduka'' Yatra, commencing in December 2023 and culminating in the grand celebrations from [[Makar Sankranti]] on 16 January 2024, and lasting until the inauguration of the Ram Mandir on 22 January. The yatra followed the ''Ram Van Gaman'' Path, retracing Rama's 14-year exile from [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |title=₹100 cr for Ramotsav: Mega events in run-up to Ram temple inauguration |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/rs-100-cr-for-ramotsav-mega-events-in-run-up-to-ram-temple-inauguration-101701372006307.html |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202064404/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/rs-100-cr-for-ramotsav-mega-events-in-run-up-to-ram-temple-inauguration-101701372006307.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The trust, the Government of Uttar Pradesh, and Ayodhya city administrators carried out extensive preparations to accommodate the influx of devotees and invited guests from all over the world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 January 2024|title=Ayodhya Ram mandir inauguration 2 days away, here's all you need to know about the temple, the preparations|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-inauguration-2-days-away-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-temple-the-preparations-9118836/|access-date=23 January 2024|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123000814/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-inauguration-2-days-away-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-temple-the-preparations-9118836/|url-status=live}}</ref> Strict security measures were enacted in and around the temple premises.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2024|title=3-layered security cordon to guard Ayodhya temple|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-layered-security-cordon-to-guard-ayodhya-temple/articleshow/107000860.cms|access-date=20 January 2024|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120000616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-layered-security-cordon-to-guard-ayodhya-temple/articleshow/107000860.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Government of Uttar Pradesh announced public holiday to mark the occasion. The [[Government of India]] and some state governments declared a half day holiday.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2024|title=Ram Mandir Inauguration: These states have declared a holiday on Jan 22, check full list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ram-mandir-inauguration-list-of-states-declaring-holiday-on-jan-22/articleshow/106950979.cms|access-date=20 January 2024|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119230743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ram-mandir-inauguration-list-of-states-declaring-holiday-on-jan-22/articleshow/106950979.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was invited to perform the [[Prana Pratishtha]] of the newly made idol in the sanctum sanctorum.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parashar|first1=Devendra|last2=Sharma|first2=Sheenu|title=Uttar Pradesh: Ram Temple Trust invites PM Modi to install Lord Ram idol in Ayodhya on Jan 22, 2024|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-pm-modi-to-install-lord-ram-idol-ayodhya-22-january-2024-ram-janmbhoomi-trust-invitation-champat-rai-latest-updates-2023-10-25-899614|access-date=22 January 2024|publisher=India TV|date=26 October 2023|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103142302/https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-pm-modi-to-install-lord-ram-idol-ayodhya-22-january-2024-ram-janmbhoomi-trust-invitation-champat-rai-latest-updates-2023-10-25-899614|url-status=live}}</ref> In preparation, he undertook an 11-day fast, consuming only coconut water and fruit and sleeping on the ground at night.<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi Breaks His 11-Day Fast After 'Pran Pratishtha' Ceremony at Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Temple in Ayodhya|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/pm-modi-breaks-his-11-day-fast-after-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-at-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-temple-in-a517|website=Lokmat Times|access-date=22 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123050117/https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/pm-modi-breaks-his-11-day-fast-after-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-at-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-temple-in-a517|url-status=live}}</ref> He performed the consecration ceremony on 22 January 2024 from 12:15 PM to 12:45PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Mahima|date=22 January 2024|title=Ram Mandir Pran Pratishtha Puja Time and Abhijeet Muhurat on January 22, 2024: Know its details|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/religious-places/ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-puja-time-and-abhijeet-muhurat-on-january-22-2024-know-its-details/articleshow/107041925.cms|access-date=22 January 2024|website=The Times of India|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122050649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/religious-places/ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-puja-time-and-abhijeet-muhurat-on-january-22-2024-know-its-details/articleshow/107041925.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Prime Minister Modi urged every Indian to light up ''[[Diya (lamp)|diyas]]'' to mark the occasion and celebrate it like [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2023|title=Celebrate Diwali across country on January 22, on the day of Ram temple ceremony: PM Modi at Ayodhya|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/celebrate-diwali-january-22-ram-temple-ceremony-pm-modi-ayodhya-9088953/|access-date=20 January 2024|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120065221/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/celebrate-diwali-january-22-ram-temple-ceremony-pm-modi-ayodhya-9088953/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Prime Minister Modi at Pran Pratishtha.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Modi during Prana Pratishtha]]The guests were addressed by [[Yogi Adityanath|Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath]], [[Mohan Bhagwat|RSS Chief Mohan Bhagwat]] and Prime Minister Modi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-address-at-the-pran-pratishtha-of-shree-ram-lalla-at-ayodhya-ji/?tag_term=pmspeech&comment=disable |title=PM's address at the Pran-Pratishtha of Shree Ram Lalla at Ayodhya ji |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412092740/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-address-at-the-pran-pratishtha-of-shree-ram-lalla-at-ayodhya-ji/?tag_term=pmspeech&comment=disable |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/16-themes-from-pm-modis-ayodhya-speech-from-forgiveness-to-the-dawn-of-a-new-era/articleshow/107057789.cms|title=From forgiveness to dawn of new era: 16 themes from PM Modi's Ayodhya speech|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 January 2024|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=6 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206031346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/16-themes-from-pm-modis-ayodhya-speech-from-forgiveness-to-the-dawn-of-a-new-era/articleshow/107057789.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Modi also spoke of [[Rama]] as a symbol of righteousness and unity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-pm-modi-said-lord-ram-not-a-problem-but-10-top-quotes-from-speech-11705917547618.html|title=Lord Ram is 'not a problem but...': 10 things PM Modi said in Ayodhya today|date=22 January 2024|website=mint|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=3 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203192929/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-pm-modi-said-lord-ram-not-a-problem-but-10-top-quotes-from-speech-11705917547618.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

While [[Yogi Adityanath|Yogi Adityanath's]] address was steeped in religious fervor, celebrating the Ram Mandir as a victory for faith and perseverance. He praised the devotion of millions who contributed to the temple's construction and acknowledged the divine blessings that guided the process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-pran-pratistha-ram-temple-yogi-adityanath-in-yogi-adityanaths-ram-temple-speech-a-veiled-swipe-at-mulayam-yadav-4910287|title=In Yogi Adityanath's Ram Temple Speech, A Veiled Swipe At Mulayam Yadav|website=NDTV|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=3 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203192218/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-pran-pratistha-ram-temple-yogi-adityanath-in-yogi-adityanaths-ram-temple-speech-a-veiled-swipe-at-mulayam-yadav-4910287|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/mandir-wahin-bana-hai-yogi-adityanath-after-conclusion-of-pran-pratishtha-in-ayodhya-full-speech-article-107049147|title='Mandir Wahin Bana Hai...': Yogi Adityanath After Conclusion Of 'Pran Pratishtha'|date=22 January 2024|website=TimesNow|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=27 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127162631/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/mandir-wahin-bana-hai-yogi-adityanath-after-conclusion-of-pran-pratishtha-in-ayodhya-full-speech-article-107049147|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Mohan Bhagwat]] spoke of the Ram Mandir as a symbol of national pride, marking the revival of India's cultural heritage. He emphasised the importance of preserving ancient traditions and values in a rapidly modernising world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shun-disputes-stay-united-as-ram-rajya-coming-says-rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat/article67765226.ece|title=Stop fighting over petty issues and stay united, says RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat|first=Ishita|last=Mishra|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 January 2024|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=27 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127162631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shun-disputes-stay-united-as-ram-rajya-coming-says-rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat/article67765226.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The guest list also included prominent industrialists, scientists, actors, army officers, spiritual leaders and [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India#Padma awards|Padma awardees]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2023 |title=PM Modi invited to install Lord Ram's idol at Ayodhya temple on January 22 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-invited-to-install-lord-rams-idol-at-ayodhya-temple-on-january-22-11698246179120.html |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=Mint |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210062714/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-invited-to-install-lord-rams-idol-at-ayodhya-temple-on-january-22-11698246179120.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/7000-prominent-personalities-in-guest-list-for-inauguration-of-ram-temple-1503247665.html|title=Gautam Adani, Virat Kohli among 7,000 prominent personalities in guest list for inauguration of Ram temple|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=7 December 2023|access-date=10 December 2023|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210062714/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/7000-prominent-personalities-in-guest-list-for-inauguration-of-ram-temple-1503247665.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The event was organised by [[Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 January 2024|title=Ram temple chief priest's strong reaction after Ram Lalla idol photo leaked online: 'Should be investigated'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-temple-chief-priest-acharya-satyendra-das-strong-reaction-after-ram-lalla-idol-photo-leaked-online-101705724806402.html|access-date=20 January 2024|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120064559/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-temple-chief-priest-acharya-satyendra-das-strong-reaction-after-ram-lalla-idol-photo-leaked-online-101705724806402.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

None of the four [[Shankaracharya]]s of the four cardinal [[mathas]], citing various reasons, took part in the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sringeri pontiff denies displeasure over Ayodhya Ram's consecration, calls it 'false propaganda' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/01/12/sringeri-pontiff-denies-displeasure-over-ayodhya-rams-consecration-calls-it-false-propaganda.html |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113132507/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/01/12/sringeri-pontiff-denies-displeasure-over-ayodhya-rams-consecration-calls-it-false-propaganda.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dash |first1=Nivedita |date=12 January 2024 |title=Sringeri, Dwarka Peeth request people to disregard 'false propaganda' about Ram Temple 'Pran Pratishtha' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/sringeri-dwarka-peeth-request-people-to-disregard-false-propaganda-about-ram-temple-pran-pratishtha-updates-2024-01-12-911486 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=India TV News |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112074334/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/sringeri-dwarka-peeth-request-people-to-disregard-false-propaganda-about-ram-temple-pran-pratishtha-updates-2024-01-12-911486 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goudar |first=Mahesh M. |date=11 January 2024 |title=Sringeri Shankaracharya won't attend Ram Mandir consecration in Ayodhya. Here's why |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/sringeri-shankaracharya-wont-attend-ram-mandir-consecration-in-ayodhya-heres-why/ |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=The South First |language=en-GB |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113132507/https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/sringeri-shankaracharya-wont-attend-ram-mandir-consecration-in-ayodhya-heres-why/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] issued a denial that its head seer [[Bharathi Tirtha]] had expressed some displeasure and called the ceremony a "matter of joy" for all Hindu believers.<ref>{{cite news|editor=ANI|date=12 January 2024|title=Sringeri mutt requests people to disregard "false propaganda" about pran-pratishtha at Ram Temple|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/sringeri-mutt-requests-people-to-disregard-false-propaganda-about-pran-pratishtha-at-ram-temple20240112110536/#:~:text=New%20Delhi%20%5BIndia%5D%2C%20January,published%20by%20the%20official%20website.|work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113143407/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/sringeri-mutt-requests-people-to-disregard-false-propaganda-about-pran-pratishtha-at-ram-temple20240112110536/#:~:text=New%20Delhi%20%5BIndia%5D%2C%20January,published%20by%20the%20official%20website.|url-status=live}}</ref> Tirtha blessed the event and sent an administrative officer, Gowrishankar as representative of the matha.<ref>{{cite news|editor=Karthik K K|date=20 January 2024|title=From a stringent 'Sathvik' diet to a serious eye injury, Ram Lalla idol sculptor braved all odds|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/20/from-a-stringent-sathvik-diet-to-a-serious-eye-injury-ram-lalla-idol-suclptor-braved-all-odds|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204201648/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/20/from-a-stringent-sathvik-diet-to-a-serious-eye-injury-ram-lalla-idol-suclptor-braved-all-odds|url-status=live}}</ref> The head seer of [[Govardhan Math]], [[Nischalananda Saraswati]] said that the ceremony deviated from established tradition.<ref>{{cite news|editor=ANI|date=15 January 2024|title="This is not about ego...": Puri Shankaracharya Swami Nischalanand clarifies decision to skip Ram Mandir inauguration|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/this-is-not-about-ego-puri-shankaracharya-swami-nischalanand-clarifies-decision-to-skip-ram-mandir-inauguration-101705289498980.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204201648/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/this-is-not-about-ego-puri-shankaracharya-swami-nischalanand-clarifies-decision-to-skip-ram-mandir-inauguration-101705289498980.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The head seer of [[Jyotir Math]], Swami Avimukteshwaranand has stated that the ceremony is against Hindu [[sastra]]s as the temple is still under construction.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 January 2024|title='Temple construction incomplete': All four shankaracharyas to skip Ayodhya Ram Mandir inauguration ceremony|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/temple-construction-incomplete-all-four-shankaracharyas-to-skip-ayodhya-ram-mandir-inauguration-ceremony-412826-2024-01-11|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204201648/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/temple-construction-incomplete-all-four-shankaracharyas-to-skip-ayodhya-ram-mandir-inauguration-ceremony-412826-2024-01-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|editor=ANI|date=22 January 2024|title="Hindus' self-respect has awakened under PM Modi...": Shankaracharya Avimukteshwaranand|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/hindus-self-respect-has-awakened-under-pm-modi-shankaracharya-avimukteshwaranand/articleshow/107034407.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204201648/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/hindus-self-respect-has-awakened-under-pm-modi-shankaracharya-avimukteshwaranand/articleshow/107034407.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The head seer of the [[Dwarka Sharada Peetham]], Swami Sadanand Saraswati welcomed the ceremony as a "long-awaited moment".<ref>{{cite news|last=Srivastava|first=Nisha|date=20 January 2024|title=Shankaracharya Swami Sadanand Saraswati says "Pran Pratishtha ceremony' long awaited moment"|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/shankaracharya-swami-sadanand-saraswati-says-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-long-awaited-moment/|work=The Daily Guardian|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204201649/https://thedailyguardian.com/shankaracharya-swami-sadanand-saraswati-says-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-long-awaited-moment/|url-status=live}}</ref> He said that none of the four Shankaracharyas were angry and that it was not appropriate for them to attend given, the massive crowd expected.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mitra|first=Hritika|date=15 January 2024|title=None of the Shankaracharyas are angry: Sharda Peeth's Swami Sadanand Saraswati on Consecration ceremony|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/sharda-peeth-shankaracharya-swami-sadanand-saraswati-befitting-reply-to-opposition-latest-updates-2024-01-15-911997|work=The Economic Times|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204201649/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/sharda-peeth-shankaracharya-swami-sadanand-saraswati-befitting-reply-to-opposition-latest-updates-2024-01-15-911997|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 25 November 2025, the temple construction was formally completed with an event called [[Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan|''Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan'']] marked by hoisting of the saffron flag, ''Dharma Dhwaja'', atop the temple by PM Modi.<ref name ="TOI-Nov-25">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=PM Modi Ayodhya Ram Temple Flag Hoisting Live: PM Narendra Modi hoists sacred flag at Ayodhya's Ram Temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ayodhya-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-temple-saffron-flag-hoisting-live-updates-pm-narendra-modi-vivah-panchami/liveblog/125553524.cms |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The ceremony took place on the auspicious day of Vivah Panchami, with the flag, featuring the Sun, ‘Om’, and the Kovidara tree.<ref name ="TOI-Nov-25"/> The dignitaries at the event included RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat, Governor Anandiben Patel, and Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath.<ref name ="TOI-Nov-25"/>

== Impact and associated activities ==
[[File:Ram Temple miniature not to scale replica Diwali New Delhi 3.jpg|thumb|A {{convert|32|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip}} model of Ram Mandir displayed during [[Diwali]] of 2020 at Pacific Mall in [[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2020 |title=Delhi's Pacific Mall installs 32-foot-tall replica of Ayodhya's Ram temple ahead of Diwali |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-s-pacific-mall-installs-32-foot-tall-replica-of-ayodhya-s-ram-temple-ahead-of-diwali-1734891-2020-10-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093017/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-s-pacific-mall-installs-32-foot-tall-replica-of-ayodhya-s-ram-temple-ahead-of-diwali-1734891-2020-10-25 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2020 |title=With replica of Ayodhya's Ram Temple, West Delhi's Pacific Mall mall showcases faith |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/oct/24/with-replica-of-ayodhyas-ram-temple-west-delhispacific-mall-mall-showcases-faith-2214428.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111142231/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/oct/24/with-replica-of-ayodhyas-ram-temple-west-delhispacific-mall-mall-showcases-faith-2214428.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>]]

The temple construction has been accompanied by a $10 billion transformation plan for [[Ayodhya]],{{Efn|name=CIVNOT}} "encompassing a new airport, revamped railway station, and township development", fostering multiple hotel development projects and stimulating various economic activities.<ref name="ayodhya-2024">{{Cite news |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/ayodhyas-over-10bn-revamp-could-generate-around-3bn-in-tax-revenue-for-up-682522 |title=Ayodhya's over $10 billion revamp could generate around $3bn in tax revenue for UP |date=22 January 2024 |publisher=WION |access-date=31 March 2024 |quote="$10 billion transformation plan, encompassing a new airport, revamped railway station, township development" |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404090713/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/ayodhyas-over-10bn-revamp-could-generate-around-3bn-in-tax-revenue-for-up-682522 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|editor=ANI|date=17 December 2023|title=Uttar Pradesh becomes second-largest economy in India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uttar-pradesh-becomes-second-largest-economy-in-india/articleshow/106067291.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224161905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uttar-pradesh-becomes-second-largest-economy-in-india/articleshow/106067291.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> As Hindu devotees all over the world throng to have a [[Darshan (Indian religions)|''darśana'']] (auspicious viewing) of this deity, the subsequent economic impact has been estimated to further enrich the state by the end of the year 2024 by four trillion Indian rupees (equivalent to 48 billion US dollars).<ref>{{cite news|editor=TNN|date=24 January 2024|title=Ayodhya Ram Temple opening to make UP richer by Rs 4 lakh crore: SBI research|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/temple-opening-to-make-up-richer-by-4l-cr-sbi-research/articleshow/107098469.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215000945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/temple-opening-to-make-up-richer-by-4l-cr-sbi-research/articleshow/107098469.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Given its religious significance among Hindus, it is estimated that with 50 million annual visitors, Ayodhya's Ram temple is likely to become the most visited [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|Hindu pilgrimage site in India]].<ref>{{cite news|editor=TOI|date=5 March 2024|title=Ayodhya's Spiritual Soar: Set to surpass Mecca and Vatican as a global pilgrimage hub|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/ayodhyas-spiritual-soar-set-to-surpass-mecca-and-vatican-as-a-global-pilgrimage-hub/videoshow/107179566.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=28 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128103643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/ayodhyas-spiritual-soar-set-to-surpass-mecca-and-vatican-as-a-global-pilgrimage-hub/videoshow/107179566.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After the opening of the Ram Temple to public on 23 January 2024, Ayodhya has welcomed 2.4 million visitors in just 12 days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ministry/ayodhya-records-2-4-mn-visitors-in-12-days-govt-eyeing-historic-site-development-schemes-modi/107427042 |title=In the last 12 days following the Pran Pratishtha of the Ram Temple, Ayodhya has welcomed 2.4 million visitors |date=5 February 2024 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404100715/https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ministry/ayodhya-records-2-4-mn-visitors-in-12-days-govt-eyeing-historic-site-development-schemes-modi/107427042 |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on the current visitor numbers, the Ayodhya's Ram temple is projected to become one of the most visited pilgrimage sites in the world, surpassing [[Mecca]] and the [[Vatican City|Vatican]].<ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2024|title=Ayodhya's Spiritual Soar: Set to surpass Mecca and Vatican as a global pilgrimage hub|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/culture/ayodhya-ram-temple-50-million-visitors-expected-each-year-surpassing-tirupati-mecca-and-vatican-18880731.htm|publisher=[[CNBC TV18]]|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=27 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127093052/https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/culture/ayodhya-ram-temple-50-million-visitors-expected-each-year-surpassing-tirupati-mecca-and-vatican-18880731.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Given the temple rush by devotees from all parts of India, it was estimated that spiritual tourism at Ayodhya has potential to create thousands of jobs as more manpower is required to cater the needs of the Ram mandir visitors and also attract huge investments.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Rica|last2=Philip|first2=Lijee|date=17 January 2024|title=As Ram Mandir opens doors, jobs come rushing into Ayodhya|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/hr-policies-trends/as-ram-mandir-opens-doors-jobs-come-rushing-into-ayodhya/articleshow/106907127.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=27 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127032436/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/hr-policies-trends/as-ram-mandir-opens-doors-jobs-come-rushing-into-ayodhya/articleshow/106907127.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|editor=Tiasa Bhowal|date=17 January 2024|title=Ram Mandir open, travel industry pumps in billions to get Ayodhya ready for a billion|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/ram-mandir-travel-industry-gets-ayodhya-ready-for-billions-2492668-2024-01-25|work=India Today|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316172446/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/ram-mandir-travel-industry-gets-ayodhya-ready-for-billions-2492668-2024-01-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 17, 2024, the first [[Ram Navami]] (Ram's birth) festival after the consecration of the Ram Temple was celebrated by thousands of devotees.<ref name = IE18Apr>{{cite news|date=18 April 2024|title=Ayodhya Temple On Ram Navami, 'Surya Tilak' shines on Ram Lalla|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ayodhya-temple-on-ram-navami-surya-tilak-shines-on-ram-lalla-9276650/|work=Indian Express|access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref> On this occasion, the ''Ram Temple'' witnessed a unique event at noon as the forehead of the Ram Lalla idol was anointed with a ray of sunlight, known as ''[[Surya Tilak|Sūrya Tilaka]]'' ({{Translation|Sun [[tilak]]}}).<ref name=NDTV18Apr>{{cite news|date=17 April 2024|title=The Science Behind 'Surya Tilak' Ceremony At Ayodhya's Ram Temple|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-science-behind-surya-tilak-ceremony-at-ayodhyas-ram-temple-5460250 | work=NDTV|access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref> As the sun rays illuminated the forehead of the Lord ''Ram Lalla'' idol, scores of devotees celebrated the event.<ref name = IE18Apr/> The development of the ''Sūrya Tilaka'' mechanism involved collaboration between scientists from ''[[Central Building Research Institute]] (CBRI)'', Roorkee, and the ''[[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] (IIAP)'', Bangalore, who devised a sophisticated apparatus consisting of mirrors and lenses to direct a beam of light to the deity's forehead, marking a significant scientific feat.<ref name=NDTV18Apr/><ref name = IE18Apr/>

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Uttar Pradesh tableau on Rajpath at the 72nd Republic Day.jpg|thumb|[[Uttar Pradesh]] tableau in the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] of 2021|250x250px]]

During the 2021 [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] on [[Rajpath]], Uttar Pradesh's tableau showcased a replica of the Ram Mandir.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayodhya on Rajpath: UP's Republic Day tableau showcases replica of Ram temple |date=26 January 2021 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ayodhya-on-rajpath-ups-republic-day-tableau-showcases-replica-of-ram-temple-2337866.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130170622/https://zeenews.india.com/india/ayodhya-on-rajpath-ups-republic-day-tableau-showcases-replica-of-ram-temple-2337866.html |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=Zee News}}</ref> In October 2023, [[Durga Puja]] celebrations in [[Santosh Mitra Square|Santosh Mitra Square, Kolkata]] exhibited a replica of Ram Mandir, along with other notable buildings around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why the 'Ayodhya Ram Temple' Pandal Cannot be a Centrepiece of Kolkata's Durga Puja |work=The Wire |date=21 October 2023 |department=Opinion |first=Partho Sarothi |last=Ray |url=https://thewire.in/article/communalism/ayodhya-ram-temple-durga-puja-kolkata |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117181320/https://thewire.in/communalism/ayodhya-ram-temple-durga-puja-kolkata |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pictures: Ram Mandir-Themed Durga Puja Pandal In Kolkata Draws Massive Crowd |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/in-pictures-ram-mandir-themed-durga-puja-pandal-in-kolkata-draws-massive-crowd-photos-326395 |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=Outlook India |date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117152301/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/in-pictures-ram-mandir-themed-durga-puja-pandal-in-kolkata-draws-massive-crowd-photos-326395 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Slogans ===
{{Anchor|Mandir wahi banayenge}}{{Transliteration|hi|ISO|Maṁdira vahīṁ banāēm̐gē}} ({{Translation|The temple will be built exactly there}}) is an expression in [[Hindi]], and has become one of the most popular slogans concerning the [[Ram Janmabhoomi movement]] and the Ram Mandir. It has been used as early as 1985–86, was popularised in the 1990s, and has several variations.<ref name="verma-2020">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Nalin |date=4 August 2020 |title='Mandir Wahin Banayenge' Said L.K. Advani 30 Years Ago, But Will Stay Home on August 5 |url=https://thewire.in/politics/lk-advani-ayodhya-bhoomi-pujan-ram-mandir-temple-rath-yatra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120064018/https://thewire.in/politics/lk-advani-ayodhya-bhoomi-pujan-ram-mandir-temple-rath-yatra |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name="hemanth-2019">{{Cite web |last=Hemanth |first=S. A. |date=10 November 2019 |title='Slogans we shouted in '85 have come true today' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/101119/slogans-we-shouted-in-85-have-come-true-today.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206144455/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/101119/slogans-we-shouted-in-85-have-come-true-today.html |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

It has been a symbol of hope and it has become a part of festivities, and has also become a part of stand-up comedy, jokes and memes.<ref name="kundu-2020">{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Swapnajit |date=5 August 2020 |title=How 'Mandir Wahin Banega' gained prominence |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/how-mandir-wahin-banega-gained-prominence-869715.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520213330/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/how-mandir-wahin-banega-gained-prominence-869715.html |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Khilnani |first=Rohit |title=Comedian Vir Das On Cracking Jokes On Demonetisation, Ram Temple Issue |website=NDTV |date=7 February 2020 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/entertainment/news/comedian-vir-das-on-cracking-jokes-on-demonetisation-ram-temple-issue-540093 |language=hi |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224054332/https://www.ndtv.com/video/entertainment/news/comedian-vir-das-on-cracking-jokes-on-demonetisation-ram-temple-issue-540093 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the slogan was used in the [[Parliament of India]],<ref name="kundu-2020" /> and it has also been used by media houses.<ref name="newslaundry-2019">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2019 |title='Sir Ram': A look at how some Hindi and English newspapers covered the #AyodhyaVerdict |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/11/10/sir-ram-a-look-at-how-some-hindi-and-english-newspapers-covered-the-ayodhyaverdict |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206201650/https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/11/10/sir-ram-a-look-at-how-some-hindi-and-english-newspapers-covered-the-ayodhyaverdict |archive-date=6 February 2021 |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Revathi |date=4 August 2020 |title=ABP News all excited about Ram temple, India Today & NDTV 24x7 focus on J&K woes |url=https://theprint.in/plugged-in/abp-news-all-excited-about-ram-temple-india-today-ndtv-24x7-focus-on-jk-woes/474161/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208011150/https://theprint.in/plugged-in/abp-news-all-excited-about-ram-temple-india-today-ndtv-24x7-focus-on-jk-woes/474161/ |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The slogan has been used as a threat as well as a vow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sandipan |date=4 August 2020 |title=Mandir Wahin Banayenge: After 30 years, BJP's tryst with Hindutva destiny |url=https://thefederal.com/the-legend-of-ramjanmabhoomi/mandir-wahin-banayenge-after-30-years-bjps-tryst-with-hindutva-destiny/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128201927/https://thefederal.com/the-legend-of-ramjanmabhoomi/mandir-wahin-banayenge-after-30-years-bjps-tryst-with-hindutva-destiny/ |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref>

There are variations of the slogan such as one used by [[Lal Krishna Advani]]: "{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Saugaṁdha Rāma kī khātē haiṁ, hama maṁdira vahīṁ banāēm̐gē}}" ({{Translation|We take a vow of Rama that we will build the temple exactly there}}).<ref name="verma-2020" /> Other variations and adaptations include "{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Vahīṁ banēgā maṁdira}}" ({{Translation|A temple will be built there}}),<ref name="newslaundry-2019" /> "{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Jahām̐ Rāma kā janma huā thā, hama maṁdira vahīṁ banāēm̐gē}}" ({{Translation|The temple will be built where Rama was born}}),<ref name="hemanth-2019" /> "{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Rāmā Lallā hama āēm̐gē, maṁdira vahīṁ banāēm̐gē}}" ({{Translation|Ram Lalla, we will come, the temple will be built there, ''or'' Ram Lalla we will come to construct a [[Mandir]] exactly there}})<ref name="hemanth-2019" /> and "{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Pahalē maṁdira, phira sarakāra}}" ({{Translation|First the temple, then the government}}).<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2018 |title=Uddhav Wonders For How Long Will People be 'Fooled' With 'Mandir Wahi Banayenge' Slogan |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/uddhav-thackeray-wonders-for-how-long-will-people-be-fooled-with-mandir-wahi-banayenge-slogan-1947331.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207183809/https://www.news18.com/news/india/uddhav-thackeray-wonders-for-how-long-will-people-be-fooled-with-mandir-wahi-banayenge-slogan-1947331.html |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=News18 |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref>

=== Books ===
* ''The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya'' by [[Meenakshi Jain]], {{ISBN|9788173055799|8173055793}}
* ''Sunrise over Ayodhya: Nationhood in Our Times'' by [[Salman Khurshid]], {{ISBN|9789354923050|9354923054}}

=== Films ===

* ''[[Mission Ayodhya (film)|Mission Ayodhya]]'' directed by Sameer Ramesh Surve<ref>{{Cite web |title='मिशन अयोध्या' सिनेमाच्या पोस्टरची चर्चा, कलाकारांची नावं गुलदस्त्यात, प्रदर्शनाची तारिख मात्र जाहीर |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/mission-ayodhya-movie-release-date-out-know-more-details/articleshow/114846490.cms |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== See also==
* [[Shri Raghunath Mandir]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|Hindu pilgrimage sites of world]]
* [[List of Hindu festivals]]
* [[Rama Navami|Rama Navami festival]]
* [[Tourism in India]]
* [[Devashila Yatra]]
* [[Ramnam Bank]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|35em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book | last =Dumper | first =Michael | year =2020 | title =Power, Piety, and People: The Politics of Holy Cities in the Twenty-First Century | publisher =Columbia University Press}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Ram Mandir, Ayodhya}}

{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Architecture|Religion}}

[[Category:Ram Mandir, Ayodhya| ]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rama temples]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ayodhya]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures converted to a different religion]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures under construction in India]]

Siddhant Behl

2026-02-08T06:25:40Z

SidneyBecnel:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddhant Behl
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| yearsactive = 2016–present
}}

'''Siddhant Behl''' is an Indian actor, writer and theatre artist. He debuted in [[Bollywood]] as a lead actor with the 2016 film [[Jugni (2016 film)|Jugni]], starring [[Sugandha Garg]] and directed by Shefali Bhushan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/big-banner-debut-wouldve-been-phenomenal-siddhant-behl/|title=Big banner debut would've been phenomenal: Siddhant Behl|date=2016-01-23|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>

== Career ==
Behl started his career in theatre, which he believes helped him improve his skills. He was a part of the popular theatre group, Act One, based in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shefalibhushan.wordpress.com/2015/04/08/flirting-with-the-director/|title=Flirting with the director!|last=shefalibhushan|website=A film director's travels and travails|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref> Behl played the role of Mastana, a singer, in the film [[Jugni (2016 film)|Jugni]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/mastana-his-muse/188849.html|title=Mastana & his muse|last=Service|first=Tribune News|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Roles
|-
|2007
|[[Amal (2007 film)|Amal]]
|Harish Jayaram
|-
|2016
|[[Jugni (2016 film)|Jugni]]
|Mastana
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|Film|India}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2552761}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Behl, Siddhant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]

9K33 Osa

2026-02-07T02:35:23Z

SidneyBecnel: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Short description|Vehicle-launched surface-to-air missile system}}
{{Redirect|SA-8|the Apollo flight|A-104 (SA-8)|other uses|SA8 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = 9K33 Osa ([[NATO reporting name]]: SA-8 Gecko, SA-N-4 Gecko)
| image = File:ParkPatriot2015part8-28.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = 9A33BM3 [[Missile vehicle|transporter-launcher]] and radar vehicle of the upgraded 9K33M3 Osa-AKM.
| origin = Soviet Union
| type = 6×6 amphibious [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] system
| is_ranged =
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive =
| is_artillery =
| is_vehicle = yes
| is_missile =
| is_UK = yes
| service = 1971–present
| used_by = See list of [[#Operators|present and former operator]]
| wars = {{plainlist|
*[[Iran–Iraq War]]
*[[1982 Lebanon War]]
*[[Angolan Civil War]]
*[[Western Sahara War]]
*[[Gulf War]]
*[[Russo-Georgian War]]
*[[First Libyan Civil War]]
*[[Syrian Civil War]]
*[[2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani skirmishes]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Orbiter-3 downed in Artsakh hit with OSA AKM modernized in Armenia |url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2020/07/18/75099 |website=lragir.am |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref>
*[[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]]
*[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]{{sfn|Williams|2023|page=29}}
}}
[[2025 India-Pakistan conflict]]
| designer = [[NII-20]] Research Institute
| design_date = 1960–1972
| manufacturer = [[Znamya Truda Plant]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 1970–1988<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kupol.ru/company/history|title=Прочие с долевым участием|website=www.kupol.ru|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206054446/http://www.kupol.ru/company/history|archive-date=6 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
| number = 1,200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raspletin.ru/zenitnyy-raketnyy-kompleks-osa |title=Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Оса" |access-date=2012-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524022815/http://www.raspletin.ru/zenitnyy-raketnyy-kompleks-osa |archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref>
| variants = OSA-A, OSA-AK, OSA-AKM, OSA-M
| spec_label = OSA-AKM
| weight = 17.5 [[tonne]]s
| length = {{cvt|9.14|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| part_length =
| width = {{cvt|2.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height = {{cvt|4.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (radar mast stowed)
| diameter =
| crew = 5 soldiers
| armour =
| primary_armament = 6 9M33, 9M33M1, 9M33M2 or 9M33M3 missiles
| secondary_armament =
| engine = D20K300 diesel
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| transmission =
| payload_capacity =
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| clearance = {{cvt|400|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| wingspan =
| propellant =
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| vehicle_range = {{cvt|500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
| ceiling =
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| boost =
| speed = {{cvt|80|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} {{cvt|8|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} (swimming)
| guidance =
| steering =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform =
| transport =
}}

The '''9K33 ''Osa''''' ({{Langx|ru|9К33 «Оса»}}; English: "[[wasp]]"; [[NATO reporting name]] '''SA-8 ''Gecko''''') is a highly mobile, low-altitude, short-range tactical [[surface-to-air missile]] system developed in the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1960s and fielded in 1972. Its export version name is '''Romb'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html|title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011201653/http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Zestaw przeciwrakietowy Osa.JPG|thumb|left|Polish OSA-AKM.]]
The Osa was the first mobile air defense missile system incorporating its own engagement radars on a single vehicle.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

All versions of the 9K33 feature all-in-one '''9A33''' [[Transporter erector launcher and radar|transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR)]] vehicles which can detect, track and engage aircraft independently or with the aid of regimental surveillance [[radar]]s. The six-wheeled transport vehicles [[Bryansky Avtomobilny Zavod|BAZ]]-5937 are fully amphibious and air transportable. The road range is about 500&nbsp;km.

The 1S51M3-2 radar system of the 9K33 Osa [[TELAR]] received the [[NATO]] [[codename]] ''Land Roll''. It was derived from the naval 'Pop Group' radar system but is smaller as it does not require a stabilisation system. An improved system, the Osa-AKM ([[NATO reporting name]] SA-8B 'Gecko' Mod 1) was first seen in Germany in 1980. It had improvements to the launcher configuration, carrying six missiles in ribbed containers.

The system is reported to be of the frequency-agile monopulse type. It consists of an elliptical rotating surveillance antenna mounted on top of the array, operates in H band (6 to 8&nbsp;GHz) and has a 30&nbsp;km acquisition range against most targets. The large pulsed J band (14.5&nbsp;GHz) engagement antenna is mounted below it in the centre of the array and has a maximum tracking range of about 20&nbsp;km.

Mounted on either side of the tracking radar antenna is a small J band parabolic dish antenna to track the missile. Below it is a small circular antenna which emits an I band uplink capture beam to gather the missile shortly after launch. The final antennas in the array are two small white rectangular ones, one on either side of the array mounted alongside the I band, used for command uplink to the missile. The twin antenna system permits the 'Land Roll' radar to control up to two missiles simultaneously against a single target.

Two missiles can be guided on different frequencies to further complicate [[electronic countermeasure]]s (ECM). The 9Sh33 electro optical tracker is fitted to and above the tracking radar, used to track the target when the main tracking radar is jammed by ECM.

A 9K33 battery comprises four 9A33B TELAR vehicles and two '''9T217''' transloader vehicles on BAZ-5939 chassis with reload missiles and a crane. A reload time of five minutes has been reported per TELAR.

In addition to the TELARs, each regiment is assigned a '''9V914''' radar [[collimation]] vehicle (initially on the [[BAZ-5938]] chassis but more often found on the [[ZIL-131|ZiL-131]] truck) that assists in the alignment of the TELAR's radar systems, ensuring accurate target tracking and engagement.

==Variants==
[[File:SA-N-4.jpg|thumb|right|SA-N-4 launcher covered by a circular plate on the ''Slava''-class cruiser ''Marshal Ustinov''.]]
* '''9K33 "Osa"''' ([[United States Department of Defense|US DoD]] designation '''SA-8A "Gecko"''') began development in 1960 and was introduced in 1971–1972 with four exposed 9M33 missiles per '''9A33B''' TELAR and maximum range of {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
* '''4K33 "OSA-M"''' ([[NATO reporting name]] '''SA-N-4 "Gecko"''') was introduced in 1972 and is the naval version of the system with two 9M33M missiles on a ZIF-122 retractable rotating launcher and improved performance. It has been installed on {{sclass2|Gepard|frigate|1}}, [[Kara-class cruiser|Kara-class guided missile cruisers]], [[Kiev-class aircraft carrier|''Kiev''-class VTOL cruisers]] and also the ''Kirov'', ''Slava'' and Krivak classes.
* '''9K33M2 "Osa-AK"''' (US DoD designation '''SA-8B "Gecko Mod-0"''') with '''9A33BM2''' TELAR was introduced in 1975 with the new six-missile box launcher, each '''9M33M2''' missile being a [[sealed round]].
* '''9K33M3 "Osa-AKM"''' (US DoD designation '''SA-8B "Gecko Mod-1"''') with '''9A33BM3''' TELAR and '''9M33M3''' missiles was introduced in 1980 with the maximum range extended to {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} and maximum altitude to 12&nbsp;km (40,000&nbsp;ft) as explained above. Most OSA-AKM systems also feature an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] antenna.
* '''Saman''' and '''Saman-M''' (Russian Саман – ''adobe'') is a development of the Osa\Osa-M system into target drones, used for testing and training with [[air defense]] systems, including SAMs.
The 9K33M3 is also able{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} to use wire-guided missiles, presumably for use in an [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]]-heavy environment where radio command guidance may not operate properly.

==Missiles==
{{Infobox weapon
| name = 9M33
| image = Osa-AKM 9M33M3.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = 9M33M3 missile
| origin = Soviet Union
| type = [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| is_ranged =
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive =
| is_artillery =
| is_vehicle =
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = yes
| service = 1971–present
| used_by = See list of [[#Operators|present and former operator]]
| designer = MKB "Fakel"
| design_date = 1960–1972
| manufacturer = Znamya Truda Plant
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 1970–1988
| number =
| variants = 9M33, 9M33M1, 9M33M2, 9M33M3, 9A33BM3
| spec_label = 9K33M3<ref name="fas">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-8.htm |title=9K33M3 Osa-AKM |access-date=2008-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219014816/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-8.htm |archive-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=live }}.</ref>
| weight = {{cvt|170|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| length = {{cvt|3158|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter = {{cvt|209.6|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| crew = 
| filling = Frag-HE
| filling_weight = {{cvt|15|kg|lb|abbr=on}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|pages=144−145}}
| detonation = Contact and proximity
| yield = 
| armour =
| primary_armament =
| secondary_armament =
| engine =
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| transmission =
| payload_capacity =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| wingspan =
| propellant = Solid propellant rocket motor
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|15|km|mi}}
| ceiling =
| altitude = {{convert|12000|m|ft}}
| boost = 2 s boost, then 15 s sustain
| speed = 1020 m/s (Mach 2.9)
| guidance = RF [[Missile guidance#Command to line-of-sight|CLOS]]
| steering = [[dual-thrust]] rocket motor
| accuracy = 5 m
| launch_platform = 9P35M2
| transport =
}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}

Engagement range for early versions is approximately 2–9&nbsp;km (1.3–5.6 mi) with engagement altitudes of between 50 and 5,000 m (164–16,400&nbsp;ft). The '''9M33M2 "Osa-A"''' missile extends the ranges to 1.5–10&nbsp;km (1–6.2 mi) and engagement altitudes to 25–5,000 m (82–16,400&nbsp;ft). The '''9M33M3''' missile greatly enhances the altitude engagement envelope to 10–12,000 m (33–42,500&nbsp;ft), and are able to travel further (about 15&nbsp;km/9 mi). However, the system is unable to engage targets at longer ranges, due to other factors such as the limitations of the radar tracking of the missiles. The system is designed for use primarily against jet aircraft and helicopters in any weather.

The 9M33 missiles are 3.158&nbsp;m (10.3&nbsp;ft) long, weigh 126&nbsp;kg (278&nbsp;lb) and use [[command guidance]]. A backup low-light optical tracking system is available for heavy [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]] environments. The latest 9M33M3 missiles have an increased total weight of 170&nbsp;kg (375&nbsp;lb) in order to provide extended range coverage and larger warhead. Propulsion is provided by a [[dual-thrust]] [[solid fuel]] [[rocket motor]]. Both versions feature a missile speed of around [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.4 (peaking at around Mach 3) for a maximum target engagement speed of around Mach 1.4 for the original 9M33 missile and Mach 1.6 for the 9M33M2\M3 missiles. The [[warhead]] for 9M33/M2 versions weighs 19&nbsp;kg (42 lb), increased to 40&nbsp;kg (88&nbsp;lb) in the M3 version to improve performance against helicopters. All versions have impact and proximity fuzes.

Each TELAR is able to launch and guide two missiles against one target simultaneously. [[Kill probability]] is quoted as 0.35–0.85 for the Osa and 0.55–0.85 for the Osa-AK and Osa-AKM (presumably depending upon target aspect, speed, maneuverability and radar cross section). Reaction time (from target detection to launch) is around 26 seconds. Preparation time for engagements from transit is around 4 minutes and missile reloading takes around 5 minutes. Each battery of four TELARs is usually accompanied by two reload vehicles carrying 18 missiles in sets of three, with a crane mounted on the reload vehicles to assist in moving the missiles.

When launched, the booster motor burns for two seconds, permitting the radar to gather and control it at very short ranges (about 1.6&nbsp;km). The sustainer motor burns for 15 seconds, bringing the missile to a top speed of about Mach 2. Once launched, the missile is command-guided for the whole flight, and the warhead is detonated by its proximity fuze or possibly command. The warhead is said to have a lethal radius of 5 m at low altitude against an [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom II]] size target. {{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}

==Radars==
[[File:Longtrack.jpg|thumb|P-40 'Long Track' radar set]]
* '''1S51M3''' ("Land Roll") – [[C band (NATO)|C band]] target acquisition radar, [[H band (NATO)|H band]] conical scan target tracking radar and two [[J band (NATO)|J band]] pulse mode fire control radars (range 35&nbsp;km/22 mi for acquisition, 30&nbsp;km/19 mi for tracking and 25&nbsp;km/16 mi for guidance). Mounted on the TELAR.
* '''[[P-40 radar|P-40]]''' ("Long Track") – [[E band (NATO)|E band]] early warning radar (also used by [[2K11 Krug]] and [[2K12 Kub]], range 175&nbsp;km/108 mi), mounted on a tracked vehicle (a modified [[AT-T]]).
* '''[[P-15 radar|P-15]]''' ("Flat Face A") or '''[[P-19 radar|P-19]]''' ("Flat Face B") or '''P-15M(2)''' ("Squat Eye") – 380&nbsp;kW C band target acquisition radar (also used by the [[S-125 Neva/Pechora]] and 2K12 Kub, range 250&nbsp;km/155 mi), mounted on a ZiL-131 truck.
* '''PRV-9''' or '''PRV-16''' ("Thin Skin") – E band height finding radar (also used by 2K11 Krug and 2K12 Kub, range 240&nbsp;km/148 mi), mounted on a KrAZ-255B truck.

==Deployment and operational history==
Produced by the [[Soviet Union]]/[[Russia]], the system was exported to many countries, including [[Cuba]], [[Greece]] (from the former [[East Germany]]), [[Polish military|Poland]], [[Syria]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Iraq]].

During the [[1982 Lebanon war]] in which Syrian air defenses were obliterated by a massive air campaign against Syrian SAM sites in the Beqaa valley, the Syrians deployed Osas. An [[F-4 Phantom]] in a [[Supression of enemy air defenses|SEAD]] mission was shot down on 24 July 1982 by an Osa system. The [[Weapon systems officer|WSO]] (back seater), Aharon Katz was killed, while the pilot, Gil Fogel, survived and was held captive by the Syrians for two years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cs7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|title = The Sword of David: The Israeli Air Force at War|isbn = 978-1-78159-290-8|last1 = McCarthy|first1 = Don|date = 14 November 2013| publisher=Pen and Sword }}</ref>

In the late 1980s, Cuba deployed several 9K33 Osa units in southern Angola, which posed a significant threat to [[South African Air Force|South African]] [[Air supremacy|air superiority]] at shorter ranges.<ref>George, Edward in: ''The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991'', Frank Cass, London, New York, 2005, {{ISBN|0-415-35015-8}}, p. 236-237</ref> The South African [[61 Mechanised Battalion Group]] captured an intact 9K33 Osa anti-aircraft missile system on 3 October 1987 during the [[Battle of Cuito Cuanavale]]. This was the first time that such a system had fallen into possession of non-Warsaw Pact forces, giving Western intelligence agencies an opportunity to examine an important Soviet-bloc weapon system.<ref>Turton, A.R. 2010. ''Shaking Hands with Billy''. Durban: Just Done Publications.</ref>

Iraq fielded Osa systems during the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]]. The Soviets claimed that it was the most effective system alongside the [[ZSU-23-4 Shilka]] at shooting down [[Tomahawk (missile family)|Tomahawk cruise missile]]s, with several downings credited to hits from Osa weapons.{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=143}}

The system also saw use in the [[2008 Russo-Georgian War]] by both the Georgian and Russian militaries.

Libya deployed 9K33 Osa, with some destroyed during the [[Libyan civil war (2011)|2011 Libyan Civil War]] by NATO airstrikes.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/22/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T1 | work=CNN | title=U.S. aviators rescued; Gadhafi remains defiant | date=2011-08-24 | access-date=22 March 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324052912/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/22/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T1 | archive-date=24 March 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Syrian Civil War ===

In October 2012, fighters from insurgent faction [[Jaysh al-Islam|Liwa al-Islam]] (renamed Jaish al-Islam the following year) captured three operational 9K33 Osa mobile SAMs in Damascus' Eastern Ghouta. In the following years, at least six missiles were launched at helicopters from the Syrian Arab Air Force flying over the area: on the 29th of July 2013, a Mi-8/17 was apparently destroyed; a second launch, whose result is unclear, occurred at an unknown date in the following months; on 16th of January 2014, a Mi-17 was shot down; two days later, another missile missed its intended target; an undated video released in March 2014 by Jaysh al-Islam showed a 9M33 missile exploding in the proximity of a Mi-8/17. In October and December 2015, the Russian Ministry of Defence claimed its forces had destroyed Osa systems operated by the insurgents in the Eastern Ghouta. No further launch was reported until the 26th of June 2016, when a missile heavily damaged a Mi-25, forcing it to make an emergency landing at Damascus International Airport.<ref>https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2016/10/hide-and-seek-story-of-jaish-al-islams.html?m=1</ref> All of Jaysh al-Islam's Osa systems were likely retaken, or destroyed, upon the Syrian Arab Army's recapture of the Eastern Ghouta in April 2018.

=== Yemeni Civil War ===
On 29 November 2019, Russian sources speculated a Soviet-made 9K33 Osa fired by Houthi forces shot down a [[Saudi Arabian Army|Saudi Arabian Army Aviation]] [[AH-64 Apache]] in Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbs.news/homepage-infinite-scroll|title=Homepage – Infinite Scroll &#124; MBS News|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621071600/https://www.mbs.news/homepage-infinite-scroll/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/12/02/houthi-rebels-claim-to-have-shot-down-saudi-apache-gunship-and-wing-loong-uav-in-yemen/|title=Houthi Rebels Claim To Have Shot Down Saudi Apache Gunship And Wing Loong UAV in Yemen.|date=2 December 2019|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> Neither Yemen nor Iran had any 9K33 Osa in their armed forces, while known Houthi-operated systems are based on the Soviet-made [[2K12 Kub]] surface-to-air missile system which employs a two-stage rocket engine, and the air-to-air missiles [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]] and [[R-27 (air-to-air missile)|R-27T]] which both have a single-stage rocket engine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://debriefer.net/en/news-10890.html|title=Houthis reveal 2 new air defense systems|date=25 August 2019|website=debriefer.net|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

===2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict===
The [[Armenian Air Defense]] extensively employed 9K33 Osa missile systems during the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]]. During the opening days of the war, several videos released by the Azerbaijani military showed several Armenian 9K33 Osa and [[9K35 Strela-10]] vehicles destroyed by [[Bayraktar TB2]] armed drones,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2020/09/27/azerbaijan-destroyed-twelve-9k33-osa-short-range-anti-aircraft-systems-of-armenia/|title=Azerbaijan used TB2 drone to destroy twelve 9K33 Osa short-range anti-aircraft systems of Armenia|date=27 September 2020|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36777/everything-we-know-about-the-fighting-that-has-erupted-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan|title=Everything We Know About The Fighting That Has Erupted Between Armenia And Azerbaijan|first1=Joseph |last1=Trevithick |first2=Thomas|last2=Newdick|website=The Drive|date=28 September 2020 |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> with a number of them destroyed in the following weeks when found on the battlefield.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.az/news/span-classred-highlightazerbaijan-destroys-another-osa-anti-aircraft-missile-system-of-armenian-troops-videospan|title=Azerbaijan destroys another "Osa" anti-aircraft missile system of Armenian troops (Video)|website=News.az|date=30 October 2020|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> Twelve 9K33 Osa missile systems of Armenian Army were destroyed during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict by Azerbaijani Bayraktar TB2s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=GDC|date=2020-09-27|title=Azerbaijan used TB2 drone to destroy twelve 9K33 Osa short-range anti-aircraft systems of Armenia|url=https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2020/09/27/azerbaijan-destroyed-twelve-9k33-osa-short-range-anti-aircraft-systems-of-armenia/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Global Defense Corp|language=en-US}}</ref>
On 4 October 2020, an Azerbaijani Air force [[Sukhoi Su-25]] aircraft was shot down by Armenian forces, probably by a 9K33 Osa while targeting Armenian positions in Fuzuli. The pilot, [[Zaur Nudiraliyev|Colonel Zaur Nudiraliyev]], died in the crash. Azerbaijani officials acknowledged the loss in December 2020,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://azertag.az/xeber/Asir_dusmemek_uchun_Su_25_doyus_teyyaresini_dusmen_sengerine_chirpan_sehid_polkovnik_Zaur_Nudireliyev_VIDEO-1674563\?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=b725bc84f4fc754319b8dacfc045414edc673601-1609122188-0-Af6CScwG-QNosTP35mL1VMUuA7xk9QvwWdKwniRdhsj0hqHSI-z9WtEsk5QxtMmDPnQvQBn23SBFwp9f4NqwF-hyHYEaLAglzOU2Gr_RjGZjydtw6WtHPbAcgVz_pcw_zLlVsuSE_DWb-mo41BpwriVI7mMrb_PREjIajOg8FF1aegs2XKZCd66ACdppK7KGTch91GRTqNURlaKtUTfnNamGxdN3b8OrOlvGIiwgGgNPQCzbXvrxe87y2cYs0j4mMu7jh4JF2QMjyr-rxR7reUdLxJ4DGq6bwgCqam-ysIap8yhh0EDq0vgy2Uqp3U7waxo9ow1MlMR01-2UMAd-I0AjRAYtkxd5RLE_lOnd2Nm6VcB1caSuEys30U2npsEorZHbBWtrUOxYrr7j1AVYtuVMVm77ACEC9B9SEQSAqto5bTZ7D_MS0MLdVqM9ZCxw3kyePr3h0cou4cqF7ynJhPRoxTmNpGW-_qmgk4E5YVVrRl2gWAUHta7VPlyyYhkWtjeE21Ho1ZKhSZWVLyZFj2NWIFV0qlbn_iiSotKuIKWEj2Wj7kdxvJ5xzVFGfoDVLg|title=Əsir düşməmək üçün "Su-25" döyüş təyyarəsini düşmən səngərinə çırpan şəhid polkovnik Zaur Nudirəliyev VİDEO|date=27 December 2020|language=Azerbaijani}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/armenian-air-defenses-shot-down-azerbaijani-su-25-during-karabakh-conflict-pilot-was-killed-media/|title=Armenian air defenses shot down Azerbaijani Su-25 during Karabakh conflict, pilot was killed: media|work=Al-Masdar News|date=27 December 2020|access-date=16 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122065323/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/armenian-air-defenses-shot-down-azerbaijani-su-25-during-karabakh-conflict-pilot-was-killed-media/|url-status=dead}}</ref> with the 9K33 Osa vehicle possibly using passive detection and [[Shoot-and-scoot|shoot and scoot]] tactics to survive the Azerbaijani [[suppression of enemy air defenses|suppression of air defenses]] (SEAD) missions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/combat-missions-of-the-azerbaijani-air-force-in-the-second-karabakh-war|title = Combat missions of the Azerbaijani Air Force in the Second Karabakh War| date=27 December 2020 }}</ref>

===Russo-Ukrainian War===
[[File:Выдвижение автомобильной колонны снабжения ВС РФ в Харьковской обл. 004.png|thumb|Ukrainian 9K33 Osa launcher destroyed during the 2022 Russian invasion.]]
Both Russia and Ukraine have 9K33 Osa systems in their inventory.

On 30 March 2019, during the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]], the Ukrainian Joint Forces reported destruction of an Osa-AKM surface-to-air missile system along with a [[Zhitel]] [[R330Zh]] automatic jamming system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Escalation in Donbas: One Ukrainian soldier killed, four wounded amid 19 enemy attacks in past day |url=https://www.unian.info/war/10498560-escalation-in-donbas-one-ukrainian-soldier-killed-four-wounded-amid-19-enemy-attacks-in-past-day.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330190917/https://www.unian.info/war/10498560-escalation-in-donbas-one-ukrainian-soldier-killed-four-wounded-amid-19-enemy-attacks-in-past-day.html |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

Senior sources of the [[Ukrainian Air Force]] stated that some Osa and [[Buk missile system|Buk]] systems were destroyed by [[Kh-31#Variants|Kh-31P]] and [[Kh-58]] [[anti-radiation missiles]] during the early stages of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion in the spring of 2022]].{{sfn|Williams|2023|page=29}} Following the invasion, ''The Washington Post'' reported that the United States was sending additional Osa systems to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Youssef |first1=Nancy A. |last2=Gordon |first2=Michael R. |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} U.S. Sending Soviet Air Defense Systems It Secretly Acquired to Ukraine |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-sending-soviet-air-defense-systems-it-secretly-acquired-to-ukraine-11647878422 |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Poland has also provided Ukraine with an undisclosed number of systems in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Polish Osa-AK air defense systems spotted in Ukraine |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/polish-osa-ak-air-defense-systems-spotted-in-ukraine/ |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=Militarnyi |date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

In December 2024, it was revealed that all [[Ukrainian Ground Forces]] units operating the Osa received modified versions capable of firing the [[R-73 (missile)|R-73 air-to-air missile]] in response to the dwindling stocks of the 9M33 missile.<ref name="Newdick">{{cite news |last1=Newdick |first1=Thomas |title=Ukraine’s SA-8 Gecko ‘FrankenSAM’ Adapted To Fire Air-To-Air Missiles Seen In New Detail |url=https://www.twz.com/land/ukraines-sa-8-gecko-frankensam-adapted-to-fire-air-to-air-missiles-seen-in-new-detail |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=The War Zone |date=12 December 2024}}</ref>

As of 16 December 2025, 34 losses of 9K33s by Russia and 23 by Ukraine are documented with photos or video by the [[OSINT]] website ''[[Oryx (website)|Oryx]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Janovsky |first1=Jakub |last2=Naalsio |last3=Aloha |last4=Dan |last5=Kemal |last6=Alexander Black |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html |website=Oryx |access-date=14 December 2024 |date=24 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Janovsky |first1=Jakub |last2=naalsio26 |last3=Aloha |last4=Dan |last5=Kemal |last6=Alexander |first6=Black |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html |website=Oryx |access-date=14 December 2024 |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> ''The War Zone'' notes that the number of losses could be higher since ''Oryx'' only tabulates visually confirmed losses.<ref name="Newdick" />

=== 2025 India-Pakistan conflict ===
The Indian Army employed its Osa regiments as part of its Integrated Air Defence System during the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|2025 India-Pakistan Conflict]]. Footage shot by Asian News International after the conflict, shows that an Osa regiment scored a number of claimed kills against low-flying Pakistani drones, such as the Turkish made [[YIHA-III|Yiha-IIIs]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Asian News International |date=May 19, 2025 |title=Amritsar, Punjab: Indian Army shows a demo of how Indian Air Defence systems... |url=https://x.com/ANI/status/1924301968450937319}}</ref>

==Command post==
[[PPRU-1|PPRU-M1]] (PPRU-M1-2) is a mobile command center for a mixed grouping of air defense forces, including 9K33 Osa, and [[Tor missile system]], [[2K22 Tunguska]], [[9K35 Strela-10]] and [[9K38 Igla]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Зенитные ракетные системы и комплексы|url=http://www.almaz-antey.ru/catalogue/millitary_catalogue/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926124750/http://www.almaz-antey.ru/catalogue/millitary_catalogue|archive-date=26 September 2011|access-date=14 November 2014|language=ru}}</ref>

==Upgrades==
===Belarus===
[[File:Т38 «Стилет».JPG|thumb|T38 Stilet]]
* '''9K33-1T "Osa-1T"''' was developed by UE "Tetraedr" from Belarus. A SAM system comprises combat assets and technical support means, including:
** '''9А33-1Т''' TELAR or "Combat Vehicle", based on the original BAZ-5937 (or the new MZKT-69222) and equipped with a new day/night camera system OES-1T instead of the original day-only 9Sh33 or 9Sh38-2 "Karat";
** 9M33M2 or M3 SAMs, or the new '''9M33M3-1''' with a range of 20&nbsp;km;
** 9Т217-1T Transportation and Loading Vehicle (TLV);
** 9V210-1T Maintenance Vehicle (MV);
** 9V214-1T Alignment Vehicle (AV);
** 9V242-1T Automatic Mobile Check-up and Testing Station (AKIPS) and
** 9F16M2 Ground Equipment Kit (GEK).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tetraedr.com/en/production/production_war/detail.php?ID=10|title=933-1 SA-1 Short Range Air Defence System|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126145745/http://www.tetraedr.com/en/production/production_war/detail.php?ID=10|archive-date=26 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tetraedr.com/mupload/iblock/d52/d521887e3fe536d84c3440378450e0c0.pdf |title=Tetraedr reveals three contracts for Osa-1T |website=Janes |date=January 2009 |last=Gyürösi |first=Miroslav |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126145511/http://www.tetraedr.com/mupload/iblock/d52/d521887e3fe536d84c3440378450e0c0.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tetraedr.com/mupload/iblock/588/58800b30e603bcc2b990aa5091daa7a5.pdf |title=Osa-1T upgrade boosts combat capability |website=Janes |date=February 2006 |last=Gyürösi |first=Miroslav |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126145627/http://www.tetraedr.com/mupload/iblock/588/58800b30e603bcc2b990aa5091daa7a5.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''T38 "Stilet"''' is a further development of Osa-1T. Main components are the '''T381''' TELAR on [[MZKT-69222]] chassis and the new '''T382''' missile. Maximum range of targets' destruction 20&nbsp;km, minimal RCS of targets detected 0.02 m2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tetraedr.com/en/production/production_war/detail.php?ID=11|title=T38 STILET Short Range Air Defence System|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126145359/http://www.tetraedr.com/en/production/production_war/detail.php?ID=11|archive-date=26 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Poland===
* '''Osa-AKM-P1 "Żądło"''' (export name '''SA-8P Sting''') is a Polish upgrade of 9K33M2 "Osa-AK" and 9K33M3 "Osa-AKM". Probably 32 of the 64 systems purchased from the Soviet Union have been upgraded. An upgraded '''9A33BM3-P1''' TELAR was displayed at the MSPO 2004 exhibition in Kielce, Poland. The upgraded vehicle is fitted with the SIC 12/TA passive detection and identification system as well as the ISZ-01 IFF system.<ref name="articles.janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Missiles-And-Rockets-2004/Poland-gives-the-SA-8-a-sharper-sting.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126201634/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Missiles-And-Rockets-2004/Poland-gives-the-SA-8-a-sharper-sting.html|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/9K33-OSA-AK-Polish-Upgrade-Programme-Poland.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126164503/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/9K33-OSA-AK-Polish-Upgrade-Programme-Poland.html|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2019, Poland began modification of the whole environment of the Osa system. Those works has been commissioned to WZU Grudziądz. The total cost is about €40-50 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:153124-2019:TEXT:PL:HTML&src=0|title=Usługi - 153124-2019 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily|website=ted.europa.eu|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:158283-2019:TEXT:PL:HTML&src=0|title=Usługi - 158283-2019 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily|website=ted.europa.eu|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:155907-2019:TEXT:PL:HTML&src=0|title=Usługi - 155907-2019 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily|website=ted.europa.eu|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ted.europa.eu/TED/notice/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:172966-2018:TEXT:PL:HTML|title=Usługi - 172966-2018 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily|website=ted.europa.eu|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

===Ukraine===

* '''Osa-AKM "FrankenSAM"''' is a 2024 Ukrainian upgrade funded by the Come Back Alive Foundation, which invested over 14 million [[hryvnias]] (around US$336,000) to upgrade an undisclosed number of Osa-AKM systems. This upgrade allows the R-73 air-to-air missile to be mounted and launched, in addition to the original 9M33 missile series.<ref name="Newdick" />

==Operators==
[[File:9K33 Osa Operator Map 25.10.2023.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#0360d5|Current}}{{legend|#dd001e|Former}}]]
[[File:B8fnRA7c8Go.jpg|thumb|Armenian 9K33 Osa missiles during a military parade in Yerevan]]
[[File:Romanian SA-8.jpg|thumb|right|Romanian 9K33 Osa missile launch at the [[Capu Midia Training Range|Capu Midia]] firing range.]]

===Current operators===
* {{ANG}} – 15 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=472}}
* {{ARM}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=179}}
* {{AZE}} – Upgraded to the Osa-1T standard{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=180}}
* {{BLR}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=183}}
* {{BGR}} − 24 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=77}}
* {{CUB}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=428}}
* {{DEU}} – unknown number retained from East German stocks for [[OPFOR]] training<ref>{{cite web |title=Flugabwehrraketensystem SA-8 |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/luftwaffe/aktuelles/ace21-sa-8-5090030/ |website=bundeswehr.de |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
* {{ECU}} − 10 as of 2024, operated by the Air Force{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=432}}
* {{GEO}} − 8 Osa-AK and Osa-AKM as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=185}}
* {{GRE}} – 38 Osa-M as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=100}} Being transferred to Armenia<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saballa |first1=Joe |title=Greece Picks Armenia Over Ukraine to Receive Obsolete Air Defense Systems |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2024/11/27/greece-armenia-ukraine-weapons/ |website=thedefensepost.com |publisher=The Defence Post |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>
* {{IND}} – 50+ Osa-AKM as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=267}}
[[File:The OSA-AK Weapons System passes through the Rajpath during the 60th Republic Day Parade-2009, in New Delhi on January 26, 2009.jpg|thumb|Indian 9K33 Osa missile system in Delhi during a military parade]]
* {{POL}} − 64 as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=125}} Modernized to the Osa-AKM-P1 standard<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sabak |first1=Julius |title=Ukraina: Polskie systemy rakietowe postrachem dronów Shahed-136 [KOMENTARZ] |url=https://defence24.pl/wojna-na-ukrainie-raport-specjalny-defence24/ukraina-polskie-systemy-rakietowe-postrachem-dronow-shahed-136-komentarz |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=defence24.pl |date=12 October 2022 |language=pl}}</ref>
* {{ROM}} – 16 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=131}}
* {{RUS}} – 390 Osa-AKM used by the Ground Forces and 20 by the Naval Infantry as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|pages=193,199}}
* {{SUD}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=521}}
* {{SYR}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=386}}
* {{TKM}} – 40 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=209}}
* {{UKR}} – Estimated by the [[IISS]] to have 65 OSA-AKM in 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=212}} Received an unknown number of systems from Poland during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Newdick |first1=Thomas |last2=Rogoway |first2=Tyler |title=What Could Happen If Ukraine's Stock Of Soviet SAMs Runs Dry |url=https://www.twz.com/what-could-happen-if-ukraines-stocks-of-soviet-sams-runs-dry |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The War Zone |date=19 April 2023}}</ref>

===Former operators===
* {{ALG}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
* {{flag|Artsakh}} − Seized by Azerbaijan after the [[2023 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Armenian separatists start surrendering weapons in Karabakh |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/armenian-separatists-start-surrendering-weapons-in-karabakh/ |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=Militarnyi}}</ref>
* {{CRO}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
* {{CZS}} – 40 in 1992.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=134}} Passed on to the Czech Republic{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
* {{CZE}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
* {{DDR}} – 41 received from the Soviet Union between 1981 and 1985. 12 sold to Greece after the [[German reunification]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Arms transfer database |url=https://armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferRegister |website=SIPRI |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iraq|1991}} – 50 systems delivered from the Soviet Union between 1982 and 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIPRI Arms Transfers Database to Iraq, 1970-2004|url=http://www.sipri.org/contents/armstrad/atirq_data.html|access-date=2021-01-04|archive-date=12 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512001146/http://www.sipri.org/contents/armstrad/atirq_data.html}}</ref> As well as captured Kuwaiti units.
* {{JOR}} – retired in 2017, 52 offered for sale.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Najib |first1=Mohammed |title=Jordan to sell Osa SAMs |url=http://www.janes.com/article/75246/jordan-to-sell-osa-sams |website=Jane's |date=27 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104074342/http://www.janes.com/article/75246/jordan-to-sell-osa-sams |archive-date=4 November 2017 }}</ref> 35 Osa-AKs sold to Armenia before 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Armenia's Last Deterrent: The Buk-M1-2 SAM System |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/armenias-last-deterrent-buk-m1-2.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
* {{KWT}} – Purchased in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=The Forgotten Deterrent: Kuwait's Luna-M 'FROG-7' Artillery Rockets |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2020/03/kuwaits-little-known-9k52-luna-m-frog-7.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=22 December 2020}}</ref> Captured by the Iraqi forces in the [[Gulf War]].
* {{flag|Libya|1977}} – 40 used by the Army and 50 by the Air Defense Command in 1992,{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=134}} unknown number operational prior to the [[First Libyan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance, 2011 |date=4 March 2011 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-85743-606-8 |page=321 |author1-link=Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>
* {{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
* {{SAF}} − Captured from Angola. Used for training{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=143}}
* {{USSR}} – 1000+ in 1991.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=134}} Passed on to successor states.
* {{YUG}} − 20 in 1992.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=134}} Passed on to successor states{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Cullen |editor1-first=Tony |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |title=Jane's Land-Based Air Defence: 1992-93 |date=1992 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Surrey |isbn=978-0-7106-0979-3 |edition=5th |url=https://ftp.idu.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/ebook/tdg/ADNVANCED%20MILITARY%20PLATFORM%20DESIGN/Janes%20Land-Based%20Air%20Defence%201992-93%20by%20Tony%20Cullen,%20Christopher%20F.%20Foss%20(z-lib.org).pdf |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=en}}
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-8.htm Federation of American Scientists page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219014816/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-8.htm |date=19 February 2013 }}
* {{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2024 |date=2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-05115-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIb0EAAAQBAJ |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2024}}}}
* [http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/osa.htm Astronautix.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212225747/http://astronautix.com/lvs/osa.htm |date=12 February 2005 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=O'Halloran |editor1-first=James C. |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |editor2-link=Christopher F Foss |title=Jane's Land-Based Air Defense 2002-2003 |date=2002 |publisher=Janes Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2437-6 |edition=15th}}
*{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Ian |title=Putin's Missile War: Russia's Strike Campaign in Ukraine |date=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-7067-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3fREAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* [http://www.rusarm.ru/cataloque/air_def/air_def.pdf Air Defence Systems – Export Catalogue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928213825/http://www.rusarm.ru/cataloque/air_def/air_def.pdf |date=28 September 2011 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227053132/http://www.thetankmaster.com/ENGLISH/AFV/OSA.asp Air-Defence Missile Launcher 9K33 "OSA" (9A33 – Carrier, 9M33 – Missiles) (SA-8 Gecko) – Walk around photos]
* [http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home 9K33M2 OSA-AK (SA-8B Gecko) Simulator]
{{Russian SAM systems}}{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SAM}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union|9K33]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s]]

Lokmanya Express

2026-02-05T13:42:44Z

SidneyBecnel: created new article

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lokmanya Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|11|26}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]] (LTT)
| stops = 14
| end = {{rws|Gorakhpur}} (GKP)
| distance = {{convert|1746|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31 hours 20 minutes
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Runs one days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11079 / 11080
| speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 11079 / 11080 '''Lokmanya Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that run between [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur Junction]] and [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] (Mumbai) in India. It operates as train number 11080 from [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur Junction]] to [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] and as train number 11079 in the reverse direction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cleartrip.com/trains/11080/|title=Gkp Ltt Express (11080) - Train from Gorakhpur Junction to Lokmanyatilak Cleartrip|website=Cleartrip.com|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-ltt-gorakhpur-lokmanya-express-via-barhni-11079/23727/466/539|title=11079/Mumbai LTT - Gorakhpur Lokmanya Express (Via Barhni) (PT) - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus to Gorakhpur CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|last=|first=|date=|website=Indiarailinfo.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1 Oct 2019}}</ref>

== Service==

The 11079/Mumbai LTT - Gorakhpur Lokmanya Express (Via Barhni) has an average speed of 52 km/h and covers 1746 km in 33 hrs 40 mins. 11080/Gorakhpur - Mumbai LTT Lokmanya Express (via Barhni) has an average speed of 50 km/h and 1746 km in 34 hrs 50 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* {{rws|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{rws|Nasik Road}}
* {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{rws|Khandwa Junction}}
* {{rws|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{rws|Rani Kamalapati}}
* {{rws|Bhopal Junction}}
* {{rws|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{rws|Orai}}
* {{rws|Kanpur Central}}
* {{rws|Lucknow Charbagh}}
* {{rws|Barabanki Junction}}
* {{rws|Gonda Junction}}
* {{rws|Balrampur}}
* {{rws|Jharkhandi}}
* {{rws|Tulsipur}}
* {{rws|Barhni}}
* {{rws|Naugarh}}
* {{rws|Anandnagar Junction}}
* {{rws|Gorakhpur Junction}}

==Coach composite==

The train consists of 23 coaches:

* 1 AC II tier
* 3 AC III tier
* 13 sleeper coaches
* 4 general
* 2 second-class luggage/parcel van

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]] to [[Gorakhpur Junction]] and vice versa.

== Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction one time:
* {{rws|Lucknow Charbagh}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-gorakhpur-lokmanya-express-via-barhni-11079/23727/466/539 11079/Mumbai LTT - Gorakhpur Lokmanya Express (Via Barhni)]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/gorakhpur-mumbai-ltt-lokmanya-express-via-barhni-11080/23725/539/466 11080/Gorakhpur - Mumbai LTT Lokmanya Express (via Barhni)]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Omkareshwar Road railway station

2026-02-05T04:39:57Z

SidneyBecnel: reworked section based on references

{{short description|Railway station in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=January 2019}}
{{third-party|date=January 2019}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Omkareshwar Road railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = INDM - AK MG Pass. (16384347017).jpg
| image_caption = Omkareshwar Road railway station during Meter Gauge
| address = Khandwa Road, [[Mortakka]], [[Khandwa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.2150|76.0463|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = [[Akola–Ratlam rail line]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|182|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Ongoing
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = OM
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Ratlam}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Western Railway zone|left=Sanawad|right=Barwaha|type=[[Akola–Ratlam line]]}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}

}}
'''Omkareshwar Road railway station''' is a small railway station in [[Khandwa district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Its code is '''OM'''. It serves [[Omkareshwar]] town. The station consists of two platforms. The platforms are not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/omkareshwar-road-om/5678| title=OM/Omkareshwar Road | website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>[https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/indore-the-tunnel-will-be-11-kilometers-between-mhow-barwaha-351209 indore-the-tunnel-will-be-11-kilometers-between-mhow-barwaha]</ref> The station is situated on the {{Track gauge|1m|allk=on}} [[Akola–Ratlam rail line]], which is the under gauge conversion. Once finished will provide vital connectivity between Indore with rest of Northern India.

==Major trains==

Some of the important trains that runs from Omkareshwar are:

* 52963/52964 [[Mhow–Sanawad Passenger]]
* 52975/52976 [[Mhow–Sanawad Passenger]]
* 52973/52974 [[Mhow–Sanawad Passenger]]
* 52973/52974 [[Mhow–Sanawad Passenger]]

==Connectivity==
The station is connected with [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar railway station|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar Railway Station (MHOW)]] to the north west and [[Sanawad railway station|Sanawad]] to the south-east on the Dr. Ambedkar Nagar (MHOW) - Sanawad Meter Gauge Railline.

The station is well-connected to [[Indore Junction railway station|Indore Jn.]] via Dr. Ambedkar Nagar, MHOW.

==Electrification==
At present, the station is on non-electrified rail route.

==Developments==
The conversion of [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar railway station|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar Railway Station (MHOW)]] to [[Sanawad railway station|Sanawad]] (meter-gauge) to (broad-gauge) rail line is in progress.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Manish |title=Indore-Khandwa gauge conversion: Stumbling blocks cleared for 142-yr old rail line |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-khandwa-gauge-conversion-stumbling-blocks-cleared-for-142-yr-old-rail-line |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=11 Dec 2019 |location=Indore |language=English}}</ref> Upon completion, It would directly connect Indore to Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Indore gets a whopping Rs 333 cr more for three major railway projects announced by Railway Board |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-gets-a-whopping-rs-333-cr-more-for-three-major-railway-projects-announced-by-railway-board |access-date=26 October 2021 |date=28 Jun 2021 |location=Indore |language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Khandwa district]]
[[Category:Ratlam railway division]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Moreshwar Vasudeo Abhyankar

2026-01-06T12:15:56Z

SidneyBecnel: updated page

{{Short description|Indian independence activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{infobox person
|name =Moreshwar Vasudeo Abhyankar
|birth_date =August 19, 1886
|occupation =Lawyer, freedom fighter
|death_date ={{death date and age|1935|1|2|1886|8|19}}
}}
'''Moreshwar Vasudeo Abhyankar''' (19 August 1886 – 2 January 1935)<ref>{{cite book |title=Eminent Indians who was who, 1900-1980, also annual diary of events |year=1985 |publisher=Durga Das Pvt. Ltd |page=3}}</ref> was a lawyer, [[Indian independence movement|freedom fighter]], and a [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilakite]] member of [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Nagpur]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Political ideas and leadership in Vidarbha |last=Joshi |first=P.L. |publisher=Nagpur University |year=1980 |pages=105–119}}</ref> Moreshwar Vasudev Abhyankar was a home rule activist from vidharbh.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhyankar, Moreshwar Vasudeo}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nagpur]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Aap Ke Aa Jane Se

2025-12-31T09:26:18Z

SidneyBecnel: starting article

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language television show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aap Ke Aa Jane Se poster.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| genre = Romance, [[Supernatural]], [[Dramedy]]
| alt_name =
| creator =
| story =
| based_on =
| writer = Preeti Mamgain
| screenplay =
| director = Shashank Bharadwaj Sumit Sodani
| creative_director = Persis Siganporia
| starring = [[Suhasi Dhami]] [[Karan Jotwani]]
| voices =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 357
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| executive_producer =
| producer = Sukesh Motwani Mautik Tolia
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| cinematography = Neeshank Mathure
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Bodhi Tree Multimedia Pvt. Ltd.
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|1|15}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|5|31}}
}}

'''''Aap Ke Aa Jane Se''''' (English meaning-'''''By Your Arrival''''') (international title: '''''Age is Just a Number''''') is an [[Indian television drama|Indian soap opera]] which aired on [[Zee TV]] from 15 January 2018 to 31 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/aapke-aa-jane-se-launch/articleshow/62392636.cms|title=Aapke Aa Jane Se: Launch|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/launch-of-the-new-show-aap-ke-aa-jaane-se/videoshow/62418731.cms|title=Launch of the new show Aap Ke Aa Jaane Se|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 January 2018}}</ref> It is produced by Bodhi Tree Multimedia and it starred [[Suhasi Dhami]] and [[Karan Jotwani]] as Vedika and Sahil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/popular-indian-tv-shows-going-off-the-beaten-track-to-make-viewers-take-notice/19048187|title=Popular Indian TV shows going off the beaten track to make viewers take notice|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=11 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsnation.in/photos/entertainment/barc-trp-ratings-week-21-2018-kundali-bhagya-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-kumkum-bhagya-top-ten-shows-2-2833/slide1|title=BARC TRP ratings week 21, 2018: Ishqbaaaz, Aapke Aa Jane Se make Splashing entry, Taarak Mehta moves up|work=[[News Nation]]|date=May 2018}}</ref> The show marked the comeback of Dhami after a three-year break from television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/videos/suhasi-dhami-back-with-a-new-show-on-channel-zee-tv-619625|title=Suhasi Dhami back with a new show on channel Zee TV|work=[[ABP Live]]|date=16 December 2017|access-date=13 May 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918125936/https://www.abplive.in/videos/suhasi-dhami-back-with-a-new-show-on-channel-zee-tv-619625|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idiva.com/news-entertainment/6-tv-actresses-we-are-excited-to-see-more-of-in-2018/17075445|title=6 TV Actresses We Are Excited To See More Of In 2018|work=iDiva.com|date=6 April 2018}}</ref> It replaced [[Dil Dhoondta Hai]] in its timeslot<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-01 |title=ZEE TV to launch 'Aap Ke Aa Jaane Se' this month |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-launch-aap-ke-aa-jaane-se-month/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=BizAsiaLive}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Hamari Bahu Silk]].

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Season
! rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally aired
|-
! First aired
! Last aired
|-
| '''1'''
| 328
| 15 January 2018
| 22 April 2019
|-
| '''2'''
| 29
| 23 April 2019
| 31 May 2019
|}

==Plot==
Vedika Mathur, a 42-year-old, simple and single mother, lives with her mother, Manjula and 15-year-old daughter, Arya. Sahil Agarwal, a 24-year-old irresponsible young man, returns to his home where his aunt, Bimla, the family matriarch, fixes his wedding to his friend, Nidhi, but he declines and is thrown out. Vedika, who is in need of money rents out a room in her home to Sahil. During this period, Sahil forms a bond with Arya and Manjula, while Vedika tries to keep a platonic relationship between them as a landlady and tenant. Sahil falls in love with Vedika and confesses this, but Vedika rejects him due to their age gap and social problems. Soon enough, she realizes her love for Sahil, though in denial, but eventually accepts it.

A rich man named Yash, who wants revenge on Bimla, makes an entry and reveals his relationship with the Agarwal's. Although against Vedika and Sahil's union, Bimla is revealed to be a hypocrite as she had once seduced a married man, five years younger than her, for his wealth. He then threw out Yash and his mother on Bimla's behest. Vedika is forced to marry Yash. Later, he is diagnosed with cancer and asks Vedika to give him a child. They both decide on IVF, but due to a nurse's mistake, Sahil becomes the donor for Yash and Vedika's child. Vedika's distant cousin arrives in Kanpur and along with Arya, try and help Sahil win over Vedika. Soon, Yash dies, leaving Vedika a widow once again.

Not wanting Sahil and Vedika to unite, Bimla poisons Sahil's mother, Anjana. When she finds out that Vedika is pregnant with Sahil's baby, Anjana happily goes to Vedika's house to propose marriage. Sahil hears of this from Bimla and he too goes to see Vedika. The poison takes effect at Vedika's house, where Anjana falls down the stairs and dies. Sahil arrives at that moment and misunderstands Vedika to be the culprit and has her jailed. In a fit of rage, Sahil marries Bhumi in prison. Vedika delivers a son while Bimla's daughter, Gauri delivers a daughter in the same hospital. Bimla replaces Vedika's son with a stillborn child and flees. Meanwhile, Gauri's husband, Deepak exchanges that same stillborn baby with his daughter as he wanted a son.

Vedika leaves the city with Gauri's daughter and Bimla lies to Sahil that Vedika has abandoned her child. Sahil names the baby Ved and adopts him, unaware that the child is his.

Vedika returns to Kanpur with her daughter, Sadika while Sahil lives with Bhumi and Ved. Arya returns to India after her studies. Vedika soon learns that Sadika is Gauri and Deepak's daughter, and Ved is her real son. Later, Sahil also learns Ved is his son and Anjana was killed by Bimla. Enraged, he leaves her and Bhumi; reunites with Vedika. Ved is in need of a bone marrow transplant from his full sibling and thus Vedika gets pregnant with Sahil's child. Sahil is presumed dead after falling off a cliff, but is rescued by his lookalike, Jackie, who turned out to his twin brother. Prachi's husband, Puneesh, kills Jackie, assuming him to be Sahil. Sahil returns to the Agarwals' as Jackie with Jackie's adoptive family and reveals the truth to Vedika. They together expose Puneesh. Arya and Guddu, Jackie's adoptive brother, fall in love and marry.

Having lost his memory, Sahil unintentionally marries Pankti, to save her from her politician father, Tej Pratap Singh. Vedika delivers another son, Virat, and Ved recovers. Sahil and Vedika find a partner for Pankti and she leaves with him. Bimla's long-lost son, Kshitij comes to destroy Agarwals and kills Guddu, framing Sahil. Arya marries Kshitij for revenge but realises that Sahil is innocent and that Kshitij is responsible for Guddu's death. Later, he kidnaps Ved and Virat, but Sahil and Vedika manage to save them with Arya's help. Enraged, Kshitij shoots Sahil and Vedika. The two fall down a cliff and die vowing to reunite in their next lives to complete their love story.

Vedika and Sahil are reborn. Reborn Vedika is a 32-year-old caring and kind-hearted divorcee. Reborn Sahil is a 26-year-old carefree man, who falls for her but is engaged to her sister, Avantika. The two meet the now old Manjula, who reveals they're reborn. Avantika runs away from her wedding and Sahil and Vedika get married. Regretting her decision and being greedy, Avantika teams up with Tanuj, Vedika's ex-husband, to separate them. Tanuj kidnaps Vedika, but is killed by her. Avantika is exposed and arrested. Sahil and Vedika regain their memories of their past life and remarry to unite forever.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Suhasi Dhami]] as
** Vedika Gupta Agarwal – Manjula's daughter; Rohit's sister; Bhumi's cousin; Anurag and Yash's widow; Sahil Agarwal's wife; Arya, Ved and Virat's mother; Sadika's adoptive mother. (2018–2019)
** Vedika Pratab Kashyap – Reborn Vedika; Prem and Prabha's elder daughter; Avantika's sister; Tanuj's ex-wife; Sahil Kashyap's wife. (2019)
* [[Karan Jotwani]] as
** Sahil Agarwal – Rishab and Anjana's elder son; Jackie and Shruti's brother; Yash, Prachi, Gauri and Kshitij's cousin; Bhumi and Pankti's ex-husband; Vedika Agarwal's husband; Ved and Virat's father; Arya's step-father. (2018–2019)
** Jackie Agarwal – Rishab and Anjana's younger son; Omprakash and Usha's adopted son; Sahil and Shruti's brother; Guddu and Mandakini's adopted brother; Yash, Prachi, Gauri and Kshitij's cousin. (2018–2019)
** Sahil Kashyap – Reborn Sahil; Shashi and Rekha's son; Geet's brother; Avantika's ex-fiancé; Vedika Kashyap's husband. (2019)

===Recurring===
* [[Hetal Gada]] as Arya Mathur Agarwal – Vedika Agarwal and Anurag's daughter; Sahil Agarwal's step-daughter; Ved and Virat's half-sister; Guddu's widow; Kshitij's wife. (2018–2019)
* [[Geeta Tyagi]] as Bimla Devi Agarwal – Ishwar's widow; Prachi, Gauri and Kshitij's mother; Sadika's grandmother. (2018–2019)
* Aekam Binjwe as Ved Agarwal – Vedika Agarwal and Sahil Agarwal's elder son; Bhumi's adopted son; Virat's brother; Arya's half-brother. (2018–2019)
* Unknown as Virat Agarwal – Vedika Agarwal and Sahil Agarwal's younger son; Ved's brother; Arya's half-brother. (2019)
* Richa Bhattacharya as Manjula Gupta – Vedika Agarwal and Rohit's mother; Arya, Ved and Virat's grandmother. (2018–2019)
* [[Barsha Chatterjee]] as Maya Srinivasan Awasti – Vedika Agarwal's best friend; Raghav's wife. (2018–2019)
* Micckie Dudaaney as Tanuj Malhotra – Vedika Kashyap's ex-husband. (2019)
* Manisha Rawat as Avantika Pratab – Prem and Prabha's younger daughter; Vedika Kashyap's sister; Sahil Kashyap's ex-fiancé. (2019)
* Harish Chhabra as Prem Pratab – Chetna's brother; Prabha's husband; Vedika Kashyap and Avantika's father. (2019)
* Hetal Yadav as Prabha Somani Pratab – Prem's wife; Vedika Kashyap and Avantika's mother. (2019)
* Simran Gangwani as Chetna Pratab – Prem's sister; Vedika Kashyap and Avantika's aunt. (2019)
* Yajuvendra Singh as Shashi Kashyap – Dheeraj's brother; Rekha's husband; Sahil Kashyap and Geet's father. (2019)
* [[Zahida Parveen]] as Rekha Singh Kashyap – Shashi's wife; Sahil Kashyap and Geet's mother. (2019)
* Sonali Jha as Geet Kashyap – Shashi and Rekha's daughter; Sahil Kashyap's sister. (2019)
* Vishnu Sharma as Dheeraj Kashyap – Shashi's brother; Meena's husband. (2019)
* Leena Acharya as Meena Soni Kashyap – Dheeraj's wife. (2019)
* Mitali Pandey as Sakshi – Vedika Kashyap's friend. (2019)
* [[Manish Goplani]] as Kshitij "Krish" Agarwal – Ishwar and Bimla's son; Prachi and Gauri's brother; Yash's half-brother; Sahil Agrwal, Jackie and Shruti's cousin; Arya's second husband. (2019)
* Alice Kaushik as Daisy – Jackie's girlfriend. (2018)
* Ashish Dixit as Guddu Srivastav: Omprakash and Usha's son; Mandakini's brother; Jackie's adopted brother; Arya's first husband. (2018–2019)
* Deepali Saini as Mandakini Srivastav: Omprakash and Usha's daughter; Guddu's sister; Jackie's adopted sister. (2018–2019)
* Ekta Sharma as Usha Juneja Srivastav: Omprakash's wife; Guddu and Mandakini's mother; Jackie's adoptive mother. (2018–2019)
* [[Resha Konkar]] as Gauri Agarwal – Ishwar and Bimla's younger daughter; Prachi and Kshitij's sister; Yash's half-sister; Sahil Agarwal, Jackie and Shruti's cousin; Deepak and Manish's ex-wife; Sadika's mother. (2018–2019)
* [[Shailesh Gulabani]] as Deepak Ramnani – Gauri's ex-husband; Shruti's husband; Sadika's father. (2018–2019)
* Hannah Chaudhary as Sadika Ramnani – Gauri and Deepak's daughter; Vedika's adoptive daughter. (2018)
* Kshitija Saxena as Shruti Agarwal Ramnani – Rishab and Anjana's daughter; Sahil Agarwal and Jackie's sister; Yash, Prachi, Gauri and Kshitij's cousin; Karan's ex-wife; Deepak's wife. (2018–2019)
* Nidhi Mathur as Prachi Agarwal Tiwari – Ishwar and Bimla's elder daughter; Gauri and Kshitij's sister; Yash's half-sister; Sahil Agarwal, Jackie and Shruti's cousin; Puneesh's wife. (2018–2019)
* Karan Mehat as Puneesh Tiwari – Tushar's uncle; Prachi's husband. (2018–2019)
* [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]] as Pankti Singh: Tejpratap and Sadhana's daughter; Sahil Agarwal's ex-wife. (2019)
* [[Amit Behl]] as Politician Tejpratap Singh: Sadhana's husband; Pankti's father. (2019)
* Neetu Pandey as Sadhana Singh: Tejpratap's wife; Pankti's mother. (2019)
* Amit Bhanushali as Karan Verma: Sahil's best friend; Shruti's ex-husband. (2018)
* [[Priyanka Purohit]] as Bhumi Agarwal – Manjula's niece; Vedika Agarwal and Rohit's cousin; Sahil Agarwal's ex-wife; Ved's adoptive mother. (2018–2019)
* Abhiroy Singh as Yash Agarwal – Ishwar and Leela's son; Gauri, Prachi and Kshitij's half-brother; Sahil Agarwal, Jackie and Shruti's cousin; Vedika's late husband. (2018)
* Rudrakshi Gupta as Anjana Mehrotra Agarwal – Rishab's wife; Sahil Agarwal, Jackie and Shruti's mother; Ved and Virat's grandmother; Arya's step-grandmother. (2018)
* Mehul Bhojak as Manish Mehta – Gauri's ex-husband. (2018)
* Ravish Dumra as Tushar – Puneesh's cousin son; Arya's friend. (2018)
* [[Priyal Gor]] as Chameli / Fake Vedika – A woman who pretend as Vedika after her missing. (2018)
* [[Shaily Priya Pandey]] / Jazz Sodhi as Nidhi Tripathi – Sunanda's daughter; Mohit's sister; Sahil Agarwal's childhood friend and ex-fiancée. (2018)
* Nidhi Vikram as Sunanda Tripathi – Nidhi and Mohit's mother. (2018)
* Varun Tiwari as Mohit Tripathi – Sunanda's son; Nidhi's brother. (2018)
* Shantanu Monga as Rohit Gupta – Manjula's son; Vedika Agarwal's brother; Kiran's husband. (2018)
* Iti Kaurav as Kiran Gupta – Rohit's wife. (2018)
* [[Rudra Kaushish]] as Sunil Mathur – Anurag's brother; Arya's uncle. (2018)
* [[Mohit Daga]] as Gautam – Vedika's boss. (2018)

===Guests===
* [[Ravi Dubey]] and [[Nia Sharma]] from [[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jamai-rajas-ravi-dubey-and-nia-sharma-to-reunite-on-the-small-screen/articleshow/63014679.cms|title=Jamai Raja's Ravi Dubey and Nia Sharma to reunite on the small screen|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2018}}</ref> (2018)
* [[Shraddha Arya]] as Preeta from [[Kundali Bhagya]] (2018)
* [[Neelam Mehra]] from [[Kundali Bhagya]] (2018)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/aap-ke-aa-jane-se/0-6-tvshow_1591012925 ''Aap Ke Aa Jane Se''] at [[ZEE5]]
*{{IMDb title|tt7901874}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]

Microhyla chakrapanii

2025-10-02T14:31:33Z

SidneyBecnel: created new info

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Microhyla chakrapanii.png
| image_caption = Male ''Microhyla chakrapanii''
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Indraneil Das, Sushil Dutta, S.P. Vijayakumar |date=2004 |title=''Microhyla chakrapanii'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T57879A11685046 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T57879A11685046.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Microhyla
| species = chakrapanii
| authority = Pillai, 1977
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
}}

'''''Microhyla chakrapanii''''' is a species of frog in the family [[Microhylidae]], the narrow-mouthed frogs. It is [[endemic]] to the [[Andaman Islands]].<ref name=Frost/><ref name="Garg et al. 2019"/> It is also known as the '''Mayabunder rice frog''', '''Chakrapani's narrow-mouthed frog''', and '''bilateral banded frog'''.<ref name=Frost/> Although morphology suggests association with the ''[[Microhyla achatina]]'' group, molecular data places it in the ''[[Microhyla fissipes]]'' group, with ''[[Microhyla mymensinghensis]]'' as its closest relative.<ref name="Garg et al. 2019"/>

==Description==
Adult males measure {{convert|17|-|22|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in [[snout–vent length]].<ref name="Garg et al. 2019"/> The body is moderately stout. The snout is rounded. The [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] is not visible. The finger tips have no discs whereas the toes do bear distinct discs; the toes have basal webbing. Skin is smooth dorsally, where the throat, chest, and part of belly are rough. The [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] is brownish grey. There are two dark patches on both sides of the mid-dorsal line at the shoulder level, and another pair of broad, bracket-shaped patches behind them. Lateral bands run on both sides extending from the tip of the snout almost to the groin.<ref name="Deuti 2013"/>

==Distribution==
''Microhyla chakrapanii'' is known from the [[North Andaman Island|North Andaman]], [[Middle Andaman Island|Middle Andaman]], [[South Andaman Island|South Andaman]], [[Rutland Island|Rutland]], [[Little Andaman]], [[Long Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)|Long Island]], and [[Neill Island]].<ref name=Frost/>

==Habitat and conservation==
''Microhyla chakrapanii'' is [[fossorial]].<ref name="Deuti 2013"/> Most specimens have been found under grasses on the edges of temporary pools and puddles, often in secondary forests during the breeding season, typically in November. It has also been reported from paddy fields and primary evergreen forests.<ref name="Garg et al. 2019"/>

This species is listed as "[[data deficient]]" in the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]], in an assessment made in 2004, at the time when it was only known from [[Mayabunder]] in North Andaman.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Deuti 2013">{{cite book |last=Deuti |first=K. |editor1-last=Venkataraman| editor1-first= K.| editor2-last= Chattopadhyay| editor2-first= A.| editor3-last=Subramanian| editor3-first= K.A. |name-list-style=amp | date= 2013 |chapter=Amphibia |title= Endemic Animals of India (Vertebrates) |publisher=Zoological Survey of India| location=Kolkata |pages=67–137 | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301693197 }} [''Microhyla chakrapanii'': p. 86]</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Microhylidae/Microhylinae/Microhyla/Microhyla-chakrapanii |title=''Microhyla chakrapanii'' Pillai, 1977 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2021 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Garg et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Sonali |last2=Suyesh |first2=Robin |last3=Das |first3=Abhijit |last4=Jiang |first4=Jianping |last5=Wijayathilaka |first5=Nayana |last6=Thasun Amarasinghe |first6=A. A. |last7=Alhadi |first7=Farits |last8=Vineeth |first8=Kumar K. |last9=Aravind |first9=N. A. |last10=Senevirathne |first10=Gayani |last11=Meegaskumbura |first11=Madhava |last12=Biju |first12=Sathyabhama Das |name-list-style=amp |title=Systematic revision of ''Microhyla'' (Microhylidae) frogs of South Asia: a molecular, morphological, and acoustic assessment |date=2019 |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |volume=69 |pages=1–71 |doi=10.26049/VZ69-1-2019-01 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3312197}}

[[Category:Microhyla|chakrapanii]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1977]]

Indo-Pacific Economic Framework

2025-09-06T02:13:38Z

SidneyBecnel: put up basic stub with sources - done

{{Short description|Economic initiative led by the United States}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organisation
| linking_name = the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity
| name = '''Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity'''
| image_symbol =
| symbol_type =
| image_map = Indo-Pacific Economic Framework members.svg
| map_caption = Members of IPEF
| admin_center =
| admin_center_type =
| demonym =
| org_type = Economic initiative
| membership = 14 countries
{{Hidden
|headerstyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;line-height:1.0em;font-weight:normal;
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The '''Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity''' ('''IPEF''') is an economic initiative launched by U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] on May 23, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |date=2022-05-23 |title=Biden unveils his economic plan for countering China in Asia |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/22/politics/joe-biden-japan-monday/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531172403/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/22/politics/joe-biden-japan-monday/index.html |archive-date=2022-05-31 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=whitehouse0523>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=FACT SHEET: In Asia, President Biden and a Dozen Indo-Pacific Partners Launch the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/23/fact-sheet-in-asia-president-biden-and-a-dozen-indo-pacific-partners-launch-the-indo-pacific-economic-framework-for-prosperity/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531202744/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/23/fact-sheet-in-asia-president-biden-and-a-dozen-indo-pacific-partners-launch-the-indo-pacific-economic-framework-for-prosperity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The framework launched with fourteen participating founding member nations in the [[Indo-Pacific]] region with an open invitation for other countries to join.

== Background ==
{{Main|Trans-Pacific Partnership|Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership}}

=== Obama and Trump administration policies ===
During the presidency of [[Barack Obama]] (with Joe Biden as [[Vice president of the United States|vice president]]), the United States negotiated a trade proposal with twelve [[Pacific Rim]] countries that would become known as the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (TPP). In 2015, the Obama administration pitched the proposal as a means to promote American economic interests in the region in the face of a [[China's peaceful rise|rising China]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nakamura |first=David |date=2015-04-26 |title=Obama shifts his pitch for the Trans-Pacific Partnership |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-shifts-his-pitch-for-the-trans-pacific-partnership/2015/04/26/6e420632-ea8c-11e4-aae1-d642717d8afa_story.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rampton |first=Roberta |date=2016-05-02 |title=Obama says Chinese-led trade deal shows need for TPP: Washington Post |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trade-tpp-obama-idUSKCN0XT1WZ |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref>

Following his election in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]] and subsequent inauguration, then-President [[Donald Trump]] issued an executive order pulling the United States out of the TPP, which had not been ratified by Congress.<ref name="bbc-exexutiveorder2">{{cite news |title=Trump executive order pulls out of TPP trade deal |work=BBC News |date=23 January 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38721056 |access-date=23 January 2017 |quote=Mr Trump's executive order on TPP is seen as mainly symbolic since the deal was never ratified by a divided US Congress.}}</ref> In 2018, the eleven remaining countries in the TPP went on to sign a revised version of the agreement, known as the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ming |first=Cheang |date=9 March 2018 |title=Global trade just had a 'one step forward, one step back' day |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/09/tpp-11-countries-sign-trade-agreement-as-trump-implements-tariffs.html |access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>

=== Biden administration policy ===
Prior to the launch of the IPEF, critics argued that the U.S. was engaged in an “all guns and no butter” strategy, in which defense was emphasized over regional economic policy.<ref name=":0" />

Commentators have described the IPEF as being part of the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration's]] efforts to counter growing Chinese influence in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |date=2022-05-23 |title=Biden unveils his economic plan for countering China in Asia |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/22/politics/joe-biden-japan-monday/index.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=2022-09-09 |title=Biden Administration Outlines Scope of Asian Economic Pact |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/09/business/ipef-framework-asia-trade.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> According to the ''[[Financial Times]]'', countries in the region urged the Biden administration to develop an international economic policy framework to combat China's influence.

Analysts have compared it to the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (TPP), which the [[United States]] withdrew from in 2017.<ref>{{Citation |title=In Tokyo, Biden set to launch new Indo-Pacific trade pact to replace TPP |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/bidens-indo-pacific-trade-pact-wont-include-taiwan-at-launch-01653261066 |access-date=2022-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524024947/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/bidens-indo-pacific-trade-pact-wont-include-taiwan-at-launch-01653261066 |url-status=live |publisher=Marketwatch |archive-date=2022-05-24}}</ref> The Biden administration stated that it has no intention to join TPP's successor, the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref name=":Ma&Kang">{{Cite book |last=Ma |first=Xinru |title=Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations |last2=Kang |first2=David C. |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-55597-5 |series=Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=178}} The IPEF is intended to be a precursor for later negotiations, as it does not include a uniform lowering of [[tariff]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last1=Sevastopulo |first1=Demetri |title=Joe Biden waters down Indo-Pacific Economic Framework to win more support |date=20 May 2022 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/91207c37-c9bd-4737-abf5-afc71200f8a1 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=2022-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524024947/https://www.ft.com/content/91207c37-c9bd-4737-abf5-afc71200f8a1 |url-status=live |archive-date=2022-05-24 |last2=Inagaki |first2=Kana |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

On 22 May 2022, the Biden administration issued a 12-paragraph IPEF.<ref name=":Ma&Kang" />{{Rp|page=178}} Biden described the initiative as "writing the new rules for the 21st century economy", stating that the agreement would make the participant's economies "grow faster and fairer". [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] [[Gina Raimondo]] argued that the framework constituted "the most significant international economic engagement that the United States has ever had in this region".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Kanno-Youngs |first2=Zolan |date=2022-05-23 |title=Biden to Begin New Asia-Pacific Economic Bloc With a Dozen Allies |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/23/world/asia/biden-asian-pacific-bloc.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The pact has been described as being "hollow", "meaningless" or "useless" by some commentators, including US industry groups, due to its lack of tangible policy actions such as lowering tariffs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=2023-05-27 |title=Biden Administration Announces Indo-Pacific Deal, Clashing With Industry Groups |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/27/business/economy/biden-indo-pacific-trade-deal.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhadrakumar |first=M. K. |date=2022-05-25 |title=IPEF will be a hard sell in the Indo-Pacific |url=https://asiatimes.com/2022/05/ipef-will-be-a-hard-sell-in-the-indo-pacific/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=[[Asia Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What is the point of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework? |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2022/06/09/what-is-the-point-of-the-indo-pacific-economic-framework |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Writing in 2022, academics Xinru Ma and David C. Kang described IPEF as lacking concrete proposals.<ref name=":Ma&Kang" />{{Rp|page=178}}

====Supply Chains====
The Agreement Relating to Supply Chain Resilience was signed in November 2023, and entered into force in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=Leaders' Statement on Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity |work=The White House |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/16/leaders-statement-on-indo-pacific-economic-framework-for-prosperity/ |access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref> The agreement establishes the Supply Chain Council, the Crisis Response Network and the Labor Rights Advisory Board to address supply chain resilience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillar II – Supply Chains |url=https://www.commerce.gov/ipef/pillar-ii |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=U.S. Department of Commerce}}</ref>

====Clean Economy====
The Clean Economy Agreement was signed in June 2024, and entered into force on October 11, 2024. The agreement includes measures on developing and deploying clean energy and climate-friendly technologies, facilitating investment towards climate-related projects in the region, connecting markets through policies and standards, and promoting low-and zero-emission goods and services.

====Fair Economy====
The Fair Economy Agreement was signed in June 2024, and entered into force on October 12, 2024. The agreement aims to prevent and combat corruption and to improve tax transparency and the exchange of information, domestic resource mobilization, and tax administration.

====Trade====
In November 2023, the United States halted plans for the IPEF's trade component.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Rogers |first1=Alex |last2=Sevastopulo |first2=Demetri |date=2023-11-15 |title=Joe Biden halts plan for Indo-Pacific trade deal after opposition from Democrats |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d124ee69-dc6e-4a84-b18a-26a39235ab11 |access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref> The Biden administration had intended to conclude the negotiations during the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum, but reversed course following opposition from Democratic members of Congress including [[Sherrod Brown]].<ref name=":1" />

==Participating nations==
[[File:20220523 Fumio Kishida and Joe Biden 25.jpg|thumb|Summit-level meeting on the launch of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, 23 May 2022]]

=== Nations included in the framework ===
The IPEF has fourteen participating member states, representing around 40% of the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|world's GDP]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Su-Lin |date=2022-05-25 |title=The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework: What it is — and why it matters |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/26/ipef-what-is-the-indo-pacific-framework-whos-in-it-why-it-matters.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Seven members of the IPEF are [[ASEAN]] (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) member states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowie |first=Nile |date=2022-05-30 |title=Why ASEAN is giving Biden's IPEF a chance |url=https://asiatimes.com/2022/05/why-asean-is-giving-bidens-ipef-a-chance/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Asia Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

The 14th and most recent entry into the IPEF was [[Fiji]], which was welcomed into the framework on May 27, 2023, as the first [[Pacific Islander|Pacific Island]] nation to join.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2022-05-27 |title=White House welcomes Fiji to its Indo-Pacific economic plan |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/white-house-welcomes-fiji-its-indo-pacific-economic-plan-2022-05-27/ |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref> Including the United States, the following member countries joined in the framework:

'''Member countries with the four largest GDPs:'''
*{{IND}} (partly opted out on the trade pillar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Saurabh |date=2022-09-10 |title=India stays out of Indo-Pacific trade pillar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/why-india-opted-out-of-joining-trade-pillar-of-ipef-for-now/articleshow/94106662.cms#:~:text=LOS%20ANGELES%3A%20India%20has%20chosen%20to%20opt%20out,the%20same%20to%20issues%20like%20environment%20and%20labour. |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>)
*{{JAP}}
*{{KOR}}
*{{USA}}
'''Countries in Oceania:'''
*{{AUS}}
*{{FIJ}}
*{{NZL}}
'''ASEAN member states:'''
*{{Flag|Brunei}}
*{{INA}}
*{{MAS}}
*{{PHI}}
*{{SIN}}
*{{THA}}
*{{VIE}}

=== Excluded or potential entrant nations ===
The following non-participating nations were subject to media attention surrounding their potential involvement in the IPEF:

* {{CAN}}: Canada was not among the nations included in the framework at the time of its launch.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ibbitson |first=John |date=2022-05-26 |title=Canada inexcusably absent from another Indo-Pacific initiative |language=en-CA |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-inexcusably-absent-from-another-indo-pacific-initiative/ |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref> Since then, the country has sought admission into the IPEF, with trade minister [[Mary Ng]] claiming in December 2022 that the country's bid has the support of all constituent members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oshikiri |first=Tomoyoshi |date=2022-12-06 |title=Canada's IPEF bid has support from all members: trade minister |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/Interview/Canada-s-IPEF-bid-has-support-from-all-members-trade-minister |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=[[Nikkei Asia]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* {{TWN}}: Taiwan (ROC) was not invited to join the IPEF.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lawder |first1=David |last2=Martina |first2=Michael |date=2022-06-01 |title=U.S., Taiwan to launch trade talks after island excluded from Indo-Pacific group |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/us-taiwan-launch-trade-talks-after-biden-excludes-island-indo-pacific-group-2022-06-01/ |access-date=2023-05-02}}</ref>
* {{UK}}: In August 2023, the British [[Foreign Affairs Select Committee|Foreign Affairs Committee]] urged the [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]] to assess membership of the IPEF, as part of the UK's "Indo-Pacific tilt".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tilting horizons: the Integrated Review and the Indo-Pacific|language=en|work=UK Government|date= 30 August 2023|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5803/cmselect/cmfaff/172/report.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Parliament panel: Government should assess whether IPEF is right for the UK|language=en|website=InsideTrade|date= 31 August 2023|url=https://insidetrade.com/daily-news/parliament-panel-government-should-assess-whether-ipef-right-uk}}</ref>

== International reactions ==
[[Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Foreign Minister]] [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] criticized the initiative as an attempt to further economic decoupling from [[China]]. Wang Yi argued that the initiative, and the US [[Indo-Pacific]] strategy as a whole, created divisions and "incited confrontation". Wang stated that such an agreement would "ultimately be a failure".<ref>{{Citation |title=China says Washington's 'divisive' Indo-Pacific strategy doomed to fail |date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3178764/china-says-washingtons-divisive-indo-pacific-strategy-doomed |publisher=South China Morning Post |access-date=2022-05-24 |archive-date=2022-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524024947/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3178764/china-says-washingtons-divisive-indo-pacific-strategy-doomed |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many analysts have criticized the lack of inclusion of [[Taiwan]] in the framework, with ''[[Taiwan News]]'' calling the lack of inclusion a "snub".<ref>{{Citation |title=US snubs Taiwan from Indo-Pacific Economic Framework |date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4547303 |publication-place=Taiwan News |access-date=2022-05-24 |archive-date=2022-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524024947/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4547303 |url-status=live }}</ref> An opinion piece published in ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]'' asserted that Taiwan was excluded in order to appease key "fence-sitter" countries such as [[Indonesia]] whose governments feared angering China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tong |first1=Kurt |title=Congress should get creative on Taiwan |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3484872-congress-should-get-creative-on-taiwan/?campaign_id=9&emc=edit_nn_20220523&instance_id=62135&nl=the-morning&regi_id=170482098&segment_id=93088&te=1&user_id=a53cca97bfcaace2ac0045d34f39289a |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=The Hill |date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525071521/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3484872-congress-should-get-creative-on-taiwan/?campaign_id=9&emc=edit_nn_20220523&instance_id=62135&nl=the-morning&regi_id=170482098&segment_id=93088&te=1&user_id=a53cca97bfcaace2ac0045d34f39289a |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:20220523 Fumio Kishida and Joe Biden 24.jpg|thumb|Biden with Japanese prime minister [[Fumio Kishida]]]]Former [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] criticized the grouping as an initiative intended to isolate China, saying "many countries recognize that this is not an economic grouping but it is truly a political grouping."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yamaguchi |first=Mari |date=27 May 2022 |title=Ex-Malaysia PM: US-led trade group intended to isolate China |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-japan-united-states-asia-0535517f60722276423788ba26f585e7 |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528135428/https://apnews.com/article/biden-japan-united-states-asia-0535517f60722276423788ba26f585e7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== India ===
Initially, India did not outline a definitive position towards the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework.<ref name="IndianExpressMarch2022">{{cite web |date=2022-09-10 |title=India accepts three out of four pillars of US-led IPEF, so why has it stopped short of a total agreement? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/us-ipef-india-accepts-three-pillars-stopped-short-total-agreement-8142554/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Indian Express}}</ref> Prabir De of the Research and Information System for Developing Countries, a think tank associated with the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], wrote that India may be uncomfortable with the high economic standards envisaged by the US. He also noted that the IPEF position on digital governance contained issues that directly conflict with India's stated positions.<ref name="IndianExpressMarch2022" />

In September 2022, [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce & Industry]] [[Piyush Goyal]] said at a press conference in the United States that India had agreed to three pillars relating to supply chains: tax, anti-corruption and clean energy, but that the fourth pillar on trade, involving labour, environment, digital data and public procurement, had not been agreed yet.<ref name="IndianExpressMarch2022" /> The US expressed concerns about potential Indian demands for [[data localisation]] to ensure that data about Indian users is held and processed only in India and not in the US.<ref name="IndianExpressMarch2022" />

A particular aspect of the framework caters also to Indian protectionists. The framework does not allow access to the U.S. market and does not mandate tariff liberalization. Instead, it emphasizes supply chain resilience and provides room to negotiate regulations related to India's highly controversial policies such as data localization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Akhil |date=2022-06-17 |title=Why US' Indo-Pacific economic initiative is really all about India |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3181753/why-us-indo-pacific-economic-framework-really-all-about-india |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

=== United States ===
In March 2022, a bipartisan coalition of over 200 members of the [[United States Congress]] wrote a letter to Secretary of Commerce [[Gina Raimondo]] and Trade Representative [[Katherine Tai]] urging the inclusion of [[Taiwan]] in the IPEF.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Martina |first1=Michael |last2=Lawder |first2=David |date=2022-03-31 |title=U.S. trade chief Tai declines to say if Taiwan will be part of Indo-Pacific pact |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/hundreds-us-congress-urge-raimondo-tai-include-taiwan-indo-pacific-pact-2022-03-31/ |access-date=2023-05-02}}</ref> Following the IPEF's formation, groups including [[Public Citizen]] urged trade officials to be transparent during negotiations, including through the publication of draft text proposals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Overly |first=Steven |date=2022-10-03 |title=IPEF confidentiality rules revealed |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/weekly-trade/2022/10/03/ipef-confidentiality-rules-revealed-00059967 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref>

In a 2022 hearing, two Democratic members of the [[U.S. Senate]] expressed concerns that the IPEF was insufficiently ambitious in scope. Senator [[Bob Menendez]] (D-[[New Jersey|NJ]]), who chaired the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], stated that he did not believe the framework was “as robust as I think we need" and questioned the absence of Taiwan in the framework. Senator [[Maria Cantwell]] (D-[[Washington (state)|WA]]) expressed concern that IPEF does not include a mechanism to allow U.S. agriculture producers the opportunity to export to new markets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Eric |date=2022-03-31 |title=Biden Trade Plans Criticized by Senators as Lacking Ambition |language=en |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-31/biden-trade-agenda-criticized-by-senators-for-lack-of-ambition |access-date=2023-05-02}}</ref>

== Comparison with the RCEP ==
{{Main|Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership}}

The combined [[List of countries and dependencies by population|population]] and [[gross domestic product]] of IPEF member states exceeds that of the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]] (RCEP), a 2020 regional trade deal that includes China.<ref name="cokr">{{Citation |title=U.S.-led IPEF outweighs China-involving RCEP in population, GDP |date=23 May 2022 |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220523009500320 |publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |access-date=2022-05-24 |archive-date=2022-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524083158/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220523009500320 |url-status=live }}</ref> The only RCEP members not also included in the IPEF are China, [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Laos]]; while non-RCEP members are the United States, India, and Fiji.

== See also ==
* [[Bangladesh and the Indo-Pacific Strategy]]
* [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (CPTPP)
* [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (TPP)
* [[China–United States trade war]]
* [[Free and Open Indo-Pacific]] (FOIP)
* [[Indo-Pacific]]
* [[Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration#Trade|Trade policy of the Joe Biden administration]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.commerce.gov/ipef Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, U.S. Department of Commerce]

[[Category:International economic organizations]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2022]]

The Final Call (TV series)

2025-07-09T13:26:58Z

SidneyBecnel: expanded content

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Final Call.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Serial (radio and television)|Serial drama]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Philosophy]]<ref name="Philosophy">{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-vijay-lalwani-helms-arjun-rampal-s-zee5-original-titled-the-final-call-watch-the-teasers-inside-2716665 |title=Vijay Lalwani helms Arjun Rampal's ZEE5 original titled 'The Final Call'|date=6 February 2019|publisher=[[DNA India]]|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref>
| based_on = ''[[I Will Go with You (novel)|I Will Go with You]]'' by [[Priya Kumar]]
| runtime = 40 minutes approx
| creator =
| director = Vijay Lalwani
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Arjun Rampal]]
* [[Neeraj Kabi]]
* [[Harshad Arora]]
* [[Anupriya Goenka]]
* [[Javed Jaffrey]]
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]]
* Paula McGlynn
* Anshuman Malhotra
}}
| writer = {{ubl|Vijay Lalwani|'''(Dialogues by)'''|Ramendra Vasishth}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = {{ubl|Sanjoy Dazz|Ambar Das}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| cinematography = Yiannis Manolopoulos
| editor = Nitesh Bhatia
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|02|22|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
| company = [[JAR Pictures]]
| executive_producer = Rakesh Bhagwani
| producer = {{ubl|Ajay G. Rai|Vinamrata Rai|[[Nishikant Kamat]]}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| related =
| image_alt =
| channel =
}}
'''''The Final Call''''' is a 2019 Indian [[web television]] thriller series based on 2015 novel ''[[I Will Go with You (novel)|I Will Go with You]]'' by [[Priya Kumar]]. Directed by Vijay Lalwani, it centres around the passengers of a flight from Mumbai to Sydney whose lives are endangered after the captain decides to commit suicide on board. Starring [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Neeraj Kabi]], [[Sakshi Tanwar]], [[Harshad Arora]]‚ [[Anupriya Goenka]], [[Javed Jaffrey]], Paula McGlynn, Anshuman Malhotra and [[Vipin Sharma]]'', ''The Final Call premiered on the online streaming platform [[Zee5|ZEE5]] on 22 February 2019. In a Press meet author Priya Kumar stated that she is also writing the season 2 of ''The Final Call''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Final Call Season 2 web series movie film Cast Trailer Release Date Story Review - Zee5|url=https://www.uslis.com/2020/04/the-final-call-season-2-web-series.html|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Arjun Rampal]] as Captain Karan Sachdev, a [[Aircraft pilot#Civilian|pilot]] who was a [[Wing commander]] in the [[Indian Air Force]].
* [[Neeraj Kabi]] as V. Krishnamurthi
* [[Harshad Arora]] as Abhimanyu Sahai
* [[Javed Jaffrey]] as Siddharth Singhaniya
* [[Anupriya Goenka]] as Parineeta "Pari"
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as [[Air traffic controller|ATC]] Kiran Mirza<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sakshi-tanwar-the-final-call-stereotypes-5638462/ |title=Sakshi Tanwar: We are breaking a lot of stereotypes in The Final Call |date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS]] Chief Kale
* Meenal Kapoor as Editor in chief Shalini
* Paula McGlynn as Sarah Parker
* Anshuman Malhotra as Dhruv Sehgal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-splitsvilla-xi-fame-anshuman-malhotra-to-share-screen-space-with-arjun-rampal-for-zee5-s-final-call-details-inside-2693239 |title='Splitsvilla XI' fame Anshuman Malhotra to share screen space with Arjun Rampal for Zee5's 'Final Call' |publisher=[[DNA India]]}}</ref>
* Vineet Sharma as Jaikrit Tyagi
*[[Sulabha Arya]] as Dhruv's grandmother
* Lydia Backhouse as Giselle
*[[Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues]] as Thakur

==Filming==
The series was filmed in [[Kashmir]], [[Kochi]], [[Thailand]] and [[London]].<ref name="Philosophy" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/arjun-rampal-digital-debut-with-the-final-call-5490092/|title=Arjun Rampal to make his digital debut with The Final Call|work=The Indian Express|date=12 December 2018|accessdate=21 February 2019}}</ref> Some portions of the show were shot in London on the same set of a plane where the 2016 film ''[[Sully (film)|Sully]]'' was shot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-final-call-arjun-rampal-shot-in-the-same-cockpit-as-tom-hanks-in-sully-2045507.html|title=The Final Call: Arjun Rampal Shot In the Same Cockpit As Tom Hanks In Sully|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Bohni|website=CNN-News18|date=22 February 2019|accessdate=23 February 2019}}</ref> Rampal took several flight simulation classes for the role.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-exclusive-arjun-rampal-gets-candid-on-all-things-zee5-s-the-final-call-2722936|title=Exclusive: Arjun Rampal gets candid on all things ZEE5's 'The Final Call'|last=Vasudevan|first=Aishwarya|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=22 February 2019|accessdate=23 February 2019}}</ref> It was earlier titled ''Row No. 26''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/897716/priya-kumars-novel-i-will-go-with-you-to-be-adapted-into-a-zee5-web-series|title=Priya Kumar's novel I Will Go With You to be adapted into a Zee5 web series|website=Scroll.in|date=10 October 2018|accessdate=21 February 2019}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = The Pilot
|DirectedBy = Vijay Lalwani
|WrittenBy = Vijay Lalwani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Off Communication
|DirectedBy = Vijay Lalwani
|WrittenBy = Vijay Lalwani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Power Of Force
|DirectedBy = Vijay Lalwani
|WrittenBy = Vijay Lalwani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Do You Copy?
|DirectedBy = Vijay Lalwani
|WrittenBy = Vijay Lalwani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Thunder Cloud
|DirectedBy = Vijay Lalwani
|WrittenBy = Vijay Lalwani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = The Journey That Matter
|DirectedBy = Vijay Lalwani
|WrittenBy = Vijay Lalwani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Change In Plan
|DirectedBy = Vijay Lalwani
|WrittenBy = Vijay Lalwani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = The Finale
|DirectedBy = Vijay Lalwani
|WrittenBy = Vijay Lalwani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/watch-the-final-call-online/0-6-1290 ''The Final Call''] on [[ZEE5]]
*{{IMDb title|tt9426440|The Final Call}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Final Call TV Series}}
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Aviation television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian Armed Forces in fiction]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Narayan Das (Jharkhand politician)

2025-06-23T17:18:43Z

SidneyBecnel:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Infobox Indian politician
| office = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Deoghar Assembly constituency|Deoghar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Suresh Paswan]]
| term_start = 2014
| successor = [[Suresh Paswan]]
| term_end = 2024
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Narayan Das''' (born 1966) is an Indian politician and a former Member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly associated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He has been elected for two consecutive terms (2014-19 and 2019-24), from [[Deoghar Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Deoghar district]].
In [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], he lost the seat to [[Suresh Paswan]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Deoghar Election Result 2019: BJP's Narayan Das wins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/story/deoghar-jharkhand-assembly-election-result-live-updates-1630741-2019-12-23 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Das is from [[Deoghar]], Deoghar district, Jharkhand. He is the son of Dasrath Das. He passed his Class 12 in 1994 at C.N.B College, Hathiyawa, Munger and later discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayan Das(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DEOGHAR (SC)(DEOGHAR ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12053 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Das won from Deoghar Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 95,491 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Suresh Paswan]] of the Rashtriya Janata Dal, by a margin of 2,624 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoghar Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Narayan Das of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/deoghar-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-2430797.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Deoghar (Jharkhand) Election Results 2019 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/deoghar-jharkhand-assembly-election-chunav-results-2019-live-winner-name-runner-up-6176855/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the Deoghar seat in the [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoghar Constituency Election Results 2019: Deoghar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/constituency-show/deoghar |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Narayan}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Deoghar district]]

Madhav Singh

2025-06-10T16:45:35Z

SidneyBecnel:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Agar Assembly constituency|Agar]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Manohar Untwal
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}{{Not to be confused with|Madhav Singh Solanki}}
'''Madhav Singh''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Agar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agar assembly election results 2023: Agar Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/agar-assembly-result-12166 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agar Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Agar Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/agar-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Madhav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ranga SSLC

2025-05-14T09:16:35Z

SidneyBecnel: Article enhanced with better details

#REDIRECT [[Ranga (S.S.L.C)]]

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{{R from move}}
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List of National Institute of Technology, Warangal alumni

2025-04-09T09:03:13Z

SidneyBecnel: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal#Notable Alumni]]{{R to section}}

Tiracol

2025-03-16T00:54:36Z

SidneyBecnel: Creating first details basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tiracol
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.724248|N|73.688209|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pernem taluka|Pernem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1747
| founder = Pedro Miguel de Almeida
| named_for =
| government_type = Village Panchayat
| governing_body = Querim-Tiracol
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 205
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Tiracolkar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics1_title2 = Former Official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 403524
| registration_plate = GA
| website = {{URL|www.querim-tiracolpanchayat.com}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Tiracol''' is a village on the [[River mouth|river right mouth]] of the [[Terekhol River|Tiracol River]] and part of the [[Pernem taluka|Pernem Sub-Division]] of [[North Goa]]. Due to its location, it is geographically separated from [[Goa]] by land making it a Goan [[exclave]] in [[Maharashtra]]. It also happens to be the North-Western most point of the state. It is well known for its historical Portuguese era [[Fort Tiracol|Fort]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forttiracol.in/|title=Best Luxury Hotels, Beaches Resort And Royal Villas In Goa|website=www.forttiracol.in}}</ref> and Churches.

Though there is a road connecting the village to neighboring village of [[Redi, Maharashtra]], the most frequented mode of entry is the [[ferry]] from [[Querim]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rnd.goa.gov.in/content.php?id=17|title=River Navigation Department Goa|website=www.rnd.goa.gov.in}}</ref>

==Tiracol Fort and Church==
[[Fort Tiracol]], is a Portuguese era fort turned luxury hotel near the village of Tiracol. It houses the 17th Century Church of St. Anthony within its walls, which is still frequented by local residents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/goa/goa-travel/pernem/terekhol-fort.html|title=Terekhol Fort - Terekhol Fort Goa - Terakol Fort Goa India|website=www.bharatonline.com}}</ref>
[[File:Terekhol Church.JPG|thumb|right|Church of St. Anthony]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in North Goa district]]

Agyaa

2025-02-21T03:57:04Z

SidneyBecnel: starting stub

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{about||the Romanian village of Adea, called Ágya in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]|Sintea Mare|the [[city car]] sold by [[Toyota]]|Toyota Agya}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}

'''Agyaa''' is a village in [[Domariaganj]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2002/pollupd/ac/states/s24/Acnstcand154.htm Election Commission data, retrieved on 1 February 2010</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Siddharthnagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Siddharthnagar district]]

{{Siddharthnagar-geo-stub}}

Indian Geotechnical Society

2024-08-24T13:40:19Z

SidneyBecnel: corrected page per sources and fixed typos based on references

The '''Indian Geotechnical Society''' (IGS) aims at promoting co-operation amongst [[engineer]]s and [[scientist]]s for the advancement and dissemination of knowledge in the fields of [[Soil mechanics|Soil Mechanics]], [[Foundation engineering|Foundation Engineering]], Soil Dynamics, [[Engineering geology|Engineering Geology]], [[Rock mechanics|Rock Mechanics]], Snow and Ice Mechanics and allied fields and their practical applications. It provides a common forum for academics, research workers, designers, [[Construction engineering|construction engineers]], equipment manufacturers and others interested in geotechnical activity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igs.org.in/objectives.php |title=Welcome to Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi - INDIA |access-date=2011-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221014626/http://www.igs.org.in/objectives.php |archive-date=2010-12-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards==

Awards numbering over twenty have been instituted by the IGS for outstanding technical papers published through the Society. Besides, Prof. G. A. Leonards of [[Purdue University]] has instituted an award for the best Ph. D. thesis in [[Geotechnical engineering|Geotechnical Engineering]].

The IGS - Kueckelmann award is presented once in two years to an eminent geotechnical engineer who has made significant contribution to the profession in [[India]]. So far 16 eminent Geotechnical Engineers have thus been honoured.

To encourage Chapter oriented activities, an Award designated IGS-Ferroco Terzaghi Oration is being instituted for outstanding contribution to Geotechnial Engineering. The Award carries an amount of Rs. One Lakh plus expenses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igs.org.in/awards.php |title=Welcome to Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi - INDIA |access-date=2011-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031091129/http://www.igs.org.in/awards.php |archive-date=2010-10-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* Major IGS Awards (Biennial)
**IGS-Ferroco Terzaghi Oration by an Outstanding National/International Geotechnical Engineer. Prize Rs.1 Lakh & expenses. Organised through IGS Chapters.
**IGS-Kueckelmann Award of Rs. 35,000 for Outstanding cumulative contribution in Geotechnical Engineering.
**IGS-AIMIL Shri H.C. Verma Memorial cash Award of Rs.25,000/- on Innovative Instrumentation.
**IGS-Prof. Dinesh Mohan Prize for Excellence in Geotechnical Practices.
**IGS-Prof. Leonards’ Prize for the Best Doctoral Dissertation in Geotechnical Engineering.
* Some of the IGS Best Paper Awards (Biennial)
**IGS-AIMIL Prize for the best paper published in the Indian Geotechnical Journal.
**IGS-HEICO Prize for the best paper on Rock Mechanics published in Indian Geotechnical Journal.
**IGS-AIMIL Prize for the best paper on Instrumentation.
**IGS-AFCONS Prize for the best paper on Case Histories.
**IGS-Shri B. N. Gupta, Madras Prize for the best paper on Shallow Foundations.
**IGS-Smt Indra Joshi Prize for the best paper in National / International Conferences / Symposia.
**IGS-ONGC Prize for the best paper on Special Studies in the Area of Marine Geotechnical Engineering.
**IGS-Dr. Shamsher Prakash Prize for the best paper on Soil Dynamics.
** IGS-Prof. Dinesh Mohan Prize for the best paper on Pile Foundation.
**IGS-Dr B. B. Rai - Shri S. N. Gupta Prize for the best paper on Earth and Earth-Retaining Structures.

==Local Chapters==

To promote closer interaction amongst geotechnical engineers spread all over the country, local chapters of the Society were introduced in 1968 and at present Thirty local chapters are functional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igs.org.in/local_chapters.php |title=Welcome to Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi - INDIA |access-date=2011-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116015808/http://www.igs.org.in/local_chapters.php |archive-date=2011-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{primary sources|date=January 2011}}
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian engineering organisations]]