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Hormizd I Kushanshah

2026-05-08T14:43:20Z

Siddharth Darnal: new initial post v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{short description|Ruler of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hormizd I Kushanshah
| title =
| image = Hormizd I Kushanshah Merv mint.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Coin of Hormizd I Kushanshah, [[Merv|Marw]] mint
| succession = [[Kushanshah]] of the [[Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom]]
| reign = 275–300
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor = [[Peroz I Kushanshah]]
| successor = [[Hormizd II Kushanshah]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Bahram I]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 300
| death_place =
| religion = [[Zoroastrianism]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
}}
'''Hormizd I Kushanshah''' was [[Kushanshah]] of the [[Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom]] from 275 to 300. His reign was marked by his rebellion against his brother and suzerain the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] [[King of Kings]] [[Bahram II]] ({{reign|274|293}}).

Hormizd I Kushanshah was notably the first Kushano-Sasanian ruler to claim the title of "Great Kushan King of Kings" instead of the traditional "Great Kushan King". This displays a noteworthy transition in Kushano-Sasanian ideology and self-perception and possibly a direct dispute with the ruling branch of the Sasanian family. By the time of Bahram II's death in 293, Hormizd I Kushanshah's rebellion had been suppressed; he continued to rule until his death in 300, and was succeeded by his namesake [[Hormizd II Kushanshah]].

== Etymology ==
''Hormizd'' (also spelled ''Ōhrmazd'', ''Hormozd'') is the [[Middle Persian]] version of the name of the supreme [[deity]] in [[Zoroastrianism]], known in [[Avestan]] as [[Ahura Mazda]].{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462–464}} The [[Old Persian]] equivalent is ''Auramazdā'', while the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[transliteration]] is ''Hormisdas''.{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462–464}}{{sfn|Vevaina|Canepa|2018|page=1110}}

== Background ==
Like the previous Kushano-Sasanians, Hormizd I Kushanshah was, in effect, a governor of the eastern portion of the [[Sasanian Empire]], which included the [[Tukharistan]] region, [[Kabulistan]] and [[Gandhara]].{{sfn|Payne|2016|p=6}}{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=72}} The Kushano-Sasanians, in the same manner as the [[Kushan Empire]], used the title of [[Kushanshah]] ("Kushan King"), thus demonstrating a continuum with their predecessors.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=72}} Hormizd I Kushanshah was probably a son of the Sasanian king [[Bahram I]] ({{reign|271|274}}), who died in 274 and was succeeded by another son, [[Bahram II]] ({{reign|274|293}}).{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} It was during the reign of his brother that Hormizd I Kushanshah choose to rebel.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}}

== Reign ==
[[File:Naghsh-e rostam, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 10.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|The victory of [[Bahram II]] (left) over Hormizd I Kushanshah (right) is depicted in the bottom panel at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]] (the top panel is the "victory" of Bahram II over Roman Emperor [[Carus]]).{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}}]]
Hormizd I Kushanshah was the first Kushano-Sasanian ruler to mint coins with the title of "Great Kushan King of Kings" instead of the traditional "Great Kushan King".The exact dates of Hormizd I Kushanshah’s reign remain uncertain and are primarily reconstructed through numismatic evidence rather than contemporary historical records.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=81}} The Kushano-Sasanian king, now laying claims to the title of King of Kings, which had originally also been used by the Kushan Empire, displays a noteworthy transition in Kushano-Sasanian ideology and self-perception and possibly a direct dispute with the ruling branch of the Sasanian family.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=81}}

Hormizd I Kushanshah was supported in his efforts by the [[Sakastan (Sasanian province)|Sakastanis]], [[Gelae (tribe)|Gelae]], and Kushans.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=11}} Another revolt also occurred in Sakastan, led by Hormizd I Kushanshah's cousin [[Hormizd of Sakastan]], who has been suggested to be the same person as him.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} However, according to [[Khodadad Rezakhani|Rezakhani]], this proposal must now be disregarded.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=81}} At the same time, a revolt led by a high-priest (''[[mowbed]]'') occurred in the province of [[Khuzistan (Sasanian province)|Khuzestan]], which was seized by the latter for a period.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|pp=11–12}}

Meanwhile, the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor [[Carus]], hearing of the civil war occurring in the Sasanian Empire, chose to take advantage of the situation by making a campaign into the empire in 283.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} He invaded [[Mesopotamia]] while Bahram II was in the east, and even besieged the Sasanian capital of [[Ctesiphon]] without facing much fighting.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=12}}{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}} The Sasanians, due to facing severe internal problems, were unable to mount an effective coordinated defense at the time; Carus and his army may have captured Ctesiphon.{{sfn|Potter|2013|p=26}} However, Carus shortly died afterwards, reportedly being struck by lightning.{{sfn|Potter|2013|p=26}} The Roman army as a result withdrew, and Mesopotamia was re-conquered by the Sasanians.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}} The following year, Bahram II made peace with the Romans, now ruled by [[Diocletian]], who was faced with internal issues of his own.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}}{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=12}}

By the time of Bahram II's death in 293, the revolts in the east had been suppressed, with his son and heir [[Bahram III]] being appointed the governor of Sakastan, receiving the title of ''[[sakanshah]]'' ("King of the Saka").{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}}{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=12}} Hormizd I Kushanshah ruled till 300, and was succeeded by his namesake [[Hormizd II Kushanshah]].{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=81–82}}

== Coinage ==
[[File:Hormizd I Kushanshah circa AD 285-300.jpg|thumb|Gold coin of Hormizd I Kushanshah, imitating the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] coins, with the deity [[Oesho]] on the reverse.]]
Coins of Hormizd I Kushanshah were minted at [[Kabul]], [[Balkh]], [[Herat]], and [[Merv|Marw]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} The synchronicity of the Kushano-Sasanians with the rulers of the Kushan Empire is rather well established, as a large quantity of the early copper coins of Hormizd I Kushanshah from the south of the [[Hindu-Kush]] were overstruck by the Kushan Emperor [[Vasudeva II]] ({{reign|275|300}}).{{sfn|Cribb|2018|p=21}} Some of Hormizd I Kushanshah's coins imitate Kushan coinage, with king standing in Kushan military dress on the obverse, and the deity [[Oesho]] on the reverse.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} Other coins however follow more closely the Sasanian pattern, with him being portrayed in the Sasanian style, and with [[fire altar]] or deity on the reverse.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}}

On the obverse of the coins, Hormizd I Kushanshah is wearing a crown shaped as the head of a lion.{{sfn|Curtis|2007|p=433}} The lion was a symbol of [[Nana (Kushan goddess)|Nana]], the eastern counterpart to [[Anahita]], the goddess of fertility, and was a derivative of the Mesopotamian goddess [[Inanna]].{{sfn|Curtis|2007|p=433}} Lions, along with leopards and cats were regarded as evil animals in Zoroastrianism, and were thus disfavoured.{{sfn|Curtis|2007|p=433}} Nevertheless, the lion may have been chosen as the symbol of Nana/Anahita by the Kushano-Sasanians, regardless of its unfavorable implication.{{sfn|Curtis|2007|p=433}}

A couple of overstrikes on coins of Hormizd I by the [[Parataraja]] ruler Datayola are known.<ref>* {{cite book |last=Tandon |first=Pankaj |editor-last=Piper |editor-first1=Wilfried |title=Ancient Indian Coins: A Comprehensive Catalogue |date=2021 |publisher=IIRNS Publications |isbn=9789392280016 |location=Nasik, India |chapter= The Paratarajas|page=14 |chapter-url=http://coinindia.com/ParatarajasCatalogue.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal |last1=Curtis|first1=Vesta Sarkhosh|title=Religious iconography on ancient Iranian coins |journal=Journal of Late Antiquity |date=2007 |pages=413–434| location = London|url=https://www.academia.edu/6186849|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book | title = Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire | year = 2014 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | last = Daryaee| first = Touraj | author-link = Touraj Daryaee | pages = 1–240 | isbn = 978-0857716668 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LU0BAwAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=David |author-link1=David Stone Potter |title=Constantine the Emperor |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199755868}}
* {{cite book | title = The History of Ancient Iran | year = 1984 | publisher = C.H.Beck | last = Frye | first = Richard Nelson | author-link = Richard Nelson Frye | pages = [https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye/page/n20 1]–411 | isbn = 9783406093975 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye| url-access = registration | quote = The history of ancient iran. }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Bahrām II | last = Shahbazi | first = A. Shapur | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahram-02 | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5 | pages = 514–522 | year = 1988 }}
* {{citation|last=Frye|first=R. N.|title=The political history of Iran under the Sasanians|chapter=Chapter 4|series=[[The Cambridge History of Iran]]|volume=3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-521-20092-9 | issue=1}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hormozd Kusansah |first=A. Shapur |last=Shahbazi |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormozd-kusansah |year=2004 }}
* {{cite book | title = ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity | year = 2017 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Rezakhani | first = Khodadad | pages = 1–256 | isbn = 9781474400305 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=false}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd–24th March, 2017 |date=2018 |publisher=University of Oxford The Classical Art Research Centre Archaeopress |url=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n27}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Hormozd I | last = Shayegan | first = M. Rahim | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormozd-i | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5 | pages = 462–464 | year = 2004 }}
* {{ODLA|last1=Vevaina|first1=Yuhan|last2=Canepa|first2=Matthew|title=Ohrmazd|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3439?rskey=yx9iQR&result=10}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Payne |first1=Richard |title=The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity |journal=Journal of Late Antiquity |date=2016 |volume=9 |pages=4–41 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |url=https://www.academia.edu/27438947 |url-access=registration |doi=10.1353/jla.2016.0011 |s2cid=156673274}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Peroz I Kushanshah]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kushanshah]] of the [[Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom]]|years= 275–300}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hormizd II Kushanshah]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Kushanshahs of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom}}

[[Category:Kushanshahs]]
[[Category:3rd-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:3rd-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the Sasanian Empire]]
[[Category:3rd-century births]]
[[Category:3rd-century deaths]]
[[Category:Monarchs of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom]]

Shalabh Mani Tripathi

2026-04-29T19:56:16Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created New Info And Citations.

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shalabh Mani Tripathi शलभ मणि त्रिपाठी
| caption =
| image = [[File:Shalabh Mani Tripathi Photo.jpg]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|12|01}}
| birth_place = [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Deoria Assembly constituency|Deoria]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Shalabh Mani Tripathi: Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/_CANDIDATENAME_-deoria-candidate-s24a337c04/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Journalist
| education =
| website = {{URL|https://www.shalabhmanitripathi.com/|Official Website}}
}}
'''Shalabh Mani Tripathi''' (born 1 December 1977) is a former [[India]]n TV journalist, turned politician of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Shalabh Mani Tripathi |url=https://www.bjp.org/hi/node/65869 |publisher=[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP.org]] |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> who is an elected member from [[Deoria Assembly constituency]] in 2022 in [[Deoria district|Deoria]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/statewiseS2412.htm |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shalabh Mani Tripathi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DEORIA(DEORIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3714 |access-date=12 August 2022 |work=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born on 1 December 1977 in [[Deoria district|Deoria]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father was a government teacher.

In 1998, after completing Post Graduation in mathematics he joined [[Dainik Jagran]] as a journalist.<ref>{{cite news |last=तिवारी |first=कमल |date=28 March 2022 |title=Yogi 2.0: पत्रकार से राजनेता और अब विधायक बने शलभ मणि त्रिपाठी ने कर डाला एंकर का ही इंटरव्यू |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/uttar-pradesh/bjp-mla-shalabh-mani-tripathi-anchors-the-show-during-a-news-channel-program/2100039/lite/ |work=[[Jansatta]] |access-date=12 August 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

In December 2016 he joined [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=शलभ मणि त्रिपाठी ने पत्रकारिता छोड़ ज्वाइन की BJP |url=https://www.indiatv.in/india/politics-senior-journalist-shalabh-mani-tripathi-joined-bjp-501092 |access-date=12 August 2022 |work=[[India TV]] |date=3 January 2017 |language=hi}}</ref>

Tripathi previously worked with [[Dainik Jagran]], [[Amar Ujala]], and [[News 18]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.shalabhmanitripathi.com/ Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Shalabh Mani}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]

Integrated Drone Detection & Interdiction System

2026-04-28T06:45:11Z

Siddharth Darnal: new first post added tags!

{{Short description|Laser-based weapon system developed in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Integrated Drone Detection & Interdiction System (IDD&IS)
| image =
| caption =
| origin = India
| type = [[Laser weapon]]
| is_ranged = Yes
| service = 2024–present<ref name=":3" />
| used_by = [[Corps of Army Air Defence]]
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date = 2012–present
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Electronics]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |title=Game-changer: How India's homegrown Iron Dome made a Pakistan-drone-crushing debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/13/game-changer-how-indias-homegrown-iron-dome-made-a-pakistan-drone-crushing-debut |access-date=2 January 2026 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=13 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

The '''Integrated Drone Detection & Interdiction System''' ('''IDD&IS''') is a series of [[laser weapon]]s being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] for the [[Indian Armed Forces]].

== Development ==
A 2012 research paper had paved the way for the development of an indigenous laser weapon in India.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=15 April 2025 |title=ET Graphics: A decade in the making, India’s first high-powered laser weapon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/et-graphics-a-decade-in-the-making-indias-first-high-powered-laser-weapon/articleshow/120289633.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The requirement of a similar system was mentioned in the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|defence ministry]]'s 2013 Technology Perspective & Capability Roadmap and the government had confirmed that the research on the matter had commenced at the [[Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences]], and [[Laser Science and Technology Centre]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Gurung |first=Shaurya Karanbir |date=7 December 2017 |title=India gets a step closer to laser weaponry as DRDO successfully tests laser system |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-gets-a-step-closer-to-laser-weaponry-as-drdo-successfully-tests-laser-system/articleshow/61954646.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101181442/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-gets-a-step-closer-to-laser-weaponry-as-drdo-successfully-tests-laser-system/articleshow/61954646.cms |archive-date=1 January 2026 |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

By 2015, [[LASTEC]] completed the development of a unit of 1 kW 'single mode fibre laser' and was engaged in the further development of 5 kW and 9 kW fibre laser sources.<ref name=":0" />

Towards the end of August 2017, India conducted its first successful test of a [[directed-energy weapon]]. The weapon was a 1 kW class [[laser weapon]] in a truck-mounted configuration from the [[Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range]] in [[Karnataka]]. In the test witnessed by the then [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]], [[Arun Jaitley]], the laser beam hit its target at a distance of {{Convert|250|m|abbr=on}} and it took 36 seconds to "make a hole into the metal sheet". The weapon was a [[technology demonstrator]] and was to be followed by a 2 kW laser weapon with an expected range of {{Convert|1|km|abbr=on}}. Meanwhile, the core of the weapon system, the laser source, was being imported from Germany. By then, [[LASTEC]] had also developed a 10 kW [[chemical oxygen iodine laser]] and was developing a 30–100 kW "gas dynamic high power laser-based [[DEW]]" under Project Aditya.<ref name=":0" />

As of May 2024, [[DRDO]] was developing laser-DEW systems of a 30–50 kW range under its short, medium and long-term goals.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-21 |title=Army inducts first lot of desi anti-drone systems for China border deployment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-inducts-first-lot-of-desi-anti-drone-systems-for-china-border-deployment/articleshow/108658556.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In early September 2024, it was reported that the [[Indian Navy]] conducted trials of a 2 kW [[DEW]] from a [[naval warship]]. Similar trials of a 10 kW DEW was planned.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-04 |title=Indian Navy Successfully Conducts Trials of 2 kW DEW System |url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/indian-navy-successfully-conducts-trials-of-2-kw-dew-system/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=raksha-anirveda.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Indian Navy Conducts Trials of 2-KW Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2024/09/indian-navy-conducts-trials-of-2-kw.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Indian Defence News}}</ref>

On 13 April 2025, DRDO successfully conducted the trials of the truck-mounted Mk-II(A) laser-DEW system, India's first high-power laser weapon. During the trials, the system engaged a fixed-wing drone at long range as well as deterred a seven-drone swarm attack and destroyed enemy surveillance sensors and antennae. The system demonstrated a high speed of engagement, accuracy and destroyed the target in seconds. The cost to engage for a few seconds was equivalent to the cost of few litres of petrol. The system can engage its target once detected by a radar or its integral EO system. The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation#Organisation|CHESS]]-developed system was tested at the National Open Air Range, [[Kurnool]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-04-13 |title=DRDO tests directed energy weapon system that can disable drones, missiles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-tests-directed-energy-weapon-system-that-can-disable-drones-missiles/article69446266.ece |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-04-13 |title='Star Wars tech': DRDO showcases 30 KW laser-based weapon to take down helicopters, swarm drones |url=https://theprint.in/defence/star-wars-tech-drdo-showcases-30-kw-laser-based-weapon-to-take-down-helicopters-swarm-drones/2588573/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> for a range of 3.5 km in hot, extreme weather conditions. User trials would reportedly take 1–1.5 years.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-14 |title=India tests laser system to destroy aerial targets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-laser-system-to-destroy-aerial-targets/articleshow/120266057.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is codenamed ''Sahastra Shakti'' and is powered by 6 individual 5 kW laser sources in a 2×3 configuration.<ref name=":7" />

As of then, [[DRDO]] is also developing laser-[[DEW]] systems of a 50–100 kW range along with [[Projects of DRDO#High-Power Microwave system|microwave-based DEW]] under its revised short, medium and long-term goals.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" />

A 5''' '''kW laser DEW was tested as part of the [[Mission Sudarshan Chakra#Integrated Air Defence Weapon System|Integrated Air Defence Weapon System]] on 23 August 2025.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2025-08-26 |title='Sudarshan Chakra' will be India's shield and sword, but needs massive integration, says CDS Anil Chauhan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sudarshan-chakra-india-integration-pm-modi-iron-dome-cds-anil-chauhan-10212016/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102132356/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sudarshan-chakra-india-integration-pm-modi-iron-dome-cds-anil-chauhan-10212016/ |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-08-24 |title=DRDO successfully conducts maiden flight tests of Integrated Air Defence Weapon System |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-successfully-conducts-maiden-flight-tests-of-integrated-air-defence-weapon-system/article69970850.ece |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 22 December 2025, Apollo Microsystems received [[technology transfer]] for [[Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences|CHESS]] 10 kW Laser DEW system and [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment|IRDE]] [[Electro-optical targeting system|EO tracking system]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=N. Ravi |date=2025-12-22 |title=Apollo Micro Systems gets access to two Directed Energy Weapon Systems tech of DRDO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/apollo-micro-systems-gets-access-to-two-directed-energy-weapon-systems-tech-of-drdo/article70425162.ece |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Indian Army released a [[request for information]] for the acquisition of an IDD&IS Mark II A in February 2026. The weapon's requirement was laid out by the [[Corps of Army Air Defence|Directorate General of Army Air Defence]], and it is supposed be integrated with the existing air defence weapons.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-02-26 |title=Army seeks advanced drone detection system to counter aerial threats |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-seeks-advanced-drone-detection-system-to-counter-aerial-threats-2685856-2025-02-26 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Variants ==

* '''IDD&IS Mk-I:''' 2 kW laser source with a hard kill range of {{Convert|0.8-1|km|abbr=on}} and soft kill range of {{Convert|2-5|km|abbr=on}} by [[Radio jamming|jamming]]. Detection range: {{Convert|5-8|km|abbr=on}}. Deployed by the Indian Army.<ref name=":3" />
* '''IDD&IS Mk-II''': 10 kW laser source with a range of {{Convert|2|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-13 |title=Indian Army uses new DRDO laser to neutralise Chinese drone near LoC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-uses-new-drdo-laser-to-neutralise-chinese-drone-near-loc/articleshow/120254260.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Cleared for induction by the defence ministry.<ref name=":29" />
* '''5 kW laser weapon:''' A 5''' '''kW laser weapon forms a part of the [[Mission Sudarshan Chakra#Integrated Air Defence Weapon System|IADWS]].<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":9" />
* '''IDD&IS Mk-IIA:'''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-02-26 |title=Army seeks advanced drone detection system to counter aerial threats |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-seeks-advanced-drone-detection-system-to-counter-aerial-threats-2685856-2025-02-26 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Also called, Mk-II (A) Laser-DEW<ref name=":5" /> or ''Sahastra Shakti'', it is a 30 kW class laser weapon powered by 6 individual 5 kW laser sources in a 2×3 configuration.<ref name=":29" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lateef |first=Samaan |date=2025-04-14 |title=India develops ‘Star Wars’ laser gun to shoot down drones |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/04/14/india-develops-star-wars-laser-gun-drones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102130553/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/04/14/india-develops-star-wars-laser-gun-drones/ |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> It has a range of {{Convert|5|km|abbr=on}} integrated with 360° [[Electro-optical sensor|EO]]/[[Infrared search and track|IR]] sensors and [[electronic warfare]] capability. Effective against [[Military aircraft|fixed-wing aircraft]], [[swarm drone]]s as well as [[missiles]].<ref name=":5" /> In production.<ref name=":1" />
* '''DRDO Surya:''' 300 kW laser source with a range of {{Convert|20|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1" />

== Service history ==
The Ministry of Defense released a request for proposals in November 2022 to purchase nine IDD&IS units.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL BY MINISTRY OF DEFENCE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA FOR PROCUREMENT OF INTEGRATED DRONE DETECTION AND INTERDICTION SYSTEM (IMPROVED VERSION) |url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/RFP-IDD%26IS%20%28Improved%20Version%29_0_0.pdf |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=mod.gov.in}}</ref> In March 2024, the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Corps of Army Air Defence]] had inducted the first lot of seven IDD&IS into service.<ref name=":3" /> India has reportedly placed an order for 23 such systems for {{INRConvert|400|c|lk=on|year=2024}}.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />

On 13 April 2025, it was reported that the Indian Army's IDD&IS Mk 1 had intercepted a Chinese origin, [[Pakistan Army]]-operated drone in the [[area of responsibility]] of the [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]],<ref name=":1" /> southwards of the [[Pir Panjal Range]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=2025-04-18 |title=Army to acquire 9 more Laser-based counter-drone systems for deployment along Pak, China borders |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/army-to-acquire-9-more-laser-based-counter-drone-systems-for-deployment-along-pak-china-borders20250418195435/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> The Army also planned to procure nine additional units under emergency procurement.<ref name=":2" /> [[Bharat Electronics]], and the Corps of Army Air Defence signed an agreement for the IDD&IS on 16 May 2025, as part of a larger {{INRConvert|572|c|lk=off|year=2025}} contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=BEL signs contract with Army for Indigenous Counter-Drone System, secures orders worth Rs 572 crore |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bel-signs-contract-with-army-for-indigenous-counter-drone-system-secures-orders-worth-rs-572-crore20250516224432/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 December 2025, the Defence Acquisition Council, functioning under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] and the chairmanship of the [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]], [[Rajnath Singh]], cleared the procurement of IDD&IS Mk-II for the Indian Army.<ref name=":29">{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals worth Rs 79,000 crore to enhance the capabilities of the Armed Forces |date=2025-12-29 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2209422&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-12-29 |title=200 km+ range Astra missile, 120 km range Pinaka rockets on shopping list as MoD clears Rs 79,000 cr proposals |url=https://theprint.in/defence/200-km-range-astra-missile-120-km-range-pinaka-rockets-on-shopping-list-as-mod-clears-rs-79000-cr-proposals/2814298/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Earlier, reports in November 2025, indicated Indian Army and [[Indian Air Force]]'s bid to initially induct 16 IDD&IS Mk-II systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=2025-11-16 |title=Indian Army, IAF to induct 16 laser based anti drone systems with 2 km range |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-army-iaf-to-induct-16-indigenous-drone-detection-interception-systems-with-capability-to-hit-enemy-uavs-with-laser-at-2-kms20251116185032/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-16 |title=Boost for counter-drone warfare: Army, IAF to deploy new indigenous systems; DRDO readies next-gen weapons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-for-counter-drone-warfare-army-iaf-to-deploy-new-indigenous-systems-drdo-readies-next-gen-weapons/articleshow/125366402.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Operators ==

* {{Flag|India}}
** {{Army|India}}: 7 Mk-I in service,<ref name=":3" /> 9 Mk-I to be ordered.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-18 |title=Army to acquire 9 more Laser-based counter-drone systems for deployment along Pakistan, China borders |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-to-acquire-9-more-laser-based-counter-drone-systems-for-deployment-along-pakistan-china-borders/articleshow/120410043.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bhargavastra (counter drone system)]]
* [[Projects of DRDO#High-Power Microwave system|High-Power Microwave system]]
* [[High Energy Laser with Integrated Optical-dazzler and Surveillance]]
* [[DragonFire (weapon)]]
* [[Iron Beam]]
* [[LY-1]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2020s]]

==External links==
{{external media
| caption = External Image of DRDO DEW-mk2A
| image1 =[https://alphadefense.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/image-26-768x512.png]| External Image of DRDO DEW-Mk 2A]
}}

[[Category:Military lasers]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War weapons of India]]

Miss Earth India

2026-04-26T20:21:52Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created Basic Article W/ Sources!

{{Short description|Indian national beauty pageant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Miss Earth India
| image =
| image_border =
| image_size = 20th
| caption = Logo of Miss Earth India
| formation = 2001
| type = [[Beauty pageant]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| location = [[India]]
| num_members = [[Miss Earth]]
| key_people = Deepak Agarwal (National Director)<ref>{{cite news |title= Miss Divine Beauty {{!}} 2019 Ref:Business Standard |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=2 September 2019 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/miss-divine-beauty-celebrated-the-power-of-womanhood-at-the-grand-finale-event-119090200738_1.html |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Rashmi Madhuri crowned {{!}} 2021 Ref:gulfnews|date=14 October 2021 |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/rashmi-madhuri-crowned-miss-earth-india-2021-1.1634201734519 |language=en}}</ref>
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.divinebeautygroup.com/}}
}}

'''Miss Earth India''' or '''Miss India Earth''' is a title given to the Indian woman who represents [[India]] at [[Miss Earth]],<ref name="oneidia-delhi">{{cite news|title=Miss Earth India pageant to be held in Delhi|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/miss-earth-india-pageant-be-held-delhi-2004285.html|access-date=28 March 2016|publisher=[[Oneindia]], Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd.|date=5 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes-delhi">{{cite news|title=Delhi to host Miss Earth India to support Beti Bachao Beti Padhao|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/delhi-to-host-miss-earth-india-to-support-beti-bachao-beti-padhao/story-xN77zwqj7eRyEJIXDqrAhI.html|access-date=28 March 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=5 February 2016}}</ref> an annual, international beauty pageant promoting [[environmental awareness]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Afghanistan: Anti-Pageant Judges|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E3DC1430F933A05753C1A9659C8B63&scp=1&sq=miss%20earth%20vida%20samadzai&st=cse|first=World News|last=New York Times| work=The New York Times |date=30 October 2003|access-date=3 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-10/25/content_385531.htm">{{cite news|title=Miss Earth 2004 beauty pageant|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-10/25/content_385531.htm|work=China Daily|agency=Reuters|date=25 October 2004|access-date=23 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="make-beauty">{{cite news|last=Enriquez|first=Amee|title=Philippines: How to make a beauty queen|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25550425|access-date=3 February 2014|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The current national pageant which chooses the Indian representative for Miss Earth is '''[[Miss Divine Beauty]]''' of India.

==History==
[[File:Nicole Faria Yaariyan Promotion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Miss Earth 2010]] [[Nicole Faria]] promoting her [[Bollywood]] film [[Yaariyan (2014 film)|''Yaariyan'']]]]

===2001–2014: Femina Miss India and Miss Diva===
India has participated in the [[Miss Earth]] pageant since its inception in [[Miss Earth 2001|2001]]. From 2001 to 2013, India's representatives at [[Miss Earth]] were selected by [[Femina Miss India]] (a beauty pageant founded in 1964). Femina Miss India is sponsored by ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'', a women's magazine published by [[the Times Group]].

From 2002, the third winner of Femina Miss India was changed from Miss India Asia Pacific International to Femina Miss India-Earth to designate India's representative to the new Miss Earth pageant, and a finalist was sent to [[Miss International]]. From 2007 to 2009, three winners went to [[Miss Universe]], [[Miss World]], and [[Miss Earth]].<ref name=hindu-holnus>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200704091922.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 April 2007 |access-date=17 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629035631/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200704091922.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=winners-equal>{{cite news|title=No runners-up in Miss India contest; all 3 winners are equal|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_no-runners-up-in-miss-india-contest-all-3-winners-are-equal_1089789 |access-date=1 March 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] and [[Press Trust of India]]|date=9 April 2007}}</ref> In 2010, [[I Am She - Miss Universe India]] acquired the rights to send India's representatives to the Miss Universe pageant. The first winner at Femina Miss India was designated to participate in Miss World, the second winner to Miss Earth, and the third winner to Miss International. In 2013, the Times Group regained the rights to send India's representatives to [[Miss Universe]] and launched a new pageant for [[Miss Universe]] ([[Miss Diva]]). The following year, Miss Earth India received the second title at the Miss Diva pageant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://missindiamagazine.com/sushmita-sen-at-the-helm-of-miss-universe-india-pageant/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101246/http://missindiamagazine.com/sushmita-sen-at-the-helm-of-miss-universe-india-pageant/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 April 2015|title=Former Miss Universe, Sushmita Sen, now at the helm of Miss Universe India|work=Miss India Magazine|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref>

India did well at the Miss Earth debut in 2001, when [[Shamita Singha]] was one of the Top 10 finalists.<ref name=Missindiaearth2001>{{cite news|last=Lo|first=Ricardo F.|title=In fairness to Sherilyn|url=http://www.philstar.com/funfare/Article.aspx?articleId=138037&publicationSubCategoryId=70|access-date=11 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]]|date=27 October 2001}}</ref> The country has become a strong contender for Miss Earth; Jyoti Brahmin of [[West Bengal]] and [[Shriya Kishore]] of [[Maharashtra]] made the Top 16 in [[Miss Earth 2004|2004]] and [[Miss Earth 2009|2009]], respectively (both years were won by Brazil). In [[Miss Earth 2006|2006]] and [[Miss Earth 2007|2007]], [[Amruta Patki]] and [[Pooja Chitgopekar]] were Miss Air (first runners-up).

In 2010, [[Nicole Faria]] won the Miss Earth crown for India.<ref>[http://www.missearth.tv/index.php The 10th Miss Earth Pageant]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_nicole-faria-s-family-not-surprised-by-miss-earth-win_1477001|title=Nicole Faria's family not surprised by Miss Earth win |work=Daily News and Analysis |date= 5 December 2010 |access-date=5 December 2010}}</ref> In addition to the main title, Faria was chosen as Miss Talent (the 10th pageant's first special award).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saigon-gpdaily.com.vn/Culture_Art/2010/11/87077/ |title=SGGP English Edition- Indian contestant wins Miss Earth talent competition |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123041451/http://www.saigon-gpdaily.com.vn/Culture_Art/2010/11/87077/ |archive-date=23 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She performed a belly dance combining Oriental and Middle Eastern styles in a performance which raised [[Vietnamese đồng|₫]]100 million, which was donated to the [[Ho Chi Minh City]] Red Cross to aid flood victims in central Vietnam.<ref>[http://english.vovnews.vn/Home/Indian-beauty-crowned-Miss-Earth-Talent-2010/201011/121261.vov VOVNEWS.VN | Indian beauty crowned Miss Earth Talent 2010 – Indian beauty crowned Miss Earth Talent 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113235235/http://english.vovnews.vn/Home/Indian-beauty-crowned-Miss-Earth-Talent-2010/201011/121261.vov |date=13 November 2010 }}</ref> As a Miss Earth winner, Faria addressed the problems of Bangalore's lakes. The lakes have rapidly disappeared in the past 30 years (from 270-300 lakes to about 80) due to industrial development. The remaining 80 lakes have been severely polluted by human and industrial waste.<ref name=down-earth>{{cite news|title=Down to Earth|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/weekend/inside.asp?xfile=/data/weekend/2011/October/weekend_October17.xml&section=weekend|access-date=21 February 2012|newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=7 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225023321/http://khaleejtimes.com/weekend/inside.asp?xfile=/data/weekend/2011/October/weekend_October17.xml&section=weekend|archive-date=25 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=global-steering>{{cite news|last=Newswire|first=Traffiq|title=International Beauty Queen Creates Global Steering Committee to Solve Bangalore, India Water Crisis|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/international-beauty-queen-creates-global-steering-committee-to-solve-bangalore-india-water-crisis-2011-12-02|access-date=21 February 2012|newspaper=[[MarketWatch]]|date=2 December 2011}}</ref>

In 2014, Femina Miss India's sister pageant (Miss Diva) sent India's representative to Miss Earth. The Miss Diva pageant, established in [[Miss Diva - 2013|2013]], is also owned by the Times Group. The titleholder, [[Alankrita Sahai]] won on 14 October 2014.<ref name=winner2>{{cite news|title=Noyonita Lodh crowned Miss Diva Universe|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/noyonita-lodh-crowned-miss-diva-universe/articleshow/44887674.cms|access-date=20 October 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|year=2014}}</ref>

===2015: Glamanand Supermodel India===
Glamanand Supermodel India Beauty Pageant chairman Nikhil Anand acquired the rights to send India's delegates to the [[Miss Earth]] pageant in 2015, and the winner of the [[Glamanand Supermodel India 2015]] contest was crowned Miss Earth India. In 2016, Glamanand lost the rights.

==={{anchor|2016: Miss Earth India 2016}}2016: Cheryl Hansen===
In 2016, the Miss Earth franchise of was obtained by Cheryl Hansen. The audition had 37 finalists from [[Bangalore]] and New Delhi screenings.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==={{anchor|2018: Glamanand Supermodel India - 2018}}2018: Glamanand Supermodel India===
Glamanand Supermodel India sent India's representative to [[Miss Earth 2018]], which was held in the Philippines.

===2019–present: Miss Divine Beauty===
Miss Divine Beauty Pageant acquired the rights to send India's representatives to the [[Miss Earth]] pageant in 2019. Tejaswini Manogna, one of the contest winners, was crowned Miss Earth India 2019. Tanvi Kharote was crowned Miss Divine Beauty 2020 (held virtually).

[[Priyan Sain]] was crowned Miss Divine Beauty 2023, earning the right to represent India at [[Miss Earth 2023]]. She successfully placed in the Top 20, ending India's 12-year unplacement streak since [[Nicole Faria]]'s historic win at [[Miss Earth 2010]].

==Titleholders==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Titleholder
!Title
!Home
!Venue
|-
| 2025
| Komal Choudhary
| [[Miss Divine Beauty|Divine Miss Earth India 2025]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Indradhanush Auditorium, [[Panchkula]]
|-
| 2024
| Gauri Gothankar
| [[Miss Divine Beauty|Divine Miss Earth India 2024]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Golden Tulip Suites, [[Gurgaon]]
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2023|2023]]
| [[Priyan Sain]]
| [[Miss Divine Beauty|Divine Miss Earth India 2023]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Jawaharlal Nehru Auditorium, [[New Delhi]]
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2022|2022]]
| Vanshika Parmar
| [[Miss Divine Beauty|Divine Miss Earth India 2022]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| Jawaharlal Nehru Auditorium, [[New Delhi]]
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2021|2021]]
| Rashmi Madhuri
| [[Miss Divine Beauty|Divine Miss Earth India 2021]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| Welcom Hotel, [[New Delhi]]
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2020|2020]]
| Tanvi Kharote
| [[Miss Divine Beauty|Divine Miss Earth India 2020]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Virtual Pageant
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2019|2019]]
| [[Tejaswini Manogna]]
| [[Miss Divine Beauty|Divine Miss Earth India 2019]]
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Kingdom of Dreams]], [[Gurgaon]]
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2018|2018]]
| Devika Vaid<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/foreign-pageants/devika-vaid-crowned-miss-india-earth-2018/videoshow/65886261.cms|title = Devika Vaid crowned Miss India Earth 2018 | Beauty Pageants - Times of India Videos|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Glamanand Supermodel India 2018]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Kingdom of Dreams]], [[Gurgaon]]
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2017|2017]]
| Shaan Suhas Kumar
| [[Miss Earth India 2017]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Kempinski Ambience Hotel, [[New Delhi]]
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2016|2016]]
| [[Rashi Yadav]]
| [[Miss Earth India 2016]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| Kempinski Ambience Hotel, New Delhi
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2015|2015]]
| [[Aaital Khosla]]
| [[Glamanand Supermodel India 2015]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
| [[Courtyard by Marriott|Courtyard Marriott Hotel]], [[Gurgaon]]
|}

=={{anchor|Representatives to Miss Earth}}Miss Earth representatives==
;Color key
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} : Declared as Winner
* {{Color box|#FFFF33|border=silver}} : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=silver}} : Ended as one of the Finlaist/Semi-finalists
* {{Color box|#FADADD|border=silver}} : Unplaced but given special award(s)
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Delegate
! rowspan="2" | State
! colspan="2" | Placement & Performance
|-
! | Placements
! | {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2001|2001]]
| |[[Shamita Singha]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 3 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best in National Costume
* Miss Avon
* Miss Lux}}
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2002|2002]]
| [[Reshmi Ghosh]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2003|2003]]
| Shweta Vijay
| [[Kerala]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2004|2004]]
| Jyoti Brahmin
| [[West Bengal]]
| Top 16
|
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2005|2005]]
| [[Niharika Singh]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| [[Miss Earth 2006|2006]]
| [[Amruta Patki]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Miss Air (1st Runner-Up)
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best in Long Gown}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| [[Miss Earth 2007|2007]]
| [[Pooja Chitgopekar]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| Miss Air (1st Runner-Up)
|
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2008|2008]]
| [[Tanvi Vyas]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2009|2009]]
| [[Shriya Kishore]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 16
|
|- style="background-color:gold;"
| [[Miss Earth 2010|'''2010''']]
| '''[[Nicole Faria]]'''
| '''[[Karnataka]]'''
| text-align:center;"| '''[[Miss Earth 2010]]'''
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* '''Miss Talent'''
* '''Miss Diamond Place'''}}
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2011|2011]]
| [[Hasleen Kaur]]
| New Delhi
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FADADD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2012|2012]]
| [[Prachi Mishra]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 12 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{gold01}} – Miss Friendship
* {{gold01}} – Miss Congeniality
* {{gold01}} – Best in Swimsuit
* {{gold01}} – Best in Resort Wear
* {{gold01}} – Miss MyPhone
* {{gold01}} – Miss Advance Placenta
* {{gold01}} – I Love My Planet School Campaign
* {{silver02}} – Evening Gown Competition
* {{silver02}} – Miss Photogenic
* {{silver02}} – Press Presentation
* {{bronze03}} – Trivia Challenge
* {{bronze03}} – Resorts Wear competition (Group 3)}}
|-style="background-color:#FADADD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2013|2013]]
| [[Sobhita Dhulipala]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 5 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{gold01}} – Miss Photogenic
* {{gold01}} – Miss Earth Eco Beauty
* {{gold01}} – Miss Ever Bilena
* Top 15 – Miss Talent
* Top 15 – Best in Resort Wear}}
|-style="background-color:#FADADD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2014|2014]]
| [[Alankrita Sahai]]
| New Delhi
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 8 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{gold01}} – Miss Earth Pagudpud
* {{gold01}} – Miss Hannah's Beach Resort Best in Casual Wear
* {{gold01}} – Best Evening Gown
* {{silver02}} – Miss Photogenic
* {{silver02}} – Besuty for a Cause
* {{bronze03}} – Best in Swimsuit
* {{bronze03}} – Best National Costume
* Top 10 – Miss Eco - Beauty}}
|-style="background-color:#FADADD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2015|2015]]
| [[Aaital Khosla]]
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{gold01}} Cooking Challenge
* {{gold01}} Speech at United Nations}}
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2016|2016]]
| [[Rashi Yadav]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|- style="background-color:#FADADD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2017|2017]]
| Shaan Suhas Kumar
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{bronze03}} – Miss Friendship (group 3)
* Top 16 – Intelligence and Environmental Awareness}}
|- style="background-color:#FADADD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2018|2018]]
| Nishi Bhardwaj
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{bronze03}} – Resort wear (Air Group)}}
|-style="background-color:#FADADD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2019|2019]]
| [[Tejaswini Manogna]]
| [[Telangana]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 3 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Miss Global Choice
* {{gold01}} – Talent (Water Group)
* {{bronze03}} – Long Gown (Water Group)}}
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2020|2020]]
| Tanvi Kharote
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2021|2021]]
| Rashmi Madhuri
| [[Karnataka]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2022|2022]]
| Vanshika Parmar
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2023|2023]]
| [[Priyan Sain]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Top 20
|
|-
| [[Miss Earth 2024|2024]]
| Gauri Gothankar
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| [[Miss Earth 2025|2025]]
| Komal Choudhary
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 25
|
|}

=={{anchor|Winners' Gallery|Miss Earth|Elemental Queens|Other titleholders}}Gallery==
<gallery>

File:Shamita Singha at the launch of Spanish women's brand 'Vinegar' in Hyderabad.jpg|alt=A smiling Shamita Singha|[[Shamita Singha]], Miss India Earth 2001

File:Niharika Singh - Flickr - Strange Sadhu™ Films.jpg|alt=Black-and-white photo of Niharika Singh|[[Niharika Singh]], Miss India Earth 2005

File:Amruta sndt fashion show.jpg|alt=Amruta Patki, in a costume|[[Amruta Patki]], 1st Runner-up [[Miss Earth 2006]]

File:MissIndiaEarth2007 (Pooja Chitgopekar).jpg|alt=Pooja Chitgopekar onstage between two men|[[Pooja Chitgopekar]], 1st Runner-up [[Miss Earth 2007]]

File:Nicole Faria at the First look launch of 'Yaariyan'.jpg|[[Nicole Faria]], [[Miss Earth 2010]]

File:Alankrita Sahai at the launch of Himesh Reshammiya & Lulia Vantur’s album ‘Aap Se Mausiiquii’ (cropped).jpg|alt=A smiling Alankrita Sahai|[[Alankrita Sahai]], Miss India Earth 2014

</gallery>

== Notes ==
*[[Miss Earth 2018|2018]] - Devika Vaid was originally crowned Miss Earth India 2018 by the Glamanand Supermodel India Organization. However, due to an injury, Nishi Bhardwaj was sent to represent India at the Miss Earth 2018 pageant.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.voodly.in/nishi-bhardwaj-represent-india-miss-earth/ | title=Voodly.in | access-date=25 May 2020 | archive-date=5 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605090816/https://www.voodly.in/nishi-bhardwaj-represent-india-miss-earth/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Miss Earth 2017|2017]] - No national pageant was held in 2017. Shaan Suhas Kumar, the reigning Miss Earth India Air 2016, was appointed as Miss Earth India 2017 by the national director Cheryl Hansen.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.divinebeautygroup.com/ Miss Divine Beauty]

{{Miss Earth India}}
{{Beauty pageants in India}}
{{Miss Earth countries and territories}}

[[Category:Miss Earth India| ]]
[[Category:Miss Earth by country|India]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]

Sufiyana Pyaar Mera

2026-04-25T10:44:40Z

Siddharth Darnal:

{{Short description|2019 Indian Hindi-language television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = SufiyanaPyaarMera.jpeg
| creator = Prateek Sharma
| writer = Danish Javed Prakriti Mukherjee Janaki sharad Akash Deep
| director = Arvind Gupta
| starring = [[Helly Shah]] [[Rajveer Singh (actor)|Rajveer Singh]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| producer = Prateek Sharma
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| runtime = 21 minutes
| company = LSD Films
| network = [[Star Bharat]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|4|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date |2019|11|09|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 177
| genre = [[Drama]]
| opentheme = ''Ishq Sufiyana'' by [[Monali Thakur]] and [[Javed Ali]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/telly-tattle-monali-thakur-and-javed-ali-render-sufiyana-pyaar-mera-title-track/20771177|title=Monali Thakur and Javed Ali render Sufiyana Pyaar Mera title track|website=Mid-day|date=19 April 2019}}</ref>
| composer = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| alt_name =
}}

'''''Sufiyana Pyaar Mera''''' ({{Translation|''My Love Is Pure''}}) is an Indian television series broadcast on [[Star Bharat]]. It starred [[Helly Shah]] and [[Rajveer Singh (actor)|Rajveer Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/helly-shahs-new-show-sufiyana-pyar-mera-launch-confirmed-on-star-bharat/|title=Helly Shah's new show 'Sufiyana Pyar Mera' launch confirmed on Star Bharat|website=Biz Asia|date=25 March 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Plot==
Zaroon Shah, an NRI reached India to meet Kaynaat Shah to fulfill his father's wish though he himself is unwilling. When he arrives, he spots and falls in love with Kaynaat's look alike cousin Saltanat at first sight.

Upon seeing Kaynaat, Zaroon is confused on seeing their difference. Orthodox, Kaynaat lived and dressed in a traditional and conservative manner. Free spirited modern, Saltanat lived on her own terms and conditions.

Zaroon refuses to marry Kaynaat. Saltanat falls in love with him too. They decide to get married. Kaynaat plots against Saltanat hoping to keep them apart but fails. Soon, Saltanat discovers her conspiracies.

Her mother Zehnab reveals to her that Kaynaat is her twin sister not cousin and convinces her to not expose Kaynaat. Zaroon and Saltanat get married. Kaynaat does several attempts to take her place, but fails.

Madhav Sharma wants revenge from Kaynaat as 12 years back, she killed his sister Sakshi for having an affair with Kaynaat's father Khasaan; Zehnab helped her cover up the murder. Eventually, Kaynaat's truth is exposed.

Zaroon and Madhav join hands to fight against Kaynaat. Madhav starts falling for Saltanat, who lost her memory but regains it. She and Zaroon unite. Madhav goes to Delhi with his son Krish and promises to write to Saltanat every day.

===20 years later===
Grown up, Krish resembles Madhav and reads his diary, where he confessed that he wrote letters to Saltanat every day but could never post them due to his one-sided love for her.

Krish goes to a dargah and prays. He meets Saltanat and Zaroon's daughter Shaira Shah. They share a smile. The show ends with new beginning of Shaira and Krish's story.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Helly Shah]] as
** Saltanat Shah Ghazi– Zehnab's daughter; Rubina and Nadeem's adopted daughter; Kaynaat's twin sister; Zaroon, Humza and Neelam's cousin; Zaroon's wife; Shaira's mother
** Shaira Shah Ghazi – Saltanat and Zaroon's daughter; Krish's lover
** Kaynaat Shah – Zehnab's daughter; Saltanat's twin sister; Zaroon, Humza and Neelam's cousin; Zaroon's obsessive lover
*** Pallavi Gupta replaced Helly Shah as Kaynaat Shah Ghazi
* [[Rajveer Singh (actor)|Rajveer Singh]] as Zaroon Shah Khan – Ghazala and Mamoon's son; Kaynaat, Saltanat, Humza and Neelam's cousin; Saltanat's husband; Shaira's father
* [[Vijayendra Kumeria]] as
** Madhav Kumar Sharma – Indu's son; Sakshi and Sneha's brother; Rupali's husband; Krish's father
** Krish Sharma – Rupali and Madhav's son; Shaira's lover
*** Tanver Zaid as young Krish Sharma

===Recurring===
* [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]] as Sayyed Shehriyat "Miajaan" Shah Ghazi – Razia, Nadeem and Zulfar's father; Mamoon's uncle; Saltanat, Kaynaat, Humza and Neelam's grandfather; Zaroon's grand-uncle
* Melanie Nazareth as Zehnab Ashraf – Zulfar's widow; Saltanat and Kaynaat's mother; Humza, Neelam and Zaroon's aunt; Zaroon's mother-in-law; Shaira's grandmother
* Vishavpreet Kaur as Rubina Malik – Nadeem's wife; Kaynaat, Saltanat, Zaroon, Humza and Neelam's aunt; Saltanat's adoptive mother
* Jaineeraj Purohit as Nadeem Shah – Miajaan's son; Rubina's husband; Kaynaat, Saltanat, Zaroon, Humza and Neelam's uncle; Saltanat's adoptive father
* [[Anand Suryavanshi]] as Mamoon Shah – Razia, Nadeem and Zulfar's cousin; Ghazala's husband; Zaroon's father; Kaynaat, Saltanat, Humza and Neelam's uncle; Saltanat's father-in-law; Shaira's grandfather
* Kashish Duggal Paul as Ghazala – Mamoon's wife; Zaroon's mother; Kaynaat, Saltanat, Humza and Neelam's aunt; Saltanat's mother-in-law; Shaira's grandmother
* [[Saanvi Talwar]] as Rupali – Madhav's wife; Krish's mother
* Bidita Ghosh Sharma as Indu Sharma – Madhav, Sakshi and Sneha's mother; Krish's grandmother
* [[Nikunj Malik]] as Sabrina Ashraf – Zehnab's sister; Kaynaat and Saltanat's aunt
* Zaara Khan as Neelam Shah Abdalli – Razia and Junaid's daughter; Saltanat, Kaynaat and Zaroon's cousin; Humza's sister
* Kunal Khosla as Ayub Mohammed – Neelam's admirer
* Mohammed Adil as Humza Shah Abdalli – Razia and Junaid's son; Saltanat, Kaynaat and Zaroon's cousin; Neelam's brother; Kaynaat's ex-fiancé
* S Ashraf Karim as Junaid "Jaan" Shah Abdalli – Razia's widower; Miajaan's son-in-law; Neelam and Humza's father; Kaynaat, Saltanat and Zaroon's uncle

==Production==

===Development===
Before its premiere, it was titled as ''Sufiyana Ishq'' but was later changed to ''Sufiyana Pyaar Mera''.
It was reported to air on [[Star Plus]] but was later shifted to [[Star Bharat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/helly-shah-bags-star-plus-upcoming-show-sufiyana-ishq/|title=Helly Shah bags Star Plus' upcoming show 'Sufiyana Ishq'|website=Biz Asia|date=7 February 2019}}</ref>

===Filming===
Set in [[Delhi]], the series was mainly filmed in [[Mumbai]] while some initial sequences were shot at some streets and monuments of [[Delhi]] like [[Humayun’s Tomb]], [[Qutub Minar]], [[Ring Road]] and Safdarjung Railway Station.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/streets-and-monuments-in-delhi-turn-shooting-spots-for-new-television-soap/articleshow/68112961.cms|title=Streets and monuments in Delhi turn shooting spots for 'Sufiyana Ishq'|website=The Times Of India|date=23 February 2019 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
|[[Gold Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor In Negative Role (Female)
| rowspan="2" |[[Helly Shah]]
|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about Islam]]

Malti Rai

2026-04-25T03:59:21Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created The Info First Draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Malti Rai''' is an Indian politician who is [[mayor of Bhopal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhopal Mayor Malti Rai, 85 corporators administered oath |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-mayor-malti-rai-85-corporators-administered-oath |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Mayor Malti Rai Takes Oath Of Office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mayor-malti-rai-takes-oath-of-office/articleshow/93402160.cms |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Times of India |date= 7 August 2022|language=en}}</ref> and president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] of Bhopal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=भोपाल महापौर |url=http://www.bhopalmunicipal.com/hi/hi/corporation/bhopal-mayor.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Bhopal Municipal Corporation |language=hi}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> which nominated her for mayor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malti Rai is BJP's Mayor candidate from Bhopal |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2022/6/15/Malti-Rai-is-BJP-s-Mayor-candidate-from-Bhopal.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Hitavada |language=en}}</ref> She is Bhopal's first female mayor.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=After MP & MLA, Bhopal now has a woman mayor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/after-mp-mla-bhopal-now-has-a-woman-mayor/articleshow/93401353.cms |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Times of India |date= 7 August 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-07 |title=After MP-MLA, now women mayor in Bhopal, history made as soon as Malti Rai took oath, know how? |url=https://www.newsdayexpress.com/national/after-mp-mla-now-women-mayor-in-bhopal-history-made-as-soon-as-malti-rai-took-oath-know-how/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=News Day Express |language=en-US |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001085132/https://www.newsdayexpress.com/national/after-mp-mla-now-women-mayor-in-bhopal-history-made-as-soon-as-malti-rai-took-oath-know-how/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was a city councillor from Ashoka Garden, Bhopal from 2004 to 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=It is Malti Rai Vs Vibha Patel in Bhopal |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/it-is-malti-rai-vs-vibha-patel-in-bhopal.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Malti Rai
| native_name = मालती राय
| office = [[List of mayors of Bhopal|Mayor of Bhopal]]
| term_start = 8 July 2022
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| profession = [[Teacher]], [[Politician]]
}}

== Personal life ==
She was born in [[Bina-Etawa|Bina]]. In 1980 she married Munnalal Rai, a farmer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भोपाल की तीसरी महिला मेयर चुनी गई हैं मालती, गांव में खुशी का माहौल |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/lalitpur/pali/news/balabehats-daughter-in-law-malti-rai-became-the-mayor-of-bhopal-the-new-mayor-of-bhopal-is-associated-with-poor-and-farming-families-130076136.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Malti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

Keoshu Yimchunger

2026-04-25T03:38:21Z

Siddharth Darnal: new first data w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Keoshu Yimchunger
| office = Member of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Shamator–Chessore Assembly constituency|Shamator–Chessore]]
| predecessor = [[Toshi Wungtung]]
| term_start = 21 October 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|16 July 1977}}
| birth_place = [[Tuensang district|Tuensang District]]
| occupation = Government Primary School teacher (1997–2021)
| image =
}}
'''Keoshu Yimchunger''' is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. Since October 2021, he has been representing the [[Shamator–Chessore Assembly constituency]].

== Political life ==
Yimchunger first won the [[Shamator–Chessore Assembly constituency|Shamator–Chessore]] seat unopposed in the October 2021 by elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2021 |title=Keoshu Yimchunger takes oath as MLA |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/keoshu-yimchunger-takes-oath-as-mla/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[Nagaland Post]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Agarwala |first=Tora |date=29 October 2021 |title=Primary school teacher elected uncontested by newly formed Opposition-less govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-bypolls-primary-school-teacher-elected-uncontested-by-newly-formed-oppn-less-govt-7596543/ |url-status= |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2021 |title=Nagaland's newly elected MLA sworn in |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/nagalands-newly-elected-mla-sworn-in-1239591 |url-status=live |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-22 |title=Keoshu Yimchunger takes oath of office |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/keoshu-yimchunger-takes-oath-of-office/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[Eastern Mirror]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was re-elected in the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] from the same seat.

== Personal life ==
Keoshu was born on 16 July 1977 in [[Tuensang district|Tuensang District]]. He served as a Government Primary School teacher from 1997 to 2021.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yimchunger, Keoshu}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

S. P. Vaid

2026-04-24T10:12:45Z

Siddharth Darnal: creating the article nd citations

{{Short description|Indian Police Service officer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shesh Paul Vaid
| image = S P Vaid.jpg
| caption = S P Vaid addressing the media at [[Police control room]] in Jammu about the Joint Operation

| office = [[Director General of Police]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]
| term = 31 December 2016 - 6 September 2018

| birth_name = Shesh Paul Vaid
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|10|30}}<ref name="DOB">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianbuzz.com/print_news.php?news_id=5987 |title=IPS officers birthday. |publisher=IndianBuzz.com |date=7 October 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318021150/http://www.indianbuzz.com/print_news.php?news_id=5987 |archivedate=18 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mahanpur]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]<ref name="MilitantEncounter" />
| allegiance = India
| nickname = 
| service_years = 25 August 1986 – 31 October 2019<ref name="IPSQuery_MHA" /><ref name="IPSRetirement">{{cite web|url=http://news.statetimes.in/warm-send-off-accorded-to-dr-sp-vaid/ |title=Warm send off accorded to Dr SP Vaid |work=State Times |publisher=StateTimes.in |date=30 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031063053/http://news.statetimes.in/warm-send-off-accorded-to-dr-sp-vaid/ |archivedate=31 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rank = [[Director General of Police]] (DGP) (till September 2018) [[File:Director General of Police.png|42px]]
| awards = [[File:IND_President%27s_Police_Medal_for_Distinguished_Service.png|20px]] [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal For Distinguished Service]] (PPMDS) – 2010<ref name="PPMDS_MHA">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2010/jan/e2010012513.pdf |title=President's Police Medal For Distinguished Service Republic Day-2010. |publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB) |date=1 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200929/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2010/jan/e2010012513.pdf |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Chief_of_Army_Staff_Commendation_Card_-_India.jpg|20px]] [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Commendation Card|COAS Commendation Card]] – 2008<ref name="IndianArmy_COAS">{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/coas_commendation.pdf |title=List of Personnel Recommended for COAS Commendation Cards on Army Day - 2008. |publisher=Indian Army |date=1 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204002/http://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/coas_commendation.pdf |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:IND_Police_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service.png|20px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal For Meritorious Service]] (PMMS) – 2002<ref name="PIB_Releases">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rjan2002/26012002/r260120021.html |title=Republic Day Police Medals - 2002. Announced Police Medals to 469 Personnel. |publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB) |date=26 January 2002 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191721/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rjan2002/26012002/r260120021.html |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sher-i-Kashmir Police Medal for Meritorious Service – 2002<ref name="Kashmir_PoliceMedal">
{{cite web|url=http://www.groundreport.com/jk-cm-presents-sher-i-kashmir-gallantrymeritorious-medals-to-police-personnel/ |title=J&K CM Presents Sher-i-Kashmir Gallantry, Meritorious Medals To Police Personnel. |publisher=GroundReport |date=12 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151917/http://www.groundreport.com/jk-cm-presents-sher-i-kashmir-gallantrymeritorious-medals-to-police-personnel/ |archivedate= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:IND_Police_Medal_for_Gallantry.png|20px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Gallantry (PMG)]] – 2002<ref name="IPSQuery_MHA" />

Internal Security Medal – 2001<ref name="WoundSecurityMedal">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01sep14/state.htm |title=The Central Government has decided to confer Wound Medal (Prakram Padak) on 312 police personnel of Jammu & Kashmir Police. |publisher=Daily Excelsior |date=13 September 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010923195713/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01sep14/state.htm |archivedate=23 September 2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Wound_Medal-India.svg|20px]] [[Wound Medal (India)|Indian Wound Medal]] – 2001<ref name="WoundSecurityMedal" />

[[Director General of Police|Director General of Police Jammu & Kashmir]] Police Medal (DGPPM) – 1998<ref name="SVPNPA_IPS_Search">
{{cite web|url=http://www.svpnpa.gov.in/ipssearch.aspx |title=IPS Directory Search. |publisher=SVPNPA |date=20 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220145805/http://www.svpnpa.gov.in/ipssearch.aspx |archivedate=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Madras Veterinary College]]<ref name="IPSQuery_MHA" /> [[SVPNPA|SVP National Police Academy]]<ref name="SVPNPA_IPS_Search" />
| laterwork = 
| spouse = Bharti Vaid ([[Indian Information Service|IIS]])
| children = 1
| predecessor = K. Rajendra Kumar
| successor = Dilbag Singh
}}
'''Shesh Paul Vaid''', also known as '''S. P. Vaid''', is an Indian police officer and former [[Director General of Police]] (DGP) of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] from 31 December 2016<ref name="DGP_JKP_Ref2" /><ref name="DGP_JKP_Ref3" /> till 6 September 2018.<ref name="NDTV.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-police-chief-sp-vaid-removed-director-general-prisons-dilbagh-singh-to-take-over-1912646|title=SP Vaid Removed As Jammu And Kashmir Police Chief|work=NDTV.com|access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-police-chief-sp-vaid-removed-director-general-of-prisons-dilbagh-singh-to-take-over/1304987/|title=Jammu and Kashmir police chief SP Vaid removed, Director General of Prisons Dilbagh Singh to take over|date=6 September 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=6 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vaid was born and raised in the [[Mahanpur]] town of [[Kathua district]] in the [[Jammu Division]] of the erstwhile [[Indian state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1959 into a [[Dogras|Dogra]] family.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Vaid |first=Shesh Paul |user=spvaid |date=15 February 2019 |number=1096389117464719360 |access-date=28 November 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211033743/https://twitter.com/spvaid/status/1096389117464719360 |archive-date=11 December 2021 |title=As a resident of J&K and a proud Dogra, we have always maintained communal harmony against highest provocations. Please don't fall prey to evil designs of our enemy who wants to divide our nation. May good sense prevail. |lang=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Unceremonious removal of DGP Vaid, an insult to Dogras: Harsh |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=241928 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221128000000/http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=241928 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |work=Early Times |date=9 July 2018 |access-date=28 November 2022 |quote=Questioning the removal of Dr. SP Vaid, son of the soil and one of the most decorated Dogra officers}} [https://megalodon.jp/2022-1128-1844-03/www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=241928 Alt URL]</ref> Vaid graduated in [[Bachelor of Veterinary Science|Veterinary Science]] (B.V.Sc) from [[Madras Veterinary College]] in the [[Vepery]] neighbourhood of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and then from the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]] in [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="IPSQuery_MHA" /> He qualified for the [[Indian Civil Service|Civil Services]] and was allotted the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) on 25 August 1986 with [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] cadre.<ref name="IPSQuery_MHA">{{cite web|url=http://mha1.nic.in/ips_query.asp |title=Indian Police Service (IPS) - Civil List. |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) |date=1 January 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224155708/http://mha1.nic.in/IPS_Query.asp |archivedate=24 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Vaid is married to Bharti Vaid, an [[Indian Information Service]] officer.<ref name="MilitantEncounter" /> They have a daughter, Shivangi.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=spvaid |author=Shesh Paul Vaid |author-link=S. P. Vaid |number=1632343829251768321 |title=Dear Dilbagh, we are thankful for your presence and blessings on the occassion [sic] of my daughter Shivangi's wedding. @JmuKmrPolice |date=5 March 2023 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="AmityUniversity">{{cite web|url=http://www.kesstudent.com/details.php?id=1003 |title=Amity University organises Scholarship Award Ceremony. |publisher=Kalaskar Educational Services |date=29 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902033721/http://kesstudent.com/details.php?id=1003 |archivedate= 2 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
From 1988 to 1990, he was the [[Additional Superintendent of Police#India|Additional Superintendent of Police]] in [[Badgam]] and was promoted as [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent]] in the same district in 1990, the year when he faced maximum militant attacks. He also topped the International Commanders' programme at [[Police Staff College, Bramshill|Police staff College]] at UK.<ref name="MilitantEncounter">{{cite web|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19990330/ige30063.html |title=Injured Kashmir DIG vows to carry on despite his crushed hand. |publisher=ExpressIndia |date=30 March 1999 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307134119/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990330/ige30063.html |archivedate= 7 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:S P Vaid at FBI (LA,USA).jpg|thumb|left|Mr. Vaid at [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) office in Los Angeles, USA during a seminar organised by [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India]].|235px]]
[[File:S P VAID IPS.png|thumb|right|Vaid at the Governing Council Meeting of CAPSI|235px]]
In the course of his career, he has served as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] of [[Jammu]], as [[Inspector General]] (Crime), [[Inspector General|IGP]] ([[Home Guard (India)|Home Guards]] and [[Civil Defence]]), as [[Inspector General]] Modernisation Police Headquarters,<ref name="IGP_Modernisation">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/04oct26/news.htm |title=32 senior police, civil officers transferred Vaid IGP Jammu, Makdoomi Srinagar; 2 SSPs promoted |date=24 July 2002 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704052945/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/04oct26/news.htm |archivedate= 4 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as [[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector General of Police]] of Jammu, as IGP Crime and [[Railway police|Railways]] (2008) and Inspector General of Police (IGP) Traffic Jammu & Kashmir. In 2009, he was sent on deputation to [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]] (BPR&D) in New Delhi<ref name="IGP_Jammu_Ref1">{{cite web|url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/187/34517.html |title=At Least 84 Dead in Kashmir Attacks |date=2 August 2000 |work=Global Policy Forum |accessdate=10 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810203729/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/187/34517.html |archivedate=10 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IGP_Jammu_Ref2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090956101200.htm |title=J&K Governor shifts IG |date=9 September 2008 |accessdate=10 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912120807/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090956101200.htm |archivedate=12 September 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> where he was initially posted as Director of Special Policing, then as Director of [[Police training|Training]]<ref name="Director_Training">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/deptts/rpf/Disaster_Risk.pdf |title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |date=4 January 2010 |work=Ministry of Railways (MOR) |accessdate=10 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201211545/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/deptts/rpf/Disaster_Risk.pdf |archivedate= 1 February 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in the last few months of his deputation as the Director of [[Central Administration|Administration]].<ref name="TelephoneDirectory">{{cite web|url=http://www.bprd.gov.in/home/directory.html |title=Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPRD) Telephone Directory |date=4 April 2010 |work=Bureau of Police Research & Development |accessdate=10 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404014526/http://bprd.gov.in/home/directory.html |archivedate= 4 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IPS_OfficersOnDeputation">{{cite web|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/CD-IG-LEVEL.pdf |title=List of IPS officers on Central Deputation (IG Level) |date=23 June 2011 |work=Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) |accessdate=10 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104084331/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/CD-IG-LEVEL.pdf |archivedate= 4 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In February 2010, Dr. S P Vaid was also appointed as the new Secretary of [[Central Indian Police Service Association]] (CIPSA) as an additional central charge besides his assignment in Bureau of Police Research & Development.<ref name="CIPSA_Ref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sureshmehrotra.com/archive/2010/Feb/23-2-2010.html |title=Vaid is Secretary All India IPS Association |date=23 February 2010 |work=sureshmehrotra.com |accessdate=10 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227031334/http://www.sureshmehrotra.com/archive/2010/Feb/23-2-2010.html |archivedate=27 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CIPSA_Ref2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianbuzz.com/index.php?section=archives&news_from_Month=02&news_from_Day=23&news_from_Year=2010&news_to_Month=03&news_to_Day=2&news_to_Year=2010#news11954 |title=S P VAID : Secretary All India IPS officers Association |date=23 February 2010 |work=IndianBuzz.com |accessdate=10 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025023/http://www.indianbuzz.com/index.php?section=archives&news_from_Month=02&news_from_Day=23&news_from_Year=2010&news_to_Month=03&news_to_Day=2&news_to_Year=2010 |archivedate=13 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

in June 2011, Dr Vaid was promoted to the senior Indian police rank of [[Additional Director General of Police]].<ref name="ADGP_Promotion_Ref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=75006 |title=Home deptt clears promotion of 7 top police officers |date=17 June 2011 |work=EarlyTimes |accessdate=10 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317175315/http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=75006 |archivedate=17 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ADGP_Promotion_Ref2">{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Jun/24/vaid-doley-navin-promoted-as-adgps-36.asp |title=Vaid, Doley, Navin promoted as ADGPs |date=23 June 2011 |work=GreaterKashmir |accessdate=10 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405083711/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Jun/24/vaid-doley-navin-promoted-as-adgps-36.asp |archivedate= 5 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Consequently, he returned to his parent cadre in September 2011and in November 2011, the Jammu and Kashmir State Cabinet ordered the posting of Vaid as [[Additional Director General of Police]] (ADGP), [[Police Headquarters|Headquarters]] (PHQ).<ref name="ADGP_PHQ">{{cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5620996 |title=JK govt transfers 22 police officers |date=24 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917094113/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5620996 |archivedate=17 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 3 March 2016, Vaid was promoted to the grade of Director General (DG), and was subsequently appointed as Director General of Police (Prisons).<ref name="DGP_Prisons_Promotion">{{cite web|url=http://bureaucracytoday.com/top_news.aspx?id=154098 |title=SP Vaid is now DGP (Prison), JK |publisher=Bureaucracy Today |date=4 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227103607/http://bureaucracytoday.com/top_news.aspx?id=154098 |archivedate=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 8 September 2016, Vaid was transferred and posted as Special DG (Coordination and Law & Order). The post of Special D.G Coordination held by S.K Mishra had been re-designated as Special DG (Coordination and Law & Order) till held by the officer.<ref name="SpecialDG_Promotion_Ref1">
{{cite web|url=http://kashmirmonitor.in/Details/109243/reshuffle-in-jk-civil-police-administration |title=Reshuffle in JK civil, police administration. |publisher=The Kashmir Monitor |date=8 September 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227105614/http://kashmirmonitor.in/Details/109243/reshuffle-in-jk-civil-police-administration |archivedate=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SpecialDG_Promotion_Ref2">
{{cite web|url=http://kashmirreader.com/2016/09/09/cabinet-approves-transfers-and-postings-in-police-administration/ |title=Cabinet approves transfers and postings in Police administration. |publisher=Kashmir Reader |date=9 September 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909165158/http://kashmirreader.com/2016/09/09/cabinet-approves-transfers-and-postings-in-police-administration/ |archivedate= 9 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 28 December 2016, The State Cabinet confirmed the name of S.P. Vaid as new Director General of Police (DGP) of Jammu and Kashmir Police. The decision was taken in the State Cabinet meeting headed by Chief Minister [[Mehbooba Mufti]] in Jammu. On 31 December 2016, Vaid took over the charge of Director General of Police from K. Rajendra Kumar.<ref name="DGP_JKP_Ref1">
{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/as-kashmir-violence-threatens-to-start-anew-new-state-dgp-sp-vaid-has-his-task-cut-out-3178308.html |title=As Kashmir violence threatens to start anew, new state DGP SP Vaid has his task cut out |publisher=Firstpost |date=28 December 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231121322/http://www.firstpost.com/india/as-kashmir-violence-threatens-to-start-anew-new-state-dgp-sp-vaid-has-his-task-cut-out-3178308.html |archivedate=31 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="DGP_JKP_Ref2">
{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/S.P.-Vaid-to-be-JK%E2%80%99s-new-Director-General-of-Police/article16955159.ece |title=S.P. Vaid to be J&K's new Director General of Police |publisher=Firstpost |date=28 December 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231121923/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/S.P.-Vaid-to-be-JK%E2%80%99s-new-Director-General-of-Police/article16955159.ece |archivedate=31 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name="DGP_JKP_Ref3">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/cabinet-decisions-dr-sp-vaid-is-new-dgp/237298.html
|title=Cabinet Decisions: Dr SP Vaid is new DGP
|publisher=Firstpost
|date=28 December 2016
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231122303/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/cabinet-decisions-dr-sp-vaid-is-new-dgp/237298.html
|archivedate=31 December 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===Notable contributions to law and order in Kashmir===
Vaid has played a role in many notable events in the state and made attempts to facilitate the improvement of law and order and police-community relations.
* In December 1999 Vaid supervised the release from Kot Bhalwal jail of [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] [[mujaheddin]] leader and the founder of the militant group [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], [[Maulana Masood Azhar|Azhar Masood]], who was exchanged for passengers on the hijacked [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] (IC-814).<ref name="KandaharAzhar">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/even-without-kandahar-azhar-may-have-walked-out/399321/2 |title=Even without Kandahar, Azhar may have walked out |date=17 December 2008 |work=IndianExpress |accessdate=2 December 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120185703/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/even-without-kandahar-azhar-may-have-walked-out/399321/2 |archivedate=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*On 29 January 2002, there was a specific information that a group of [[Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)|Al-Badr]] militants were waiting for other terrorist associates to conduct a meeting to plan subversive activities in [[Srinagar]]. Vaid, then DIG of Police Range Srinagar planned a joint operation along with [[Border Security Force|BSF]] and J&K Police SOG to apprehend the militants. The same night Vaid got the area cordoned off with the help of BSF/SOG and local police so as to ensure that militants do not escape during night taking the advantage of darkness. The held up militants tried to take the BSF personnel hostage who were trapped inside but an assault was launched by Vaid along with other officers and in the process managed to rescue one BSF Jawan. In an official statement from the [[President of India|President's Secretariat]], the President of India awarded Vaid the [[President's Police Medal]] for gallantry:{{blockquote|text=Dr. Vaid in a conspicuous act of gallantry led a group of SOG personnel into the house in the face of heavy firing and ensured lobbing of grenades into the rooms where the militants were taking shelter. In this encounter Shri Dr. S.P. Vaid IPS DIG, displayed conspicuous gallantry courage & devotion to duty of highest order.<ref name="PresidentSecretariat_PGM">{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PresidentSecretariat-PRES-No182-2012.pdf |title=PresidentSecretariat-PRES-No182-2012 |date=18 October 2002 |work=President's Secretariat |accessdate=20 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920153330/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/PresidentSecretariat-PRES-No182-2012.pdf |archivedate=20 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>|author=[[President of India|President's Secretariat]]|title="No.182-Pres/2002" |source=''President's Secretariat Notification'' (2002)}}
*In August 2006 [[Indo-Asian News Service|the Indo-Asian News Service (IANS)]] reported about Vaid's involvement in a project with state-owned [[Bharat Petroleum]] to employ family members of the approximately 1,000 Jammu and Kashmir policemen who have died fighting separatists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/book/export/html/5628 |title="Petrol pumps in Kashmir for kin of dead cops" |access-date=10 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100829/http://www.indianmuslims.info/book/export/html/5628 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
*In December 2006, as IGP Jammu, Vaid supervised the operation against the militants and regained control of the Kot Bhalwal prison following seven-hour clashes with more than 300 prisoners after the situation within the jail went out of control.<ref name="Tihar_Aid">{{cite web|url=http://www.canadaupdates.com/node/6071 |title=Kashmir Police Aids Tihar Jail. Jammu jail search yields SIM cards, iron rods |date=18 December 2006 |work=canadaupdates.com |accessdate=10 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421035055/http://www.canadaupdates.com/node/6071 |archivedate=21 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Vaid served as a chairman of the session, "Regional Cooperation to Fight Terrorism", at the March 2009 Asia Pacific Regional Conference of [[World Federation of United Nations Associations|The World Federation of United Nations Associations]].<ref>[http://aprc.ifuna.org/images/conference-programme.doc Conference programme]{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref>
*In December 2011, Vaid inaugurated 2nd Police [[Martyr]]'s Memorial North Zone Inter Club [[Twenty20|T-20 Cricket Championship]] 2011–12 in [[Kathua district]] of Jammu and Kashmir. This tournament is said to have served the dual purpose of better Police-Public relations and honour to Martyr's families.<ref name="CricketInaugration_Ref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dgp-dr-vaid-inaugurates-police-martyrs-memorial-cricket-tournament/ |title=DGP Dr Vaid inaugurates Police Martyrs Memorial Cricket Tournament |date=17 December 2016 |work=DailyExcelsior |accessdate=28 December 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220224754/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dgp-dr-vaid-inaugurates-police-martyrs-memorial-cricket-tournament/ |archivedate=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CricketInaugration_Ref2">{{cite web|url=http://news.statetimes.in/adgp-vaid-declares-open-police-martyrs-t20-tourney/ |title=ADGP Vaid declares open Police Martyrs T20 Tourney |date=17 December 2016 |work=StateTimes |accessdate=28 December 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228095443/http://news.statetimes.in/adgp-vaid-declares-open-police-martyrs-t20-tourney/ |archivedate=28 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*In the [[Burhan aftermath]] of the killing of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] Commander, [[Burhan Wani]] in 2016, law and order situation in the Valley had spiralled out of control and the state government, while taking a serious note of it, shifted Vaid from the position of DG (prisons) and to Special DG (Law and order). After taking over the charge, Vaid camped in the Kashmir region and initiated various measures to make optimum use of the force so as to check rising casualties of both civilians and security forces through police-public interaction programmes in almost all districts of the Valley. Vaid has been credited for playing an important role in restoring peace and normalcy in the valley.<ref name="BurhanAftermath_Ref1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/kashmir-after-burhan-wani/2016/12/29/sp-vaid-dgp-tackled-post-burhan-wani-unrest-to-be-new-jammu-and-kashmir-police-chief-hizbul-mujahideen-curfew-hurriyat |title=SP Vaid, Who Tackled Post-Wani Unrest, to Be New J&K Police Chief |date=29 December 2016 |work=TheQuint |accessdate=29 December 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230145748/https://www.thequint.com/kashmir-after-burhan-wani/2016/12/29/sp-vaid-dgp-tackled-post-burhan-wani-unrest-to-be-new-jammu-and-kashmir-police-chief-hizbul-mujahideen-curfew-hurriyat |archivedate=30 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BurhanAftermath_Ref2">{{cite web|url=http://www.jknewsservice.in/2016/12/28/saloora-congratulates-new-dgp-expects-massive-improvement-in-the-performance-of-jkp/ |title=Saloora congratulates new DGP, expects massive improvement in the performance of JKP |date=28 December 2016 |work=JK NEWS SERVICE |accessdate=28 December 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103154734/http://www.jknewsservice.in/2016/12/28/saloora-congratulates-new-dgp-expects-massive-improvement-in-the-performance-of-jkp/ |archivedate= 3 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Assassination attempts===
While [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]], [[Baramulla]] range in the [[Kashmir Valley]], Vaid suffered a severe hand injury in March 1999 when 25 militants ambushed his car and two [[Escort vehicle|escort]] [[Maruti Gypsy|gypsies]] on the national highway, on his way to [[Baramulla]] after a review meeting at [[Srinagar]] where he was officiating as [[Inspector General#India|Inspector General]]. The militants, aware that his car was [[Armored car (VIP)|bullet-proof]], hurled [[Hand grenade|hand-grenades]] and used powerful universal machine guns which pierce through [[bullet-proof glass]], instead of the commonly used [[AK-47]]s.<ref name="MilitantEncounter" /><ref name="AttackMotorcade">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/24jk.htm |title=Policeman killed in militant attack on DIG's motorcade |date=4 March 1999 |work=IndianExpress |accessdate=2 December 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195034/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/24jk.htm |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1990, while [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent]] in [[Badgam]], Vaid was accompanying his wife along with their month-old daughter from [[Gulmarg]] to Badgam. Militants attacked the convoy killing two army men in the vehicle in front of his car. The apprehended militants later admitted that the attack was meant to assassinate him.<ref name="MilitantEncounter" />

==Positions held==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Police appointments
! Tenure
|-
| [[Director General of Police|Director General of Police (DGP) – Jammu & Kashmir Police (JKP)]]
| align="center" | 2016 – 6 September 2018<ref name="NDTV.com"/>
|-
| [[Director General of Police|Special Director General of Police (DGP) – (Coordination and Law & Order)]]
| align="center" | 2016 – 2016
|-
| [[Director General of Police|Director General of Police (DGP) – Prisons]]
| align="center" | 2016 – 2016
|-
| [[Additional Director General of Police|Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) – Headquarters]]
| align="center" | 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[Central Indian Police Service Association|Secretary of Central Indian Police Service Association (CIPSA)]]
| align="center" | 2010 – 2011
|-
| [[Central Administration|Director – Administration & Training]] [[Bureau of Police Research and Development|of Bureau of Police Research & Development (New Delhi)]]
| align="center" | 2009 – 2011
|-
| [[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector General of Police (IGP) – Traffic]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|of Jammu & Kashmir]]
| align="center" | 2008 – 2009
|-
| [[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector General of Police (IGP) – Crime & Railways]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|of Jammu & Kashmir]]
| align="center" | 2008 – 2008
|-
| [[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector General of Police (IGP)]] [[Jammu|of Jammu (Range)]]
| align="center" | 2004 – 2008
|-
| [[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector General of Police (IGP) – Modernization]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|of Jammu & Kashmir]]
| align="center" | 2003 – 2004
|-
| [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) – Administration]] [[Headquarters#Police|in J&K Police Headquarters]]
| align="center" | 2003 – 2003
|-
| [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) – Crime & Railways]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|of Jammu & Kashmir]]
| align="center" | 2002 – 2003
|-
| [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)]] [[Kashmir|of Kashmir (Range)]]
| align="center" | 2001 – 2002
|-
| [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)]] [[Jammu|of Jammu (Range)]]
| align="center" | 1999 – 2001
|-
| [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)]] [[Baramulla|of Baramulla and Kupwara (Range)]]
| align="center" | 1997 – 1999
|-
| [[Senior Superintendent of Police#India|Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) – Crime & Railways]] [[Jammu|of Jammu (Range)]]
| align="center" | 1996 – 1997
|-
| [[Assistant Inspector General of Police|Assistant Inspector General of Police (AIG) – Personnel]] [[Headquarters#Police|in J&K Police Headquarters]]
| align="center" | 1995 – 1996
|-
| [[Senior Superintendent of Police#India|Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)]] [[Udhampur|of Udhampur (Range)]]
| align="center" | 1993 – 1995
|-
| [[Assistant Inspector General of Police|Assistant Inspector General of Police (AIG) – T&I]] [[Headquarters#Police|in J&K Police Headquarters]]
| align="center" | 1993 – 1993
|-
| [[Superintendent of Police#India|Superintendent of Police (SP)]] [[Leh|of Leh (Range)]]
| align="center" | 1993 – 1993
|-
| [[Superintendent of Police#India|Superintendent of Police (SP) – City]] [[Jammu|of Jammu]]
| align="center" | 1991 – 1993
|-
| [[Superintendent of Police#India|Superintendent of Police (SP)]] [[Criminal Investigation Department#India|of J&K CID Cell (New Delhi)]]
| align="center" | 1991 – 1991
|-
| [[Superintendent of Police#India|Superintendent of Police (SP)]] [[Budgam|of Badgam]]
| align="center" | 1990 – 1991
|-
| [[Additional Superintendent of Police#India|Additional Superintendent of Police (ASP)]] [[Budgam|of J&K Police Headquarters (Budgam)]]
| align="center" | 1988 – 1990
|}

==See also==
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{commons category}}
*[[Burhan aftermath]]
*[[Bureau of Police Research and Development]]
*[[Indian Airlines Flight 814]]
*[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Indian Police Service|Indian Police]]
*[[Jammu & Kashmir Police]]
*[[List of people from Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaid, S. P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dogra people]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Kathua district]]

Piprahan railway station

2026-04-21T11:47:54Z

Siddharth Darnal:

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Piprahan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = Piprahan Asli, [[Muzaffarpur district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.224333|N|85.246908|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|59|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Central Railway
| line = [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = 1
| other =
| accessible =
| parking = Yes {{efn|Located at National Highway}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PPRH
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former =
| opened = 1990s
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Nariyar|right=Kanti|type=[[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]}}
| mapframe = yes
| map_locator =
}}
'''Piprahan railway station''' is a halt railway station {{Efn|Halt railway station are those stations with less significance.}}on [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]] under the [[Samastipur railway division]] of [[East Central Railway zone]]. It is established at Piprahan Asli in [[Muzaffarpur district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Piprahan Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/piprahan-pprh/6193|access-date=2021-09-20|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=PPRH / Piprahan Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Piprahan|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/pprh/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=www.totaltraininfo.com|language=en}}</ref> It is mostly stoppage of [[MEMU]] and DMU trains crossing by.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

1947 Kamoke train massacre

2026-04-16T07:26:28Z

Siddharth Darnal: info!

{{Short description|Massacre in Kamoke, Pakistan}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1947 Kamoke train massacre
| image = Millions fled across the border to the other country.jpg
| caption = A train full of refugees travelling between India and Pakistan in 1947
| location = [[Kamoke]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31.9765147|74.2220167}}
| target = [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] refugees
| date = 24 September 1947
| time =
| timezone =
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 408 (per government report){{sfn|Ahmed|2022|page=457}}
| injuries = 587 (per government report){{sfn|Ahmed|2022|page=457}}
| perps = [[Muslims]]
}}

The '''1947 Kamoke train massacre''' was an attack on a [[refugee]] train and subsequent massacre of [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] refugees by a [[Muslim]] mob at [[Kamoke]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] on 24 September 1947 following the [[partition of India]].{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=456}} The train was carrying approx. around 3,000-3,500 refugees from [[West Punjab]]{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=151}} and was attacked 25 miles from [[Lahore]] by a mob of thousands of Muslims.<ref name="thedailynews">{{cite news |title=Another Indian Train Massacre |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/84013436 |access-date=19 March 2023 |work=The Daily News |date=26 September 1947}}</ref> Figures for the number of people killed vary, with West Punjab officials reporting figures of around 400 and [[East Punjab]]-based reports suggesting thousands of casualties. Additionally, around 600 female refugees were [[Violence against women during the partition of India|abducted by the attackers]].{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=152}}<ref name="TMBC">{{cite news |title=Train Passengers Slaughtered |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/107769344 |access-date=19 March 2023 |work=The Muswellbrook Chronicle |date=26 September 1947}}</ref> Local railway officials, [[Muslim League National Guard]]s and local goons aided and participated in the massacre and the subsequent abductions of the surviving female refugees.<ref>{{Citation |last=Major |first=Andrew | date=1995 |title=Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/00856409508723244 |page=62 |quote=Describing the massacre of refugees at Kamoke, in Gujranwala district, on 24 September 1947, an Indian official wrote, 'The most ignoble feature of the tragedy was the distribution of young girls amongst the members of the Police Force, the National Guards and the local goondas. The S.H.O. [Station House Officer] Dildar Hussain collected the victims in an open space near Kamoke Railway Station and gave a free hand to the mob. After the massacre was over, the girls were distributed like sweets.'}}</ref>

==Massacre==
A train carrying Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab was headed for India. Most of the refugees had been placed in open [[cattle wagon|livestock wagons]].{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=151}} The train was halted for the night, apparently due to damage to the track. Muslim gangs were seen roaming around the train through the night, and by morning a large mob of Muslims gathered outside the train.{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=152}} The train was attacked at noon and the refugees were killed. Young women and girls were abducted by the attackers.{{sfn|Khosla|1989|pp=151-152}} The attack is reported to have lasted 40 minutes.<ref name="TMBC"/> The Muslim attackers are reported to have attacked the train from the back.<ref name="NA">{{cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NA19470926.2.78 |title=Moslems attack train, slay Hindus, Sikhs | access-date=19 March 2023 |work=Northern Advocate |date=26 September 1947}}</ref> The troops which were escorting the train, consisting of 13 Hindu and 8 Muslim soldiers — reportedly fired upon the attackers and killed 78 of them.<ref name="thedailynews"/><ref name="NA"/> The train was reportedly taken to [[Gujranwala]] after the massacre so that the injured could be treated at a hospital.<ref name="thedailynews"/>

===Casualties===
Initial reports put the number of dead at 340 and that of wounded at 250 as announced by the West Punjab government.<ref name="thedailynews"/> In reports appearing a week from the incident, [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] reported that only 150 people had survived out of a total 3,500 refugees, suggesting a much higher death toll.{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=456}} G.D. Khosla states that “almost the entire body of passengers was killed”, and around 600 women and girls were abducted.{{sfn|Khosla|1989|loc= p.152: "At 12 noon, the train was attacked and almost the entire body of passengers was killed. About six hundred young girls were carried away."}} A report by Pakistan's Punjab police put the figure of dead at 408, with an additional 587 injured. It also reported “a large number” of female refugees abducted.{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=457}}

==See also==
*[[Rawalpindi Massacres]]
*[[1948 Gujrat train massacre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |title=The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed: Unravelling the 1947 Tragedy through Secret British Reports and First-Person Accounts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kooxugAACAAJ |publisher=Rupa/OUP Pakistan |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-5520-578-0 |id={{isbn|978-0-19-906470-0}}}}
** {{citation |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |author-link=Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist) |title=The Punjab: Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed |location=New Delhi |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-93-5520-578-0 |year=2022}}
*{{citation|last=Khosla|first=Gopal Das|title= Stern Reckoning: A Survey of the Events leading up to and following the Partition of India|location = Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 1989|isbn = 9780195624175|oclc=22415680}}

[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:1947 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1947]]
[[Category:September 1947 in Asia]]
[[Category:1947 in rail transport]]
[[Category:Transport disasters in 1947]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:1947 disasters in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]

Bhaje Vaayu Vegam

2026-04-15T23:06:58Z

Siddharth Darnal:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bhaje Vaayu Vegam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Prashanth Reddy
| writer = Prashanth Reddy
| producer = UV Concepts
| starring = [[Kartikeya Gummakonda|Kartikeya]] [[Iswarya Menon]] [[Rahul Haridas]] [[Tanikella Bharani]] [[P. Ravi Shankar]]
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = Satya Giduturi
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Radhan]] '''Score:''' Kapil Kumar
| distributor = Dheeraj Mogilineni Entertainment<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Dheeraj Mogilineni will release ‘Bhaje Vaayu Vegam’ |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/dheeraj-mogilineni-will-release-bhaje-vaayu-vegam |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> Dreamz Entertainment Limited (Britain)<ref>{{Cite web |last=British Board of Film Classification |title=Bhaje Vayu Vegam |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bhaje-vayu-vegam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdixndc0 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|05|31}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹8.05 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=భజే వాయు వేగం టోటల్ వరల్డ్ వైడ్ కలెక్షన్స్ రిపోర్ట్! |url=https://t2blive.com/bhajevayuvegam-ww-total-collections/|website=T2BLive |language=en-us}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bhaje Vaayu Vegam''''' ({{translation|Worship the wind's speed}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by Prashanth Reddy and produced by UV Concepts, a subsidiary of [[:Category:UV Creations films|UV Creations]]. The film features [[Kartikeya Gummakonda]] and [[Rahul Haridas]], alongside [[Iswarya Menon]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]] and [[Sharath Lohithaswa]]. The soundtrack and musical score were composed by [[Radhan]] and Kapil Kumar, while cinematography and editing were handled by [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] and Satya Giduturi, respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sindhuja |date=2024-04-20 |title=Bhaje Vaayu Vegam Telugu Movie 2024 {{!}} Cast & Crew Details, Release Date, Trailer, Songs, Review, Rating, Censor|url=https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/bhaje-vaayu-vegam-telugu-movie-2024-cast-crew-detailsrelease-datetrailersongsreviewratingcensor/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Telugu Filmnagar |language=en-US}}</ref>

''Bhaje Vaayu Vegam'' was released on 31 May 2024 and received positive reviews from critics and emerged as a moderate commercial success grossing over ₹8.05 crore at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Vishnu |date=June 22, 2024 |title=భజే వాయు వేగం టోటల్ వరల్డ్ వైడ్ కలెక్షన్స్ రిపోర్ట్! |trans-title=Bhaje Vaayu Vegam Total Worldwide Collections Report! |url=https://t2blive.com/bhajevayuvegam-ww-total-collections/ |access-date=April 15, 2026 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Venkat loses his parents at a very young age and is adopted by a farmer Bharani who raises him along with his son Raju. Bharani sends Venkat & Raju to Hyderabad to pursue their passion. In a twist of fate, the brothers end up in odd professions, bettor and valet driver. Keeping it a secret from their father they get to know about his life threatening disease. In a rush to get him medicated, the brothers drift into a political crime rollercoaster. How Venkat eventually emerges out of the situation and saves the lives of his brother and father forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
* [[Kartikeya Gummakonda]] as Burugu Venkata Ramana "Venkat"
* [[Rahul Haridas]] as Goppula Raju, Venkat's elder brother
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as David
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] George, David's elder brother
* [[Iswarya Menon]] as Indu
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Goppula Lakshmaiah

== Production ==
The film was publicly announced with a poster on 8 April 2024, under the tentative title ''#Kartikeya8,'' due to it being the eighth film starring Kartikeya in a lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-08 |title=#Kartikeya8: Kartikeya Gummakonda's next with director Prashanth Reddy shooting in progress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kartikeya8-kartikeya-gummakondas-next-with-director-prashanth-reddy-shooting-in-progress/articleshow/90728212.cms?slideshow=90723336&slide=90723531#4 |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> First look of the film was launched by [[Mahesh Babu]] on 12 April 2024.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The teaser was unveiled by [[Chiranjeevi]] on 20 May 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-21 |title=Megastar Chiranjeevi unveils ‘Bhaje Vaayu Vegam’ teaser |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/megastar-chiranjeevi-unveils-bhaje-vaayu-vegam-teaser-873933 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> while the film's trailer was unveiled to the public on 25 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-25 |title=Bhaje Vaayu Vegam Trailer: Kartikeya sets out to save his father against all forces |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/May/25/bhaje-vaayu-vegam-trailer-kartikeya-sets-out-to-save-his-father-against-all-forces |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bhaje Vaayu Vegam
| type = film
| artist = [[Radhan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Mujeep Studio, [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVzzURjDY0U |title=Set Ayyindhe Lyrical Video |date=2024-05-08 |last=Aditya Music |access-date=2024-07-16 |via=YouTube}}</ref> 20dB Sound Studios, Chennai<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xWMsPrkd3Q |title=Welcome to My Zindagi Lyrical |date=2024-06-12 |last=Aditya Music |access-date=2024-07-16 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 7:48
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| prev_title = [[Siddharth Roy]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology = Radhan
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Radhan]], while Kapil Kumar dealt with the [[background score]].<ref name=":0" /> The first single, "Set Ayyindhe" was released on 9 May 2024, and talks about a young man's content and fulfillment because he believes that he has found his soulmate.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

''M9'' stated, "However, Radhan’s songs are weak here. Nothing sticks. Kapil Kumar J’s background score is impactful and elevates the proceedings in the second half."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Bhaje Vaayu Vegam Review: Moderate Vegam |url=https://www.m9.news/reviews/bhaje-vaayu-vegam-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track List <ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/gam-gam-ganesha |title='Gam Gam Ganesha Soundtrack'}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Set Ayyindhe
| length1 = 3:51
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Ranjith Govind]]
| title2 = Welcome to My Zindagi
| length2 = 3:57
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
}}

== Release ==

===Theatrical===
The film released on 31 May 2024.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

===Home media===
The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]] and was premiered on 28 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-06-01 |title=Bhaje Vaayu Vegam OTT streaming details |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/bhaje-vaayu-vegam-ott-streaming-details-896824 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/bhaje-vaayu-vegam/movie-review/110659923.cms |title=Bhaje Vaayu Vegam Movie Review : Engaging action drama with riveting performances |work=The Times of India |date=31 May 2024 }}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' said the movie is a mishmash of ideas and themes combined with poor writing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhaje-vaayu-vegam-movie-review-kartikeya-starrer-tries-in-vain-to-be-a-power-packed-film/article68238863.ece |title= ‘Bhaje Vaayu Vegam’ movie review: Kartikeya-starrer tries in vain to be a power packed film |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=32118013}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 action thriller films]]
[[Category:UV Creations films]]

Lalramliana Papuia

2026-04-10T03:41:37Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created The Info First Draft!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder|office =Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Lalramliana Papuia''' (born 22 September 1974)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalramliana Papuia Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Mizoram Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/lalramliana-papuia-16033-4 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from the state of [[Mizoram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/85 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref> He is a first time member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Lunglei South Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for the Scheduled Tribe community in [[Lunglei district]] in the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]s. He defeated sitting MLA K. Pachhunga by a margin of 1,226 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lunglei South, Mizoram Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Lunglei South सीट पर Lalramliana Papuia ने Dr K. Pachhunga कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/lunglei-south-mizoram-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1831292-2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=आज तक |date=4 December 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mizoram 2023 highlights: MNF wins Thorang, West Tuipui, Tuichawng; ZPM gets Lunglei South |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election/mizoram-2023-live-lunglei-south-thorang-west-tuipui-tuichawng-counting-updates-101701653994262.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Papuia is from Salem Veng, Lunglei district, Mizoram, India. He is the son of Zairemkunga. He completed his Master of Arts in political science at the Savitribai Phule [[University of Pune]] in the year 2001. He married Lalrinzuali Pachuau, a government middle school teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalramliana Papuia(Zoram People's Movement):Constituency- LUNGLEI SOUTH (ST)(LUNGLEI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=70 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> Together, they have three children.<ref name=":0" /> He is self-employed and declared assets worth Rs. 99.8 lakhs in his election affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]] before the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalramliana Papuia Election Result 2023 LIVE: Lunglei South Result Tally Updates |url=https://stg.news18.com/elections/mizoram/lalramliana-papuia-assembly-candidate-s16aed2008a033e2023c003/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=stg.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Papuia made his electoral debut and was first elected as an MLA winning the Lunglei South Assembly constituency in the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]. He contested as a [[Mizo National Front|Zoram People Movement (ZPM)]] candidate and polled 6,531 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, K. Pachhunga, a doctor from the [[Mizo National Front]], who got 5,305 votes. He won by a margin of 1,226 votes and garnered a vote share of 40.81 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lunglei South Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: ZPM's Lalramliana Papuia wins Lunglei South with 6531 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/lunglei-south-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471393-2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=India Today |date=4 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Lalramliana papuia mizoram lunglei south candidate Profile, Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/lalramliana-papuia-mizoram-lunglei-south-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Lunglei South assembly election results 2023: ZPM's Lalramliana Papuia secures the seat with 6531 votes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lunglei-south-assembly-election-results-2023-zpms-lalramliana-papuia-leads-with-6194-votes-mnfs-dr-k-pachhunga-trails/articleshow/105719964.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Before becoming an MLA, he was a news presenter with All India Radio for 17 years and a member of the village council for four consecutive terms. He also served in the [[Young Mizo Association]], the largest NGO in Mizoram, for four years.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Papuia, Lalramliana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:People from Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Mizo National Front politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]

Gurmukh Singh Musafir

2026-04-04T11:24:39Z

Siddharth Darnal: adding a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1899–1976)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gurmukh Singh Musafir
| native_name =
| office1 = [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht]]
| office2 = 5th [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
| image = Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir 2001 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| title =
| predecessor1 = Jawaher Singh Mattu Bhaike
| successor1 = [[Vasakha Singh Dadehar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ram Kishan]]
| successor2 = [[Gurnam Singh]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| term_start3 = 1952
| term_end3 = 1966
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[Yagya Dutt Sharma (Punjab politician)|Yagya Dutt Sharma]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| term_start4 = 1968
| term_end4 = 1976<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/m.pdf| title=Rajya Sabha Members Biographical Sketches 1952 - 2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref>
| birth_name = Gurmukh Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1899|01|15}}
| birth_place = [[Adhwal]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] present-day Adhwal, [[Rawalpindi Tehsil]], [[Pakistani Punjab]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1976|01|18|1899|01|15}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| spouse = Ranjit Kaur
| relations =
| children =
| term_start1 = 1930
| term_end1 = 1931
| term_start2 = 11 November 1966
| term_end2 = 8 March 1967
| party = [[Indian National Congress]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| mother =
| father =
| known_for =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/877.htm
| honorific_prefix = [[Gyani|Giani]]
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Gurmukh Singh Musafir''' (15 January 1899 – 18 January 1976) was an [[politics of India|Indian politician]] and [[Punjabi language]] writer. He was the 5th Chief Minister of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] from 1 November 1966 to 8 March 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/members/showcm.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213075808/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/members/showcm.asp |archive-date=13 February 2007 }}</ref>
[[File:Chief minister of Punjab Partap Singh Kairon, Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru, Education Minister Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and leader of freedom struggle Govind Ballabh Pant and Gurmukh Singh Musafir, at Amritsar Airport.jpg|thumb|Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir (left) with [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], [[Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Partap Singh Kairon]] on 6 February 1956.]]

He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Punjabi, given by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters in 1978 for his short story collection, ''Urvar Par''<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/SearchAwards.do Official list of Awardees]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Sahitya Akademi]] website.</ref> and was posthumously decorated with [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second highest Indian civilian award given by [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=30 May 2007 |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Musafir was born on 15 January 1899 at [[Adhwal]], in [[Campbellpore]] (now called [[Attock]] district of Punjab province in British India (presently [[Rawalpindi District]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] in Pakistan) - in a small land-holding farming family of [[Khatri]] of [[Chadha clan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1j-Yc0x9BcC&dq=chaddha+khatris&pg=PA302 |title=Sikhoṃ kā itihāsa |date=2011 |publisher=Kitabghar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-908204-4-8 |language=hi}}</ref>

He completed primary education from the village primary school and then went to [[Rawalpindi]] to pass the middle school examination. In 1918, he became a teacher at Khalsa High School, Kallar. His four years there as a teacher earned him the epithet [[Giani]], '''Musafir''' being the pseudonym he had adopted. In 1922, he gave up teaching and joined the Akali agitation for Gurudwara reform. For taking part in the Guru ka Bagh agitation in 1922, he underwent imprisonment.

He was appointed to the highest religious office of Sikhism [[Jathedar]] of the [[Akal Takht]] from 12 March 1930 to 5 March 1931.<ref name=t>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060420/aplus.htm#1|title=A Giani, a Gurmukh and a Musafir|author=Walia, Varinder|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=20 April 2006|access-date=14 June 2009}}</ref>

==Political career==

[[File:Gurmukh Singh Musafir. 1899-1976. c 1970.jpg|200px]]

Musafir joined the freedom movement in the early 1920s and courted arrest several times till 1947. He courted arrest in the [[Civil disobedience]] movement in 1930. He became the head of [[Akal Takht]], central seat of religious authority for the [[Sikhism|Sikh]]s. He held this office from 12 March 1930 to 5 March 1931. He also served for a time as secretary of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] as well as general secretary of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]. He also courted arrest as part of [[Satyagraha]] and [[Quit India]] movements.

In 1949, he became the President of the [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]]. He held the office of the President for 12 years and was also an elected member of the [[Congress Working Committee]]. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1952, 1957 and 1962, representing [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar constituency]]. In 1966, he resigned from the Lok Sabha and became the [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] state after its re-organization. In 1967, he contested the [[Vidhan Sabha]] election from Amritsar constituency, but he was defeated by [[Satyapal Dang]] of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name=t/> He was the member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1968 to 1974.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081225/edit.htm#6|title=Musafir: Politician on wings of poesy|author=Singh, Roopinder|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=25 December 2008|access-date=14 June 2009}}</ref> Musafir died in Delhi on 18 January 1976.<ref name=t/> He was posthumously awarded [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1976.

Musafir was a member of the Indian delegations to the International Peace Conference in Stockholm in 1954, [[World Peace Council|World Peace Conference]] in Helsinki in 1965, and the [[World Peace Council|World Peace Conference]] in Berlin in 1969. He also led the Indian delegations to the World Progressive Writers Conference in Japan in 1961 and the Indian Writers Afro-Asian Conference in [[Baku]] in 1965.

== Role in Constituent Assembly of India ==

Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329161051/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Musafir<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/giani_gurmukh_singh_musafir|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Congress Party. In the Constituent Assembly he spoke<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/search|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425030845/https://cadindia.clpr.org.in/search|archive-date=25 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> on the issues of citizenship<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/search?tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=Giani+Gurmukh+Singh+Musafir&keyword%5B%5D=citizenship&document_type%5B%5D=1&document_type%5B%5D=0&sort_by=Relevant+Day&filter_tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=90&date_of_debate=|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> and separate electorates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/search?tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=Giani+Gurmukh+Singh+Musafir&keyword%5B%5D=separate+electorates&document_type%5B%5D=1&document_type%5B%5D=0&sort_by=Relevant+Day&filter_tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=90&date_of_debate=|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>

==Offices held==
*Member of A.I.C.C, since 1930
*Member of Constituent Assembly – 1946–52
*Member of Lok Sabha – 1952–57, 1957–62, 1962–66
*President, Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee- 1947–59
*Member, Working Committee A.I.C.C – 1952–57
*Member, Executive Committee of the Congress Party in Parliament – 1952–1966
*Member [[Jallianwala Bagh]] Memorial Committee since its inception
*Chairman Reception Committee, Sixty- first session of the Indian National Congress held at Amritsar in 1956
*Member, Legislative Council Punjab – 1966–68
*Chief Minister, Punjab – 1966–67
*[[Rajya Sabha]] member in April 1968 and April 1974

==Writer and poet==
Musafir was also a poet and writer. His writings became profile following the massacre of [[Jallianwala Bagh]] when he wrote about the Indian National struggle. While he is more famous for being a politician, noted Punjabi critics like Kartar Singh Duggal, Raghbir Singh Sirjana and Gurbhajan Gill have all spoken about Musafir's contribution to Punjabi literature, particularly his work during the freedom struggle.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharti |first1=Vishav |title=Politician at work, storyteller at heart |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/poles-apart-politically-master-tara-singh-and-giani-gurmukh-singh-musafir-started-their-literary-careers-during-the-akali-movement-in-the-1920s-804038 |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=The Tribune |date=21 July 2019}}</ref>

His published works include nine collections of poems (Sabar De Bann, Prem Ban, Jivan Pandh, Musdfaridn, Tutte Khambh, Kadve Sunehe, Sahaj Sumel, Vakkhrd Vakkhrd Katrd Katrd and Duur Nerhe); eight of short stories (Vakkhn Duma, Ahlane de Bot, Kandhdn Bol Paidn; Satdl Janvari; Allah Vale, Gutdr, Sabh Achchhd, and Sastd Tamdshd); and four biographical works (Vekhya Sunya Gandhi, Vekhya Sunya Nehru, BaghlJamail and Vehvin Sadi de Shahid). He represented Indian writers at international conferences at Stockholm in 1954, and at Tokyo in 1961.

He recorded the reminiscences of his association with [[Mohandas Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in two separate volumes – ''Vekhya Sunya Gandhi'' (Gandhi as I knew him), "Vekhya Sunya Nehru" (Nehru as I knew him). His book ''Martyrs of 20th Century'' is the result of 30 years of research. Most of his poetry and short stories were written while in jail. He also translated ''Gandhi Gita'' and [[James Allen (author)|James Allen]]'s ''Byways of Blessedness'' titled ''Anand Marg''.

== Death ==
On 17 January 1976, Giani Gurmukh Singh experienced a massive heart-attack after dining with his friends in the house of [[Sir Sobha Singh]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Kartar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyQ2AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sir+Sobha+Singh's+place%22 |title=Giani Gurmukh Singh 'Musafir' |date=1999 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-2765-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Kartar Singh Duggal|Duggal, Kartar Singh]] (1999). ''Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, {{ISBN|81-237-2765-8}}.

==External links==
* [http://www.gurmukhsinghmusafir.com Website about Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir]
* [https://openlibrary.org/b/OL164260M/Giani-Gurmukh-Singh-%27Musafir%27 Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir]
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/877.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
{{Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mussafir, Giani Gurmukh Singh Mussafir}}
[[Category:Chief ministers of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jathedars of Akal Takht]]
[[Category:People from Attock District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]

List of monarchs of Magadha

2026-04-01T17:07:15Z

Siddharth Darnal:

{{Short description|Rulers and dynasties of Magadha Kingdom in Ancient India}}
{{POV|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

The [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Kingdom of Magadha]], later known as the Magadha Empire, was a kingdom and later empire in ancient north India. Many houses ruled the [[Monarchy|kingdom]] and its [[empire]] over the centuries until it was defeated by the [[Satavahana Empire]] in {{circa|28 BCE}}. The history of the monarchs of Magadha, particularly in the Pre-Mauryan period, is shrouded in mystery and legend with various sources claiming different things.

== House of Brihadratha ==
{{main|Brihadratha Dynasty}}
The Brihadratha dynasty was the first ruling house of Magadha. Brihadratha founded this dynasty in 1700 BCE. This dynasty lasted for more than ten centuries, ruling Magadha from 1700 to 682 BCE.The Capital City of Brihadratha Dynasty was Girivraja mentioned in [[Mahabharata]] which many scholars significantly Identified this ancient capital with Modern [[Rajgir]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang |date=1871 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-51998-4 |series=Cambridge library collection. Perspectives from the Royal Asiatic Society |location=Cambridge}}</ref>

{{Infobox family
| name = House of Brihadratha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_names =
| type = [[Royal house]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_size =
| alt =
| coat_of_arms_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption =
| parent_family =
| country = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Kingdom of Magadha]]
| region = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| early_forms =
| etymology =
| origin =
| founded = {{circa|1700 BCE}}
| founder = [[Brihadratha]]
| current_head =
| final_ruler = [[Ripunjaya]]
| final_head =
| seat =
| titles = King of Magadha
| styles =
| members =
| other_families =
| dissolution =
| deposition = 682 BCE
| footnotes =
}}

=== List of monarchs ===

Twenty-one kings of Brihadratha house ruled Magadha, beginning with [[Brihadratha]] himself.

{| class="wikitable"
!Ruler
!Reign (BCE)
|-
| [[Brihadratha]]||1700–1680
|-
| [[Jarasandha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jarasandha was a very powerful king of Magadha, and the history of his birth and activities is also very interesting - Vaniquotes |url=http://vaniquotes.org/wiki/Jarasandha_was_a_very_powerful_king_of_Magadha,_and_the_history_of_his_birth_and_activities_is_also_very_interesting |access-date=2015-12-31 |website=vaniquotes.org}}</ref>|| 1680–1665
|-
| [[Sahadeva of Magadha|Sahadeva]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Puranic_Encyclopedia/mvXsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}</ref>|| 1665–1661
|-
| Somadhi || 1661–1603
|-
| Srutasravas || 1603–1539
|-
| Ayutayus || 1539–1503
|-
| [[Niramitra]] || 1503–1463
|-
| Sukshatra || 1463–1405
|-
| Brihatkarman || 1405–1382
|-
| Senajit || 1382–1332
|-
| Srutanjaya || 1332–1292
|-
| Vipra || 1292–1257
|-
| Suchi || 1257–1199
|-
| Kshemya || 1199–1171
|-
| Subrata || 1171–1107
|-
| Dharma || 1107–1043
|-
| Susuma || 1043–970
|-
| Dridhasena || 970–912
|-
| Sumati || 912–879
|-
| [[Subala]] || 879–857
|-
| Sunita || 857–817
|-
| Satyajit || 817–767
|-
| Viswajit || 767–732
|-
| [[Ripunjaya]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |language=en |quote=Ripunjaya, was killed by his minister . Thereafter Bimbisara of the Haryanka Kula occupied the Magadha throne . He was the son of a petty chieftain Bhattiya and five years younger than the Buddha .}}</ref>|| 732–682
|}

== House of Haryanka ==
{{main|Haryanka Dynasty}}
The Haryanka dynasty was the second ruling house of Magadha. This dynasty was founded by [[Bimbisara]] in 544 BCE. This dynasty lasted for 131 years, ruling Magadha from 544 to 413 BCE.

{{Infobox family
| name = House of Haryanka
| native_name = 𑀳𑀭𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀦𑁆𑀓𑀸
| native_name_lang =
| other_names =
| type = [[Royal house]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_size =
| alt =
| coat_of_arms_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption =
| parent_family =
| country = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Kingdom of Magadha]]
| region = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| early_forms =
| etymology = Probably derived from clan name ''"Harya"''
| origin =
| founded = 544 BCE
| founder = [[Bimbisara]]
| current_head =
| final_ruler = [[Nagadasaka]]
| final_head =
| seat = [[Rajagriha]] (later, [[Patliputra]])
| titles = King of Magadha
| styles =
| members =
| other_families =
| dissolution =
| deposition = 413 BCE, popular rebellion
| footnotes =
}}

=== List of monarchs ===
This dynasty had six monarchs.

{| class="wikitable"
!Monarchs
!Reign (BCE)
!Period
|-
| [[Bimbisara]]
| 544–492
| 52
|-
| [[Ajatashatru]]
| 492–460
| 32
|-
| [[Udayin]]
| 460–444
| 16
|-
| [[Anuruddha (king)|Anuruddha]]
| 444–440
| 4
|-
| Munda
| 440–437
| 3
|-
| [[Nāgadāsaka]]
| 437–413
| 24
|}

== House of Shaishunaga ==
{{main|Shaishunaga dynasty}}

The Shaishunaga dynasty, also called Shishunaga, was the third ruling house of Magadha. Shisunaga, who was originally a minister of King Nagadashaka, overthrew him in a popular rebellion and ascended the throne in 413 BCE. This dynasty lasted for only 68 years, ruling Magadha from 413 to 345 BCE.

{{Infobox family
| name = House of Shaishunaga
| native_name = 𑀰𑁃𑀰𑀼𑀗𑀸
| native_name_lang =
| other_names =
| type = [[Royal house]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_size =
| alt =
| coat_of_arms_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption =
| parent_family =
| country = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Kingdom of Magadha]]
| region = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| early_forms =
| etymology =
| origin =
| founded = 413 BCE
| founder = [[Shishunaga]]
| current_head =
| final_ruler = [[Mahanandin]]
| final_head =
| seat = [[Rajgriha]] and [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]
 (later, [[Patliputra]])
| titles = King of Magadha
| styles =
| members =
| other_families =
| dissolution =
| deposition = 345 BCE, assassination of King [[Mahanandin]] by [[Mahapadma Nanda]]
| footnotes =
}}

=== List of Monarchs ===
Four monarchs of this dynasty ruled Magadha in succession.
{| class="wikitable"
!Monarch
!Reign (BCE)
!Period
|-
| [[Shishunaga]]
| 413–395
| 18
|-
| [[Kalashoka]]
| 395–367
| 28
|-
| [[Nandivardhana]]
| 367–355
| 12
|-
| [[Mahanandin]]
| 355–345
| 10
|}

== House of Nanda ==
{{main|Nanda Dynasty}}

The Nanda dynasty was the fourth ruling house of Magadha. [[Mahapadma Nanda]] founded this dynasty in 345 BCE after murdering his own father, King [[Mahanandin]]. This dynasty was the shortest-living dynasty of Magadha, ruling for only 23 years from 345 to 329 BCE.

{{Infobox family
| name = House of Nanda
| native_name = 𑀦𑀦𑁆𑀤𑀸
| native_name_lang =
| other_names =
| type = [[Royal house]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_size =
| alt =
| coat_of_arms_caption =
| image = I12 1karshapana Maghada 1ar (8482307176).jpg
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption = Magadha coins issued by [[Mahapadma Nanda]]
| parent_family =
| country = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Kingdom of Magadha]]
| region = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| early_forms =
| etymology =
| origin =
| founded = 345 BCE
| founder = [[Mahapadma Nanda]]
| current_head =
| final_ruler = [[Dhana Nanda]]
| final_head =
| seat = [[Pataliputra]]
| titles = King of Magadha
| styles =
| members =
| other_families =
| dissolution =
| deposition = 322 BCE, organised rebellion by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], who overthrew King [[Dhana Nanda]]
| footnotes =
}}

=== List of monarchs ===
Different sources mention different number of Nanda rulers. Buddhist, Jain and Puranic traditions state there were nine rulers, but differ considerably. Greek and Roman accounts mention two generations only—[[Mahapadma Nanda]] and his son [[Dhana Nanda]]

== House of Maurya ==
{{main|Mauryan Dynasty|List of Maurya Emperors}}

The Maurya dynasty was the sixth and greatest ruling house of Magadha. Chandragupta Maurya founded this dynasty with help of his mentor and grand advisor [[Chanakya]] in 322 BCE after organizing a large army and overthrowing King [[Dhana Nanda]]. This dynasty lasted for 138 years, ruling Magadha from 322 to 184 BCE.

{{Infobox family
| name = House of Maurya
| native_name = 𑀫𑁅𑀭𑁆𑀬𑀸
| native_name_lang =
| other_names =
| type = [[Imperial house]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_size =
| alt =
| coat_of_arms_caption =
| image = Sarnath capital.jpg
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption = [[Lion Capital of Ashoka|Lion Capital]] in [[Sanchi]], made by Emperor [[Ashoka]]
| parent_family =
| country = Magadha Empire
| region = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Nepal.svg}} [[Nepal]] {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistan]]
| early_forms =
| etymology =
| origin =
| founded = 322 BCE
| founder = [[Chandragupta Maurya]]
| current_head =
| final_ruler = [[Brihadratha Maurya]]
| final_head =
| seat = [[Pataliputra]]
| titles = * Emperor of Magadha
* Emperor of the Four Continents ([[Chakravartin|Chakravala Chakravartin]])
| styles =
| members =
| other_families =
| dissolution =
| deposition = 185 BCE, assassination of Emperor [[Brihadratha]] by his [[Senapati|General]] [[Pushyamitra Shunga]]
| footnotes =
}}

=== List of monarchs ===
This dynasty ruled for a considerably longer period than the previous house and had nine rulers.

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! colspan=2 | Ruler!!Reign (BCE)!!Notes
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]||[[File:Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31).JPG|100px]]||322–297|| Founder of first Indian controlled empire uniting the entire subcontinent.
|-
|[[Bindusara]]||[[File:I42 1karshapana Maurya Bindusara MACW4165 1ar (8486583162).jpg|100px]] ||297–273||Known for his foreign diplomacy and crushing of [[Vidarbha]] revolt.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]||[[File:Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|100px]] ||268–232||Greatest emperor of dynasty. Known for his [[Kalinga War]] victory and future conversion to [[Buddhism]], later becoming one of the most important people in its spread. His son [[Kunala]] was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson.
|-
|[[Dasharatha Maurya]]||[[File:Dasaratha Maurya inscription on entrance of Vadathika cave.jpg|100px]] ||232–224||Grandson of Ashoka.
|-
|[[Samprati]]||[[File:Emperor Samprati Maurya.jpg|100px]]||224–215||Brother of Dasharatha.
|-
|[[Shalishuka]]||[[File:Mauryan Empire. temp. Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BC.jpg|100px]]||215–202||
|-
|[[Devavarman (Maurya)|Devavarman]]||||202–195||
|-
|[[Shatadhanvan]]||||195–187 BCE|| The empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
|-
|[[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]]||||187–185|| Assassinated by his commander-in-chief, [[Pushyamitra Shunga]], in 185 BCE.
|}

== House of Shunga ==
{{main|Shunga Dynasty}}

The Shunga dynasty was the seventh ruling house of Magadha. [[Pushyamitra Shunga]], the Commander-in-Chief of Emperor [[Brihadratha Maurya]], organized a coup d'état and killed the emperor, usurping the throne in 184 BCE. This dynasty lasted for 112 years, ruling Magadha from 184 to 72 BCE.

{{Infobox family
| name = House of Shunga
| native_name = 𑀰𑀼𑀗𑀸
| native_name_lang =
| other_names =
| type = [[Imperial house]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_size =
| alt =
| coat_of_arms_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption =
| parent_family =
| country = Magadha Empire
| region = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| early_forms =
| etymology =
| origin =
| founded = {{circa|185 BCE}}
| founder = [[Pushyamitra]]
| current_head =
| final_ruler = [[Devabhuti]]
| final_head =
| seat = [[Patliputra]] and [[Vidisha]]
| titles = Emperor of Magadha
| styles =
| members =
| other_families =
| dissolution =
| deposition = 72 BCE
| footnotes =
}}

=== List of monarchs ===
This dynasty had nine monarchs.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Emperor !! Reign (BCE)
|-
| [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Pushyamitra]]|| 185–149
|-
| [[Agnimitra]]|| 149–141
|-
| [[Vasujyeshtha]]|| 141–131
|-
| [[Vasumitra]]|| 131–124
|-
| Bhadraka || 124–122
|-
| Pulindaka|| 122–119
|-
| Ghosha or Vajramitra|| 119-114
|-
| [[Bhagabhadra]]|| 114-83
|-
| [[Devabhuti]]|| 83–73
|}

== House of Kanva ==
{{main|Kanva Dynasty}}

The Kanva dynasty was the eighth and last ruling house of Magadha. This dynasty was founded by [[Vasudeva Kanva]] who overthrow the Emperor [[Devabhuti]] in 73 BCE. This dynasty lasted for only 45 years, ruling Magadha from 73 to 28 BCE. On 28 BCE, the last emperor, Susarman Kanva was killed by the [[Satavahana]] Emperor [[Satakarni II]] and the Magadha Empire subsequently collapsed.

{{Infobox family
| name = House of Kanva
| native_name = 𑀓𑀦𑁆𑀯𑀸
| native_name_lang =
| other_names =
| type = [[Imperial house]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_size =
| alt =
| coat_of_arms_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption =
| parent_family =
| country = Magadha Empire
| region = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| early_forms =
| etymology =
| origin =
| founded = 73 BCE
| founder = [[Vasudeva Kanva]]
| current_head =
| final_ruler = Susarman Kanva
| final_head =
| seat = [[Pataliputra]] and [[Vidisha]]
| titles = Emperor of Magadha
| styles =
| members =
| other_families =
| dissolution =
| deposition = 28 BCE, invaded by [[Satavahana Empire]]
| footnotes =
}}

=== List of monarchs ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Monarch
!Reign (BCE)
!Period
|-
| [[Vasudeva Kanva]]
| 73–64 BCE
|9
|-
| Bhumimitra
| 64–50 BCE
|14
|-
| Narayana
| 50–38 BCE
|12
|-
| Susarman
|38–28 BCE
|10
|}

== See also ==
* [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
* [[Greater Magadha]]
* [[Magadha period]]
* [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Monarchs of Magadha| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|M]]

St Ignatius Church, Thiruvananthapuram

2026-03-29T16:18:26Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created Some Entry Initial Version.

{{One source|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox church
|name = St Ignatius Church Thiruvananthapuram
|image = Puthenthope-Church.jpg
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =

|caption =
|pushpin map =
|pushpin label position =
|pushpin map alt =
|pushpin mapsize =
|map caption = Location in Kerala, India
|coordinates = {{coord|8|34|23|N|76|50|12|E|display=inline,title}}

|denomination = [[Latin Catholic]]
|previous denomination =
|churchmanship =
|membership =
|attendance =
|website =
|former name =
|founded date =
|founder = [[Society of Jesus]]
|dedication = [[Ignatius of Loyola]]
|dedicated date =
|consecrated date =
|cult =
|relics =
|events =
|past bishop =
|people =

|status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
|functional status = Active
|heritage designation =
|designated date =
|architect =
|architectural type =
|style =
|groundbreaking =
|completed date =
|construction cost =

|parish =
|deanery =
|archdiocese =
|diocese =
|province =
}}
'''St Ignatius Church Puthenthope''', Thiruvananthapuram, is a Catholic church located in the [[Kadinamkulam]] panchayat of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-24 |title=Sea of festivities in Puthenthope |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/christmas-celebrations-at-puthenthope-reach-a-crescendo-with-families-gathering-on-the-beach-for-sports-and-merrymaking/article6722801.ece |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Puthenthope claims to have rich historical legacy. It is generally believed that during 1543-44 period, St. Francis Xavier visited the place and founded the church, perhaps in a rudimentary form. The church was rebuilt in 1989, with the foundation stone being blessed by [[Pope John Paul II]] during his visit to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1986.

The church is the replica of St.Joseph's Cathedral in Thiruvananthapuram City. A grotto of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] is also built in front of the church and the statue of Mary in the grotto was brought from Lourde by a native of Puthenthope. A parochial house, which shows the typical architecture of Kerala is also situated nearby the church. St.Ignatius Parish community hall is another building situated along with the church in the junction of Puthenthope.

The church is the epicenter of all religious and social activities. The community celebrate Christmas, Easter and other Catholic festivals.

== Liturgical Services ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Sunday'''
|-
|06:00 AM || Holy Mass
|-
|9:00 AM || Holy Mass for Catechism Students
|-
|05:00 PM || Holy Mass
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Monday & Tuesday'''
|-
|05:00 PM || Holy Mass
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Tuesday to Saturday'''
|-
|06:15 AM || Holy Mass
|-
| colspan="2" |
* Wednesday 06:00 PM Eucharistic Adoration
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Puthenthope Church}}

[[Category:1989 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1989]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]

{{India-RC-church-stub}}

Dayanidhi Maran

2026-03-26T09:20:12Z

Siddharth Darnal: expanded content

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Dayanidhi Maran.jpg
| name = Dayanidhi Maran
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|12|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Madras State]], India (now in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[S. R. Vijayakumar]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2004
| term_end1 = 16 May 2014
| constituency = [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| predecessor1 = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| successor1 = [[S. R. Vijayakumar]]
| constituency1 = [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]
| term_start2 = 22 May 2004
| term_end2 = 16 May 2007
| predecessor2 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| successor2 = [[A. Raja]]
| primeminister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of Textiles]]
| term_start3 = 28 May 2009
| term_end3 = 12 July 2011
| predecessor3 = [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]
| successor3 = [[Anand Sharma]]
| primeminister3 = Manmohan Singh
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = Priya Maran
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| website = www.dmaran.in
| footnotes =
| date = 22 September|
| year = 2006|
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4144&lastls=17
}}

'''Dayanidhi Murasoli Maran''' (born 5 December 1966) is an Indian politician and one of the prominent members of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party. He was elected four times as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] to [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central constituency]] during the 2004 general elections, 2009 general elections, 2019 general elections and 2024 elections.

He is the son of former Union Minister [[Murasoli Maran]] and the [[Cousin chart|grandnephew]] of former [[Tamil Nadu Chief Minister]] and former DMK president [[M. Karunanidhi]]. He is the younger brother of Indian billionaire [[Kalanithi Maran]], the founder, chairman of [[Sun Group]] and of Sun Risers Hyderabad. He is married to Priya, and has a daughter and a son.

Maran has wide exposure in the fields of media, television, cable technology, political economy and management and has been a delegate at many international seminars and conferences in various countries.

==Early life==
Dayanidhi Maran is the second son of ex-minister [[Murasoli Maran]], who was the Commerce and Industrial minister of India. He is also the [[Cousin chart|grandnephew]] of DMK president and ex-chief minister of Tamil Nadu [[M. Karunanidhi]]. He is the younger brother of [[Kalanidhi Maran]], the founder and managing director of [[Sun Network]].

Maran studied at [[Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School|Don Bosco School, Egmore]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/don-bosco-alumni-regale-students-with-school-tales/articleshow/5428971.cms | title=Don Bosco alumni regale students with school tales | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 January 2010 | access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/jan/10/bosco-boys-keep-a-date-with-nostalgia-159374.html | title=Bosco boys keep a date with nostalgia | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=10 January 2010 | access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> He then graduated in economics from [[Loyola College, Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/aug/28/loyola-world-alumni-congress-begins-on-saturday-181799.html | title=Loyola World Alumni Congress begins on Saturday | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=28 August 2010 | access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> He also attended the "Owner/President Management Programme" (OPM) from [[Harvard Business School]] (USA).<ref name="PMO">{{cite web|url=http://dmaran.nic.in/profile.htm |title=Dayanidhi Maran profile |date=13 May 2007 |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725034537/http://dmaran.nic.in/profile.htm |archive-date=25 July 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> The Owner/President Management Programme is meant for business owners/founders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Owner/President Management - Leadership - Programs - Executive Education - Harvard Business School|url=https://www.exed.hbs.edu/owner-president-management/|access-date=2021-03-17|website=HBS Executive Education}}</ref>

Maran is married to Priya of "The Hindu" family. Priya is the daughter of Ramesh Rangarajan, Director of Kasturi & Sons,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-06-13|title=The Marans: Dravida family's Brahmin side|url=https://currentnews.in/dravida-familys-brahmin-side/|access-date=2021-03-17|website=CurrentNews|language=en-US}}</ref> and the pair have a daughter and a son.

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
! Period
! Position
|-
| 14 Aug. 2024 onwards
| Member of the Committee on Estimates
|-
| 18 Jul. 2024 onwards
| Member, Business Advisory Committee
|-
| June 2024
| Elected to [[18th Lok Sabha]]
|-
| June 2024 onwards
| Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Corporate Affairs
|-
| 13 Sept. 2019 onwards
| Member, Standing Committee on Home Affairs
|-
| 24 Jul. 2019 onwards
| Member, Committee on Estimates
|-
| May 2019
| Re-elected to [[17th Lok Sabha]] (3rd term)
|-
| 31 May 2009 – 19 Jul. 2011
| [[Ministry of Textiles|Union Cabinet Minister, Textiles]]
|-
| 2009
| Re-elected to [[15th Lok Sabha]] (2nd term)
|-
| May 2004 – 13 May 2007
| [[Minister of Communications (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Communications and Information Technology]]
|-
| 2004
| Elected to [[14th Lok Sabha]]
|}

==Tenure as an MP and Union minister==
[[File:Shri Dayanidhi Maran assumes the charge of Union Minister for Communications and Information Technology in New Delhi on May 26, 2004.jpg|thumb|Dayanidhi Maran assumes the charge of Union Minister for Communications and Information Technology in New Delhi on 26 May 2004|left]]

He contested from Central Chennai Constituency in Tamil Nadu as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] party candidate and been elected thrice during the 2004, 2009 and 2019 elections as member of parliament.

During the 2004 elections, his winning margin was over {{formatnum:134000}} votes and he received 62% of the total votes polled.<ref name="PMO" /> He was appointed Union Minister for Communications and Information Technology on 26 May 2004. During his tenure as IT and Telecommunication Minister the call rates of mobiles and landlines were drastically reduced which in-turn influenced the growth of subscriptions.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/why-india-inc-finds-hard-to-wish-maran-goodbye/40600-7.html?xml | title=Why India Inc loves Dayanidhi? | date=13 May 2007 | work=Ibn Live|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> During the tenure, he was instrumental in garnering a large amount of Foreign Direct Investments into Communication and Information Technology Sector. Many multinational telecom companies including [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], [[Ericsson]], [[Flextronics]] and [[Dell]] set up units in the country. His ministry introduced "One Rupee One India" plan across the country, which enabled calls across the country at a rate of 1 {{INR}} per minute. His ministry set and achieved a target of 250 million connections in December 2007 to December 2010, against 75 million in May 2004.<ref name="NIC">{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Thiru Dayanidhi Maran|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4144|publisher=National Informatics Centre|year=2005|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>[[#Hiscock|Hiscock]] 2007, p. 78</ref><ref name="V265">[[#Vaasanthi|Vaasanthi]], pp. 265–6</ref>

During the 2009 elections he won by a margin of 33,454 votes and he received 46.82% of the total votes polled.

During the [http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS224.htm?ac=4 2019 Lok Sabha Elections], he once again contested from the Chennai Central Parliamentary Constituency, winning it for the 3rd time, polling a stunning 4,48,911 votes and defeated the other contestants with a record-breaking victory margin of 3,01,520 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS224.htm?ac=4|title=Results of Chennai Central PC in 2019 Lok Sabha Elections}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" |Result
! rowspan="2" |Vote %
! colspan="3" |Opposition
|-
! width="150" |Candidate
! width="70" |Party
! width="70" |Vote %
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{Won}}
|61.68
|N. Balaganga
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35.52 <ref name="LS2004">{{cite web |title=Statistical report on General elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |access-date=10 November 2013 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=281}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{Won}}
|46.82
|S.M.K. Mohamad Ali Jinnah
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41.34 <ref name="LS2009">{{cite web |title=Statistical report on General elections, 2009 to the 14th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 |access-date=10 November 2013 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=124 |df=dmy}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{Lost}}
|36.4
|S. R. Vijayakumar
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42.21 <ref name="LS2014">{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Statistical report on General elections, 2014 to the 16th Lok Sabha |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS224.htm?ac=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529172314/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS224.htm?ac=4 |archive-date=29 May 2014 |access-date=31 May 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |df=dmy}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{Won}}
|57.15
|S. R. Sam paul
|PMK
|18.77
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{Won}}
|56.56
|Vinoj
|BJP
|23.12
|}
[[File:Karunanithi family.jpg|thumb|350px|Karunanidhi family tree]]

== Controversies ==

=== Remarks on North Indian migrant workers ===
In December 2023, a video of Maran from a previous event went viral in which he compared the employment prospects of individuals who learn English with those who study only Hindi.<ref name="HT2023">{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Anshuman |title=DMK's Dayanidhi Maran says Hindi speakers from UP, Bihar clean toilets in Tamil Nadu; BJP asks Nitish what he thinks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 December 2023 |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref> Maran stated that while youth in [[Tamil Nadu]] learn English and secure high-paying jobs in the IT sector, individuals from northern states like [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] who "only learn Hindi" migrate to Tamil Nadu to work in construction or perform "menial" tasks, such as cleaning roads and toilets.<ref name="TOI2023">{{cite news |title=Dayanidhi Maran's 'toilet cleaner' remark sparks row; BJP, INDIA bloc leaders condemn DMK MP's statement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 December 2023 |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>

The remarks were widely condemned across the political spectrum. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) accused Maran of attempting to create a "North-South divide" and insulting the dignity of workers from northern India.<ref name="HT2023" /> Leaders from the [[INDIA (alliance)|INDIA bloc]], including [[Tejashwi Yadav]], also criticised the statement, calling it "condemnable" and noting that it did not reflect the values of social justice.<ref name="NDTV2023">{{cite news |title="Condemnable": Tejashwi Yadav On DMK Leader's 'Toilet Cleaner' Remark |url=https://www.ndtv.com |work=[[NDTV]] |date=24 December 2023 |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref> The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) defended the context of his speech, stating that Maran's intention was to highlight the economic benefits of the state's two-language policy.<ref name="TOI2023" />

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation |last=Outlook|title=Outlook, volume XLVIII, No. 28 |date=15 Oct 2008|publisher=Outlook|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzEEAAAAMBAJ&q=azhagiri+vs+stalin&pg=PA21|ref=Outlook1}}
*{{Citation |last=Outlook|title=Outlook, volume XLVIII, No. 51 |date=22 Dec 2008|publisher=Outlook|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDEEAAAAMBAJ&q=azhagiri+vs+stalin&pg=PA23|ref=Outlook2}}
* {{cite book|title=India's Global Wealth Club: The Stunning Rise of Its Billionaires and Their Secrets of Success|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|first=Geoff|last=Hiscock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiLBD_IpgIkC&q=dayanidhi+maran&pg=PA172|ref=Hiscock|isbn=9780470822388|year=2007}}
* {{cite book|title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&q=dayanidhi+maran&pg=PA265|last=Vaasanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2008|isbn=9780143063124}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.qrz.com/database?callsign=VU2DMK QRZ Ham Radio Callsign Database – VU2DMK]
*[http://www.niar.org National Institute of Amateur Radio]
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4144&lastls=17 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maran, Dayanidhi}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Indian amateur radio people]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Don Bosco schools alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:2G spectrum case]]
[[Category:Karunanidhi family]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Hussan Lal

2026-03-26T07:28:09Z

Siddharth Darnal: new basic data initial version

{{Short description|Indian Civil Servant}}
{{orphan|date=September 2025}}
'''Hussan Lal''' is a senior retired [[bureaucrat]] of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) from the 1995 Punjab cadre. Over the course of his career, he has held several important positions in both the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] and the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hussan Lal appointed principal secy to CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/hussan-lal-appointed-principal-secretary-to-new-punjab-cm-101632127445303.html |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
He was born on 1 August 1964 in Raipur Nangal village, Nawanshahr, Punjab. Former Chief Minister of Punjab [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] announced him as the candidate of the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Banga reserved seat, but Lal refused to contest the elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab CM Charanjit Singh Channi entrusts Banga to his principal secretary Hussan Lal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/channi-entrusts-charge-of-banga-to-his-principal-secretary-hussan-lal/articleshow/87879779.cms |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=24 November 2021}}</ref>

==Career==

[[File:Santosh Chowdhary being honoured by the Secretary, Health, Govt. of Punjab, Shri Hussan Lal, at the AROGYA Health Fair, at Phagwara of Distt. Kapurthala in Punjab. The Secretary, Department of AYUSH.jpg|thumb|[[Santosh Chowdhary]] being honoured by the Secretary, Health, Govt. of Punjab, Shri Hussan Lal, at the AROGYA Health Fair, at Phagwara of Distt. Kapurthala in Punjab. The Secretary, Department of AYUSH]]
Over his career, he has served in a wide range of key positions in both the Government of Punjab and the Government of India. In Punjab, he held crucial roles such as [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]], Health and Family Welfare,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hussan Lal |url=https://www.witnessinthecorridors.com/TagDetails.aspx?tag=hussan-lal&index=1&Id=1 |website=Witness In The Corridors |access-date=17 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bhakti as path to equality: Guru Ravidas' teachings take centre stage at PU seminar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/bhakti-as-path-to-equality-guru-ravidas-teachings-take-centre-stage-at-pu-seminar/ |access-date=11 February 2026 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> where he was widely recognized for managing the state's response during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], strengthening healthcare systems, and overseeing vaccination drives. He also served as Principal Secretary, Tourism and Cultural Affairs,<ref>{{cite news |title=Three officers shifted again |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/governance/three-officers-shifted-again-386358/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> contributing to the promotion of Punjab's heritage and tourism potential, and held responsibilities in the Education, Transport, and Finance departments at various stages of his service. At the central level, Hussan Lal was [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports]], playing a vital role in policy planning and youth development initiatives. In 2021, he was appointed [[Resident commissioner|Principal Resident Commissioner of Punjab]] in [[New Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Hussan Lal, 1995 batch IAS officer is new PS to Punjab Chief Minister |url=https://www.bureaucratsindia.in/public/news/appointments-transfers/hussan-lal-1995-batch-ias-officer-is-new-ps-to-punjab-chief-minister |website=Bureaucrats India |access-date=17 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> where he represented the state's interests with the Union government and national institutions. Known for his people-centric approach, administrative efficiency, and dedication to public welfare, Hussan Lal has earned respect as one of Punjab's prominent bureaucrats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab IAS Hussan Lal gets a warm send-off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-ias-hussan-lal-gets-a-warm-send-off/articleshow/93225161.cms |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=30 July 2022}}</ref>

When [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] became Chief Minister of Punjab in September 2021, Hussan Lal was serving as Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare in his administration. In this role, Hussan Lal worked closely with CM Channi to strengthen the state's health sector, which was still recovering from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Later he appointed as Principal Secretary to [[Chief Minister of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news |title=At Banga rally, Channi hints at fielding his Principal Secy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jalandhar/at-banga-rally-channi-hints-at-fielding-his-principal-secy-7638243/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Hussan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jetavana

2026-03-19T08:14:17Z

Siddharth Darnal: further added page per sources additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Buddhist monastery in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{primary sources|date=July 2015}}

[[File:Mulagandhakuti.jpg|thumb|300px|Mulagandhakuti. The remains of [[the Buddha]]'s hut at Jetavana.]]
{{buddhism|terse=1}}
{{Infobox Buddhist term
| title = Jetavana
| sa = 𑖕𑖸𑖝𑖪𑖡𑖸𑖡𑖯𑖞𑖢𑖰𑖜𑖿𑖚𑖟𑖭𑖿𑖧𑖯𑖨𑖯𑖦𑖾
| sa-Latn= Jetavana anāthapiṇḍadārāma
| pi =
| pi-Latn = Jetavana anāthapindikārāma
| bn =জেতবন
| bn-Latn =
| my = ဇေတဝန်ကျောင်းတော်
| my-Latn =
| zh = 祇園精舍/祇园精舍
| zh-Latn = Qíyuánjīngshè
| ja = 祇園精舎
| ja-Latn = Gionshōjya
| jv=
| jv-Latn =
| kaw =
| kaw-Latn =
| km =
| km-Latn=
| ko = 기원정사(祇園精舎)
| ko-Latn = Giwonjeongsa
| lo =
| lo-Latn =
| mnw =
| mnw-Latn =
| shn =
| shn-Latn =
| si =
| si-Latn =
| ta = ஜேதவனம்
| ta-Latn =
| th = วัดเชตวัน
| th-Latn =
| bo =
| bo-Latn =
| vi = Kì Viên Tinh Xá
| id = Jetavana
| kannada =
| en = Jeta's grove
}}

'''Jetavana''' ({{lit|Jeta's grove}})<ref name=":0222">{{Cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel334.html|title=Anathapindika: The Great Benefactor|website=www.accesstoinsight.org|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008080100/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel334.html|archive-date=2017-10-08|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref><ref name=":023">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IStatqlilL8C&q=Anathapindika&pg=PA64|title=The Buddha and His Disciples|last=Dhammika|first=Shravasti|date=2005-12-01|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|isbn=9789552402807|language=en|access-date=2017-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829045145/https://books.google.com/books?id=IStatqlilL8C&pg=PA64&dq=Anathapindika&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRk7S1id_WAhXLiVQKHW2sBXQQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Anathapindika&f=false|archive-date=2018-08-29|url-status=live}}</ref> was one of the most famous of the [[vihāra]]s (Buddhist monasteries) in what is now [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was the second vihāra donated to [[the Buddha]] after the Venuvana in [[Rajgir]]. The monastery was given to him by his chief male patron, [[Anathapindika]].

Jetavana is located just outside the old city of [[Shravasti|Savatthi]]. There was also an important vihāra named Jetavana in [[Sri Lanka]]; the [[stupa]] of [[Jetavanaramaya]] is all that remains today.

Jetavana was the place where the Buddha gave the majority of his teachings and discourses, having stayed at Jetavana nineteen out of 45 [[vassa]]s (monsoon retreats), more than in any other vihāra.<ref>DhA.i.3; BuA.3; AA.i.314</ref> It is said that after the Migāramātupāsāda, a second vihara erected at Pubbarama close to Savatthi was built by the Buddha's chief female lay disciple, [[Visakha]], the Buddha would dwell alternately between Jetavana and Migāramātupāsāda, often spending the day in one and the night in the other (SNA.i.336).

==Donation of Jetavana==
[[File:Bharhut_Jetavana.jpg|thumb|right|Anathapindika covers Jetavana with coins ([[Bharhut]]) ]]
Following Anathapindika's first encounter with the Buddha, he requested to offer him a meal, which the Buddha accepted, and then asked to build a temple for him and his monks in his hometown of Savatthi, to which the Buddha agreed.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel334.html|title=Anathapindika: The Great Benefactor|website=www.accesstoinsight.org|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008080100/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel334.html|archive-date=2017-10-08|url-status=live|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref>

Shortly after, Anathapindika went back to Savatthi to search for a place to build the monastery. Looking for a place that was both accessible to followers and peacefully secluded, he came across a park belonging to Prince Jeta, the son of [[Pasenadi|King Pasenadi]] of [[Kosala]]. Anathapindika offered to buy the park from the prince but the prince refused, after Anathapindika persisted, the prince jokingly said he will sell him the park if he covers it with gold coins, to which Anathapindika agreed.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IStatqlilL8C&q=Anathapindika&pg=PA64|title=The Buddha and His Disciples|last=Dhammika|first=Shravasti|date=2005-12-01|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|isbn=9789552402807|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/btg/btg26.htm|title=Jetavana, The Vihara|website=www.sacred-texts.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909142638/http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/btg/btg26.htm|archive-date=2017-09-09|url-status=live|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>

Anathapindika later came back with wagons full of gold pieces to cover the park with. When Prince Jeta stated that he was merely joking and still would not sell the park, Anathapindika and the prince went to arbitrators who concluded that Prince Jeta had to sell the park at the mentioned price.<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":02" />

The money brought in the first journey was found insufficient to cover one small spot near the gateway. So Anāthapindika sent his servants back for more, but Jeta, inspired by Anāthapindika's earnestness, asked to be allowed to give this spot. Anāthapindika agreed and Jeta erected there a gateway, with a room over it. Anāthapindika built in the grounds dwelling rooms, retiring rooms, store rooms and service halls, halls with fireplaces, closets, cloisters, halls for exercise, wells, bathrooms, ponds, open and roofed sheds, etc. (Vin.ii.158f).

It is said (MA.i.50; UdA.56f) that Anāthapindika paid eighteen crores for the purchase of the site, all of which Jeta spent in the construction of the gateway gifted by him. (The gateway was evidently an imposing structure; see J.ii.216).

Jeta gave, besides, many valuable trees for timber. Anāthapindika himself spent fifty-four crores in connection with the purchase of the park and the buildings erected in it.

The ceremony of dedication was one of great splendour. Not only Anāthapindika himself, but his whole family took part: his son with five hundred other youths, his wife with five hundred other noble women, and his daughters Mahā Subhaddā and Cūla Subhaddā with five hundred other maidens. Anāthapindika was attended by five hundred bankers. The festivities in connection with the dedication lasted for nine months (J.i.92ff).

The vihāra is almost always referred to as '''Jetavane Anāthapindikassa ārāma''' ([[Pali]], meaning: in Jeta Grove, Anathapindika's Monastery). The Commentaries (MA.ii.50; UdA.56f, etc.) say that this was deliberate (at the Buddha's own suggestion pp. 81–131; Beal: op. cit., ii.5 and Rockhill: p. 49), in order that the names of both earlier and later owners might be recorded and that people might be reminded of two men, both very generous in the cause of the Religion, so that others might follow their example. The vihāra is sometimes referred to as Jetārāma (E.g., Ap.i.400).

==Description of ancient Jetavana==

===Inside Jetavana===
[[File:Jetavana of Sravasti Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|thumb|300px|Jetavana of [[Sravasti]], showing the three preferred residences of the Buddha. [[Sanchi]].]]
{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|zoom=15|type=point}}
Some of the chief buildings attached to the Jetavana are mentioned in the books by special names, viz., Mahāgandhakuti, Kaverimandalamāla, Kosambakuti and Candanamāla. SNA.ii.403.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} Other buildings are also mentioned - e.g., the Ambalakotthaka-āsanasālā (J.ii.246). According to Tibetan sources the vihāra was built according to a plan sent by the devas of Tusita and contained sixty large halls and sixty small. The Vinaya-piṭaka (Dulwa in Tibetan) also gives details of the decorative scheme of the vihāra (Rockhill: op. cit.48 and n.2).

All these were built by Anāthapindika; there was another large building erected by Pasenadi and called the Salalaghara (DA.ii.407). Over the gateway lived a guardian deity to prevent all evildoers from entering (SA.i.239). Just outside the monastery was a [[Buchanania latifolia|rājāyatana]] tree, the residence of the god Samiddhisumana (Mhv.i.52f; MT 105; but see DhA.i.41, where the guardian of the gateway is called Sumana).{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

In the grounds there seems to have been a large pond which came to be called the Jetavanapokkharanī. (AA.i.264; here the Buddha often bathed (J.i.329ff.). Is this the Pubbakotthaka referred to at A.iii.345? But see S.v.220; it was near this pond that Devadatta was swallowed up in Avīci (J.iv.158)).{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

The grounds themselves were thickly covered with trees, giving the appearance of a wooded grove (arañña) (Sp.iii.532). On the outskirts of the monastery was a mango-grove (J.iii.137). In front of the gateway was the Bodhi-tree planted by Anāthapindika, which came later to be called the Anandabodhi (J.iv.228f). Not far from the gateway was a cave which became famous as the Kapallapūvapabbhāra on account of an incident connected with Macchariyakosiya (J.i.348).{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

According to the Divyāvadāna (Dvy.395f), the thūpas of Sāriputta and Moggallāna were in the grounds of Jetavana and existed until the time of Asoka. Both Fa Hien (Giles: p. 33ff) and Houien Thsang (Beal.ii.7ff) give descriptions of other incidents connected with the Buddha, which took place in the neighbourhood of Jetavana - e.g., the murder of Sundarikā, the calumny of Ciñcā, Devadatta's attempt to poison the Buddha, etc.

===The Gandhakuti: Buddha's dwelling in Jetavana===
The space covered by the four bedposts of the Buddha's Gandhakuti in Jetavana is one of the four avijahitatthānāni; all Buddhas possess the same, though the size of the actual vihāra differs in the case of the various Buddhas. For [[Vipassī Buddha]], the [[setthi]] Punabbasumitta built a monastery extending for a whole league, while for [[Sikhī Buddha]], the setthi Sirivaddha made one covering three gavutas. The Sanghārāma built by Sotthiya for [[Vessabhū Buddha]] was half a league in extent, while that erected by Accuta for [[Kakusandha Buddha]] covered only one gāvuta. The monastery of the [[Koṇāgamana Buddha]], built by the setthi Ugga, extended for half a gāvuta, while that of the [[Kassapa Buddha]] built by Sumangala covered sixteen karīsas. Anāthapindika's monastery covered a space of eighteen karīsas (BuA.2, 47; J.i.94; DA.ii.424).

According to a description given by [[Faxian]] (Giles, pp. 31, 33), the vihāra was originally in seven sections (storeys?) and was filled with all kinds of offerings, embroidered banners, canopies, etc., and the lamps burnt from dusk to dawn.

One day a rat, holding in its mouth a lamp wick, set fire to the banners and canopies, and all the seven sections were entirely destroyed. The vihāra was later rebuilt in two sections. There were two main entrances, one on the east, one on the west, and Faxian found thūpas erected at all the places connected with the Buddha, each with its name inscribed.

===Near Jetavana===
Near Jetavana was evidently a monastery of rival teachers where Ciñcāmānavikā spent her nights as she was hatching her [[Paternity fraud|paternity-fraud]] [[smear campaign]] against the Buddha.<ref name=DhA3_179>DhA.iii.179; behind Jetavana was a spot where the Ajivakas practised their austerities (J.i.493). Once the heretics bribed [[Pasenadi]] to let them make a rival settlement behind Jetavana, but the Buddha frustrated their plans (J.ii.170).</ref>

There seems to have been a playground just outside Jetavana used by the children of the neighbourhood, who, when thirsty, would go into Jetavana to drink (DhA.iii.492). The high road to Sāvatthi passed by the edge of Jetavana, and travellers would enter the park to rest and refresh themselves.<ref name=j2_203>J.ii.203, 341; see also vi.70, where two roads are mentioned.</ref>

==Later history==
The Jetavana vihara was apparently active as late as 1128/29 CE (1186 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]]), when an inscription (discovered by [[Daya Ram Sahni]] in 1908 in one of the ruined monastery structures at Shravasti) recorded the re-affirming or renewing of a grant by the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavala]] king [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] to "the most respected [[sangha]] of [[bhikku]]s, of whom Buddhabhattāraka is the chief, residing in the convent of the Holy Jetavana". The grant included six villages, iron and salt mines, fishponds, [[Madhuca longifolia|madhuka]] and mango groves, and pastureland. It may have somehow lapsed earlier, or it may have been that Govindachandra was simply re-confirming it.<ref name="Sahni 1912">{{cite journal |last1=Sahni |first1=Daya Ram |author1-link=Daya Ram Sahni |title=Saheth-Maheth Plate of Govindachandra, [Vikrama] Samvat 1186 |journal=[[Epigraphia Indica]] |date=1912 |volume=XI |pages=20-26 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.115919/page/19/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|20-22, 26}}

==Discovery and current situation==
The remains of Jetavana and Savatthi were locally known as Sahet-Mahet. [[Alexander Cunningham]] used the ancient (6th century AD) accounts of Chinese pilgrim-monks to determine that Sahet-Mahet actually referred to Jetavana and [[Savatthi]].<ref>Arch. Survey of India, 1907-8, pp.81-131</ref>

Jetavana is currently a historical park, with remains of many ancient buildings such as monasteries, huts (such as the [[Gandhakuti]] and the [[Kosambakuti]]) and [[stupa]]s. In Jetavana is also located the second-holiest tree of Buddhism: the [[Anandabodhi Tree]]. A visit to Savatthi and Jetavana is part of the [[Buddhist Pilgrimage|Buddhist pilgrim route]] in North-India. The most revered place in Jetavana is the Gandhakuti, where Buddha used to stay. Jetavana is located at {{coord|27.509466|N|82.040073|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}.

==Legacy==
In Japan the deity [[Gozu Tenno]] is considered to have originated as a guardian of Jetavana.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FogSFWDe0hUC&pg=PA218 |title=Critical Perspectives on Classicism in Japanese Painting: 1600 - 1700 |date=2004 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824826994 |editor1-last=Lillehoj |editor1-first=Elizabeth}}</ref><ref name="rodsshinto">{{cite web |title=Gozu-Tennō |url=https://www.rodsshinto.com/gozu-tenno |access-date=2020-03-30 |website=rodsshinto.com}}</ref> He is a central deity of the [[Gion faith]] and identified with [[Susanoo-no-Mikoto]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhaskamijapan00teeu |title=Buddhas and Kami in Japan: Honji Suijaku as a Combinatory Paradigm |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |editor1-last=Rambelli |editor1-first=Fabio |pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhaskamijapan00teeu/page/n48 38]–39 |editor2-last=Teeuwen |editor2-first=Mark |url-access=limited}}</ref> The district [[Gion]] where the faith is centered is the Japanese translation (via Chinese ''Qiyuan'') of the Buddhist term Jetavana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jetavana Monastery |url=https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/J/11 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=Nichiren Buddhism Library |publisher=[[Soka Gakkai]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muller |first=Charles |date=2010 |title=祇園精舍 |url=http://www.buddhism-dict.net/ddb/pcache/79id(b7947-5712-7cbe-820d).html |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=Digital Dictionary of Buddhism}}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:Anandabodhi.jpg|Anandabodhi tree in Jetavana monastery
File:Sravasti-gandhakuti.jpg|[[Gandhakuti]] (Buddha's hut) in Jetavana
File:Jetavana.jpg|Scene in Jetavana
File:Jetavana1.jpg|Scene in Jetavana, showing some small stupas
File:Anandabodhi2.jpg|[[bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] meditating under the Anandabodhi tree
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Anathapindika]]
*[[Kassapa Buddha]]
*[[Koṇāgamana Buddha]]
*[[Kakusandha Buddha]]
*[[List of the twenty-eight Buddhas]]
*[[Gion]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1990. ''Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka''. 752 pages with 1610 illustrations. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-05-0}}

==External links==
{{ppn|j/jetavana.htm|Jetavana}}
{{RBK|20|Jetavana}}
{{suttas|Jetavana|anathapindika-park|dn/dn.09.0.than.html Potthapada Sutta – About Potthapada|mn/mn.004.than.html Bhaya-bherava Sutta – Fear & Terror}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19991008153331/http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/Heights/2885/jetaname.html Extracts from books on the subject of Jetavana]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118142120/http://www.goldenlandpages.com/hotspots/buddhism/32.htm Dedication ceremony of the Jetavana monastery by Anathapindika]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Gautama Buddha}}
{{Devipatan division topics}}

[[Category:Defunct Buddhist monasteries]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Shravasti]]
[[Category:Gion cult]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian buildings and structures]]

Devika Nambiar

2026-03-18T16:18:24Z

Siddharth Darnal: adding new bio

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Devika Nambiar
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[actress]]|[[television presenter|host]]|[[Indian classical dancer|classical dancer]]}}
| citizenship = Indian
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage|Vijay Madhav|2022}}
| website =
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] (aunt)|[[Kumari Thankam]] (great-aunt)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2021/08/29/actress-devika-nambiar-interview-on-engagment-with-music-director-vijaya-madhav.html|title=പ്രണയ വിവാഹമല്ല, ഞങ്ങളുടെ കാര്യം ഞങ്ങൾക്കല്ലേ അറിയൂ; മനസ്സ് തുറന്ന് ദേവിക നമ്പ്യാർ‌|work=Manorama Online}}</ref>
| years_active = 2011{{endash}}2022
}}

'''Devika Nambiar''' is an Indian actress and television presenter who appears in [[Malayalam]] television and films, along with a few [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan=3|2011
| ''Madhyapanam Arogyatinu Haanikaram''
|
| rowspan=4|[[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kalabha Mazha]]''
| Malavika
|
| <ref name="balamani"/>
|-
| ''Gulf Returns''
| Sumayyah
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2013
| ''One''
| Devika
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/zombie-invasion-in-mollywood/articleshow/21037210.cms|title=Zombie invasion in Mollywood|work=The Times of India|date=13 July 2013 |accessdate=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mayil Paarai''
| Mayil
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2014
| ''[[Parayan Baaki Vechathu]]''
|Gopika
| rowspan=9|Malayalam
|
| <ref name="balamani"/>
|-
| ''To Let Ambadi Talkies''
| Anna
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140527/entertainment-mollywood/article/i-dont-want-shed-girl-next-door-image-devika-nambiar|work=Deccan Chronicle|title=I don't want to shed the girl-next-door image: Devika Nambiar|date=27 May 2014|accessdate=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]''
|Nandhini
|
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| rowspan=3|2015
| ''Kuduma Kalaham Nooram Divasam''
| Raziya
|
|
|-
| ''Sneha Kadal''
| Rameeza
|
|
|-
| ''Koottukudumbam''
| Indhu
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]''
| Annamma
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Vikadakumaran]]''
| Beena
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/201117/vishnu-unnikrishnan-ready-for-next.html|title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan ready for next|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=20 November 2017|accessdate=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2019
| ''Thanka Bhasma Kuriyitta Thamburatty''
| Sindhu
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/producer-sajimons-film-thankabhasma-kuriyitta-thamburatti-enters-second-week/articleshow/70530779.cms|work=The Times of India|title=Producer Sajimon's film, Thankabhasma Kuriyitta Thamburatti, enters second week|date=5 August 2019 |accessdate=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ganesha Meendum Santhipom]]''
|Jennifer
| Tamil
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/apr/03/cashing-in-on-the-oviya-effect-in-ganesha-meendum-santhipom-10869.html|work=Cinema Express|title=Cashing in on the Oviyaa effect in Ganesha Meendum Santhipom|date=3 April 2019 }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''Parinayam''
| Krishnaveni
| rowspan=6|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rakkuyil-actress-devika-nambiar-gets-engaged-to-musician-vijay-madhav-see-pic/articleshow/85684020.cms|title=Rakkuyil actress Devika Nambiar gets engaged to musician Vijay Madhav; see pic|work=The Times of India|date=27 August 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''Bhima Jewels Comedy Festival''
| rowspan=2|Host
|also title song dancer
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Cinemaa Chirimaa''
|
|<ref>[https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/rakkuyil-fame-actress-devika-nambiar-and-singer-vijay-madhav-got-engaged-549960/ രാക്കുയിൽ സീരിയൽ താരം ദേവിക നമ്പ്യാർ വിവാഹിതയാവുന്നു, വരൻ ഗായകൻ വിജയ് മാധവ്]</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Balamani''
| Balamani
|
| <ref name="balamani">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Now-that-Balamani-is-bold-people-love-her-more-Devika/articleshow/45109656.cms|title=Now that Balamani is bold, people love her more: Devika|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2014|last=Soman|first=Deepa|access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2015
| ''Indian Voice Grand Final (Season 2)''
| rowspan=4|Host
|
|
|-
| ''Hitler Muthal Bhaskar Vare''
|
|
|-
| ''Comedy Super Nite''
| [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|
|
|-
| 2015–16
| ''Chef Master Junior''
| [[Kaumudy TV]]
|
|
|-
| 2020–2022
| ''[[Rakkuyil (TV series)|Rakkuyil]]''
| Thulasi
| Mazhavil Manorama
|
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/balamani-fame-devika-nambiar-to-join-rakkuyil-details-inside/articleshow/80752468.cms|title=Balamani fame Devika Nambiar to join 'Rakkuyil'; details inside|work=The Times of India|date=8 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''Star Magic''
| Contestant
| Flowers TV
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri''
|rowspan=3| Host
| rowspan=3|Mazhavil Manorama
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rakkuyil-actress-devika-nambiar-gets-hitched-to-vijay-madhav/articleshow/89070662.cms|work=The Times of India|title=Rakkuyil actress Devika Nambiar gets hitched to Vijay Madhav|access-date=24 January 2022|date=23 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Bumper Chiri Aaghosham''
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Mazhavil Chiri Awards 2022''
|
|
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2012
| ''Palpayasavumayi Paramparasundarimar''
| Guest/Cookery presenter
| rowspan=4|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=4|2014
| ''Invide Ingananu Bhai''
| rowspan=7|Guest
|
|
|-
| ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/four-serial-actresses-as-guests-in-onnum-onnum-moonnu/articleshow/41431072.cms|title=Four serial actresses as guests in Onnum Onnum Moonnu|work=The Times of India|date=1 September 2014|access-date=18 June 2022|first=Deepa|last=Soman}}</ref>
|-
| ''Hello Namasthey''
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/interactive-chat-show-on-mazhavil-manorama/articleshow/29439941.cms|title=Interactive chat show on Mazhavil Manorama|work=The Times of India|date=27 January 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| ''B Positive''
| [[Kairali TV]]
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Vanitha''
| Mazhavil Manorama
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Annies Kitchen''
| [[Amrita TV]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2021
| ''Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri''
| Mazhavil Manorama
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/harisree-ashokans-sense-of-humour-to-the-dashing-entries-of-tv-celebs-heres-what-to-expect-from-oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiris-diwali-special-episode/articleshow/87522965.cms|title=Harisree Ashokan's sense of humour to the dashing entries of TV celebs: Here's what to expect from Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri's Diwali special episode|work=The Times of India|date=4 November 2021|access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Red Carpet''
|Mentor
| Amrita TV
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Panam Tharum Padam''
| Contestant
| Mazhavil Manorama
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/newlywed-couple-vijay-madhav-devika-nambiar-to-have-a-blast-in-panam-tharum-padam/articleshow/89505590.cms|title = Newlywed couple Vijay Madhav-Devika Nambiar to have a blast in 'Panam Tharum Padam' - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=11 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Comedy Thillana''
| Herself
| [[Kairali TV]]
|
|-
| 2022
| ''My Life My Choice''
| Herself
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Television Tharangalude Samsthana Sammelanam''
| Herself
| Flowers
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Parayam Nedam''
| Participant
| Amrita TV
|
|-
|}

===Webseries===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2021
| ''Kochi Heist''
|
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[YouTube]] Webseries
|
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2012
| ''Ashiyana''
|
| rowspan="8" | [[Malayalam]]
| Album song
|
|-
| ''Ente Khalbil Poothoru Poove''
|
| Mappilapattu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''Muthu Habeebi Monjathi''
| Fazila
| rowspan="2" | Album song
|
|-
| ''Tajmahal''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''Nee Vadalle Poove''
|
|Album
|
|-
| ''Sreerama Pahima''
|
| rowspan="3" | Devotional song
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2021
| ''Vaakacharth''
|
|
|-
| ''Kanikaanum Neram''
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8878821}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambiar, Devika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Patanjali Foods

2026-03-10T10:12:25Z

Siddharth Darnal: creating basic bio more to come

{{short description|Indian multinational food and beverage company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Patanjali Foods
| logo = Patanjali011.png
| type = [[Publicly held company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{hlist|{{BSE|500368}}|{{NSE|PATANJALI}}}}
| ISIN = INE619A01035
| industry = [[Food processing industry|Food processing]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1986}}
| location_city = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| parent = [[Patanjali Ayurved]]
| location_country = India
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Biscuits]]
*[[Cookie]]
*[[Wheat flour]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|31916|c}} (FY24)<ref name="FY24">{{cite web |title=Patanjali Foods Ltd. |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/patanjalifoods/profit-lossVI/RSI#google_vignette |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{decrease}} {{INRconvert|1482|c}} (FY24)<ref name="FY24"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|1060|c}} (FY24)<ref name="FY24"/>
| website = {{URL|http://www.patanjalifoods.com/}}
}}

'''Patanjali Foods''', formerly known as '''Ruchi Soya Industries Ltd''', is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[fast-moving consumer goods]] company specialized in the [[food industry]], part of the [[Patanjali Ayurved]]. It is headquartered in [[Indore]], India.

Patanjali Foods is a listed company on [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] with ticker symbol "PATANJALI".<ref>{{cite web |title=Patanjali Foods Share Price Today, Patanjali Foods Stock Price Live NSE/BSE, Share Price Insights |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/patanjali-foods-ltd/stocks/companyid-13169.cms |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Ruchi Soya Industries Limited was founded in 1986 by Dinesh Sahara, to manufacture [[soybean]] [[edible oil]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ruchi Soya inks MOU with Arunachal Pradesh government |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/ruchi-soya-inks-mou-with-arunachal-pradesh-government-3075617/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=October 10, 2016}}</ref>

In January 2010, the company acquired a 50 percent stake in Gemini Edibles and Fats India for {{INR}}45 [[crore]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Ruchi Soya buys 50 pc in Gemini for Rs 45 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ruchi-soya-buys-50-pc-in-gemini-for-rs-45-crore/articleshow/5418074.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=January 7, 2010}}</ref> until the whole company was purchased by the Widjaja family of Indonesia in 2014.<ref name=B>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Anuradha |title=Widjaja Family Promoted Golden Agri Buying 75% Stake In Ruchi Soya Arm For $25.6M |url=https://www.vccircle.com/widjaja-family-promoted-golden-agri-buying-75-stake-ruchi-soya-arm-256m |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=November 13, 2014}}</ref>

In December 2017, Ruchi Soya Industries entered into insolvency with a total debt of about ₹12,000 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/insolvency/ruchi-soyas-run-of-bad-luck-and-a-self-inflicted-injury|title=Ruchi Soya's Run Of Bad Luck And A Self-Inflicted Injury|website=BloombergQuint|date=21 June 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/ruchi-soyas-lenders-to-meet-today-to-consider-highest-bidder-adani-wilmars-rs-6000-cr-bid-4863691.html|title=Ruchi Soya's lenders to meet today to consider highest bidder Adani Wilmar's Rs 6,000 cr bid|website=Firstpost|date=August 2018 |access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> In December 2019, [[Patanjali Ayurved]] acquired the bankrupt Ruchi Soya for {{INR}}4,350 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-18|title=Patanjali Ayurved completes acquisition of bankrupt Ruchi Soya for ₹4,350 cr|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/patanjali-ayurved-completes-acquisition-of-bankrupt-ruchi-soya-for-rs-4-350-crore-11576684912487.html|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ruchi Soya Industries Ltd now becomes Patanjali Foods Ltd |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/ruchi-soya-industries-ltd-now-becomes-patanjali-foods-ltd/articleshow/92520997.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=Jun 28, 2022}}</ref>

In June 2021, Ruchi Soya acquired the biscuits and noodles business of Patanjali Ayurved for {{INR}}60 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Chiranjivi |title=Ruchi Soya acquires biscuits, noodles business of Patanjali ahead of FPO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ruchi-soya-acquires-biscuits-noodles-business-of-patanjali-ahead-of-fpo/articleshow/83541539.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=Jun 15, 2021}}</ref> It acquired the food business of Patanjali Ayurved for around {{INR}}690 crore in May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Souza |first1=Sharleen |title=Ruchi Soya acquires Patanjali Ayurved's food business for Rs 690 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ruchi-soya-to-acquire-patanjali-s-food-retail-business-for-rs-690-crore-122051800758_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=May 19, 2022}}</ref> Ruchi Soya changed its name to Patanjali Foods in June 2022.<ref name=renamed>{{cite news |title=Ruchi Soya Industries renamed Patanjali Foods with effect from June 24 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ruchi-soya-industries-renamed-patanjali-foods-with-effect-from-june-24-122062800707_1.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=Business Standard |date=28 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, [[SEBI]] froze promoters shares for failing to allow the minimum public shareholding in listed companies at 25%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sethuraman |first1=Nallur |last2=Upadhyay |first2=Jayshree |title=India's Patanjali Foods falls after stock exchanges freeze promoters' shares |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-patanjali-foods-falls-after-stock-exchanges-freeze-promoters-shares-2023-03-16/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=16 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Akriti |title=Ramdev's Patanjali Foods has lost its mojo |url=https://themorningcontext.com/business/ramdevs-patanjali-foods-has-lost-its-mojo |access-date=18 March 2023 |work=[[The Morning Context]] |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>

In 2025, a prohibition order on the sale of Patanjali Organic Wild Honey was revoked.<ref>{{cite web |title=Patanjali Foods says prohibition on Patanjali Organic Wild Honey revoked |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/patanjali-foods-says-prohibition-on-patanjali-organic-wild-honey-revoked/articleshow/122358690.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=10 July 2025}}</ref>

In September 2025, Patanjali Foods signed a MoU with [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]], [[Government of India]] and announced {{INR}}1000 crore investment in food processing across [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Patanjali Foods commits Rs 1,000 crore investments in food processing to create 7,000 jobs |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-patanjali-foods-says-rs-1000-crore-planned-investments-to-create-7000-jobs-in-food-processing-signs-pact-with-mofpi-379703 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2025, Patanjali Foods collaborated with [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] for scientific innovation, quality planting material, and enhanced support for citrus growers.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICAR-CCRI and Patanjali Foods Limited Sign MoA to Strengthen India’s Citrus Value Chain {{!}} ICAR |url=https://www.icar.org.in/en/icar-ccri-and-patanjali-foods-limited-sign-moa-strengthen-indias-citrus-value-chain |website=Icar.org.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|www.patanjalifoods.com|Official site}}

[[Category:Companies based in Indore]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Palm oil production in India]]
[[Category:Patanjali Ayurved]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Astra (weapon)

2026-03-08T19:09:07Z

Siddharth Darnal: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Supernatural weapon in Hinduism}}
{{For|the modern-day weapon|Astra (missile)}}
An '''{{IAST|astra}}''' ({{Langx|sa|[[wiktionary:अस्त्र#Sanskrit|अस्त्र]]|lit=weapon (that is thrown)/missile/bolt/arrow}}) is a [[supernatural]] weapon in [[Mahakavya|Hindu epics]]. It is presided over by a specific deity and imbued with spiritual and occult powers. The term came to denote any weapon that was released from the hand (such as an arrow), compared to holding it (such as a sword). The bearer of an ''astra'' is an ''astradhari'' ({{Langx|sa|अस्त्रधारी|translit=astradhārī}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bane |first=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAnoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 |title=Encyclopedia of Mythological Objects |date=2020-05-29 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-3920-8 |pages=120 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Astras are supernatural weapons invoked using ''[[Mantra|mantras]]''. In battle, a warrior would use a mantra to convert any weapon (usually an arrow) into a divine weapon. Astras comprise four classes of weapons. The origin of Astras is elaborated in the ''[[Ahirbudhnya Samhita]]'', a dialogue between Sage [[Narada]] and [[Shiva]].

When Narada asks Shiva about the origin of Astras, the god recounts a story: Eons ago, before the universe was created, [[Vishnu]] assumed many forms for his own amusement. Eventually, he assumed the form of [[Brahma]] and created the universe. In order to protect the universe from wicked beings of his own creation, Vishnu created the [[Sudarshana Chakra]]. However, only he could wield the Chakra. Using the power of the Sudarshana Chakra, Vishnu created over one hundred Astras. They were categorised according to their origin–from Vishnu's mouth, chest, thighs, and feet, and other parts such as the chest, waist, and lower abdomen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schrader |first=Friedrich Otto |url=http://archive.org/details/introtothepancar00shcruoft |title=Introduction to the Pañcaratra and the Ahirbudhnya samhita by F. Otto Schrader |date=1916 |publisher=Adyar, Madras Adyar Library |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=125-126}}</ref> The astras are also organized into two broader groups: ''pravartaka'' (offensive) and ''nivartaka'' (defensive).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schrader |first=Friedrich Otto |url=http://archive.org/details/introtothepancar00shcruoft |title=Introduction to the Pañcaratra and the Ahirbudhnya samhita by F. Otto Schrader |date=1916 |publisher=Adyar, Madras Adyar Library |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=126}}</ref>

==Summoning ==
To summon or use an ''astra'' requires a specific [[mantra|incantation]]. The [[deity]] would endow the weapon with supernatural powers, making it impossible to counter through regular means. Specific conditions existed involving the usage of ''astras'', violating them could be fatal. Because of the power involved, the knowledge involving an ''astra'' was passed in the [[Guru-shishya tradition]] from a [[Guru]] (teacher) to a ''Shishya'' (pupil) by word of mouth, and only after the student's character had been established. Certain ''astras'' had to be handed down from the deity directly; knowledge of the incantation was insufficient.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Hindu epics==

Astras come into importance mainly in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'', where they are used in the great battles. They are depicted as used by archers such as [[Parashurama]], [[Rama]], [[Lakshmana]], [[Meghanada]] (Indrajit), [[Ravana]], [[Krishna]], [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Karna]], [[Ashwatthama]], [[Arjuna]] and other warriors. In the ''Ramayana'' and the Mahabharata, [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]] had more astras than any other warrior. It is believed that Rama possessed all the astras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopa l |first=Madan |title=India through the ages |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=1990 |editor-last=K.S. Gautam |page=72}}</ref><ref>Mahabharata by Roy, Chandra Pratap</ref>

The divya ("divine")<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanskrit: Divya |url=http://vedabase.net/d/divya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318224435/http://vedabase.net/d/divya |archive-date=2012-03-18 |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=Bhaktivedanta Database}} A concordance of occurrences of the word ''divya'' in the Bhagavad-gita and other sacred texts, with a translation for each occurrence.</ref> astras were generally invoked into arrows, although they could potentially be used with anything. Ashwatthama invoked [[Brahmashirsha astra|Brahmaśirśāstra]] using a blade of grass as his weapon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Kairata Parva: Section XL |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03040.htm |access-date=2018-01-28 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03164.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CLXIV|website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Astra!!Deity!!Effect
|-
|[[Brahmastra]]||[[Brahma]]||Brahma's celestial weapon. It could destroy entire armies at once and counter most other astras. It is an invincible supreme weapon in the ''[[Matsya Purana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Baman Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fok0UPbkZsC&q=Brahmastra+invincible&pg=PA79 |title=The Matsya Puranam (vols.2 Set) |date=2007 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0557-6 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> It was the only weapon capable of piercing the Brahma kavacha, Brahma's invincible armour. [[Atikaya]], one of Ravana's sons, possessed the armour that could only be pierced by a Brahmastra. He was killed by [[Lakshmana]], brother of Rama, using a Brahmastra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsI8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292 |title=The Illustrated ''Ramayana'': The Timeless Epic of Duty, Love, and Redemption |date=2022-12-15 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-241-56053-2 |pages=292 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Trishula]]||[[Shiva]]||[[Shiva|Shiva's]] [[trident]]. According to [[Shaivism|Shiva]] tradition, the trishula is the most powerful weapon in Hindu mythology, being infallible and capable of destroying anything except for Shiva and [[Parvati]].
|-
|[[Sudarshana Chakra]]||[[Vishnu]]|| Vishnu's celestial discus, created for him by [[Vishvakarma]]. [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] traditions hold it to be the most powerful weapon in Hindu mythology. It is infallible and flies at Vishnu's command. It could be stopped only by Vishnu's wish.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bodhasarananda Swami. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4SoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 |title=Stories from the Bhagvatam |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-7505-814-9}}, Quote: "There, Mahadeva told him: 'I cannot help you either. Go to Vaikuntha. Nobody but Sri Hari can save you."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sri Swami Vishwananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMEGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308 |title=The Essence of Shreemad Bhagavatam |publisher=Bhakti Marga Publications |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-940381-52-1 |page=308}}, Quote: "Lord Shankar looked and said, "Aaah! I can't help you. Go to Maha Vishnu."</ref> It was used by Krishna, Vishnu's eighth [[avatar]], to behead his cousin [[Shishupala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva: Section 89 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08089.htm |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
|-
|Vibhuti||[[Mahadevi|Devi]]|| Devi's celestial weapon, offered to [[Barbarika]] by a Brahmin, has the ability to "split the vital centre of the body of an enemy". It possesses ash that resembles saffron, and when it is released, it spills the ash on the vulnerable positions of the enemy combatants, not affecting allies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bane |first=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAnoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |title=Encyclopedia of Mythological Objects |date=2020-05-29 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-3920-8 |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref> After the ash is spilled, arrows are released to destroy the enemy.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3hMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA565 |title=The Skanda Purana Part 2: Ancient Indian Tradition And Mythology [Volume 50] |last2=Bhatt |first2=G. P. |date=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1022-8 |pages=565 |language=en}}</ref> Barbarika employed this in the [[Kurukshetra War]], planning to singlehandedly defeat the [[Kaurava]] army, but was slain by Krishna before his plan could be carried out due to a previous life curse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |pages=107–108 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indrastra]]||[[Indra]]||Indra's celestial weapon. It produces thousands of duplicates of itself and attacks the enemy with devastating effect, as employed by Arjuna in the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{Cite book |first=N.V.R. |last=Krishnamacharya |url=http://archive.org/details/the-mahabharata-by-dr-n-v-r-krishnamacharya-in-english |title=The Mahabharata By Dr. N.V.R. Krishnamacharya In English |date=2015 |publisher=TTD |pages=274 |language=English}}</ref> It is possessed by other warriors including Lakshmana, [[Meghanada]], and Rama.
|-
|Vasavishakti||[[Indra]]||Indra's ''[[shakti]]'' (divine energy). When used, it kills the opponent, but it could only be used once. It was employed by [[Karna]] to kill [[Ghatotkacha]] in the [[Kurukshetra War]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/mahabharata0000unse_z9l5 |title=Mahabharata |date=2007 |publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7276-405-0 |pages=664 |language=English}}</ref>
|-
|Prasvapastra||[[Vasus]]|| It causes the afflicted to fall asleep. In the ''Mahabharata'', [[Bhishma]] was stopped by Narada from using this weapon against his guru, [[Parashurama]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4472 |title=Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated) |last2=Vyasa |date=2018-05-19 |publisher=Delphi Classics |isbn=978-1-78656-128-2 |pages=4472 |language=en}}</ref> In the ''Ramayana'', Rama has this weapon.
|-
|[[Agneyastra]]||[[Agni]]||Agni's celestial weapon. When discharged, it emits flames inextinguishable through normal means. [[Arjuna]] used it against Angaraparna, the ''gandharva''. [[Aurva]] offered the astra to [[Sagara (Hinduism)|Sagara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA69 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |date=2008-03-27 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |pages=69 |language=en}}</ref> During the Kurukshetra war, [[Ashvathama]] used it to reduce a whole [[Akshauhini]] of soldiers, horses, chariots and elephants to ashes.<ref name="Dipavali Debroy">{{cite journal |journal= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|last1= Debroy|first1= Dipavali|volume= 67|issue= 1/4|year= 1986| title= Divyāstras of the Kurukṣetra War| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41693230|publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|page= 4| jstor= 41693230}}</ref>
|-
|[[Varunastra]]||[[Varuna]]||[[Varuna]]'s celestial weapon. It released torrential volumes of water. This weapon is commonly mentioned as being used to counter the [[Agneyastra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=D.Sc. (Paris) |first=Dr R. Krishnan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYy9EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT449 |title=Mahabharata |date=2023-05-08 |publisher=Giri Trading Agency Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7950-842-8 |pages=443 |language=en}}</ref> It is possessed by Rama, [[Indrajit]], [[Ravana]], Lakshmana, [[Arjuna]], [[Bhishma]], and [[Drona]].
|-
|Manavastra|| [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]|| Manu's celestial weapon. It carries the target hundreds of thousands of ''[[yojana]]s'' away<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Bulbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXZbD3jYeRAC&pg=PA10 |title=The ''Ramayana'' |date=2008-01-09 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-333031-8 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> and could inspire humane traits in an evil being. This weapon was used by Rama on the [[rakshasa]] [[Maricha]] in the ''Ramayana''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bane |first=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAnoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |title=Encyclopedia of Mythological Objects |date=2020-06-22 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-7688-3 |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref> Arjuna also possesses this weapon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Ramesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GgCZqN_hAgC&pg=PA275 |title=The Mahabharata: A Modern Rendering |date=2006-07-20 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-84565-1 |pages=275 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pasha (Hinduism)|Varunapasha]]|| [[Varuna]]|| [[Varuna]]'s noose.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1324 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=1324 |language=en}}</ref> It bears seven loops, capable of torturing sinners and allowing no escape.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Rajbali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXjkBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35 |title=Atharvaveda |date=2015-03-03 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-288-2276-6 |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref> Warriors including Rama, Indrajit and Arjuna possessed this weapon.
|-
|Bhaumastra|| [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]]|| Bhumi's celestial weapon. The weapon could create tunnels deep into the earth and summon jewels. Arjuna has employed this astra in the Mahabharata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Ramesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOsat19ryloC&pg=PA147 |title=The Mahabharata: A Modern Rendering |date=July 2006 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-40187-1 |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Bhargavastra|| [[Parashurama]]|| Parashurama's celestial weapon. It is a mysterious weapon in Hindu mythology. No one knows about this weapon except for Parashurama and Karna. Karna uses this astra to counter the Indrastra in the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Ramesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GgCZqN_hAgC&pg=PA382 |title=The Mahabharata: A Modern Rendering |date=2006-07-20 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-84565-1 |pages=382 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Nagastra||[[Nāga|Nagas]]||Celestial weapon associated with the Naga race. It has an unerring aim and takes the form of a snake which is deadly upon impact. Arjuna used this against Susharma, and Karna is also described as possessing it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=Gowri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDvqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA322 |title=Mahabharatha |date=2020-06-09 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |pages=322 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pasha (Hinduism)|Nagapasha]]||[[Nāga|Nagas]]||Noose associated with the Naga race. Upon impact, this weapon binds the target in coils of venomous snakes.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkUQYvw2HGkC&pg=PA596 |title=Vyasa's Mahabharatam |date=2008 |publisher=Academic Publishers |isbn=978-81-89781-68-2 |pages=596 |language=en}}</ref> In the ''Ramayana'', Indrajit used it against Rama and Lakshmana. Arjuna obtained it from his wife [[Ulupi]].
|-
|Garudastra||[[Garuda]]||Garuda's celestial weapon. It is commonly employed to counter the ''nagastra''. It is possessed by Arjuna, and used by Rama in the ''Ramayana''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valmiki ''Ramayana'' - Yuddha Kanda |url=http://www.valmikiramayan.net/yuddha/sarga102/yuddha_102_frame.htm |website=www.valmikiramayan.net}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anjalika Astra|Anjalikastra]]||[[Indra]]||Celestial weapon affiliated with Indra. It was employed by Arjuna to behead Karna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata in Sanskrit: Book 8: Chapter 67 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/mbs/mbs08067.htm |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vayuvyastra|Vayavyastra]]||[[Vayu]]||Vayu's celestial weapon, which brings a gale capable of lifting armies off the ground. During the Kurukshetra War, Ashwatthama used it to penetrate the illusions made by Anjanaparvan. Arjuna uses this astra against Drona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Ramesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GgCZqN_hAgC&pg=PA190 |title=The Mahabharata: A Modern Rendering |date=2006-07-20 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-84565-1 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref> Indrajit and Rama also had this weapon.
|-
|[[Suryastra]]||[[Surya]]||Surya's celestial weapon which produces a dazzling light that dispels any darkness and dries water bodies while discharging fire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bane |first=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAnoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Encyclopedia of Mythological Objects |date=2020-05-29 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-3920-8 |pages=148 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Maghavana
|[[Indra]]
|Indra's celestial weapon. It is a swift and flaming weapon during crossfire, especially used in illusionary warfare. [[Arjuna]] obtained this weapon from Indra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CLXIX |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03169.htm |access-date=2020-05-01 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vajra]]||[[Indra]]||Indra's personal thunderbolt which creates bolts of lightning. Indra gave this astra to his son Arjuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CLXXI |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03171.htm |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
|-
|Mohiniastra||[[Mohini]]||Celestial weapon named for Mohini, the female avatar of Vishnu. It produces a mesmerising song and dispels [[maya (illusion)|''maya'']] or sorcery in the vicinity. Arjuna used this astra against the [[nivatakavacha]]s and dispelled illusions created by them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Ramesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBXoGiirA6oC&pg=PA515 |title=The Mahabharata: A Modern Rendering |date=2006-07-20 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-84564-4 |pages=515 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Tvashtarastra||[[Tvashtr]]||When used against a group of opponents (such as an army), causes them to mistake each other for enemies and fight each other. Only [[Arjuna]] and Rama possessed this weapon. It was created by Tvashtr, the divine builder and artisan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Theresa Bane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAnoDwAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Mythological Objects|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|year=2024|isbn=9781476676883|page=162}}</ref>
|-
|Sammohana/Pramohana||[[Gandharva]]|| Caused armies to collapse in a trance. Arjuna uses this weapon against the Kaurava army during the Virata war. On the 6th day of the Kurukshetra war, [[Dhrishtadyumna]] used it against the Kauravas, causing them to become unconscious, but Drona used his Prajnastra to stop its effect.
|-
|Parvatastra||||Caused a ''parvata'' (mountain) to fall on the target from the skies. Arjuna possessed this astra.
|-
|[[Brahmashirsha astra|Brahmashirastra]]||[[Brahma]]||Capable of killing [[Deva (Hinduism)|''devas'']]. It was used by [[Ashwatthama]] on [[Parikshit]]. It is thought that the [[Brahmashirsha astra]] is an evolved version of the [[Brahmastra]] and a secret infallible weapon created by Brahma to be four times stronger than the Brahmastra. The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' reports that the weapon manifests with the four heads of Brahma on its tip. In the [[Mahabharata]], it was wielded by Agnivesha, [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Karna]], [[Kripa]], [[Arjuna]] and [[Ashwatthama]] (Ashwatthama didn't have the knowledge to retract it). It could erase beings from the past, present and future.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Childress |first=David Hatcher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4pXDwAAQBAJ&dq=brahmastra+remove+from+the+past,+present+and+future+childress&pg=PT12 |title=Vimana: Flying Machines of the Ancients |date=2013-12-18 |publisher=SCB Distributors |isbn=978-1-939149-23-7 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Brahmadanda||[[Brahma]]||A defensive personal weapon and divine rod (''danda'') possessed only by Bhramana. Capable of repelling other higher-energy weapons. Used by [[Vashishta]] against [[Vishwamitra]]. It is used only for defence.
|-
|[[Narayanastra]]||[[Vishnu]]||Creates showers of arrows and discs. The astra's power increased with the resistance offered to it. This weapon had to be obtained from [[Vishnu]]'s ''Narayana'' form directly, and could be used only once. It is one of the most powerful weapons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oppert |first=Gustav Salomon |url=https://archive.org/details/onweaponsarmyor00oppegoog |title=On the Weapons, Army Organisation, and Political Maxims of the Ancient Hindus: With Special Reference to Gunpowder and Firearms |publisher=Higginbotham |year=1880 |page=[https://archive.org/details/onweaponsarmyor00oppegoog/page/n41 30] |quote=Narayanastra most powerful.}}</ref>
Any attempt to invoke it a second time rebounds on the user and his troops. In ''Mahabharata'' era, Vishnu in Narayana form blessed [[Drona]] with this weapon. [[Drona]] subsequently presented this ''astra'' to his son [[Ashwatthama]]. In the ''Mahabharata'' war, Ashwatthama used this weapon against the Pandava army after Drona's death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Drona-vadha Parva: Section CC |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07196.htm |access-date=2020-05-01 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> It destroyed Akshauhini of the Pandava army. The only way to escape is total submission, which prompts the weapon to spare the target as stated by Krishna. When it was used, Ekadasha (Eleven) Rudras appeared in the sky to destroy the targets. Millions of types of weapons, including ''Chakras'', ''Gadhas'', and ultra sharp arrows appeared in a rage to destroy the target or an opposing army. Whoever resists it is destroyed.
|-
|Vaishnavastra||[[Vishnu]]||Destroyed its target, irrespective of the target's nature. It must be obtained from [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]] directly. The only counter was to invoke another Vaishnavastra to counter the attacking Vaishnavastra or for the presiding deity to stop the Vaishnavastra. In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', [[Narakasura]], [[Bhagadatta]], and [[Krishna]] had this weapon. Bhagadatta used this weapon on Arjuna, but Krishna stood up before Arjuna to retrieve the weapon. [[Rama]] used this weapon to destroy the energy of Bharghava Rama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Desiraju Hanumanta |title=Valmiki ''Ramayana'' - Baala Kanda - Sarga 76 |url=http://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/baala/sarga76/bala_76_frame.htm |website=www.valmikiramayan.net}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kaumodaki]]||[[Vishnu]]||Vishnu's divine mace, which destroyed whole armies and was infallible and without parallel. Krishna slayed the demon Dantavakra with it.
|-
|[[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]] ||[[Vishnu]]||Vishnu's bow, also called the ''Vaishnava dhanush'', was used by [[Rama]], then [[Krishna]].
|-
|[[Nandaka]]||[[Vishnu]]||Visnu's sacred sword, which had an indestructible blade. It was used by Krishna to kill countless demons.
|-
|[[Vijaya (bow)|Vijaya]]||[[Shiva]]|| Celestial weapon made by [[Vishvakarma]] for [[Lord Shiva|Shiva]]. It was given to [[Parashurama]], who gave it to Karna, impressed by his skills.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC&q=brahmanda%20purana%20vijaya%20bow&pg=PA177 |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah |date=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170173168 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Narasimhan |first=Chakravarthi V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-P56leXRgAYC&q=Vijaya&pg=PA161 |title=The Mahābhārata: An English Version Based on Selected Verses |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120816732 |language=en}}</ref> The only time Karna ever fought using the Vijaya ''dhanush''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08042.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva: Section 42 }}</ref> was on the 17th day of the Kurukshetra war when he fought against Arjuna and met his fate with Anjalikastra.

|-
|[[Shiva Dhanush|Pinaka]]||[[Shiva]]||Shiva's bow, also called [[Shiva]] dhanush, which he used to kill countless asuras in battle ([[Tripura]] was destroyed by Shiva using the [[Shiva Dhanush|Pinaka]]). It was given to [[Parashurama]] By Shiva.
|-
|Maheshvarastra||[[Shiva]]|| The power of [[Shiva]]'s third eye. It shoots a fiery beam that can turn even celestial beings to ash. It has the power to turn the entire world to ash. Lakshmana employed it against Indrajit. In [[Dvapara Yuga|Dwapar Yuga]], only [[Arjuna]] possessed it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJIUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT288 |title=Valmiki ''Ramayana'' |date=2021-01-16 |publisher=Giri Trading Agency Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7950-730-8 |pages=288 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Rudrastra||[[Shiva]]||Contains the power of a Rudra. When it is used, it invokes the power of Rudra out of the Ekadasha (Eleven) Rudras and destroys the target. In the ''Mahabharata'', Arjuna uses it against 30 million Nivatakavachas and Kalakeyas. Only [[Arjuna]] possessed this weapon in the ''Mahabharata''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03170.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CLXX|website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pashupatastra]]||[[Shiva]]||One of the most powerful astras. Every time it was summoned, its head was different. It summons monsters and a huge spirit which personifies the weapon. It can destroy any target, irrespective of its nature. This astra could destroy the world. In ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'', only [[Arjuna]] possessed Pashupatastra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Kairata Parva: Section XL |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03040.htm |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> In ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', sage Vishwamitra possessed this weapon <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Desiraju Hanumanta |title=Valmiki ''Ramayana'' - Bala Kanda - Sarga 56 |url=http://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/baala/sarga56/bala_56_prose.htm |website=www.valmikiramayan.net}}</ref>
|-
|[[Parashu|Vidyudabhi]]||[[Shiva]]||The Vidyudabhi was an unconquerable and indestructible Parashu (axe) given to [[Parashurama]] by [[Shiva]], along with other divine weapons. Parashurama later gave this axe to [[Ganesha]]. Parashurama means [[Rama]], who wields the axe, as Rama was the name Parashurama was known by until he acquired the axe from Shiva.
|-
|[[Chandrahasa (Hinduism)|Chandrahasa]]||[[Shiva]] ||The divine sword. Has-laugh, literally 'the laughter of the moon', but referring to the shape formed by a crescent moon which resembles a smile) was given to Ravana with a warning that if it was used for unjust causes, it would return to the three-eyed Shiva and [[Ravana]]'s days would be numbered.
|-
|[[Gandiva]]||[[Brahma]]||This invincible bow was created by [[Brahma]], who created the universe. Brahma held it for a thousand years, then [[Prajapati]] held it for five hundred and three years, [[Indra]], for five hundred and eighty years, and [[Soma (deity)|Soma]] for five hundred years. After that, [[Varuna]] held it for a hundred years before handing it to [[Arjuna]] along with a Kapi/[[Hanuman]]-bannered chariot, and two inexhaustible quivers, as requested by [[Agni]] during the ''Khandava-daha Parva''. The bow was decorated with hundreds of gold bosses and had radiant ends. The bow was worshiped by [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], [[Gandharvas]] and [[Danavas]]. No person other than Arjuna could wield the [[Gandiva]] and Arjuna was wielder of Gandiva then he came to be known as gandivdhari (carrier of gandiva bow).
|-
|Sabdavedastra|| ||Prevents an opponent from turning invisible. Used by Arjuna against Gandharva king Chitrasena. In the ''Mahabharata'', only Karna, Arjuna and Krishna knew about this weapon.
|-
|Antardhanastra||[[Kubera]]||The Antardhanastra would make things, people, or entire places disappear. This astra was given to Arjuna by Kubera.
|-
|Prajnastra||||This weapon was used to restore a person's senses and thoughts. It was a good counter to the Sammohana Astra. Warriors like Arjuna and Drona used this astra in war.
|-
|Sailastra||[[Vayu]]||The Sailastra was used to make heavy winds disappear, making it the counter to Vayvayastra, the wind weapon. It was possessed by warriors Rama, Krishna, Indrajit and Arjuna.
|-
|Visoshana||[[Indra]]||The Visoshana was the drying weapon which could dry anything. It was an amazing counter to the Varunastra. Arjuna obtained this weapon from Indra in heaven.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|Jyotikshastra||[[Surya]]||The Jyotikshastra could brighten a dark area. Arjuna had this astra in the ''Mahabharata''.
|-
|Sauparna||||The Sauparnatra would invoke [[Garuda]]. Hence, it was a good counter to the Nagastra. It was used by Susharma in the Mahabharata war when Arjuna used the Nagastra on the Sampshapataka army.<ref name="Suparna">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/451318|title="Fighting Arjuna, Susarma Unleashes the Suparna Weapon which Invokes Garuda", Folio from a Razmnama|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref>
|-
|Govardhana||[[Vishnu]]||Powerful bow of Vishnu. During the Mahabharata, Vishnu gave Vidura this bow.
|-
|Barbarika's Teen Baan
|[[Shiva]]
|This astra is considered to be Amogh i.e infallible as it cannot be countered by anything. This Teen Baan means Three Arrows that are used as the weapons and they come with certain rules. The first arrow is used to mark things, objects, people or opponents that we want to attack. The second arrow is used to mark the things, objects, people or opponents that we don’t want attack. The third arrow actually does the attack and destroys everything that is marked by first leaving everything that is marked by third arrow. It was possessed by [[Barbarika]] ([[Ghatotkacha]]’s Son). This astra was given to Barbarik by [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] himself.
|-
|Chandrastra
|[[Chandra|Soma (Moon god)]]
|When is used it can produce freezing cold and also it is the best counter to Suryastra as it can cancel out the heat created by Suryastra.
|-
|[[Vel]]
|[[Kartikeya]]
|The [[Vel]] is the divine spear or lance associated with [[Kartikeya]] (also known as Murugan), the Hindu god of war, and is a symbol of his power, valor, and victory, often depicted as being given to him by his mother Parvati. According to Shaiva tradition, the goddess [[Parvati]] gifted the vel to her son [[Kartikeya]], as an embodiment of her shakti, to vanquish the asura Surapadman. The [[Skanda Purana]] mentions that when [[Kartikeya]] faced the asura Surapadma, the latter turned into a mango tree, which was then split in half by Kartikeya using his [[vel]].
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|Hinduism|India}}
* [[Astras of Arjuna]]
* [[Ramayana]]
* [[The Mahabharata]]
* [[Bhagavata Purana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Astras| ]]
[[Category:Weapons in Hindu mythology]]

Rasathi Varum Naal

2026-03-03T05:01:29Z

Siddharth Darnal: creating new post first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rasathi Varum Naal
| image =
| caption =
| director = Rafi
| producer = G. Sridevi Shahul
| writer = Rafi [[Ramesh Khanna|N. S. Ramesh Khanna]] (dialogues)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]|[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]|Balambika}}
| music = [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]]
| cinematography = Kabir Lal
| editing = Murali Ramaiah
| distributor =
| studio = Raja Durga Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|12|13}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rasathi Varum Naal''''' ({{Translation|The day of the Rasathi's arrival}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror film]] directed by Maniyan Sivabalan. The film stars [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Kasthuri Shankar|Kasthuri]] and Balambika, with [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] and Rajeshkumar playing supporting roles. It was released on 13 December 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rasathi Varum Naal ( 1991 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/filmography.cgi?name=rasathi%20varum%20naal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040308114705/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/filmography.cgi?name=rasathi%20varum%20naal |archive-date=8 March 2004 |access-date=24 January 2017 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Radha ([[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]) lives a luxurious life with her widower father Rajasekhar ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]) in a palace. She will marry the Inspector of Police Vijay ([[Nizhalgal Ravi]]) after finishing her studies. During a college tour in [[Pachaimalai Hills]], Radha is saved from a near-drowning experience by her college mates. She then finds a pendant in her pocket and she brings it home.

Radha starts to have creepy nightmares in the night, and her pet dog dies in a mysterious way. One night, a spirit flees from the pendant and it enters into Radha's body. The possessed spirit of the girl-victim Rasathi (Balambika) wants to take revenge for a gang-rape that happened 19 years ago; the tormentors were Rajasekhar and his three friends Gowri ([[Radha Ravi]]), Kabali ([[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]) and Rajeshkumar (Rajeshkumar). The possessed Radha mercilessly kills Rajasekhar's friends one by one. Vijay, who is in charge of the case, finds out that Radha is the killer. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Inspector Vijay
*[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] as Radha
*Balambika as Rasathi
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Rajasekhar
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Gowri
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Kabali
*Rajeshkumar as Rajeshkumar
*[[A. K. Veerasamy]] as Rasathi's grandfather
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Pazhani
*Marthandan as Muthu
*Vasuki as Visalam
*Vaman Malini as Radha's friend
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1992 |title=Raasathi Varum Naal |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/raasathi-varum-naal/nyFDXeFD6-0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082021/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/raasathi-varum-naal/nyFDXeFD6-0_ |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=17 February 2024 |work=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Mamaa Mamaa" || [[K. S. Chithra]], Chorus || 4:17
|-
| "Mukkona Sakkarathil" || K. S. Chithra, Chorus || 5:43
|-
| "Naan Pogum" || K. S. Chithra || 4:57
|-
| "Vaa Kanmani" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra || 4:52
|}

== Release and reception ==
N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called the film "more-or-less a business-like desi thriller".<ref>{{cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=20 December 1991 |title=Rasaathi Varum Naal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19911220&printsec=frontpage |access-date=24 January 2017 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Durgamma'' in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Durgamma |url=https://indiancine.ma/BGVZ/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230831134102/https://indiancine.ma/BGVZ/info |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 horror films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Anand (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pitha 23:23

2026-03-03T03:36:06Z

Siddharth Darnal: creating the pg needs work

{{short description|Indian crime thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pitha 23:23
| image = Pitha 23-23.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S.Sugan Kumar
| writer = Babaa Kennady
| producer = G. Sivaraj
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Adesh Bala
*[[Anu Krishna]]
}}
| cinematography = Ma.Ilayaraja
| editing = Sri Watsan
| music = Naresh
| studio =
| distributor = Action Reaction Jenish
| released = {{film date|2024|7|26|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Pitha 23:23''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime film|crime]] [[thriller film]] directed by S. Sugan Kumar. The film stars Adesh Bala and [[Anu Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=23 : 23 சாதனை படைத்த 'பிதா' நாளை வெளியீடு |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/189383 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813160635/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/189383 |archive-date=2024-08-13 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Adesh Bala
* [[Anu Krishna]]
* [[Chaams]]
* Sri Ram Chandarasekar
* Arulmani
* Sams Rihanna
* Master Dharshith
* Mariss Raja
* Siva Vaanji

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic wrote that "It is amazing that this film was shot in 23 hours and 23 minutes" and rated that two out of five stars<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2024-07-25 |title=Pitha 23:23 |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/pitha-2323-159680 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812100200/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/pitha-2323-159680 |archive-date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

''[[Dinakaran]]'' critic noted that "This film, which was shot in 23 hours and 23 minutes, shows how much work the cinematographer would have done in many places such as festival scenes and kidnapping incidents. While the story online is interesting, more attention could have been paid to the screenplay. But commendable for the new effort."<ref>{{Cite web |title=கோயில் திருவிழாவில் தொலைந்த தம்பியை தேடி இளம்பெண் பிதாலெஷ்மி அலைகிறார். மறுபுறம், கடத்தல் கும்பல் தொழிலதிபரை கடத்தி ரூ.25 கோடி பணம் கேட்கிறது. இரண்டு கதைக்கும் தொடர்பில்லை. ஆனால் பிதாலெஷ்மி, கடத்தல் கும்பலிடம் வந்து சிக்கும்போதுதான் கதை சூடு பிடிக்கிறது. பிதாலெஷ்மியின்… The post பிதா விமர்சனம் appeared first on Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com. {{!}} பிதா விமர்சனம் {{!}} Dinakaran |url=https://m.dinakaran.com/article/News_Detail/23342/amp |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=m.dinakaran.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt33035460}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

A. K. Gopalan

2026-03-01T18:11:53Z

Siddharth Darnal: update references per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Indian politician (1904–1977)}}
{{Given name hatnote|Gopalan|Ayillyath Kuttiari|lang=Malayali}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. K. Gopalan
| birth_name = Ayillyath Kuttiari Gopalan Nambiar|
| image = AK Gopalan, Jagjit S. Layalpuri, Baba Bhag Singh Canadian, Punjab Kisan Sabha CPI(M) Leaders, Sarihn village, District Jalandhar, 4 September 1966.jpg
| caption = Gopalan giving a speech in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab]] in 1966
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|10|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kannur]], [[Malabar district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1977|03|22|1904|10|01}}
| death_place = [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], India
| residence =
| constituency =
| constituency_MP1 = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| Religion =
| majority1 =
| parliament1 = Indian
| term_start1 = {{Start date|1952||}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|1957||}}
| predecessor1 = ''Position Created''
| successor1 = [[C. K. Chandrappan]]
| constituency_MP2 = [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| parliament2 = Indian
| term_start2 = {{Start date |1957||}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|1971||}}
| predecessor2 = [[U. Srinivas Mallya]] ''[[South Kanara (North) (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Kanara (North)]]''
| successor2 = [[Ramachandran Kadannappalli]]
| party = * [[Communist Party of India]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Susheela Gopalan]]|1952}}
| children =
| parents = {{Unbulleted list|Velluva Kannoth Rairu Nambiar|Ayillyath Kuttiyeri Madhavi Amma}}
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
| known_for = Co-founder of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
}}

'''Ayillyath Kuttiari Gopalan Nambiar''' (1 October 1904 – 22 March 1977), popularly known as '''A. K. Gopalan''' or '''AKG''', was an Indian communist politician.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=24 Web |date=2023-03-22 |title=സമര ചരിത്രങ്ങളിലെ ജ്വലിക്കുന്ന ഓർമ; എ.കെ.ജി ഓര്‍മയായിട്ട് 46 വര്‍ഷം |trans-title=A K Gopalan (AKG) Beacon for the fighting generations |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/03/22/a-k-gopalan-akg-beacon-for-the-fighting-generations.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=[[24 News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> He was one of 16 [[Communist Party of India]] members elected to the first [[Lok Sabha]] in 1952. Later he became one of the founding members of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

== Early life and education ==
Ayillyath Kuttiari Gopalan Nambiar was born on 1 October 1904 in [[Peralasseri]], [[Kannur District]] of Northern [[Kerala]] and educated in [[Tellichery]]. He was educated at [[Basel Evangelical Mission Parsi High School, Thalassery]]<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sudhakaran|first1=P.|title=The wonder that was Basel Mission School|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/The-wonder-that-was-Basel-Mission-School/articleshow/32291725.cms|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831065542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/The-wonder-that-was-Basel-Mission-School/articleshow/32291725.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and at [[Government Brennen College, Thalassery]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/725.htm |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725010356/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/725.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> By the time he became a teacher, India's independence movement was becoming energised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Gopalan took part in the [[Khilafat Movement]] which prompted a marked change in his outlook, transforming him into a dedicated full-time social and political worker. He was also involved in Malabar revolution. During this time, he removed the suffix to his name (Nambiar) that suggested caste status.

== Indian National Congress ==
In 1927 he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] and began playing an active role in the Khadi Movement and the upliftment of [[Harijan]]s. He was arrested for participating in the salt [[satyagraha]] in 1930.

=== Kandoth assault ===
{{Main|Kandoth assault}}

[[File:CPI (M) Leaders. Noormahal. 27 Oct 1966.jpg|thumb|left|A.K. Gopalan (left)]]
While in prison he got acquainted with communism and became a member of the [[Congress Socialist Party]] and later the [[Communist Party of India]] when it finally took shape in Kerala in 1939. He led the hunger march from [[Malabar region]] to [[Madras]] in 1936 and the Malabar Jatha in support of the movement for responsible government in [[Travancore]]. The strongest caste system was in the North [[Kerala]]. The lower caste people were not allowed to walk on a public road in [[Payyannur]]. At this time A.K. Gopalan and the Keralites led the procession through the public road in front of the Kandoth [[Thiyya]] caste [[Temple]] (Palliyara) near Payyanur, [[Kannur]]. The lower castes were not allowed by the then Thiyyar chiefs to walk on a public road in Kandoth temple. "This is a time when Harijans are being denied the freedom to travel on public roads." The reason was that the nearby temple would be defiled. To promote the [[Guruvayoor Satyagraha]].<ref name="msm" /> The group consisting of [[K. Kelappan|Kelappan]] and Gopalan marched along this route with the Harijans. As the procession approached the road, a crowd of about 200 people, including young men and women, A.K. Gopalan, Keraliyan and the Harijans were very badly beaten up by the Thiyya leaders. Gopal and others were later admitted to the hospital. The attack lasted for half an hour. This was the first crackdown on Gopalan's political career.<ref name="msm">{{Cite book|last=A.M Abraham Ayirukuzhiel|year=1987|title=Swami Anand Thirth: Untouchability, Gandhian Solution on Trial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvotAAAAMAAJ&q=Badly|publisher=CISRS Banglore|page=32|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-date=10 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710070055/https://books.google.com/books?id=xvotAAAAMAAJ&q=Badly|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>#cpk71|പി.കൃഷ്ണപിള്ളയുടെ ജീവചരിത്രം -ഡോക്ടർ.ചന്തവിള മുരളിmorning.. 69</ref> Women came carrying heavy wooden sticks and beat them. All the people present in Ghosha were beaten by these chiefs. But A.K.G Standing where Gopalan and Keralian were, he faced the barrage. Others fled. A.K.G told the accompanying women to run to safety. The attack lasted for half an hour. The "Kandoth short stick" was infamous in the press of the day.<ref name="msm" /> Many people were injured. A.K. Gopalan and Keralian fell unconscious. They were taken by car to the hospital, where they lay unconscious for several hours. Even the Keralite's death statement was taken. Took home in the morning This attack K. This was Gopalan's first physical attack in his political career. But the "[[Kandoth assault]]" was an event that found a prominent place in news coverage.<ref name="msm" />

== Further arrest ==
[[File:Akg-btr.gif|thumb|upright|left|AKG with [[B.T. Ranadive]]]]
The outbreak of the [[Second World War]] in 1939 prompted an upsurge in activism against British domination, and Gopalan was again arrested. But in 1942 he escaped from prison and remained at large till the end of the war in 1945. He was arrested again shortly after the end of the war and was still behind bars when India became independent on 15 August 1947. He was released a few weeks later. Thereafter he was a member of [[Lok Sabha]] for 5 consecutive terms till his death on 22 March 1977 and became one of the leaders of opposition parties in the parliament of India.

During the [[Sino-Indian war]] in 1962, AKG along with other Indian communists like [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad|E.M.S.]] took an impartial view and requested both nations to discuss and settle the matter peacefully. The official leadership of the party at that time denounced this and supported the India Government. Many leaders of the left group were arrested with the support of the leadership of the party. When the party leadership blocked the publication of an article written by then General Secretary EMS condemning government for attacking the left leaders in the party using the cover of the war, he himself quit the post and supported the left group. AKG was part of the left group and faced disciplinary action by the party leadership dominated by the right. During this time a newspaper published a letter allegedly written by rightist leaders S.A Dange to the British during the freedom struggle. In this letter he promised to keep away from the freedom struggle if granted bail. This was used by the left group to beat the right. When the demand of the left to set up a party-level inquiry about the alleged letter of S.A Dange was rejected in the National Council of CPI, the left group walked away and formed a new Party.

AKG joined the new break away faction, which later came to be known as [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He also wrote extensively. His autobiography ''Ente Jeevitha Kadha'' has been translated into many languages. His other works include ''For Land'', ''Around the World'', ''Work in Parliament'', and ''Collected Speeches'', all in Malayalam.

=== A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras ===
{{Main|A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras}}
In 1950, A. K. Gopalan was served with a detention order under ''Preventive Detention Act 1950.'' He appealed to [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] under Article 32 of [[Indian Constitution]] claiming his fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression and to travel freely in [[India]] have been violated.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Austin |first=Granville |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ |title=Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0195648889 |pages=58–59 |language=en |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603023701/https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The six-judge bench of [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] with a majority of four upheld his detention.<ref name="indianexpress1950">{{cite news |date=20 May 1950 |title=A.K. Gopalan's Petition Dismissed |language=English |page=1 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express Limited (IEL) |issue=Madras |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p7w-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=O0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1782%2C5547992 |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710070055/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p7w-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=O0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1782%2C5547992 |url-status=live }}</ref> But the bench struck down Section 14 of this act, which provided that the grounds for detention should not be given to detenus.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 1950 |title=A.K. Gopalan vs The State Of Madras |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1857950/ |website=indiankanoon.org |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312075542/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1857950/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political career ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Election
!Constituency
!Result
!Majority
|-
|1952
|[[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Kannur]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|87,029
|-
|1957
| rowspan="3" |[[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasargod]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|5,145
|-
|1962
|{{yes2|Won}}
|83,363
|-
|1967
|{{yes2|Won}}
|118,510
|-
|1971
|[[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|52,266
|}

== Marriage ==
AKG was earlier married and later left his wife.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/love-in-time-of-struggles/article27992675.ece | title=Love in time of struggles | work=The Hindu | date=20 December 2001 | accessdate=24 May 2021 | archive-date=10 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710070457/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/love-in-time-of-struggles/article27992675.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vt-balram-attacks-communist-icon-akg-falling-love-12-yr-old-stirs-row-74276 | title=VT Balram attacks communist icon AKG for 'falling in love with 12-yr-old', stirs row | publisher=The NewsMinute | work=Gopika Ajayan | date=6 January 2018 | accessdate=24 May 2021 | archive-date=10 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710070100/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.2f70fb173b9000da126c79afe2098f02.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/thanks-congress-mla-balram-akg-paedophile-sushila-gopalan-communist-icon-book-chintha-publishers-goes-into-reprint.html | title=Thanks to a Congress MLA, a communist icon's book goes into reprint | publisher=The Week | work=Cithara Paul | date=20 January 2018 | accessdate=24 May 2021 | archive-date=10 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710070458/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/thanks-congress-mla-balram-akg-paedophile-sushila-gopalan-communist-icon-book-chintha-publishers-goes-into-reprint.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress flays Balram for comments on AKG |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/01/07/congress-flays-balram-for-comments-on-akg.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=[[OnManorama]] |quote=Asserting that AKG is respected by every Keralite, Hassan said he has warned the MLA from Thrithala regarding such statements. |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710070056/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/01/07/congress-flays-balram-for-comments-on-akg.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later AKG was married to [[Susheela Gopalan]], who was a prominent Marxist and trade union activist, from the Cheerappanchira family. His daughter, Laila, is married to [[P. Karunakaran]], a former [[Member of Parliament]] for the [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasargod constituency]].

== Indian Coffee House ==
[[File:AKGStatueKannur.jpg|thumb|Statue of Gopalan in [[Kannur]]]]
AKG played an important role in the formation of [[Indian Coffee House]], a [[worker cooperative]] initiative by organising the thrown out employees of Coffee Houses of [[Coffee Board]] to establish ICHs in late 1950s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Plys |first=Kristin |date=2026-02-16 |title=The Indian Coffee House Workers Movement, 1936–1977: From Colonial Firm to Workers Cooperative |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-labor-and-working-class-history/article/indian-coffee-house-workers-movement-19361977-from-colonial-firm-to-workers-cooperative/8459886916BD9AA836EB0C36675E8A63 |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |language=en |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1017/S0147547926100222 |issn=0147-5479}}</ref>

[[File:Akgopalan.JPG|thumb|AKG memorial in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]]
[[File:എകെ ഗോപാലന്റെ ശവകുടീരം.JPG|thumb|AKG smrithi mandapam Payyambalam Beach]]

== In popular culture ==
[[Shaji N. Karun]], a prominent film director of [[Kerala]], made a biopic on AKG titled ''AKG – Athijeevanathinte Kanalvazhikal''. The film used a part-documentary, part-fiction format. It was released in theatres across Kerala in August 2008.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/08/stories/2007080854871000.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125180245/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/08/stories/2007080854871000.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 January 2013 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Film on AKG set for release tomorrow | date=8 August 2007}}</ref> Baiju played Gopalan in the 2014 feature film ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]''.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/vasanthathinte-kanal-vazhikalil-film-on-p-krishna-pillai/article6590825.ece|title=Ode to a brave patriot|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|date=13 November 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725010631/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/vasanthathinte-kanal-vazhikalil-film-on-p-krishna-pillai/article6590825.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Autobiography – My Life Story ===
His autobiography is Ente Jeevitha Katha (written in Malayalam) {{Cite book|url=https://nastiknation.org/product/ente-jivitha-katha-akg|title=Ente Jeevitha Katha-|archive-date=21 May 2024|access-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521014608/https://nastiknation.org/product/ente-jivitha-katha-akg/|url-status=dead}}

== See also ==
* [[E. K. Nayanar]]
* [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
* [[Azhikodan Raghavan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://pd.cpim.org/2004/1003/10032004_akg-manini.htm|title=A K Gopalan: From Satygrahi To Revolutionary|author=Manini Chatterjee, People's Democracy|access-date=31 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912000157/http://pd.cpim.org/2004/1003/10032004_akg-manini.htm|archive-date=12 September 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://pd.cpim.org/2004/1010/10102004_akg%20btr.htm|title=IN MEMORY OF A K GOPALAN|author=[[B.T. Ranadive]], People's Democracy|access-date=31 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231012/http://pd.cpim.org/2004/1010/10102004_akg%20btr.htm|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.ganashakti.com/archive/akg.htm |title=Remembrance: A. K. Gopalan |author=Ganashakti Newsmagazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041208/http://www.ganashakti.com/archive/akg.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/02/stories/2004050207010500.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125095713/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/02/stories/2004050207010500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Fresh faces make prediction impossible|author=K.P. Pushparaj, The Hindu | location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 May 2004}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalan, A. K.}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kannur]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

Adi Jagannatha Perumal Temple

2026-02-26T21:25:39Z

Siddharth Darnal: location!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Adi Jagannatha Perumal Temple
| image = tirupullani1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.282745|78.824445|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Ramanathapuram]]
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| elevation_m = 35
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Adi Jagannatha Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Padmasini Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
* Dharbasayana Ramar ([[Rama]])
* Pattabhi Ramar ([[Rama]])
}}
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
|temple_tank=Chakra Theertham}}

The '''Adi Jagannatha Temple''' is a [[South Indian]] Hindu temple in [[Tiruppullani block|Thiruppullani]], a village in the outskirts of [[Ramanathapuram]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. It is believed that Rama used grass ('pul' in Tamil as a pillow (thalai annai in Tamil) to sleep and hence the village attained the name Thiruppullani. Constructed in the [[Cholan architecture|Cholan style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Adi Jagannatha and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Padmasini.

The temple is believed to have been built during the late 8th century CE, with later contributions from [[Medieval Cholas]], [[Pandyan Dynasty#Pandya revival and zenith .2813th and 14th centuries CE.29|later Pandyas]], Madurai Nayak kings, Sethupathi Palayam of Ramnad. As per Hindu legend, [[Rama]] is believed to have done penance to worship the god of ocean to seek way to [[Lanka]] in grass, giving the name Dharbasayanam to the place. The temple is maintained and administered by the Ramanathapuram Samasthan Devasthanam a Trust under the control of the Ramnad Palayam Sethupathi successor and at present Her Highness the Raja Rajeswari Natchiyar as Hereditary Trustee and the accounts were audited by [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Tirupullani10.jpg|Set of [[Naga (Hinduism)|Nagar]]s|200px|left|alt=Images of Snake deity, Nagar|thumb]]
As per Hindu legend, [[Rama]] in the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' prayed to the Samudraraja (God of Ocean) to seek way to reach [[Lanka]]. He did a penance lying in Kusa grass (Dharba grass), the act of which is described in [[Sanskrit]] as ''Dharbasayanam''.<ref name="epic">{{cite book|title=Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact : Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference|page=85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C&q=veeraraghava+perumal+temple&pg=PA86|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=1995|last1=K.V.|first1=Raman|last2=T.|first2=Padmaja|isbn=9789068317015|ref=K.V.}}</ref><ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|page=13}}</ref>

As per another legend, [[Dasharatha]], the father of [[Rama]], performed different sacrifices and did a lot of penance to obtain the sacred ''[[payasam]]'' (sweet pudding). He offered it equally to his three wives, resulting in the birth of [[Rama]], [[Lakshmana]], [[Bharatha]] and [[Shatrughna]]. Following the legend, childless couple perform a worship called ''nagapradishta'' (installing a statue of snake god) in the temple. Sweet pudding is offered to childless couple praying for a child. It is believed that Adi Jaganatha bestows a child like Rama when such a worship is performed.<ref>{{cite book|title=Disappearing Daughters: The Tragedy of Female Foeticide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7XgqCyEB5QC&q=tirupullani&pg=PA51|pages=51–52|last=Aravamudan|first=Gita |publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2007|isbn=9780143101703}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite news|title=Sri Adi Jagannatha Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=837|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=RBS Visitors Guide INDIA - Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu Travel Guide|date = May 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2E7CQAAQBAJ&q=thirupullani&pg=PT354|page=354|publisher=Data And Expo India Pvt Ltd, Ashutosh Goyal|isbn=9789380844817}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tirupullani7.jpg|Corridor of the temple|200px|right|alt=Long pillared hall|thumb]]
The temple is believed to have been initiated during the Medieval Chola period along with many temples dedicated to Rama. The [[Chola]] king [[Parantaka I]] named himself "Sangrama Raghava" after his conquest of [[Sri Lanka]], while his son [[Aditya I]] was called Kothandarama. Some later [[Pandya]] kings also made contributions to the temple.<ref name="epic"/> A mutilated inscription in the temple made during the 37th year of [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan]] in 1305 records order of a minister by name Arya Chakravarthi. Historians believe some portions of the temple tower might also have been built by [[Jaffna kingdom|Jaffna kings]], who were friends of [[Pandya Empire]] and also rulers of [[Rameswaram]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Jaffna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9DpMY206bMC&q=tirupullani&pg=PA346|page=346|last=C.|first= Rasanayagam|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1993|isbn=9788120602106}}</ref> There is one damaged record from 1518 from the period of Mahabali Vanadaraya Naykkar and one another made in 1528 during the reign of Sundarattoludaiyar Mahabali Vanadarayar.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Nayaks of Madura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXdyGtJH6E0C&q=tirupullani&pg=PA334|pages=333–4|last=Aiyar|first=R. Sathyanatha|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1991|isbn=9788120605329}}</ref> There are inscriptions in the temple indicating Arab traders visiting the Pandyan Empire. The traders traded pearl and pepper and in return were allowed to build mosques in the region for their worship. The mosques followed [[Indian architecture]] with stone pillars and were called Kallupalli.<ref>{{cite book|title=Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKIT9muBRuoC&q=thirupullani&pg=PT154|page=154|last=Jairath|first=Vinod K.|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781136196799}}</ref> The temple received lot of contributions from the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara period]], along with other Vishnu temples in the region.<ref name="epic"/> Madhwa sampradaya saint Shree [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] have mentioned about Darbashayana Temple in his work [[Tirtha Prabandha]].

==Architecture==
The temple is located in Thirupullani, a village located {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Ramanathapuram]] and {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Rameswaram]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=39}}</ref> The temple has a five-tiered rajagopuram (gateway tower) facing east. The shrine of Adi Jagannatha houses the image of Adi Jagannatha, [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] and Sri Devi in sitting posture. The consort of Adi Jagannathar is Padmasini, housed in a separate shrine. There is a shrine for Dharbasayana Ramar in a reclining posture.<ref name="dinamalar"/> There is a metal image of [[Krishna]] from the 13th-century Pandya period Vijayanagara Kings and Madurai Nayak kings. The image depicts Krishna dancing in a snake, a rare historical depiction of Krishna in a metal image.<ref>{{cite book |last=T. |first=Padmaja |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu |year=2002 |publisher=Shakti Malik |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-398-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&q=adi+jagannatha+temple&pg=PA116|pages=116–7}}</ref>

==Festivals, religious practices and significance==
[[File:Tirupullani9.jpg|Chakra Theertham, the [[Pushkarini|temple tank]]|200px|right|alt=Temple tank|thumb]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. The Vaikhanasa Agama Shastrams and Thengalai Vaishnava traditions are followed in all the temple rituals. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Adi Jagannatha and Padmasini. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The two major festivals celebrated in the temple are the Panguni Brahmotsavam for Adi Jagannathar and Rama Navami Utsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Chittirai''. Other major festivals celebrated in Vishnu temples in South India like [[Vaikunta Ekadashi|Vaikuntha Ekadashi]], [[Krishna Jayanthi]], [[Thai Pongal|Pongal]] and [[Diwali|Deepavali]], are also celebrated.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Alvar]] in one hymn. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. The temple is revered in 20 verses of Thirumangai Alvar in his ''[[Periya Tirumoli]]'' in ''Naalayira Divya Prabandham''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://divyaprabandham.in/listdivyadesampasuram.php|title=Thiruppullani in nalayira divya prabandham|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318200758/http://www.divyaprabandham.in/listdivyadesampasuram.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The epic is also described by [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] in his work ''[[Kamba Ramayanam]]''.<ref name="epic"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Ramanathapuram district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Rama temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Salve (disambiguation)

2026-02-25T00:25:00Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created New Data From Scratch

{{wiktionarypar|Salve|salve}}
A '''[[salve]]''' is a medical ointment used to soothe the head or other body surface.
{{TOCright}}
'''Salve''' may also refer to:

==Places==
* [[Salve, Apulia]], a town in Italy
* [[Hohe Salve]], a mountain

==People==
* [[Salve Hodne]] (1845–1916), Norwegian politician
* [[Salve H. Matheson]] (1920–2005), American military officer
* [[Salve Andreas Salvesen]] (1909–1975), Norwegian politician

* [[Edgar Salvé]] (1946–2026), Belgian middle-distance runner
* [[Gus Salve]], baseball player
* [[Harish Salve]] (21st century), Indian lawyer
* [[N. K. P. Salve]] (1921–2012), Indian politician

==Arts and entertainment==
* [[Salve (film)|''Salve'' (film)]], a 2011 Iranian film
* "Salve", a song by [[Tommy Guerrero]]

==Groups, companies, organizations==
* [[Salve Kallevig & Søn]], a Norwegian shipping company
* [[Salve (restaurant)]], a restaurant in Helsinki, Finland

==Other uses==
* [[Salve Regina]], a Christian prayer

==See also==
{{canned search|salve}}
* {{srt}}
* [[Salva (disambiguation)]]
* [[Salvo (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig|given name|surname}}

1920 (film series)

2026-02-18T13:09:46Z

Siddharth Darnal: Expanded content with additional details

{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 1920 series
| director = [[Vikram Bhatt]] (''1920'', ''1921'', ''1920: Haunted London'') [[Bhushan Patel]] (''1920: Evil Returns'', ''1920: Haunted London'') [[Tinu Suresh Desai]] (''1920 London'') Krishna Bhatt (''1920: Horrors of the Heart'')
| writer = Vikram Bhatt
| screenplay = Vikram Bhatt (''1920'', ''1921'') [[Dheeraj Rattan]] (''1920'') [[Rensil D'Silva]] (''1920: Evil Returns'', ''1920: Haunted London'') [[Sukhmani Sadana]] (''1920: London'') [[Mahesh Bhatt]] Suhrita Das (''1920: Horrors of the Heart'')
| story = Vikram Bhatt
| producer = Surendra Sharma Bhagwati Gabrani Amita Bisnoi (''1920'') Vikram Bhatt (''1920: Evil Returns'', ''1920 London'', ''1921'', ''1920: Horrors of the Heart'', ''1920: Haunted London'') Raj Kishor Khaware Rakesh Juneja Shwetambari Bhatt (''1920: Horrors of the Heart'')
| starring = ''[[#Cast|see below]]''
| cinematography = [[Pravin Bhatt]] (''1920'') Naren Gedia (''1920: Evil Returns'', ''1920: Haunted London'') Prakash Kutty (''1920 London'', ''1921'', ''1920: Horrors of the Heart'')
| editing = Kuldeep Mehan (''1920'', ''1920 London'', ''1921'', ''1920: Horrors of the Heart'', ''1920: Haunted London'') Swapnil Raj (''1920: Evil Returns'', ''1920: Haunted London'')
| music = [[Adnan Sami]] (''1920'') [[Chirantan Bhatt]] (''1920: Evil Returns'', ''1920: Haunted London'') [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Tishi]] [[JAM8]] (''1920 London'') Harish Sagane Asad Khan Pranish Mawale (''1921'') Puneet Dixit (''1920: Horrors of the Heart'')
| studio = ASA Productions and Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. (''1920'', ''1920: Evil Returns'', ''1920: Haunted London'') [[Reliance Entertainment]] (''1920 London'', ''1921'', ''1920 Haunted London'') LoneRanger Productions Uniseller Production (''1921'') 
Vikram Bhatt Production and Houseful Motion Pictures Private Ltd (''1920: Horrors of the Heart'')
| distributor = Reliance Entertainment (''1920'', ''1920: Evil Returns'', ''1920 London'', ''1921'', ''1920 Haunted London'') Laxmi Ganpathy Films (''1920: Horrors of the Heart'')
| released =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|62 crore}}
| gross = {{INR|108.07 crore}}
}}

'''''1920''''' is a series of Indian [[horror film]]s. The story is written by [[Vikram Bhatt]], for all three films in the series. The [[1920 (film)|first film]] released in 2008 is directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]], the [[1920: Evil Returns|second film]] released in 2012 is directed by [[Bhushan Patel]] and the [[1920 London: Fear Strikes Again|third film]] directed by [[Tinu Suresh Desai]] released in 2016. The first two films were commercially successful at the box office, while the third film did moderately well. In 2018, a spin-off film called ''[[1921 (2018 film)|1921]]'' was released. This was the first film in a new franchise by creator Vikram Bhatt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vikram-bhatt-starts-new-film-franchise-1921-banner-loneranger-productions/ |title=Vikram Bhatt starts new film franchise |date=13 June 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==Films==

===''1920'' (2008)===
{{main article|1920 (film)}}

After forsaking his family and God, a husband finds his wife is demoniacally possessed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1301698/|title = 1920| website=[[IMDb]] |date = 12 September 2008}}</ref>

===''1920: Evil Returns'' (2012)===
{{main article|1920: Evil Returns}}

A famous poet who meets a woman who is in trouble. In order to treat her, he takes her to Shimla in a big hospital, but soon that woman gets possessed by devil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2222550/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl|title = 1920: Evil Returns (2012) - IMDb| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

===''1920 London: Fear Strikes Again'' (2016)===
{{main article|1920 London: Fear Strikes Again}}

After her husband is possessed by an evil spirit, a woman turns to her former lover to perform an exorcism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5638500/|title = 1920 London| website=[[IMDb]] |date = 6 May 2016}}</ref>

===''1921'' (2018)===
{{main article|1921 (2018 film)}}

In 1920s England, a pianist enlists the help of a ghost whisperer to cleanse the unclean spirit that is haunting him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6958030/|title = 1921| website=[[IMDb]] |date = 12 January 2018}}</ref>

===''1920 – Horrors of The Heart'' (2023)===
{{main article|1920: Horrors of the Heart}}
The fifth film announced by the makers, it is directed by Krishna Bhatt, written by Mahesh Bhatt and produced by Vikram Bhatt, starring Avika Gor and Randheer Rai.

==Cast==

===''1920'' (2008)===
{{Main article|1920}}

* [[Rajneesh Duggal]] as Arjun Singh Rathod
* [[Adah Sharma]] as Lisa Singh Rathod, reincarnated version of Gayatri
* [[Anjori Alagh]] as Gayatri
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Sipahi Mohan Kant
* [[Raj Zutshi]] as Father Thomas
* [[Sri Vallabh Vyas]] as the Doctor
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as the caretaker of the haveli (manor house) i.e. haunted palace
* Asha Sharma as Radha Maa
* [[Rakhi Sawant]], special appearance in the item song "Bichua"

===''1920: Evil Returns'' (2012)===
{{Main article|1920: Evil Returns}}

* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Jaidev Verma
* [[Tia Bajpai]] as Smriti/ Sangeeta
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Amar (Evil Spirit)
* [[Vidya Malvade]] as Karuna
* Vicky Ahuja as Bankimlal

===''1920 London: Fear Strikes Again'' (2016)===
{{Main article|1920 London: Fear Strikes Again}}

* [[Sharman Joshi]] as Jai Singh Gujjar
* [[Meera Chopra]] as Shivangi
* [[Vishal Karwal]] as Veer singh
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as Tantrik
* Meenal Kapoor as Witch
* [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Kesar Maa

===''1921'' (2018)===
{{Main article|1921}}

* [[Karan Kundra]] as Ayush
* [[Zareen Khan]] as Rose
* [[Vikram Bhatt]] as Mr. Wadia

=== ''1920: Horrors of the Heart'' (2023)===
{{Main article|1920: Horrors of the Heart}}

* [[Avika Gor]] as Meghna
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Shantanu; Meghna's stepfather who is Maharaja of [[princely state]] of Girvaar
* [[Barkha Bisht]] as Meghna's mother

==Crew==
[[File:Vikram bhatt.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt= Vikram poses for the camera|[[Vikram Bhatt]] had the concept of 1920 series.|center]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"
|-
! rowspan=2|Occupation
! colspan=5 |Film(s)
|-
! style="width:25%"|''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'' (2008)
! style="width:25%"|''[[1920: The Evil Returns]]'' (2012)
! style="width:25%"|''[[1920 London: Fear Strikes Again]]'' (2016)
! style="width:25%"|''[[1921 (Bollywood film)|1921]]'' (2018)
! style="width:25%"|''[[1920: Horrors of the Heart]]'' (2023)
|-
! Director
| [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| [[Bhushan Patel]]
| [[Tinu Suresh Desai]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| Krishna Bhatt
|-
! Producer(s)
| Surendra Sharma Bhagwati Gabrani Amita Bisnoi
| colspan="2" | [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| Vikram Bhatt Raj Kishor Khaware Rakesh Juneja Shwetambari Bhatt
|-
! Writer
| colspan="4" | [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| [[Mahesh Bhatt]] Suhrita Das
|-
! Composer(s)
| [[Adnan Sami]] [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| [[Chirantan Bhatt]]
| [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]] [[JAM8]]
| Harish Sagane
Asad Khan
Pranish Mawale
|Puneet Dixit
|-
! Editor(s)
| Kuldeep Mehan
| Swapnil Raj
| colspan="3" |Kuldeep Mehan
|}

==Release and revenue==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centr;"| Film
! style="text-align:centr;"| Release date
! style="text-align:centr;"| Budget
! style="text-align:centr;"| Worldwide Box Office
!References
|-
| ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'' || 12 September 2008 || {{INR|7 crore}} || {{INR|14.5 crore}}
|<ref name="box">{{Cite web |title=1920 - Movie - Box Office India |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=337 |accessdate=17 August 2016 |website=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[1920: The Evil Returns|1920: Evil Returns]]'' || 2 November 2012 || {{INR|9 crore}} || {{INR|28.04 crore}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=1920 - Evil Returns - Movie - Box Office India |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1173}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[1920: London]]'' || 6 May 2016 || {{INR|21 crore}} || {{INR|22.67 crore}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web| url = http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3275| title = 1920 London - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[1921 (2018 film)|1921]]'' || 12 January 2018 || {{INR|15 crore}} || {{INR|22.36 crore}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=1921 - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3698}}</ref>
|-
|''[[1920: Horrors of the Heart|1920 Horrors Of The Heart]]''
|23 June 2023
|₹10 crore
|₹17.35 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=1920: Horrors of the Heart Box Office Collection {{!}} All Language {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Worldwide - Sacnilk |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/news/1920_Horrors_of_the_Heart_2023_Box_Office_Collection_Day_Wise_Worldwide |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=www.sacnilk.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Film series introduced in 2008]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Horror film series]]

Vithabai Bhau Mang Narayangaonkar

2026-02-12T06:17:30Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created Basic Data Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian singer and dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vithabai Bhau Mang Narayangaonkar
| image = Photo of Vithabai Bhau Mang Narayangaonkar.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date ={{birth date|1935|07|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Pandharpur, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2002|1|15|1935|7|01}}
| death_place = [[Narayangaon]],
[[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = Anna Sawant Merchant
| known_for =
| occupation = Performing artist
|children = [[Mangala Bansode]] (Daughter) |father = Bhau Bapu Narayangaonkar |mother =Shantabai Narayangaonkar |relatives=Narayan Khude (grandfather) Ramabai Narayangaonkar (sister) Kesharbai Narayangaonkar (sister)}}
'''Vithabai Bhau Mang Narayangaonkar''' (July 1935 – 15 January 2002) was an Indian dancer, singer and [[Tamasha#Tamasha, Maharashtrian Folk Art|Tamasha]] artist.

==Early life and career==
Vithabai was born and grew up in a family of artists. She was born in the city of [[Pandharpur]], [[Solapur district]], [[Maharashtra]]. Bhau-Bapu Mang Narayangaonkar was the family troupe run by her father and uncle. Her grandfather Narayan Khude set up the troupe. He was from [[Kavathe Yamai]], in [[Shirur taluka]] of [[Pune district]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Abp Majha|title=माझा कट्टा: लावणी सम्राज्ञी मंगला बनसोडे|date=2016-09-08|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drE6xOyoRK8|access-date=2016-12-18}}</ref> Since childhood, she was exposed to the various forms of songs like Lavanya, Gavlan, Bhedik, etc. As a student she did not fare very well in school, although she performed with effortless beauty on stage, right from a very young age without any formal training.<ref>{{cite news |title= Life and times of a kalakaar |first=C.S. |last=Lakshmi |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/02/03/stories/2002020300330300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125065021/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/02/03/stories/2002020300330300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 February 2002 |access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref>

One of the notable events of her life was the period when her child was born. She was 9 months pregnant while she had been performing for her audience. It was during the performance, that she got to know that she was about to deliver. Being a sound, patient & a brave woman, she went backstage and delivered the baby, cut the umbilical cord with a stone and got ready to join the performance. The audience was surprised to see her with the absence of the baby bump. Upon enquiring and learning about her courageous act and dedication, the show was stopped. The audience praised her for her determination to complete the show, but respectfully asked her to rest. She is always recognised as Legend Tamasha artiste of great repute hailing from the village of Narayangaon in Maharashtra.

She received medals from the [[President of India]] in 1957 and 1990 for her art.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bowing-out/802338/|title=Bowing out - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2016-12-18}}</ref> It is written that despite her fame and the honours she earned she is said to have been in financial distress and was uncared for.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alPZSonZjaMC&q=bhau+mang+narayangaokar&pg=PA243|title=A Companion to Folklore|last1=Bendix|first1=Regina F.|last2=Hasan-Rokem|first2=Galit|date=2012-03-12|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444354386|language=en}}</ref> Her hospital bills after her death were met by contribution from donors.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and recognition==
She achieved high appreciation and thereby her troupe was honoured with the most prestigious President's award in the Tamasha genre of art. She was called "Tamasha Samradini" (Tamasha Empress) by her fans and also honoured so by the government.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Lavni-legend-Vithabai-is-no-more/articleshow/1564920922.cms|title=Lavani Legend Vithabai is no more|date=17 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Pune, India|agency=Times News Network|access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAG-vithabai-bhau-mang-narayangaonkar-tamasha-maharashtra-folk-artist-2936945.html|title=लाज धरा पाव्हणं...|date=2012-03-03|newspaper=marathibhaskar|access-date=2016-12-18}}</ref>

[[Government of Maharashtra]] has instituted annual "Vithabai Narayangavkar Lifetime Achievement Award" in her memory in 2006. The award is conferred on those who had extensively contributed to the preservation and propagation of the Tamasha Art. The award is being conferred since 2006 and noted recipients of the awards are Smt. Kantabai Satarkar, Vasant Avsarikar, Smt Sulochana Nalawade, Haribhau Badhe, Smt Mangala Bansode (daughter of Vithabai), Sadhu Patsute, Ankush Khade, Prabha Shivanekar, Bhima Sangavikar, Gangaram Kavathekar, Smt Radhabai Khode Nashikkar, Madhukar Nerale. Lokshahir [[Bashir Momin Kavathekar]]<ref>[https://www.esakal.com/pune/vithabai-narayangaonkar-award-momin-kawhetkar-163510 बी. के. मोमीन कवठेकर यांना विठाबाई नारायणगावकर पुरस्कार जाहीर ] “Sakal, a leading Marathi Daily”, 2-Jan-2019</ref> has been conferred with this award for year 2017-18, for his lifelong contribution to the folk art, [[Lavani]] and to the field of Tamasha.<ref>[http://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/vithabai-narayangaonkar-lifetime-achievement-award-bashir-kamroodin-momin/ तमाशासम्रादणी विठाबाई नारायणगावकर जीवनगौरव पुरस्कार बशीर कमरूद्दीन मोमीन यांना घोषित] "लोकमत, a leading Marathi language Daily", 2-Jan-2019</ref>

Ms Gulab Sangamnerkar has been conferred with this award for year 2018-19 for her contribution to the Lavani and to the field of Tamasha.<ref>[https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/gulabbai-sangamnerkar-and-madhuvanti-dandekar-gets-state-government-vithabai-narayangaonkar-lifetime-achievement-award/articleshow/76536611.cms/ ज्येष्ठ लोककलावंत गुलाबबाई संगमनेरकर यांना विठाबाई नारायणगावकर जीवनगौरव पुरस्कार जाहीर ] “Sakal, a leading Marathi Daily”, 24-Jun-2020</ref>
Mr. Aatambar Shirdhonkar (for year 2019-20) and Ms Sandhya Mane (for year 2020-21) has been selected for this award due to their contribution to the field of Tamasha.<ref>[https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/local/maharashtra/nashik/news/withabai-narayangaonkar-lifetime-achievement-award-announced-by-govt-130077253.html] “Divya Marathi, a leading Marathi News Portal”, 20-July-2022</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayangaonkar, Vithabai Bhau Mang}}
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Indian folk artists]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]

Telanga Kharia

2026-02-12T03:13:27Z

Siddharth Darnal: fix

{{Short description|Indian tribal freedom fighter (1806–1880)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=October 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Telanga Kharia
| image = Telanga Kharia.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1806|02|09}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Telanga Kharia''' (1806 - 1880) was a great Indian tribal freedom fighter, who spearheaded a rebellion against the [[British Raj]] in [[Chota Nagpur Division|Chotanagpur]] Region during 1850-1860.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Movement against the British Raj==

He started to organise people and create awareness among them. He created Jury Panchayat in many villages, which worked as self-governance rule parallel to the British rule. There were 13 Jury Panchayats formed by Telanga Kharia, which were spread across Sisai, Gumla, Basia, Simdega, Kumhari, Kolebira, Chainpur, Mahabuang and Bano area.<ref>{{cite book | title= शहीद तेलंगा खड़िया का जीवन दर्शन एवं क्रांति (1806-1880)| edition=| author= Dr. Sushil Kerketta | year=2010|publisher=K K Publications| ISBN =978-81-87568-60-5}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharia, Telanga}}
[[Category:1806 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Gumla district]]
[[Category:Kharia people]]
[[Category:People of Kharia descent]]

Stephen Smith (aerospace engineer)

2026-02-12T02:53:43Z

Siddharth Darnal: improved intro to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian aerospace engineer}}
{{More citations needed|article|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Stephen H. Smith
| image = Stephen Hector Taylor-Smith.png
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1891|2|14|df=y}}<ref name="SoI_1942"/><ref name="IAM2_1992"/>
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] (then in [[Assam]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1951|2|15|1891|2|14|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Fay Harcourt|1918}}<ref name="SoI_1942" />
| children = Hector Smith
| signature = Signature of Stephen H. Smith.svg
| signature_size = 250px
| burial_place = [[Lower Circular Road cemetery|Lower circular Road cemetery]], Kolkata <ref name="IAM2_1992"/>
| citizenship = Indian
| employer = Calcutta Customs Calcutta Police
| known_for = Pioneered Aerophilately in India
| occupation = Dentist
| alma_mater = [[St. Patrick's Higher Secondary School|St. Patrick's High School]] College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bengal<ref name="SoI_1942" />
| father = William Batt Smith <ref name="IAM2_1992"/>
}}

'''Stephen Hector Taylor-Smith''' (14 February 1891 – 15 February 1951)<ref name="SoI_1942">{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Jal |title=Stamps of India |date=1942 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.124811/page/n154 |accessdate=28 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/by-rocket-i-go-24615|title=By rocket I go!|last=Zarif|first=Mannan Mashhur|date=8 March 2015|work=The Daily Star|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="IAM2_1992">{{cite web |title=Indian Stamp Collectors Association: Stephen Smith Commemoration Issue |url=https://www.indianairmails.com/uploads/8/1/0/8/81084928/0724_190715102356_001.pdf |accessdate=14 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914034956/https://www.indianairmails.com/uploads/8/1/0/8/81084928/0724_190715102356_001.pdf |archivedate=14 September 2019 |date=1992}}</ref> often known as '''Stephen Smith''', was a pioneering [[India]]n [[aerospace engineer]] who developed techniques in [[rocket mail|delivering mail by rocket]].

Unlike [[Friedrich Schmiedl]], whom the Austrian Authorities banned from further experimenting, Smith was encouraged in his experiments by Indian Officials. In the ten-year span of his experiments (1934–1944), Smith made some 270 launches, including at least 80 rocket mail flights.

==Early life==
He was born on 14 February at Strawberry Hill, in [[Shillong]], [[Assam]]. As a boy, along with other schoolmates Smith attempted to transport live garden lizards in rockets over the swimming pool of [[St. Patrick's School, Asansol]]. He attended St. Patrick's from 1903 to 1911. Smith was the first rocket experimenter to successfully transport foodstuff, medicine and livestock via rockets.

Smith worked as a customs official, a policeman and a dentist. He became the Secretary of the Indian Airmail Society, and combined his work with his interest in rocketry. His first launch was on 30 September 1934, experimenting with 270 more by 4 December 1944. 80 of these contained mail, and his achievements include the first successful rocket mail sent over a river and the first rocket to carry a parcel.

==Mail rockets==
On 30 September 1934, he launched his first mail rocket, using a rocket made locally by the Orient Firework Company of Calcutta. The flight was a ship-to-shore launch, The rocket carrying 143 covers, left the D.V. Pansy and exploded mid-air scattering the mail over the sea. 140 covers were recovered and taken to the [[Sagar Island|Sagar]] Lighthouse, where the keeper postmarked the mail. This was followed by: shore-to-ship, night, and miniature newspaper flights.

Smith's flights in Sikkim, a British Protectorate in the eastern Himalayas, received official sanction from ruler of Sikkim, [[Tashi Namgyal]].<ref name="IAM2_1992"/> Here he carried out 20 successful rocket experiments and achieved the first rocket parcel mail. The [[Oriental Fireworks Company]] supplied Smith with 16 rockets between 23 March 1935 and 29 June 1935. Between them, these "Silver Jubilee" flights carried over a thousand covers.
[[File:A commemorative postage stamp on ROCKET MAIL-STEPHEN SMITH.jpg|thumb|"Rocket Mail-Stephan Smith" commemorative stamp issued on 19 December 1992|261x261px]]
Smith made history once again, when he used his rockets to carry a food package across a river to the Quetta region, which had suffered an earthquake. The package contained: rice, grain, spices, biris (Indian cigarettes) and 150 rocketgrams.

==Achievements==
Stephen Smith also effected the world's first livestock transport when on 29 June 1935, a rocket carried a cock and hen together with 189 rocketgrams across the river [[Damodar River|Damodar]].<ref name="AnS_mag20110701">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/department-of-what-were-they-thinking-25283814/|title=When Missiles Delivered the Mail|last=Maksel|first=Rebecca|date=1 July 2011|website=Air & Space Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> Both animals survived the flight and were donated to a private zoo in Calcutta. A later effort, successfully carried; a snake (Miss Creepy), an apple and 106 covers. Smith demonstrated his experiments during the war years, few items of mail were carried on these flights, The last series of rockets were gas propelled and the last flight took place on 4 December 1944.

Smith died on 15 February 1951. He is known as the "Father of Aerophilately" in India. The Department of Posts in India issued a commemorative stamp on 19 December 1992 honouring this [[Anglo-Indian]] pioneer of airborne mail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/CommemorativePostageStamps.aspx|title=Commemorative Postage Stamps of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/stamped-on-time/cid/633611|title=Stamped on time|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sagar-rocket-scientists-envelopes-fetch-Rs-65000-in-auction/articleshow/50183461.cms|title=Sagar rocket scientist's envelopes fetch Rs 65000 in auction - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 December 2015 |access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>

==Publications==
List of books published as author.<ref name="SoI_1942" />
* 1926: ''Indian Airways Part I''
* 1927: ''Indian Airways Part II''
* 1930: ''Indian Airways Part III''
* 1927: ''The World Flyer's Danger Zone''
*1955: ''Rocket mail catalogue and historical survey of first experiments in Rocketry'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1178426|title=Rocket mail catalogue and historical survey of first experiments in Rocketry|last=Smith|first=Stephen H.|date=1955|publisher=F. Billig|edition=2d rev.|series=Billig's specialized catalogue|location=Jamaica, N.Y}}</ref>
*1980: ''From the diary of Stephen Smith'' compiled by Deoki Nandan Jatia for the Philatelic Congress of India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2984136|title=From the diary of Stephen Smith|last1=Smith|first1=Stephen H.|last2=Jatia|first2=D. N.|date=1980|publisher=The Congress|others=Philatelic Congress of India|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*"[http://www.philatel2.com/jubilee/id313.htm Stephen Smith]" at King George V Silver Jubilee. Accessed 5 September 2005.
*"[http://www.philatel2.com/jubilee/id314.htm Indian Rocket Mail Detail]" at King George V Silver Jubilee. Accessed 5 September 2005.
*"[http://astrotalkuk.org/2014/05/06/indias-forgotten-rocketeer-2/ India's Forgotten Rocketeer]" www.astrotalkuk.org Includes video interview with Melvyn Brown who met Smith's son, Hector.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Stephen}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:Rocket scientists]]
[[Category:Engineers from Assam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]

Bharat Broadband Network

2026-02-07T20:29:08Z

Siddharth Darnal: fix layout to improve readability

{{Distinguish|Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited}}
{{short description|Indian central public sector undertaking}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bharat Broadband Network Limited (India Broadband Network Limited)
| logo = Bharat Broadband Network.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Public sector undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| industry = [[Broadband]]
| key_people = *[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] ([[Ministry of Communications (India)|Cabinet Minister for Communications]])
*Sarvesh Singh, [[Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers|IRSSE]] (Chairman & MD)
| services = [[Internet]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| owner = [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]], [[Government of India]]
| parent =
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2012|02|25}}
| defunct = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2022|09|26}}
| founder = 
| homepage = {{URL|https://bbnl.nic.in}}
}}

'''BharatNet''', also known as '''Bharat Broadband Network Limited''' ('''BBNL'''), ({{Translation|'''India Broadband Network Limited'''}}) was an Indian [[Public sector undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]], set up by the [[Department of Telecommunications]], a department under the [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]] of the [[Government of India]] for the establishment, management, and operation of the National Optical Fibre Network to provide a minimum of 100 [[Mbit/s]] [[broadband]] connectivity to all 250,000-[[gram panchayat]]s in the country, covering nearly 625,000 villages, by improving the middle layer of [[telecommunications in India|nation-wide broadband internet in India]] to achieve the goal of [[Digital India]].<ref name=bbnl1>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/only-made-in-india-equipment-for-bharatnet-govt/article9954895.ece "Only 'Made in India' equipment for BharatNet: Govt."], [[The Hindu]], 12 November 2017.</ref><ref name=bbnl2>[http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/govt-launch-second-phase-bharatnet-connect-15-lakh-panchayats-internet-71530 "Govt to launch second phase of BharatNet, to connect 1.5 lakh panchayats with internet."], [[The News Minute]], 13 November 2017.</ref><ref name="BBNL">{{cite news|title=BBNL may become full-blown telecom services company|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-29/news/43496038_1_universal-services-obligation-fund-bbnl-telecom-commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031215449/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-29/news/43496038_1_universal-services-obligation-fund-bbnl-telecom-commission|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2013|newspaper=Economic times|date=29 October 2013|location=Kolkata, India}}</ref><ref name=bbnl6/>

BharatNet Phase-I, connecting 100,000 village councils covering 300,000 villages, was completed by December 2017.<ref name=bbnl1/> BharatNet Phase-II will be completed by 31-March-2023 to connect the remaining 150,000 village councils covering 325,000 villages in 16 states (July 2021 update).<ref name=cc1/> The [[Last mile (telecommunications)|last mile]] connectivity, with a total of 700,000 Wi-Fi hotspots to cover all 625,000 villages of India by adding 2 to 5 [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|Wi-Fi hotspots]] per gram panchayat and a minimum of one Wi-Fi hotspot per village, have been created by connecting high-speed [[4G]] [[Cell site|base tower station]]s of commercial telecom operators to BharatNet, whereby commercially non-viable Wi-Fi hotspots will be subsidized by the union government grant of {{INRConvert|36|b|year=2017|to=USD EUR}} to sustain the operation.<ref name=bbnl2/><ref name=bbnl9/><ref name=bbnl10/>

BharatNet is the world's largest rural broadband connectivity program,<ref name=bbnl6>[http://www.bbnl.nic.in/FAQ.aspx?pid=52#68 BharatNet FAQ]</ref> which is built under the [[Make in India]] initiative with no involvement of foreign companies.<ref name=bbnl1/><ref name=bbnl8/><ref name=bbnl10/> It is both an enabler and a beneficiary of other key government schemes, such as Digital India,<ref name=bbnl6/> Make in India,<ref name=bbnl1/> the [[National e-Governance Plan]], [[UMANG]], [[Bharatmala]], [[Sagar Mala project|Sagarmala]], Parvatmala, the [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|dedicated freight corridors]], [[industrial corridor]]s, [[UDAN|UDAN-RCS]] and [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]].

==History==

===Origin and slow pace of implementation (2011)===

On 25 October 2011, the Government of India approved the National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) initiative, later renamed as BharatNet,<ref name=bbnl5/> to connect all 250,000 gram panchayats in the country, covering nearly 625,000 villages, by utilizing the existing optical fibre network and extending it to the gram panchayats.<ref name=netfound1>{{cite news|title=Bharat Broadband plans to hook up all 2.5 lakh panchayats by Dec-end|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/bharat-broadband-plans-to-hook-up-all-25-lakh-panchayats-by-decend/article4924641.ece|newspaper=The Hindu – Business Line|date=17 July 2013|location=India}}</ref> To achieve this, Bharat Broadband Network was incorporated as a [[Special purpose entity|Special Purpose Vehicle(SPV)]] on 25 February 2012 under [[The Companies Act, 1956|Companies Act of 1956]].<ref name=netfound2>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbnl.nic.in/content/page/company-profile.php |title=Company Profile|publisher=Bharat Broadband Network Limited |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> Between 2011 and 2014, project did not take off as planned,<ref name=bbnl9/> and only 350 km of optical fibre, out of 300,000 km optical fibre network needed for the Phase-I, was laid.<ref name=bbnl9/><ref name=bbnl10/> Between 2014 and 2017, the original Phase-I target of laying 300,000 km of optical fibre was completed under the new BJP government.<ref name=bbnl9/>

=== Implementation boost in 2014 ===

The BharatNet project picked up pace under the Digital India initiative after Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] came to power, he renamed the project as the "BharatNet", made several changes to expedite the project, significantly enhanced the BharatNet funding to several billion dollars under the [[Digital India]], set ambitious time-bound implementations deadlines, appointed government public sector units (BSNL, [[RailTel]], and [[Power Grid Corporation of India|PowerGrid Corp]]) for the swift implementation and monitoring, and to bypass the [[Right-of-way (property access)|right of way]] issues for laying the optical fiber cable network the existing government-owned roads, rail lines, and power lines were used.<ref name=bbnl10/> Bangalore-based [[United Telecoms Limited]] won the bid, being almost 80% lower than the second-lowest bidder ITI Limited, followed by Tejas, [https://www.stl.tech/ STL], etc. BharatNet collaborated with other government entities such as [[C-DOT]], [[Telecommunications Consultants India Limited]], and [[National Informatics Centre]] for the design and rollout plan of BharatNet NOFN Project.<ref name=netfound1/> BharatNet assigned the execution work of network rollout to several other Government of India Public Sector Units, namely [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]], [[RailTel Corporation of India|RailTel]], and [[Power Grid Corporation of India]].<ref name=netfound1/> Project was rolled out as a collaboration between the Union Government (to provide broadband connectivity at sub-district Block-level), state governments (optical fibre to gram panchayat level,) and private sector companies (Wi-Fi hotspots in each village and connections to the individual homes).<ref name=bbnl2/><ref name=bbnl3>{{cite news|title=Gujarat inks pact with GOI, BBNL for optical fiber network|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gujarat-inks-pact-with-goi-bbnl-for-optical-fiber-network-113041400363_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=14 April 2013|location=Vadodara, India}}</ref> Union government total share is {{INRConvert|450|b|year=2017|to=USD EUR}}, the rest will be funded by the respective state governments.<ref name=bbnl2/>

===Implementation partners===

There are 36 [[states and union territories of India]], including 28 states and 9 UTs. BSNL was awarded work for 18 of these, RailTel received work in 8 and Power Grid Corporation of India in 5.<ref name=bbnl5/> BSNL was awarded work for 18+ states and UTs, namely [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (divided into two projects, UP East and UP West), [[Uttarakhand]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name=bbnl5/> RailTel was awarded work for 8+ states and UTs, namely [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Tripura]].<ref name=bbnl5/> Power Grid Corporation of India was awarded work for 5 states, namely [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[Telangana]].<ref name=bbnl5/> [[Delhi]] is included with Phase-I BSNL work for Haryana. [[Goa]] is also included with Phase-I BSNL work for Maharashtra. [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Daman and Diu]] are included with Phase-II work for RailTel. [[Tripura]] is likely included with Phase-II RailTel work for the [[Northeast India]].

== Project features ==

===Benefits ===

BharatNet will provide more employment opportunities, improved service delivery (online e-gram panchayat services, e-governance, e-education, e-health, e-medicine, e-grievances, e-agriculture, e-citizen, etc.), and an impetus to the [[Make in India]], [[Digital India]] and [[Startup India]] initiatives.<ref name=bbnl1/><ref name=bbnl9/><ref name=bbnl10/> According to [[Morgan Stanley]]'s research, of India's 33% internet penetration in November 2017{{Update inline|date=April 2021}} only 15% and 2% of total internet users use online shopping and retail shopping respectively, estimated to go up to 78% penetration, 62% online shoppers and 15% online retail shopper respectively by 2027.<ref name=bbnl12>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/mukesh-ambanis-soft-online-approach-may-outsmart-amazon-and-flipkart/articleshow/61680778.cms "."], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 17 November 2017.</ref>

As per study by the [http://icrier.org ICRIER], every 10% increase in the usage of [[internet in India]] will add {{INRConvert|4.5|t|year=2017|to=USD EUR}} leading to a 3.3% increase in [[Economy of India|GDP of India]], a number that will go up after the completion of Phase-II in March 2019.<ref name=bbnl1/><ref name=bbnl9/> By the end of BharatNet Phase-II in March 2019, the total current fibre optical network will grow by 100% to 10 million kilometers.<ref name=bbnl9/><ref name=bbnl10/> This 100% increment in the fibre optic network would result in several hundred percent increment in the internet usage when in addition to 625,000 villages (each with minimum 100 Mbit/s), 2,500,000 government institutions and 5,000,000 households will also be connected to the BharatNet broadband by the time it is completed.<ref name=bbnl9/><ref name=bbnl11>[https://www.medianama.com/2017/07/223-422-million-internet-connections-india-march-2017/ "422.2M Internet connections in India; Maharashtra (excluding Mumbai) had highest broadband connections."], [https://www.medianama.com MediaNama.Com], July 2017.</ref>

To put the potential gains things in perspective, during the early phase of the project in 2018, India had a population of 1.3 billion people (1.36 billion in 2021), 1.23 billion [[Aadhaar]] digital biometric identities, 1.21 billion mobile phones, 446 million smartphones, 560 million internet users (800 million in 2021), 35% internet penetration (57% in 2021), and 51% growth in e-commerce.<ref name="indint1">[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aadhaar-driving-licence-linking-ravi-shankar-prasad-5525713/ Govt will soon make Aadhaar-driving licence linking mandatory: Ravi Shankar Prasad], Indian Express, 7 Jan 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iamai.in/node/4990#in|title=The Internet and Mobile Association of India|website=iamai.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627010316/http://www.iamai.in/node/4990#in|archive-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> BharatNet has stated goal of 100 Mbit/s internet speed, and in Q1 2020 India ranked 3rd with 15.34 Mbit/s wireless/mobile internet speed and 70th with 55.76 Mbit/s fixed broadband speed (also see [[List of countries by Internet connection speeds|countries by Internet connection speed]]). BharatNet will expedite broadband and smartphone penetration and speed, and its multiplier impact on the economy.

===Funding ===

The government has discounted the bulk BharatNet bandwidth rates to the commercial telecom operators by 76% to enable them to offer the highly discounted, affordable, competitive, and commercially viable BharatNet-enabled wireless cellular 4G broadband deals to the rural customers.<ref name=bbnl9/><ref name=bbnl10/> The {{INRConvert|450|b|year=2017|to=USD EUR}} union government share of funding will come from the Universal Services Obligation Fund of the Department of Telecommunications.<ref name="BBNL"/> It will be rolled out with the additional funding by state governments to connect all gram panchayats in India.<ref name=bbnl3/>

===Make in India===

Both the [[optical fibre]] and the [[G.984|Gigabit-capable]] [[passive optical network]] [[broadband]] equipment, made to account for the dust and power outage issues in the rural areas, are made in India by [[C-DOT]] with no involvement of foreign companies.<ref name=bbnl1/> GPON products (see below) supplied by [[United Telecoms Limited]] (UTL) which are manufactured in India and the technology is indigenously developed by [[C-DOT|Centre for Development of Telematics]] (C-DOT).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/?mode=details&id=29327 |title=Press Releases |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=1999-03-01 |access-date=2016-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220163013/http://www.telegraphindia.com/external/display.jsp?mode=details&id=29327 |archive-date=20 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Abhimanyu Rathore |url=http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=100680 |title=Although Most Of The Wearable Technology Still Lie A Bit On The Expensive Side, Expectations Are Of A Large Increase In Number Of People Using Wearable Technology In India In The Coming Years – Electronics For You |publisher=Efytimes.com |access-date=2016-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821232651/http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=100680 |archive-date=21 August 2014 }}</ref>

==Bharat Net as middle layer ==
===GPON fiber deployment ===
{{Update|date=February 2024}}
C-DOT had also inked technology transfer pacts with six Indian vendors, which include [[ITI Limited]], [[Tejas Networks]], VMC, Sai Systems, [[United Telecoms Limited|UTL]], and SM Creative to manufacture the gear on winning the contracts{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}}.

[[United Telecoms Limited|UTL]] emerged as the competitive bid winner and obtained the GPON supply contract for a value of approximately Rs 1000 Cr. The companies like [[Indian Telephone Industries Limited|ITI Ltd]], [[Tejas Networks]], Sterlite, [[ZTE]] and [[Larsen & Toubro]] lost this deal to [[United Telecoms Limited|UTL]]. The rollout of GPON is being carried out, and it is expected that by March 2015, around 60000 villages will be connected.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kalyan Parbat |date=February 20, 2014 |title=United Telecom pips rivals ITI, Tejas, Sterlite, L&T; with Rs 998 crore bid for BBNL contract |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-20/news/47527565_1_bbnl-gpon-bharat-broadband-network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301122540/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-20/news/47527565_1_bbnl-gpon-bharat-broadband-network |archive-date=2014-03-01 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Once all the gram panchayats have been connected by the dedicated fibre optical network, the last mile connectivity to all villages will be provided by the commercial telecom operators by expanding the current national network of 38,000 Wi-Fi hotspots to 700,000 Wi-Fi hotspots to cover all 625,000 villages in India.<ref name=bbnl1/><ref name=bbnl2/> {{INRConvert|36|b|year=2017|to=USD EUR}}, union government subsidy support will be given to the telecom service operators for rolling out Wi-Fi hotspots in commercially non-viable villages.<ref name=bbnl2/> BharatNet has offered bulk broadband bandwidth at 75% discounted rates to the commercial telecom operators so that they can offer deeply discounted monetised competitive deals to the rural wireless broadband customers.<ref name=bbnl9/><ref name=bbnl10/> Commercial operators [[Reliance Jio]], [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Idea Cellular]] and [[Vodafone]] have already connected their [[4G]]-based-broadband [[Cell site|base towers]] to BharatNet at various locations to provide the high speed last mile wireless broadband connectivity.<ref name=bbnl8>[http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-bharat-turns-new-telco-battleground-2559788 "Bharat turns new telco battleground."], [[Daily News and Analysis]], 14 November 2017.</ref><ref name=bbnl9>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/reliance-jio-airtel-vodafone-idea-take-first-dive-into-bharatnet/articleshow/61626019.cms "Jio, Airtel take lead in signing up for BharatNet connectivity."], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 14 November 2017.</ref><ref name=bbnl10>[http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/what-is-bharatnet-project-and-how-it-could-add-whopping-amount-of-rs-4-5-lakh-crore-to-indias-gdp/931358/ "What is BharatNet project and why it's a big boost for PM Narendra Modi's Digital India dream?."], [[The Financial Express (India)]], 14 November 2017.</ref>

The central government will set up sufficient Wi-Fi hotspots to cover 100 million citizens by 2020, and a tender will be floated for this soon (as of November 2017).<ref name=bbnl2/> Additionally, [[Indian Railways]] will provide Wi-Fi hotspots, limited free access, and unlimited paid access, at 600 major stations by March 2018 and all of its 8,500 stations by March 2019 with an outlay of {{INRConvert|7|b}}, with 1,200 large stations catering to the rail passengers and the remaining 7,300 stations catering to both rail passengers and local population in remote and rural areas, including facilities to access government services or e-purchase of commercial products (c. 7 Jan 2018).<ref name=lastmile1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/indian-railways-to-equip-all-8500-stations-with-wi-fi/articleshow/62402303.cms Indian Railways to equip all 8,500 stations with Wi-Fi], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 7 Jan 2018.</ref>

HRD ministry has instructed 50,000 colleges and technical institutions in India to offer free Wi-Fi to students and staff with a capped free data quota, after which data will have to be purchased. Out of these [[Reliance Jio]] has offered to deploy free Wi-Fi connectivity to 38,000 colleges, which has been supported by [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) and the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).<ref name=hrd1>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hrd-ministry-asks-colleges-to-provide-free-wi-fi-on-campus/story-gjQQ6IUiKNIny85PtpR57I.html HRD ministry asks colleges to provide free Wi-Fi on campus ], [[Hindustan Times]], 18 Jan 2018.</ref>

Some Startups, such as Velmenni Research, under the [[Startup India]], are working on solutions to offer [[Li-Fi]] access via LED lights at homes at a speed 100 faster than ordinary WI-FI bandwidth.<ref name=start1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/features/forget-wi-fi-this-startup-tech-can-power-the-internet-using-light-bulbs-and-is-100-times-faster-velmenni-deepak-solanki/articleshow/62468741.cms Forget Wi-Fi: This startup tech can power the Internet using light bulbs and is 100 times faster], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 16 Jan 2018.</ref>

== Implementation ==

BharatNet was a middle layer for providing broadband connectivity across all [[Community Development Block]]s (CDB), 250,000 village [[gram panchayat]]s covering 630,000 inhabited villages of [[states and union territories of India]]. As of July 2021, Phase-I was complete and 150,000 Gram Panchayats and associated villages had been service ready with 5.09 lakh km of Optical Fibre Cable already laid, the 29,500 crore (US$4 billion) PPP tender for remaining nearly 100,000 gram panchayats and all the individual inhabited villages under hose panchayats spread across 16 states was floated in 2021 with target date for broadband connectivity of 2023.<ref name=cc1>[https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/global-tenders-worth-rs-29500-crore-invited-for-bharatnet-7198471.html Global tenders worth rs 29500 crore invited for bharatnet], Money Control, 20 July 2021.</ref>

===BharatNet Phase-I (Completed: Dec 2017)===

BharatNet Phase-I, across 13 states and UTs, was completed in December 2017 with the Phase-I union government funding share of {{INRConvert|110|b|year=2017|to=USD EUR}}.<ref name=bbnl2/><ref name=bbnl4/><ref name=bbnl5/> It connected 100,000 gram panchayat, covering 300,000 villages by laying 300,000 km of optical fibre network.<ref name=bbnl1/><ref name=bbnl2/><ref name=bbnl4>[http://www.bbnl.nic.in/WriteReadData/LINKS/Rpt_Nw_Plg_tool6cad24a7-eea8-4adc-91ff-468d7119eeb0.pdf BharatNet Phase-II plan], [[IIT Bombay]].</ref><ref name=bbnl5>[http://www.bbnl.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=576&lev=2&lid=470&langid=1 BharatNet Phase-I status by states and UT.]</ref> 13 states and UTs in this phase were: [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Goa]], [[Haryana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Sikkim]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name=bbnl4/><ref name=bbnl5/><ref name=tribhar1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/bsnl-lays-11-005-km-optical-fibre-cable-in-state/527661.html BSNL lays 11,005-km optical fibre cable in state], The Tribune, 13 Jan 2018.</ref>

To provide the last mile connectivity for the 100,000-gram panchayats in Phase I, contracts were signed to connect 30,500 village panchayats by Vodafone, 30,000 village panchayats by Reliance Jio. 2,000 by Vodafone and 1,000 by Idea Cellular, these Wi-Fi hotspots were activated after connecting BharatNet fibre optics OLT to commercial operators' cell phone base stations.<ref name=bbnl10/> ([http://www.bbnl.nic.in/index1.aspx?lid=467&lsid=570&pid=13&lev=2&langid=1 Latest weekly update])

===BharatNet Phase-II (Target: March 2023)===

BharatNet Phase-II will connect the remaining nearly 145,000 gram panchayats covering 325,000 villages through an additional 1 million km of optical fibre.<ref name=bbnl1/><ref name=bbnl2/> Phase-II commenced with the union government funding share of {{INRConvert|340|b|year=2017|to=USD EUR}}, with the current 250 km per day pace of optical fibre network roll out, which needs to be raised to 500 km per day to achieve the completion target of March 2019.<ref name=bbnl1/>

DoT will invest {{INRConvert|107.43|b}} on BharatNet in [[Northeast India]], including erecting 6,673 towers to connect 8,621 villages at the cost of {{INRConvert|53.36|b}} and additional 4,240 gram panchayats by satellite broadband connectivity.<ref name=NE1>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dot-to-spend-rs-10-743-cr-to-improve-connectivity-in-ne-lead-correcting-second-para-118011601471_1.html DoT to spend Rs 10,743 cr to improve connectivity in NE], Business Standard, 16 Jan 2018.</ref>

== Merger of BSNL and BBNL ==
On 27 July 2022, the cabinet approved the merger of BBNL with [[BSNL|Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cabinet clears BSNL-BBNL merger, approves revival package worth Rs 1.64 lakh cr |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/cabinet-clears-bsnl-bbnl-merger-approves-revival-package-worth-rs-164156-cr/articleshow/93162008.cms |access-date=2022-07-28}}</ref> The merger was complete by late 2022.

==See also ==
{{portal|India}}
* [[Common Service Centres]]
* [[Digital India]]
* [[Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India]]
* [[Internet in India]]
* [[Telecommunications in India]]
* [[List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions]]
* [[List of countries by number of Internet users]]
* [[List of countries by Internet connection speeds]]
* [[List of countries by smartphone penetration]]

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
*{{URL|www.bbnl.nic.in|Official site}}
*[http://www.bbnl.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=570&lev=2&lid=467&langid=1 Official live current overall summary status report]
*[http://www.bbnl.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=576&lev=2&lid=470&langid=1 Official Phase-I status breakdown by state]
*[http://www.bbnl.nic.in/WriteReadData/LINKS/Rpt_Nw_Plg_tool6cad24a7-eea8-4adc-91ff-468d7119eeb0.pdf Phase-II Planning], [[IIT Bombay]]

{{Telecommunication companies of India}}

[[Category:Telecommunications companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:BSNL]]

Dorah (1816 ship)

2026-02-06T20:12:36Z

Siddharth Darnal: adding new stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=
| country=United Kingdom
| flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
| name = ''Dorah''
| namesake =
| owner =*1816:F.J.I. Edwards & Co.
*1819:Alexander & Co.
| operator =
| ordered =
| builder =Chittagong{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=177}}
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched = 1816
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate = Wrecked 1821
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen=681,{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=268}} or 690,<ref name=RS1819/> or 695{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=177}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length =
| beam =
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement =
| armament =
| notes =Teak-built
}}
}}

'''''Dorah''''' was launched at [[Chittagong]] in 1816. She sailed between India and Britain under a license from the British [[East India Company]] until she wrecked in 1821.

==Career==
''Dorah'' was at [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] on 1 April 1817. There she took on the headquarters and 300 men of the [[66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot|66th Regiment of Foot]], which was transferring to [[Saint Helena|St Helena]]. The majority of the regiment travelled on {{ship||Catherine Griffith|1812 ship|2}} and {{ship||Moira|1813 ship|2}}. ''Moira'' and ''Catherine Griffiths'' arrived towards the end of June but ''Dorah'' was delayed. She had run short of water and had had to put in at [[Port Louis]], [[Mauritius]]. She did not arrive at St Helena until 5 July. The regiment disembarked on 18 July.{{sfnp|Beecroft|1887|p=26}} Before she arrived at Port Louis a fire broke out aboard ''Dorah'' but the soldiers formed a bucket brigade and quickly extinguished it.{{sfnp|Walter|1843|pp=296–301}}

''Dorah'' arrived at Plymouth on 23 September. Captain Edwards, her master, had met Napoleon on St Helena and spent two hours with him.<ref>''The Edinburgh Observer: Or, Town and Country Magazine'', Issues 1-11, 8 November 1817, p.119.</ref> ''Catherine Griffith'', ''Dorah'', and ''Moira'' brought with them the [[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot|53rd Regiment of Foot]], which the 66th had replaced.<ref>[http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=upenn_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=&docId=CS50872581&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 "Ship News." Times [London, England] 5 Aug. 1817: 3. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 29 Sept. 2018.]</ref>

''Dorah'', Edwards, master, J. Edwards, owner, sailed from Plymouth back to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name=RS1819>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214242?urlappend=%3Bseq=164 ''Register of Shipping'' (1819), Seq.№320.]</ref><ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214242?urlappend=%3Bseq=638 ''Register of Shipping'' (1819), "Licensed Ships".]</ref>

On 5 March 1820 ''Dorah'', Aikin, master, put into Mauritius. She had been sailing from Bengal when she was caught in a gale and had to throw 500 bags of rice overboard.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735030?urlappend=%3Bseq=226 №5507.]</ref>

==Fate==
''Dorah'', Aikin, master, was wrecked on 4 January 1821 at [[Table Bay]] in a hurricane. Her crew was saved.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735031?urlappend=%3Bseq=96 ''Lloyd's List'' №5576.]</ref>

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Beecroft |first1=J.J. |year=1887 |title=The 66th Berkshire Regiment}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
* {{cite book |first1=Henry |last1=Walter |year=1843 |title=Events of a Military Life: Being Recollections After Service in the Peninsular War, Invasion of France, the East Indies, St. Helena, Canada, and Elsewhere, Volumes 1-2 |publisher=William Pickering}}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John |year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ... |publisher=Scott}}

{{1821 shipwrecks}}

{{italic title}}

[[Category:1816 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in January 1821]]

Integrated Theatre Command (India)

2026-02-04T06:40:20Z

Siddharth Darnal: Added New Details

{{Short description|Service of the Indian Armed Forces}}
{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction = vertical
| total_width =
| image1 = Indian Armed Forces (Triservices) logo at National War Memorial.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Logos of the three services at National War Memorial India.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = The emblem of the Indian Armed Forces (top), signifying the synergy of the three services of the Indian military.

The tri-services logo (top) is a combination of the logos of the three services (bottom).
}}

'''Integrated Theatre Commands''' of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] are varying degrees of [[synergy]] and cross-service cooperation between the military branches of the Armed Forces. In 1947, after [[Indian independence movement|Independence]], a joint educational framework was set up, starting with the first{{Efn|"A decision was taken by the Government of India on 22 Sep 1945, that an academy to train officers for the three-armed force branches together, should be started. No such institution existed anywhere else in the world at that time. Government approval was accorded on 17 February 1948."<ref>{{cite web |title=National Defence Academy: First Course JSW |url=https://nda.nic.in/1stJSW/index.html |website=National Defence Academy |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>|name=|group=}} tri-service academy in the world, the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], and over the years this joint educational framework has been expanded to bring officers from the different services together at different stages of their careers.{{Sfn|Das|2007|pp=3–4}}

Jointness and integration are achieved through [[Joint warfare|tri–service]] organisations such as the [[Integrated Defence Staff]]. The creation of the post of the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) in January 2020 was seen as a major push for the indigenous [[joint warfare]] and [[Theater (warfare)|theaterisation]] process of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=2020-02-04|title=Army, IAF, Navy integration in 3 years: report|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-to-integrate-operations-of-army-air-force-navy-in-3-years-report-11580824028663.html|access-date=2020-10-26|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-21|title=Integrated theatre commands next step in defence reforms: Army Chief|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/integrated-theatre-commands-next-step-in-defence-reforms-army-chief/article32910275.ece|access-date=2020-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=21 October 2020|title=Integrated Theatre Commands Next Logical Military Reform, Says Army Chief|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/integrated-theatre-commands-next-logical-military-reform-says-army-chief-2313764|access-date=2020-10-23|website=NDTV}}</ref> So too were efforts to enhance civil–military cooperation, including the creation of the [[Department of Military Affairs (India)|Department of Military Affairs]]. These are considered key to orienting India’s defence toward a more joint approach.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heriot-Darragh |first1=Kim |title=What India's defence reforms mean for Australia - and India |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/what-indias-defence-reforms-mean-for-australia-and-india/ |website=ASPI The Strategist |publisher=ASPI |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

The recommendations of the [[Kargil Review Committee]] promoted increasing jointness and integration. Subsequent committees such as the [[D. B. Shekatkar|Shekatkar]] Committee in 2016 included the creation of three integrated theatres [[Command (military formation)|commands]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=2017-05-10|title=Joint operations vs integrated command: Understanding a new way to fight wars|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/joint-operations-vs-integrated-command-understanding-a-new-way-to-fight-wars-4648574/|access-date=2020-10-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> In February 2020, CDS [[Bipin Rawat]] said two to five theatre commands may be set up.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=17 February 2020|title=CDS Gen Bipin Rawat announces plan to create Peninsula Command|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=381457|access-date=2020-10-26|website=www.newsonair.com}}</ref> The completion of the creation of theatre commands, both integrated and joint commands, will take several years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=2020-02-04|title=India's joint military theatre command process to finish in 3 years, says CDS Bipin Rawat|url=https://theprint.in/defence/indias-joint-military-theatre-command-process-to-finish-in-3-years-says-cds-bipin-rawat/359711/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=21 October 2020|title=Theatre Commands required to synergize combat potential of three services: Army chief|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/theatre-commands-required-to-synergize-combat-potential-of-three-services-army-chief/articleshow/78790111.cms|access-date=2020-10-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Indian Air Force opposed the formation of unified theatre commands citing limitation of resources.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed Siddiqui |first=Imran |date=24 August 2021 |title=Indian Air Force opposes unified theatre commands again |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/indian-air-force-opposes-unified-theatre-commands-again/cid/1827696 |work=The Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828160257/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/indian-air-force-opposes-unified-theatre-commands-again/cid/1827696 |archive-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

India currently has service–a specific commands system.<ref name=":4" /> However, [[Joint warfare|joint]] and integrated commands, also known as [[Unity of command|unified commands]]; and further divided into [[Theater (warfare)|theatre]] or functional commands, have been set up and more are proposed. The only fully functional theatre command is the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] set up in 2001, while the [[Strategic Forces Command]], set up in 2003, is an integrated functional command or specified combatant command.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=27 August 2020|title=India likely to set up unified air defence command in October|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-likely-to-set-up-unified-air-defence-command-in-october/articleshow/77785824.cms|access-date=2020-10-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Recently constructed integrated functional commands under the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] include the [[Defence Cyber Agency]], [[Defence Space Agency]] and the [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division|Special Operations Division]].

== History ==
{{See also|Jointness|Interservice rivalry}}
One of the earliest forms of jointness was the integration of infantry and cavalry.{{Sfn|Rana|2016|p=9}} In the United States, during the [[Siege of Vicksburg]] in 1863, joint operations were seen in the actions of General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and Admiral [[David Dixon Porter|David D. Porter]], who went on to leverage the combined power of the army and navy.{{Sfn|Rana|2016|p=26}} The United Kingdom was the first country to have a Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1923.{{Sfn|Rana|2016|p=34}} In the [[World War II|Second World War]], General [[Douglas MacArthur]] and General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] were put in roles in which they commanded vast tri-service military operations. Despite the victory in the war, major structural flaws were observed, resulting in the creation of the [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff]] as the principal military adviser in the United States. In the United Kingdom, by the 1960s, the three military headquarters were integrated into the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]], and the post of [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of Defence Staff]] was created as the principal military adviser.{{Sfn|Das|2007|p=3}} Over the years in both the United States and the United Kingdom changes towards greater integration have been seen, for example, the passage of the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]] in 1986.{{Sfn|Kapoor|2013|p=50}} France, Germany and Australia have also shifted to a more integrated defence management system.{{Sfn|Das|2007|p=3}} In Russia the creation of strategic commands was laid down in 2010 and soon after China followed with the [[2015 People's Republic of China military reform]] and the creation of [[Theater commands of the People's Liberation Army|five theatre commands]].{{Sfn|Kapoor|2013|pp=50–51}}

=== Joint Services Institutions in the Indian Armed Forces ===
[[File:Bharat Shakti.webm|right|thumb|Tri Service military exercise Bharat Shakti 2024 in [[Pokhran]]]]
Following [[Indian independence movement|Independence]], India set up a Joint Services Wing, commissioned in 1949, to train cadets before they would go on for further training in their respective service institutions. By 1954, the Joint Services Wing would go on to become the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], the first tri-service [[military academy]] in the world. By 1950, the [[Defence Services Staff College]] was also converted to a fully integrated institution. In 1960 and 1970, the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] and the [[College of Defence Management]] were commissioned, respectively. This joint educational framework that brought officers together at different stages of their careers has been beneficial in increasing inter-service camaraderie.{{Sfn|Das|2007|pp=3–4}}

In his book, "My Years with the IAF", Retd. [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Pratap Chandra Lal|P. C. Lal]] wrote that "The [[Bangladesh war]] demonstrated that the three Services working closely together were strong and decisive in their actions. Inter-Services cooperation was indeed the most important lesson of that war."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Pratap Chandra|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBszCSguEscC&q=The+Bangladesh+war+demonstrated+that&pg=PT352|title=My Years with the IAF|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=978-1-935501-75-6|language=en|chapter=16: Summing Up|author-link=Pratap Chandra Lal}}</ref> However, [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Vinod Patney]] pointed out that one of India's first experiences with jointness did not work out so well. He writes that India had attempted to try out a Theatre Commander during the initial stages of the [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War]] with the deployment of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]. However, after helicopters were sent on missions without proper advice, resulting in avoidable loss of life and machinery, air and naval assets were once again positioned under respective air and naval commanders. Under this structure, the operations continued till the end of the peacekeeping operations in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patney|first=Air Marshal Vinod|author-link=Vinod Patney|date=8 May 2017|title=Clamour for Theatre Commands is a Peacetime Phenomenon|url=http://capsindia.org/files/documents/CAPS_Infocus_VP_04.pdf|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Centre for Air Power Studies}}</ref>

Following the [[Kargil War]] in 1999, the [[Kargil Review Committee]] was set up to review where India went wrong during the limited war with Pakistan and suggest changes to the security apparatus accordingly. Subsequently, a Group of Ministers was formed and, in turn, four task forces. Among the numerous recommendations suggested were "integration of the services both with each other and with the Ministry of Defence, the creation of a [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|chief of defence staff]] and joint operational commands".{{Sfn|Rana|2015|pp=43–44}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Anit|date=2019-08-21|title=A top post, its promise and peril|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-top-post-its-promise-and-peril/article29184760.ece|access-date=2020-10-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Manohar Parrikar]]-led [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] appointed a committee of experts, chaired by Retd.[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt General]] [[D. B. Shekatkar|DB Shekatkar]], submitted its report in December 2016. Among the recommendations of the Shekatkar Committee was the creation of three integrated theatre commands.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2020-04-20|title=What is Shekatkar report, defence ministry's first order of business after lockdown|url=https://theprint.in/defence/what-is-shekatkar-report-defence-ministrys-first-order-of-business-after-lockdown/405435/|access-date=2020-10-24|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

== About ==
The [[Department of Military Affairs]] under the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] has the mandate for the "Facilitation of restructuring of Military Commands for optimal utilisation of resources by bringing about jointness in operations, including through establishment of joint/theatre commands".<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2019|title=Cabinet approves creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff in the rank of four-star General|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1597425|access-date=2020-10-23|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> India's Chief of Defence Staff [[Bipin Rawat]] has said that India will find its way of constructing its unified commands.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Krishn |date=2020-02-25 |title=Explained: How to unify defence resources |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-to-unify-defence-resources-indian-army-air-force-navy-6282960/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919133344/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-to-unify-defence-resources-indian-army-air-force-navy-6282960/ |archive-date=2025-09-19 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Integrated Theatre Commands are allocated specific geographical theatres and can operate independently. In June 2020, Lt General (Dr) Prakash Menon wrote that "The main aim of Theatre Commands is to facilitate integrated planning and coordinated application".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Lt Gen (Dr) Prakash|date=April 2020|title=India's Theatre Command System: A Proposal (V1.0 – 12 June 2020)|url=https://takshashila.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/India-Theatre-Command-System-Prakash-Menon-Takshashila.pdf|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Takshashila Institution}}</ref>

=== Terminology ===
According to the 2017 Joint Doctrine publication of the Headquarters [[Integrated Defence Staff]]:{{Sfn|Headquarters IDS|2017|pp=39–40}}

{{Blockquote|text=Jointness: Jointness implies or denotes possessing an optimised capability to engage in Joint Warfighting. [...] Joint operations as well as single-Service operations are subsets of the larger whole of 'conceptual Jointness'. Cooperative centralised planning enables the appropriate concentration of forces [...]. With Jointness, a high level of cross-domain synergy is attained.

Integration: Integration in contemporary military matters is about the integration of 'processes' across all operational domains of land, air, maritime, cyberspace, and aerospace, towards optimisation of costs and enhancing readiness. Integration is embodied across all functions: Operations, Intelligence, Technology Management, Perspective Plans, Logistics, and Human Resources Development (HRD).[...] Beyond the Armed Forces, it also requires collaboration with the Diplomatic, Economic, and Information instruments of the National Power, at all levels – strategic, operational, and tactical.|author=|title=|source=}} According to the former Chief of India's Army Staff [[Deepak Kapoor]], who recommended theatre commands as early as the 1980s, "integration is a step ahead of jointness in ensuring a synergised approach to operations".{{Sfn|Kapoor|2013|p=49}} While in a joint command, the parent service remains part of the decision-making process, in integrated commands, resources from the three services are already placed under one commander. In the case of an integrated command, the commander must be able to fully understand the workings of all the services under his command.{{Sfn|Kapoor|2013|pp=48–49}}

== Implementation ==
India, as of May 2025, has two fully functional unified commands — the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] (ANC) set up in 2001 and the [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC) set up in 2003. While the ANC is an integrated theatre command, the SFC is an integrated functional command (or specified combatant command).{{Sfn|Rana|2016|p=13}} There are 17 single-service commands — 7 of the Army, 7 of the Air Force, and 3 of the Navy. Each of these commands is located at a separate base.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-21|title=Setting up theatre commands next step in military reforms: Army Chief|work=Business Standard India|agency=PTI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/theaterisation-of-armed-forces-next-logical-step-in-military-reforms-after-appointment-of-cds-army-chief-120102101564_1.html|access-date=2020-10-22}}</ref>

=== 2020 ===
The [[Air Defence Command (India)|Air Defence Command]] was expected to be the first command to be undertaken as of 2020.<ref name=":3" /> Integrated commands set up as specialised service providers have also been formed: [[Defence Cyber Agency]], [[Defence Space Agency]], and the [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]] that are agencies of [[Integrated Defence Staff]].{{Sfn|Kapoor|2013|p=56}} The [[Defence Cyber Agency]] could go on to form the Information Warfare Command.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Asthana|first=SB|date=6 April 2020|title=Indian Model of Theatre Commands: The Road Ahead!|url=http://usiblog.in/indian-model-of-theatre-commands-the-road-ahead/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=The United Service Institution of India|language=en-US}}</ref> Other proposed commands include the Logistics Command and the Training & Doctrinal Command.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Integrated Defence Staff]] and the [[Defence Planning Committee]] are an integral part of the theaterisation process.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Integrated Defence Staff|url=https://ids.nic.in/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=ids.nic.in}}</ref> In February, the then [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) [[General (India)|General]] Bipin Rawat said two to five theatre commands are being looked into.<ref name=":6" />

=== 2023 ===
In June, reports confirmed that [[Air Defence Command (India)|Air Defence Command]] will not be operationalised due to [[Indian Air Force]] stating a different Command for Air Defence shall be "counter-productive" because "air defence" and "offensive air" operations are inter-dependent. Air Force also cited "that dividing limited air assets into separate [sic] commands would be unwise." Hence, as of 2023, three different commands will be set up, one for managing the border with China, another one for managing the border with Pakistan, and the third as the [[Maritime Theatre Command]]. Each of the commands will be headed by three-star officers from the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />

=== 2024 ===
In July, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] identified [[Jaipur]] as the base for the [[Western Theatre Command (India)|Western Theatre Command]]; [[Lucknow]] as the base for the [[Northern Theatre Command]] and the base for [[Maritime Theatre Command]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The maintenance facilities for common platforms used by more than one branch like [[AK-203]] rifle, [[HAL Dhruv]], [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|AH-64E Apache]], [[HAL Prachand]], [[Dassault Rafale]], etc. are also planned to be brought under an Integrated Maintenance Command.<ref name=":10">{{cite news |title=Three Theatre Command bases identified, Military Affairs Dept working to integrate forces for future wars |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/three-theatre-command-bases-identified-military-affairs-dept-working-to-integrate-forces-for-future-wars20240703214203/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |agency=ANI |date=3 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Defence Ministry identifies three locations to set up Theatre Commands |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/theatre-commands-defence-ministry-chief-of-defence-staff-lucknow-jaipur-thiruvanthapuram-2562057-2024-07-04 |access-date=5 July 2024 |agency=India Today |date=4 July 2024}}</ref>

On 4 and 5 September, the first Joint Commander's Conference (JCC) was held at [[Lucknow]] (current headquarters Army [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]]). The CDS General [[Anil Chauhan]] inaugurated the first conference.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Joint Commanders’ Conference to be held at Central Command HQs in Lucknow |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2051346 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=First Joint Commanders’ Conference commences in Lucknow |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2051760 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> The other attendees of the meeting included [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] [[Giridhar Aramane]], the 3 Service Chiefs, the 17 Commanders-in-Chief of current Commands of the Services, the 2 Commanders-in-Chief of current Tri-service Commands, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] chairman and other senior personalities of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. During the conference, the defence minister received the "detailed modalities" for the creation of Integrated Theatre Commands prepared by the Armed Forces Services. The Armed Forces would roll out the timeline of the introduction of the Theatre Commands. The plans to set up four Joint Logistics Nodes (JLN) at [[Leh]], [[Siliguri]], [[Sulur]], and [[Prayagraj]] were to be proposed in addition to the already-established ones at [[Mumbai]], [[Guwahati]], and [[Port Blair]]. It was also noted that Commanders-in-Chief of the three Theatre Commands and the Vice Chief of Defence Staff are proposed to be four-star rank officers equivalent to the Chiefs of the Services (General, [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] and [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]). The theatre commanders will handle operational security, while the role of the service chiefs will be to strengthen other administrative functions of the Armed Forces. An Army and Air Force officer would head the Western and Northern Command for 18 months in rotation, while a Navy officer would head the Maritime Command. There has been many developments and discussions in the last 2 years for setting up the Theatre Commands.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-09-02 |title=Rajnath to be presented recommendations on theatre commands at first JCC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajnath-to-be-presented-recommendations-on-theatre-commands-at-first-jcc/article68597674.ece |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Dr Ravi |date=2024-08-31 |title=Lucknow Commanders’ Meet Set To Rollout Timelines For Theatre Command |url=https://bharatshakti.in/lucknow-commanders-meet-set-to-rollout-timelines-for-theatre-command/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=India set for its biggest military reform as Integrated Theatre Commands await final govt nod |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/india-set-for-its-biggest-military-reform-as-integrated-theatre-commands-await-final-govt-nod-2597327-2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

During the JCC meeting, a formal proposal for setting up three Integrated Theatre Commands (ITC) was submitted. This is expected to be approved by the Ministry of Defence soon. The transition to the ‘one border, one force’ concept from a service-specific command shall be the largest military reform in India since [[Indian independence movement|independence]]. The concept of ITCs was developed under the leadership of CDS Anil Chauhan for 20 months. He expects the military reform will take 2 years for full implementation. This plan also includes setting up cyber, space, and underwater sub-commands.<ref name=":11" /> On 23 October, [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Army Chief]] General [[Upendra Dwivedi]] announced during a press conference that the formal proposal for the Theatre Commands are at a "mature" stage and is ready to be sent to the Government for decision-making.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatre command plan to be sent to govt soon: Army Chief |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/theatre-command-plan-to-be-sent-to-govt-soon-army-chief/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== January–June 2025 ===
On 1 January, it was reported that the Defence Ministry has recognised 2025 as the "Year of Reforms" and the primary objective would be the roll-out of the theatre commands, development of domains like cyber security and space, and emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, hypersonic, and robotics. Steps would be taken to streamline the process of defence acquisition procedures and make them more time-sensitive.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-01 |title=Defence Ministry declares 2025 as 'year of reforms'; lists simpler procurement, theaterisation as priorities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-declares-2025-as-year-of-reforms/article69049368.ece |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> From the same day, changes were also observed in the appointment of [[Aide-de-camp|Aide-de-Camp]] (personal staff officers) of the Chiefs of Staffs. Earlier, the ADC officers were selected by the Chiefs from the units of their own branch or service. However, from 2025, the same would be selected from the sister services of the respective Chiefs. None of the high-ranking officials were against the theaterisation concept during the meetings since September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-31 |title=In a first, Army, Navy and Air Force chiefs to get aides from sister services |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-navy-air-force-theaterisation-adc-appointment-chief-of-defence-staff-general-anil-chauhan-aide-de-camp-2657934-2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> By August, the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Navy Chief]] had an ADC from the Army while the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Air Chief]] had a naval Flight Lieutenant-ranked ADC officer.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Theaterisation plan: CDS, Navy Chief say committed to integrating capabilities, addressing ‘dissonance’ in services |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/theaterisation-plan-cds-navy-chief-say-committed-to-integrating-capabilities-addressing-dissonance-services-10214962/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As for air defence, the [[Akashteer|Akastheer]] system of the [[Indian Army]] is being integrated with the [[Integrated Air Command and Control System]] (IACCS) of the [[Indian Air Force]] to increase the efficiency of the Armed Forces to defend the Indian airspace. This brings the radars of the Army through Akashteer and the Air Force radars and civilian radars through the IACCS under the Joint Air Defence Centre (JADC) level. Post integration, IAF will be in charge of the JADC. As of January, integration for one site is complete, while that for the other sites is underway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |last2=ThePrint |date=2025-01-15 |title=How IAF, Army are moving towards jointness with integration of air defence systems |url=https://theprint.in/defence/how-iaf-army-are-moving-towards-jointness-with-integration-of-air-defence-systems/2445411/?amp |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In the book "''Ready, Relevant and Resurgent: A Blueprint for the Transformation of India’s Military''" authoured by CDS Anil Chauhan which was released on 22 May, he described that following the Theaterisation the Command Chiefs will be tasked for Force Application or operational aspects while the Service Chiefs will be tasked for Force Generation or to "Raise, Train and Sustain" the branches of the Armed Forces.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-05-23 |title=Creation of theatre commands will kick-start next generation of reforms: CDS Gen. Anil Chauhan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-armed-forces-restructuring-theatre-commanders-to-look-after-force-application-service-chiefs-force-generation/article69609933.ece |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE WEEK |url=https://www.theweek.in/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

On 24 June, the Defence Minister Rajnath Singh authorised the CDS and Secretary, Department of Military Affairs, to issue Joint Instructions and Joint Orders applicable which would be applicable for to the Army, Air Force, as well as Navy. This is against the earlier norm of issuing separate instructions and orders for each different service. The first Joint Order, titled "Approval, Promulgation and Numbering of Joint Instructions and Joint Orders," was issued the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-24 |title=Govt allows single-point command for Army, Navy, Air Force via Chief of Defence Staff & DMA Secy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/govt-allows-single-point-command-for-army-navy-air-force-via-chief-of-defence-staff-dma-secy/articleshow/122049727.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== August–December 2025 ===
On 7 August, the CDS Anil Chauhan and the Secretary of the Department of Military Affairs released the "Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations" and "Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations" during the Chiefs of Staff Committee meeting in New Delhi. While the former aims to defend national cyberspace interests through integrated offensive-defensive capabilities, real-time intelligence, and joint cyber force development, the latter is meant to enable coordinated maritime-air-land operations for power projection ashore through interoperability, rapid response, and joint force application. Multiple other doctrines and premiers, including the ones for Military Space Operations, Special Forces Operations, Airborne & Heliborne Operations, Integrated Logistics, and Multi Domain Operations, are being drafted.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=CDS formally releases declassified versions of Joint Doctrines for Cyberspace Operations & Amphibious Operations |date=2025-08-07 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2153626 |access-date=2025-09-01 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-08-08 |title=Defence Chief releases declassified doctrines on cyberspace, amphibious operations |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cds-anil-chauhan-releases-declassified-doctrines-on-cyberspace-amphibious-operations-during-the-chiefs-of-staff-committee-meeting-2768061-2025-08-08 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 August, the CDS Anil Chauhan released the "Joint Doctrine for Special Forces Operations" and "Joint Doctrine for Airborne & Heliborne Operations" during the Ran Samwad tri-service seminar at the [[Army War College, Mhow]]. This doctrine was formulated under the leadership of the Doctrine Directorate, Headquarters of the Integrated Defence Staff, in coordination with the three Services. The doctrine is meant to document the principles, concepts, and frameworks for conducting Special Forces missions and Airborne Operations, respectively.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=CDS releases Joint Doctrines for Special Forces Operations and Airborne & Heliborne Operations at RAN SAMWAD |date=2025-08-25 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2161134 |access-date=2025-09-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901161944/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2161134 |archive-date=2025-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-30 |title=Bhairav commandos to add muscle to Army by October 31 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhairav-commandos-to-add-muscle-to-army-by-october-31/articleshow/123592968.cms |access-date=2025-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

During this first-of-its-kind seminar, certain differences among CDS Anil Chauhan, CNS [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Dinesh K Tripathi]] and CAS [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Amar Preet Singh|A P Singh]] were reportedly evident from their speeches. While the latter suggested not to rush to establish Integrated Theatre Commands in the Indian Armed Forces while following foreign models, the Navy Chief embraced the proposal and expressed the force's commitment to integrate its command and control, communications, and combat capabilities with the other services to achieve theaterisation. The CDS, meanwhile, said any "dissonance" within the Armed Forces on the creation of the theatre commands would be solved in the "best interest of the nation". The Air Force Chief, however, supported an idea of setting up a centralised "joint planning and coordination centre" in the National Capital of Delhi under the Chief of Staff Committee to enhance jointness and synergy in the Armed Forces.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-26 |title=IAF Chief cautions against rolling out theaterisation plan in hurry; proposes joint planning, coordination centre |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-chief-cautions-against-rolling-out-theaterisation-plan-in-hurry-proposes-joint-planning-coordination-centre/articleshow/123529824.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2025-08-27 |title=‘Shouldn’t rush for theaterisation, Op Sindoor established air power primacy’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/shouldnt-rush-for-theaterisation-op-sindoor-established-air-power-primacy-10213569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920035403/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/shouldnt-rush-for-theaterisation-op-sindoor-established-air-power-primacy-10213569/ |archive-date=2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Combined Commanders' Conference (CCC) 2025 of the Indian Army took place in [[Fort William, West Bengal|Fort William]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] (current [[Fort William, West Bengal|headquarters]] Army [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-09-14 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate three-day armed forces’ conference in Kolkata on Sept. 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/prime-minister-narendra-modi-armed-forces-conference-kolkata-september-15-2025/article70048211.ece |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> between 15 and 17 September. The conference was inaugurated by the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]]. The theme of the conference was ''Year of Reforms - Transforming for the Future'', with the focus being on reforms, transformation, and change, and operational preparedness, and emphasising the Indian Armed Forces' necessary institutional reforms, deeper integration, technological modernisation, and sustained multi-domain operational readiness. The CCC is the Armed Forces' biennial apex-level forum. The 16th edition will see the participation of the nation's top civil and military leaders including the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]], [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]], Minister of State for Defence, Chief of Defence Staff, [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] as well as officers from the three Services and the Integrated Defence Staff. The last CCC was hosted in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 2023. The Prime Minister would also be reportedly briefed of the planned higher level reforms in the Armed Forces especially the creation of three Integrated Theatre Commands.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Prime Minister to inaugurate Combined Commanders’ Conference 2025 in Kolkata on 15th September |date=2025-09-08 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2164645 |access-date=2025-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-09-08 |title=PM Modi to Inaugurate Combined Commanders’ Conference 2025 in Kolkata |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-combined-commanders-conference-of-armed-forces-in-kolkata-on-september-15/article70025746.ece |access-date=2025-09-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-15 |title=Combined Commanders' Conference (CCC): PM Modi inaugurates key Kolkata meet; Rajnath, armed forces chiefs present |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/combined-commanders-conference-ccc-pm-modi-inaugurates-key-kolkata-meet-rajnath-armed-forces-chiefs-present/articleshow/123895082.cms |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The conference began with demonstrations by the Joint Operations Command Centre and a live Air Defence demonstration, exhibiting the modern capabilities in air surveillance, missile defence, and counter-drone operations. The CDS also summarised the progress on the major reforms undertaken over the last two years. The Prime Minister also gave his speech on the first day, followed by the Defence Minister. The second day focused on [[information warfare]] and was followed by a session organised by Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff. The "Joint Military Space Doctrine" was also released the same day. The third day was reserved for the requirement of jointness and integration across the Services as well as fostering interoperability, streamlining decision-making, and reforming institutional structures for space, cyber, information, and special operations domains.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Armed Forces shape future roadmap at Combined Commanders’ Conference 2025 |date=2025-09-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2167585 |access-date=2025-09-18}}</ref> Two announcements were made on the third day itself. One of them was the establishment of a tri-service Education Corps through the merger of the education institutions of the three Services, while the other was the setting up creation of three Joint Military Stations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2025-09-18 |title=Historic move: India to set up first-ever joint military stations, merge defence education wings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/combined-commanders-conference-three-joint-military-stations-tri-services-education-corps-to-boost-integration-10256412/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=2025-09-17 |title=Army, Navy, IAF education wings merged; 3 joint military stations approved |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/army-navy-iaf-education-wings-merged-3-joint-military-stations-approved-125091701531_1.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banarjee |first=Ajay |date=2025-09-18 |title=Forces to get 3 joint military stations, common education corps |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/forces-to-get-3-joint-military-stations-common-education-corps/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The Joint Military Stations will be established in Thiruvananthapuram, [[Visakhapatnam]], and [[Gandhinagar]] in the first phase. The Armed Forces also aims to standardise equipment, supply chains for logistics and procurement across the services, in addition to joint training at all levels, more cross-postings, exposure to other services, and even greater social interaction among personnel to enhance jointness and integration within the military. The expansion of the tri-service communication network is also planned. Multiple changes are being incorporated to increase the jointness. These include reworking of vacancies and syllabi of certain courses and phasing out or harmonising some service-specific customs or traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2025-09-30 |title=Exclusive: Standardised gear, shared logistics, joint training to boost Army, Navy, Air Force integration before theatre command |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/common-supplies-to-joint-training-armed-forces-look-at-steps-ahead-of-theatrisation-10279276/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930160559/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/common-supplies-to-joint-training-armed-forces-look-at-steps-ahead-of-theatrisation-10279276/ |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Yogada |date=2025-10-02 |title=Theatre command: How India is looking to integrate Air Force, Navy and Army operations under a new strategy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-indian-air-force-theatre-command-indian-navy-operation-sindoor-india-pakistan-war-india-defence-integration-plan-modi/articleshow/124270382.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

As reported in November, the defence ministry has fast-tracked the process to establish theatre commands. The commands will be structured with the assistance of the Chief of Defence Staff. Preliminary work to enhance the integrity of the three services has been completed. This includes increasing the frequency of meetings among the services and the [[Department of Military Affairs]] (DMA). The proposal to activate the formations at the [[Cabinet Committee on Security|cabinet level]] is to be completed soon. Thereafter, the same would be presented to the Defence Minister and the National Security Advisor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=2025-11-18 |title=Defence Ministry accelerates formation of new theatre commands after Op Sindoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-ministry-accelerates-the-process-of-forming-new-theatre-commands-post-operation-sindoor-2822126-2025-11-18 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2026 ===
As reported by the [[Hindustan Times]] on 2 February 2025, the three proposed theatre commands is expected to be established before the tenure of [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]] ends as the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] in 30 May 2026. The next step is a note to the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]], led by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] for final approval. Meanwhile, the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] has cleared the concept in-principle, the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] has examined the proposal and the three service chiefs and the CDS have signed the documents for their approvals. The Prime Minister has already given his support and explained the necessity to establish the structure during the Combined Commanders’ Conference in Kolkata in September 2025.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-02 |title=India’s military at inflection point as stage set for theatre commands, budget the first big signal {{!}} Point Blank |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-military-at-inflection-point-as-stage-set-for-theatre-commands-budget-the-first-big-signal-point-blank-video-101770028991503.html |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Foundational legislation ==

=== Inter-Services Organisations (Command, Control & Discipline) Act, 2023 ===
During the Monsoon Session of 2023, [[Parliament of India]] passed the [https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/Interservicesact5923.pdf '''I'''nter-Services Organisations (Command, Control & Discipline) Act, 2023]. The [[Bill (law)#India|Bill]] received the [[President of India|President]]'s assent on August 15, 2023. As notified through [[The Gazette of India|Gazette]] Notification No SRO 72 dated December 27, 2024, this is:

{{Blockquote|text=An Act to empower the Commander-in-Chief or the Officer-in-Command of Inter-services Organisations in respect of service personnel who are subject to the Air Force Act, 1950, the Army Act, 1950 and the Navy Act, 1957, who are serving under or attached to his command, for the maintenance of discipline and proper discharge of their duties, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto|author=|title=|source=}}

According to an [https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2020222 official press release], "The Act empowers Commanders-in-Chief and Officers-in-Command of ISOs to exercise control over Service personnel, serving under them, for effective maintenance of discipline and administration, without disturbing the unique service conditions of each Service. With the notification, the Act will empower the Heads of ISOs and pave the way for expeditious disposal of cases, avoid multiple proceedings, and will be a step towards greater integration & jointness among the Armed Forces personnel." This confirmed the progress in the matters of establishment of theatre commands under the Indian Armed Forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-11 |title=Defence ministry notifies Inter-Services Organisations Act to integrate tri-service military discipline |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/defence-ministry-notifies-inter-services-organisations-act-to-integrate-tri-service-military-discipline-429174-2024-05-11 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-11 |title=Inter-Services Organisations Act notified: Defence Ministry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/inter-services-organisations-act-notified-defence-ministry-9321264/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Act was enforced into effect from 10 May 2024<ref name=":12" /> as a replacement for the provisions contained in the specific service acts—Army Act 1950, Navy Act 1957 and Air Force Act 1950—in the ISOs.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Theatre commands a step closer? Centre notifies key rules to ensure jointness, military discipline |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/05/28/theatre-commands-a-step-closer-centre-notifies-key-rules-to-ensure-jointness-military-discipline.html |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

=== Inter-Services Organisations (Command, Control & Discipline) Rules, 2025 ===
The [https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/may/doc2025528559401.pdf Inter-Services Organisations (Command, Control & Discipline) Rules, 2025] are a set of subordinate legislation enacted under Section 11 of the ISO Act. These rules provide the detailed administrative, operational, and procedural framework for implementing the provisions of the Act, particularly in the context of India’s evolving joint military structures, including Joint Services Commands. The implementation of the Rules from 27 May 2025 fully operationalises the ISO Act.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-28 |title=Govt notifies Rules under Inter-Services Organisations (Command, Control & Discipline) Act 2023 enabling greater jointness and Command efficiency in Armed Forces |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2131856 |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Centre notifies rules for unified command for 3 services amid India-Pak tensions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-notifies-rules-for-unified-military-command-across-army-navy-and-air-force-amid-india-pak-tensions-2731705-2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

* '''Inter-services unit''': A military unit, ship, or establishment comprising personnel from two or more branches of the Indian Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force), commanded by an officer from any of these services and authorised under Section 8 of the Act.

* '''Joint Services Command''': A higher-level military command consisting of personnel from multiple branches of the Indian Armed Forces, led by a Commander-in-Chief holding the rank of Lieutenant General, Air Marshal, or Vice Admiral.

== List of Joint Services Commands ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Type
!Year established
!Status
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
|Theatre Command
|2001
|Operational
|
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=16 May 2019 |title=Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-begins-setting-up-new-tri-service-agencies-to-handle-special-operations-space-and-cyberspace/articleshow/69346012.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528120316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-begins-setting-up-new-tri-service-agencies-to-handle-special-operations-space-and-cyberspace/articleshow/69346012.cms |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Strategic Forces Command]]
|Functional Command
|2003
|Operational
|
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[Defence Cyber Agency]]
|Functional agency
| 2019
| Operational
| rowspan="3" |Part of [[Integrated Defence Staff]]
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[Defence Space Agency]]
|Functional agency
| 2019
| Operational
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[Armed Forces Special Operations Division|Special Operations Division]]
|Functional unit
| 2019
| Operational
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[Northern Theatre Command (India)|Northen Theatre Command]]
|Theatre Command
| rowspan="3" |2026 (expected)<ref name=":16" />
|Proposed
|To be headquartered in [[Lucknow]].<ref name=":10" />
|<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />
|-
|[[Western Theatre Command (India)|Western Theatre Command]]
|Theatre Command
|Proposed
|To be headquartered in [[Jaipur]]<ref name=":10" />
|<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-18 |title=Three theatre commands on anvil as tri-services ‘concur’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/three-theatre-commands-on-anvil-as-tri-services-concur/articleshow/101073664.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maritime Theatre Command]]
| Theatre Command
|Proposed
|To be headquartered in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref name=":10" />
|<ref name="India Today 27-11-2020">{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=November 27, 2020|title=The high seas command|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20201207-the-high-se-as-command-1744377-2020-11-27|access-date=November 29, 2020|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name=":8" />
|-
|Logistics Command
| –
| –
|Proposed
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Training & Doctrinal Command
| –
| –
|Proposed
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

=== Previously Planned Commands ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
! colspan="2" |Planned Type
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|[[Air Defence Command (India)|Air Defence Command]]
|Unified
|Theatre Command
|Shall not be formed due to "limited assets" as cited by the Air Force
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=What IAF chief’s thumbs down for separate air defence command means for India’s military theaterisation plans |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-iaf-chief-s-thumbs-down-for-separate-air-defence-command-means-for-india-s-military-theaterisation-plans-1976977-2022-07-18 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-18 |title=India moves ahead with creation of theatre commands for integrated war-fighting |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-moves-ahead-with-creation-of-theatre-commands-for-integrated-war-fighting/articleshow/101078591.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|}

== Defence Communication Network ==
To enable the tri-services to exchange information, intelligence, and situational awareness, the [[Department of Telecommunications]], in collaboration with the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], established an indigenous, sophisticated, secure Defence Communication Network (DCN) covering all Indian territories. A 57,000-kilometre [[fibre-optic cable]] has been installed by [[BSNL]] as of April 2020. Satellite links or microwave radios will be used to connect remote military bases. Along 100 kilometres of the international boundary, a Defence Interest Zone and exclusive defence band were established, where [[Spectrum (brand)|spectrum]] was set aside exclusively for the Armed Forces' usage. It was officially launched on 30 June 2016 by [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[Manohar Parrikar]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=30 June 2016 |title=India's first integrated defence communication network launched |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-first-integrated-defence-communication-network-launched-116063000506_1.html |access-date=7 July 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-09-25 |title=Towards an Integrated Military Future |url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/towards-an-integrated-military-future/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=raksha-anirveda.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Santosh |last2=Kataria |first2=Ritu |last3=Patiyal |first3=Anchal |last4=Aggarwal |first4=Rishita |date=18 May 2025 |title=Forging One Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?id=154490&NoteId=154490&ModuleId=3 |access-date=7 July 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

The DCN is the first tri-services network specifically designed to improve [[jointness]], even though the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and [[Indian Navy]] each have their own command, communication, and intelligence networks The DCN project worth [[₹]]600 [[crore]], is designed and developed by [[HCLTech]]. Initially, it provided 111 military sites with high-quality phone, video, and data services. It has been installed on a variety of military vehicles and can function on both satellite and terrestrial communication channels. [[HCL Infosystems]] began nationwide implementation on 30 June 2018. DCN functions during military and rescue operations. The Strategic Forces Command, the [[Integrated Defence Staff|Integrated Defense Staff]], the Indian Army, the Indian Air Force, and the Indian Navy are all connected by DCN.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-30 |title=India's First Integrated Defence Communication Network Launched |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-first-integrated-defence-communication-network-launched-1426516 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-30 |title=India’s first integrated defence communication network launched |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/hcl-info-implements-indias-first-integrated-defence-communication-network/article8792134.ece |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2016 |title=India gets its own Defence Communication Network: All you need to know about it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/india-defence-communication-network-326959-2016-07-02 |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> It is the single largest satellite network in the Indian Armed Forces.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2016 |title=Indian armed forces get converged communication network |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-armed-forces-get-converged-communication-network/story-qVvbLYosFAdhT2l0mLSVwI.html |access-date=7 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Along with all the commands of the three services, DCN integrates the entire nation, from [[Ladakh]] to the [[Northeast India|northeast]] to the island territories of [[Lakshadweep|Lakshwadeep]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 July 2016 |title=India gets first integrated def communication network |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/india/india-gets-first-integrated--def-communication-network.html |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Union Cabinet]] authorised {{INRConvert|24664|c|lk=on}} for the fibre-optic cable network in May 2018. On 19 April 2020, [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] reported that [[Larsen & Toubro]] had been assigned to oversee the communications network, also known as the Armed Forces Network (AFN), which links 414 military sites. There will be an additional 60,000 kilometres of fibre-optic cable installed. The network will be managed, supported, and run by L&T's developed Unified Network Management System (UNMS) within 18 months starting 14 April 2020 at the cost {{INRConvert|2700|c|lk=on}}. Network assets will be visible and monitored in real-time by UNMS's Next Generation Operations Support System. Call routing and connection, alternative routing, system repair, and [[data transmission]], video, and audio functionality are all included. With the help of data centre infrastructure, which handles networking, [[routing]], switching, server and storage provision, and military [[network firewall]], it will oversee the addition and removal of services. L&T will set up a Security Operations Centre to handle logs, alerts, archives, and security threats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=2020-04-19 |title=L&T bags hush-hush defence communication contract |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/lt-bags-hush-hush-defence-communication-contract/20200419.htm |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== Integrated Rocket Force ==
[[File:Pralay missile - Indian Republic day Parade Rehearsal 2025.jpg|thumb|Pralay missile]]
The '''Integrated Rocket Force''' ('''IRF''') is a proposed tri-service entity to be formed under the Indian Armed Forces which will handle [[Ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], [[Cruise missile|cruise missiles]] and [[Multiple rocket launcher|multi barrel rocket launchers]] with conventional warheads unlike [[Strategic Forces Command]] which is tasked with land-based nuclear deterrence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-18 |title=India tests long-range cruise missile for precision-strike capabilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-long-range-cruise-missile-for-precision-strike-capabilities/articleshow/109411417.cms |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> An idea of such a Rocket Force was initially proposed by late [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]]. The IRF will have up to medium-range surface-to-surface strike capabilities and will assist India's "non-contact" warfare in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India’s Coming ‘Rocket Force’ |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/indias-coming-rocket-force/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The proposed weapon systems to remain in IRF's arsenal include [[Pralay (missile)|Pralay]], [[Nirbhay]], [[BrahMos]], [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher|Pinaka MBRL]], and another proposed 1,500 km range ballistic missile ([[Agni-P#BM-04|BM-04]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newly-proposed rocket forces may get 1,500 km range ballistic missiles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/newly-proposed-rocket-forces-may-get-1500-km-range-ballistic-missiles-2458495-2023-11-05 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> IRF's arsenal will initially consist of surface-to-surface missiles within the arsenal of the Indian Army and Air Force, which have 370 Pralay missiles on order. “All such missiles and rocket systems of the Army, Navy, and IAF will be integrated under the IRF for better command and control. This is required especially along the northern borders with China," according to a source cited by a report.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-17 |title=Will India finally have a dedicated rocket force? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/will-india-finally-have-a-dedicated-rocket-force/articleshow/100291322.cms |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The Rocket Force is in an early discussion stage, and much is not known about its establishment. It is not decided whether IRF will be a tri-service agency like Defence Cyber Agency and Defence Space Agency or a tri-service command-level organisation like Strategic Forces Command.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Integrated rocket force: Imperfect but a step in the right direction |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/integrated-rocket-force |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref> Instead of relying solely on nuclear deterrence, the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] argues that India is being forced to reinvest in complementary and mixed strategies due to the proliferation of arms in a new technological era. One step towards that goal is the IRF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ransing |first=Mandar |date=2025-02-25 |title=The Integrated Rocket Force (IRF) as India’s Bid for Conventional Deterrence |url=https://nuclearnetwork.csis.org/the-integrated-rocket-force-irf-as-indias-bid-for-conventional-deterrence/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Nuclear Network |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024, it was reported that the [[Long Range – Anti Ship Missile (India)|Long Range – Anti Ship Missile]] (LRAShM) and its land-based [[hypersonic missile]] variant would form a part of the proposed Integrated Rocket Force. The missiles will be a [[medium-range ballistic missile]] (MRBM) with a range of more than {{Convert|1500|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-18 |title=India tests long-range cruise missile for precision-strike capabilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-long-range-cruise-missile-for-precision-strike-capabilities/articleshow/109411417.cms |access-date=2024-11-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=Newly-proposed rocket forces may get 1,500 km range ballistic missiles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/newly-proposed-rocket-forces-may-get-1500-km-range-ballistic-missiles-2458495-2023-11-05 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Agni-P#BM-04|BM-04]], a derivative of the [[Agni-P]], is being developed to satisfy the need for a conventional ballistic missile with a range of {{Convert|1500|km|abbr=on}} for the proposed Integrated Rocket Force. Utilizing a [[boostglide vehicle]], BM-04 will reach [[Mach]] 5 and beyond in order to neutralize [[anti-access/area denial]] (A2/AD) environment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katoch (Retd) |first=Lt. General P.C. |date=2025-03-14 |title=Indigenous Hypersonic Missile |url=https://www.spslandforces.com/experts-speak/?id=1246&h=Indigenous-Hypersonic-Missile |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=spslandforces.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-06 |title=BM-04 short-range ballistic missile: DRDO reveals India's latest hypersonic weapon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bm-04-short-range-ballistic-missile-drdo-reveals-indias-latest-hypersonic-weapon/articleshow/118755583.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mandal |first=Sohini |last2=Udoshi |first2=Rahul |date=5 March 2025 |title=India's DRDO unveils BM-04 SRBM |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/indias-drdo-unveils-bm-04-srbm |access-date=7 March 2025 |work=[[Janes Information Services]]}}</ref>

In January 2026, the Indian Army placed an order for [[PULS (multiple rocket launcher)|''Suryastra'' multi calibre rocket launcher]] with NIBE Limited. The ammunition include rockets with a maximum range of 150 km and 300 km and [[loitering munition]] with 100 km range.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2026-01-03 |title=Army signs deal to procure long-range rocket launchers Suryastra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-procure-long-range-rocket-launchers-in-major-deal-backed-by-israeli-technology/article70468168.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The system will be part of the deep strike rocket force which is reported to be a part of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2026-01-02 |title=Army seals Rs 292 crore contract for indigenously manufactured rockets that can strike up to 300 km |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/02/army-to-get-indigenously-manufactured-rockets-that-can-strike-up-to-300-km-in-rs-292-crore-contract |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A report on 27 January by the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' indicated that the Army had raised 2 units of the rocket force and has increased the range of its artillery from 150 km to 1,000 km.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Indian Army to monitor low-altitude airspace along China, Pakistan borders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-to-monitor-low-altitude-airspace-along-china-pakistan-borders-101769477379114.html |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical commentary ==
Retd. [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy|S Krishnaswamy]], the former Chief of Air Staff, wrote an article in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' titled, "''Why theatre commands is an unnecessary idea''" where he conveys that the idea of dividing India into "Theatre Command(s) may seemingly have some operational advantage" but "the permanency of dividing our territory into Operational Theatres as a defence measure seems preposterous. And to state that such a division is required to defend our country more effectively sounds alarming."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnaswamy|first=S|author-link=Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy|date=2018-08-16|title=Why theatre commands is an unnecessary idea|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-military-theatre-commands-is-an-unnecessary-idea-5308890/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Air Marshal [[Narayan Menon]] writes that Integrated Theatre Commands work for United States, Russia and China is because militarily they are countries which are self-sufficient while "India is in a completely different and subordinate class" in terms of military expenditure and "shortages in personnel, equipment and firepower" in all three of the services.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Air Marshal (Ret’d) Narayan|author-link=Narayan Menon|date=20 August 2018|title=Theatre Commands — The India Context|url=http://capsindia.org/files/documents/CAPS_Infocus_NM_00.pdf|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Centre for Air Power Studies}}</ref> Maj Gen (Retd) SB Asthana notes that the idea of Integrated Theatre Commands in India "seems to be driven more by economic considerations and less by operational inadequacies".<ref name=":2" />

[[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] Anant Bewoor (Retd.) opposes theaterisation for India, stating that countries with Integrated Theatre Commands, such as the United States, Russia, and China, have different international expeditionary goals as compared to India. India neither has the forces for Integrated Commands, nor the geographical and strategic need, nor the international expeditionary ambitions. He also points out that Pakistan, which does not have Integrated Theatre Commands, causes so much damage to India, nevertheless.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bewoor|first=Gp Capt (Retd) Anant|date=7 August 2018|title=The Unacceptable Idea of Theatre Commands|url=http://capsindia.org/files/documents/CAPS_Infocus_AB_00.pdf|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Centre for Air Power Studies}}</ref> Retd. [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] [[Jasjit Singh (IAF officer)|Jasjit Singh]] also commented that theatre commands are generally used for foreign operations, and India does not need such a force. Air Commodore Singh also argued that the specialisation that the current framework allows may be lost with unified commands and that if the services couldn't work together now, under the theatre process, the situation may be worse. {{Sfn|Rana|2015|p=45}}

== See also ==
* [[Exercise TROPEX]]
* [[Technical Support Division]]
*[[Civilian control of the military]]
*[[Civil–military relations]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}'''Bibliography'''{{refbegin|}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Kapoor|first=Deepak|author-link=Deepak Kapoor|date=Summer 2013|title=Need for Integrated Theatre Commands|url=https://archive.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1394685182Deepak%20Kapoor%20%20CJ%20Summer%202013.pdf|journal=CLAWS Journal|pages=46–60|via=CLAWS}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Rana|first=Vijai Singh|date=January–March 2015|title=Enhancing Jointness in Indian Armed Forces: Case for Unified Commands|url=https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_1_2015_VijaiSinghRana.pdf|journal=Journal of Defence Studies|volume=9|issue=1|pages=33–62|via=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses}}
* {{Cite web|last=Headquarters IDS|date=2017|title=Joint Doctrine: Indian Armed Forces|url=https://www.ids.nic.in/IDSAdmin/upload_images/doctrine/JointDoctrineIndianArmedForces2017.pdf|website=Integrated Defence Staff|access-date=24 October 2020|publisher=Directorate of Doctrine, Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff, Ministry of Defence}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Vice Admiral (Retd) P. S.|date=August 2007|title=Jointness in India's Military —What it is and What it Must Be|url=https://idsa.in/system/files/jds_1_1_psdas.pdf|journal=Journal of Defence Studies|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–12|via=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rana |first1=Vijai Singh |title=Status of Jointness in Indian Security Apparatus|url=https://idsa.in/monograph/status-of-jointness-in-indian-security-apparatus |date=May 2016 |publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |location=New Delhi |isbn=9789382169635}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal|first1=Vinod|last1= Anand |date=2008|url=https://idsa.in/jds/2_2_2008_IntegratingtheIndianMilitary_VAnand |title=Integrating the Indian Military: Retrospect and Prospect|journal=Journal of Defence Studies|volume= 2|issue= 2|pages=19–40}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Mukherjee|first=Anit|date=2017|title=Fighting Separately: Jointness and Civil-Military Relations in India|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|volume=40|issue=1–2|pages=6–34|doi=10.1080/01402390.2016.1196357|s2cid=156599462|doi-access=free}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Grant|first=Brig (Retd) NB|date=October–December 1976|title=Inter Services Cooperation and All That|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284731|journal=The United Service Institution of India|volume=CVI| issue = 445|pages=309–314|via=archive.org}}

{{Military of India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Joint military units and formations of India]]
[[Category:Military of India]]

Amar sadh na mitilo

2026-01-27T06:57:55Z

Siddharth Darnal: started

{{short description|Bengali devotional song}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Tone|date=June 2025}}{{one source|date=November 2025}} }}
'''Amar sadh na mitilo''' ({{langx|bn|আমার সাধ না মিটিলো}}) is a [[Shyama Sangeet]] or more specifically a Kali Bhajan composed by [[Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (West Bengal)|Kamalakanta Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amar Sadh Na Mitilo by Pannalal Bhattacharya|url=http://www.priyadarshan.org/amar-sadh-na-mitilo-pannalal-bhattacharya-29.html|accessdate=10 October 2011|archive-date=8 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008164502/http://www.priyadarshan.org/amar-sadh-na-mitilo-pannalal-bhattacharya-29.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In this song the poet indicates the futility of desire and explains the hardships he had gone through in order to get rid of the same. Also we see him dissatisfied by the lovelessness of the society and thus wants to escape this world and praying to [[Kali|Goddess Kali]] to give him shelter. [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]] was famous for singing this song.

The lyrics have been reproduced in several online sources.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Amar Sadh Na Mitilo Lyrics by Kumar Sanu
|url=https://www.amarkobita4u.com/2025/09/amar-sadh-na-mitilo-lyrics-kumar-sanu.html
|website=Amarkobita4u
|access-date=25 September 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924230214/https://www.amarkobita4u.com/2025/09/amar-sadh-na-mitilo-lyrics-kumar-sanu.html
|archive-date=24 September 2025
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (West Bengal)|Kamalakanta Bhattacharya]]

[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Shyama Sangeet]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional songs]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Mithuben Petit

2026-01-23T20:58:23Z

Siddharth Darnal: added references

{{Infobox person
| image = Mahatma & Sarojini Naidu 1930.JPG
| caption = Mahatma Gandhi, Petit (centre), and Sarojini Naidu in 1930
| birth_date = 11 April 1892
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], British India
| death_date = 16 July 1973
| death_place = Surat, Gujarat, India
| education = [[Convent of Jesus and Mary]], [[Colaba]]
| occupation = Indian independence activist
| relatives = [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]] (grandfather) [[Bomanjee Dinshaw Petit]] (uncle) [[Jehangir Bomanji Petit]] (cousin) [[Rattanbai Petit]] (cousin)
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] 1961
}}
{{Short description|Indian nationalist activist (1892–1973)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

[[File:Gandhi at Dandi, 5 April 1930.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] at Dandi 6 April 1930. Behind him is his second son Manilal Gandhi and Mithuben Petit.]]
'''Mithuben Hormusji Petit''' (11 April 1892 – 16 July 1973) was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist who participated in [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Salt March|Dandi March]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/photosdetail/MTU5/audio | title=Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu and Mithuben Petit | publisher=gandhiheritageportal.org | access-date=2017-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vDiqxmuQmIC&pg=PA143 | title=women pioneers in India's resistance | publisher=Kalpaz Publications | author=Simmi Jain | year=2003| isbn=9788178351742 }}</ref> A pioneer female independence activist,<ref name="google">{{cite book |author=Nawaz B. Mody |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mithuben+Petit |title=Women in India's freedom struggle |date=2000 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788177640700}}</ref><ref name="Mankekar2002">{{cite book |author=Mankekar |first=Kamla |author-link=Kamla Mankekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2P8pAAAAYAAJ&q=Mithuben+ |title=Women pioneers in India's renaissance, as I remember her: contributions from eminent women of present-day India |publisher=National Book Trust, India |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-237-3766-9}}</ref> she was the Secretary of the Rashtriya Stree Sabha, a women's movement founded on [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] ideals. She became a recipient of India’s fourth highest-civilian honour, [[Padma Shri]] in 1961, for her social work.

==Family and background==
Born on 11 April 1892 into an affluent [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]] in [[Bombay]], Petit's father was one of the sons of Sir [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]], a well-known industrialist, philanthropist, and [[Baronet]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPXVAAAAMAAJ&q=Dinshaw+Maneckji+Petit%2C+1st+Baronet | title=Parsi statues | publisher=Marzban J. Giara | author=Marzban J. Giara | year=2000}}</ref><ref name=lok>{{Cite news|url=http://www.loksatta.com/chaturang-news/socialist-mithuben-petit-207451/|title=पद्मश्री 'दीनभगिनी'|last=Gawalkar|first=Rohini|date=2013-09-28|work=Loksatta|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728112615/http://www.loksatta.com/chaturang-news/socialist-mithuben-petit-207451/|archive-date=2017-07-28|language=mr-IN}}</ref> Mithuben was the niece of industrialist [[Bomanjee Dinshaw Petit]] and cousin of [[Jehangir Bomanji Petit]] and [[Rattanbai Petit]].

Petit studied at [[Convent of Jesus and Mary]], [[Colaba]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Dec 2023 |title=Unsung Heroes Detail: Paying tribute to India's freedom fighters |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?3509 |archive-date= |access-date=4 Dec 2023}}</ref> Her activism was met with challenges by the [[Petit baronets|Petit family]], who urged her to renounce her activism or risk disinheritance, to which she refused and responded: "It is your business to sit with the government and mine to remain with the nation.".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mehermarfatia.com/pdf/30002015From%20silk%20To%20salt%20%26%20satyagraha.pdf | title=From Silk to Satyagraha | publisher=Sunday Times of India | date=August 19, 2007 | author=Meher Marfatia | access-date=2 May 2021 | archive-date=23 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223044851/http://mehermarfatia.com/pdf/30002015From%20silk%20To%20salt%20%26%20satyagraha.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
===Indian independence movement===
Petit was influenced by her aunt, [[Jaiji Jehangir Petit]], who was a follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and was the Secretary of the Rashtriya Stree Sabha, a women's movement founded on Gandhian ideals.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_P6VetxLLwC&pg=PA55 | title=Women in the Indian national movement: unseen faces and unheard voices, 1930-42 | publisher=SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd | author=Suruchi Thapar-Björkert | year=2006 | isbn=9789351502869}}</ref> She was active in the relief work during the floods of Gujarat in 1927, along with Ratanbahen Mehta and Bhaktiba Desai. During Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928, she moved from village to village to create awareness among the women. She took part in Borsad Satyagraha in 1929 and stayed at the camp.

Petit, along with [[Kasturba Gandhi]] and [[Sarojini Naidu]], played a major part in the [[Salt March]],<ref name="hindu" /> with Kasturba Gandhi beginning the march at [[Sabarmati]], Sarojini Naidu lifting the salt for the first time at Dandi on 6 April 1930 and Petit standing behind Mahatma Gandhi when he repeated the violation at Bhimrad on 9 April 1930. The march was one of the most important events in the Indian independence movement.<ref name="google" /> In a time when women were forced to take a back seat (due to the patriarchal culture at that time in India) Petit was one of the three women who played a pivotal role in the march and the [[civil disobedience]] against tax on salt.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-Great-Dandi-March-mdash-eighty-years-after/article16364352.ece | title=The Great Dandi March – eighty years after | work=thehindu.com | date=5 April 2010 | access-date=2017-07-02| last1=Gandhi | first1=Gopalkrishna }}</ref> Petit participated in the [[Bardoli Satyagraha]] of 1928 which was a no enhancement campaign against the [[British Raj]] where she worked under the guidance of [[Sardar Patel]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vDiqxmuQmIC&pg=PA143| title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Women Through the Ages: Period of freedom struggle| isbn=9788178351742| last1=Jain| first1=Simmi| year=2003| publisher=Gyan Publishing House}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2017}}</ref> Petit was instrumental in the anti-liquor movement in India and spent time with Mahatma Gandhi and explained the liquor issue with the [[schedule tribes]] in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/peacefulmethod.htm | title=anti-liquor movement | publisher=mkgandhi.org | access-date=2017-07-03}}</ref>

===Social work===
Petit set up an [[ashram]] in [[Maroli]] called ''Kasturba Vanat Shala'' or Kasturba Sevashram in 1930, which taught underprivileged children from families of [[Adivasi]]s, [[Harijan]]s and fisher folk spinning, carding, weaving, dairy farming, leather-work and a Diploma Course in Sewing, to make the women self-sufficient.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trustees|url=http://www.kasturbasevashram.org/trustee.html|website=Kasturbasevashram.org|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103061616/http://www.kasturbasevashram.org/trustee.html|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Petit, known as "Maiji" (mother) also opened a hospital of the same name for the scientific treatment of mentally ill patients in 1942.<ref name=kasturbasevashram>{{cite web| url=http://www.kasturbasevashram.org/activity.html| title=Kasturba Sevashram| publisher=kasturbasevashram.org| access-date=2017-07-20| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210604/http://www.kasturbasevashram.org/activity.html| archive-date=12 June 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title=Golden roots to golden fruits of mental health in Gujarat | year=2018 | publisher=Indian J Psychiatry. 2018 Feb; 60(Suppl 2): S227–S235| pmc=5836343 | last1=Mehta | first1=R. | last2=Shah | first2=A. | last3=Vankar | first3=G. K. | last4=Chauhan | first4=A. | last5=Bakre | first5=R. | journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry | volume=60 | issue=Suppl 2 | pages=S227–S235 | doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_448_17 | pmid=29527053 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Death==
She died on 16 July 1973, at [[Surat]].<ref name=lok/>

==Recognition==
Petit received the [[Padma Shri]] in 1961 for her social work.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Field=Social%20Work&Year=1961-1961&Place=Gujarat | title=Padma Shri in 1965 for social work | publisher=padmaawards.gov.in | access-date=2017-07-02 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728160000/http://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Field=Social%20Work&Year=1961-1961&Place=Gujarat | archive-date=28 July 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_41/ACC%20NO%20822-BR/HOM-1961-01-21-4419.pdf | title=Mithuben Petit Padma Shri | publisher=pib.nic.in/archive/docs | access-date=2017-07-06 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728200821/http://www.pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_41/ACC%20NO%20822-BR/HOM-1961-01-21-4419.pdf | archive-date=28 July 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170712025555/http://www.kasturbasevashram.org/about.html Kasturba Sevashram]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Mahatma Gandhi}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petit, Mithuben}}
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Women in Maharashtra politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Salt March]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:Petit family|Mithuben]]

INS Vijeta

2026-01-18T07:26:47Z

Siddharth Darnal: new the stub nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=
|flag= {{Navy|India}}
|name= INS ''Vijeta''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 27 March 1971
|decommissioned= 30 June 1992
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate=
|status=
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Vidyut|missile boat|1}}
|type=
|displacement= 245 tons (full load)<ref name=in-chamak>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |title=Indian Naval Ships-Missile Boat - Chamak Class |publisher=Indiannavy.nic.in |accessdate=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619082432/http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |archivedate=2009-06-19 }}</ref>
|length= 38.6 meters
|beam= 7.6 meters
|draught=
|draft=
|propulsion=
|speed= 37+ knots
|range=
|complement= 30
|sensors=
|armament=*4 × [[SS-N-2]]A Styx AShM
*2 × AK-230 30mm guns
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}
'''INS ''Vijeta'' (K84)''' (''Victor'') <ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE#:~:text=Noun,vijy%C4%AB)%2C%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%20(j%C4%ABtnev%C4%81l%C4%81)</ref> was a {{sclass|Vidyut|missile boat}} of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=gs-vidyut>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/viyut.htm |title=K83 Vidyut (Sov Osa-I) / K90 Viyut (Sov Osa-II) |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=1971-12-04 |accessdate=2012-04-24}}</ref><ref name=br-osa-I>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/88-Osa-I-Class.html |title=NAVY - Osa I Class |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |date=1971-10-28 |accessdate=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807090852/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/88-Osa-I-Class.html |archivedate=2011-08-07 }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Vidyut-class missile boat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijeta (K84)}}
[[Category:Vidyut-class missile boats]]
[[Category:1971 ships]]

Shruti Marathe

2025-12-27T19:06:48Z

Siddharth Darnal: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian film and television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Shruti Marathe
| image = Shruti Marathe in 2013.jpg
| image_size = 210
| alt = Shruti Marathe
| caption = Marathe in 2013
| birth_name = Shruti Marathe
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|10|10}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title='लोक मला राधाही 'ब्रा'वरी म्हणायचे पण...' श्रुती मराठेने सांगितलेला ट्रोलिंगचा धक्कादायक किस्सा; नेमकं काय घडलेलं? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/shruti-marathe-birthday-she-share-her-trolling-experience-of-radha-hi-bawari-time/articleshow/114073412.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Vadodara, Gujarat]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_name =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| alma_mater = St. Mira's College
| occupation = {{hlist|Model|Actress}}
| years_active = 2008 – present
| spouse = {{marriage|Gaurav Ghatnekar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://marathicineyug.com/photos/actress/1853-shruti-marathe-weds-gaurav-ghatnekar-marriage-photos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207000948/http://marathicineyug.com/photos/actress/1853-shruti-marathe-weds-gaurav-ghatnekar-marriage-photos |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 December 2016 |title=Shruti Marathe Weds Gaurav Ghatnekar Marriage Photos - MarathiCineyug.com | Theater |website=marathicineyug.com}}</ref> |2016}}
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
}}
'''Shruti Marathe '''(born 10 October 1986) is an Indian actress known for her works in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films and television.

== Personal life ==
Shruti married actor Gaurav Ghatnekar in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shruti Marathe and Gaurav Ghatnekar celebrate their second wedding anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shruti-marathe-and-gaurav-ghatnekar-celebrate-their-second-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/66934155.cms |access-date=28 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She sometimes goes by the name Shruti Prakash or Hema Malini while acting in South Indian films.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/Shruti-has-two-different-screen-names/articleshow/45822742.cms |title=Shruti has two different screen names |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2012, she decided to take a break from acting in Tamil films and decided to act full-time in Marathi industry as she found it difficult to act in those films due to lack of fluency in Tamil language and Marathi being her mother tongue. She had hired a tutor to teach her Tamil not for learning for scenes' dialogues but to interact with people and staff on sets.

In 2019, Shruti revealed that she was trolled on social media when she just entered the Marathi film industry but this trolling turned into appreciation. While shooting for the Tamil film ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' in 2010, she had worn a bikini for the song "Kathara Kathara" in that film. The film had received negative reviews and did poorly but was mainly remembered for that bikini scene in that song. She mentioned that she was asked to wear one and she readily agreed and said that she hadn't even considered questions like how was it going to be shot or whether it was required or not, as all that mattered to her was the opportunity to be part of that film. The fact that she had worked in a Tamil film and worn a bikini had gone under the radar as according to her back then South Indian films didn't make much news outside of those states as compared to today where accessibility to news about South Indian films is easy thanks to social media, OTT platforms and theaters. However, when she did her first Marathi daily soap ''[[Radha Hi Bawari]]'' in 2012 and gained fame in many households, many people out of curiosity started searching about her on the Internet with the first photo showing up of her in a bikini in a pool from one of those still photos of that film. Right after the first episode of the serial, she was heavily trolled on social media for those photos and the scene especially for the way it was shot. She was even bodyshamed for her weight in the beginning but she kept working as if that incident didn't bother her even though she was objectified on social media. Later on as the serial went on, she began to receive appreciation and love for her acting.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shruti-marathe-shares-her-metoo-story-in-a-shocking-incident/articleshow/68750737.cms | title=Shruti shares about her MeToo story in a shocking incident | website=The Times of India}}</ref>

She is also a member of a Nashik Dhol pathak (squad) named Kalavanta Dhol Tasha Pathak in Pune since 10 years. Every Ganpati festival, she goes there to participate in the visarjan (immersion) procession religiously. Her photos of her playing the dhol had become famous in 2022 and a year later she revealed that due to those photos she bagged a role in the 2024 Telugu-language film ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' thus making her Tollywood debut. Koratala Siva later explained that he chose her because he didn't want an actress to look like a second heroine in the film. He further added that he had been searching for an actress who complemented Devara's personality. He then clarified that if he had cast any reputed actor then perhaps their image would have sidelined the role.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/koratala-siva-reveals-why-he-chose-marathi-actress-shruti-marathe-as-elder-ntrs-wife-in-devara-article-113692195 | title=Koratala Siva reveals why he chose Marathi actress Shruti Marathe as elder NTR's wife in Devara | website=Times Now}}</ref>

== Career ==
She made her film debut with the Marathi film ''[[Sanai Choughade]]'' (2008). At this point, Shruti was acting in theatre drama as well. Later, on the recommendation of a photographer in Pune, she got her first break in Tamil film industry where she starred in her first film named ''[[Indira Vizha]]'' (2009) which was a remake of a Bollywood film ''[[Aitraaz]]''.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/exclusive-shruti-marathe-flies-to-chennai-for-a-film-shoot/articleshow/78142721.cms |title=Exclusive: Shruti Marathe flies to Chennai for a film shoot |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Her second Tamil was ''[[Naan Avanillai 2]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/naan-avan-illai-2-review-tamil-pclxwahjdhibc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317024228/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-avan-illai-2-review-tamil-pclxwahjdhibc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2016 |title=Naan Avan Illai-2 |website=Sify}}</ref> and then she starred in the film ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-guru-sishyan/20100510.htm |title=Stay away from Guru Sishyan |website=Rediff}}</ref> After making a special appearance in the Tamil film ''[[Aravaan]]'' (2012) she decided to act full time in Marathi film industry where she did her first daily television soap in Marathi called ''[[Radha Hi Bawari]]'' in 2012 which then made her a household name and garnered her huge success. She acted in known Marathi films like ''[[Rama Madhav]]'' (2014),<ref name="A">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/rama-madhav-marathi-a-good-attempt/ |title=Rama Madhav (Marathi) / A good attempt |date=15 August 2014}}</ref> ''[[Taptapadi]]'' (2014),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/taptapadi/movie-review/32857643.cms|title=Taptapadi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Taptapadi by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref>''[[Bandh Nylon Che]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/FILM-REVIEW-BANDH-NYLON-CHE/articleshow/50761351.cms |title=FILM REVIEW: BANDH NYLON CHE |website=Pune Mirror |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018153127/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-bandh-nylon-che/articleshow/50761351.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]'' (2015). She even did two Bollywood films - ''[[Budhia Singh – Born to Run]]'' in 2016 and ''[[Wedding Anniversary]]'' in 2017.<ref name="B">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/budhia-singh---born-to-run-review-incredible-tale-honestly-told-review-bollywood-qifmkQeddhdgb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807012854/http://www.sify.com/movies/budhia-singh---born-to-run-review-incredible-tale-honestly-told-review-bollywood-qifmkQeddhdgb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 August 2016 |title=Budhia Singh - Born To Run review: Incredible tale, honestly told |website=Sify}}</ref> Regarding her role in ''Rama Madhav'', a critic stated that "as Parvatibai, Shruti Marathe brings out the perfect pathos as a woman waiting for her dead husband to return from war".<ref name="A"/> In a review of ''Budhia Singh – Born to Run'', a critic noted that "But the surprise package is Shruti Marathe as Biranchi's wife Gita. She holds her stead against Manoj with fair gusto. She smoothly conveys the poignant turmoil of a wife and mother".<ref name="B" /> She made her Kannada film debut with ''Aadu Aata Aadu'' in 2017, which was a remake of ''[[Thiruttu Payale]]'' (2006) {{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}. She made a special appearance in a Tamil film ''[[Naanga Romba Busy]]'' in 2020 which was released on television in November that year. In 2022, she made a cameo appearance in the Marathi film ''[[Dharmaveer]]'' which was based on the life of a [[Thane]]-based [[Shiv Sena]] leader [[Anand Dighe]]. In the same year she starred as [[Soyrabai]] in the period-drama film ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]'' which was released on 27 May 2022. In 2024, Shruti made her [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] film debut in the movie ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' where she acted alongside [[Jr. NTR]], [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Janhavi Kapoor]]. The film released on 27 September 2024 and was directed by [[Koratala Siva]].

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="1"|2008 || ''[[Sanai Choughade]]'' || Ashwini || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2009 || ''[[Indira Vizha]]'' || Savithri Duraisimaalu || rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Credited as Hema Malini<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/indira-vizha/movie-review/4771958.cms|title=Indira Vizha Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Indira Vizha by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naan Avanillai 2]]'' || Saki ||
|-
| ''Asa Mi Tasa Mi'' || Namita|| rowspan="2" |Marathi ||
|-
| ''Lagali Paij'' || Deepali Kelkar ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2010 || ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' || Gayathri || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2011 || ''[[Teecha Baap Tyacha Baap]]'' || Canada Pai || Marathi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Aravaan]]'' || Kanaganuga || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''Satya, Savitree Ani Satyawan'' || Surpriya Jadhav || rowspan=7|Marathi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Premsutra|Premasutra]]'' || Malavika ||
|-
| ''[[Tujhi Majhi Love Story]]'' || Aditi||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Rama Madhav]]'' || [[Parvatibai|Parvtibai Peshwe]]||
|-
| ''[[Taptapadi]]'' || Sunanda ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]'' || Tanuja ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Bandh Nylon Che]]'' || Anita Jogalekar ||
|-
| ''[[Budhia Singh – Born to Run]]'' || Gita || rowspan=2|Hindi ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017||''[[Wedding Anniversary]]'' || Basanti||
|-
| ''Aadu Aata Aadu'' || Shruti|| Kannada || Credited as Shruti Prakash<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shruti has two different screen names |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/shruti-has-two-different-screen-names/articleshow/45822742.cms |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Naanga Romba Busy]]'' || Sangeetha || Tamil || Television film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Dharmaveer (Marathi film)|Dharmaveer]]''
|Tanvi Mahapatra
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
|Cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmaveer Movie Review: Prasad Oak brings Anand Dighe to life in this glorified biopic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/dharmaveer/amp_movie_review/91540762.cms |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''|| [[Soyarabai]] ||Nominated{{Ndash}}[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actress]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Sarsenapati Hambirrao's Latest Poster, Shruti Marathe Features as Maharani Soyarabai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/in-sarsenapati-hambirraos-latest-poster-shruti-marathe-features-as-maharani-soyarabai-5236219.html |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|[[Alibaba Aani Chalishitale Chor (film)|''Alibaba Aani Chalishitale Chor'']]
|Aditi
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Alibaba Aani Chalishitale Chor Movie (2024): AACC Marathi Movie, Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/alibaba-aani-chalishitale-chor-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=17 March 2024 |date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]''
|Gotya's mother
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
| Devara's wife and Vara's mother
|Telugu
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Popular Marathi actress Shruti Marathe to star opposite Jr NTR in Devara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/popular-marathi-actress-shruti-marathe-to-star-opposite-jr-ntr-in-devara/articleshow/107567252.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=22 March 2024 |date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Gulaabi''
| Riya Deshmukh
| Marathi
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Gulaabi Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} गुलाबी {{!}} Gulabi {{!}} Exclusive 2024 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/gulaabi-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=19 January 2025 |date=20 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2003
|''Peshwai''
|[[Ramabai Peshwa]]
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2019 |title=Marathi Actress Shruti Marathe shares his first serial pic {{!}} Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/marathi-actress-shruti-marathe-shares-his-first-serial-pic/ |access-date=28 May 2021 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2012{{Ndash}}2014
|''[[Radha Hi Bawari]]''
|Radha Dharmadhikari
|
|-
|2017{{Ndash}}2018
|''[[Jaago Mohan Pyare]]''
|Gennie (Bhanumati)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jago Mohan completes 200 episodes, Shruti Marathe talks about her journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jago-mohan-completes-200-episodes-shruti-marathe-talks-about-her-journey/articleshow/63816374.cms |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Flip (TV series)|Flip]]''
|Radhika
| Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
|Gurunath's Girlfriend (Cameo appearance)
| Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Rudrakaal]]''
|Smita Thakur
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Bard of Blood]]''
|Neeta
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bard Of Blood: Shruti Marathe At The Premiere Of Her Upcoming Netflix Series Produced By Shahrukh Khan Starring Emraan Hashmi And Kirti Kulhari |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/bard-of-blood-shruti-marathe-at-the-premiere-of-her-upcoming-netflix-series-produced-by-shahrukh-khan-starring-emraan-hashmi-and-kirti-kulhari/5d8c715a99a88f776c828966 |access-date=28 May 2021 |website=spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Bus Bai Bas]]''
|Guest
|Marathi
|
|}

=== Theatre ===

* ''Sant Sakhu''
* ''Lagnabambal''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shruti Marathe to do theatre after eight years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/shruti-marathe-radha-hi-bawari-lagnabambal-taptapadi-tujhi-majhi-love-story/articleshow/37638802.cms |access-date=28 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4668085}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathe, Sruthi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]

Rajputisation

2025-12-16T04:49:33Z

Siddharth Darnal: creating the entry initial version

{{Short description|Process of coalescing diverse communities into the Rajput community}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

'''Rajputisation''' (or '''Rajputization''') explains the process by which a diverse mix of various different social groups (castes) and different [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]] coalesced to form the Northern Indian [[Rajput]] community.<ref name="Banerjee-Dube2010"/><ref name="Banerjee-Dube-Mayaram-Shail2010"/><ref name="Chandra2008">{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Social Change and Development in Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XYMAQAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |quote=M.N.Srinivas who had used the word 'Sanskritization' to denote this process, now accepts accepts that he put too much emphasis originally on the movement of groups towards the varna status of Brahmans. Both Srinivas and B.Stein now emphasize not merely the process of Sanskritization, but other factors, such as the position of the dominant peasant and land-owning classes, political power and production system in the process of caste mobility of groups. Srinivas further surmises that the varna model became more popular during British rule. Thus, growing caste rigidity was an indirect effect of British rule. The rise of Rajputs is a classic model of varna mobility in the earlier period. There is a good deal of discussion regarding the origin of Rajputs – whether they were Kshatriyas of they were drawn from other categories in the population including indigenous tribes. Modern historians are more or less agreed that the Rajputs consisted of miscellaneous groups including Shudra and tribals. Some were Brahmans who took to warfare, and some were from Tribes- indigenous or foreign.|pages=43–44|isbn=9788124113868}}</ref><ref name="BhatnagarDube2012">{{cite book |author1=Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FK6_l2_TCfgC |title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History |author2=Reena Dube |year= 2012 |publisher=State University of New York (SUNY) Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8385-5 |pages=59, 62, 63, 257 |quote=(62, 63) We have culled from the sociological literature, particularly from Srivinas's analysis of Sanskritization, the key differences between the two modes of upward mobility, Sanskritization and Rajputization. Despite the excellent fieldwork on Rajputization by Sinha (1962) and Kulke (1976), there is no clear theoretical definition of the key features of Rajputization, and its differences and similarities to Sanskritization. We argue that theorizing is as important as fieldwork, principally because of the colonial misreading of the term Rajput and its relation to Rajput history and to Rajputization. As a corrective we demarcate the distinction between Sanskritization and Rajputization in terms of attributional criteria – which denotes a code of living, dietary prohibition, modes of worship-and social interactional criteria, which signify the rules of marriage, rules pertaining to women, and modes of power. The attributional criteria for Sanskritization are vegetarianism, prohibition against beef eating, teetotalism, and wearing the sacred thread; the attributional criteria for Rajputized men consists of meat-eating, imbibing alcohol and opium, and the wearing of the sword; the attributional criteria for Rajputized women are seclusion through purdah or the veil and elaborate rules for women's mobility within the village. The religious code for Sanskritization is a belief in the doctrine of karma, dharma, rebirth and moksha and the Sradda ceremony for male ancestors. Conversely, the religious code for Rajputization consists of the worship of Mahadeo and Sakto and the Patronage of Brahmins through personal family priests (historically the Rajputized rulers gave land grants to Brahmins) and the priestly supervision of rites of passage. The social interactional criteria for Sanskritization is claiming the right to all priestly intellectual and cultural vocations, patronage from the dominant political power, and prohibition against widow remarriage. The interactional criteria for Rajputization consists of claiming the right to all military and political occupations, the right to govern, the right to aggrandize lands through wars, sanctioned aggressive behavior, the adoption of the code for violence, compiling clan genealogies and the right to coercively police the interactions between castes.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rashkow |first=Ezra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcSdEAAAQBAJ&dq=rajputisation&pg=PA275 |title=The Nature of Endangerment in India: Tigers, 'Tribes', Extermination and Conservation, 1818-2020 |date=2023-01-30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-286852-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Formation==
[[File:Niltoo, Hill porter, Rajpoot, Dehra Dhoon (NYPL b13409080-1125408).jpg|thumb|A Hill porter from [[Dehradun]], belonging to Rajput caste.]]

According to modern scholars, almost all Rajputs clans originated from [[peasant]] or [[pastoral]] communities.{{sfn|Eugenia Vanina|2012|p=140|ps =: Regarding the initial stages of this history and the origin of the Rajput feudal elite, modern research shows that its claims to direct blood links with epic heroes and ancient kshatriyas in general has no historic substantiation. No adequate number of the successors of these epically acclaimed warriors could have been available by the period of seventh–eights centuries AD when the first references to the Rajput clans and their chieftains were made. [...] ''Almost all Rajput clans originated from the semi-nomadic pastoralists of the Indian north and north-west''.}}<ref name="Lorenzen1995">{{cite book |editor=David N. Lorenzen |editor-link=David N. Lorenzen |author=Daniel Gold |title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC&pg=PA122 |date=1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6 |page=122 |quote=Paid employment in military service as Dirk H. A. Kolff has recently demonstrated, was an important means of livelihood for the peasants of certain areas of late medieval north India... In earlier centuries, says Kolff, "Rajput" was a more ascriptive term, referring to all kinds of Hindus who lived the life of the adventuring warrior, of whom most were of peasant origins.}}</ref><ref name="Kling1993">{{cite book |author=Doris Marion Kling |title=The Emergence of Jaipur State: Rajput Response to Mughal Rule, 1562–1743 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |page=30 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |quote=Rajput: Pastoral, mobile warrior groups who achieved landed status in the medieval period claimed to be Kshatriyas and called themselves Rajputs.}}</ref><ref name="Wink1991">{{cite book |author=André Wink |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th–13th Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA171 |year=1991 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=90-04-10236-1 |page=171 |quote=...and it is very probable that the other fire-born Rajput clans like the Caulukyas, Paramaras, Cahamanas, as well as the Tomaras and others who in the eighth and ninth centuries were subordinate to the Gurjara-Pratiharas, were of similar pastoral origin, that is, that they originally belonged to the mobile, nomadic groups...}}</ref> Rajputisation is the study of formation of the community over the centuries.

Sivaji Koyal suggests that Rajputisation boosted Brahmanism<ref name="IHC1"/>{{rp|538}} and defines it as follows,
{{blockquote|It is the means whereby a tribal chief establishes the pretensions to being a kshatriya, and surrounds himself with the paraphernalia of [[Brahmanism]] for the purpose of securing prestige.<ref name="IHC1"/>{{rp|537}}}}

Sociologists like Sarah Farris and Reinhard Bendix state that the original [[Kshatriyas]] in the northwest who existed until Mauryan times in tiny kingdoms were an extremely cultured, educated and intellectual group who were a challenge to monopoly of the Brahmins. According to Max Weber, ancient texts show they were not subordinate to the Brahmins in religious matters. These old Kshatriyas were undermined not only by the Brahmin priests of the time but were replaced by the rise of the new community of [[Literacy|illiterate]] [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] in the north-west - the Rajputs. Since the Rajputs were generally illiterate unlike the Kshatriyas, their rise did not present a challenge to monopoly of the Brahmins.<ref name="Bendix1998">{{cite book|author=Reinhard Bendix|title=Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_j_2nOUIpcC&pg=PA180|year=1998|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-17453-4|pages=180–|quote= Weber however explained this downgrading of their status by the fact that they represented a threat to the cultural and intellectual monopoly of the Brahmans, as they[Kshatriyas] were also extremely cultured and educated in the art of administration. In about the eight century the Rajput thus began to perform the functions that had formerly belonged to the Kshatriya, assuming their social and economic position and substituting them as the new warrior class. Ancient illiterate mercenaries, the Rajput did not represent a threat to the Brahminic monopoly and were more inclined to accept the Brahmans' superiority, thus contributing to the so called Hindu restoration.}}</ref><ref name="Farris2013">{{cite book|author=Sara R. Farris|title=Max Weber's Theory of Personality: Individuation, Politics and Orientalism in the Sociology of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nf5AAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140|year= 2013|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-25409-1|pages=140–|quote= Weber however explained this downgrading of their status by the fact that they represented a threat to the cultural and intellectual monopoly of the Brahmans, as they[Kshatriyas] were also extremely cultured and educated in the art of administration. In about the eight century the Rajput thus began to perform the functions that had formerly belonged to the Kshatriya, assuming their social and economic position and substituting them as the new warrior class. Ancient illiterate mercenaries, the Rajput did not represent a threat to the Brahmininc monopoly and were more inclined to accept the Brahmans' superiority, thus contributing to the so called Hindu restoration.}}</ref>

Anyone from the "village landlord" to the "newly wealthy lower caste [[Shudra]]" could employ [[Brahmin]]s to retrospectively fabricate a genealogy and within a couple of generations they would gain acceptance as Hindu Rajputs. This process would get mirrored by communities in north India. Scholars refer to this as "Rajputisation" and consider it similar to [[Sanskritisation]]. This process of generation of the Rajput community resulted in [[hypergamy]] as well as [[female infanticide]] that was common in Hindu Rajput clans.<ref name="Banerjee-Dube2010" /><ref name="Banerjee-Dube-Mayaram-Shail2010" /><ref name="BhatnagarDube2012" /><ref name="Kulke1995">{{cite book |author=Hermann Kulke |title=The State in India, 1000–1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBhuAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563127-2}}</ref> German historian [[Hermann Kulke]] has coined the term "Secondary Rajputisation" for describing the process of members of a tribe trying to re-associate themselves with their former tribal chiefs who had already transformed themselves into Rajputs via Rajputisation and thus claim to be Rajputs themselves.<ref name="Kantowsky1986">{{cite book |author=Detlef Kantowsky |title=Recent Research on Max Weber's Studies of Hinduism: Papers Submitted to a Conference Held in New Delhi, 1.–3.3. 1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1cRAQAAIAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Weltforum Verlag |isbn=978-3-8039-0333-4 |page=104}}</ref><ref name="Kulke1993">{{cite book |author=Hermann Kulke |title=Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAYFAQAAIAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |page=251|isbn=9788173040375 }}</ref>

[[Stewart N. Gordon]] states that during the era of the Mughal empire, "Hypergamous marriage" with the combination of service in the state army was another way a tribal family could convert to Rajput. This process required a change in tradition, dressing, ending widow remarriage, etc. Such marriage of a tribal family with an acknowledged but possibly poor Rajput family would ultimately enable the non-Rajput family to become Rajput. This marriage pattern also supports the fact that Rajput was an "open caste category" available to those who served in the state army and could translate this service into grants and power at the local level.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|2007|p=16|ps =: Eventually, kinship and marriage restrictions defined this Rajput group as different from other elements in the society of Rajasthan. The hypergamous marriage pattern typical of Rajputs tacitly acknowledged that it was a somewhat open caste category; by successful service in a state army and translating this service into grants and power at the local level, a family might become Rajput. The process required changes in dress, eating patterns, the patronage of local shrines closer to the "great tradition", and an end to widow remarriage. A hypergamous marriage with an acknowledged (but possibly impoverished) Rajput family would follow and with continued success in service the family would indeed become Rajput. All this is well documented in relations between Rajputs and tribals...}}

Scholars also give some examples of entire communities of Shudra origin "becoming" Rajput even as late as the 20th century.
[[William L. Rowe|William Rowe]], in his "The new Chauhans : A caste mobility movement in North India", discusses an example of a large section of a Shudra caste – the Noniyas – from [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] that had "become" Chauhan Rajputs over three generations in the Raj era. The more wealthy or advanced Noniyas started by forming the ''Sri Rajput Pacharni Sabha'' (Rajput Advancement Society) in 1898 and emulating the Rajput lifestyle. They also started the wearing of [[Upanayana|sacred thread]]. Rowe states that at a historic meeting of the caste in 1936, every child this Noniya section knew about their Rajput heritage.{{sfn|Lloyd Rudolph|1967|p=127}}

A caste of shepherds who were formerly Shudras successfully changed their status to Rajput in the Raj era and started wearing the sacred thread. They are now known as [[Sagar Rajput]]s.<ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013">{{cite book|author1=B. S. Baviskar|author2=D. W. Attwood|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389|date= 2013|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1865-7|pages=389–|quote= As one example among thousands, a small caste living partly in the Nira Valley was formerly known as Shegar Dhangar and more recently as Sagar Rajput}}</ref><ref name="Frykenberg1984">{{cite book|author=Robert Eric Frykenberg|title=Land Tenure and Peasant in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOLSAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Manohar|page=197|quote=Another example of castes' successful efforts to raise their sacred status to twice-born are the Sagar Rajputs of Poona district. Previously they were considered to be Dhangars – shepherds by occupation and Shudras by traditional varna. However, when their economic strength increased and they began to acquire land, they found a genealogist to trace their ancestry back to a leading officer in Shivaji's army, changed their names from Dhangars to Sagar Rajputs, and donned the sacred thread. }}</ref> (not to be confused with Sagar Rajputs of Bundelkhand which was a subclan of Bundela Rajputs and are considered to be the highest among all central India Rajputs).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bates|first=Crispin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xZBDwAAQBAJ&q=sagar+rajputs&pg=PT134|title=Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857|volume= I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality|date=2013|publisher=Sage Publishing India|isbn=978-81-321-1589-2|language=en}}</ref>

The terminology "Rajput" as of now doesn't represent a hereditary status but it is a term commonly applied to all those people who fought on the horseback and were associated with paid military service. The Rajputs claim to be [[Kshatriya]]s or descendants of Kshatriyas, but their actual status varies greatly, ranging from princely lineages to common cultivators<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajput |title=Rajput |website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=2 May 2024 }}</ref> The Rajputs of Rajasthan are known to hold distinctive identity as opposed to other regions. This identity is usually described as "proud Rajput of Rājputāna".<ref>''Serving Empire, Serving Nation'' by Glenn J. Ames, The University of Toledo, p. 31 {{ISBN?}}</ref> The [[Rajput]]s of [[Rajasthan]] have often refused to acknowledge the warriors from regions outside of the [[Rajputana]] region as Rajputs. These western Rajputs restricted their social contact with the people of variety of ethnic and cultural backgrounds, who claimed Rajput status by following intermarriages between themselves and preserving their "purity of blood". Hence many Rajputs of Rajasthan are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasising a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and tradition.{{sfn|Catherine B. Asher|Cynthia Talbot|2006|p=99 (Para 3)|ps=: "...Rajput did not originally indicate a hereditary status but rather an occupational one: that is, it was used in reference to men from diverse ethnic and geographical backgrounds, who fought on horseback. In Rajasthan and its vicinity, the word Rajput came to have a more restricted and aristocratic meaning, as exclusive networks of warriors related by patrilineal descent and intermarriage became dominant in the fifteenth century. The Rajputs of Rajasthan eventually refused to acknowledge the Rajput identity of the warriors who lived farther to the east and retained the fluid and inclusive nature of their communities far longer than did the warriors of Rajasthan."}} However, by the 17th century, the [[Ujjainiya]] Rajput clan of Bihar was recognised as [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] Rajputs by the Rajputs of [[Rajasthan]] and were allowed a place in the Rajasthani bardic ''khyat''.<ref name="AlamSubrahmanyam1998">{{cite book|author1=Muzaffar Alam|author2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|title=The Mug̲h̲al State, 1526–1750|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118059|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563905-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118059/page/n115 109]}}</ref>

[[Dirk H. A. Kolff]] describes soldiers of [[Silhadi]] and [[Medini Rai]] with the terminology "''Rajput''" or "''Pseudo Rajput''" migrated from [[Bihar]], [[Awadh]] and [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Dirk H. A. Kolff |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |year=2002 |page=87 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 }}</ref> These Rajputs or the eastern Rajputs often accompanied the Rajputs of Rajasthan in their battles with the hordes of their supporters. They led the band of warriors called ''[[Purbiya]]s'' in order to assist their western counterparts.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ&q=military+history+of+india |title=Military History of India |pages=56–61 |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |publisher=Orient Longmans (Original from the University of Virginia) |year=1960 |isbn=9780861251551 |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref>

===Steps in Rajputisation process===
In general, the process of Rajputisation was done not just by a tribal chief but by "castes all over north India ranging from [[peasants]] and lower-caste [[Sudras]]", as well as warriors and even the "local raja who had recently converted to Islam".<ref name="Banerjee-Dube-Mayaram-Shail2010"/><ref name="Banerjee-Dube2010"/>

Sivaji Koyal has explained the Rajputisation of a tribal chief by dividing it in 7 successional steps.

Rajputisation used to begin with an invitation by a "budding tribal [[Raja]]" to the Brahmins in order to seek their assistance in the establishment of a court for him, for which the Brahmins would receive "land and gifts". Later, the Brahmins would "somehow" discover that the tribal head is a Rajput and "his lineage was traced back to some important kshatriya dynasty of the past". After his proclamation as a Rajput, he would distance himself from the members of his tribe as they were supposedly of different bloodlines. Following that, he would raise his stature by hiring Brahmins as priests who used to appeal for the construction of temples in the honor of their gods.

In the next step, after amassing political and economic power, the Raja would establish "marriage alliances" with other Rajputs to infuse "Rajput blood into his family". This was followed by the springing up of sub–chiefs who used to follow suit of the "behavioral pattern of their king–master". The final step involved the inter–marriage between the [[nobles]] and the "lesser sons and daughters" of the Raja.<ref name="IHC1">{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=47, I |year=1986 |pages=536–542 |publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] |title=Emergence of Kingship, Rajputisation and a New Economic Arrangement in Mundaland |first=Sivaji |last=Koyal |jstor=44141600}}</ref>{{rp|538}}

Sivaji Koyal is of the opinion that by the process of Rajputisation, the [[Huns]] were the first to receive proclamation as kshatriyas in India who were later on followed by [[Rajputana]]'s [[Scythians]], [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjaras]], and [[Maitrakas]].<ref name="IHC1"/>{{rp|537}} Rajputisation of ruling group of a tribe who had formerly disassociated with the tribe and become Rajput was followed by a process called "Secondary Rajputisation" where the former members of the tribe would try to re-associate with their former chief and this claim to be Rajputs themselves. Rajputisation is said to have no parallel in traditional Indian society for "inventiveness in ideologies of legitimation".<ref name="Banerjee-Dube-Mayaram-Shail2010"/><ref name="Banerjee-Dube2010"/><ref name="BhatnagarDube2012"/>

===Differences between Sanskritisation and Rajputisation===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Differences between [[Sanskritisation]] and Rajputisation<ref name="BhatnagarDube2012"/><ref name="Banerjee-Dube-Mayaram-Shail2010">{{cite book |author=Mayaram, Shail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n7OQwAACAAJ |title=Caste in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-806678-1 |editor=Ishita Banerjee-Dube |page=110 |chapter=The Sudra Right to Rule |quote=In their recent work on female infanticide, Bhatnagar, Dube and Bube (2005) distinguish between Rajputisation and Sanksritisation. Using M. N. Srinivas' and Milton Singer's approach to social mobility as idioms they identify Rajputisation as one of the most dynamic modes of upward mobility. As an idiom of political power it 'signifies a highly mobile social process of claiming military-political power and the right to cultivate land as well as the right to rule. Rajputisation is unparalleled in traditional Indian society for its inventiveness in ideologies of legitimation and self-invention. This was a claim that was used by persons of all castes all over north India ranging from peasants and lower-caste Sudras to warriors and tribal chiefs and even the local raja who had recently converted to Islam.}}</ref><ref name="Banerjee-Dube2010">{{cite book|author=Ishita Banerjee-Dube|title=Caste in History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n7OQwAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-806678-1|page=xxiii|quote=Rajputisation discussed processes through which 'equalitarian, primitive, clan based tribal organisation' adjusted itself to the centralized hierarchic, territorial oriented political developments in the course of state formation. This led a 'narrow lineage of single families' to disassociate itself from the main body of their tribe and claim Rajput origin. They not only adopted symbols and practices supposedly representative of the true Kshatriya, but also constructed genealogies that linked them to the primordial and legendary solar and lunar dynasties of kings. Further, it was pointed out that the caste of genealogists and mythographers variously known as Carans, Bhats, Vahivanca Barots, etc., prevalent in Gujarat, Rajasthan and other parts of north India actively provided their patron rulers with genealogies that linked local clans of these chiefs with regional clans and with the Kshatriyas of the Puranas and Mahabharata. Once a ruling group succeeded in establishing its claim to Rajput status, there followed a 'secondary Rajputisation' when the tribes tried to 're-associate' with their formal tribal chiefs who had also transformed themselves into Hindu rajas and Rajput Kshatriyas.}}</ref>
|-
! Criteria!! Sanskritisation !! Rajputisation
|-
| End result on success|| Become [[Dwija|Upper caste]] (twice-born)|| Become Rajput
|-
| Religious code|| Belief in [[Karma]], [[Dharma]], rebirth, [[moksha]]|| Worship of [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]] Priestly supervision of rites of passage
|-
| Diet|| Prohibition of beef and [[Teetotalism ]]|| Meat eating Imbibing alcohol and [[opium]] 
|-
| Dressing code|| -|| Wearing of sword for men Wearing of [[purdah]] (or veil) for women
|-
| Social interaction|| Claiming cultural vocation Patronisation from dominant political power Prohibition of widow remarriage|| Right to all political occupations Aggrandize lands Adoption of code of violence Compilation of clan genealogies 
|}

===Attempted Rajputisation of Adivasi people===
[[File:Gond Man.jpg|thumb|150px|A man from the Gond community.]]
[[Bhangya Bhukya]] notes that during the final years of the [[British Raj]], while education introduced Westernisation in the hilly areas of central India, the regions also parallelly underwent the Hinduisation and Rajputisation processes. The [[Gond people]] and their chiefs started doing the "caste–Hindu practices" and frequently claimed the "Rajput, and thus kshatriya status". The British empire used to support these claims as they viewed the [[adivasi]] society to be less civilized than the caste society and believed that adivasi peoples' association with the castes would make the adivasis "more civilized and sober" and "easier for the colonial state to control". Bhukya also points out that central India's "Raj Gond families" had already adopted the religious and social traditions of the Rajputs before the British Raj in India, and there were "matrimonial relations" between a number of Gond and Rajput Rajas. However, the British empire's policies of offering "''[[zamindari]]'' rights, village headships and ''patelships''" fueled the process.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=47 |number=1 |date=January 2013 |page=309 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor1-first=Joya |editor1-last=Chatterji |editor2-first=Norbert |editor2-last=Peabody |editor1-link=Joya Chatterji |title=The Subordination of the Sovereigns: Colonialism and the Gond Rajas in Central India, 1818–1948 |first=Bhangya |last=Bhukya |doi=10.1017/S0026749X12000728 |jstor=23359786|s2cid=145095937 }}</ref>

According to Patit Paban Mishra, "the 'kshatriyaisation' of tribal rulers and their surroundings, resulted in the Hinduisation of tribal areas".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=58 |year=1997 |page=805 |publisher=Indian History Congress |title=Critique of Indianisation Theory |first=Patit Paban |last=Mishra |jstor=44144025}}</ref>

=== Rajputisation among the Khasa (Khasi) ===
The '''Khasa''' or '''Khasi''' were the indigenous landholding and peasant groups of Kumaon and Garhwal. Rajputisation among them was a process of upward mobility through which they adopted Rajput customs, symbols, and identity to raise their ritual and social status.<ref name="Caste">{{cite book |last1=Sanwal |first1=R. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/socialstratifica0000sanw/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Social stratification in rural Kumaon |date=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195605314}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ramachandra Guha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHfJLK6g_a8C&pg=PA12 |title=The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-520-22235-9 |page=12}}</ref>

Scholars note that scarcity of women among immigrant Thuljat Rajputs and Brahmins led to intermarriages with Khasi women, producing descendants who later claimed Rajput status.<ref name="Caste" /> Over time, Khasa groups adopted Rajput practices such as wearing the sacred thread, worship of clan goddesses, and use of Rajput gotras.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pāṇḍe |first1=Badarī Datta |title=History of Kumaun: English version of "Kumaun ka itihas" |date=1993 |publisher=Shyam Prakashan : Shree Almora Book Depot |isbn=8185865019}}</ref> Landholding Khasi ''Jimdars'' were also incorporated into Rajput society.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shashi |first1=Shyam Singh |title=The world of nomads |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=9788183820516 |page=120}}</ref>

By the medieval period many had become known as '''Khasi Rajputs''', distinct from the immigrant '''Thuljat Rajputs''' (such as Chand, Chauhan, Negi, Rawat, Rautela, Bisht).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rathore |first1=Virendra Singh |title=Prithviraj Chauhan – a Light on the Mist in History |date=2020 |publisher=Virendra Singh Rathore |isbn=978-1-63640-019-8 |page=57}}</ref><ref name="Rajputs">{{cite book |last1=Sati |first1=Vishwambhar Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFrQEAAAQBAJ |title=Natural and Cultural Diversity in the Himalaya |date=2023 |publisher=Springer International Publishing AG |isbn=9783031393631 |page=70}}</ref> Historians regard this as one of the clearest cases of caste mobility in the central Himalayas.<ref name="Caste" /><ref name="Rajputs" /><ref name="Negi">{{cite book |last1=Negi |first1=Sharad Singh |title=Kumaun, the land and people |date=1993 |publisher=Indus Pub. Co |isbn=9788185182896}}</ref>

===Attempted Rajputisation of Darogas===
The Darogas formed a community and started calling themselves [[Ravana Rajput]]s in order to Rajputize. They are a group who are believed to be the progeny of Rajput kings with their concubines and were most often called as ''Daroga''. Lindsey Harlan gives an example of how children born from Rajput men and Gujjar women would not become Rajputs and would become Darogas.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lindsey Harlan |title=Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HLrPYOe38gC&pg=PA145 |year=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07339-5 |pages=145, 167 }}</ref><ref name="DDGaur">{{cite book |author=D. D. Gaur |title=Constitutional Development of Eastern Rajputana States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVAFAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Usha |oclc=641457000 |page=49 |quote=These slave communities were known by various names, such as Darogas, Chakars, Hazuris, Ravana-Rajputs, Chelas, Golas and Khawas. }}</ref>

===Attempted Rajputisation of Jats===
The Sikh adoption of the Rajput surnames Singh and Kanwar/Kaur was seen by some historians as an attempt by the Sikhs to Rajputise their identity.<ref name="Doris">{{cite book |author=Doris R. Jakobsh |title=Relocating Gender in Sikh History: Transformation, Meaning and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKDUAAAACAAJ&q=relocating+sikh+gender |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Appropriation of highly specific Rajput distinctions such as 'Kanwar/Kaur' and 'Singh' can most likely be attributed to active attempts by specific segments of the Sikh population during the mid-to-late Guru period to Rajputize their identity. This process of 'Rajputisation' becomes intelligible particularly in light of the elevation of the lowly Jat to a hegemonic position within the social hierarchy of the Sikh Panth|page=299|isbn=9780195679199}}</ref> This form of Rajputisation was more specifically done for the [[Jat people|Jat]] Sikhs who were considered to be of low origin amongst the Sikhs.<ref name="Doris">{{cite book |author=Doris R. Jakobsh |title=Relocating Gender in Sikh History: Transformation, Meaning and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKDUAAAACAAJ&q=relocating+sikh+gender |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Appropriation of highly specific Rajput distinctions such as 'Kanwar/Kaur' and 'Singh' can most likely be attributed to active attempts by specific segments of the Sikh population during the mid-to-late Guru period to Rajputize their identity. This process of 'Rajputisation' becomes intelligible particularly in light of the elevation of the lowly Jat to a hegemonic position within the social hierarchy of the Sikh Panth|page=299|isbn=9780195679199}}</ref> The Phulkian Jats, who originally gained power by helping the Mughal Emperor Babur enter India, continued to Rajputise their identity till the 20th century by remotely claiming descent from the Bhati Rajputs of Jaisalmer.{{cn|date=October 2025}} Similarly the Jats of Bharatpur and Dholpur also tried to Rajputise their origin.{{cn|date=October 2025}} Bharatpur reportedly lost its Rajput status when their ancestor Balchand was unable to have children with his Rajput wife and had sons with a Jat woman.<ref name="Barbara">{{cite book |author=Barbara N. Ramusack |title=The Indian Princes and their States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h119swEACAAJ&q=the+indian+princely+states |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=The Phulkian clan traced their ancestry remotely to Jaisal, the Jadon Bhatti Rajput founder of Jaisalmer State........In return for supporting the Mughal Emperor Babur during the battle of Panipat in 1526, Bariam, a Phulkian Jat, acquired Chaudhriyat........The hindu Jat rulers of Bharatpur and Dholpur claimed Rajput origins. Balchand having no children by a Rajput wife, produced sons with a Jat woman.|pages=38–39|isbn=9780521039895 }}</ref> The British-era ethnographer [[Denzil Ibbetson]] wrote that the terms like “Rajput” or "Jat" in the Punjab region of what is now Pakistan, was used as a title rather than as a “ethnological fact". The tribes after rising to royal rank could become Rajput.<ref>{{cite book |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |author-link=Susan Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521798426 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&q=Susan+Bayly+meo |pages=139–140}}</ref>

===Attempted Rajputisation of Yadavs===
Many groups adopted the Yadav surname for upliftment, these groups were mainly cowherders and were low in the caste order but were considered higher than the untouchables. In 1931 several communities like Ahir, Goala, Gopa, etc. started calling themselves Yadavs and made extremely doubtful claims about having Rajput origin and thus tried to Rajputise.<ref name="Luce2008">{{cite book|last=Luce|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Luce|title=In Spite of the Gods: The Rise of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMYeyhrgd_wC&pg=PT133|year=2008|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4000-7977-3|page=133}} Quote: "The Yadavs are one of India's largest 'Other Backward Classes,' a government term that covers most of India's [[Shudra|Sudra]] castes. Yadavs are the traditional cowherd caste of North India and are relatively low down on the traditional pecking order, but not as low as the untouchable Mahars or Chamars."</ref><ref name="Hutton1969">{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=John Henry|author-link=John Henry Hutton|title=Caste in India: its nature, function and origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_YNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|year=1969|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=113}} Quote: "In a not dissimilar way the various cow-keeping castes of northern India were combining in 1931 to use the common term of Yadava for their various castes, Ahir, Goala, Gopa, etc., and to claim a Rajput origin of extremely doubtful authenticity."</ref> There were a number of times when the Ahirs from the Ahirwal region had cultural traditions similar to the Rajputs such as the martial tradition, and were mixed with being of the Rajput identity. The Mughals acknowledged and distincted the Ahir clans which claimed to be Rajput by blood. The Yaduvanshi term was to describe the Kshatriyas who claimed descent from Krishna, and received a Rajput identity as Krishna was seen as the "cowherder-Rajput god".<ref name="Michelutti">{{Cite book |last=Michelutti |first=Lucia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYJEAAAQBAJ&dq=yaduvanshi+rajputisation&pg=PT70 |title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India |date=2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-08400-9 |language=en}}</ref> By the 19th century, the Rewari Ahir clans began to make marital relations with Rajput dynasties such as [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], and the marriages legitimized their being of "aristocratic" and "Rajput".<ref name="Michelutti"/>

=== Attempted Rajputisation of Kolis ===
Records of [[Koli people]] exist from at least the 15th century, when rulers in the present-day Gujarat region called their chieftains marauding robbers, [[dacoit]]s, and pirates. Over a period of several centuries, some of them were able to establish petty chiefdoms throughout the region, mostly comprising just a single village.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shah|first1=A. M.|last2=Shroff|first2=R. G.|date=1958|title=The Vahīvancā Bāroṭs of Gujarat: A Caste of Genealogists and Mythographers|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/538561|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|publisher=American Folklore Society|volume=71|issue=281 |pages=265|doi=10.2307/538561 |jstor=538561|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Although not [[Rajput]]s, this relatively small elite subset of the Kolis claimed the status of the higher-ranked Rajput community, adopting their clan names, lineages, customs and intermixing with less significant Rajput families through the practice of [[Hypergamy|hypergamous]] marriage,{{sfn|Shah|2012|p=169|ps=}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|pp=180–182}} which was commonly used to enhance or secure social status.{{sfn|Fuller|1975|pp=293–295}}<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Shah|Shroff|1958|pages=266–267}}</ref> There were significant differences in status throughout the Koli community, however, and little cohesion either geographically or in terms of communal norms, such as the establishment of endogamous marriage groups.{{sfn|Shah|2012|p=170|ps=}} The Kolis also employed [[Barot (caste)|Barots]] to fabricate a genealogy which would state the Kolis were of partial Rajput origin.<ref name=":1" />

=== Rajputisation of Jadejas===
According to the sociologist Lyla Mehta, the [[Jadeja]] were Hindu descendants of a [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[tribe]] that had migrated from [[Sindh]] to [[Cutch State|Kutch]].<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book|author=Lyla Mehta|title=The Politics and Poetics of Water: The Naturalisation of Scarcity in Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-wgujkjzZkC&pg=PA113|year=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2869-7|pages=113–|quote=As stated in Chapter 3, the Jadeja Rajputs were the former rulers of Kutch and the Hindu descendants of a Muslim tribe that migrated to Kutch from Sind.}}</ref> They originated from [[pastoral]] communities and laid a claim on the Rajput identity after marriages with Sodha Rajput women.<ref name="Ibrahim2020">{{cite book|author=Farhana Ibrahim|title=Settlers, Saints and Sovereigns: An Ethnography of State Formation in Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOYJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT127|date= 2020|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-008397-2|pages=127–|quote=The Jadejas entered the rank of Rajput society slowly from pastoralist pasts, as was frequently the norm in this region. Steady intermarriage between Jadeja men and Sodha Rajput women in Sindh enabled the former to lay claim to a Rajput identity.}}</ref> [[Gujarat|Gujarat's]] Jadeja Rajputs were called "[[Muslim|half-Muslim]]" and they employed Muslim [[Africa]]n [[Siddi]] slaves for cooking.<ref name="Visweswaran2011">{{cite book|editor=Kamala Visweswaran| author= Shail Mayaram|title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC&pg=PA18|date= 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5|pages=18–|quote=Helena Basu points out that the Jadeja Rajputs of Gujarat who were described as 'half Muslim' employed African Sidi(Muslim) slaves as cooks}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Acculturation]]
* [[Bhats]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author1=Catherine B. Asher |author2=Cynthia Talbot |title=India Before Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA99 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
* {{cite book|author=Lloyd Rudolph|title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7guY1ut-0lwC&pg=PA127|year=1967|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73137-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Tanuja Kothiyal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781107080317 }}
* {{cite book |author=Stewart Gordon |author-link=Stewart N. Gordon |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA16 |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 }}
* {{cite journal |title=History in Africa (vol.3) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPIEAQAAIAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=African Studies Association |editor=David Henige |editor-link=David Henige |author=Norman Ziegler}}
* {{cite book |author=Eugenia Vanina |author-link=Eugenia Vanina |title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC |year=2012 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-19-1 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Reena Dube |author2=Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar |title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FK6_l2_TCfgC |year=2012 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8385-5 }}
* {{cite journal |title=The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste |first=Christopher John |last=Fuller |author-link=Chris Fuller (academic) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=31 |issue=4 |date=Winter 1975 |pages=283–312 |jstor=3629883 |doi=10.1086/jar.31.4.3629883 |s2cid=163592798 }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |date=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC}}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Arvind M. |author-link=Arvind Shah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjORKo7maRUC&pg=PA168 |title=The Structure of Indian Society: Then and Now |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13619-770-3}}
{{refend}}

{{Cultural assimilation|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Social change]]
[[Category:Rajput culture]]

Rohit (caste)

2025-12-02T07:14:01Z

Siddharth Darnal:

{{refimprove|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{About|the caste|other uses|Rohit (disambiguation)}}

'''Rohit''' or '''Rohitas''', also called [[Bhambi Rohit]] and [[Bhambi Khalpa]], are a [[Bhambi]] sub-caste and sub-community from [[Gujarat]], India.

Rohit consider themselves to be followers or descendants of the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti Movement]] saint [[Rohidas|Ravidas]] or [[Rohidas]]. Traditionally, they did [[leather]] or hide work and were identified as [[Khalpa]]. But in 1947, a group of Khalpa organized and decided to call themselves Rohit. They also abandoned all leather works but practiced consumption of non-veg.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

From the 1930-40s Rohits were active in changing their caste name from [[Khalpa]] to Rohit, like others such as Dheds to [[Mahyavanshi]]s, Garua to [[Guru]], and [[Bhangi]] to [[Rishi]]. Only Mahyavanshis were successful in getting official recognition from the Government of India to get a [[Kshatriya]] status officially.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GRR5aUwQUVsC&dq=Rohit++mahyavanshi&pg=PA92] The Mahyavanshi: the success story of a scheduled caste By Y. A. Parmar (Page 91-92)</ref>

==Surname==

The Rohit community has number of ''ataks'' ([[surnames]]) apart from '''Rohit''' generally used by them.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lS-vD6l8cO8C&dq=chamar+rohit&pg=PA34|title=Daman and Diu|last2=Solanki|first2=B. R.|last3=Sinha|first3=N. K.|last4=Pereira|first4=Jaime F.|date=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-761-6|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Rohit (name)|Rohit]] - a [[Hindu]] name.

[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Shudra castes]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Delhi]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Chhattisgarh]]

Solapur–Bijapur Express

2025-11-11T17:43:38Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created Some Article And Citations

{{Orphan|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Solapur–Bijapur Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|07|05}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Solapur}} (SUR)
| stops = 3
| end = {{stnlnk|Bijapur}} (BJP)
| distance = {{convert|109.8|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 2 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Two days {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = First AC, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper 3 Tier, Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11031/11032
| speed = {{cvt|51|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Solapur–Bijapur Express''' is an intercity train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Solapur}} in [[Maharashtra]] and {{stnlnk|Bijapur}} of [[Karnataka]]. It is currently being operated with 11031/11032 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=3080&id=0,4,268 Salient Features Central Railway Portion of New Western Zone Time Table effective from 1.10.2015]</ref><ref>[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31806&articlexml=Four-trains-may-be-cancelled-24012016007033 Four trains may be cancelled]{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Service==

The 11031/Solapur–Bijapur Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 109.8 km in 2 hrs 10 mins. 11032/Bijapur–Solapur Express has an average speed of 39 km/h and 110 km in 2 hrs 50 mins.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Solapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Hotgi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Indi Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Nimbal}}
* {{stnlnk|Bijapur}}

==Coach composition==

The train consists of 12 coaches:

* 1 AC First-class
* 2 AC III Tier
* 4 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a Pune Loco Shed-based [[WDM-3D]] diesel locomotive from Solapur to Bijapur.

== Rake sharing ==

This train shares a with 22139/22140 [[Solapur–Mumbai CST Express]].

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/solapur-vijayapura-express-11031/22405/147/1150 11031/Solapur–Vijayapura Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/vijayapur-solapur-express-11032/22406/1150/147 11032/Vijayapur–Solapur Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solapur-Bijapur Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Solapur]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Sawroli

2025-10-04T22:54:30Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created Initial Entry From Scratch.

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sawroli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.1651485|N|72.9165266|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 58
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3341
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551548
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sawroli''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Sawroli has 611 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 65.55%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 3341 || 1667 || 1674
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 586 || 289 || 297
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 3321 || 1656 || 1665
|-
| Literates || 1806 || 1088 || 718
|-
| Workers (all) || 1658 || 854 || 804
|-
| Main workers (total) || 746 || 426 || 320
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 416 || 218 || 198
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 135 || 50 || 85
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 9 || 6 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Other || 186 || 152 || 34
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 912 || 428 || 484
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 132 || 100 || 32
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 618 || 210 || 408
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 27 || 15 || 12
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 135 || 103 || 32
|-
| Non-workers || 1683 || 813 || 870
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Talasari taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]

Pankaj Joshi (cricketer)

2025-09-19T16:07:35Z

Siddharth Darnal: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Delhi cricketers#J]] {{R to list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Atibadi Jagannath Das Award

2025-08-15T03:30:35Z

Siddharth Darnal: info!

{{Infobox award
| name = Atibadi Jagannath Das Award
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Award for contributions to [[Odia literature]]
| awarded_for = Literary award in [[Odisha]], India
| sponsor = [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]]
| firstawarded = 1993
| lastawarded = 2023
| reward =
| award1_type = First winner
| award1_winner = [[Radha Mohan Gadanayak]] (1993)
| award2_type = Latest winner
| award2_winner = [[Srinibash Udgata]] (2023)
| award3_type = Total awarded
| award3_winner = 31
| website = {{URL|http://odishasahityaakademi.org/|Odisha Sahitya Akademi}}
}}
'''Atibadi Jagannath Das Samman''' is a literary award<ref>{{cite book|title=Pratibha India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yBaAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=A. Sitesh}}</ref> awarded by [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]] to an [[Odia language]] [[litterateur]] for lifetime contribution to [[Odia literature]]. This is the most respectable honor to any litterateur by the academy. This award is named after 15th century Odia poet [[Atibadi Jagannath Das]] who was also known as ''Atibadi'' (greatest). Started in 1993, the first award was given to Odia poet [[Radha Mohan Gadanayak]]. As of 2020, 28 awards have been awarded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odishasahityaakademi.org/English/ati-badi-jagannath-das-award.php |title=Atibadi Jagannath Das Award Winners |website=Odisha Sahitya Akademi |access-date=21 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ATIBADI JAGANNATH DAS AWARDS |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/100.pdf |publisher=ଓଡ଼ିଶା ସରକାର |accessdate=15 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504223938/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/100.pdf |archivedate=4 May 2014 }}</ref>

==List of awardees==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name of winner<ref>{{cite web | url=http://odishasahityaakademi.org/English/ati-badi-jagannath-das-award.php | title=Odisha Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> !! Year !! Ref
|-
||[[Radha Mohan Gadanayak]]||1993||
|-
||Krushnachandra Tripathy||1994||
|-
||[[Natabar Samantaray]]||1995||
|-
||Rajakishore Pattanayak||1996||
|-
||Laxmidhara Nayak||1997||
|-
||[[Gouri Kumar Brahma]]||1998||
|-
||[[Nityananda Mohapatra]]||1999||
|-
||[[Binod Chandra Nayak]]||2000||
|-
||[[Basanta Kumari Patnaik]]||2001||
|-
||Achyutananda Pati||2002||
|-
||Chintamani Behera||2003||
|-
||[[Manoranjan Das]]||2004||
|-
||Umashankar Panda||2005||
|-
||Sudarshan Acharya||2006||
|-
||[[Manoj Das]]||2007||
|-
||[[Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo]]||2008||
|-
||Dasharathi Das||2009||
|-
||[[Chandrasekhar Rath]]||2010||
|-
||Gaganendra Nath Dash||2011||
|-
||[[Brajanath Rath]]||2012||
|-
||Dhaneswara Mohapatra||2013||
|-
||[[Shantanu Kumar Acharya]]||2014||
|-
||Madhusudan Pati||2015||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150912/jsp/odisha/story_42185.jsp |title=Akademi picks Pati for award |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002233903/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150912/jsp/odisha/story_42185.jsp |archive-date=2015-10-02}}</ref>
|-
||[[Bibhuti Patnaik]]||2016||<ref>{{cite news|title=Bibhuti Patnaik to receive Atibadi Jagannath Das Award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Bibhuti-Patnaik-to-receive-Atibadi-Jagannath-Das-Award/articleshow/54200342.cms|accessdate=9 September 2016|newspaper=ଟାଇମ୍ସ ଅଫ ଇଣ୍ଡିଆ}}</ref>
|-
||[[Rabi Singh]]||2017||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kalingatv.com/latestnews/renowned-poet-rabi-singh-receive-atibadi-jagannath-das-award-2017/|title = Renowned poet Rabi Singh to receive Atibadi Jagannath das award-2017|date = 8 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
||[[Ramakanta Rath]]||2018||<ref>{{cite news |title=ରମାକାନ୍ତ ରଥଙ୍କୁ ଅତିବଡ଼ୀ ପୁରସ୍କାର |url=http://sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=478062&boxid=25446134 |accessdate=27 July 2018 |issue=ସମ୍ବାଦ ୨୭/୦୭/୨୦୧୮ ପୃଷ୍ଠା ୯ }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
||[[Binapani Mohanty]]||2019||
|-
||[[Ramachandra Behera]]||2020||
|-
||[[Pratibha Ray]]||2021||
|-
||[[Sitakant Mahapatra]]||2022||
|-
||[[Srinibash Udgata]]||2023||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://odishasahityaakademi.org/English/ati-badi-jagannath-das-award.php Atibadi Jagannath Das Award Winners]

{{Atibadi Jagannath Das Award}}
{{Odia language}}

[[Category:Awards established in 1993]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Odia-language literary awards]]

Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari

2025-08-04T13:33:00Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created Some Data W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|Indian journalist (1928–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 25 September 1928
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = 1 June 2006
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Journalist
| yearsactive =
| known for = Journalism
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = Three daughters and a son
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari''' (1928–2006) was an Indian journalist and the editor of [[Loksatta]], a popular [[Marathi language|Marathi]] daily published by the [[Indian Express]] Group.<ref name="Veteran journalist Gadkari passes away">{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-veteran-journalist-gadkari-passes-away-1032701 | title=Veteran journalist Gadkari passes away | date=1 June 2006 | access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> He was also associated with the [[All India Radio]], ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', ''[[Sakal]]'' and their [[Goa]] edition, ''Gomantak Times''<ref name="Gomantak Times">[[:nl:Gomantak Times|Gomantak Times, 2015]], Retrieved 27 September 2015{{Circular reference|date=October 2015}}</ref> during his career.<ref name="Veteran journalist Gadkari passes away" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1990.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Gadkari was born into [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] ([[CKP]]) family<ref>{{cite news|title=सीकेपी तितुका मेळवावा!|publisher=loksatta|author=Karandikar|quote=छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराजांचे सेनानी – बाजीप्रभू देशपांडे, मुरारबाजी देशपांडे, बाळाजी आवजी चिटणीस, खंडो बल्लाळ चिटणीस. मराठी साहित्यिक राम गणेश गडकरी, साहित्य संमेलनाच्या पहिल्या स्त्री अध्यक्षा कुसुमावती देशपांडे. अर्थशास्त्रज्ञ चिंतामणराव देशमुख. १९१२ मधील मुंबई हायकोर्टाचे मुख्य न्यायाधीश महादेव भास्कर चौबळ. राजकारणी दत्ता ताम्हाणे, बाळासाहेब ठाकरे, उद्धव ठाकरे, राज ठाकरे. माजी लष्कर प्रमुख अरुणकुमार वैद्य. हवाईदल प्रमुख अनिल टिपणीस. नाट्यसृष्टीच्या सर्वच दालनांच्या सर्वज्ञा विजया मेहता.मराठी आणि हिंदी चित्रपट सृष्टीतील सुमती गुप्ते, शोभना समर्थ, नूतन, तनुजा, नलिनी जयवंत, स्नेहप्रभा प्रधान. विविध २०० प्रकारचे वैज्ञानिक शोध लावणारे आणि ४० पेटंट्स नावावर असलेले आणि ज्यांना भारताचे एडिसन म्हटले जाते ते शास्त्रज्ञ शंकर आबाजी भिसे. संगीतातील फक्त एकच नाव घेतले पुरे आहे ते म्हणजे श्रीनिवास खळे. क्रिकेटपटू बाळू गुप्ते – सुभाष गुप्ते – नरेन ताम्हाणे. १९६५ च्या युद्धात अवघ्या २३ व्या वर्षी शाहिद झालेला लेफ्टनंट दिलीप गुप्ते, पत्रकार माधव गडकरी, आणखी कितीतरी….|url= https://www.loksatta.com/blogs-news/whos-ckp-community-1788003/}}</ref> on 25 September 1928 in Mumbai, in the Western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Autographs of Media Personalities of India">{{cite web | url=https://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-131111.html | title=Autographs of Media Personalities of India | publisher=Indian Autographs | date=2015 | access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> His first known posting was with the [[All India Radio]].<ref name="Veteran journalist Gadkari passes away" /> Later, he worked with ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', and moved on to [[Sakal]] and their [[Goa]]n edition, Gomantak Times. Subsequently, he joined [[Loksatta]] and became its Group Editor in 1991. After his retirement from service in 1992, he continued freelance writing and contributed a column in the city based newspaper, ''Mumbai Chaufer'', till 1997.<ref name="Veteran journalist Gadkari passes away" />

Gadkari was in the news on more than one occasion. On 20 December 1990, a bomb blast took place in his house following which a few [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] supporters were arrested.<ref name="Altekar gets justice after 16 long years">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindunet.org/hvk/articles/1206/172.html | title=Altekar gets justice after 16 long years | publisher=Hindu Net | date=18 December 2006 | access-date=27 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928043325/http://www.hindunet.org/hvk/articles/1206/172.html | archive-date=28 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2004, he was again in the news when a group of known personalities including [[Subhash Bhende]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] and himself, filed a public interest litigation at the [[Mumbai High Court]], seeking [[disenfranchisement]] of the Mumbai slum dwellers.<ref name="Banning the majority from voting">{{cite web | url=http://infochangeindia.org/governance/analysis/banning-the-majority-from-voting.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323002221/http://infochangeindia.org/governance/analysis/banning-the-majority-from-voting.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=23 March 2012 | title=Banning the majority from voting | publisher=Info Change India | date=October 2004 | access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> He was awarded the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India in 1990.<ref name="Padma Awards" />

Gadkari died on 1 June 2006, aged 78, at his Mumbai residence, leaving behind his wife, three daughters and a son.<ref name="Veteran journalist Gadkari passes away" />

==See also==
* [[Loksatta]]
* [[Sakal]]
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadkari, Madhav Yeshwant}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Journalists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]

H. K. Chainani

2025-08-01T02:44:37Z

Siddharth Darnal:

{{Short description|Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
'''Hashmatrai Khubchand Chainani''' (29 February 1904 – 28 November 1965) was an Indian judge and the [[List of Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court|Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TstaDwAAQBAJ&q=Judge+CHAINANI+Bombay&pg=PT41|title=Supreme Whispers: Conversations with Judges of the Supreme Court of India|last=Abhinav Chandrachud|date=29 May 2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=9789353050214|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chainani was born to a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] family in 1904 in [[British India]]. He first studied in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], then was admitted to the D. J. Sindh College of [[Karachi]]. In 1925, he passed B.A. in Natural Science Tripos from [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]], [[England]]. After passing the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] examinations,<ref name="George H. Gadbois, Jr 2018">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIAyDwAAQBAJ&q=H.K+Chainani&pg=PT97|title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India: 1950–1989|last=George H. Gadbois, Jr|date=2 May 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088386|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> Chainani returned to [[India]] in 1927. He was first appointed Assistant Collector at Sholapur then at [[Nashik|Nasik]], [[Khandesh]] and [[Poona]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTEzJnBhZ2Vubz0y|title=CHIEF JUSTICE MR. HASHMATRAI KHUBCHAND CHAINANI|website=bombayhighcourt.nic.in|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his judicial career as an Assistant Judge at [[Pune|Poona]] in 1933 and was promoted as District and Sessions Judge at [[Solapur|Sholapur]]. In 1935, he was appointed Secretary to the Bombay Legislative Council and Assistant Legal Remembrancer. In 1944, Chainani became the Joint Secretary of Home Department, [[Bombay Presidency|Government of Bombay]] then transferred as Deputy Secretary to the Home Department of [[Government of India]]. He also worked as Revenue Commissioner. He was promoted to a Puisne Judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] and after Justice [[M. C. Chagla]] he was appointed the Chief Justice of Bombay High Court in 1958.<ref name="George H. Gadbois, Jr 2018" />

In 1962, he was acting governor of the [[State of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thesindhuworld.com/h-k-chainani/|title=Profile: H K Chainani|access-date=16 April 2024|website=thesindhuworld.com|date=17 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IleHyBDWbzEC&q=H.K+Chainani&pg=PA156|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories|volume=16|editor1=S. C. Bhatt |editor2=Gopal K. Bhargava|year=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=9788178353722|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> and honorary secretary of Environmental Action Group of [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jk-to-go-for-law-on-heritage-protection/story-45EQ93APcH7t4cMHGH3ikL.html|title=JK to go for law on heritage protection|last=Ahmad|first=Rashid|date=2 December 2006|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[M. C. Chagla]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court]]|years=1958-1965}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Y. S. Tambe]]}}
{{end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chainani, H. K.}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Karachi]]

[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Governors of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Madrasi chess

2025-07-06T22:22:07Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created First Post V1

{{Short description|Chess variant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
'''Madrasi chess''' is a [[chess variant]] invented in 1979 by Indian [[Abdul Jabbar Karwatkar]], who named the game after [[Chennai|his home town]].<ref>Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 242</ref> The game uses the conventional [[rules of chess]] with the addition that when a piece is attacked by a piece of the same type (for example, a black queen attacking a white queen) both are paralysed and become unable to move, capture or give check.
{{AN chess|pos=TOC}}

==Paralysis==
Most of the time, two like pieces attack each other mutually, meaning they are both paralysed. ''[[En passant]]'' [[pawn (chess)|pawn]] captures are an exception to this, since the attack is not mutual. The status of an ''en passant'' capture is open to debate.<ref>Pritchard (2007), p. 44</ref>

This paralysis rule is not usually extended to the [[king (chess)|king]]s, meaning that as in orthodox chess, the two kings cannot move to adjacent squares; when it {{em|is}} extended to kings, the variant is called ''Madrasi rex inclusive'' (sometimes shortened to ''Madrasi RI''). Although it is possible to play complete games of both Madrasi chess and Madrasi RI, they have mainly been used as a condition in [[chess problem]]s.

{{Chess diagram
|tleft
|
| | |kd|nd| | | |
| |pd| |pd| |nl| |
| | | | | | | |
| | |rl| | | |rd|
| | | | | | | |rd
| |pl| |pd| | | |
| | |pl| | |nl|rl|
|bl| | |bd| |kl| |
}}
The position diagrammed demonstrates some of the peculiarities of Madrasi. The black king is not in check from the rook on c5, because the rook is attacked by the black rook on g5, meaning it is paralysed. In its turn, the c5-rook attacks the g5-rook, paralysing it. Likewise, the white rook on g2, also attacked by the g5-rook, is paralysed. The black rook on h4, however, is not paralysed and is free to move. The knights on d8 and f7 also attack each other, as do the pawns on c2 and d3, so these pieces also are paralysed. Note that the bishop on d1 is not paralysed by the knight on f2 attacking it – units must be of a similar type (both knights, both bishops and so on) for paralysis to happen.

===Releasing paralysis===
There are two ways in which a paralysis can be released. The first is for a non-paralysed piece to make a capture. In the example, White cannot play cxd3 because his pawn is paralysed, but he can play Nxd3, thus unparalysing his c2-pawn. The second way is to cut off the line of attack from the paralysing unit by interposing a third piece. For example, 1.Be5 in the diagram cuts the line of attack from the g5-rook to the c5-rook and so unparalyses it. As a result, the white rook on c5 is now giving check. The only way for Black to escape the check in this instance is to re-paralyse the checking rook, which can be done by 1...Rc4. White then has the reply 2.bxc4, which is checkmate: Black has no safe squares for his king, he cannot capture the checking unit, he cannot interpose a piece between the checking unit and the king, and he cannot paralyse the checking unit (note that ...Rxe5 paralysing the c5-rook is not possible because the g5-rook is paralysed by its counterpart on g2).

==References==
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book
|last1=Hooper
|first1=David
|authorlink1=David Vincent Hooper
|last2=Whyld
|first2=Kenneth
|authorlink2=Kenneth Whyld
|title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|year=1996
|edition=2nd
|orig-date=First pub. 1992
|entry=Madrasi
|isbn=0-19-280049-3 }}
*{{cite book
|last=Pritchard
|first=D. B.
|authorlink=David Pritchard (chess player)
|title=The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
|publisher=Games & Puzzles Publications
|year=1994
|entry=Madrasi Chess
|page=182
|isbn=0-9524142-0-1}}
*{{cite book
|last=Pritchard
|first=D. B.
|authorlink=David Pritchard (chess player)
|editor-last=Beasley
|editor-first=John
|title=The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
|publisher=John Beasley
|year=2007
|entry=Madrasi Chess
|pages=44–45
|isbn=978-0-9555168-0-1}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jurajlorinc.com/chess/fi_m.htm#madra Madrasi problems]

{{Chess variants}}

[[Category:Chess variants]]
[[Category:Fairy chess]]
[[Category:1979 in chess]]
[[Category:Board games introduced in 1979]]
[[Category:Chess in India]]
[[Category:Chennai]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]

Jacob Lalrawngbawla

2025-04-04T03:48:09Z

Siddharth Darnal: fixed references to improve readability

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jacob Lalrawngbawla
| image =
| image_size = 200
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|6|8}}
| birth_place = [[Tlungvel]], Mizoram, India
| currentclub = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| clubnumber = 14
| height = {{height|m=1.67}}
| position = [[midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2010–2012
| youthclubs1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| years1 = 2012–
| clubs1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| caps1 = 27
| goals1 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2013
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-19 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 0
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 20 February 2016
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Jacob Lalrawngbawla''' (born 8 June 1995) is an Indian [[association football|football]] player playing for [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] in the [[I-League]] in India as a [[midfielder]].

==Career==

===Shillong Lajong===

Jacob is a youth product of [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]. He joined the youth set up in 2010. A talented youngster, Jacob was selected for a training camp in [[FC Bayern Munich]] in July 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2011/07/16/lajong-members-to-train-in-bayern-munich/|title=Lajong members to train in Bayern Munich|date=15 July 2011}}</ref> Impressive performances saw him graduate to the senior team at the start of 2012–13 season along with two other academy boys. He made his professional debut on 12 October 2012 at the age of 17 when he came on as a substitute in an [[I-League]] game against [[Salgaocar F.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/12/india/i-league/lajong-sc/salgaocar-sports-club/1394154/|title = Shillong Lajong vs. Salgaocar - 12 October 2012 - Soccerway}}</ref> [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] coach [[Des Bulpin]] has hailed Jacob Lalrawngbawla as a "brilliant talent."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/12/06/3582359/the-boys-have-to-believe-in-themselves-shillong-lajong-coach?source=breakingnews| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306173446/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/12/06/3582359/the-boys-have-to-believe-in-themselves-shillong-lajong-coach?source=breakingnews| archive-date = 2016-03-06| title = The boys have to believe in themselves – Shillong Lajong coach Desmond Bulpin – Goal.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.goal.com/en/people/india/85309/jacob-lalrawngbawla Profile] at Goal.com
* [http://i-league.org/?tb_player=jacob-lalrawngbawla Profile] at I-league.org
* {{soccerway|jacob-lalrawngbawla/271551}}

{{Shillong Lajong F.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalrawngbawla, Jacob}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Shillong Lajong FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]

Simon Stock Palathara

2025-01-03T10:38:14Z

Siddharth Darnal: Created Initial Info First Draft.

{{Short description|Catholic bishop of Jagdalpur, India (1935–2022)}}
'''Mar Simon Stock Palathara CMI''' (11 October 1935 – 19 November 2022) was the second bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Jagdalpur]], India. Bishop Simon Stock was born as the son of Mr. Philip and Mrs. Mary Philip on 11 October 1935, in Vadakkekara ,Changanacherry, Kerala. After his High School Education in St. Berchman's Changanacherry and St. Epherm, Mannanam he joined the CMI Congregation in 1954. He made his first religious profession on 16 May 1958. He had his Major Seminary formation at Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram, Bangalore and was ordained priest on 1 December 1964. From 1972 till 1977 he was the Pro-Exarch of the Exarchate of Jagdalpur and later till 1982 as its Vicar General. He was the Provincial Superior of the Jagdalpur Vice-Province of the CMI Congregation for two terms, from 1981 to 84 and 1987 to 90. He was nominated bishop of Jagdalpur in 1993 and was ordained Bishop on 19 March 1993. He was retired from the active episcopal ministry as Bishop of the eparchy after completing 75 years of age in 2013. He then continued as the Bishop Emeritus of Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Jagdalpur. He was a priest for 57 years and a bishop for 29 years. He was called to eternal rest on 19 November, 2022 at 1.30 am at MPM Hospital, Jagdalpur.<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpalas.html Catholic-Hierarchy.org.-Simon Stock Palathara]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palathara, Simon Stock}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope John Paul II]]

{{SyroMalabar-bishop-stub}}

Baroda FA

2024-12-20T07:29:59Z

Siddharth Darnal:

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Vadodara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Baroda
| image = Baroda FA logo.svg
| upright = 0.85
| fullname = Baroda Football Academy
| short name = BFA
| nickname =
| founded = {{start date and age|2008}}
| ground = [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation|VMC]] Sports Complex
| capacity = 3,500
| owntitle = President
| owner = Vimal Upadhyay
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Naresh Auer (Men's)
| league = '''Men's''': [[I-League 3]] [[Gujarat SFA Club Championship]] '''Women's''': [[Gujarat State Women's League]]
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 = _blackborder
| pattern_b1 = _blackcollar
| pattern_ra1 = _blackborder
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 0018A8
| body1 = 0018A8
| rightarm1 = 0018A8
| shorts1 = 0018A8
| socks1 = 000000
| pattern_la2 = _blackborder
| pattern_b2 = _blackcollar
| pattern_ra2 = _blackborder
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = 0018A8
| website = {{url|https://www.barodafootballacademy.co.in/}}
}}

'''Baroda Football Academy''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] academy-club based in [[Vadodara, Gujarat]]. It is part of the [[homonymous]] [[sports club|multi-sports club]]. The men's team of BFA participates in [[Gujarat SFA Club Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baroda Football Academy Trials, Vadodara – Sports: Football Trials, News, Events, Best Football Academy in India|url=https://spotik.in/baroda-football-academy-trials-vadodara/|access-date=2021-01-03|language=en-US|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527213750/https://spotik.in/baroda-football-academy-trials-vadodara/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
Baroda Football Academy is one of the largest and most successful football academies in Gujarat. Since its establishing, it has endowed nearly 9,000 children between 5 and 19 years of age with professional training.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat football tournament sees massive participation - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/gujarat-football-tournament-sees-massive-participation/articleshow/62974739.cms|access-date=2021-01-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510042000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/gujarat-football-tournament-sees-massive-participation/articleshow/62974739.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Baroda Football Academy is accredited by the [[All India Football Federation]], giving its players an opportunity for U13, U15 & U18 youth tournaments. Its senior team is member of the [[I-League 3]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IWL 2020: FC Kolhapur City defeat Baroda Football Academy for first win, Kenkre FC inch closer to SF|url=https://scroll.in/field/952042/iwl-2020-fc-kolhapur-city-defeat-baroda-football-academy-for-first-win-kenkre-fc-inch-closer-to-sf|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Scroll.in|language=en|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503161652/https://scroll.in/field/952042/iwl-2020-fc-kolhapur-city-defeat-baroda-football-academy-for-first-win-kenkre-fc-inch-closer-to-sf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Baroda FA won the [[Gujarat State Women's League]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat Women's League: Baroda Football Academy Lead Points Table, Patan FC Close Second|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/gujarat-womens-league-baroda-football-academy-lead-points-table-patan-fc-close-second-2418961.html|access-date=2021-01-03|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510042000/https://www.news18.com/news/football/gujarat-womens-league-baroda-football-academy-lead-points-table-patan-fc-close-second-2418961.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Baroda FA participated in [[Futsal Club Championship]], after winning Gujrat Futsal Championship.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Football academies in India]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Gujarat]]
[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League clubs]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Bhagabatipur

2024-12-10T14:21:25Z

Siddharth Darnal: enhance information and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhagabatipur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6937623|N|88.193603|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = Nearest City
| established_date = [[Serampore]]
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,068
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712701
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chanditala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanditala]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhagabatipur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Chanditala I]] CD Block in [[Srirampore subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=300| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|43|20|N|88|10|10|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Chanditala I, Chanditala II and Jangipara CD Blocks in Srirampore subdivision in Hooghly district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|41|15|N|88|17|31|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Dankuni | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Dankuni]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|46|32|N|88|0|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Rajbalhat| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Rajbalhat]] (CT)| shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|44|10|N|88|3|5|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Jangipara| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Jangipara]] (R)| shape-color3=#C42222
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|47|0|N|88|2|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Antpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Antpur]] (R)| shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|45|16|N|88|7|45|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Furfura Sharif| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Furfura Sharif]] (R)| shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|44|40|N|88|11|30|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Masat| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Masat, Hooghly|Masat]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|43|54|N|88|12|24|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Jangalpara| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Jangalpara]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|13|12|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Gangadharpur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Gangadharpur]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|45|10|N|88|13|20|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Manirampur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Manirampur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|43|6|N|88|11|57|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Dudhkalmi| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Dudhkalmi]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|26|N|88|11|59|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nababpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Nababpur]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|42|0|N|88|13|36|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kumirmora| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kumirmora]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|13|8|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ramanathpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Ramanathpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|41|37|N|88|11|37|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Bhagabatipur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= Bhagabatipur (CT)|shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|41|40|N|88|15|58|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Chanditala| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Chanditala]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|44|40|N|88|14|51|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Kharsarai| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Kharsarai]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|45|14|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Tisa| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Tisa, Hooghly|Tisa]] (CT)| shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|45|40|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Kapashanria| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Kapashanria]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|44|38|N|88|15|44|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Jaykrishnapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Jaykrishnapur]] (CT)| shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|45|7|N|88|15|30|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Purba Tajpur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Purba Tajpur]] (CT)| shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|15|11|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Begampur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Begampur, India]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|43|25|N|88|14|26|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Baksa| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Baksa, Hooghly]] (CT)| shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|44|8|N|88|16|3|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Panchghara| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Panchghara]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|42|10|N|88|16|11|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Naiti| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Naiti]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|43|12|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Chikrand| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Chikrand]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|42|50|N|88|14|33|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Janai| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Janai, Hooghly|Janai]] (CT)| shape-color26=#A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|42|40|N|88|15|38|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Pairagchha| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Pairagachha]] (CT)| shape-color27=#A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|15|52|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Barijhati| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Barijhati]] (CT)| shape-color28=#A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|40|40|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Garalgachha| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Garalgachha]] (CT)| shape-color29=#A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|39|55|N|88|16|34|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Krishnapur| numbered30=CT| mark-title30= [[Krishnapur, West Bengal|Krishnapur]] (CT)| shape-color30=#A40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|42|6|N|88|5|13|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31=Kotalpur| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Kotalpur, Hooghly]] (R)| shape-color31=#C42222}}

===Location===
Bhagabatipur is located at {{coord|22.69376|N|88.19360|E| source:itwiki_region:IN|}}.

[[Gangadharpur]], [[Manirampur]], [[Masat, Hooghly|Masat]], [[Jangalpara]], [[Dudhkalmi]], [[Nababpur]], Bhagabatipur, [[Kumirmora]] and [[Ramanathpur]] form a cluster of census towns in Chanditala I CD Block.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf | title= Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Hooghly |work = Map of Chanditala I CD Block, page 649| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 4 October 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Map of BHAGABATIPUR GP .png|thumb|Map of BHAGABATIPUR GP]]

===Urbanisation===
Srirampore subdivision is the most urbanized of the subdivisions in Hooghly district. 73.13% of the population in the subdivision is urban and 26.88% is rural. The subdivision has 6 municipalities and 34 census towns. The municipalities are: [[Uttarpara Kotrung Municipality]], [[Konnagar Municipality]], [[Serampore Municipality]], [[Baidyabati Municipality]], [[Rishra Municipality]] and [[Dankuni Municipality]]. Amongst the CD Blocks in the subdivision, Uttarapara Serampore (census towns shown in a separate map) had 76% urban population, Chanditala I 42%, Chanditala II 69% and Jangipara 7% (census towns shown in the map above).<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 3 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 October 2018}}</ref> All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Gram panchayat===
Villages and census towns in Bhagabatipur [[gram panchayat]] are: [[Bhadua]], Bhagabatipur, [[Jalamadul]], [[Kanaidanga]], [[Metekhal]] and [[Singjor]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/kanaidanga.html | title = Kanaidanga| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Bhagabatipur had a total population of 7,068 of which 3,586 (51%) were males and 3,482 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 831. The total number of literates in Bhagabatipur was 5,566 (89.24% of the population over 6 years).
<ref name=census2011/>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
Most of the people are [[goldsmith]]s and rest are dependent on cultivation. And few are service men.

==Politics==
[[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] is the Member of Parliament and Swati Khandekar of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] is the Member of Legislative Assembly.

==Transport==
Transportation is mainly based on public transport like bhagwatipur to Dankuni and small vehicles like magic van. The nearest airport is [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] and the nearest rail stations are [[Dakshinbari railway station]] ([[Howrah]]-[[Amta]] line). The nearest junction station is [[Dankuni railway station]] ([[Howrah-Bardhaman chord]] line) which is 13 km approx.

==Education==
Bhagabatipur Milan Vidyapith is the oldest school in Bhagabatipur. Nearby English Medium School are

●St. Stephen's School

●H.S Memorial School

●Happy Children's School

●Little Anges K.G. School

*S.M Memorial School

''Nearby Colleges are:''

[[Vidyasagar Mahavidyalaya]]

[[Raja Peary Mohan College]]

[[Azad Hind Fouz Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]

[[Lalbaba College]]

[[Indian Statistical Institute]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}

{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Census towns in Chanditala I CD Block]]