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Tere Ghar Ke Samne

2026-05-08T15:13:36Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: starting some article w/ infobox

{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tere Ghar Ke Samne
| image = Tere Ghar Ke Samne.jpg
| caption = Poster of Tere Ghar Ke Samne
| director = [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]<ref>{{Citation| title = Tere Ghar Ke Samne (1963)| url = http://www.shemaroo.com/overseas/Dvd_Shop/product_intlship.asp?ProductID=20366&sent=2| accessdate = 23 March 2012| archive-date = 10 February 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070408/http://shemaroo.com/overseas/Dvd_Shop/product_intlship.asp?productid=20366&sent=2| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Tere Ghar Ke Samne Trailer and Cast| url = https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/tere-ghar-ke-samne/ | accessdate = 23 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Anand's family ignored at the IFFI |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2007/vijay-anand-family-iffi-051207.html |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=5 December 2007 |access-date=25 March 2012 }}</ref>
| producer = [[Dev Anand]]
| writer = Vijay Anand
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dev Anand]] [[Nutan]] [[Rajendra Nath]] [[Om Prakash]] [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]]
| music = [[S. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = V Ratra<ref>{{Citation| title = Untitled Document| url = http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/tereghar.html| accessdate = 23 March 2012}}</ref>
| editing = Babu Shaikh
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1963|04|05|df=y}}<ref>{{Citation| title = Tere Ghar Ke Samne (1963) Movie Review, Trailers, Music Videos, Songs, Wallpapers – Bollywood Hungama| url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503769 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120123202611/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503769 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 January 2012 | accessdate = 23 March 2012}}</ref>
| runtime = 149 minutes<ref>{{Citation| title = Tere Ghar Ke Samne movie Reviews, Trailers, Wallpapers, Songs, Hindi |url = http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/ter/tere-ghar-ke-samne/mid_16974/ | accessdate = 26 March 2012 }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}2 crore<ref name=Boxoffice>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=169&catName=MTk2Mw== |title=Box office 1963 |website=Boxofficeindia.com |accessdate=26 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212164010/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=169&catName=MTk2Mw== |archivedate=12 February 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}

'''''Tere Ghar Ke Samne''''' (English: ''In Front of Your House'') is a 1963 Hindi film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tere-ghar-ke-samne-1963/article840785.ece|title=Tere Ghar Ke Samne (1963)|author=DEEPAK MAHAAN|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Released on 5 April 1963, it was a major hit in India, taking the sixth spot in highest-grossing films of the year.<ref name=Boxoffice/> The film, produced by [[Dev Anand]] and written and directed by [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]], is the duo's fourth collaboration after the hits ''[[Nau Do Gyarah]]'' (1957), ''[[Kala Bazar]]'' (1960) and ''[[Hum Dono (1961 film)|Hum Dono]]'' (1961). Vijay Anand would later go on to direct the hits ''[[Guide (1965 film)|Guide]]'' (1965), ''[[Teesri Manzil]]'' (1966) and ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]'' (1970).<ref>{{Citation| title = Tere Ghar ke Saamne Upperstall.com| url = http://www.upperstall.com/films/1963/tere-ghar-ke-saamne#field_profile| accessdate = 26 March 2012}}</ref>

The film stars [[Dev Anand]], [[Nutan]], [[Rajendra Nath]], [[Om Prakash]] and [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Citation| title = Tere Ghar Ke Samne DVD, 2005 828970009195|publisher = eBay| year = 2005| url = http://www.ebay.com/ctg/Tere-Ghar-Ke-Samne-DVD-2005-/48259506#prodDescr| accessdate = 23 March 2012}}</ref> The film's music is by [[S. D. Burman]], while the lyrics have been penned by [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]. It was also the last movie to pair Dev Anand and Nutan together, after the films ''[[Paying Guest]]'' (1957), ''Baarish'' (1957) and ''[[Manzil (1960 film)|Manzil]]'' (1960).<ref>{{Citation| title = The unforgettable Nutan-Dev Anand chemistry| url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/12dinesh.htm| accessdate = 30 April 2012}}</ref>

The story is about a young architect who returns to India after having had a western education and falls in love with a modern Indian girl, who respects Indian culture and her parents' wishes. Their fathers are rivals in everything, and never cease to quarrel. The two of them must convince their fathers to put aside their differences and live together in harmony.

== Plot ==
Set in Delhi, Lala Jagannath ([[Om Prakash]]) and Seth Karam Chand ([[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]]), two wealthy businessmen, are bidding for the front plot in a government auction. One is westernised and wears black-rimmed spectacles, the other, traditional turban and linen. Adamant on getting the front plot of land, Lala Jagannath raises the price higher and higher. Seth Karam Chand irks him even further by raising the price by a paltry 1000 rupees, made worse by the fact that Seth Karam Chand raises his finger, leaving the auctioneer ([[Jankidas]]) and the crowd to interpret the meaning. Lala Jagannath winds up with the front plot, but at the last moment, Seth Karam Chand comes in and quotes an insane price for the back plot, leaving the rest to think something has gone wrong with him.

Back home, Seth Karam Chand informs his wife about his decision, and the two banter, with him talking about "style". His daughter, Sulekha ([[Nutan]]) points out that their house will be hidden by Lala Jagannath's one. Not willing to let such a thing happen, Seth Karam Chand and Sulekha hire an architect, Rakesh ([[Dev Anand]]). After a little friction and misunderstanding, Rakesh gets to know Sulekha and her brother, Ranjit. ([[Rajendra Nath]]). His sidekick, Madan, ([[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]]), sets his eyes on Sulekha's friend, Motiya (Parveen Choudhary).

They go to visit the [[Qutub Minar]], and no one else but Rakesh and Sulekha are willing to climb up. Slowly, but surely, Rakesh and Sulekha start to fall in love. But there's a catch that no one but Rakesh and Madan know – Rakesh is actually Lala Jagannath's son! Even then, he conceals the truth from everyone, leading to some hilarious side-splitting scenes where Rakesh tries to keep his parents away from Sulekha's, and his antics include pretending to have an attack and making both sides believe he's scolding the other, with a little help from his sidekick.

Meanwhile, Ranjit and Rakesh's colleague, Jenny (Zarine Katrak) fall in love as well. Ranjit leaves for Kashmir, and Rakesh starts to make the plans for the houses. To add to his woes, his father insists that he design the house, and Seth Karam Chand has already hired him. Still not willing to allow the truth to be revealed, he tries to keep the designs away from each side, but to no avail. His father sees a design, insists on it, while Seth Karam Chand has already decided on that one. Fed up with all the enmity, Rakesh eventually decides to make both houses the same. His love affair with Sulekha continues. When Sulekha goes off to [[Shimla]], Rakesh follows behind her.

Finally deciding that enough is enough, Rakesh decides to reveal the truth to Sulekha. She gets very angry with him, but thankfully, their parents don't come to know about it. He refuses to work for them, and when she demands to know why, he drops a bombshell and tells her that he is indeed Lala Jagannath's son. Feeling betrayed, she starts to avoid him at Ronny's birthday party. Undaunted, Rakesh sings a song, and she is easily wooed back.

However, Lala Jagannath and Seth Karamchand both find out, and marriage, in their eyes, is impossible. Their enmity is a barrier between their children's love, and however hard Rakesh and Sulekha try, the barrier is impenetrable. Even then, Rakesh finally manages to convince them, and they relent, embracing each other. Taking that as a yes, Rakesh and Sulekha hug each other too, overjoyed. They get married at the inauguration of the two houses that Rakesh had built.

==Cast==
*[[Dev Anand]] as Rakesh Anand Kumar, an architect who builds both houses
*[[Nutan]] as Sulekha, a young girl who falls in love with Rakesh
*[[Rajendra Nath]] as Captain Ranjit 'Ronny', an army officer and Sulekha's brother
*Zarine Katrak as Jenny, Rakesh's colleague
*[[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]] as Madan Gopal Basuriwala, Rakesh's assistant
*Parveen Choudhary as Motiya, Sulekha's friend
*Pratima Devi as Mrs. Karam Chand, Sulekha's mother
*[[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]] as Seth Karam Chand, Sulekha's father
*[[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] as Mrs. Jagannath, Rakesh's mother
*[[Om Prakash]] as Lala Jagannath, Rakesh's father
*[[Jankidas]] as the auctioneer

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tere Ghar Ke Samne
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin Dev Burman]]
| cover = TGKS_Album_Cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = 1963 (India)
| recorded = 1962
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:26
| label = The Gramophone Company of India (Private) Limited
| producer = [[Sachin Dev Burman]]
| prev_title = [[Naughty Boy (film)|Naughty Boy]]
| prev_year = 1962
| next_title = [[Bandini (film)|Bandini]]
| next_year = 1963
}}

{{listen
|filename=Dil Ka Bhanwar Sample.ogg
|title=Mohammed Rafi – Dil Ka Bhanwar
|description=A sample of the song "Dil Ka Bhanwar" from the film soundtrack
}}
The music was composed by [[S.D. Burman]], and the lyrics were penned by [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]. [[Mohammed Rafi]] sang three solos for Dev Anand, and two more duets with [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. [[Asha Bhosle]] also sang one song, "Dil Ki Manzil", a cabaret song, which had a few lines of Spanish too.<ref>{{citation
| last = Khan
| first = Shahid
| title = Tere Ghar Ke Samne – music review by Shahid Khan
| url = http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=042806041007
| accessdate = 23 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Singh| first = Harneet| title = Nutan in a Whisky Glass| date = 8 January 2012| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nutan-in-a-whisky-glass/897026/1| accessdate = 26 April 2012 }}</ref>

===Track list===

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =

| title1 = Dil Ka Bhanwar
| extra1 = [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length1 = 4:37

| title2 = Tere Ghar Ke Samne
| extra2 = Mohammed Rafi, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length2 = 3:19

| title3 = Tu Kahan Yeh Bata
| extra3 = Mohammed Rafi
| length3 = 4:26

| title4 = Dekho Rootha Na Karo
| extra4 = Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar
| length4 = 3:46

| title5 = Dil Ki Manzil
| extra5 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length5 = 5:10

| title6 = Yeh Tanhai Hai Re Hai
| extra6 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length6 = 3:38

| title7 = Sunle Tu Dilki Sadaa
| extra7 = Mohammed Rafi
| length7 = 4:46}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|0057568}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/tere_ghar_ke_samne}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|503769}}
* {{YouTube|9xw8pltgEDs|Watch}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE5B2DC47CC9763F2&feature=edit_ok Songs] on YouTube
{{Vijay Anand}}

[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1963 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dev Anand]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]

A.D. Thomas

2026-05-07T10:13:03Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: Started entry

{{AI-generated|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. D. Thomas
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| predecessor = [[P. P. Chitharanjan]]
| successor =
| birth_name = A. D. Thomas
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1996}}
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| father = Dominic Jackson
| occupation = Teacher, Politician
| education = Graduate
}}

'''A. D. Thomas''' (born 1996) is an Indian politician and educator serving as the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) for the [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]] constituency. Elected in the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], he is one of the youngest members of the 16th Kerala Niyamasabha.<ref name="Hindu_AD">{{cite news |title=A. D. Thomas, Alappuzha constituency, INC: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Kerala2026/a-d-thomas-309/ |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
A. D. Thomas was born in Alappuzha and pursued a career in teaching after completing his graduation. He became involved in student politics through the [[Kerala Students Union]] (KSU) and later the youth wing of the Congress party. Prior to his election, he was known for organizing youth-led community service programs and advocating for urban development in the Alappuzha municipality.<ref name="Affidavit_AD">{{cite web |title=Candidate Affidavit: A. D. Thomas |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6InovT1BiY3dKZkkzSld6cE5ubUMwSUE9PSIs... |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 March 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In the 2026 elections, Thomas was selected by the [[Indian National Congress]] to contest from Alappuzha, a seat held by the LDF since 2016. In a result described by local media as a youthful surge, he defeated the incumbent [[P. P. Chitharanjan]] by a margin of 11,208 votes.<ref name="TOI_Alpy">{{cite news |title=Alappuzha Election Result 2026: Young Congress leader A. D. Thomas unseats incumbent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/alappuzha-election-result-2026/articleshow/130719882.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== Election results ==
=== 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:130px" | Party
! scope="col" style="width:220px" | Candidate
! scope="col" style="width:80px" | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | %
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ±%
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| style="text-align:left" | '''A. D. Thomas'''
| '''72,154'''
| '''49.02'''
| '''+8.45'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[CPI(M)]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[P. P. Chitharanjan]]
| 60,946
| 41.40
| -7.18
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[BJP]]
| style="text-align:left" | M. J. Job
| 11,833
| 8.04
| -0.92
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Margin of victory
! 11,208
! 7.61
!
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Total valid votes
! 1,47,205
!
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}; text-align:left" | '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]] gain''' from [[CPI(M)]]
| '''[[Swing (politics)|Swing]]'''
| +7.82
|
|}
<ref name="Express_AD">{{cite news |title=Kerala Election Result Highlights: A. D. Thomas wins Alappuzha |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/alappuzha-election-result-live-updates-winner-10669555/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]

Ranni Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T12:22:45Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: put up new post - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ranni
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 112
| map_image = 33kVsubstationperunad.jpeg
| map_caption = A 33 Kilo[[volt]] Substation at [[Perunad|Ranni-Perunad]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| district = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| mla = Pazhakulam Madhu
| electors = 1,93,634 (2021)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
}}
'''Ranni''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://pathanamthitta.nic.in/ml/elected-members-and-constituencies
|website = pathanamthitta.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is [[Pramod Narayan|Pramod Narayanan]] of [[Kerala Congress (M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Ranni Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pathanamthitta.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Pathanamthitta District
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|grama panchayat]] or [[municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Kottangal]]
|Grama panchayat
|Mallapally<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://pathanamthitta.nic.in/subdivisions-taluks-and-villages
|website = pathanamthitta.nic.in
|title = Subdivisions Taluks and Villages in Pathanamthitta district.
}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Vechoochira]]
|Grama panchayat
|Ranni
|-
|3
|[[Perunad|Ranni-Perunad]]
|Grama panchayat
|Ranni
|-
|4
|[[Naranammoozhy]]
|Grama panchayat
|Ranni
|-
|5
|[[Pazhavangadi (Pathanamthitta)|Ranni-Pazhavangadi]]
|Grama panchayat
|Ranni
|-
|6
|[[Angadi|Ranni-Angadi]]
|Grama panchayat
|Ranni
|-
|7
|[[Kottanad]]
|Grama panchayat
|Mallapally
|-
|8
|[[Ezhumattoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|Mallapally
|-
|9
|[[Ayiroor, Pathanamthitta|Ayiroor]]
|Grama panchayat
|Ranni
|-
|10
|[[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]
|Grama panchayat
|Ranni
|-
|11
|[[Vadasserikkara]]
|Grama panchayat
|Ranni
|-
|12
|[[Cherukole]]
|Grama panchayat
|Ranni
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Ranni Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/ranni-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Ranni
}}</ref>

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India}} {{Party index link|Independent (politician)}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress (U)}} {{Party index link|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="55%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" |Vayala Idicula
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| M . K . Divakaran
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| Jacob Skariah
| Independent
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| K. A. Mathew
| [[Kerala Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}"|
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| M. C. Cherian
| [[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}"|
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan="2" |7th
| Sunny Panavelil
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
| 1982 – 1986
|-
| 1986*
| Rachel Sunny Panavelil
| 1986 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| Eapen Varughese
| [[Kerala Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}"|
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| M. C. Cherian
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| rowspan="5" |[[Raju Abraham]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| rowspan="5" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[12th Kerala Assembly|12th]]
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[13th Kerala Assembly|13th]]
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[14th Kerala Assembly|14th]]
| 2016-2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[15th Kerala Assembly|15th]]
|[[Pramod Narayan]]
| [[Kerala Congress (M)]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}"|
|Incumbent
|}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranni}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=[[Pramod Narayan]]|votes= |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pazhakulam Madhu|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Twenty20 Party|candidate=Thomas K. Samuel|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,93,684 registered voters in Ranni Assembly constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ceo.kerala.gov.in|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (M)
|candidate = Pramod Narayan
|votes = 52,669
|percentage = 41.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rinku Cherian
|votes = 51,384
|percentage = 40.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate = Padmakumar K
|votes = 19,587
|percentage = 15.33
|change = {{loss}}4.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 431
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,285
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,27,777
|percentage = 65.97
|change = {{loss}}4.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Kerala Congress (M)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{-}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,90,196 registered voters in Ranni Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Raju Abraham]]|votes=58,749|percentage=43.87%|change={{decrease}}4.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mariamma Cherian|votes=44,153|percentage=32.97%|change={{decrease}}10.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Padmakumar K.|votes=28,201|percentage=21.06%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Prasad Uthimoodu|votes=1,072|percentage=0.80%|change={{decrease}}0.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Fawseena Thakbeer|votes=862|percentage=0.64%|change={{decrease}}0.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=438|percentage=0.33%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Geethamma Madhavan|votes=298|percentage=0.22%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Varughese Thomas|votes=154|percentage=0.11%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 14,596
|percentage = 10.90%
|change ={{increase}}5.42
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,33,927|percentage=70.42%|change={{increase}}1.90}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{decrease}}4.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,75,669 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Raju Abraham]]|votes=58,391|percentage=48.51%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Peelipose Thomas|votes=51,777|percentage=43.02%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Suresh Kadambari|votes=7,442|percentage=6.18%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=V. D. Saji Mon|votes=1,300|percentage=1.08%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Ibrahim Kutty|votes=905|percentage=0.75%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=S. Radhakrishan|votes=350|percentage=0.29%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ulakan Thevan|votes=196|percentage=0.16%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,614
|percentage = 5.42%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,20,361|percentage=68.52%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]
* [[Pathanamthitta district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

M. M. Abdulla

2026-05-02T04:21:15Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: added a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 6 September 2021
| term_end = 24 July 2025
| successor = [[Salma (writer)|Salma]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| predecessor = [[A. Mohammedjan]]
|}}
'''M. M. Abdulla''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] who served as [[Members of Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |others= |date=2021-08-22 |title=MM Abdullah is DMK’s Rajya Sabha candidate |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mm-abdullah-is-dmks-rajya-sabha-candidate/article36041798.ece |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |title=DMK candidate Abdulla elected unopposed to RS after nomination of 3 other candidates found invalid |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-candidate-abdulla-rajya-sabha-bypolls-tamil-nadu-1848905-2021-09-03 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=M M Abdullah is DMK’s candidate for Rajya Sabha bypoll {{!}} Chennai News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-m-m-abdullah-is-dmks-candidate-for-rs-bypoll/articleshow/85550503.cms |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
M.M. Abdulla was born on 30 July 1975 in [[Pudukkottai]],[[Tamil Nadu]]. His father was K. Mohamed Ismail and his mother was M. Nabeesa. He completed his undergraduate studies with a Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.) degree from [https://www.mietarts.org/ M.I.E.T. College of Arts and Science], [[Tiruchirappalli]]. He later pursued higher education in management and earned a Master’s degree in Business Management from [[St. Joseph's College of Engineering|St. Joseph’s College]], [[Chennai]].

== Personal life ==
He married A. Jannathul Firthose on 14 July 2002 and has two daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Wise All Members |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Members/StateWise |website=Rajya Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri M. Mohamed Abdulla |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shri-m-mohamed-abdulla |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=National Portal of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdulla, M. M.}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}
{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Randhir Sharma

2026-04-24T19:26:48Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: put up a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Randhir Sharma
| office = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sri Naina Deviji Assembly constituency|Sri Naina Deviji]]
| term_start = 2022
| birth_place = Guruka-Lahore, [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]], Himachal Pradesh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|23 June 1963}}
| constituency1 = [[Kot-Kehloor Assembly constituency|Kot-Kehloor]]
| term_start1 = 2007
| term_end1 = 2012
| office1 = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| prior_term = 1
| term = 2012–2017
| predecessor = [[Ram Lal Thakur]]
| successor1 = ''constituency delimited''
| predecessor1 = Ram Lal Thakur
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = Master of Arts ([[Himachal Pradesh University]])
}}

'''Randhir Sharma''' (born 23 June 1963)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-03-23 |title=Details {{!}} eVidhan- Himachal Pradesh |url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/56 |access-date=2024-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323133943/https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/56 |archive-date=23 March 2017 }}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sri Naina Deviji Assembly constituency]] in [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]]. He won the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Sri Naina Deviji Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Randhir Sharma defeats Ram Lal Thakur of Congress by 171 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/sri-naina-deviji-election-result-2022-live-check-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15352971.htm |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/himachal-pradesh-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly election results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-8312715/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sharma was born in Guruka-Lahore, Bassi post, Bilaspur district. He is the son of Krishan Lal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randhir Sharma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SRI NAINA DEVIJI(BILASPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/hp2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=499 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He completed his MA in English and later did LLB and diploma in personnel management. He married Rekha Sharma and together they have a son.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Sharma won from Sri Naina Deviji Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 29,403 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Ram Lal Thakur]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 171 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners, seat-wise winning candidates of AAP, BJP, Congress |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/himachal-assembly-election-results-2022-full-list-winners-68-seat-wise-all-winning-candidates-name-himachal-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2545245.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Sri Naina Deviji Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Randhir Sharma Wins From Sri Naina Deviji , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/sri-naina-deviji-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-result-news-1568271 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kot-Kehloor Assembly constituency]], which was name [[Sri Naina Deviji Assembly constituency|Sri Naina Deviji]] after delimitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2007 |url=https://elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2007-election-results.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> He retained the seat in the [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0" /> In the 2017 Assembly election, he lost to [[Ram Lal Thakur]] of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 1,042 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Naina Deviji Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Randhir Sharma Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/sri-naina-deviji-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562921.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

He served as the organizing secretary of [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|Akhila Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":0" /> He also served as the president of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, the youth of the Himachal Pradesh BJP.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Randhir}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]

List of educational institutions in Palakkad district

2026-04-13T14:46:51Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: added new place

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

[[Palakkad District]] is one of the main centre of education in [[Kerala]] state India. [[Palakkad District]] has Prominent Educational Institutions provide platform for various level of education . The district is home to the only [[Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad|Indian Institute of Technology]] in [[Kerala]] state. [[Palakkad District]] has three educational districts namely [[Palakkad]], [[Ottappalam]] and [[Mannarkkad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education | Palakkad | India |url=https://palakkad.nic.in/education/}}</ref> There are several educational institutions working across the district. [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad]], Government Engineering College, Sreekrishnapuram, [[NSS College of Engineering]], [[Government Medical College, Palakkad]], [[Chembai Memorial Government Music College]], and many more higher level of educational institutions are located in [[Palakkad District]].

[[Government Victoria College, Palakkad]], established in 1866, is one of the oldest colleges in the state.<ref name="spbprofile">{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=http://spb.kerala.gov.in/index.php/district-profile-palakkad.html |access-date=2019-01-09 |website=spb.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> The [[Government Medical College, Palakkad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=-CUSTOMER VALUE- |url=http://www.gmcpalakkad.in/-CUSTOMER%20VALUE- |website=-CUSTOMER VALUE-}}</ref> is started in 2014 is the first Government medical college in the district. The [[NSS College of Engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSS College of Engineering - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.nssce.ac.in/ |website=www.nssce.ac.in}}</ref> at [[Akathethara]], is the Fourth Engineering Institution established in [[Kerala]], India. The [[Chembai Memorial Government Music College]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=借金SOS | Just another WordPress site |url=http://cmgmusiccollege.org/?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=27 |website=cmgmusiccollege.org}}</ref> is one of the main centres of excellence in teaching carnatic music in the state. The Mercy College, Palakkad<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiliated Colleges and courses |url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/affiliated_colleges/2016_Affiliated_Colleges_and_courses_latest_list_on24May2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916095650/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/affiliated_colleges/2016_Affiliated_Colleges_and_courses_latest_list_on24May2016.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2017}}</ref> a women's college established in 1964 is one of the familiar institution in [[Palakkad]] city.

==Engineering Colleges ==
* [[IIT Palakkad|Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad]]
* Government Engineering College Sreekrishnapuram
* Ammini College of Engineering, Kannampariyaram
* [[NSS College of Engineering]]
* [[al ameen college of engineering]]

==Arts and Science Colleges==
* [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad]]
* [[Government College Chittur]]
* [[V V College of Science and Technology]], [[Kanjikode]]
* [[NSS College, Nenmara]]
* [[SN College, Alathur]]
* [[Sadanam Kumaran College, Pathiripala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Educational Institutes in Palakkad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Educational institutions in Palakkad district}}
[[Category:Education in Palakkad district| ]]
[[Category:Kerala education-related lists|Palakkad]]

Riddhi Kumar

2026-04-09T16:10:31Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: put up new bio - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Riddhi Kumar
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| occupation = Actress
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kopargaon]], [[Shirdi]], [[Maharashtra]]
| years_active = 2018–present
| alma_mater =
| parents =
}}

'''Riddhi Kumar''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] [[Film|films]] and [[web series]], she made her [[feature film]] debut with the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] romance [[Lover (2018 film)|''Lover'' (2018)]]<ref name=":0" /> and has since appeared in web series ''[[Voot|Candy]]'' (2021), [[Crash Course (TV series)|Crash Course]], ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]'' (2022) , Hack Crimes Online, as well as in several [[Pan-Indian film|pan-Indian]] projects, gaining attention on both the festival circuit and in commercial cinema. {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

She made her acting debut with the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]'' (2018).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE! Riddhi Kumar On Her Love For Acting And 'Lover'|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 July 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/riddhi-kumar-on-her-love-for-acting-and-lover/article24451211.ece/|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718115106/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/riddhi-kumar-on-her-love-for-acting-and-lover/article24451211.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> She then made her Malayalam debut with [[Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal|''Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal'' (2019)]] and her Marathi debut with ''[https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-actor-upcoming-movie-kadi-patta-first-poster-riddhi-kumar-becomes-bhushan-patil-heroine-film-will-be-released-across-maharashtra-on-7th-november-1379695 Kadhipatta]'' (2025).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |date=2025-08-25 |title='कढीपत्ता'मध्ये भूषण पाटीलसोबत झळकणार 'ही' अभिनेत्री; अनोख्या प्रेमाची, अनोखी कहाणी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-actor-upcoming-movie-kadi-patta-first-poster-riddhi-kumar-becomes-bhushan-patil-heroine-film-will-be-released-across-maharashtra-on-7th-november-1379695 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
Riddhi Kumar was born in [[Kopargaon]], near [[Shirdi]], [[Maharashtra]], into an Army family; her father is an officer in the [[Indian Army]]. She graduated with a bachelor’s degree in Philosophy from [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]]. Before entering films, she began her career in modelling and pageantry, participating in fashion shows and regional beauty contests, which eventually led her to acting. {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==Career==
Kumar made her acting debut in 2018 with the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/lover/movie-review/65067145.cms |title=TOI Review |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=20 July 2018 |work=Times of India |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314232136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/lover/movie-review/65067145.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> opposite [[Raj Tarun]].<ref name=":2" /> The same year, she appeared in the telugu film ''[[Anaganaga O Premakatha]]'' opposite [[Viraj Ashwin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=2018-10-02 |title=Anaganaga O Prema Katha is a modern love story {{!}} Anaganaga O Prema Katha is a modern love story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/021018/anaganaga-o-prema-katha-is-a-modern-love-story.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, she made her [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film debut with ''[[Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vinayakan-s-pranaya-meenukalude-kadal-trailer-shows-sea-side-love-story-108527|title=Vinayakan's 'Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal' trailer shows a sea-side love story|website=The News Minute|date=7 September 2019|accessdate=4 October 2019|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203163758/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vinayakan-s-pranaya-meenukalude-kadal-trailer-shows-sea-side-love-story-108527|url-status=live}}</ref> alongside [[Vinayakan]] and [[Dileesh Pothan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/pranaya-meenukalude-kadal/movieshow/70874675.cms|title=Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929165118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/pranaya-meenukalude-kadal/movieshow/70874675.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Riddhi Kumar has also featured in a popular [[Cadbury Dairy Milk]] advertisement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Riddhi Kumar Age Biography Boyfriend Family Instagram Films |url=https://famoustarz.com/riddhi-kumar/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Riddhi made her web debut with the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] series ''Candy'' alongside [[Ronit Roy]] and [[Richa Chaddha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candy Season 1 Review: A gripping whodunit (3/5)|access-date=10 September 2021|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/candy/season-1/seasonreview/86160573.cms|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725051955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/candy/season-1/seasonreview/86160573.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, she appeared in the Hindi series ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]'' alongside [[Shefali Shah]] and [[Kirti Kulhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=14 January 2022 |title=Human Review: Shefali Shah-Kirti Kulhari Are The Pounding Heart And Pulsing Veins Of The Series |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/human-review-shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-are-the-pounding-heart-and-pulsing-veins-of-the-series-4-stars-2707763 |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=NDTV |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114082334/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/human-review-shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-are-the-pounding-heart-and-pulsing-veins-of-the-series-4-stars-2707763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=14 January 2022 |title=Human Season 1 Review : A compelling medical thriller packed with some brilliant performances |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/human/season-1/seasonreview/88697081.cms |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318021155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/human/season-1/seasonreview/88697081.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

She then appeared in the 2022 Telugu-Hindi bilingual ''[[Radhe Shyam]]'' alongside [[Prabhas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Radhe Shyam Movie Review : A love story whose destiny could have been something else… |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/radhe-shyam/movie-review/90135468.cms |work=[[The Times Of India]] |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311064844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/radhe-shyam/movie-review/90135468.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Radhe Shyam Movie Review: Prabhas, Pooja Hegde film has glossy visuals but lacks soul |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/radhe-shyam-movie-review-prabhas-pooja-hegde-film-has-glossy-visuals-but-lacks-soul-1924210-2022-03-11 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311093701/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/radhe-shyam-movie-review-prabhas-pooja-hegde-film-has-glossy-visuals-but-lacks-soul-1924210-2022-03-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Riddhi has appeared in the Hindi web series ''Crash Course'' alongside [[Annu Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annu Kapoor starrer Crash Course to premiere on Amazon Prime Video on August 5, 2022|work=Bollywoid Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/annu-kapoor-starrer-crash-course-premiere-amazon-prime-video-august-5-2022/|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723213016/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/annu-kapoor-starrer-crash-course-premiere-amazon-prime-video-august-5-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> She will also appear in the Malayalam film ''Chethi Mandaram Thulasi'' opposite [[Sunny Wayne]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunny Wayne shares an exclusive still from RS Vimal movie Chethi Mandaram Thulasi|work=Times Of India|access-date=3 February 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sunny-wayne-shares-an-exclusive-still-from-rs-vimal-movie-chethi-mandaram-thulasi/articleshow/80654685.cms|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203065604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sunny-wayne-shares-an-exclusive-still-from-rs-vimal-movie-chethi-mandaram-thulasi/articleshow/80654685.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Riddhi Kumar portrays Mallika in ''[[Superboys of Malegaon]]'', a heartfelt tribute to small-town cinema dreams, directed by [[Reema Kagti]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-03-23 |title=Riddhi Kumar calls Superboys of Malegaon co-star Adarsh Gourav “effortlessly talented”: “He has this unique ability to surprise you” : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/riddhi-kumar-calls-superboys-malegaon-co-star-adarsh-gourav-effortlessly-talented-unique-ability-surprise/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |language=en}}</ref>

She also made her [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film debut in 2025 with ''[https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-actor-upcoming-movie-kadi-patta-first-poster-riddhi-kumar-becomes-bhushan-patil-heroine-film-will-be-released-across-maharashtra-on-7th-november-1379695 Kadhi Patta]'' opposite [[Bhushan Patil]].<ref name=":1" />

Riddhi Kumar will be seen as one of the leading heroines [[Prabhas]] in ''[[The RajaSaab|The Raja Saab]]'', a multilingual romantic-horror film directed by [[Maruthi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-13 |title=The Raja Saab: Prabhas Is 'Absolute Darling' To Work With, Says Riddhi Kumar; Actress Calls Him 'Helpful' - EXCL |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/the-raja-saab-prabhas-is-absolute-darling-to-work-with-says-riddhi-kumar-actress-calls-him-helpful-excl-article-152990780 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
She was nominated for the [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy (ITA) Awards]] alongside [[Rasika Dugal]] and [[Shabana Azmi]] in the Best Supporting Actress – Drama (OTT) category for her role in ''[[Candy (Indian TV series)|Candy]]''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14479078/awards/ |title=Candy (TV Series 2021– ) - Awards - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-10-19 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]''
|Charita
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riddhi Kumar in Raj Tarun's next film 'Lover'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/241217/riddhi-kumar-in-raj-taruns-film.html|access-date=30 December 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231225756/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/tollywood/241217/riddhi-kumar-in-raj-taruns-film.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anaganaga O Premakatha]]''
|Ananya
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal]]''
|Jasmine
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Riddhi Kumar plays Jasmine in 'Pranayameenukalude Kadal'|work=Times Of India|access-date=29 September 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actress-riddhi-kumar-plays-jasmine-in-pranayameenukalude-kadal/articleshow/71334307.cms|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930225557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actress-riddhi-kumar-plays-jasmine-in-pranayameenukalude-kadal/articleshow/71334307.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Dandam''
|Priya
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022
|rowspan="2"|''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
|rowspan="2"|Tara
|Telugu
|rowspan="2"|Bilingual film
|
|-
|[[Hindi]] ||
|-
|''[[Salaam Venky]]''
|Sharda Prasad Krishnan
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Superboys of Malegaon]]''
|Mallika
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riddhi Kumar as Mallika in Superboys of Malegaon (2024) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt28007064/characters/nm9661819/ |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|''Kadhipatta''
|
|Marathi
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2026
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
|Anitha
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-27 |title=Prabhas: ప్రభాస్‌-మారుతీ మూవీ ఆ ముగ్గురు హీరోయిన్స్‌ ఫిక్స్‌ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/three-heroins-in-prabhas-raja-deluxe/0205/122222340 |access-date=2022-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127022949/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/three-heroins-in-prabhas-raja-deluxe/0205/122222340 |archive-date=27 November 2022 }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|2021
|''[[Candy (Indian web series)|Candy]]''
|Kalki Rawat
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]''
|Deepali
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=देखें, रियल लाइफ में कितनी ग्लैमरस हैं Human की ड्रग विक्टिम 'दिपाली', जीती हैं ऐसी जिंदगी|work=ABP Live|access-date=27 January 2022|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/human-series-drug-victim-actress-deepali-aka-riddhi-kumar-looks-glamorous-in-real-life-2047430/amp}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Crash Course (Indian web series)|Crash Course]]''
|Shanaya Qazi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon Prime Video announces 'Crash Course' starring Annu Kapoor, Riddhi Kumar, Bhanu Uday and Anushka Kaushik among others|work=The Print|access-date=20 July 2022|url=https://theprint.in/features/amazon-prime-video-announces-new-series-crash-course/1047818/%3famp}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Hack Crimes Online''
|Shakti
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hack Crimes Online |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/hack-crimes-online/seriesreview/105089196.cms |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517002234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/hack-crimes-online/seriesreview/105089196.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9661819}}

{{Portal bar|Films|Television}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]

Bob-cut Sengamalam

2026-04-08T08:15:54Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: made initial stub and citations

{{Short description|Rajagopalaswamy Temple Elephant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox animal
| name = Bob-cut Sengamalam
| image = Mannargudi Bobcut Sengamalam Elephant.jpg
| image_size = 350
| caption = Sengamalam with her bob-cut hairstyle
| species = ''[[Elephas maximus]]'' (Asian Elephant)
| breed =
| gender = Female
| birth_date = c. 1988 (age approx. {{age|1988|1|1}})
| birth_place = Likely [[Assam]], India
| nationality = India
| known = Bob cut hairstyle, Mannargudi Temple Elephant
| owner = Mannargudi Rajagopalaswamy Temple
}}
'''Sengamalam''' is a female temple elephant of the [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Rajagopalaswamy Temple]] in [[Mannargudi]], Tamil Nadu, India. She is well known for her distinctive bob-cut hairstyle,<ref name=TOI2018>{{Cite news |first=D Vincent |last=Arockiaraj |date=22 May 2018 |title=Photos: This Tamil Nadu elephant makes a style statement with 'bob-cut' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/mannargudis-sengamalam-makes-a-style-statement-with-bob-cut/articleshow/64263986.cms |access-date=22 May 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> which has attracted media and public attention. Sengamalam regularly participates in the temple's daily rituals and major festivals, including the annual [[Brahmotsavam]] and [[Theppotsavam]].

== Background ==
Sengamalam was brought to the Rajagopalaswamy Temple from [[Kerala]] on January 13, 2003, though Sengamalam had been brought from [[Assam]] beforehand.<ref name="TOI2018" /> Already she has become an important part of temple activities such as Daily Ritual, Processions and annual festivals like Brahmotsavam and helps accompany the deities in festivals.<ref name="TNM2020">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2020 |title='Bob-cut Sengamalam', an elephant from Tamil Nadu, wows netizens again |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/bob-cut-sengamalam-elephant-tamil-nadu-wows-netizens-again-128112 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Hairstyle and care ==
Sengamalam became an internet sensation because of her eclectic style bangs (bob cut). Her mahout S. Rajagopal, who maintained her, got the inspiration from watching a video of another elephant with similar hair and decided to imitate the same for Sengamalam.<ref name="TOI2018" /> Her hair needs constant attention, as its washed 3 times a day in the summer, and at least once a day in other seasons. Reports say her mahout installed a special shower worth ₹45,000 to help keep her cool in the heat.<ref name="TOI2018" />

== Public recognition ==
Sengamalam’s hairstyle has gained a lot of attention, with videos and pictures shared widely on social media. In 2020, her images circulated again, making her one of the most recognizable temple elephants online.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title='Bob-cut Sengamalam', the adorable elephant that will make your day |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bob-cut-sengamalam-the-adorable-elephant-that-will-make-your-day-857960.html |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Social media users frequently compared her look to a professionally styled human haircut. Her devoted followers and even critics often called her a “high-maintenance queen” and noted her one-of-a-kind fashion. Sengamalam's looks and her exceptional hairdo have been showcased in local and even national television, as well as in publications related to temples.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Sanya |date=6 July 2020 |title=Meet 'Bob-Cut Sengamalam': An Elephant Famous For Her Unique Hairstyle |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/meet-bob-cut-sengamalam-an-elephant-famous-for-her-unique-hairstyle-2257751 |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> She is celebrated as a cultural icon and a mark of devotion, and her prominence extends to the devotees coming to Mannargudi. Sengamalam is also special for her unique talent of playing mondhar, the mouth organ, to greet the visitors, and has become quite popular.

== Cultural role ==
Beyond her internet fame, Sengamalam remains an important part of temple life. She takes part in religious processions, blesses devotees, and the local community views her as both a sacred presence and a cultural icon.<ref name=TOI2018 />

== See also ==

* [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi]]
* [[Temple elephant]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Elephants in India]]

Military

2026-03-28T17:36:46Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: slightly refine formatting to improve readability further and updated info

{{Short description|Organized force intended for warfare}}
{{For|the film|Military (film){{!}}''Military'' (film)}}
{{Redirect|Armed forces}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= March 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date= August 2008}}
{{War}}
[[File:141113-A-QS211-509 - Soldiers of the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, and 2nd Cavalry Regiment participate in the closing ceremony for Iron Sword 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[NATO]] military ceremony in [[Pabradė]], [[Lithuania]], November 2014]]
A '''military''', also known collectively as '''armed forces''', is a heavily [[Weapon|armed]], highly organized force primarily intended for [[warfare]]. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a [[sovereign state]], with their members identifiable by a distinct [[military uniform]]. They may consist of one or more [[military branch]]es such as an [[army]], [[navy]], [[air force]], [[space force]], [[marines]], or [[coast guard]]. The main task of a military is usually defined as defence of their state and its interests against external armed threats.

In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include other [[paramilitary]] forces such as armed police.

[[File:Countries by soldier count.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Countries by number of active soldiers (2009)]]

Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within the state, including internal security threats, [[crowd control]], promotion of [[political agenda]]s, [[emergency service]]s and reconstruction, protecting [[corporate]] economic interests, social ceremonies, and national [[Guard of honour|honour guards]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordan |first1=David |last2=Kiras |first2=James D. |last3=Lonsdale |first3=David J. |last4=Speller |first4=Ian |last5=Tuck |first5=Christopher |last6=Walton |first6=C. Dale |title=Understanding Modern Warfare |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1107134195 |page=66 |edition=Second}}</ref>
A nation's military may function as a discrete social [[subculture]], with dedicated infrastructure such as military housing, [[Military academy|schools]], utilities, [[logistics]], [[Military hospital|hospitals]], legal services, food production, finance, and banking services.

The profession of [[soldier]]ing is older than [[recorded history]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/war/|title=War in Ancient Times|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|date=2 September 2009|website=World History Encyclopedia|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183031/https://www.worldhistory.org/war/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some images of [[classical antiquity]] portray the power and feats of military [[Leadership|leaders]]. The [[Battle of Kadesh]] in 1274 BC from the reign of [[Ramesses II|Ramses II]], features in [[Relief|bas-relief]] monuments. The first [[Emperor of China|Emperor of a unified China]], [[Qin Shi Huang]], created the [[Terracotta Army]] to represent his military might.<ref name="ReferenceA">
[[:File:Terrakotta 2006 3.jpg|Terra cotta of massed ranks of Qin Shi Huang's terra cotta soldiers]]
</ref>
The [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] wrote many [[treatise]]s and writings on warfare, as well as many decorated [[triumphal arch]]es and [[victory column]]s.

==Etymology and definitions==
[[File: Column of Marcus Aurelius - detail3.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Relief scene of Roman legionaries marching, from the [[Column of Marcus Aurelius]], Rome, Italy, 2nd century AD]]
The first recorded use of the word "military" in English, spelled {{lang|enm|militarie}}, was in 1582.<ref name="OED">{{cite OED|military|access-date = 25 March 2019}}</ref> It comes from the Latin {{lang|la|militaris}} (from Latin {{lang|la|miles}} {{gloss|soldier}}) through French, but is of uncertain etymology, one suggestion being derived from ''*mil-it-'' – going in a body or mass.<ref>{{OEtymD|military}}</ref><ref>Tucker, T.G. (1985) ''Etymological dictionary of Latin'', Ares publishers Inc., Chicago. p. 156</ref>

As a noun phrase, "the military" usually refers generally to a country's armed forces, or sometimes, more specifically, to the senior officers who command them.<ref name="OED"/><ref name="Webster">{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/|title=Merriam Webster Dictionary online|website=Merriam-Webster.com|access-date=2011-08-01|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922151722/https://www.merriam-webster.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> In general, it refers to the physicality of armed forces, their [[Military personnel|personnel]], [[Military technology|equipment]], and the physical area which they occupy.

As an adjective, military originally referred only to soldiers and soldiering, but it broadened to apply to land forces in general, and anything to do with their profession.<ref name = "OED"/> The names of both the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Royal Military Academy]] (1741) and [[United States Military Academy]] (1802) reflect this. However, at about the time of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], ''military'' began to be used in reference to armed forces as a whole, such as "[[military service]]", "[[military intelligence]]", and "[[military history]]". As such, it now connotes any activity performed by armed force personnel.<ref name="OED"/>

==History==
{{Main|Military history}}
[[File:Рисунок № 2 к статье «Египетские войны». Военная энциклопедия Сытина (Санкт-Петербург, 1911-1915).jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of [[Military of ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptian military]] formation]]
Military history is often considered to be the history of all conflicts, not just the history of the state militaries. It differs somewhat from the [[history of war]], with military history focusing on the people and institutions of war-making, while the history of war focuses on the evolution of war itself in the face of changing technology, governments, and geography.

Military history has a number of facets. One main facet is to learn from past accomplishments and mistakes, so as to more effectively wage war in the future. Another is to create a sense of [[military tradition]], which is used to create cohesive military forces. Still, another is to learn to prevent wars more effectively. Human knowledge about the military is largely based on both recorded and [[oral tradition|oral history]] of military conflicts (war), their participating [[army|armies]] and [[navy|navies]] and, more recently, [[air force]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morillo |first1=Stephen |last2=Pavkovic |first2=Michael F. |title=What is Military History? |date=2006 |publisher=Polity Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-7456-3390-0 |pages=2, 6–7 |edition=1}}</ref>

==Organization==
{{further|Military organization}}
===Personnel and units===
{{main|Military personnel}}
{{See also|Military reserve|Military service|Women in the military}}
Despite the growing importance of [[military technology]], military activity depends above all on people. For example, in 2000 the British Army declared: "Man is still the first weapon of war."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/395358/2000-ADPvol5_Soldiering_the_Military_Covenant_Ver2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/395358/2000-ADPvol5_Soldiering_the_Military_Covenant_Ver2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|title=Soldiering: The military covenant|last=British Army|date=2000|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>

==== Rank and role ====
The military organization is characterized by a [[command hierarchy]] divided by [[military rank]], with ranks normally grouped (in descending order of authority) as [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] (e.g. [[colonel]]), [[non-commissioned officer]]s (e.g. [[sergeant]]), and personnel at the lowest rank (e.g. [[Private (rank)|private]]). While senior officers make strategic decisions, subordinated military personnel ([[soldier]]s, [[sailor]]s, [[marine (military)|marines]], or [[airmen]]) fulfil them. Although rank titles vary by [[military branch]] and country, the rank hierarchy is common to all state armed forces worldwide.

In addition to their rank, personnel occupy one of many trade roles, which are often grouped according to the nature of the role's military tasks on combat operations: [[combat]] roles (e.g. [[infantry]]), [[combat support]] roles (e.g. [[combat engineer]]s), and [[combat service support]] roles (e.g. [[Military logistics|logistical support]]).

==== Recruitment ====
{{Main|Military recruitment}}

Personnel may be [[Military recruitment|recruited]] or [[Conscription|conscripted]], depending on the system chosen by the state. Most military personnel are males; the minority proportion of female personnel varies internationally (approximately 3% in India,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-military-to-allow-women-in-combat-roles/|title=India's Military to Allow Women in Combat Roles|last=Franz-Stefan Gady|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-12-12|language=en-US|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213114107/https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-military-to-allow-women-in-combat-roles/|url-status=live}}</ref> 10% in the UK,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-biannual-diversity-statistics-2017|title=UK armed forces biannual diversity statistics: 2017|date=2017|website=www.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-12-12|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831130120/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-biannual-diversity-statistics-2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 13% in Sweden,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/om-myndigheten/vara-varderingar/jamstalldhet-och-jamlikhet/historik/|title=Historik|last=Försvarsmakten|website=Försvarsmakten|language=sv-SE|access-date=2017-12-12|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716132851/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/om-myndigheten/vara-varderingar/jamstalldhet-och-jamlikhet/historik/|url-status=live}}</ref> 16% in the US,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usarec.army.mil/support/faqs.htm|title=Support Army Recruiting|last=US Army|date=2013|website=www.usarec.army.mil|access-date=2017-12-12|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109101909/http://www.usarec.army.mil/support/faqs.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 27% in South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16708:fact-file-sandf-regular-force-levels-by-race-a-gender-april-30-2011-&catid=79:fact-files&Itemid=159|title=Fact file: SANDF regular force levels by race & gender: April 30, 2011 {{!}} defenceWeb|last=Engelbrecht|first=Leon|website=www.defenceweb.co.za|date=29 June 2011|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-12|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183919/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16708:fact-file-sandf-regular-force-levels-by-race-a-gender-april-30-2011-&catid=79:fact-files&Itemid=159|url-status=live}}</ref>). While two-thirds of states now recruit or conscript only adults, as of 2017 50 states still relied partly on children under the age of 18 (usually aged 16 or 17) to staff their armed forces.<ref name="CSIntl-2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.child-soldiers.org/where-are-there-child-soldiers|title=Where are child soldiers?|work=Child Soldiers International|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201210707/https://www.child-soldiers.org/where-are-there-child-soldiers|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Whereas recruits who join as [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] tend to be [[Upwardly mobile|upwardly-mobile]],<ref name="Segal-1998">{{Cite journal|last=Segal, D R|display-authors=etal|date=1998|title=The all-volunteer force in the 1970s|jstor=42863796|journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=72 |issue=2|pages=390–411}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bachman|first1=Jerald G.|last2=Segal|first2=David R.|last3=Freedman-Doan|first3=Peter|last4=O'Malley|first4=Patrick M.|title=Who chooses military service? Correlates of propensity and enlistment in the U.S. Armed Forces.|journal=Military Psychology|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–30|doi=10.1207/s15327876mp1201_1|year=2000|s2cid=143845150}}</ref> most enlisted personnel have a childhood background of relative [[Socio-economic gap|socio-economic deprivation]].<ref name="Brett-2004">Brett, Rachel, and Irma Specht. ''Young Soldiers: Why They Choose to Fight''. Boulder: [[Lynne Rienner Publishers]], 2004. {{ISBN|1-58826-261-8}}{{page needed|date=May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_49985.html|title=Machel Study 10-Year Strategic Review: Children and conflict in a changing world|website=UNICEF|access-date=2017-12-08|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100213/https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_49985.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iversen|first1=Amy C.|last2=Fear|first2=Nicola T.|last3=Simonoff|first3=Emily|last4=Hull|first4=Lisa|last5=Horn|first5=Oded|last6=Greenberg|first6=Neil|last7=Hotopf|first7=Matthew|last8=Rona|first8=Roberto|last9=Wessely|first9=Simon|date=2007-12-01|title=Influence of childhood adversity on health among male UK military personnel|url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/191/6/506|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=191|issue=6|pages=506–511|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039818|issn=0007-1250|pmid=18055954|doi-access=free|archive-date=12 December 2017|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193308/http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/191/6/506|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, after the US suspended conscription in 1973, "the military disproportionately attracted African American men, men from lower-status socioeconomic backgrounds, men who had been in nonacademic high school programs, and men whose high school grades tended to be low".<ref name="Segal-1998" /> However, a study released in 2020 on the socio-economic backgrounds of U.S. Armed Forces personnel suggests that they are at parity or slightly higher than the civilian population with respect to socio-economic indicators such as parental income, parental wealth and cognitive abilities. The study found that technological, tactical, operational and doctrinal changes have led to a change in the demand for personnel. Furthermore, the study suggests that the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups are less likely to meet the requirements of the modern U.S. military.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Asoni|first1=Andrea|last2=Gilli|first2=Andrea|last3=Gilli|first3=Mauro|last4=Sanandaji|first4=Tino|date=2020-01-30|title=A mercenary army of the poor? Technological change and the demographic composition of the post-9/11 U.S. military|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=568–614|doi=10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660|issn=0140-2390 |s2cid=213899510 }}</ref>

==== Obligations ====

The obligations of military employment are many. Full-time military employment normally requires a minimum period of service of several years; between two and six years is typical of armed forces in Australia, the UK and the US, for example, depending on role, branch, and rank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://army.defencejobs.gov.au/jobs/artillery-air-defender?ci=0|title=Army – Artillery – Air Defender|website=army.defencejobs.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2017-12-09}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Gee-2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Gee|first1=David|last2=Taylor|first2=Rachel|date=2016-11-01|title=Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?|journal=The RUSI Journal|volume=161|issue=6|pages=36–48|doi=10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837|s2cid=157986637|issn=0307-1847}}</ref><ref name="Findlaw-2017">{{Cite news|url=http://military.findlaw.com/administrative-issues-benefits/what-is-a-military-enlistment-contract.html|title=What is a Military Enlistment Contract?|work=Findlaw|access-date=2017-12-09|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713062244/https://military.findlaw.com/administrative-issues-benefits/what-is-a-military-enlistment-contract.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some armed forces allow a short [[Military discharge|discharge]] window, normally during training, when recruits may leave the armed force as of right.<ref name="UK legislation-2007">{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/3382/contents/made|title=The Army Terms of Service Regulations 2007|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-12-09|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218200317/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/3382/contents/made|url-status=live}}</ref> Alternatively, part-time military employment, known as [[Military reserve force|reserve service]], allows a recruit to maintain a civilian job while training under military discipline at weekends; he or she may be called out to [[Military operation|deploy on operations]] to supplement the full-time personnel complement. After leaving the armed forces, recruits may remain liable for compulsory return to full-time military employment in order to train or [[Military operation|deploy on operations]].<ref name="UK legislation-2007" /><ref name="Findlaw-2017" />

[[Military Law|Military law]] introduces offences not recognized by civilian courts, such as [[Desertion|absence without leave (AWOL)]], desertion, political acts, [[malingering]], behaving disrespectfully, and disobedience (see, for example, [[offences against military law in the United Kingdom]]).<ref name="UK Ministry Defence-2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/440632/20150529-QR_Army_Amdt_31_Jul_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/440632/20150529-QR_Army_Amdt_31_Jul_2013.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|title=Queen's Regulations for the Army (1975, as amended)|last=UK, Ministry of Defence|date=2017|access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> Penalties range from a summary [[reprimand]] to imprisonment for several years following a [[Court-martial|court martial]].<ref name="UK Ministry Defence-2017" /> Certain rights are also restricted or suspended, including the freedom of association (e.g. union organizing) and freedom of speech (speaking to the media).<ref name="UK Ministry Defence-2017" /> Military personnel in some countries have a right of [[Conscientious objector|conscientious objection]] if they believe an order is immoral or unlawful, or cannot in good conscience carry it out.

Personnel may be posted to bases in their home country or overseas, according to operational need, and may be deployed from those bases on [[Military exercise|exercises]] or [[Military operation|operations]]. During peacetime, when military personnel are generally stationed in [[garrison]]s or other permanent military facilities, they conduct administrative tasks, [[military training|training]] and [[military education|education]] activities, [[Maintenance, repair and operations|technology maintenance]], [[military recruitment|and recruitment]].

==== Training ====
{{Main|Military recruit training}}
[[File:USRAK soldiers attend Finnish army's cold weather training 150110-A-WX507-585.jpg|thumb|upright|Finnish and American soldiers training together in arctic conditions in [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland, Finland]], January 6–16, 2015]]
Initial training conditions recruits for the demands of military life, including preparedness to injure and kill other people, and to face mortal danger without fleeing. It is a physically and psychologically intensive process which [[Resocialization|resocializes]] recruits for the unique nature of military demands.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} For example:
* Individuality is suppressed (e.g. by shaving the head of new recruits, issuing uniforms, denying privacy, and prohibiting the use of first names);<ref name="McGurk-2006">{{Cite book|chapter=Joining the ranks: The role of indoctrination in transforming civilians to service members|title = Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat |volume = 2|last1=McGurk|first1= Dennis|last2=Cotting |first2 = Dave I.|last3= Britt|first3=Thomas W.|last4= Adler|first4 = Amy B.|display-authors=1|publisher=Praeger Security International |year=2006|isbn=978-0-275-98302-4|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=13–31|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mwuEuGG1-1UC&pg=PA13}}</ref><ref name="Hockey-1986">{{Cite book|title=Squaddies : portrait of a subculture|last=Hockey|first=John|date=1986 |publisher= University of Exeter|isbn=978-0-85989-248-3|location=Exeter, Devon|oclc=25283124}}</ref>
* Daily routine is tightly controlled (e.g. recruits must make their beds, polish boots, and stack their clothes in a certain way, and mistakes are punished);<ref name="Bourne-1967">{{Cite journal|last=Bourne|first=Peter G.|date=1967-05-01|title=Some Observations on the Psychosocial Phenomena Seen in Basic Training|journal=Psychiatry|volume=30|issue=2|pages=187–196|doi=10.1080/00332747.1967.11023507|issn=0033-2747|pmid=27791700}}</ref><ref name="Hockey-1986" />
* Continuous [[stressor]]s deplete psychological resistance to the demands of their instructors (e.g. depriving recruits of sleep, food, or shelter, shouting insults and giving orders intended to humiliate)<ref name="Grossman-2009">{{Cite book|title=On killing : the psychological cost of learning to kill in war and society|last=Grossman|first=Dave|date=2009|publisher=Little, Brown and Co|isbn=978-0-316-04093-8|edition=Rev.|location=New York|oclc=427757599}}</ref><ref name="Hockey-1986" /><ref name="Bourne-1967" />
* Frequent punishments serve to condition group conformity and discourage poor performance;<ref name="Hockey-1986" />
* The disciplined drill instructor is presented as a role model of the ideal soldier.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Faris|first=John H.|date=2016-09-16|title=The Impact of Basic Combat Training: The Role of the Drill Sergeant in the All-Volunteer Army|journal=Armed Forces & Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=115–127|doi=10.1177/0095327x7500200108|s2cid=145213941}}</ref>

===Intelligence===
{{Main|Military intelligence|}}

The next requirement comes as a fairly basic need for the military to identify possible [[military threat|threats]] it may be called upon to face. For this purpose, some of the commanding forces and other military, as well as often civilian personnel participate in identification of these threats. This is at once an organization, a system and a process collectively called [[military intelligence]] (MI). Areas of study in Military intelligence may include the operational environment, hostile, friendly and neutral forces, the civilian population in an area of combat operations, and other broader areas of interest.<ref>
{{cite web| title = University Catalog 2011/2012, Master Courses: pp.99, size: 17MB| url = http://www.ni-u.edu/pdf/NIU_Catalog_2011.pdf| publisher = US National Intelligence University| access-date = 28 March 2012| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120123164032/http://www.ni-u.edu/pdf/NIU_Catalog_2011.pdf| archive-date = 23 January 2012}}
</ref>

The difficulty in using military intelligence concepts and military intelligence methods is in the nature of the [[Information security|secrecy]] of the information they seek, and the [[clandestine operation|clandestine]] nature that intelligence operatives work in obtaining what may be plans for a [[conflict escalation]], [[Phase (combat)|initiation of combat]], or an [[invasion]].

An important part of the military intelligence role is the military analysis performed to assess [[military capability]] of potential future aggressors, and provide combat modelling that helps to understand factors on which comparison of forces can be made. This helps to quantify and qualify such statements as: "[[People's Liberation Army|China]] and [[Military of India|India]] maintain the largest armed forces in the World" or that "the [[U.S. Military]] is considered to be the world's strongest".<ref>[http://www.statista.com/statistics/220318/opinion-of-americans-on-the-us-being-the-no1-military-power-in-the-world/ Statistics on Americans' opinion about the U.S. being the world's no1 military power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010065827/https://www.statista.com/statistics/220318/opinion-of-americans-on-the-us-being-the-no1-military-power-in-the-world/ |date=10 October 2017 }}, Gallup, March 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2013.</ref>

[[File:Simple guerrilla organization.svg|thumb|Guerrilla structure]]
Although some groups engaged in combat, such as militants or [[resistance movement]]s, refer to themselves using military terminology, notably 'Army' or 'Front', none have had the structure of a national military to justify the reference, and usually have had to rely on support of outside national militaries. They also use these terms to conceal from the MI their true capabilities, and to impress potential ideological recruits.

Having military intelligence representatives participate in the execution of the national defence policy is important, because it becomes the first respondent and commentator on the policy expected [[strategic goal (military)|strategic goal]], compared to the realities of [[Intelligence (information gathering)|identified threats]]. When the intelligence reporting is compared to the policy, it becomes possible for the national leadership to consider allocating resources over and above the officers and their subordinates military pay, and the expense of maintaining military facilities and military support services for them.

===Budget===
{{Further|Military budget|List of countries by military expenditures|List of countries by past military expenditure|List of countries by military expenditure per capita}}
{{Military spending top 25 countries}}

[[Economics of defense|Defense economics]] is the financial and monetary efforts made to resource and sustain militaries, and to finance [[military operation]]s, including war.

The process of allocating resources is conducted by determining a [[military budget]], which is administered by a military finance organization within the military. Military procurement is then authorized to purchase or contract provision of goods and services to the military, whether in peacetime at a permanent base, or in a combat zone from local population.

<gallery mode="packed" widths="300">
File:Military Expenditures as percent of GDP 2017.png|Map of military expenditures as a percentage of [[gross domestic product|GDP]] by country, 2017<ref>'''2017''' data from: {{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS|title=Military expenditure (% of GDP). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security.|website=[[World Bank]]|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-date=25 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022456/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=July 2019}}
File:U.S - China - Russia, Military Spending.svg|History of military budgets by country
</gallery>

===Capability development===
Capability development, which is often referred to as the military 'strength', is arguably one of the most complex activities known to humanity; because it requires determining: strategic, operational, and tactical capability requirements to counter the identified threats; strategic, [[Operational doctrine|operational]], and tactical doctrines by which the acquired capabilities will be used; identifying concepts, methods, and systems involved in executing the doctrines; creating design specifications for the manufacturers who would produce these in adequate quantity and quality for their use in combat; purchase the concepts, methods, and systems; create a forces structure that would use the concepts, methods, and systems most effectively and efficiently; integrate these concepts, methods, and systems into the force structure by providing [[military education]], [[military training|training]], and [[Military exercise|practice]] that preferably resembles combat environment of intended use; create [[military logistics]] systems to allow continued and uninterrupted performance of [[military organization]]s under combat conditions, including provision of health services to the personnel, and maintenance for the equipment; the services to assist recovery of wounded personnel, and repair of damaged equipment; and finally, post-conflict [[demobilization]], and disposal of war stocks surplus to peacetime requirements.

Development of [[military doctrine]] is perhaps the most important of all capability development activities, because it determines how military forces are used in conflicts, the concepts and methods used by the command to employ appropriately military skilled, [[soldier|armed]] and [[military equipment|equipped]] personnel in achievement of the tangible goals and objectives of the [[war]], [[military campaign|campaign]], [[battle]], engagement, and action.<ref name="p.67, Dupuy">Dupuy, T.N. (1990) ''Understanding war: History and Theory of combat'', Leo Cooper, London, p. 67</ref> The line between strategy and tactics is not easily blurred, although deciding which is being discussed had sometimes been a matter of personal judgement by some commentators, and military historians. The use of forces at the level of organization between strategic and tactical is called [[operational mobility]].

Complacency and inaccurate capability perceptions can reduce [[combat effectiveness]].<ref name="h110">{{cite journal | last1=Milshtein | first1=Dalit | last2=Henik | first2=Avishai | last3=Ben-Zedeff | first3=Eviathar H. | last4=Milstein | first4=Uri | title=Mind on the battlefield: what can cognitive science add to the military lessons-learned process? | journal=Defence Studies | volume=24 | issue=2 | date=2024 | issn=1470-2436 | doi=10.1080/14702436.2024.2316138 | pages=277–298 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14702436.2024.2316138 | access-date=2026-03-28}}</ref>

===Science===
{{Main|Military technology}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2017}}
[[File:UA EDM4S anti-drone rifle 01.jpg|thumb|A frontline Ukrainian soldier with an anti-drone rifle, which uses [[Directed-energy weapon|directed energy]] to disable its target. The mainstream use of [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] technology in the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] led to a need to research, develop and deploy effective counter-measures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine Deploys Anti-Drone Jamming Guns to its Forces on the Donbas Frontline |url=https://en.defence-ua.com/news/ukraine_deploys_anti_drone_jamming_guns_to_its_forces_on_the_donbas_frontline-1986.html |website=Defense Express |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>]]
Because most of the concepts and methods used by the military, and many of its systems are not found in commercial branches, much of the material is researched, designed, developed, and offered for inclusion in [[arsenal]]s by [[military science]] organizations within the overall structure of the military. Therefore, military scientists can be found interacting with all Arms and Services of the armed forces, and at all levels of the military hierarchy of command.

Although concerned with research into [[military psychology]], particularly [[Combat stress reaction|combat stress]] and how it affects troop [[morale]], often the bulk of military science activities is directed at military intelligence technology, [[military communications]], and improving [[military capability]] through research. The design, development, and prototyping of [[weapon]]s, military support equipment, and [[military technology]] in general, is also an area in which much effort is invested – it includes everything from global communication networks and [[aircraft carrier]]s to paint and food.

===Logistics===
{{Main|Military logistics}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Combat Logistics Patrol in Afghanistan MOD 45152764.jpg|thumb|Afghan and British military cargo trucks preparing a [[convoy]] to resupply a [[forward operating base]] in [[Afghanistan]], 2011]]
[[File:JASDF C-2(78-1205) PDS airdrop demonstration at Miho Air Base May 27, 2018 03.jpg|thumb|A [[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]] [[Kawasaki C-2]] [[military transport aircraft]] conducting an [[airdrop]] demonstration over [[Miho-Yonago Airport|Miho Air Base]], 2018]]
Possessing military capability is not sufficient if this capability cannot be deployed for, and employed in combat operations. To achieve this, [[military logistics]] are used for the [[logistics management]] and logistics planning of the forces [[military supply chain management]], the consumables, and capital equipment of the troops.

Although mostly concerned with the [[military transport]], as a means of delivery using different modes of transport; from [[military truck]]s, to [[container ship]]s operating from permanent [[military base]], it also involves creating field supply dumps at the rear of the [[combat]] zone, and even forward supply points in a specific unit's [[tactical area of responsibility]].

These supply points are also used to provide [[military engineering]] services, such as the recovery of defective and derelict vehicles and weapons, maintenance of weapons in the field, the repair and field modification of weapons and equipment; and in peacetime, the life-extension programmes undertaken to allow continued use of equipment. One of the most important role of logistics is the supply of [[munition]]s as a primary type of consumable, their storage, and [[Ordnance disposal|disposal]].

==In combat==

The primary reason for the existence of the military is to engage in [[combat]], should it be required to do so by the national defence policy, and to win. This represents an organisational goal of any military, and the primary focus for military thought through [[military history]]. How [[victory]] is achieved, and what shape it assumes, is studied by most, if not all, military groups on three levels.

===Strategic victory===
{{Main|Strategic victory}}

[[File:Mahratta pirates attacking the sloop 'Aurora', of the Bombay Marine, 1812; end of the action RMG BHC1085.tiff|thumb|The [[Maratha Navy]], which is considered to be the foundation of the modern [[Indian Navy]], often employed land and sea coordination tactics when attacking, which won them many battles against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]]]

[[Military strategy]] is the management of forces in [[war]]s and [[military campaign]]s by a [[commander-in-chief]], employing large military forces, either national and allied as a whole, or the component elements of [[Army|armies]], [[Navy|navies]] and [[air force]]s; such as [[army group]]s, [[naval fleet]]s, and large numbers of [[aircraft]]. Military strategy is a long-term projection of belligerents' policy, with a broad view of outcome implications, including outside the concerns of military command. Military strategy is more concerned with the [[logistics|supply of war]] and planning, than management of field forces and combat between them. The scope of strategic military planning can span weeks, but is more often months or even years.<ref name="p.67, Dupuy"/>
{{Clear}}

===Operational victory===
[[File:Crowd of Dutch civilians celebrating the liberation of Utrecht by the Canadian Army.jpg|thumb|Dutch civilians celebrating the arrival of the [[I Canadian Corps]] in [[Utrecht]] as the [[Canadian Army]] liberates the [[Netherlands]] from Nazi occupation]]

[[Operational mobility]] is, within [[war]]fare and [[military doctrine]], the level of command which coordinates the minute details of [[military tactics|tactics]] with the overarching goals of [[strategy]]. A common synonym is operational art.

The operational level is at a scale bigger than one where line of sight and the time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level, where production and politics are considerations. Formations are of the operational level if they are able to conduct operations on their own, and are of sufficient size to be directly handled or have a significant impact at the strategic level. This concept was pioneered by the [[Germany|German]] army prior to and during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. At this level, planning and duration of activities takes from one week to a month, and are executed by [[Field Army|Field Armies]] and [[Army Corps]] and their naval and air equivalents.<ref name="p.67, Dupuy"/>

===Tactical victory===
{{Main|Tactical victory}}
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2017}}

[[Military tactics]] concerns itself with the methods for engaging and defeating the enemy in direct combat. Military tactics are usually used by units over hours or days, and are focused on the specific tasks and objectives of [[squadron (army)|squadrons]], [[Company (military unit)|companies]], [[battalion]]s, [[regiment]]s, [[brigade]]s, and [[Division (military)|divisions]], and their naval and air force equivalents.<ref name="p.67, Dupuy"/>

One of the oldest military publications is ''[[The Art of War]]'', by the [[List of Chinese philosophers|Chinese philosopher]] [[Sun Tzu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mypivots.com/articles/booktext.aspx?bookname=The%20Art%20of%20War|title=The Art of War|website=Mypivots.com|date=11 June 2011|access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref> Written in the 6th century BCE, the 13-chapter book is intended as military instruction, and not as [[military theory]], but has had a huge influence on Asian military doctrine, and from the late 19th century, on European and United States [[military plan]]ning. It has even been used to formulate business tactics, and can even be applied in social and political areas.

[[File:Macedonian battle formation-en.svg|thumb|Battle formation and tactics of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Home.aspx|title=Welcome to the Department of History|website=westpoint.edu|access-date=1 August 2011|archive-date=18 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518101505/http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Home.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

The Classical Greeks and the Romans wrote prolifically on [[military campaign]]ing. Among the best-known Roman works are [[Julius Caesar]]'s commentaries on the [[Gallic Wars]], and the [[Caesar's civil war|Roman Civil war]] – written about 50 BC.

Two major works on tactics come from the late Roman period: ''Taktike Theoria'' by [[Aelianus Tacticus]], and ''[[De Re Militari]]'' ('On military matters') by [[Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus|Vegetius]]. ''Taktike Theoria'' examined Greek military tactics, and was most influential in the [[Byzantine]] world and during the [[Islamic Golden Age|Golden Age of Islam]].

''De Re Militari'' formed the basis of European military tactics until the late 17th century. Perhaps its most enduring maxim is [[Si vis pacem, para bellum|''Igitur qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum'']] (let he who desires peace prepare for war).

Due to the changing nature of combat with the introduction of [[artillery]] in the European [[Middle Ages]], and infantry firearms in the [[Renaissance]], attempts were made to define and identify those strategies, [[grand tactics]], and tactics that would produce a victory more often than that achieved by the Romans in praying to the gods before the battle.

Later this became known as [[military science]], and later still, would adopt the [[scientific method]] approach to the conduct of military operations under the influence of the [[Industrial Revolution]] thinking. In his seminal book ''[[On War]]'', the [[Prussia]]n [[Major-General]] and leading [[expert]] on modern [[military strategy]], [[Carl von Clausewitz]] defined military strategy as 'the employment of battles to gain the end of war'.<ref>{{cite journal|last=MacHenry|first=Robert|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|journal=Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc|year=1993|page=305|bibcode=1991neb..book.....G}}</ref> According to Clausewitz: <blockquote>
strategy forms the plan of the War, and to this end it links together the series of acts which are to lead to the final decision, that is to say, it makes the plans for the separate campaigns and regulates the combats to be fought in each.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.Gutenberg.org/files/1946/1946-h/1946-h.htm#2H_4_0023|title=''On War'' by General Carl von Clausewitz|access-date=31 May 2007|via=Gutenberg.org|date=2006-02-26}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Hence, Clausewitz placed political aims above [[Strategic goal (military)|military goals]], ensuring [[civilian control of the military]]. Military strategy was one of a triumvirate of '[[Military art (Military science)|arts]]' or 'sciences' that governed the conduct of warfare, the others being: [[military tactics]], the execution of plans and [[Operational mobility|manoeuvring of forces in battle]], and maintenance of an army.
[[File:Combined Arms Training.jpg|thumb|[[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] soldiers conducting [[combined arms]] tactics training with a [[BMP-2]] [[Infantry fighting vehicle|IFV]]]]
The meaning of military tactics has changed over time; from the deployment and manoeuvring of entire land armies on the fields of ancient battles, and galley fleets; to modern use of small unit [[ambush]]es, [[encirclement]]s, [[bombardment]] attacks, [[frontal assault]]s, [[air assault]]s, [[hit-and-run tactics]] used mainly by [[guerrilla]] forces, and, in some cases, [[suicide attack]]s on land and at sea. Evolution of [[aerial warfare]] introduced its own [[Air combat manoeuvring|air combat tactics]]. Often, [[military deception]], in the form of [[military camouflage]] or misdirection using [[decoy]]s, is used to confuse the enemy as a tactic.

A major development in [[infantry tactics]] came with the increased use of [[trench warfare]] in the 19th and 20th centuries. This was mainly employed in [[World War I]] in the [[Battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli campaign]], and the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Trench warfare often turned to a stalemate, only broken by a large loss of life, because, in order to attack an enemy entrenchment, soldiers had to run through an exposed '[[no man's land]]' under heavy fire from their opposing entrenched enemy.

==Technology==
{{Main|Military technology}}
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2014}}

[[File:Arrow-head Olynthus BM GR1912.4-19.4.jpg|thumb|A [[bronze]] [[arrowhead]] from the 4th century BCE, found in [[Olynthus]], [[Chalkidiki]], [[Greece]]]]
As with any occupation, since ancient times, the military has been distinguished from other members of the society by their tools: the [[weapon]]s and [[military equipment]] used in combat. When [[Stone Age]] humans first took [[flint]] to tip the [[spear]], it was the first example of [[applied research|applying technology]] to improve the weapon. Since then, the advances made by human societies, and that of weapons, has been closely linked. Stone weapons gave way to [[Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age]] weapons such as [[sword]]s and [[shield]]s. With each technological change was realized some tangible increase in military capability, such as through greater effectiveness of a sharper edge in defeating [[armour]], or [[Mechanics of materials|improved density of materials]] used in manufacture of weapons.[[File:Armor for Man and Horse, Italy (probably Milan), c. 1565, and Field armor for horseman, Italy, c. 1575 - Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art - DSC08601.JPG|thumb|Mounted and foot [[armour]]ed [[knight]]s. Armour and [[cavalry]] dominated the battlefield until the invention of [[firearm]]s.]]

On [[Land warfare|land]], the first significant technological advance in warfare was the development of ranged weapons, notably the [[Sling (weapon)|sling]] and later the [[bow and arrow]]. The next significant advance came with the [[domestication of the horse]]s and mastering of [[equestrianism]], creating [[cavalry]] and allowing for faster military advances and better logistics. Possibly the most significant advancement was the [[wheel]], a staple of transportation, starting with the [[chariot]] and eventually [[siege engine]]s. The bow was manufactured in increasingly larger and more powerful versions to increase both the weapon range and armour penetration performance, developing into [[composite bow]]s, [[recurve bow]]s, [[longbow]]s, and [[crossbow]]s. These proved particularly useful during the rise of cavalry, as horsemen encased in ever-more sophisticated [[armour]] came to dominate the battlefield.

In [[History of China#Imperial China|medieval China]], [[gunpowder]] had been invented, and was increasingly used by the military in combat. The use of gunpowder in the early [[mortar (weapon)|vase-like mortars]] in Europe, and advanced versions of the longbow and crossbow with armour-piercing [[arrowhead]]s, put an end to the dominance of the armoured knight. Gunpowder resulted in the development and fielding of the [[musket]], which could be used effectively with little training. In time, the successors to muskets and [[cannon]]s, in the form of [[rifle]]s and [[artillery]], would become core battlefield technology.[[File:BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg|thumb|right|Naval vessels of France and Britain exchanging fire during the 1781 [[Battle of the Chesapeake]]]]As the speed of technological advances accelerated in civilian applications, so too did military and warfare become [[Industrial warfare|industrialized]]. The newly invented [[machine gun]] and [[repeating rifle]] redefined [[firepower]] on the battlefield, and, in part, explains the high casualty rates of the [[American Civil War]] and the decline of melee combat in warfare. The next breakthrough was the conversion of artillery parks from the [[Muzzleloader|muzzle-loading guns]], to quicker [[Breechloader|breech-loading guns]] with recoiling barrels that allowed quicker aimed fire and use of a shield. The widespread introduction of low smoke (smokeless) propellant powders since the 1880s also allowed for a great improvement of artillery ranges. The development of breech loading had the greatest effect on [[naval warfare]] for the first time since the Middle Ages, altering the way weapons are mounted on [[warship]]s. [[Naval tactics]] were divorced from the reliance on [[Age of Sail|sails]] with the invention of the [[Internal combustion engine|internal combustion]]. A further advance in military naval technology was the [[submarine]] and the [[torpedo]].[[File:USAF F-15C fires AIM-7 Sparrow.jpg|thumb|[[AIM-7]] Sparrow medium range [[air-to-air missile]] from an [[F-15 Eagle]]]]During [[World War I]], the need to break the deadlock of trench warfare saw the rapid development of many new technologies, particularly [[tank]]s. [[Military aviation]] was extensively used, and [[bomber]]s became decisive in many battles of [[World War II]], which marked the most frantic period of weapons development in history. Many new designs, and concepts were used in combat, and all existing technologies of warfare were improved between 1939 and 1945.
During World War II, significant advances were made in [[military communications]] through increased use of radio, military intelligence through use of the [[radar]], and in [[military medicine]] through use of [[penicillin]], while in the air, the guided [[missile]], [[jet aircraft]], and [[helicopter]]s were seen for the first time. Perhaps the most infamous of all military technologies was the creation of [[nuclear weapon]]s, although the exact effects of its [[radiation]] were unknown until the early 1950s. Far greater use of [[military vehicle]]s had finally eliminated the cavalry from the military [[force structure]].
After World War II, with the onset of the [[Cold War]], the constant technological development of new weapons was institutionalized, as participants engaged in a constant [[arms race]] in capability development. This constant state of weapons development continues into the present. [[Main battle tank]]s, and other heavy equipment such as [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s, [[military aircraft]], and [[ship]]s, are characteristic to organized military forces.
[[File:2-14 CAV Fire Support Coordination Exercise Image 3 of 19.jpg|thumb|[[United States Army|U.S. Army]] soldiers with modern equipment. The soldier on the right is using a [[laser designator]] to observe and mark targets, while the soldier on the far left is using a [[Military communications|radio]] to coordinate [[fire support]].]]
The most significant technological developments that influenced combat have been guided missiles, which can be used by all branches of the armed services. More recently, [[information technology]], and its use in [[surveillance]], including space-based reconnaissance systems, have played an increasing role in military operations. The impact of [[information warfare]], which focuses on attacking command communication systems, and military databases, has been coupled with the use of robotic systems in combat, such as [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle]]s and [[unmanned ground vehicle]]s.

Recently, there has also been a particular focus towards the use of [[renewable fuels]] for running military vehicles on. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable fuels can be produced in any country, creating a strategic advantage. The U.S. military has committed itself to have 50% of its energy consumption come from alternative sources.<ref>{{cite web|author=Craig Hooper|url=http://nextnavy.com/air-force-cedes-the-green-lead-and-the-lede-to-navy/|title=Ray Mabus greening the military|website=NextNavy.com|access-date=22 May 2012|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111171611/http://nextnavy.com/air-force-cedes-the-green-lead-and-the-lede-to-navy/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==As part of society==
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2014}}
[[File:Samurai and Ainu Fuzoku Ema.jpg|thumb|[[Samurai]], member of the Japanese warrior caste]]
For much of [[military history]], the armed forces were considered to be for use by the heads of their societies, until recently, the [[Monarchy|crowned heads of states]]. In a democracy or other political system run in the public interest, it is a [[public force]].

The relationship between the military and the [[society]] it serves is a complicated and ever-evolving one. Much depends on the nature of the society itself, and whether it sees the military as important, as for example in time of threat or war, or a burdensome expense typified by defence cuts in time of peace.

One difficult matter in the relation between military and society is control and transparency. In some countries, limited information on military operations and budgeting is accessible for the public. However, transparency in the military sector is crucial to fight [[corruption]]. This showed the Government Defence Anti-corruption Index [[Transparency International|Transparency International UK]] published in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transparency is feasible|author=Pyman, Mark|url=https://www.DandC.eu/en/article/transparency-international-assesses-82-governments-defence-related-corruption-risks-first|website=www.DandC.eu|publisher=[[D+C Development and Cooperation]], Engagement GlobalGmbH|date=5 March 2013|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

Militaries often function as [[society|societies]] within societies, by having their own military communities, [[military–industrial complex|economies]], [[Military education and training|education]], [[military medicine|medicine]], and other aspects of a functioning [[civil society|civilian society]]. A military is not limited to nations in of itself, as many [[private military companies]] (or PMCs) can be used or hired by organizations and figures as security, escort, or other means of protection where police, agencies, or militaries are absent or not trusted.

===Ideology and ethics===
{{Main|Militarism}}
[[File:02019 0695 (2) Poland marks Armed Forces Holiday with military parade in Katowice.jpg|thumb|A [[Polish Armed Forces]] [[M1 Abrams]] taking part in an [[Armed Forces Day]] [[military parade]] in [[Katowice]], 2019]]
Militarist ideology is the [[society]]'s [[social attitude]] of being best served, or being a beneficiary of a [[government]], or guided by concepts embodied in the military ''culture, doctrine, system'', or ''leaders''.

Either because of the [[cultural memory]], national history, or the potentiality of a [[military threat]], the militarist argument asserts that a [[civilian]] population is dependent upon, and thereby subservient to the needs and goals of its military for continued [[independence]]. [[Militarism]] is sometimes contrasted with the concepts of [[comprehensive national power]], [[soft power]] and [[hard power]].

Most nations have separate [[military law]]s which regulate conduct in war and during peacetime. An early exponent was [[Hugo Grotius]], whose ''[[De jure belli ac pacis|On the Law of War and Peace]]'' (1625) had a major impact of the humanitarian approach to warfare development. His theme was echoed by [[Gustavus Adolphus]].

Ethics of warfare have developed since 1945, to create constraints on the military treatment of prisoners and civilians, primarily by the [[Geneva Conventions]]; but rarely apply to use of the military forces as internal security troops during times of political conflict that results in popular protests and incitement to [[popular uprising]].

International protocols restrict the use, or have even created international bans on some types of weapons, notably [[weapons of mass destruction]] (WMD). [[International convention]]s define what constitutes a [[war crime]], and provides for war crimes prosecution. Individual countries also have elaborate codes of [[military justice]], an example being the United States' [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] that can lead to [[court martial]] for military personnel found guilty of war crimes.

Military actions are sometimes argued to be justified by furthering a humanitarian cause, such as [[disaster relief]] operations to defend refugees; such actions are called [[military humanism]].

==See also==
{{Clear}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Arms industry]]
* [[Chief of defence]]
* [[Civil defense]]
* [[Civilian control of the military]]
* [[Command and control]]
* [[Conscription]]
* [[Deterrence theory]]
* [[Martial arts]]
* [[Martial law]]
* [[Mercenary]]
* [[Militaria]]
* [[Military academy]]
* [[Military advisor]]
* [[Military aid]]
* [[Military aid to the civil community]] (MACC)
* [[Military aid to the civil power]] (MACP)
* [[Military alliance]]
* [[Military dictatorship]]
* [[Military district]]
* [[Military engineering]]
* [[Military exercise]]
* [[Military fiat]]
* [[Military incompetence]]
* [[Military–industrial complex]]
* [[Military junta]]
* [[Military meteorology]]
* [[Military operations other than war]]
* [[Military police]]
* [[Military prison]]
* [[Military Revolution]]
* [[Military sociology]]
* [[Military terminology]]
* [[Militarization of police]]
* [[Militia]]
* [[Ministry of defence]]
* [[Mobilization]]
* [[Police]]
* [[Staff (military)]]
* [[Standing army]]
* [[Weapon]]
{{colend}}

; Armed forces of the world
* [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel]]
* [[List of countries by level of military equipment]]
* [[List of countries by Global Militarization Index]]
* [[List of countries without armed forces]]
* [[List of militaries by country]]
* [[List of air forces]]
* [[List of armies by country]]
* [[List of navies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|military}}
* [http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/show/MS-MIL-XPND-GD-ZS/ Military Expenditure % of GDP] hosted by Lebanese economy forum, extracted from the World Bank public data.

{{Military and war}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military| ]]
[[Category:Government institutions]]
[[Category:International security]]
[[Category:National security]]

Shuddhadvaita

2026-03-27T06:32:29Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: starting new entry v1

{{Short description|Philosophy propounded by Vallabhacharya}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
[[File:Shri mahaprabhuji.jpg|x216px|thumb|right|[[Vallabhacharya]], who propounded the philosophy of Shuddadvaita]]
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Shuddadvaita''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{IAST|śuddhādvaita}} "pure non-dualism") is the "purely non-dual" philosophy propounded by the Hindu philosopher [[Vallabha]] (1479–1531 CE), the founder of {{IAST|Puṣṭimārga}} ("The path of grace"), a [[Vaishnava]] tradition focused on the worship of the deity [[Krishna]].

The [[Shrinathji]] temple at [[Nathdwara]], and compositions of eight poets ({{IAST|aṣṭasakha}}), including [[Surdas]], are central to the worship by the followers of the sect.<ref name="Martin">Martin, Nancy M., "North Indian Hindi devotional literature" in {{Harvnb|Flood|2003|pp=182–198}}</ref>

==History==
Shuddhadvaita, or "pure non-dualism," is a Vedantic philosophy. It identifies the original Absolute Truth as the personal Supreme Being, Krishna, who manifests the universe through his own nature for divine play (lila).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Long |first1=Jeffery D. |title=Hinduism and Tribal Religions |last2=Sherma |first2=Rita |last3=Jain |first3=Pankaj |last4=Khanna |first4=Madhu |date=2021 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-024-1187-4 |pages=1552–1555 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=129, 168, 178}}</ref> The tradition recognizes Vallabhacharya as its primary philosopher. It also acknowledges an Acharyatrayi (three founding authorities) consisting of Vallabhacharya, his elder son Shri Gopinathji, and his younger son Shri [[Vitthalanatha|Vitthalnathji]] (Gusainji), who further systematized the sect's liturgy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=34, 38, 86, 473}}</ref> He is known as the early founder of the [[Rudra Sampradaya|Rudra sampradaya]], one of the four main traditions of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaites]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Vijay Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krBPtA-3_8UC&dq=rudra+sampradaya&pg=PA57 |title=The Sadhus And Indian Civilization |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-261-0108-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Vallabhacharya]] revived it in the 15th century, composing a partial commentary on the [[Brahma Sutras]] (''Anubhashya'') and a full commentary on the [[Bhagavata Purana]] (''Subodhini''). After Vallabhacharya's death, his son [[Vitthalanatha]] completed the commentary on the Brahma Sutras.<ref name=":0" />

Central to this path is the Brahmsambandh initiation. In this ritual, the devotee performs Atmanivedan (self-dedication), offering their body, mind, and wealth (tan-man-dhan) to Krishna. This is believed to remove the soul's fundamental ignorance and defects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=60, 337, 367, 478, 700}}</ref> A distinction in this theology was clarified following the Maharaj Libel Case (1862). The dedication is directed solely to the personal God. Vallabhacharya's descendants are regarded as a Gurudwaar (the gateway or instrument of the original teacher), not as the Absolute themselves.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=385, 635, 691}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, a scholarly revival was led by figures such as Mulchand Teliwala and Ranchhoddas Patwari. They published critical editions of the original Sanskrit commentaries. This work, according to the tradition, aimed to preserve the philosophy from versions presented during the colonial era that were considered distorted or misinterpreted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=586–591, 684–685}}</ref> This scholarship contributed to the status of Shuddhadvaita as a Vedantic system of Sakara Brahmavada (the doctrine of Brahman with form).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=23, 430, 580–581, 586–591}}</ref>

Later scholarly work expanded the Shuddadvaita philosophy. Purusottama (1668–1781), Vallabhacharya's seventh descendant, wrote commentaries on the Anubhashya (known as ''Prakasha''), the ''Subodhini'', and ''Vidvan Mandana''. His adopted son Gopesvara (1780–1830) further wrote a commentary on ''Prakasha'' called ''Rashmi''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Chandradhar |title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0365-7 |pages=365–366 |language=en}}</ref>

==Central topics==
In the ancient Vedic tradition of knowledge and comprehension of reality, the central theme would be experiencing the Supreme Entity or [[Brahman]]. [[Vedas]] primarily contain references to the ''advaita'' nature of Brahman. However, depending on how a scholar perceives those verses, they might see duality—''dvaita'' aspect as well. This ambiguity has led to several philosophical traditions in the [[History of India|Indian history]], such as:

*[[Advaita]] vāda of [[Adi Shankaracharya]]
*[[Vishistadvaita]] vāda of [[Ramanujacharya]]
*[[Dvaita]] vāda or Bhedavāda of [[Madhvacharya]]
*[[Dvaitadvaita]] vāda of [[Nimbarkacharya]]
*[[Shuddhadvaita]] vāda of [[Vallabhacharya]]
*[[Achintya Bheda Abheda]] vāda of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]

==Vallabhacharya==
{{Main|Vallabhacharya}}
[[Vallabhacharya]] was a devotional philosopher, who founded the [[Pushtimarg|Pushti]] sect in India. He won the title of [[acharya]] by traveling and debating [[advaita]] scholars from a young age.

In 1493-94 [[Vallabhacharya]] is said to have identified an image of Krishna at the [[Govardhan hill]] at [[Braj]]. This image, now called [[Shrinathji]] and located at [[Nathdwara]], [[Rajasthan]], is central to the worship by Vallabha followers.<ref name= Colas/>

===Initiating mantra===
According to Vallabha tradition, one night in 1494, [[Vallabhacharya]] received the ''Brahmasambandha mantra'' (the [[mantra]] that binds one with [[Brahman]], or Krishna) from [[Krishna]] himself (hence the name, {{IAST|mukhāvatāra}}) at [[Gokul]]a. The eight-syllable mantra, ''{{IAST|śri kṛṣṇaḥ śaraṇaṃ mama}}'' (Lord Krishna is my refuge), is passed onto new initiates in Vallabh sampradaya. It is believed that the divine name has the power to cleanse the recipient of all impurities of the soul ({{IAST|doṣas}}).<ref name =Beck>{{Harvnb|Beck|1993|pp=194–195}}</ref><ref name= Colas>Colas, Gerard, "History of {{IAST|Vaiṣṇava}} traditions" in {{Harvnb|Flood|2003|pp=229–270}}</ref>

==Philosophy==
{{Vaishnavism}}

=== Metaphysics ===
The school of in-essence [[monism]] or purified non-dualism of Vallabha sees equality in "essence" of the individual self with God. There is no real difference between the two (like the analogy of sparks to fire). However, unlike Shankara's Advaita, Vallabha does not deny God as the whole and the individual as the part. The individual soul is not the Supreme ([[Satcitananda]]) clouded by the force of [[Avidya (Hinduism)|avidya]], but is itself [[Brahman]], with one attribute (ananda) rendered imperceptible. The soul is both a doer and enjoyer. It is atomic in size, but pervades the whole body through its essence of intelligence (like sandalwood makes its presence felt through its scent even if sandalwood can't be seen).

Unlike Advaita, the world of [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] is not regarded as unreal, since Maya is nothing else than a power of [[Ishvara]]. Ishvara is not only the creator of the universe but is the universe itself. Vallabha cites the [[Chandogya Upanishad]] sections 6.1–6.4, that [[Brahman]] desired to become many, and he became the multitude of individual souls and the world. Although Brahman is not known, He is known when He manifests Himself through the world .

As is customary in Vaishnavism, [[bhakti]] is the means of salvation, though [[Jnana]] is also useful. Karmas (understood as daily and occasional ritual acts) precede knowledge of the Supreme, and are present even when this knowledge is gained. The liberated perform all karmas. The highest goal is not [[wikt:mukti|Mukti]] or liberation, but rather eternal service of [[Krishna]] and participation along with His activities in His Divine abode of Vrindavana. Vallabha distinguishes the transcendent consciousness of Brahman as [[Purushottama]]. Vallabha lays a great stress on a life of unqualified love and devotion towards God. Devotees are to serve God without any personal motives.<ref>{{Citation |last=Saha |first=Shandip |title=Kṛṣṇa devotion in western India |date=2013 |work=Contemporary Hinduism |pages=140 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=P. Pratap |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/contemporary-hinduism/krsna-devotion-in-western-india/077D8B8B5005ACD722C3BDEFB8283E38 |access-date=2024-09-04 |series=Religions in Focus |publisher=Acumen Publishing |isbn=978-1-84465-689-9}}</ref>

In all the philosophical traditions, it is common practice to describe how the Supreme Entity Brahman is related to us and our surroundings. In Suddhadavaita, otherwise known as Brahmavaad, the One, secondless Ultimate Reality is the only category. Every other thing has proceeded from it at the time of creation, is non-different from it during creation and merges into it at the time of dissolution. The two other well known categories namely the animate souls and the inanimate objects are respectively its parts and modifications. The animate souls are its parts because they retain to some extent the essential qualities thereof namely consciousness and joy. The inanimate objects are its modification because the above said qualities are absent therein.<ref>PhD thesis,[http://www.pushtimarg.net/newPushti/pushti_vidhanam/book/english/bramhavaad.pdf "The system of Shuddhadwait Vedant of Vallabhacharya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404040213/http://www.pushtimarg.net/newPushti/pushti_vidhanam/book/english/bramhavaad.pdf |date=4 April 2016 }} by Goswami Raghunathji</ref>

===''Moksha'' (liberation)===

In Shuddhadvaita philosophy, the concept of Moksha (liberation) is categorized based on a hierarchy of bliss and the qualification of the soul. Standard liberation, described as the removal of suffering or merging into the impersonal Absolute (Brahmanand), is a recognized goal.Shuddhadvaita texts, however, describe this as trivial (tuccha) compared to Bhagavat-prapti (attaining the personal Lord). <ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=600–601, 606–607, 611}}</ref> In the [[Kali Yuga]], it is believed that the forms of bhakti mentioned in the scriptures are nearly impossible to practice, so the followers of [[Vallabhacharya]] recommend ''pushti bhakti'' – which is the end itself and not means to an end, giving moksha, joy and oneness with Shree Krishna. It illustrates oneness with Shree Krishna can be achieved merely by having true belief and love for Shree Krsna and recitation of the Brahmasambandha mantra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brahmsambandh |url=http://www.vpofct.org/brahmsambandh.html |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=VAISHNAV PARIVAR OF CONNECTICUT |quote=It illustrates oneness with Shree Krishna can be achieved merely by having true belief and love for Shree Krsna and recitation of the Brahmasambandha mantra.}}</ref>

Vallabhacharya established that liberation is only possible due to God's grace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Frederick |date=August 2005 |title=The Hierarchy of Philosophical Systems According to Vallabhācārya |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=421–453 |doi=10.1007/s10781-004-6928-2 }}</ref>

===Everything is Krishna's Leela===

According to the version of [[Vaishnava Theology]] [[Vallabhacharya]] espoused; the glorious [[Krsna|Krishna]] in His "[[Satcitananda]]" form is the Absolute, [[Svayam Bhagavan]]. He is permanently playing out His sport (leela) from His seat in the Goloka which is even beyond the divine [[Vaikuntha]], the abode of [[Vishnu]] and [[Satya-loka]], the abode of [[Brahma]] the Creator, and [[Mount Kailash|Kailas]], the abode of [[Shiva]]. Creation is His sport.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brahma Vaivarta Purana - Brahma Khanda |url=https://kamakoti.org/kamakoti/brahma%20vaivartha/bookview.php?chapnum=2 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham |quote=Some fifty crore yojanas underneath Golaka, was Vaikuntha to the right side and Shivaloka to the left.}}</ref>

===Atma-nivedana===

It is that bhakti which gives itself up body, heart and soul to the cause of God. It is considered to be the fullest expression of what is known as Atma-nivedana (= giving-up of oneself) among the nine forms of bhakti ([[Bhakti#Nine forms of Bhakti|Navadha Bhakti]]). It is the bhakti of the devotee who worships God not for any reward or presents but for His own sake. Such a devotee goes to Goloka after leaving this body and lives in eternal bliss enjoying the sports of the Lord. The classical example of this complete self-effacement is that of the cow-herdesses towards [[Krishna]]. They spoke no word except prayer and they moved no step except towards [[Krishna]]. Their supreme-most meditation was on the lotus-feet of [[Krishna]].Thus it is by God's grace alone that one can obtain release from bondage and attain Krishna's heaven, Goloka.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 1997 |title=The Path of Grace |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/november-1997/1997-11-the-path-of-grace/ |magazine=Hinduism Today}}</ref>

===Ashta-chhaap===

In V.S. 1602 (1545 CE), Vallabhacharya's son Vitthalnath, also known as Gusainji, established the eight-fold system of singing the name and glory of Shrinathji (Kirtana).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=अष्टछाप कवि |encyclopedia=भारतकोश |url=https://en.bharatdiscovery.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF&oldid=15488 |access-date=11 March 2026 |quote=गोस्वामी बिट्ठलनाथ ने सं.1602 के लगभग अपने पिता वल्लभ के 84 शिष्यों में से चार और अपने 252 शिष्यों में से चार को लेकर अष्टछाप के प्रसिद्ध भक्त कवियों की मंडली की स्थापना की।}}</ref> He entrusted this responsibility to eight poet-disciples of Vallabhacharya and his own. They are called the ashta-chhaap, or Eight Seals, after the eight divine services to Shrinathji from morning until he is put to sleep.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=Frank Ernest |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:A_History_of_Hindi_Literature.djvu/86 |title=A History of Hindi Literature |publisher=Association Press |year=1920 |page=86 |quote=Vallabhacharya and his son Vitthalnath... each had four disciples, all of whom were Hindi poets. They are known as the Ashta Chhap, or the Eight Seals.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Aṣṭachāp |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Astachap |access-date=11 March 2026 |quote=Poems written by the Aṣṭachāp form the core group of hymns sung to Krishna in Vallabhite temples.}}</ref> Foremost among them was [[Surdas]], the blind poet of [[Agra]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sūrdās |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Surdas |access-date=11 March 2026 |quote=The greatest of the group was Sūrdās, who is remembered as a blind singer and whose descriptions of the exploits of the child-god Krishna are particularly well known.}}</ref>

These are Surdas, Krishna Das, Paramanand Das, Kumbhan Das, Chaturbhuj Das, Nand Das, Chhitswami, and Govind Das. The first four poets and singers were Vallabhacharya's disciples, while the other four were Gusainji's.

==Shuddhadwait Martand==
Shuddhadwait is defined more thoroughly in verse 27–28 from Shuddhadwait Martand:

शुद्धाद्वैतापदे ज्ञेय: समास: कर्मधारय: I

अद्वैतं शुद्धयो: प्राहुः षष्ठी तत्पुरुषं बुधा: II

मायासंबंधरहितमं शुद्धमित्युच्यते बुधै: I

कार्यकरणरूपमं हि शुद्धं ब्रह्म न मायिकम़् II<ref>Shuddhadwait Martand, verse 27–28</ref>

{{blockquote|"It is Karmdharay samaas : Shuddham ch tat adwaitam ''(The Pure and its non-dualism)''. Or, it is the Shashti Tatpurush samaas Shuddhyoh adwaitam (The Non-dual is pure). In this system, the combination of Maya with Brahm is done away with; therefore the cause of this world is not Brahm covered by Maya. But the pure Brahm and only pure Brahm is the effect and cause of this world."<ref>Anubhashya on Brahmsutras, 2005, Introduction pp. iv</ref>}}

The Shuddhadvaita philosophy has also been explained by various scholars of the sect, such as [[Devarshi Ramanath Shastri]], who has enunciated the tenets of this philosophy in his books ''Shuddhadvait Siddhantasaar'' (Hindi and Gujarati) and ''Shuddhadvaita Darshan''.<ref>''Shuddhadvait Darshan'' (vol.2), Pub. Mota Mandir, Bhoiwada, Mumbai, 1917</ref><ref>''Shuddhadvait Darshan'' (in 3 Vols.) (New Edition), Pub. Vidya Vibhag, Nathdwara, 2000</ref>

== Traditions following Suddhadvaita ==
[[Vallabha]]charya founded the Krishna-centered Pushti-Marga sect of Vaishnavism in the [[Braj|Braj(Vraj)]] region of India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lindtner |first=Chr. |date=1999-06-16 |title=Jaina Philosophy and Religion. (English translation of Jaina Darsana by Muni Shri Nyayavijayaji). Translated by Nagin J. Shah. |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=263–264 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v16i2.14664 |issn=1747-9681 |s2cid=247906664 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In modern times followers of Shuddadvaita are concentrated in the states of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Beck" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book
|last=Beck
|first = Guy L.
|author-link= Guy Beck
|title=Sonic theology: Hinduism and sacred sound
|publisher=University of South Carolina Press
|location=Columbia, S.C
|year=1993
|pages=
|isbn=0-87249-855-7
}}
*{{Citation
| last=Flood
| first=Gavin (Ed)
| author-link = Gavin Flood
| year=2003
| title=Blackwell companion to Hinduism
| place=
| publisher= [[Blackwell Publishing]]
| edition=
| isbn=0-631-21535-2
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pushtipedia.com/ Encyclopedia on Pushtimarg]
* [http://www.vallabhacharyakrupa.org/ Pustimarg Sahitya by Mota Mandir Mumbai]

{{VaisnavaSampradayas}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Advaita]]
[[Category:Advaita Shaivism]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]

Jeevitha Nouka (TV series)

2026-03-25T17:17:15Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: added new details needs work

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = George Kattapana
| director = G.R.Krishnan
| creative_director = Sarin Babu , Krishnaprasad
| presenter =
| starring =
| opentheme = Sanand George
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 223
| executive_producer = Rameez Kabeer
| producer = [[Suresh Unnithan]]
| cinematography = Baiju Gopal
| editor = Ajay Prasannan,Rajesh Attukal
| camera =
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| network = [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|03|23|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|03|26|df=yes}}
| related =
}}
'''''Jeevitha Nouka''''' (English: ''The Boat of Life'') is an Indian Malayalam television series premiered on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] since 23 March 2020 and streams on [[ManoramaMAX|Manorama Max]]. The show was produced by [[Suresh Unnithan]] 's Sree Movies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/jeevithanouka-serial/|title=Jeevithanouka Serial Launching 23rd March At 7.00 P.M On Mazhavil Manorama|date=4 March 2020}}</ref> [[Sajan Surya]] and [[Nithin Jake Joseph]] played the lead characters.

==Plot==
Jeevitha Nouka takes a deep dive into the depths of relationships. It is an unforgettable lesson on overcoming the struggles of life while keeping one's loved ones close. The depth of brotherhood shared between [[Jayakrishnan]] and Harikrishnan is ruined when Meghna Reddy enters the Palakkal House as Hari's wife. She is actually Jayan's first wife Aswathy, who was kidnapped by Jayan's father Nadesan after realizing that she was pregnant with Jayan's child. Nadesan hated her because she was from a poor family. When Jayan went to Singapore for higher studies, Nadesan killed Aswathy's father in front of her own eyes and then kidnapped and tortured her. When she gave birth to a baby girl, Nadesan took the baby away from her and told her that he had killed it. Believing that Jayan betrayed her, Aswathy has returned as Meghna to take revenge, with the help of her guardian Swamiji. Jayan is tensed as his current wife, Sumithra, and the rest of the family do not know anything about Aswathy. The story moves forward as Meghna proceeds with her revenge and, one by one, the members of Palakkal family realize the truth. Finally, Meghna realizes that her daughter is in fact alive, and she is Malu, the adopted daughter of Jayan and Sumithra. She also realizes that Jayan is innocent. The story ends with Meghna committing suicide after killing Swamiji, while Jayan, Sumithra and Malu live happily ever after.

==Cast==
===Main cast===
*[[Sajan Surya]] as Palakkal Jayakrishnan<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/jeevithanouka-marks-sajan-suryas-comeback/articleshow/74756174.cms|title='Jeevithanouka' marks Sajan Surya's comeback|website=The Times of India|date=22 March 2020 }}</ref>
*[[Anjana Vasan|Anjana KR]] as Sumithra Jayakrishnan
*Win Sagar (episode 1-35) / [[Nithin Jake Joseph]] (episodes 40-223) as Palakkal Harikrishnan <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/neelakkuyil-fame-nithin-jake-replaces-win-sagar-in-jeevitha-nouka/articleshow/76888272.cms|title=Neelakkuyil fame Nithin Jake replaces Win Sagar in 'Jeevitha Nouka' |website=The Times of India|date=10 July 2020 }}</ref>
*Jishin Mohan as Sudhi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/jeevitha-nouka-actor-jishin-mohan-pens-down-a-wonderful-note-on-new-settings-in-the-serial-set/articleshow/76708868.cms|title=ഇതൊക്കെയാണ് വിശേഷങ്ങൾ; ജീവിതനൗകയുടെ വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി ജിഷിൻ!|website=Malayalam Samayam}}</ref>
*Maneesha Jayasingh as Meghna Reddy / Aswathy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/jeevitha-nouka-serial-fame-maneesha-jaisingh-about-her-marriage-063843.html|title=വിവാഹം നിശ്ചയിച്ചതിന് ശേഷമാണ് സീരിയലില്‍ അഭിനയിച്ചത്! വിവാഹത്തെ കുറിച്ച് പറഞ്ഞ് നടി മനീഷ ജയ്‌സിംഗ്|first=Deepu|last=Ramachandran|date=23 July 2020|website=Malayalam Filmibeat}}</ref>
*Subhash Nair as Arakkapparambil Prabhakaran, Priyanka's father
*Aswathy U Pillai(episodes 1-20) / Anjusha (episodes 21-35) / Pinky Kannan (episodes 36-223) as Priyanka

===Recurring cast===
*Karthika Kannan as Soudhamini, Nadesan's sister
*Anil K Sivaram as Palakkal Nadesan, Jayan and Hari's father
*[[Hariprashanth M G|Hariprashanth M.G]] as Karadippara Thampi, Sumithra's brother
*Kris Venugopal as Guruji
*Larry as Parameshwaran
*Krishnapriya as Meenakshi
*Vineetha Devadas
*[[Benny]] as Panchayath President
*Disney James as Murali, Soudamini's husband and Forest officer
*Jayakrishnan Narayan as Raghavan, Aswathy's father
*Ashwathy
*[[Ambika Mohan]] as Jaya-Hari's mother (Photo only)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Mazhavil Manorama original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Surya Sen

2026-03-22T19:40:05Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers:

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary (1894–1934)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Master Da
| name = Surya Sen
| native_name =
| image = Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg
| caption = Sen in 1924
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1894|03|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Raozan Upazila|Noapara]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], British Raj
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|1|12|1894|03|22|df=yes}}
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| death_place = [[Chittagong Central Jail]], [[Chittagong]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], British Raj
| criminal_penalty = [[Capital punishment]]
| criminal_status = Executed
| spouse =
| mother =
| father =
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| known for = [[Chittagong armoury raid]]
| organization = [[Indian National Congress]], [[Jugantar]], [[Anushilan Samiti]]
| signature = Signature of Surya Sen aka Masterda.jpg

}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}

'''Surya Sen''', also known as '''Surya Kumar Sen''' (22 March 1894{{snd}}12 January 1934), was an [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Indian revolutionary]] who played a significant role in the [[Indian independence movement]] against [[British Raj|British colonial rule]]. He is best known for leading the [[Chittagong Armoury Raid]] in 1930.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bowman |first1=John S. |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |date=5 September 2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50004-3 |page=740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&dq=%22Surya+Sen+indian+revolutionary%22&pg=PA740}}</ref>

Sen was a schoolteacher by profession and was popularly known as '''''Master Da''''' ("da" is an [[honorific]] suffix derived from "dada", meaning "elder brother" in the [[Bengali language]]). He was influenced by the nationalist ideals in 1916 while he was a student of B.A. at Berhampore College (now [[Krishnath College|Murshidabad Maharaja Krishnath University]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mohammad |year=2012 |chapter=Surya Sen, Mastarda |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Surya_Sen,_Mastarda |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> In 1918, he was selected as president of the [[Indian National Congress]]'s Chittagong branch.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Subhas Chandra Bose and Middle Class Radicalism: A Study in Indian Nationalism, 1928-1940 |last=Chakrabarti |first=Bidyut |publisher=I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd |year=1990 |isbn=1850431493 |pages=108}}</ref> Sen was known for recruiting a group of young and passionate revolutionaries known as the Chittagong group. The group included [[Ananta Singh]], [[Ganesh Ghosh]], and [[Lokenath Bal]], and fought against the British stationed in [[Chittagong]].<ref name="Chandra2016p251">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Bipan |author1-link=Bipan Chandra |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Mridula |author2-link=Mridula Mukherjee |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Aditya |last4=Mahajan |first4=Sucheta |last5=Panikkar |first5=K.N. |author5-link=K. N. Panikkar |year=2016 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=India's Struggle for Independence |edition=Revised and updated |publisher=Penguin Books |page=251 |isbn=978-0-14-010781-4}}</ref>

He was an active participant in the [[Non-co-operation movement]] and was later arrested and imprisoned for two years, from 1926 to 1928, for his revolutionary activities. A brilliant and inspirational organiser, Sen was fond of saying, "[[Humanism]] is a special virtue of a revolutionary."<ref name="Chandra2016p251" />

After the Chittagong raid in 1930 and a fierce battle where over 80 [[British Indian Army]] soldiers and 12 [[revolutionaries]] were killed, Sen and other surviving revolutionaries dispersed into small groups and hid in neighbouring villages, launching raids on government personnel and property. Sen was arrested on 16 February 1933 when he was hiding in his close family member's house of Khirodprova Biswas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=অনন্ত সিংহ |first=প্রথম খন্ড |title=অগ্নিগর্ভ চট্টগ্রাম |publisher=বিদ্যোদয় লাইব্রেরি |location=কলকাতা |pages=৭}}</ref> He was tried and was hanged on 12 January 1934.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 1933 |title=Death Sentence On Terrorists |page=9 |work=The Glasgow Herald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu49AAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Surya+Sen%22&pg=PA9 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> Many of his fellow revolutionaries were also caught and sentenced to long periods of imprisonment.<ref name="Chandra2016p252">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Bipan |author1-link=Bipan Chandra |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Mridula |author2-link=Mridula Mukherjee |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Aditya |last4=Mahajan |first4=Sucheta |last5=Panikkar |first5=K.N. |author5-link=K. N. Panikkar |year=2016 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=India's Struggle for Independence |edition=Revised and updated |publisher=Penguin Books |page=252 |isbn=978-0-14-010781-4}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Surya Sen wanted 22 June 1932.jpg|left|thumb|291x291px|Sen wanted for 10,000 taka, poster distributed by the Inspector-General of the Police Division of Chittagong in 1932.|alt=]]
Sen was born on 22 March 1894 in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Baidya]] family at Noapara, under [[Raozan Upazila]] in [[Chittagong]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]). His father, Ramaniranjan Sen, was a teacher. In 1916, when he was a B.A. student at [[Krishnath College|Berhampore College]] (now [[Krishnath College]]) of [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], he learned about the Indian freedom movement from one of his teachers, Shatishchandra Chakrabarti. When Sen came to Chittagong in 1918, he started teaching at the local National School, becoming famous with the honorific ''Master da''. Later, he left his job and became the president of the Chittagong branch of the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:মাস্টারদা সূর্য সেনের জন্ম |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/feature/article/841773 |work=Jago News 24 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323052714/https://www.jagonews24.com/feature/article/841773 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Surya Sen |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524092718/https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?12659 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref>

Sen actively participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement. He looted the treasury of the Assam-Bengal Railway for cash money to fuel the movement, for which he was imprisoned with fellow revolutionary Ambika Chakrabarty for two years. Both were released towards the end of 1928 and resumed their activities.<ref name="Vijay Kumar">{{cite book |author=Kumar, Vijay |date=2008 |title=हर दिन पावन |publisher=लोकहित प्रकाशन |isbn=9788189606350}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/NTE3MDcEEQQVV/Surya-Sen-West-Bengal-State |title=Surya Sen |publisher=abhipedia.com |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karan |first=Rewati |date=22 March 2022 |title=Surya Sen — Chittagong's 'Master da' who led the raid that broke the 'armed might' of British |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/surya-sen-chittagongs-master-da-who-led-the-raid-that-broke-the-armed-might-of-british/882011/ |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Masterda Surya Sen's elder brother Chandra kumar Sen and his wife, Birajmohini devi, sister in law of Surya Sen.jpg|thumb|Surya Sen's elder brother, Chandra kumar Sen, and his wife, Birajmohini devi, sister-in-law of Surya Sen]]

== Chittagong armoury raid ==
{{main|Chittagong armoury raid}}
Sen led a group of revolutionaries on 18 April 1930 to raid the armouries of police and auxiliary forces in Chittagong.<ref name="chandra">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Bipan |author1-link=Bipan Chandra |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Mridula |author2-link=Mridula Mukherjee |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Aditya |last4=Mahajan |first4=Sucheta |last5=Panikkar |first5=K.N. |author5-link=K. N. Panikkar |year=2016 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=India's Struggle for Independence |edition=Revised and updated |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=251–252 |isbn=978-0-14-010781-4}}</ref> The plan was elaborate and included seizing arms from the armoury as well as destruction of communication system of the city (including telephone, telegraph, and railway), thereby isolating Chittagong from the rest of [[British Raj]].<ref name="chandra"/> However, although the group gained the arms, they failed to capture the ammunition. They hoisted the [[Indian National Flag]] on the premises of the armoury, and then escaped. A few days later, a large fraction of the revolutionary group was cornered on Jalalabad Hill by a [[British Indian Army]] detachment. In the ensuing fight, twelve [[revolutionaries]] died, many were arrested, while some managed to flee, including Sen.<ref name="Chandra2016p252"/>

==Arrest and death==
Sen stayed in hiding, and kept moving from one place to another. Sometimes he took up a job as a workman, a farmer, a priest, a house worker or even hid as a pious Muslim. This is how he avoided being captured by the British.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhāna |first=Rāmacandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZELmNAkC8R0C |title=Raj to Swaraj: A Textbook on Colonialism and Nationalism in India |date=2008 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0-230-63406-0 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Surya Sen 1978 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Surya Sen 1978 stamp of India]]
[[File:Masterda Surya Sen's letter to his elder brother, Chandra kumar Sen.jpg|thumb|Masterda Surya Sen's letter to his elder brother, Chandra kumar Sen]] [[File:Surya Sen's letter to his sister in law, Birajmohini devi.jpg|thumb|Surya Sen's letter to his sister-in-law, Birajmohini devi]]
He hid in the house of a friend. His relative named Netra Sen lived not far away.<ref name="Aurobindo Bhawan 2021. p. 36">Srinvantu magazine (Aurobindo Bhawan, 8, Shakespeare Sarani, Kolkata - 700 071. ed. 8 March 2021. p. 36)</ref> But Netra Sen informed the British of his hiding place, and the police came and captured him in February 1933.<ref name="Aurobindo Bhawan 2021. p. 36"/> Before Netra Sen could be rewarded by the British, revolutionaries named Kironmoy Sen along with Rabindra Nandi came into his house and beheaded him with a ''da'' (a long knife).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm |title=Kiranmoy Nanda's Role in the Freedom Struggle |website=Amrit Mahotsav |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 January 2025 |last1=Mahotsav |first1=Amrit}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |title=Chittagong British Armoury Raid 1930: Revolutionary, Surya Sen led the attack on April 18 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/chittagong-british-armoury-raid-1930-revolutionary-surya-sen-led-the-attack-on-april-18-1792463-2021-04-19 |magazine=India Today |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=বসু |first1=ঋজু |date=15 August 2021 |title=75th Independence Day: ধর্মের ছোঁয়াচ ছাড়া বিয়ের স্বাধীনতা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/granddaughter-of-freedom-fighter-kiranmoy-sen-breaking-all-stereotypes-of-inter-religion-marriage/cid/1298446 |work=Ananda Bazar Patrika |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> As Netra Sen's wife was a big supporter of Surya Sen, she never disclosed the names of the revolutionaries who killed Netra Sen. Before his eventual hanging on 12 January 1934 with another revolutionary named [[Tarakeswar Dastidar]], both Sen and Dastidar underwent [[torture]] at the hands of the [[Indian Imperial Police|police]].<ref name=":1" />

His last letter was written to his friends and said, "Death is knocking at my door. My mind is flying away towards eternity. At such a pleasant, at such a grave, at such a solemn moment, what shall I leave behind you? Only one thing, that is my dream, a golden dream – the dream of free India. Never forget the date, 18th of April, 1930, the day of the eastern Rebellion in Chittagong. Write in red letters in the core of your hearts the names of the patriots who have sacrificed their lives at the altar of India's freedom."<ref>Srinvantu magazine (Aurobindo Bhawan, 8, Shakespeare Sarani, Kolkata - 700 071. ed. 8 March 2021. p. 37)</ref>

<gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="180" caption="The gallows in Chattogram (Chittagong) [[Chattogram Central Jail|Central Jail]], where Indian revolutionary freedom fighter '''Surya Sen''' was hanged. The government of Bangladesh (East Bengal) has designated it a historical monument.">
File:HangplatformLeft.jpg
File:Hangplatform left.JPG
File:Hangplarform close.JPG
</gallery>

==In popular media==
Indian film director [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] directed the film ''[[Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey]]'' (2010) about Sen's life. Actor [[Abhishek Bachchan]] played the role of Sen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashutosh Gowariker's Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey to be released on December 3 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_ashutosh-gowariker-s-khelein-hum-jee-jaan-sey-to-be-released-on-December-3-1374400 |work=Daily News & Analysis |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> Another film, ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]'' (2012), directed by [[Bedabrata Pain]], was about Sen's armoury raid. [[Manoj Bajpayee]] played the leading role.<ref>{{cite news |title='Chittagong': Manoj Bajpayee took no money for the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103100119/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-28/news-interviews/34147404_1_actor-manoj-bajpayee-nasa-scientist-bedabrata-pain-film |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |date=28 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Surya Sen is considered one of the leading revolutionaries in British India, and is a highly respected figure in both Bangladesh and India. Residential halls have been named after him at both the University of Dhaka<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://du.ac.bd/history/HSS |title=Home :: Dhaka University}}</ref> and the University of Chittagong.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cu.ac.bd/suryasenhall/sushall.php |title=University of Chittagong}}</ref> Kolkata has a metro railway station and a street named after him as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masterda Surya Sen Metro Station Kolkata |url=https://routemaps.info/station/masterda-surya-sen-kolkata |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=routemaps.info |language=en}}</ref>

[[Surya Sen Park]] contains a bust of him.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journal.southindianhistorycongress.org/journals/articles/2018/SIHC_2018_063.pdf|title=The Role of Surya Sen in the Freedom Movement of India|journal=Proceedings of the South Indian History Congress|publisher=[[South Indian History Congress]]|volume=38|year=2018|pages=249-251|issn=2229-3671}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pritilata Waddedar]], Indian revolutionary and nationalist
* [[Bhagat Singh]], Indian revolutionary and nationalist
* [[Udham Singh]], Indian revolutionary and nationalist

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/books/1399/1/37 Chittagong's Greatest Revolutionary Hero: Surjya Sen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222131617/http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/books/1399/1/37 |date=22 February 2012 }}
* [https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Surya_Sen,_Mastarda Surya Sen] in [[Banglapedia]]
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Surya}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Surya Sen|*]]
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:People from Chittagong]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian independence armed struggle activists]]
[[Category:Krishnath College alumni]]

Vijayvargiya

2026-03-22T13:06:02Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: corrected article for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Trading community in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
'''Vijayvargiya''' (also Vijayvargia, Vijayvergiya, Vijaywargiya, Vijayvergia, Vijay) is a merchant or ([[Vaishya]]-[[Bania (caste)|Baniya]]) community mainly from [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].

According to tradition, it originated from the historical [[Khandela]] town in northern [[Rajasthan]].<ref>Lawrence A. Babb, Mirrored warriors: On the cultural identity of Rajasthani traders, ''[[International Journal of Hindu Studies]]'', 3 June 2007</ref><ref>Vijayavargiya Itihas, Ek Drishti, Ramjeet Jain, 1992, p. 19-25</ref> [[Maheshwari]]s and [[Khandelwal Vaishya|Khandelwal]] communities also trace their origin to Khandela.

They mainly live in [[Rajasthan]] ( in Jodhpur, Tonk, Bharatpur, Jaipur, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Udaipur, Kota and Bikaner districts) and western [[Madhya Pradesh]] ( in Rajgarh, Nimach, Mandsour, Ratlam, Indore, Guna, Bhopal and also in [[Gwalior]] districts) . They are also located at [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Agra]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Vadodara]], [[Surat]], [[Pune]], [[Delhi]], [[Faridabad]], [[Ballabgarh]], [[Chennai]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Bangalore]], [[Nagpur]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jhansi]], [[United States|America]]. They are mainly [[Vaishnava|Vaishanava]](Vaishya).<ref>{{cite book |title=Jaina community. |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |year=1959 |publisher=Popular Book Depot}}</ref> The [[Ramdwara|Ram Snehi]] sect was founded by [[Ram Charan (guru)|Swami Ram Charan]] (1718–1798) at Shahpura, Bhilwara by establishing Ramdwara was born in this community.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social contents of Indian religious reform movements |last=Sen |first=Siba Pada |year=1978 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |location=Calcutta}}</ref>

==Origin of Vijayvargiya==
Dhanpal Vaishya was the Prime Minister of the King of [[Khandela]] [[Janapadas|Janapada]] ([[Sikar]]). His four offspring established four castes: [[Sarawagi|Saravagi]] was established by Sunda, Khandelwal by Khanda, [[Maheshwari]] by Mahesha, and '''Vijayvargiya/Vijaywargiya''' by Vija. All these four castes claim their origin to be Khandela Janapada, but any other evidence does not confirm the theory of four sons. Some of the Khandela scholars accept their origin from the two brothers – Khanda and Vija. Both these castes have 72 [[gotra]]s (branches) each, out of which 13 gotras of both the castes have similarity among them.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

According to traditional accounts, in 363 AD, Kunwar Jayant Singh developed some differences with his father, the ruler of Khandela Janapada. Consequently, Kunwar Jayant Singh was ordered to be exiled by the ruler. Vija son of the Prime Minister of the king, along with his 72 supporters followed Kunwar Jayant Singh; they made their first halt at Jakheri. There, they made a plan and invaded the Kingdom of Ranthambhaur and succeeded in annexing the kingdom. Greatly impressed by the devotion and valor of his followers, Kunwar Jayant Singh named the entire group as Vijayvargia. These 72 men altogether, became the forerunners of the 72 clans. In the year 1906–07, Pithashah organized a huge conglomeration of the entire gotras of this caste at Pipalu village of [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] (Rajasthan). Foundation of 16 temples was laid down consequent to this meeting. Greatly impressed by the initiative taken by Pithashah, the prominent personalities attending the conglomeration conferred the title of [[Chaudhary]] on Pithasha. Specialists called ‘Raos’ were given the responsibility of maintaining the history and record of their caste and gotras. The main gotras of Vijayvargias’ are: Jhojhota, Khunteta, Chaudhary, Patodiya, Kapadi, Parva, Nayakwal, Karodiwal, etc.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Vijayvargias’ are basically [[Vaishnava]], but there are isolated examples of them being [[Shaiva]]s also. In the field of spiritualism also Vijayvargias’ are known to have been blessed by the ‘Ramsnehi Sect’; Swami Shri Ramacharan ji Maharaj was its founder. According to a [[colophon (publishing)|colophon]] of Pandva Purana of AD 1545 and a [[Shivpuri]] inscription of 1646 AD, some of them have been Jain and were regarded a branch of [[Saraogi]] Jains.<ref>Vijayavargiya Itihas, Ek Drishti, Ramjeet Jain, 1992, p. 14-17</ref>

Vijayvargia community has said be cursed from [[Meera]]bai as a person from this community conspired in poisoning Meerabai,{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} the keen devotee of Lord Krishna, . Under the patronage and motivation of Shri Ramcharan Ji Maharaj, Vijayvargias’ have played a stellar role in the building of social structure and performed various memorable deeds in the religious field as well. The famous temple of ‘Girdhar Gopal’ at Pushkar (Ajmer), which has made Meerabai an immortal, is a gift from this caste.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Gotras of Vijayvargiya==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Gotra
! Kuldevi
! Rishi
! Veda
! Shakha
! Sutrakar
! Ganpati
|-
| ADHEDIYA
| Chamunda
| Bhardwaj
| [[Yajurveda]]
| [[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyandini]]
| Katyayan
| Vinayak
|-
| AJLODIYA
| [[Ashapura Mata|Ashapura]]
| Vashishta
| [[Yajurveda]]
| [[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyandini]]
| Katyayan
| Vighnayak
|-
| AJMERA
| Padhav
| Bhardwaj
| [[Yajurveda]]
|[[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyandini]]
| Katyayan
| Vinayak
|-
| AJMERA SIGI
| Ashapura maa
|Vashishta
| [[Yajurveda]]
| [[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyandini]]
| Katyayan
| Vighnayak
|-
| BADHADARA
| [[Jeenmata|Jeen]]
|Vashishta
| [[Yajurveda]]
| [[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyandini]]
| Katyayan
| Vighnayak
|-
| BAHARADIYA
| Chamunda
| Kashyap
| [[Samaveda|Samveda]]
| Kauthumi
| Gobhi l
| Heramb
|-
| BANDHIWAL
| Chamunda
| Kashyap
| [[Samaveda|Samveda]]
| Kauthumi
| Gobhil
| Heramb
|-
| BANDIWAL
| Ambey
| Gautama
| [[Samaveda|Samveda]]
| Kauthumi
| Gobhil
| Heramb
|-
| BANSIWAL
| Eshwari
| Vashishta
| [[Yajurveda]]
| Madhyandini
| Katyayan
| Vighnayak
|-
| BANTHLIWAL
| Ambey
| Gautama
| [[Samaveda|Samveda]]
| Kauthumi
| Gobhil
| Shivsoot
|-
| BATHRA
|Ashapura
| Shandilya
| [[Yajurveda]]
| Madhyandini
| Katyayan
| Ganraj
|-
| BAUDADA
| Dhundeswar
| Kavyesh
| [[Yajurveda]]
| Madhyandini
| Katyayan
| Vinayak
|-
| BENKATA (or VAINKTA)
| Amvay/Jankay
| Gautama
| [[Samaveda|Samveda]]
| Kauthumi
| Gobhil
| Shivsoot
|-
| BHARADLIYA
| Dhundsri
| Krutu
| [[Samaveda|Samveda]]
| Kauthumi
| Gobhil
| Vighnayak
|-
| BHIYANYA
|
| Bhardwaj
| [[Yajurveda]]
| Madhyandini
| Katyayan
| Vinayak
|-
| BOHARA (or VOHRA)
| Ambika
| Gautama
| [[Samaveda|Samveda]]
| Kauthumi
| Gobhil
| Shivsoot
|-
| BORA
| Kiyay
| Kritu
| [[Samaveda|Samveda]]
| Kauthumi
| Gobhil
| Vighnayak

|-
| CHOUDHARY
| Shree Jeenn mata
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| DANS
|Besakundal mataji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| DOSIWAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| DUSAJ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| GADH (or GADDHI)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| GAJNIWAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| GARAU
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| GHARASWAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| GHIYA
|Bhumri Devi
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| GOTHADIWAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| GWALERIYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| HINGWA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| JHOJHOTA (or JAJODIA)
| Chamunda
| Bhardwaj
| Yajurveda
| Madhyandini
| Katyayan
| Vinayak
|-
| KAPDI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| KATARIYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| KARODIWAL
| Ashapura
|Vashishta
| [[Yajurveda]]
| [[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyandini]]
| Katyayan
| Vighnayak
|
|
|
|
|-
| KHANDAYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| KHANDLA-SINGI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| KHENTODAYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| KHOHWAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| KHUNTETA
| Kapasan Mata
|Vashishta
|Yajurveda
|Madhyandini
|Katyayan
|Vignayak
|-
| KODAI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| LUHARIYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| MALI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| MANIHAR
|Kiyay/Ashapura/Chavanda
|Kashyap
|Samveda
|Kauthumi
|Gobhil
|Heramb
|-
| MAROTIYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| MUVANIYA
|Nagnechi Mata
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| NAIWAL
|ANTER MATA

|
|
|
|
|
|-
| NARANIWAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| NAREDIWAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| NATYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| NAYAKWAL
|Shree Banipura Balaji,Khandar Rajasthan
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| NIJRANYA/NIJHASYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| PANCHALYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| PANCHALUHADIYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| PANCHOLI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| PARDA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| PARWA
| Manderi Sati Mata, Mau, Rajasthan 325215
|Bhardwaj
|Yejurveda
|Madhyandini
|Katyayan
|Vinayak
|-
| PATNIWAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| PATODIYA
|[[Jeenmata|Jeen Mata, Dist. Sikar, Raj]]
|Bhardwaj
|Yejurveda
|Madhyandini
|Katyayan
|Vinayak
|-
| PHAGIWAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| POLIWAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| RAJORIA
|Chmunda devi
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| SAGARIYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| SAKHUNYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| SENDHANI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| SINGWAN
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| SINGHI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| SOHELIYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| SURLYA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| TAMOLI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| TOKARWASA
|village: MARMI, CHITTORGARH (district), RAJASTHAN, INDIA.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| UNCHI
|[[Jeenmata|Jeen Mata]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| VAHATARA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| VARDA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Ram Charan Maharaj]]
*[[Ramdwara]]
*[[Shahpura, Bhilwara]]
{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Vaishya community]]
[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bania communities]]

Air-to-air missile

2026-03-22T03:02:38Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: adjusted references after review

{{Short description|Missile fired from the air at airborne targets}}
[[File:AIM-120 AMRAAM and AIM-9 Sidewinder.JPG|thumb|An F-16 armed with an [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] beyond-visual-range air to air missile (outer pylon) and an [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] close combat missile (inner pylon); both missiles in this image are inert training missiles, as indicated by the blue markings]]
[[File:ILA 2010 Samstag 125.JPG|thumb|[[Meteor (missile)|Meteor]] - example of a Ramjet powered air to air missile.]]

An '''air-to-air missile''' ('''AAM''') is a [[missile]] fired from an [[aircraft]] for the purpose of destroying another aircraft in flight. AAMs are typically powered by one or more [[rocket motor]]s, usually [[solid-fuel rocket|solid fueled]] but sometimes [[liquid-fuel rocket|liquid fueled]]. [[Ramjet]] engines, as used on the [[Meteor (missile)|Meteor]], are emerging as propulsion that will enable future medium- to long-range missiles to maintain higher average speed across their engagement envelope.

Air-to-air missiles are broadly put in two groups. Those designed to engage opposing aircraft at ranges of around 30 km<ref name="ASRAAM-MBDS">{{cite web|url= https://www.mbda-systems.com/product/asraam/|title= ASRAAM|publisher= MBDS Systems|access-date= 17 November 2024|archive-date= 10 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210410214314/https://www.mbda-systems.com/product/asraam/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="AA-11 ARCHER R-73">{{cite web |url= https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/aa-11.htm|title = AA-11 ARCHER R-73 |publisher= Global Security |access-date= 3 February 2020}}</ref> to 40 km<ref name="RVV-MD">{{cite web |url= https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/aerospace-systems/air-to-air-missile/rvv-md/|title = RVV-MD |publisher= Rosoboronexport |access-date= 17 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="AA-11 ARCHER R-73"/> maximum are known as short-range or "within visual range" missiles (SRAAMs or WVRAAMs) and are sometimes called "[[dogfight]]" missiles because they are designed to optimize their agility rather than range.<ref name="ASRAAM-MBDS"/><ref name="RVV-MD"/> Most use [[infrared guidance]] and are called heat-seeking missiles. In contrast, medium- or long-range missiles (MRAAMs or LRAAMs), which both fall under the category of [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] missiles (BVRAAMs), tend to rely upon radar guidance, of which there are many forms. Some modern ones use [[inertial guidance]] and/or "mid-course updates" to get the missile close enough to use an active homing sensor. The concepts of air-to-air missiles and [[surface-to-air missile]]s are closely related, and in some cases versions of the same weapon may be used for both roles, such as the [[ASRAAM]] and [[Sea Ceptor]].

==History==
[[file:Ruhrstahl X-4.jpg|thumb|[[Ruhrstahl X-4]] in RAF Museum Cosford]]
The air-to-air missile grew out of the unguided [[air-to-air rocket]]s used during the [[First World War]]. [[Le Prieur rocket]]s were sometimes attached to the struts of biplanes and fired electrically, usually against [[observation balloons]], by such early pilots as [[Albert Ball]] and A. M. Walters.<ref>{{cite book |title= Albert Ball VC |pages= 90–91}}</ref> Facing the Allied air superiority, [[Germany in World War II]] invested limited effort into missile research, initially adapting the projectile of the unguided [[21 cm Nebelwerfer 42]] infantry barrage rocket system into the air-launched [[Werfer-Granate 21|BR 21]] anti-aircraft rocket in 1943; leading to the deployment of the [[R4M]] unguided rocket and the development of [[List of German guided weapons of World War II|various guided missile prototypes]] such as the [[Ruhrstahl X-4]].

The [[US Navy]] and [[US Air Force]] began equipping guided missiles in 1956, deploying the USAF's [[AIM-4 Falcon]] and the USN's [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] and [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]]. Post-war research led the [[Royal Air Force]] to introduce [[Fairey Fireflash]] into service in 1957 but their results were unsuccessful. The [[Soviet Air Force]] introduced its [[K-5 (missile)|K-5]] into service in 1957. The first-ever successful combat deployment and shoot-down of an adversary aircraft happened during the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis|1958 Kinmen (Quemoy) Crisis]], when [[Republic of China Air Force|RoCAF]] F-86 Sabres shot down at least one Soviet-made [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|PLAAF]] MiG-17 using U.S.-supplied AIM-9 Sidewinder AAMs; the PLAAF fortuitously recovered a largely-intact AIM-9 Sidewinder that hit and got lodged into one of their MiG-17s, but did not explode, and reportedly turned over to the Soviets for reverse-engineering into the [[K-13 (missile)|K-13 AAM]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mizokami |first=Kyle |date=2024-06-05 |title=America's Groundbreaking Sidewinder Was Poised to Rule the Skies. Then, the Soviet Union Stole It. |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a60734289/aim-9-sidewinder-missile-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206003824/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a60734289/aim-9-sidewinder-missile-history/ |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Popular Mechanics |language=en-US |quote=Nine years after the end of the Chinese Civil War, when the island of Taiwan officially became the sovereign Republic of China, its air force squared off in dogfights against the People’s Republic of China... The MiGs, which [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Mao Zedong]] sent to test Taiwanese defenses, could fly faster and higher than the aging Sabres, making them difficult to intercept. Nothing, not even the superior training of the Taiwanese pilots, could make up for that. And both sides knew it...}}</ref>

As missile systems have continued to advance, modern air warfare consists almost entirely of missile firing. The use of [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] combat became so pervasive in the US that early [[F-4]] variants were armed only with missiles in the 1960s. High casualty rates during the [[Vietnam War]] caused the US to reintroduce [[autocannon]] and traditional dogfighting tactics but the missile remains the primary weapon in air combat.

In the [[Falklands War]] British [[Harrier jump jet|Harriers]], using AIM-9L missiles were able to defeat faster Argentinian opponents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/microsites/Falklands/index_microsite.php?microsite=Falklands&target=The_Harrier&section=626|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519010009/http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/microsites/Falklands/index_microsite.php?microsite=Falklands&target=The_Harrier&section=626|url-status=dead|title=The History Channel|archive-date=May 19, 2009}}</ref> Since the late 20th century [[all-aspect]] heat-seeking designs can [[missile lock-on|lock-on]] to a target from various angles, not just from behind, where the heat signature from the engines is strongest. Other types rely on radar guidance (either on-board or "painted" by the launching aircraft).

===Use of air-to-air missiles as surface-to-air missiles===
[[File:NASAMS NL Gilze-Rijen AB 2014.jpg|thumb|An AIM-120 dummy missile on a rail extending from the [[NASAMS]] canister]]

In 1999 R-73 missile were adapted by Serb forces for surface to air missiles. The [[Houthi movement]] Missile Research and Development Centre and the Missile Force have tried to fire R-27/R-60/R-73/R-77 against Saudi aircraft using stockpiles of missiles from [[Yemeni Air Force]] stocks. The issue for the R-27 and R-77 is the lack of a radar to support their guidance to the target. However the R-73 and R-60 are infra-red heat seeking missiles. They only require power, liquid nitrogen "to cool the seeker head", and a pylon to launch the missile. These missiles have been paired with a "US made FLIR Systems ULTRA 8500 turrets". Only one near miss has been verified and that was a R-27T fired at [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] F-15SA. However the drawback is that these missiles are intended to be fired from one jet fighter against another. So the motors and fuel load are smaller than a purpose built surface to air missile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's how Houthis were able to deploy R-27/R-60/R-73/R-77 Air-to-Air Missiles as SAMs against Saudi-led Coalition Aircraft |url=https://theaviationgeekclub.com/heres-how-houthis-were-able-to-deploy-r-27-r-60-r-73-r-77-air-to-air-missiles-as-sams-against-saudi-led-coalition-aircraft/ |author= Dario Leone| date=2019-07-17 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=theaviationgeekclub.com}}</ref>

On the Western side, the Norwegian-American made [[NASAMS]] air defense system has been developed for using [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]], [[IRIS-T]] and [[AMRAAM]] air-to-air missiles to intercept targets. None of these missiles require modifications and hence it is possible for the system to take missiles straight from an aircraft. After a live-fire test occurred in September 2020 off the coasts of Florida, during which it successfully engaged a simulated cruise missile, in 2022 NASAMS was deployed to Ukraine, where for the first time this missile system was used in real combat conditions, and, according to Ukrainian government, was able to shoot down more than 100 aerial targets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US air defense system delivery hopes to save Kiev |url=https://asiatimes.com/2022/07/us-air-defense-system-delivery-hopes-to-save-kiev/ |author= Stephen Bryen| date=2022-07-09 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=asiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Warhead==
[[File:AIM-9L DF-ST-82-10199.jpg|thumb|right|[[AIM-9 Sidewinder|AIM-9]]L Captive Air Training Missile (CATM) with [[rocket motor]] and inert [[warhead]] for training.]]
A conventional explosive blast warhead, [[fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]] warhead, or [[continuous rod]] warhead (or a combination of any of those three warhead types) is typically used in the attempt to disable or destroy the target aircraft. Warheads are typically detonated by a [[proximity fuze]] or by an impact fuze if it scores a direct hit. Less commonly, nuclear warheads have been mounted on a small number of air-to-air missile types (such as the [[AIM-26 Falcon]]) although these have never been used in combat.

==Guidance==
{{See also|Missile guidance}}
[[File:Göktuğ.jpg|thumb|[[Gökdoğan (air-to-air missile)|Gökdoğan]] (displayed lower-front) [[active radar homing]] [[Beyond-visual-range missile|BVR]] air-to-air missile and [[Bozdoğan (air-to-air missile)|Bozdoğan]] (displayed lower-back) [[infrared homing]] short-range air-to-air missile side by aide at the [[International Defence Industry Fair|IDEF]] 2019 in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]]
Guided missiles operate by detecting their target (usually by either [[radar]] or [[infrared]] methods, although rarely others such as [[laser guidance]] or [[Optical motion tracking|optical tracking]]), and then "homing" in on the target on a collision course.

Although the missile may use radar or infra-red guidance to home on the target, the launching aircraft may detect and track the target before launch by other means. Infra-red guided missiles can be "slaved" to an attack radar in order to find the target and radar-guided missiles can be launched at targets detected visually or via an [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system, although they may require the attack radar to illuminate the target during part or all of the missile interception itself.

===Radar guidance===
Radar guidance is normally used for medium- or long-range missiles, where the infra-red signature of the target would be too faint for an infra-red detector to track. There are three major types of radar-guided missile – active, semi-active, and passive.

Radar-guided missiles can be countered by rapid maneuvering (which may result in them "breaking lock", or may cause them to overshoot), deploying [[Chaff (radar countermeasure)|chaff]] or using [[electronic counter-measures]].

====Active radar homing====
{{Main|Active radar homing}}
[[File:Seeker Vympel-R-77-maks2009.jpg|thumb|Active radar seeker Head of Vympel [[R-77]] at 2009 [[MAKS Airshow]]]]
Active radar (AR)-guided missiles carry their own radar system to detect and track their target. However, the size of the radar antenna is limited by the small diameter of missiles, limiting its range which typically means such missiles are launched at a predicted future location of the target, often relying on separate guidance systems such as [[Global Positioning System]], [[inertial guidance]], or a mid-course update from either the launching aircraft or other system that can communicate with the missile to get the missile close to the target. At a predetermined point (frequently based on time since launch or arrival near the predicted target location) the missile's radar system is activated (the missile is said to "go active"), and the missile then homes in on the target.

If the range from the attacking aircraft to the target is within the range of the missile's radar system, the missile can "go active" immediately upon launch.

The great advantage of an active radar homing system is that it enables a "[[fire-and-forget]]" mode of attack, where the attacking aircraft is free to pursue other targets or escape the area after launching the missile.

====Semi-active radar homing====
[[File:F-15 firing AIM-7Ms.jpg|thumb|right|Two [[F-15E]]s from the 90th Fighter Squadron USAF, from Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, fire a pair of semi-active radar homing [[AIM-7 Sparrow|AIM-7Ms]] during a training mission.]]
{{Main|Semi-active radar homing}}
Semi-active radar homing (SARH) guided missiles are simpler and more common. They function by detecting radar energy reflected from the target. The radar energy is emitted from the launching aircraft's own radar system.

However, this means that the launch aircraft has to maintain a "lock" on the target (keep illuminating the target aircraft with its own radar) until the missile makes the interception. This limits the attacking aircraft's ability to maneuver, which may be necessary should threats to the attacking aircraft appear.

An advantage of SARH-guided missiles is that they are homing on the reflected radar signal, so accuracy actually increases as the missile gets closer because the reflection comes from a "point source": the target. Against this, if there are multiple targets, each will be reflecting the same radar signal and the missile may become confused as to which target is its intended victim. The missile may well be unable to pick a specific target and fly through a formation without passing within lethal range of any specific aircraft. Newer missiles have logic circuits in their guidance systems to help prevent this problem.

At the same time, jamming the [[missile lock-on]] is easier because the launching aircraft is further from the target than the missile, so the radar signal has to travel further and is greatly attenuated over the distance. This means that the missile may be jammed or "spoofed" by countermeasures whose signals grow stronger as the missile gets closer. One counter to this is a "home on jam" capability in the missile that allows it to home in on the jamming signal.

====Beam riding====
{{Main|Beam riding}}
[[File:K-5M Air-to-Air Missile.jpg|thumb|right|A beam riding [[K-5 (missile)]] air-to-air missile on [[MiG-19]]. (Displayed in the Military History Museum and Park in Kecel, Hungary)]]
An early form of radar guidance was "[[beam-riding]]" (BR). In this method, the attacking aircraft directs a narrow beam of radar energy at the target. The air-to-air missile was launched into the beam, where sensors on the aft of the missile controlled the missile, keeping it within the beam. So long as the beam was kept on the target aircraft, the missile would ride the beam until making the interception.

While conceptually simple, the move is hard because of the challenge of simultaneously keeping the beam solidly on the target (which could not be relied upon to cooperate by flying straight and level), continuing to fly one's own aircraft, and monitoring enemy countermeasures.

An added complication was that the beam will spread out into a cone shape as the distance from the attacking aircraft increases. This will result in less accuracy for the missile because the beam may actually be larger than the target aircraft when the missile arrives. The missile could be securely within the beam but still not be close enough to destroy the target.

===Infrared guidance===
{{Main|Infrared homing}}
[[File:MAA-1A seeker head.jpg|thumb|right|Infrared homing seeker head of [[MAA-1 Piranha]]]]
[[File:HAL Tejas (LSP-07) firing Python-5 missile better visibility.png|alt==An infrared homing Python-5 AAM being fired from Indian Air Force HAL Tejas fighter during certification tests|thumb|An infrared homing Python-5 AAM being fired from [[HAL Tejas]] fighter]]
'''Infrared guided''' (IR) missiles home on the heat produced by an aircraft. Early infra-red detectors had poor sensitivity, so could only track the hot exhaust pipes of an aircraft. This meant an attacking aircraft had to maneuver to a position behind its target before it could fire an infra-red guided missile. This also limited the range of the missile as the infra-red signature soon become too small to detect with increasing distance and after launch the missile was playing "catch-up" with its target. Early infrared seekers were unusable in clouds or rain (which is still a limitation to some degree) and could be distracted by the sun, a reflection of the sun off of a cloud or ground object, or any other "hot" object within its view.

More modern infra-red guided missiles can detect the heat of an aircraft's skin, warmed by the friction of airflow, in addition to the fainter heat signature of the engine when the aircraft is seen from the side or head-on. This, combined with greater maneuverability, gives them an "[[all-aspect]]" capability, and an attacking aircraft no longer had to be behind its target to fire. Although launching from behind the target increases the probability of a hit, the launching aircraft usually has to be closer to the target in such a [[tail-chase engagement]].

An aircraft can defend against infra-red missiles by dropping [[Flare (countermeasure)|flares]] that are hotter than the aircraft, so the missile homes in on the brighter, hotter target. In turn, IR missiles may employ filters to enable it to ignore targets whose temperature is not within a specified range.

Towed decoys which closely mimic engine heat and infra-red jammers can also be used. Some large aircraft and many combat helicopters make use of so-called "hot brick" infra-red jammers, typically mounted near the engines. Current research is developing laser devices which can spoof or destroy the guidance systems of infra-red guided missiles. See [[Infrared countermeasure]].

Start of the 21st century missiles such as the [[ASRAAM]] use an "[[imaging infrared]]" seeker which "sees" the target (much like a digital video camera), and can distinguish between an aircraft and a point heat source such as a flare. They also feature a very wide detection angle, so the attacking aircraft does not have to be pointing straight at the target for the missile to lock on. The pilot can use a [[helmet mounted sight]] (HMS) and target another aircraft by looking at it, and then firing. This is called "off-[[Boresight (firearm)|boresight]]" launch. For example, the Russian [[Su-27]] is equipped with an [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system with [[laser rangefinder]] for its HMS-aimed missiles.

===Electro-optical===
A recent advancement in missile guidance is '''electro-optical''' imaging. The Israeli [[Python-5]] has an electro-optical seeker that scans designated area for targets via optical imaging. Once a target is acquired, the missile will lock-on to it for the kill. Electro-optical seekers can be programmed to target vital area of an aircraft, such as the cockpit. Since it does not depend on the target aircraft's heat signature, it can be used against low-heat targets such as [[UAVs]] and [[cruise missile]]s. However, clouds can get in the way of electro-optical sensors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/afwa/metsat-U3.htm|title=Atmospheric Effects on Electro-optics|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>

===Passive anti-radiation===
{{Main|Anti-radiation missile}}
Evolving missile guidance designs are converting the anti-radiation missile (ARM) design, pioneered during Vietnam and used to home in against emitting surface-to-air missile (SAM) sites, to an air intercept weapon. Current air-to-air passive anti-radiation missile development is thought to be a countermeasure to [[airborne early warning and control]] (AEW&C – also known as AEW or AWACS) aircraft which typically mount powerful search radars.

Due to their dependence on target aircraft radar emissions, when used against fighter aircraft passive anti-radiation missiles are primarily limited to forward-aspect intercept geometry.<ref>Carlo Kopp (Aug 2009). [http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-BVR-AAM.html "The Russian Philosophy of BVR Air Combat"]. ''Airpower Australia'', Retrieved April 2010</ref> For examples, see [[Vympel R-27]] and [[Brazo]].

Another aspect of passive anti-radiation homing is the "home on jam" mode which, when installed, allows a radar-guided missile to home in on the jammer of the target aircraft if the primary seeker is jammed by the [[electronic countermeasures]] of the target aircraft.

==Design==
[[File:MAKS Airshow 2013 (Ramenskoye Airport, Russia) (524-21).jpg|thumb|right|Scramjet engine powered [[R-37 (missile)|R-37]]M (under the export designation RVV-BD) long range hypersonic BVR missile at 2013 [[MAKS Airshow]].]]
[[File:T129 ATAK armed with 19-Tube 70 mm rocket launcher and 2 air to air Stinger.jpg|thumb|right|[[T129 ATAK]] helicopter with two very short range [[Air-to-Air Stinger]] missiles mounted under-wing. The helicopter launched missile is developed from the [[FIM-92 Stinger ]] [[MANPADS]].]]

Air-to-air missiles are typically long, thin cylinders in order to reduce their cross section and thus minimize drag at the high speeds at which they travel. Missiles are divided into five primary systems (moving forward to aft): seeker, guidance, warhead, motor, and control actuation.

At the front is the seeker, either a radar system, radar homer, or infra-red detector. Behind that lies the avionics which control the missile. Typically after that, in the centre of the missile, is the warhead, usually several kilograms of high explosive surrounded by metal that fragments on detonation (or in some cases, pre-fragmented metal).

The rear part of the missile contains the propulsion system, usually a rocket of some type and the control actuation system or CAS. [[Dual-thrust]] solid-fuel rockets are common, but some longer-range missiles use liquid-fuel motors that can "throttle" to extend their range and preserve fuel for energy-intensive final maneuvering. Some solid-fuelled missiles mimic this technique with a second rocket motor which burns during the terminal homing phase. There are missiles, such as the MBDA Meteor, that "breathe" air (using a [[ramjet]], similar to a jet engine) in order to extend their range.

Modern missiles use "low-smoke" motors – early missiles produced thick smoke trails, which were easily seen by the crew of the target aircraft alerting them to the attack and helping them determine how to evade it.

The CAS is typically an electro-mechanical, servo control actuation system, which takes input from the guidance system and manipulates the airfoils or fins at the rear of the missile that guide or steers the weapon to target.

Nowadays, countries start developing hypersonic air-to-air missile using [[Scramjet|scramjet engines]] (such as [[R-37 (missile)|R-37]], or [[AIM-260 JATM]]), which not only increases efficiency for [[BVR]] battles, but it also makes survival chances of target aircraft drop to nearly zero.

==Performance==
A number of terms frequently crop up in discussions of air-to-air missile performance.

; Launch success zone: The Launch Success Zone is the range within which there is a high (defined) kill probability against a target that remains unaware of its engagement until the final moment. When alerted visually or by a warning system the target attempts a last-ditch-manoeuvre sequence.
; F-pole: A closely related term is the F-Pole. This is the slant range between the launch aircraft and target, at the time of interception. The greater the F-Pole, the greater the confidence that the launch aircraft will achieve air superiority with that missile.
; A-pole: This is the slant range between the launch aircraft and target at the time that the missile begins active guidance or acquires the target with the missile's active seeker. The greater the A-Pole means less time and possibly greater distance that the launch aircraft needs to support the missile guidance until missile seeker acquisition.
; No-escape zone: The no-escape zone is the zone within which there is a high (defined) kill probability against a target even if it has been alerted. This zone is defined as a conical shape with the tip at the missile launch. The cone's length and width are determined by the missile and seeker performance. A missile's speed, range and seeker sensitivity will mostly determine the length of this imaginary cone, while its agility (turn rate) and seeker complexity (speed of detection and ability to detect off axis targets) will determine the width of the cone.

===Missile minimum range===
[[File:gw-tomphoenix.jpg|thumb|A [[US Navy]] [[VF-103 Jolly Rogers]] [[F-14 Tomcat]] fighter launches an [[AIM-54 Phoenix]] long-range air-to-air missile. Photo courtesy U.S. Navy Atlantic Fleet.]]

A missile is subject to a minimum range, before which it cannot maneuver effectively. In order to maneuver sufficiently from a poor launch angle at short ranges to hit its target, some missiles use [[thrust vectoring]], which allow the missile to start turning "off the rail", before its motor has accelerated it up to high enough speeds for its small aerodynamic surfaces to be useful.

==Short-range air-to-air missile==
{{See also-text|[[Beyond-visual-range missile]]s have their own article}}
Short-range air-to-air missiles (SRAAMs), typically used in "[[dogfight]]ing" or close range air combat compare to the [[beyond-visual-range missile]]s. Most of the short-range air-to-air missiles are [[Infrared homing|infrared guided]].

=== SRAAM missile evolution ===
[[File:Misil aire-aire de corto alcance (SRAAM) PiLi-5 (PL-5) - (inertes para entrenamiento).jpg|thumb|right|Chinese [[PL-5]] short-range air-to-air missiles]]
Those missiles usually classified into five "generations" according to the historical technological advances. Most of these advances were in infrared seeker technology (later combined with [[digital signal processing]]).

=== First generation ===
Early short-range missiles such as the early [[AIM-9 Sidewinder|Sidewinders]] and [[K-13 (missile)]] (''AA-2 Atoll'') had infrared seekers with a narrow (30-degree) field of view and required the attacker to position himself behind the target ([[Tail-chase engagement|rear aspect engagement]]). This meant that the target aircraft only had to perform a slight turn to move outside the missile seeker's field of view and cause the missile to lose track of the target ("break lock").<ref name="Carlo Kopp-1997">{{cite journal
|author = Carlo Kopp
|date=April 1997
|title = Fourth Generation AAMs – The Rafael Python 4
|journal = Australian Aviation
|volume=1997
|issue=April
|url = http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Gen-4-AAM-97.html
|access-date = 2007-03-08
}}</ref>

=== Second generation ===
The second-generation of short-range missiles utilized more effective seekers that were better cooled than its predecessors while being typically "uncaged"; resulting in improved sensitivity to heat signatures, an increase in field of view as well as allowing the possibility of leading a missile within its FOV for an increased probability of kill against a maneuvering target. In some cases, the improved sensitivity to heat signatures allows for a very limited side and even all-aspect tracking, as is the case with the [[Red Top missile]]. In conjunction with improved control surfaces and propulsion motors over the first generation of dogfight missiles, the technological advances of the second-generation short-range missiles allowed them to be used not just on non-maneuvering bombers, but also actively maneuvering fighters. Examples include advanced derivatives of the [[K-13 (missile)]] and [[AIM-9]] such as '''K-13M''' ('''R-13M''', Object 380) or '''AIM-9D / G / H'''.

=== Third generation ===
This generation introduced much more sensitive seekers that are capable of locking onto the warm heat irradiated by the skins of aircraft from the front or side aspects, as opposed to just the hotter engine nozzle(s) from rear-aspect, allowing for a true [[all-aspect]] capability. This significantly expanded potential attacking envelopes, allowing the attacker to fire at a target which was side-on or front-on to itself as opposed to just the rear. While the field-of-view was still restricted to a fairly narrow cone, the attack at least did not have to be behind the target.<ref name="Carlo Kopp-1997" />

Also typical of the third generation of short-range missiles are further improved agility over the previous generation as well as their ability to radar-slave; which is acquiring tracking data from the launching aircraft's radar or [[IRST]] systems, allowing attackers to launch missiles without ever pointing the nose of the aircraft at an enemy prior to leading the missile. Examples of this generation of dogfight missiles include the [[R-60 (missile)|R-60M]] or the [[Python-3]].

=== Fourth generation ===
The [[R-73 (missile)]] (''AA-11 Archer'') entered service in 1985 and marked a new generation of dogfight missile. It had a wider field of view and could be cued onto a target using a [[helmet mounted sight]]. This allowed it to be launched at targets that would otherwise not be seen by older generation missiles that generally stared forward while waiting to be launched. This capability, combined with a more powerful motor that allows the missile to maneuver against crossing targets and launch at greater ranges, gives the launching aircraft improved tactical freedom.<ref name="Carlo Kopp-1998">{{cite journal
|author = Carlo Kopp
|date=August 1998
|title = Helmet Mounted Sights and Displays
|journal = Air Power International
|url = http://www.ausairpower.net/hmd-technology.html
|access-date = 2007-03-08
}}</ref>

Other members of the 4th generation use [[focal plane array]]s to offer greatly improved scanning and countermeasures resistance (especially against flares). These missiles are also much more agile, some by employing [[thrust vectoring]] (typically [[gimballed thrust]]).

=== Fifth generation ===
[[File:IRIS-T air-to-air-missile.jpg|thumb|right|An [[IRIS-T]] air-to-air missile of the [[German Air Force]].]]
The latest generation of short-range missiles again defined by advances in seeker technologies, this time electro-optical [[imaging infrared]] (IIR) seekers that allow the missiles to "see" images rather than single "points" of infrared radiation (heat). The sensors combined with more powerful [[digital signal processing]] provide the following benefits:
* greater infrared counter countermeasures (IRCCM) ability, by being able to distinguish aircraft from [[infrared countermeasures]] (IRCM) such as flares.
* greater sensitivity means greater range and ability to identify smaller low flying targets such as [[UAV]]s.
* more detailed target image allows targeting of more vulnerable parts of aircraft instead of just homing in on the brightest infrared source (exhaust).

Examples of fifth generation short-range missiles include:
* [[R-73 (missile)|R-73M]] ("AA-11 Archer") – Russia (1994–)<ref name="R-73">{{Cite web|url=https://missilery.info/missile/r73|title=Управляемая ракета малой дальности Р-73 | Ракетная техника|website=missilery.info}}</ref>
* [[ASRAAM]] – UK (1998–)
* [[AIM-9 Sidewinder#AIM-9X|AIM-9X Sidewinder]] – US (2003–)
* [[Python 5]] – Israel (2003–)
* [[AAM-5 (Japanese missile)|AAM-5 ]] – Japan (2004–)
* [[IRIS-T]] – Germany (2005–)
* [[PL-10]] – China (2015–)
* [[R-73 (missile)|R-74M2]] ("AA-11 Archer") – Russia (2019–)ref name="R-73"/>
* [[A-Darter]] – South Africa and Brazil (2019–)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lake|first=Jon|title=A-Darter Missile Certified by Brazil and South Africa|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-10-09/darter-missile-certified-brazil-and-south-africa|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Aviation International News|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129194611/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-10-09/darter-missile-certified-brazil-and-south-africa|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Bozdoğan (air-to-air missile)|Bozdoğan]] – Turkey (2024–)

== List of missiles by country ==
''For each missile, short notes are given, including an indication of its range and guidance mechanism.''

===Brazil===
* [[Mectron MAA-1 Piranha|MAA-1A Piranha]] – Short-range IR
* [[MAA-1B|MAA-1B Piranha]] – IR-guided missile.
* [[A-Darter]] – Short-range IR (With South Africa)

===Canada===
* [[Velvet Glove]] - short range, semi-active radar-guided

===France===
* [[Nord AA.20]], [[AA.25]] – radio-guided, beam-riding
* [[R.511|Matra R.510]] – IR-guided
* [[R.511|Matra R.511]] – radar-guided
* [[Matra R.550 Magic]] – short-range, IR-guided
* [[Matra Magic II]] – IR-guided
* [[Matra R.530]] – medium-range, IR- or radar-guided
* [[Super 530|Matra Super 530F/Super 530D]] – medium-range, radar-guided
* [[Mistral (missile)|Matra Mistral]] – IR-guided
* [[MBDA MICA]] – medium-range, IR- or active radar-guided
* [[MBDA Meteor]] – long-range active radar-guided missile, integrated on Rafale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/salle-de-presse/communiques/communiques-de-florence-parly/communique_premiers-tirs-meteor-effectues-par-les-rafale-de-l-armee-de-l-air-et-de-la-marine-nationale|title=Communiqué Premiers tirs METEOR effectués par les Rafale de l'armée de l'Air et de la Marine nationale|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[PARS 3 LR|TRIGAT LR]]

===Germany===
[[File:Luftwaffe Eurofighter Typhoon.JPG|thumb|Luftwaffe IRIS-T and Meteor missiles on a Eurofighter Typhoon]]
* [[Henschel Hs 298]] – [[World War II]] design, [[MCLOS]], never saw service
* [[IRIS-T]]
* MBDA Meteor long-range, active radar-guided, pending contract for integration on Eurofighter.<ref name="First Tranche 3 Typhoon Readied For Flight">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/first-tranche-3-typhoon-readied-flight|title=First Tranche 3 Typhoon Readied For Flight|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>
* [[Ruhrstahl X-4]] – [[World War II]] design, first practical anti-aircraft missile, [[MCLOS]], never saw service
* [[RZ 65]] missile project developed by [[Rheinmetall-Borsig]] in 1941. After about 3000 tests it revealed itself unsatisfactory owing to an accuracy of only 15%. The project was terminated by the end of the war.<ref name="Allgemeine Luftkampfraketen">{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffen-projekte.de/lwp/raketen/lkrak/lkrak.htm|title=Allgemeine Luftkampfraketen|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122021704/http://www.luftwaffen-projekte.de/lwp/raketen/lkrak/lkrak.htm|archive-date=22 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Dornier Viper]]

===India===
[[File:Astra BVRAAM successfully test fired from Su-30MKI off the Odisha coast on September 17, 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Astra (missile)|Astra]] [[BVRAAM]] fired from [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] [[Su-30MKI]]]]

* [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk 1]] – Long-range radar-guided<ref name="Allgemeine Luftkampfraketen"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/after-successful-development-trials-astra-missile-ready-for-production/article9864087.ece | title=After successful development trials, Astra missile ready for production | date=18 September 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk 2]] – Long-range radar-guided
* [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk 3]] – Long-range radar-guided
* [[Astra (missile)|Astra IR]] – Short-range infrared homing
* [[K-100 (missile)]] – [[Inertial navigation]] and [[active radar homing]] (with Russia)

===Iran===
* [[Fatter]] – copy of U.S. [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Fatter-Iran.html|title=Fatter – Jane's Air-Launched Weapons|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>
* [[Sedjil (air-to-air missile)|Sedjil]] – copy of U.S. [[MIM-23 Hawk]] converted to be carried by aircraft<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Sedjil-Project-Sky-Hawk-Iran.html|title=Sedjil – Jane's Air-Launched Weapons|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>
* [[Fakour-90]] – copy of U.S. [[AIM-54 Phoenix]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theaviationist.com/2013/09/26/farouk-missile/|title=Iranian F-14 Tomcat's new indigenous air-to-air missile is actually an (improved?) AIM-54 Phoenix replica|date=26 September 2013|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>

===Iraq===
* [[Al Humurrabi]] – Long-range, semi active radar

===Israel===
[[file:Python5-missile001.jpg|thumb|The newest and the oldest member of [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]]'s [[Python (missile)|Python family of AAM]] for comparisons, Python-5 (displayed lower-front) and Shafrir-1 (upper-back)]]
* [[Python (missile)|Python]]:
** [[Shafrir-1|Rafael Shafrir]] – first Israeli domestic AAM
** [[Shafrir-2|Rafael Shafrir 2]] – improved Shafrir missile
** [[Python-3|Rafael Python 3]] – medium-range IR-homing missile with all aspect capability [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/python3.htm]
** [[Python-4|Rafael Python 4]] – medium-range IR-homing missile with HMS-guidance capability [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/python4.htm]
** [[Python-5]] – improved Python 4 with electro-optical imaging seeker, and 360 degrees lock on. (and launch) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715230748/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/python/Python5.html]
** [[Rafael Derby]] – Also known as the Alto, this is a medium-range, BVR active radar-homing missile [https://web.archive.org/web/20060718065607/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/derby/Derby.html]
** [[Python (missile)#I-Derby ER|I-Derby ER]] – long range BVR active radar-homing missile
* [[Sky Sting]] – 6th generation long-range, air-to-air missile

===Italy===
* [[Alenia Aspide]] – Copy of the U.S.[[AIM-7 Sparrow]], based on the AIM-7E.

===Japan===
* [[AAM-1]] – (Type 69 air-to-air missile) short-range, IR-seeking air-to-air missile.
* [[AAM-2]] – short-range, IR-seeking air-to-air missile; similar to AIM-4D, prototype-only.
* [[AAM-3]] – (Type 90 air-to-air missile) short-range, all-aspect IR-seeking air-to-air missile.
* [[AAM-4]] – (Type 99 air-to-air missile) medium-range, active radar-guided air-to-air missile.
* [[AAM-5]] – (Type 04 air-to-air missile) short-range, all-aspect IR-seeking air-to-air missile.

===People's Republic of China===
* [[K-5 (missile)|PL-1]] – PRC version of the [[Soviet]] [[K-5 (missile)]] (AA-1 Alkali), retired.
* [[PL-2]] – PRC version of the Soviet [[Vympel K-13]] (AA-2 Atoll), which was based on AIM-9B Sidewinder. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060527234727/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl2.asp] Retired & replaced by PL-5 in PLAAF service.
* [[PL-3 (missile)|PL-3]] – updated version of the PL-2, did not enter service.
* [[PL-4 (missile)|PL-4]] – experimental BVR missile based on AIM-7D, did not enter service.
* [[PL-6 (missile)|PL-6]] – updated version of PL-3, also did not enter service.
* [[PL-5]] – updated version of the PL-2, known versions include: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121111174758/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl5.asp]
** PL-5A – semi-active radar-homing AAM intended to replace the PL-2, did not enter service. Resembles AIM-9G in appearance.
** PL-5B – IR version, entered service in the 1990s to replace the PL-2 SRAAM. Limited off-boresight
** PL-5C – Improved version comparable to AIM-9H or AIM-9L in performance
** PL-5E – All-aspect attack version, resembles AIM-9P in appearance.
* [[PL-7]] – PRC version of the IR-homing French [[R550 Magic]] AAM, did not enter service. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060510171721/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl7.asp]
* [[PL-8 (missile)|PL-8]] – PRC version of the Israeli [[Python (missile)|Rafael Python 3]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120123130704/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl8.asp]
* [[PL-9]] – short-range IR-guided missile, marketed for export. One known improved version (PL-9C). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100113005329/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl9.asp]
* PL-10(old);– semi-active radar-homing medium-range missile based on the HQ-61 SAM, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060527235105/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl10.asp] often confused with PL-11. Did not enter service.
* [[PL-10]](new)/PL-ASR – short-range off-boresight all-aspect IR-guided missile.
* PL-11 – medium-range air-to-air missile (MRAAM), based on the HQ-61C & Italian Aspide (AIM-7) technology. Limited service with J-8-B/D/H fighters. Known versions include: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060527235118/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl11.asp]
** PL-11 – MRAAM with semi-active radar homing, based on the HQ-61C SAM and Aspide seeker technology, exported as FD-60 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629041355/http://mil.jschina.com.cn/huitong/missile.htm]
** PL-11A – Improved PL-11 with increased range, warhead, and more effective seeker. The new seeker only requires fire-control radar guidance during the terminal stage, providing a basic LOAL (lock-on after launch) capability.
** PL-11B – Also known as PL-11 AMR, improved PL-11 with AMR-1 active radar-homing seeker.
** LY-60 – PL-11 adopted for navy ships for air-defense, sold to Pakistan but does not appear to be in service with the Chinese Navy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060510173549/http://www.sinodefence.com/navy/navalmissile/ly60.asp]
* [[PL-12]] (SD-10) – medium-range active radar missile [https://web.archive.org/web/20060510164424/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl12.asp]
** [[PL-12#PL-12A|PL-12A]] – with upgraded motor
** [[PL-12#PL-12B|PL-12B]] – with upgraded guidance
** [[PL-12#PL-12C|PL-12C]] – with foldable tailfins
** [[PL-12#PL-12D|PL-12D]] – with belly inlet and ramjet motors
* F80 – medium-range active radar missile
* [[PL-15]] – long-range active radar missile
* [[PL-17]] – extreme long-range active radar missile
* [[PL-21]] - long-range active radar missile (In Development)
* [[TY-90]] – light IR-homing air-to-air missile designed for helicopters [https://web.archive.org/web/20060527234657/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/ty90.asp]
'''<big>North Korea</big>'''

A non-designated medium-range air to air missile was unveiled by North Korean TV which resembles both the American [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] and the Chinese [[PL-12]].

===Soviet Union/Russian Federation===
* [[K-5 (missile)]] ([[NATO reporting name]] '''AA-1 'Alkali'''') – beam-riding
* [[Vympel K-13]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-2 'Atoll'''') – short-range IR or SARH
* [[Kaliningrad K-8]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-3 'Anab'''') – IR or SARH
* [[Raduga K-9]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-4 'Awl'''') – IR or SARH
* [[Bisnovat R-4]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-5 'Ash'''') – IR or SARH
* [[Bisnovat R-40]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-6 'Acrid'''') – long-range IR or SARH
* [[Vympel R-23|Vympel R-23/R-24]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-7 'Apex'''') – medium-range SARH or IR
* [[Molniya R-60]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-8 'Aphid'''') – short-range IR
* [[Vympel R-33]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-9 'Amos'''') – long-range active radar
* [[Vympel R-27]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-10 'Alamo'''') – medium-range SARH or IR
* [[R-73 (missile)|Vympel R-73 and R-74]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-11 'Archer'''') – short-range IR
* [[Vympel R-77]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-12 'Adder'''') – medium-range active radar
* [[Vympel R-37]] (NATO reporting name '''AA-13 'Axehead'''') – long-range [[SARH]] or [[active radar homing]]
* [[Novator KS-172 AAM-L]] – extreme long-range, [[inertial navigation]] with terminal [[active radar homing]]

===South Africa===
* [[A-Darter]] – Short-range IR (With Brazil)
* [[V3 Kukri (missile)|V3 Kukri]] – Short-range IR
* [[R-Darter]] – Beyond-visual-range (BVR) radar-guided missile

===Taiwan===
* [[Sky Sword I]] (TC-1) – air-to-air
* [[Sky Sword II]] (TC-2) – air-to-air

===Turkey===
* [[Merlin (missile)|Bozdoğan (Merlin)]] – WVRAAM (within-visual-range air-to-air missile)
* [[Peregrine (missile)|Gökdoğan (Peregrine)]] – [[BVRAAM|BVRAAM (beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile)]]
* [[GÖKTUĞ|Akdoğan (Gyrfalcon)]] – Akdoğan is a 'mini' air-to-air missile intended to be cost-effective and to be used in UAVs such as [[Bayraktar Akıncı]] and [[TAI Aksungur]].
* [[GÖKTUĞ|Gökhan]] – it was officially confirmed that this variant would have a [[Ramjet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.defenceturk.net/the-air-to-air-missile-with-ramjet-engine-from-tubitak-sage-gokhan/|title=The air-to-air missile with Ramjet engine from TÜBITAK Sage: GÖKHAN|date=25 June 2021}}</ref>
* [[Sungur MANPAD|Sungur]] - [[MANPADS]] Air-to-air version also available for use on UAVs

===United Kingdom===
* [[Fireflash]] – short-range beam-riding
* [[Firestreak]] – short-range IR
* [[Hawker Siddeley Red Top|Red Top]] – short-range IR
* [[Hawker Siddeley SRAAM|Taildog/SRAAM]] – short-range IR
* [[Skyflash]] – medium-range radar-guided missile based on the AIM-7E2, said to have quick warm-up times of 1 to 2 seconds.
* [[AIM-132 ASRAAM]] – short-range IR
* [[MBDA Meteor]] – long-range active radar-guided missile with a solid fuel ducted ramjet<ref name="First Tranche 3 Typhoon Readied For Flight"/>

===United States===

==== Retired ====
* [[AIM-4 Falcon]] – radar-guided (later IR-seeking)
* [[AIM-26 Falcon]]
* [[AIM-47 Falcon]]
* [[AIM-54 Phoenix]] – long-range, semi-active-guided and active radar-guided; retired in 2004

==== Operational ====
* [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] – medium-range, semi-active radar-guided
* [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] – short-range, IR-seeking
* [[AIM-92 Stinger|AIM-92 Stinger ]]– short-range, IR-seeking; launched from helicopters
* [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] – medium-range, active radar-guided; replaces [[AIM-7 Sparrow]]
* [[AIM-174]] - extreme long-range, active radar-guided<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Carter |date=2024-07-05 |title=U.S. Navy Confirms SM-6 Air Launched Configuration is 'Operationally Deployed' |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/07/u-s-navy-confirms-sm-6-air-launched-configuration-is-operationally-deployed/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== In development ====
* [[AIM-260 JATM]] – Under development by [[Lockheed Martin]]
* [[AIM-160 CUDA/SACM]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/usaf-reveals-slimmed-down-sacm-air-to-air-missile-concept/119781.article|title=USAF reveals slimmed-down SACM air-to-air missile concept|first=James|last=Drew|date=2016-02-25|website=Flight Global}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57493/raytheon-selected-to-deliver-next-generation-tactical-air-to-air-missile-solutions|title=Raytheon selected to deliver next-generation tactical air-to-air missile solutions|website=IHS Jane's 360|date=September 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901102806/http://www.janes.com/article/57493/raytheon-selected-to-deliver-next-generation-tactical-air-to-air-missile-solutions|archive-date=2016-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2016/01/21/Raytheon-to-research-tactical-missile-capabilities/7671453398070/|title=Raytheon to research tactical missile capabilities|date=2016-01-21|website=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sofrep.com/fightersweep/sacm-affordable-highly-lethal-missile/|title=SACM: Affordable, Highly-Lethal Missile|website=SOFREP |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2016/01/missiles-technology-research.html|title=StackPath|website=www.militaryaerospace.com|date=21 January 2016 }}</ref> – Under development
* Boeing LRAAM <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Inder Singh |date=2021-09-23 |title=Boeing Unveils Long-Range Air-to-Air Missile Concept |url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/09/23/boeing-long-missile-concept/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The Defense Post |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Long-Range Engagement Weapon|LREW]] (Long-Range Engagement Weapon programme)
* MAM (Modular Advanced Missile)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weekly Debrief: More Details Emerge About New USAF Mystery Missile |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/missile-defense-weapons/weekly-debrief-more-details-emerge-about-new-usaf-mystery |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Aviation Week Network}}</ref>
* Raytheon Peregrine <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Inder Singh |date=2022-12-20 |title=Raytheon Clinches Next-Gen Air-to-Air Missile Concept Funding |url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/12/20/raytheon-next-gen-missile/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The Defense Post |language=en-us}}</ref> – Compact medium-range active radar missile

==Typical air-to-air missiles ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="26%" | Rocket Name
! width="13%" | Country of origin
! width="11%" | Period of manufacture and use
! width="11%" | Weight
! width="9%" | Warhead weight
! width="13%" | Warhead types
! width="11%" | Range
! width="7%" | Speed
|-
| [[PL-12]]
| {{CHN}}
| 2007–
| 180 kg
| ?
| ?
| 70–100 km
| Mach 4
|-
| [[R.550 Magic|R550 Magic / Magic 2]]
[[MBDA]]
| {{FRA}}
| 1976–1986 (Magic) 1986– (Magic 2)
| 89 kg
| 12.5 kg
| Blast/fragmentation
| 20 km
| Mach 2.7
|-
| [[MICA (missile)|MICA-EM/-IR]]
[[MBDA]]
| {{FRA}}
| 1996– (EM) 2000– (IR)
| 112 kg
| 12 kg
| Blast/fragmentation (focused splinters HE)
| >60 km
| Mach 4
|-
| [[IRIS-T]]
[[Diehl Defence|Diehl Defence]]
| {{flag|Germany}} (lead contractor)
{{flag|Italy}}
{{flag|Greece}}
{{flag|Norway}}{{flag|Spain}}
| 2005–
| 87.4 kg
| 11.4 kg
| HE/fragmentation
| 25 km
| Mach 3
|-
| [[Astra Missile|Astra]]
| {{IND}}
| 2010–
| 154 kg
| 15 kg
| HE fragmentation directional warhead
| 110–160 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/deal-for-desi-astra-mk-1-sealed-india-set-to-test-next-gen-air-to-air-missile-this-month/979234/.|title = Deal for desi Astra Mk 1 sealed, India set to test next-gen air-to-air missile 'this month'| website=[[ThePrint]] |date = 1 June 2022}}</ref>
| Mach 4.5+
|-
| [[Derby (missile)|Derby]]
[[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]]
| {{ISR}}
| 1990–
| 118 kg
| 23 kg
| Blast/fragmentation
| 50 km
| Mach 4
|-
| [[AAM-4]]
| {{JPN}}
| 1999–
| 220 kg
| ?
| Directional explosive warhead
| 100–120 km
| Mach 4–5
|-
| [[K-100 (missile)|K-100]]
| {{RUS}}/{{IND}}
| 2010–
| 748 kg
| 50 kg
| HE fragmentation directional warhead
| 200–400 km
| Mach 3.3
|-
| [[R-73 (missile)|R-73 Vympel]]
| {{RUS}}
| 1982–
|| 105 kg
| 7.4 kg
| Fragmentation
| 20–40 km
| Mach 2.5
|-
| [[R-77 (missile)|R-77 Vympel]]
| {{RUS}}
| 1994–
| 175 kg
| 22 kg
| Blast/fragmentation
| 80–160 km
| Mach 4.5
|-
| [[K-5 (missile)|K-5]]
| {{USSR}} {{RUS}}
| 1957–1977
| 82.7 kg
| 13 kg
| [[High explosive]] [[warhead]]
| 2–6 km
| Mach 2.33
|-
| [[R-27 (air-to-air missile)|R-27]]
| {{USSR}} {{RUS}}
| 1983–
| 253 kg
| 39 kg
| Blast/fragmentation, or continuous rod
| 40–170 km
| Mach 4.5
|-
| [[R-33 (missile)|R-33]]
| {{USSR}} {{RUS}}
| 1981–
| 490 kg
| 47.5 kg
| HE/fragmentation warhead
| 120–220 km
| Mach 4.5–6
|-
| [[R-37 (missile)|R-37]]
| {{USSR}} {{RUS}}
| 1989–
| 600 kg
| 60 kg
| HE fragmentation directional warhead
| 150–398 km
| Mach 6
|-
| [[R-40 (missile)|R-40]]
| {{USSR}} {{RUS}}
| 1970–
| 475 kg
| 38–100 kg
| Blast fragmentation
| 50–80 km
| Mach 2.2–4.5
|-
| [[Molniya R-60|R-60 Molniya]]
| {{USSR}} {{RUS}}
| 1974–
| 43.5 kg
| 3 kg
| [[expanding-rod warhead|expanding-rod]] [[warhead]]
| 8 km
| Mach 2.7
|-
| [[Sky Sword II]](TC-2)
| {{flag|Taiwan}}
| 1999
| 184 kg
| 22 kg
| Blast/fragmentation
| 60 km
| Mach 4
|-
| [[Sky Sword II]]C(TC-2C)
| {{flag|Taiwan}}
| 2017
| 184 kg
| 22 kg
| Blast/fragmentation
| 100 km
| Mach 6
|-
| [[MBDA Meteor|Meteor]]
[[MBDA]]
| {{UK}} (lead contractor)
{{flag|France}}
{{flag|Germany}}
{{flag|Italy}}
{{flag|Sweden}}
{{flag|Spain}}
| 2016–
| 190 kg
| ?
| Blast/fragmentation
| 200 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2021/08/02/german-air-force-declares-meteor-missile-ready-for-eurofighter-fleet/#:~:text=The%20Meteor%20has%20a%20combat,target's%20maneuvers%2C%20the%20pilot%20said.|title = German air force declares Meteor missile ready for Eurofighter fleet|date = 2 August 2021}}</ref>
| Mach 4+
|-
| [[AIM-132 ASRAAM]]
[[MBDA UK]]
| {{GBR}}
| 2002–
| 88 kg
| 10 kg
| Blast/fragmentation
| 25 km
| Mach 3+
|-
| [[Firestreak]]
[[de Havilland]]
| {{UK}}
| 1957–1988
| 136 kg
| 22.7 kg
| Annular Blast Fragmentation
| 6.4 km
| Mach 3
|-
| [[Red Top (missile)|Red Top]]
[[Hawker Siddeley]]
| {{UK}}
| 1964–1988
| 154 kg
| 31 kg
| Annular Blast Fragmentation
| 12 km
| Mach 3.2
|-
| [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]]
| {{USA}}
| 1956–
| 86 kg
| 9.4 kg
| [[Annular blast fragmentation]]
| 18 km
| Mach 2.5
|-
| [[AIM-120 AMRAAM|Raytheon AIM-120D AMRAAM]]
| {{USA}}
| 2008
| 152 kg
| 18 kg
| Blast/fragmentation
| >160 km
| Mach 4
|-
| [[AIM-120 AMRAAM|Raytheon AIM-120C AMRAAM]]
| {{USA}}
| 1996
| 152 kg
| 18 kg
| Blast/fragmentation
| >105 km
| Mach 4
|-
| [[AIM-120 AMRAAM|Raytheon AIM-120B AMRAAM]]
| {{USA}}
| 1994–
| 152 kg
| 23 kg
| Blast/fragmentation
| 55–75 km
| Mach 4
|-
| [[AIM-7 Sparrow]]
| {{USA}}
| 1959–1982
| 230 kg
| 40 kg
| High explosive blast-fragmentation
| 22–85 km
| Mach 2.5–4
|-
| [[AIM-54 Phoenix]]
| {{USA}}
| 1974–2004
| 450–470 kg
| 61 kg
| High explosive
| 190 km
| Mach 5
|}

==See also==
* [[Air-to-air rocket]]
* [[Missile]]
* [[Missile guidance]]
* [[Guided missile]]
* [[List of missiles]]
* [[Missile designation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Albert Ball, V. C.'' Chaz Bowyer. Crecy Publishing, 2002. {{ISBN|0-947554-89-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-947554-89-7}}.

==External links==
* [http://www.canit.se/~griffon/aviation/text/missiles/aam.html Air-to-air missile non-comparison table]

{{Missile types}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|AAM}}
}}

[[Category:Air-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Types of missile]]

Kondapuram mandal, Nellore district

2026-03-18T06:00:19Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: added the location w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.99500|79.69292|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 524239
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Kondapuram
}}
'''Kondapuram''' is a Tehsil or Mandal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandals {{!}} Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://spsnellore.ap.gov.in/mandals/ |access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> in the [[Nellore district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== Demographics ==
According to 2011 census data,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/}}</ref> there is a population of 39,007 people of which 19,835 are male and 19,172 are female.

== Infrastructure ==

=== Schools ===
Good education up to 10th class in both Telugu and English medium is in reach across the villages in the Kondapuram tehsil. There are public residential schools in Kondapuram with separate hostels for boys and girls.

=== Travel ===
There is no public transportation to the Kondapuram via villages Gottigundala, Gottigundala Palem, Uppuluru, Chintaladeevi. But you can visit Kondapuram via Erraballi.

=== Mail services ===
Indian post office services are available to the last home in this Tehsil. The private courier services and online retailer services are available.

=== Banking and Government services ===
There are mini banking service providers and Mee seva centers in the villages of this Mandal. There are Gram Panchayats for each village which are chaired by Village Revenue Officer.

=== Water ===
[[File:Gottigundala-pond-panorama.jpg|alt=Gottigundala pond|thumb|Gottigundala Pond]]
There is a well water supply system for the residents in most of the villages. Most of the people buy filtered water from the shops. In some villages, the public filtered water facility infrastructure is built, but the operations have not started yet.

There are water ponds, water gullies and water sheds.

== Villages ==
There are about 27 villages under Kondapuram Tehsil or Mandal.
[[File:Fields in Gottigundala.jpg|alt=Crop fields in Gottigundala |thumb|Crop fields in Gottigundala]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|#
|Villages<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census India directory |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx}}</ref>
|-
|1
|Audimurthipuram
|-
|2
|Bhimavarappadu
|-
|3
|Challagirigala
|-
|4
|Challavaripalli
|-
|5
|Chinthaladevi
|-
|6
|Ganugapenta
|-
|7
|Garimenapenta
|-
|8
|Gottigundala
|-
|9
|Gudavalluru (Kondapuram)
|-
|10
|Iskadamerla
|-
|11
|Kasturinaidupalle
|-
|12
|Kommi
|-
|13
|Kumara Venkatapuram
|-
|14
|Kunkuvaripalem
|-
|15
|Mallavarappadu
|-
|16
|Marrigunta
|-
|17
|Nekunampeta
|-
|18
|Parlapalle
|-
|19
|Ramanujapuram
|-
|20
|Saipeta
|-
|21
|Satyavolu
|-
|22
|Settipalem
|-
|23
|Thurpu- Brahmanapalle
|-
|24
|Thurpu- Jangalapalle
|-
|25
|Thurpuyerraballe
|-
|26
|Veligandla
|-
|27
|Yerrabotlapalle
|}

== Social Issues ==
There are child marriages happening still in this area. Due to logistics problem and the Kondapuram police station is far from the villages it is getting difficult to stop child marriages.

== Culture ==
Gottigundala village in this Tehsil is popular for the Kota Ankalamma Jatara (festival) and [[Poleramma Jatara]] celebrated every summer. People from across the district visit this festival. Animal sacrifices are offered in these festivals.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nellore district}}

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Mandals in Nellore district]]

Burhanpur

2026-03-13T22:53:49Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: quick update

{{short description|City in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Burhanpur District}}
{{Distinguish|Berhampur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Burhanpur
| native_name = 
| other_name = Brampore<ref name=name>{{cite book |last1=Mundy |first1=Peter |last2=Temple |first2=Richard Carnac |last3=Anstey |first3=Lavinia Mary |title=The travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608-1667 |date=1907 |publisher=Cambridge [Eng] Printed for the Hakluyt Society |isbn=978-0-8115-0338-9 |url=https://archive.org/stream/travelsofpetermu02mund/travelsofpetermu02mund_djvu.txt}}</ref>
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo2a = Shahi Qila, Burhanpur.jpg
|photo2b = Aahukhana burhanpur (Madhya Pradesh, India).JPG
|photo3a = The Vanishing Point 01.jpg
|photo3b = Dargaah-e-Hakimi in Burhanpur - panoramio.jpg
|photo4a = Dargah-e-Hakimi (Burhanpur), February 2015.jpg
|size = 240
|position = center
|spacing = 3
|color = white
|border = 2
}}
| image_caption = From top, left to right: Shahi Qila, [[Asirgarh Fort]], Jama Masjid, Dargaah-e-Hakimi, [[Burhanpur railway station]]
| nickname =
| map_caption = India Burhanpur
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|21|18|41|N|76|13|44|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1380
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Smt. Madhuri Atul Patel (BJP)<ref>{{cite news |title=MP Civic Polls Result: बुरहानपुर में BJP की मेयर प्रत्याशी माधुरी पटेल की जीत, चौथी बार नगर निगम पर बीजेपी का कब्जा |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/madhya-pradesh/mp-civic-polls-result-bjp-mayor-candidate-madhuri-patel-wins-in-burhanpur-bjp-captures-municipal-corporation-for-fourth-time-au151-1348392.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=TV9 Bharatvarsh |date=17 July 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 34.6
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 247
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_total = 210891
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=30 August 2019|page=45|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 450331
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = (+91) 7325
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]-68
| website = {{URL|https://burhanpur.nic.in}}
| official_name =
| named_for = [[Burhanuddin Gharib]]
}}

'''Burhanpur''' is a historical city in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is the administrative seat of [[Burhanpur District]]. It is situated on the north bank of the [[Tapti River]] and {{convert|512|km|mi|0}} northeast of city of [[Mumbai ]], {{convert|340|km|mi|0}} southwest of the state's capital city of [[Bhopal]]. The city is a Municipal Corporation.

== History ==
[[File:Shah-Jahan hunting lions at Burhanpur (July 1630).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] hunting wild [[Asiatic lion]]s in Burhanpur (July 1630)]]

=== Pre-Mughal period ===
Burhanpur was an important town under the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] from 753–982. Excavations of the [[Tapti River]] and [[Asirgarh Fort]] have discovered many coins, goddess idols and temples from the prehistoric era. However, Burhanpur came to prominence during the medieval period.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

In 1388, Malik Nasir Khan, the [[Faruqi dynasty]] Sultan of [[Khandesh]], discovered Burhanpur, at the behest of [[Khwaja Zainuddin Shirazi|Shaikh Zainuddin]] and named it after a well-known medieval [[Sufi]] saint, [[Burhanuddin Gharib|Burhan-ud-Din]]. Burhanpur became the capital of the [[Khandesh]] sultanate. Later, Miran Adil Khan II (reigned 1457–1501), another sultan of this dynasty, built a citadel and a number of palaces in Burhanpur.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shyam |first=Radhey |year=1981 |title=The Kingdom of Khandesh |location=[[Delhi]] |publisher=Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delli |page=21}}</ref> During his long reign, Burhanpur was transformed into a major centre for trade and textile production.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

=== Under the Mughals ===
In 1601, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] annexed the Khandesh sultanate and Burhanpur became the capital of [[Khandesh subah]],<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=164}}</ref> one of three new top-level provinces in the [[Mughal Empire]], added in 1601 (like [[Berar Subah]] in 1869 and Ahmadnagar subah in 1601–35) to the initial dozen as he conquered much of the Deccan.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} The town served as the residence of Khandesh's Mughal governor, [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]], during Akbar and Jahangir's rule. He constructed a new water supply for the town, as well as several gardens.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=George|last1=Michell|first2=Mark|last2=Zebrowski|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231789599|title=Architecture and art of the Deccan Sultanates|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=0-521-56321-6|pages=53|oclc=231789599}}</ref> In 1609, Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] appointed his second son [[Parviz (Mughal prince)|Parviz]] to the governorship of the Mughal provinces of the Deccan, and the prince chose Burhanpur as his headquarters and his residence.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

[[File:Royal bath or hammam shahi qila Burhanpur.jpg|thumb|Royal bath or hammam Shahi qila Burhanpur|left]]
Many historical monuments survive in the area around Burhanpur, mainly dating from the rule of the great Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. Burhanpur was an important Mughal outpost. Shah Jahan spent a considerable amount of time in this town, and helped add to the [[Shahi Qila, Burhanpur|Shahi Qila]]. The Shahi Qila is one majestic palace in Burhanpur, located to the west of the Tapti River. Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas were built on the terrace of the Qila. Little of it remains today, as the Qila is mostly in ruins. However, the parts of the palace that are still standing display exquisite sculpture and carvings. The main attraction at the palace is the ''hamam'' or royal bath. It was specifically built for Shah Jahan's wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]] so that she could enjoy a luxurious bath. It is said that she died there while giving birth to her fourteenth child. Even today, the ceiling has many intricate paintings. One of these paintings depicts a monument which is said to have been the inspiration for the [[Taj Mahal]], her final resting place.<ref>[http://www.travelindia-guide.com/tour.../burhanpur-monuments.aspx] {{dead link|date=October 2018}}</ref> She was initially buried there for six months before being moved. The original grave called the Aahukhana is in disrepair.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/in-neglected-burhanpur-where-mumtaz-mahal-once-rested/article17759131.ece|title=In neglected Burhanpur, where Mumtaz Mahal once rested|first=Rana|last=Safvi|date=2 April 2017|access-date=31 October 2018|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=M. |first1=Ramakrishnan |last2=Nair |first2=Sanjeev |date=3 November 2017 |title=Video: Why Burhanpur, not Agra, was Shah Jahan's first choice for the Taj Mahal |url=https://scroll.in/video/856461/video-why-burhanpur-not-agra-was-shah-jahans-first-choice-for-the-taj-mahal |work=Scroll.in |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref>

Around 1670 Daud Khan was the Subhadar (Governor) of Khandesh province, under the rule of [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Shivaji And His Times |year=1919 |location=London, England |pages=195 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Maratha conquest ===
In the 1720s, the town was taken by the Maratha [[Peshwa]] [[Bajirao]] during his expedition to Malwa and Delhi. In the 1750s, a Maratha army under [[Sadashivrao Bhau]], who defeated the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], took control of the town. At the downfall of the Maratha Empire, the town was given to Maratha Sardar Holkar, Scindia, and then finally in 1818 was handed over to the British by the Marathas.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA212 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=212– |access-date=2 June 2012}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Burhanpur is located on the southwestern border of Madhya Pradesh, near the banks of the [[Tapti River]].<ref name="GovSite">{{Cite web |title=जिला बुरहानपुर, मध्यप्रदेश शासन {{!}} दक्षिण का द्वार {{!}} भारत |url=https://burhanpur.nic.in/ |website=burhanpur.nic.in/|access-date=5 May 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{see also|List of cities in Madhya Pradesh}}

As [[2011 Indian Census]], the population of Burhanpur in 2011 was 210,886, of which males and females were 108,187 and 102,699 respectively. The population in the age group of 0 to 6 years was 28,930, of which 15,035 were males and 13,895 were females. The total number of literates in Burhanpur was 147,056, which constituted 69.7% of the population with male literacy of 73.3% and female literacy of 65.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Burhanpur was 80.8%, of which male literacy rate was 85.1% and female literacy rate was 76.3%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 14,440 and 2,179 respectively. Burhanpur had 38118 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Burhanpur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=567942 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Burhanpur City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-1 Population By Religious Community: Madhya Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|50.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|45.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|2.67}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|0.60}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.39}}
}}

[[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]] is followed by 50.5% and 45.8 of the population respectively, with small number of [[Sikh]]s and [[Christian]]s.<ref name="Religion"/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Burhanpur (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Urdu]] |value1 = 44.77 |color1 = green
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 23.57 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value3 = 21.23 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value4 = 4.68 |color4 = skyblue
|label5 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value5 = 3.02 |color5 = limegreen
|label6 = [[Nimadi language|Nimadi]] |value6 = 1.00 |color6 = mediumvioletred
|label7 = Others |value7 = 1.73 |color7 = grey
}}

[[Urdu]] is the most commonly spoken language. [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] are the other prominent languages. [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Marwari language|Marwari]] are also spoken. [[Nimadi language|Nimadi]] is the local dialect.<ref name="GovSite"/><ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Chhattisgarh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10198/download/13310/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Industries===
Burhanpur is known for its textile industry. It is the largest hub for the power loom industry in the state. It is also known for having one NTC ([[National Textile Corporation]]) project. It has a number of textile companies which are well known for interlining cloths, Grey Markin, Bleached Dhoti, Cambric, Power loom Cloth bakram and other types of fabric. There are also several cotton and oil mills in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief Industrial Profile of Burhanpur District |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/2016-17/Burhanpur%20DIPS.pdf |publisher=Government of India Ministry of MSME |access-date=24 November 2019 |page=3 |archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322133526/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/2016-17/Burhanpur%20DIPS.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Tourism ==
[[File:Dargah -e-Hakimi garden, Burhanpur.jpg|Dargah -e-Hakimi garden|thumb]] [[File:Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India 1913-14 Plate VIa (page 74 crop).jpg|thumb|[[Bibi Ki Masjid]]]]Burhanpur was ruled by several dynasties,<ref>{{Cite web|title = History of Burhanpur, British Rule in Burhanpur, Origin of Burhanpur|url = http://www.burhanpuronline.in/city-guide/History-of-Burhanpur|website = Burhanpuronline.in|access-date = 19 October 2015}}</ref> and consequently has many visitor attractions of historical interest. It has three rivers, the [[Tapti River|Tapti]], the [[Utavali River|Utavali]] and the Mohna, with several natural sights for visitors to Burhanpur. The city has four small ghats. Being the home of a very diverse population, Burhanpur has a notable [[Gurdwara|Gurudwara]],{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} [[Masjid]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Burhanpur Tourism, Tourist Places in Burhanpur, Sightseeing Burhanpur|url = http://www.burhanpuronline.in/city-guide/burhanpur-tourism|website = Burhanpuronline.in|access-date = 19 October 2015}}</ref> Church, a world-famous [[Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin|Dargah]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Things to Do - Dargah E Hakimi Burhanpur, Burhanpur, Madhya Pradesh|url = http://www.nivalink.com/things-to-do/dargah-e-hakimi-burhanpur|website = Nivalink.com|access-date = 19 October 2015}}</ref>
* [[Asirgarh Fort]] – The fort built by Asa Ahir of the Ahir dynasty is notable for its historical architecture. This fort during its prime time was difficult to win because of being built at a great height, with strong outer walls which are still standing intact. It is situated on Burhanpur-[[Khandwa]] Highway, {{convert|20|km|mi}} from Burhanpur.
* [[Shahi Qila, Burhanpur|Shahi Qila]] – A rare [[Forts in India|fort]] with a complete garden on its terrace. It was built in the Farooqi Dynasty and ruled by [[Shah Jahan|Shahjahan]] for a long period of time. His beloved wife [[Mumtaz Mahal|Mumtaz]] died here and it is believed that the [[Taj Mahal]] was decided to be made in Burhanpur before the plan was cancelled due to lack of white marble here at the time, though Mumtaz was buried here for six months after her death until Taj Mahal construction was completed.
* [[Jama Masjid, Burhanpur|Jama Masjid]] – The Jama Masjid is a historic monument as well as a place of worship. It is centrally located in Gandhi Chowk. The construction of Jama Masjid started in Farooqi rule. The construction of the monument took very long and continued even after Farooqi leader Adil Shah's demise. Then Emperor Akbar supervised and completed the work of the Masjid. There are two large [[minaret]]s, three round [[cupola]]s and extensive artwork on its symmetric pillars which are well conserved.<ref name=":0"/>

<gallery perrow="5">
File:Main entrance of Jama Masjid, Burhanpur.jpg| Main entrance of Jama Masjid, Burhanpur
File:Jama masjid Burhanpur, front decorative entrance facade.jpg| Mosque front decorative entrance facade
File:Qibla, Jama Masjid , Burhanpur.jpg | Qibla, Jama Masjid
File:Four arc shape pillars with midpoint lock, Jama masjid, Burhanpur.jpg| Four arc shape pillars with midpoint lock at roof top
File:Translated manuscript photo, engraved on masjid wall.jpg| photo of Translation of inscription, engraved on masjid wall
File:Pillar allignment from Qibla to extreme outer entrance gate.jpg| Pillar alignment from Qibla to extreme outer entrance gate
File:Engraved writing detailing Jama Masjid history.jpg| Engraved writing detailing Jama Masjid history
File:Big Tasbeeh of old Mogul era kept in Jama masjid.jpg | Big Tasbeeh of old Mogul era kept in Jama masjid
File:Jama masjid , Burhanpur Minaret and front open space.jpg| Jama masjid, Burhanpur Minaret and front open space
File:Qibla sculpture in detail, Jama Masjid, Burhanpur.jpg | Qibla sculpture in detail
</gallery>

* Dargah-e-Hakimi – The tomb complex 'Dargah-e-Hakimi' includes mosques, gardens, and accommodation facilities for visitors. Here the holy [[Dawoodi Bohra]] saint, Sayyedi [[Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin]] is buried, with his [[monument]] visited by pilgrims from several countries.
* [[Tomb of Shah Nawaz Khan]] - The tomb of Shah Nawaz Khan is a visible grand tomb of the Mughal rule built of black stone on the banks of the Utavali River, at a distance of 2 kilometres north of Burhanpur. This building has its own special place among other buildings built during the Mughal period in Burhanpur. Shah Nawaz Khan's real name was 'Iraj'. He was born in [[Ahmedabad]] (Gujarat). He was the eldest son of Subedar Abdul Rahim Khankhana of Burhanpur. This tomb is in good condition even after so many years. This place is considered the best tourist destination for the city residents.

==Transport==
Burhanpur is well connected to other cities of India via railway network. The city has one [[Burhanpur railway station|railway station]], while regular buses are available for travel to nearby cities. The closest airport is [[Jalgaon Airport]], a domestic airport, which is present on south side of the city, while [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]] is the nearest customs airport within the state. The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] is the nearest international airport located in [[Mumbai]] in Maharashtra.

==In popular culture==
* The city is mentioned in [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[Around the World in 80 Days]]'' as Burhampoor.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of Around the World in Eighty Days, by Jules Verne |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/103/old/80day10h.htm |website=www.gutenberg.org |access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
* [[Sacking of Burhanpur (1681)]] by the Maratha army was shown in 2025 film ''[[Chhaava]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |date=14 February 2025 |title=‘Chhaava’ review: A brutally violent version of Maratha history |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1079101/chhaava-review-a-brutally-violent-version-of-maratha-history |work=Scroll.in |access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Zainabadi Mahal]], concubine of Aurangzeb from Zainabad in Burhanpur

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Burhanpur}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111120203813/http://www.burhanpurlive.com/ Burhanpur Historical City]
* [https://myburhanpur.appspot.com My Burhanpur - The Historical City]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170829114820/http://burhanpur.nic.in/ Burhanpur Gateway to South India]

{{Indore Division}}

[[Category:Burhanpur| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Burhanpur district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]

Suresh Bhargava

2026-03-10T04:22:51Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: starting some details more to come

{{orphan|date=July 2024}}
{{Resume-like|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian-Australian Chemical Engineer}}{{Infobox academic
| name = Dist. Prof. Suresh K. Bhargava (AM)
| image = Suresh-Bhargava.jpg
| occupation = Academic
| education = Exeter University, United Kingdom, PhD (1982)
| workplaces = RMIT University

| birth_place = Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| discipline = Chemistry/Chemical engineering
| spouse = Sunita Bhargava
}}

'''Suresh Bhargava'''<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Distinguished Professor Suresh Bhargava - RMIT University |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/contact/staff-contacts/academic-staff/b/bhargava-suresh |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.rmit.edu.au}}</ref> is an Indian-Australian academic and multidisciplinary [[scientist]] specializing in chemical engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suresh Bhargava |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/contact/staff-contacts/academic-staff/b/bhargava-suresh |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.rmit.edu.au |language=en}}</ref> He is a distinguished professor at the [[Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology|Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)]], the founding director of the Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC) |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/research/centres-collaborations/centre-for-advanced-materials-and-industrial-chemistry |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.rmit.edu.au |language=en}}</ref> and the current Dean of Research & Innovation (India)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=RMIT University |date=29 June 2021 |title=RMIT-India research program 2020 annual report |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/content/dam/rmit/documents/international/india/RMIT-India-programs-annual-report.pdf}}</ref> in the STEM College at RMIT University, Melbourne. Prof. Bhargava is a fellow of ten academies worldwide, including the European Academy of Sciences (FEurAsc), the National Academy of Inventors (FNAI), the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering (FTSE), the Indian National Academy of Engineering (FNAE), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (FAAAS), [[Royal Society of Chemistry|the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC)]], the [[Royal Australian Chemical Institute|Royal Australian Chemical Institute (FRACI)]], the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences, India (FNASI)]], and [[The World Academy of Sciences|The World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS-UNESCO)]]. In 2021, he joined The World Academy of Sciences-UNESCO, and in 2022, he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia |title=The Queen's Birthday 2022 Honours List |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/queens-birthday-2022-honours-list |url-status= |access-date=2023-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Queen's Birthday 2022 Honours List |title=MEMBER (AM) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION OF THE ORDER OF AUSTRALIA |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-06/20220612_OoA%20Media%20notes%20-%20AM%20%28A-L%29.pdf |access-date=2023-12-08}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Queen Elizabeth II : 'It was amazing being at the House of Lords in her presence' |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/podcast-episode/remembering-queen-elizabeth-ii-it-was-amazing-being-at-the-house-of-lords-in-her-presence/ht09qhaph |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref>

{{TOC limit}}

== Early life and education ==
Bhargava was born and raised in Meerut, India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Connecting India & Australia |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/content/dam/rmit/au/en/rmit-staff-profile-photos/connection-india-aus-2022.pdf |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=RMIT University |language=}}</ref> In 1972, he completed his master's degree and began his academic career as a chemistry lecturer at his alma mater, IP College Bulandshahr, Meerut University College.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Indian newspaper Sydney |date=2 August 2022 |title="I became a lecturer at the young age of 19," Professor Suresh Bhargava AM reminiscing his initial days |work=Indusage |url=https://www.indusage.com.au/i-became-a-lecturer-at-the-young-age-of-19-professor-suresh-bhargava-am-reminiscing-his-initial-days/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> In 1979, he was the sole chemistry scholar selected from India for the Commonwealth Academic Scholarship, which enabled him to pursue his PhD under the guidance of [[Eddie Abel|E.W. Abel]] at the [[University of Exeter]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":5" /> In 2009, he was honored with an honorary [[Doctor of Science|D.Sc.]] by [[Rajasthan University]], with the award presented by the former president of India, [[Pratibha Patil]], in recognition of his academic leadership and groundbreaking innovations in chemical technology.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Rhea L. |date=2022-06-12 |title=Professor Suresh Kumar Bhargava, AM: Queen's Birthday Honours 2022 |url=https://www.indianlink.com.au/professor-suresh-kumar-bhargava-am-queens-birthday-honours-2022/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Indian Link |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== Career ==

Bhargava conferred his PhD in 1982.<ref name=":3" /> In 1983, he started a research fellow position at the [[Australian National University]] in [[Canberra]], [[Australia]] where he became the first [[Hindi]] [[Announcer|radio announcer]] until 1986. In 1987, he was invited as a visiting professor to the [[Indian Institute of Science|Indian Institute of Sciences]], [[Bangalore]], India. Throughout 1988 and 1990, he worked as a [[scientist]] for the [[CSIRO|Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO) in the fuel technology division at Lucas Heights.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Encyclopaedia of Australian Science and Innovation |first=Swinburne University of Technology |date=20 September 2000 |title=CSIRO Division of Fuel Technology - Corporate Body - Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation |url=https://www.eoas.info/biogs/A000758b.htm |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.eoas.info |language=en-gb}}</ref> By the end of 1990, he joined RMIT University as a Senior Lecturer.<ref name=":7" />

In 2011, Bhargava initiated a collaboration with the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology|Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT)]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":1" /> This venture was made possible with support from the Government of India through the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)]] and RMIT University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RMIT University |title=RMIT Partners |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/research/centres-collaborations/centre-for-advanced-materials-and-industrial-chemistry/partners |access-date=2024-01-30}}</ref> This partnership led to a joint cotutelle PhD degree from RMIT and IICT. After the success of the IICT- RMIT University collaboration, in 2017, Bhargava initiated a unique award-winning joint PhD degree program between RMIT and the [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research of India]] (AcSIR) connecting RMIT with 39 leading national laboratories across India.<ref name=":1" /> This innovative RMIT-led research program was awarded the prestigious Victorian International Education Award for Excellence in Innovation, Partnership, and International Engagement in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manallack |first=Author Stephen |date=2019-06-19 |title=RMIT University is changing the India-Australia education relationship |url=https://intoindia.blog/2019/06/19/rmit-university-is-changing-the-india-australia-education-relationship/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Into India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=RMIT University |date=September 2018 |title=RMIT Awards, Victorian International Education Awards, page 1 |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/content/dam/rmit/documents/study-with-us/career-advisers/brochures/rmit-at-a-glance-english-inton-ksp.pdf |website=2024-01-31}}</ref> In 2022, aiming to complement the existing joint research program with AcSIR and CSIR-IICT, Bhargava founded a tripod model of global collaboration, joining RMIT University and CSIRO with the [[Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], called RMIT-CSIRO-BCSIR.<ref>{{Cite news |last=RMIT University |title=Tripod model of global collaboration 'RMIT-CSIRO-BCSIR' |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/rmit-university_rmit-and-csiro-this-week-signed-a-mou-with-activity-6939759442192130048-PAE0/?trk=public_profile_like_view}}</ref>
[[File:Photo I took when book was punlished.jpg|thumb|Release of the book 'Additive Manufacturing for Chemical Sciences and Engineering' at the celebration of CAMIC day, 2022.]]
Prof. Bhargava has authored over 600 articles,<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Suresh K. Bhargava |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=nd30614AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> and 21 book chapters, 2 books,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Book publication |title=Additive Manufacturing for Chemical Sciences and Engineering |url=https://www.waterstones.com/author/suresh-k-bhargava/5663851 |access-date=2024-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Book publication |title=Nanotoxicology: Toxicity Evaluation of Nanomedicine Applications |url=https://www.betterread.com.au/book/nanotoxicology-toxicity-evaluation-of-nanomedicine-applications.do |access-date=2024-02-02}}</ref> and has 9 [[Patent|patents]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIPO - Search International and National Patent Collections |url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/search.jsf |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=patentscope.wipo.int}}</ref> awarded. He works in the fields of material science, Gold chemistry, Chemical sensing, and Industrial chemistry. Prof. Bhargava is the recipient of competitive and collaborative research grants at RMIT University (>$30 million over the last 20 years) from various sources including the ARC, AISRF, industry and CRC-P.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grants Search - Grants Data Portal |url=https://dataportal.arc.gov.au/NCGP/web/grant/grants#/20/1//suresh%20bhargava/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=dataportal.arc.gov.au}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" /> This includes a highly competitive Australia-India Strategic Research Fund Grand Challenge ($6 million, success rate ~2%) for the project entitled: Mini DME: A custom-designed solution to bring stranded gas to energy markets (2013) in collaboration with the [[University of Melbourne]], CSIRO, the [[Indian Institute of Petroleum]] (IIP), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) [[Roorkee]], and [[Bharat Petroleum]] from India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Government |date=March 2022 |title=Australia–India Strategic Research Fund grant recipients |url=https://www.industry.gov.au/accessing-information/grants-reporting/australia-india-strategic-research-fund-grant-recipients |access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Link |first=Indian |date=2013-10-10 |title=India, Australia to collaborate for clean fuel solution |url=https://www.indianlink.com.au/india-australia-to-collaborate-for-clean-fuel-solution/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Indian Link |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== Legacy - Scientific and Technological Contribution ==

In 2010, Bhargava established a multidisciplinary research centre known as the Centre for Advance Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC) at RMIT University.<ref name=":0" /> Under Bhargava's leadership, the centre has developed several new products, synthesis methods and technologies that have been utilized by industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RMIT University |date=30 Jan 2024 |title=CAMIC report |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/content/dam/rmit/au/en/research/networks-centres-groups/camic/camic-annual-report-2022.pdf}}</ref>

As a multidisciplinary research scientist, some of his landmark discoveries explore the properties of gold at the molecular level and nanoscale for sensing, catalysis, and biomedical applications.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirzadeh |first1=Nedaossadat |last2=Reddy |first2=T. Srinivasa |last3=Bhargava |first3=Suresh K. |title=Advances in diphosphine ligand-containing gold complexes as anticancer agents |journal=Coordination Chemistry Reviews |date=June 2019 |volume=388 |pages=343–359 |doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2019.02.027 }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> Scientific breakthroughs include the electrosynthesis of gold nano spikes,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plowman |first1=Blake |last2=Ippolito |first2=Samuel J. |last3=Bansal |first3=Vipul |last4=Sabri |first4=Ylias M. |last5=O’Mullane |first5=Anthony P. |last6=Bhargava |first6=Suresh K. |date=2009-08-11 |title=Gold nanospikes formed through a simple electrochemical route with high electrocatalytic and surface enhanced Raman scattering activity |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/cc/b910830k |journal=Chemical Communications |language=en |issue=33 |pages=5039–5041 |doi=10.1039/B910830K |pmid=19668842 |issn=1364-548X}}</ref> where he pioneered the chemical templating effect of lead ions for the synthesis of gold in conical morphology with selective exposure of crystal facets,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O’Mullane |first1=Anthony P. |last2=Ippolito |first2=Samuel J. |last3=Sabri |first3=Ylias M. |last4=Bansal |first4=Vipul |last5=Bhargava |first5=Suresh K. |date=2009-03-17 |title=Premonolayer Oxidation of Nanostructured Gold: An Important Factor Influencing Electrocatalytic Activity |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la8039016 |journal=Langmuir |language=en |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=3845–3852 |doi=10.1021/la8039016 |pmid=19708156 |issn=0743-7463}}</ref> and the mercury sensing exploring the amalgamation of mercury with gold forms the basis for his quartz crystal microbalance and surface acoustic wave-based mercury sensors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIPO - Search International and National Patent Collections |url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU181467208&_cid=P20-LPQG5Q-09455-1 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=patentscope.wipo.int}}</ref> He has also pioneered unique solutions for mercury abatement from industrial exhausts and wastewater such as ceria-zirconia modified MnOx catalysts for mercury adsorption and oxidation and the use of waste oil for mercury removal,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jampaiah |first1=Deshetti |last2=Ippolito |first2=Samuel J. |last3=Sabri |first3=Ylias M. |last4=Tardio |first4=James |last5=Selvakannan |first5=P. R. |last6=Nafady |first6=Ayman |last7=Reddy |first7=Benjaram M. |last8=Bhargava |first8=Suresh K. |title=Ceria–zirconia modified MnO x catalysts for gaseous elemental mercury oxidation and adsorption |journal=Catalysis Science & Technology |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=1792–1803 |doi=10.1039/C5CY01534K }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> and innovated a 3-in-1 reusable mercury sensor which can remove mercury, detect it and allows the reuse of the sensor after regeneration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIPO - Search International and National Patent Collections |url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU181638006&_cid=P20-LPQG8O-11167-1 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=patentscope.wipo.int}}</ref>

Bhargava's research into gold science extends into molecular engineering. He created a library of important metal-organic compounds whose properties can be controlled at the atomic level.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirzadeh |first1=Nedaossadat |last2=Privér |first2=Steven H. |last3=Blake |first3=Alexander J. |last4=Schmidbaur |first4=Hubert |last5=Bhargava |first5=Suresh K. |title=Innovative Molecular Design Strategies in Materials Science Following the Aurophilicity Concept |journal=Chemical Reviews |date=12 August 2020 |volume=120 |issue=15 |pages=7551–7591 |doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00816 |pmid=32662987 }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> Researching different gold oxidation states in one complex, he explored their biological activities and identified potential for their use in anti-cancer applications, showing selective in-vitro activities as high as 200 times those of commercially available platinum drugs against prostate and cervical cancer cell lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIPO - Search International and National Patent Collections |url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU181704957&_cid=P20-LPQGAH-11946-1 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=patentscope.wipo.int}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chhipa |first1=Hemraj |last2=Srinivasa Reddy |first2=T. |last3=Soni |first3=Sarvesh K. |last4=Selvakannan |first4=Pr. |last5=Bhargava |first5=Suresh K. |title=Self-assembled nanostructures of phosphomolybdate, nucleobase and metal ions synthesis and their in vitro cytotoxicity studies on cancer cell lines |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry B |date=2020 |volume=8 |issue=48 |pages=11044–11054 |doi=10.1039/D0TB01945C |pmid=33196727 }}</ref>

Bhargava has also significantly contributed to environmental catalysis, such as catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) in strong alkaline solutions.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Bhargava |first1=Suresh K. |last2=Tardio |first2=James |last3=Prasad |first3=Jaidev |last4=Föger |first4=Karl |last5=Akolekar |first5=Deepak B. |last6=Grocott |first6=Stephen C. |title=Wet Oxidation and Catalytic Wet Oxidation |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research |date=February 2006 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=1221–1258 |doi=10.1021/ie051059n }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> Having successfully identified the mechanisms at work under these conditions, he was able to translate these fundamental findings into a new CWO technology to treat Bayer liquor for Alcoa’s refineries,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hind |first1=Andrew R. |last2=Bhargava |first2=Suresh K. |last3=Grocott |first3=Stephen C. |title=The surface chemistry of Bayer process solids: a review |journal=Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects |date=January 1999 |volume=146 |issue=1–3 |pages=359–374 |doi=10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00798-5 }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> addressing a more than $400 million loss in productivity per year. He published two patents <ref>{{Cite web |title=WIPO - Search International and National Patent Collections |url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU180947721&_cid=P21-LPW35P-59898-1 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=patentscope.wipo.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WIPO - Search International and National Patent Collections |url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU180895659&_cid=P21-LPW39I-61346-1 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=patentscope.wipo.int}}</ref> and several seminal publications resulting from this work, including an invited refereed review.<ref name="auto"/>

With his interdisciplinary research, Bhargava has sought to bridge the gap between fundamental science and applied technology. An example of this is his collaborative research with [[IIT Bombay]] on the application of 3D printed catalysts and components for heat removal in hypersonic flights under the VAZARA fellowship.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hurt |first1=C. |last2=Brandt |first2=M. |last3=Priya |first3=S. S. |last4=Bhatelia |first4=T. |last5=Patel |first5=J. |last6=Selvakannan |first6=Pr. |last7=Bhargava |first7=S. |title=Combining additive manufacturing and catalysis: a review |journal=Catalysis Science & Technology |date=2017 |volume=7 |issue=16 |pages=3421–3439 |doi=10.1039/C7CY00615B }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> He has innovated a novel and highly efficient method for the green synthesis of soluble graphene from aqueous polyphenol extracts of eucalyptus bark in collaboration with Indian research partners and demonstrated its application in high-performance supercapacitors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manchala |first1=Saikumar |last2=Tandava |first2=V. S. R. K. |last3=Jampaiah |first3=Deshetti |last4=Bhargava |first4=Suresh K. |last5=Shanker |first5=Vishnu |title=Novel and Highly Efficient Strategy for the Green Synthesis of Soluble Graphene by Aqueous Polyphenol Extracts of Eucalyptus Bark and Its Applications in High-Performance Supercapacitors |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |date=1 July 2019 |volume=7 |issue=13 |pages=11612–11620 |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01506 |bibcode=2019ASCE....711612M }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and Recognitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Award name
!Importance of Award
!Year
|-
|1
|[https://www.rmit.edu.vn/students/my-studies/graduation/vice-chancellors-awards RMIT University Vice Chancellor’s Research Excellence Award]
|Excellence graduate supervision
|2006
|-
|2
|[[Royal Australian Chemical Institute|R. K. Murphy Medal]]
|Industrial Chemistry Division's most prestigious award
|2008
|-
|3
|Excellence in Chemical Engineering award<ref name=":10">{{cite journal |title=IIChE Awards 2010 |journal=Indian Chemical Engineer |date=March 2011 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=49–53 |doi=10.1080/00194506.2011.659549 }}</ref>
|IIChE awards 2010<ref name=":10" />
|2010
|-
|4
|Ralph McIntosh Medal <ref>{{Cite web |last=RMIT Awards 2011 |title=Ralph McIntosh Medal, for outstanding service to students |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/content/dam/rmit/documents/about/Governance-and-management/annual-reports/2011-annual-report.pdf}}</ref>
|Outstanding services to students
|2011
|-
|5
|Invention Disclosure Award
|Inventing mercury sensing technology for industrial applications<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Research Awards |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/research/our-research/research-awards |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.rmit.edu.au |language=en}}</ref>
|2012
|-
|6
|The prestigious Applied Research Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Applied Research Award |url=https://www.raci.org.au/Web/Awards/Branch-Awards/Applied-Research-Award.aspx?WebsiteKey=08ee9e78-52ce-444c-8524-40772f187111 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.raci.org.au}}</ref>
|
|2013
|-
|7
|[https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/nurturing-minds/s-and-t-awards/national/acharya-p-c-ray-memorial-award P. C. Ray Chair], awarded for his distinguished lecture series
|[https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/ Indian Science, Technology and Innovation]
|2014
|-
|8
|[https://www.rmit.edu.vn/students/my-studies/graduation/vice-chancellors-awards RMIT University Vice Chancellor’s Research Excellence Award]
|Excellence graduate supervision
|2014
|-
|9
|CHEMECA medal<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian and New Zealand Federation of Chemical Engineers Awards of Excellence |title=Previous Winners: The Chemeca Medal |url=https://www.anzfche.org/files/Previous%20Winners.pdf |access-date=2023-12-08}}</ref>
|Highest honour in the Chemical Engineering profession in Australia and New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards of Excellence - The Australian and New Zealand Federation of Chemical Engineers |url=https://www.anzfche.org/awards-of-excellence.php |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.anzfche.org}}</ref>
|2015
|-
|10
|[[Khwarizmi International Award|Khwarizmi International Award (KIA)]]
|Government of Iran and sponsored by UNESCO
|2016
|-
|11
|NRI Award<ref>{{Cite web |author=BestMediaInfo Bureau |date=2017-07-14 |title=Times Now ICICI Bank NRI of the Year Awards 2017 honour global Indian achievers: Best Media Info |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/07/times-now-icici-bank-nri-of-the-year-awards-2017-honour-global-indian-achievers |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=}}</ref>
|Best Non-resident Indian academic for Southern Pacific
|2017
|-
|12
|[https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/prof-suresh-bhargava-awarded-sastra-cnr-rao-award/#:~:text=He%20has%20been%20a%20recipient,receive%20the%20RMIT%20University%20Vice%2D SASTRA-CNR Rao Award]
|A tribute to the renowned and influential Indian Chemist, [[C. N. R. Rao|Professor CNR Rao]]
|2023
|-
|13
|[https://www.rmit.edu.vn/students/my-studies/graduation/vice-chancellors-awards RMIT University Vice Chancellor’s Research Excellence Award]
|Excellence graduate supervision
|2023
|-
|14
|[https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/prof-suresh-bhargava-awarded-sastra-cnr-rao-award/#:~:text=He%20has%20been%20a%20recipient,receive%20the%20RMIT%20University%20Vice%2D Lifetime Achievement Awards for Contributions to Industry-Research Collaboration]
|Cooperative Research Australia
|2024
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhargava, Suresh}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]

Babu Bhoop Singh

2026-03-09T16:31:55Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers:

{{Short description|Ruler of Kohra and Leader of the Indian rebellion of 1857}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Babu Bhoop Singh
| title = [[Babu (title)|Babu]] of [[Kohra (estate)|Kohra]]
| image = Babu Bhoop Singh of Kohra.png
| caption = Portrait of Babu Bhoop Singh
| succession = {{flagicon image|Flag of Kohra.png}} 10th [[Bandhalgoti]] Ruler of [[Kohra (estate)|Kohra]]
| reign = 19th century
| predecessor =
| successor = Babu Shiv Dayal Singh
| birth_date = c. 1820
| birth_place = [[Kohra (estate)|Kohra]], [[Oudh]]
| issue = 3
| house = [[Bandhalgoti]]
| father =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Kachhwaha]]
}}
'''Babu Bhoop Singh''' (born c. 1820) was one of the most prominent leaders in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] from the [[Oudh]] region, which is now part of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rudrangshu. |first=Mukherjee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiWNAvhoLkkC&q=Kohrah |title=Awadh in revolt, 1857-1858 : a study of popular resistance |date=2002 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=1-84331-075-9 |pages=179–195 |oclc=843003664}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Genealogy of Kohra |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kohra |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अमेठी-कोहरा स्टेट के बाबू भूप सिंह ने कादूनाला युद्ध में लिया था हिस्सा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gauriganj/story-babu-bhup-singh-of-amethi-kohra-state-took-part-in-kadunala-war-9493470.html |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Rakesh |title=Uttar Pradesh Ka Swatantrata Sangram: Amethi |date=16 June 2025 |publisher=[[Vani Prakashan]] |isbn=978-8190538695 |edition=1st |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=111–224 |language=Hindi}}
</ref> He hailed from the [[Bandhalgoti]] clan of [[Rajput]]s and was the ruler of the [[Kohra (estate)]] in present-day [[Amethi district]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=कोहरा की अमर क्रांति; जहां भूप सिंह ने फूंका था आजादी का बिगुल, हर घर से निकले थे क्रांतिकारी |url=https://www.patrika.com/patrika-special/the-immortal-revolution-of-kohra-where-bhup-singh-blew-the-trumpet-of-freedom-people-came-out-from-every-house-19852449 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> He led a rebellion against the British forces in 1857.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=यूपी का वो गांव जहां आज भी धधक रही है आजादी की चिंगारी, हर घर से निकले थे सिपाही |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/amethi-the-village-of-up-where-the-flame-of-revolution-never-died-out-this-revolutionary-brought-the-first-news-of-independence-to-the-village-read-the-story-of-independence-local18-ws-kl-9456275.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> He took an active part in the Awadh War of 1857, playing a vital role in the siege of the [[Lucknow residency]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=14 August 2024 |title=अमेठी के भूप सिंह ने लिया था अंग्रेजों से लोहा:1857 के लखनऊ युद्ध में रहे शामिल, कर्नल को रोकने के लिए चांदा, अमहट और कादूनाला पर किया था संघर्ष |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/amethi/news/bhup-singh-of-amethi-had-fought-against-the-british-133482081.html |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=Hindi}}</ref> To counter Colonel Wroughton's advances, he engaged in battles at Chanda, Amhat and Kadunala in the [[Sultanpur district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=14 August 2022 |title=कोहरा तालुकेदार भूप सिंह ने लिया था फिरंगियों से लोहा |pages=1(MyCity) |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi|url=https://epaper.amarujala.com/amethi/my-city/20220814/01.html?format=img&ed_code=amethi |access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2010 |title=1857 की क्रांति में अमेठी का विशेष योगदान |work=Dainik Jagran |pages=10 |language=hi}}</ref> His property was taken under the management of [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Santosh |date=2024-02-01 |title=लंबी कानूनी लड़ाई से दशकों बाद कोहरा तालुकदारी का बाबू भूप सिंह के वंशजो को मिला पुन अधिकार |url=https://saharajeevan.com/archives/11965 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Sahara Jeevan |language=en-US}}</ref> On order of [[Calcutta High Court]], by government removed Court of Wards from Kohra.<ref name=":3" /> Later, the estate was ruled by Babu Shiv Dayal Singh.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[Kohra (estate)]]
* [[Amethi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Babu Bhoop}}
[[Category:1820s births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:People from Amethi]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]

Kuru kingdom

2026-03-08T05:27:42Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers:

{{short description|Ancient Indo-Aryan Vedic union}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Kuru
| common_name = Kingdom of Kuru
| era = [[Iron Age]]
| government_type = [[Elective monarchy]] (1200 BCE - 700 BCE){{sfn|Misra|1973|p=12}} [[Confederation]] (700 BCE - 500 BCE) [[Gaṇasaṅgha]] (500 BCE - 345 BCE)
| year_start = {{Circa|1900 BCE }}
| year_end =  {{Circa|345 BCE}}
| event1 = Kuru Kingdom was divided into Kuru Confederation and [[Vatsa]] Kingdom{{sfn|Pletcher|2010|p=63}}
| date_event1 = {{Circa|700 BCE }}
| event2 = Kuru Gaṇasaṅgha (Republic){{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=133-134}}
| date_event2 = {{Circa|500 BCE }}
| p1 = Bharatas (tribe)
| p2 = Puru (Vedic tribe)
| s1 = Vatsa{{!}}'''{{Circa|700 BCE }}:''' Vatsa
| s2 = Mahajanapadas
| s3 = Ganasangha{{!}}'''{{Circa|500 BCE }}:''' Ganasangha
| s4 = Yaudheya
| s5 = Nanda dynasty{{!}}Magadha
| image_map = Map of Kuru Kingdom.jpg
| image_map_caption =
| capital = {{plain list|
*[[Assandh|Āsandīvat]] (modern [[Haryana]]),
*[[Hastinapura]] (modern [[Meerut division]], [[Saharanpur division]] and [[Aligarh division]])
*[[Indraprastha]] (modern [[Delhi]] and some part of [[National Capital Region (India)]])
}}
| common_languages = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]]
| title_leader = [[List of Kuru kings|Raja]] (King)
| leader1 = [[Parikshit]]
| year_leader1 = c. 12th-9th centuries BCE
| leader2 = [[Janamejaya]]
| year_leader2 = c. 12th-9th centuries BCE
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| legislature = [[Sabhā]]
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| currency = [[Karshapana]]
}}

The '''Kuru Kingdom''' was a Vedic [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] tribal union in northern [[Iron Age in India|India]] of the [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharata]] and [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru tribes]]. The Kuru kingdom appeared in the Middle [[Vedic period]]{{sfn|Pletcher|2010|p=63}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=6}} ({{Circa|1200|900 BCE}}) during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron age of India]], encompassing parts of the modern-day states of [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], and some North parts of [[Western Uttar Pradesh]]. The Kuru Kingdom was the first recorded [[State (polity)|state-level society]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}<ref>{{cite book |editor=B. Kölver |year=1997 |title=Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien |trans-title=Law, State and Administration in Classical India |language=de |place=München |publisher=R. Oldenbourg |pages=27–52}}</ref>{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}

The Kuru kingdom became a dominant political and cultural force in the middle Vedic Period during the reigns of [[Parikshit]] and [[Janamejaya]],{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} but declined in importance during the late Vedic period ({{Circa|900|500 BCE}}) and had become "something of a backwater"{{sfn|Samuel|2010}} by the [[Mahajanapadas|Mahajanapada period]] in the 5th century BCE. However, traditions and legends about the Kurus continued into the post-Vedic period, providing the basis for the [[Mahabharata]] epic.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}

The Kuru kingdom corresponds with the archaeological [[Painted Grey Ware culture]].{{sfn|Samuel|2010}} The Kuru kingdom decisively changed the religious heritage of the early Vedic period, arranging their ritual hymns into collections called the [[Vedas]], and transforming the [[historical Vedic religion]] into [[Brahmanism]], which eventually contributed to the [[Hindu synthesis]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=75-76, 78}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002}}

==Location==
Kuru state was located in northwestern India, stretching from the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]] and the border of the [[Pañcāla]] in the east to the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvatī]] and the frontier of [[Rohtak|Rohītaka]] in the west, and bordered the [[Kuninda|Kulindas]] in the north and the [[Surasena|Sūrasena]]s and [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]] in the south. The area formerly occupied by the Kuru Kingdom covered the presently [[Thanesar]], [[Delhi]], and most of the upper [[Doab#The Doab|Gangetic Doab]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=21-23}}

The Kuru state was itself divided into the Kuru-jaṅgala ("Kuru forest"), the Kuru territory proper, and the Kuru-kṣetra ("Kuru [[Kshetra|region]]"):{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=21-23}}
*Kuru-jaṅgala was a wild area which stretched from the [[Kamyaka Forest|Kāmyaka forest]] on the banks of the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvatī]] to the [[Khandava Forest|Khāṇḍava forest]]
*proper Kuru territory consisted of the region around Hāstīnapura
*Kuru-kṣetra was located between the [[Khandava Forest|Khāṇḍava forest]] in the south, [[Srughna|Sūrghna]] in the north, and Parīnaḥ in the west. Kuru-kṣetra was between the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvatī]] and the [[Drishadvati river|Dṛṣadvatī]] rivers

The rivers flowing within the Kuru state included the Aruṇā, Aṃśumatī, Hiraṇvatī, Āpayā, [[Kausiki|Kauśikī]], Sarasvatī, and Dṛṣadvatī or Rakṣī.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=21-23}}

==History==
[[File:ചിതിയുടെയും-ഉപകരണങ്ങളുടെയും മാതൃക.jpg|thumb|Modern replica of utensils and [[Vedic fire altar|falcon shaped altar]] used for [[Agnicayana]], an elaborate [[srauta]] ritual from the Kuru period.]]
[[File:Late_Vedic_Culture_(1100-500_BCE).png|thumb|Kuru and other janapadas in Late Vedic period]]

The main contemporary sources for understanding the Kuru kingdom are the [[Vedas]], containing details of life during this period and allusions to historical persons and events.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}

===Formation===
The Kuru Kingdom was formed in the Middle [[Vedic period]]{{sfn|Pletcher|2010|p=63}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=6}} ({{Circa|1200|900 BCE}}) as a result of the alliance and merger between the [[Bhāratas|Bharata]] and [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] tribes, in the aftermath of the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}<ref>National Council of Educational Research and Training, History Text Book, Part 1, India</ref> With their centre of power in the [[Kurukshetra]] region, the Kurus formed the first political centre of the Vedic period and were dominant roughly from 1200 to 800 BCE. The first Kuru capital was at Āsandīvat,{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} identified with modern [[Assandh]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AL45AQAAIAAJ|title=Prāci-jyotī: Digest of Indological Studies|date=1967-01-01|publisher=Kurukshetra University.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143414216|language=en}}</ref> Later literature refers to [[Indraprastha]] (identified with [[Purana Qila]] in modern [[Delhi]]) and [[Hastinapura]] as the main Kuru cities.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}

===Growth===
The Kurus figure prominently in [[Vedas|Vedic literature]] after the time of the [[Rigveda]]. The Kurus here appear as a branch of the early Indo-Aryans, ruling the [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab]] and modern Haryana. The focus in the later Vedic period shifted out of [[Punjab]], into the Haryana and the Doab, and thus to the Kuru clan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Steven G. Darian |year=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120817579 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0obUy_W9NREC&pg=PA63 |page=63 |title=The Ganges In Myth And History}}</ref>

The time frame and geographical extent of the Kuru kingdom (as determined by [[philology|philological study]] of the Vedic literature) suggest its correspondence with the archaeological [[Painted Grey Ware culture]].{{sfn|Samuel|2010}} The shift out of Punjab corresponds to the increasing number and size of [[Painted Grey Ware]] (PGW) settlements in the Haryana and Doab areas.

Although most PGW sites were small farming villages, several PGW sites emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterised as towns; the largest of these were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades, albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborate fortifications which emerged in large cities after 600 BCE.<ref>James Heitzman, [https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit ''The City in South Asia''] (Routledge, 2008), pp.12–13</ref> Another PGW site has been discovered in Katha village of [[Bagpat district]], which, according to local oral traditions, is believed to have once been the fort of a King called Raja Ror.<ref name="Singh2003">{{Cite book
|last=Singh
|first=Rewant Vikram
|title=Settlements in the Yamuna-Hindon Doab: An Archaeological Perspective
|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation
|year=2003
|pages=65
|location=New Delhi
|isbn=9788176463584
}}</ref>
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|Kuru and other Mahajanapadas in Post Vedic period]]

The [[Atharvaveda]] (XX.127) praises [[Parikshit]], the "King of the Kurus", as the great king of a thriving, prosperous realm. Other late Vedic texts, such as the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]], commemorate Parikshit's son [[Janamejaya]] as a great conqueror who performed the [[ashvamedha]] (horse-sacrifice).<ref>Raychaudhuri, H. C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty'', Calcutta:University of Calcutta, pp.11–46</ref> These two Kuru kings played a decisive role in the consolidation of the Kuru state and the development of the [[srauta]] rituals, and they also appear as important figures in later legends and traditions (e.g., in the [[Mahabharata]]).{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}

===Decline===
[[Image:Ancient india.png|thumb|The later Kuru state in the [[Mahajanapada]] period, c. 600 BCE]]

The Kurus declined after being defeated by the non-Vedic [[Salva (India)|Salva (or Salvi) tribe]], and the centre of Vedic culture shifted east, into the [[Panchala|Panchala Kingdom]], in modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] (whose king [[Keśin Dālbhya]] was the nephew of the late Kuru king).{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} According to post-Vedic Sanskrit literature, the capital of the Kurus was later transferred to [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]], in the lower Doab, after Hastinapur was destroyed by floods{{sfn|Pletcher|2010|p=63}} as well as because of upheavals in the Kuru family itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kaushambhi.nic.in/|publisher=District Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh, India|title=About the District |website=kaushambhi.nic.in |access-date=2016-05-08|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513183352/http://kaushambhi.nic.in/|archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.all-art.org/Visual_History/01india1.htm |title=History of Art: Visual History of the World|website=www.all-art.org|access-date=2016-05-08}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The flooding of Hastinapura and the transfer of the capital to Kaushambi is only mentioned in semi-legendary accounts dating to the post-Vedic era, e.g., [[Puranas]] and [[Mahabharata]], whereas Vedic-era texts only mention the invasion of Kurukshetra by the Salva tribe as the cause for the decline of the Kurus.{{sfn|Witzel|1990|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}}}}

In the post-Vedic period (by the 6th century BCE), the Kuru dynasty evolved into Kuru and [[Vatsa|Vatsa Kingdom]], ruling over Upper Doab/Delhi/Haryana and lower Doab, respectively. The Vatsa branch of the Kuru dynasty was further divided into branches at Kaushambi and at [[Mathura]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://upgov.nic.in/uphistory.aspx |title=Political History of Uttar Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512013514/http://upgov.nic.in/uphistory.aspx |archive-date=12 May 2012 |url-status=dead |website=Govt of Uttar Pradesh, official website}}</ref>

According to Buddhist sources, by the late and post-Vedic periods, Kuru had become a minor state ruled by a chieftain called Koravya and belonging to the {{Transliteration|pi|Yuddhiṭṭhila}} ({{Transliteration|sa|Yudhiṣṭhira}}) [[gotra|{{Transliteration|pi|gotta}}]] (gotra).<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |date= |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url= |location= |publisher=[[Longman|Pearson Education India]] |page=264 |isbn=}}</ref>{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=41}} After the main Kuru ruling dynasty had moved to Kosambi, the Kuru country itself became divided into multiple small states, with the ones at [[Indraprastha|Indapatta]] (Indraprastha) and one at Iṣukāra being the most prominent ones. By the time of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], these small states had been replaced by a Kuru [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇasaṅgha}}]] (republic).{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=133-134}}

==Society ==
[[File:ശ്യേന-ചിതി‌-നിർമ്മാണം.jpg|thumb|Modern performance of [[Agnicayana]], an elaborate [[srauta]] ritual from the Kuru period]]
[[File:Coin of the Kuru Kingdom.jpg|thumb|Silver, ½ Karshapana, [[coinage of India|Indian coin]], “Babyal Hoard” type, of the Kuru Janapada (450 BCE – 315 BCE).<ref name="Goyala1994">{{cite book|author=Śrīrāma Goyala|title=The Coinage of Ancient India |year=1994 |publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5caAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>]]
[[File:Seal coin of the Ror Empire (Kuru).jpg|thumb|right|Pre-Mauryan (Ganges Valley) Kurus (Kurukshetras), Silver, ½ Karshapana, [[coinage of India|Indian coin]], “Babyal Hoard” type, c. 350–315 BCE. AR 15 Mana – Half Karshapana (15 mm, 1.50 g). Triskeles-like geometric pattern/aix-armed symbol.<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA, Pre-Mauryan (Ganges Valley). Kurus (Kurukshetras) |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=224220 |publisher=CNG Coins}}</ref>]]

=== Farming and craftmanship===
The clans that consolidated into the Kuru Kingdom or 'Kuru Pradesh' were largely semi-nomadic, [[pastoralism|pastoral]] clans. However, as settlement shifted into the western [[Ganges Plain]], settled farming of rice and barley became more important. Vedic literature of this period indicates the growth of surplus production and the emergence of specialised artisans and craftsmen. [[Iron]] was first mentioned as ''śyāma āyasa'' (श्याम आयस, literally "dark metal")<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glosbe.com/en/sa/dark | title=Dark in Sanskrit - English-Sanskrit Dictionary | Glosbe }}</ref> in the [[Atharvaveda]], a text of this era.

===Varna-hierarchy===
An important development was the fourfold [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] (class) system, which replaced the twofold system of [[Aryan|arya]] and [[dasa]] from the Rigvedic times.

Archaeological surveys of the [[Kurukshetra District|Kurukshetra district]] have revealed a more complex (albeit not yet fully urbanised) three-tiered hierarchy for the period of the period from 1000 to 600 BCE, suggesting a complex chiefdom or emerging early state, contrasting with the two-tiered settlement pattern (with some "modest central places", suggesting the existence of simple [[chiefdom]]s) in the rest of the Ganges Valley.<ref>Bellah, Robert N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xHr-uN4XpAgC&pg=PA491 ''Religion in Human Evolution''] (Harvard University Press, 2011), p. 492; citing Erdosy, George. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA80 "The prelude to urbanization: ethnicity and the rise of Late Vedic chiefdoms,"] in ''The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States'', ed. F. R. Allchin (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 75-98</ref>

In the fourfold varna-system the [[Brahmin]] priesthood and [[Kshatriya]] aristocracy, who dominated the [[Aryan|''Arya'']] commoners (now called [[vaishya]]s) and the ''[[dasa]]'' labourers (now called [[shudra]]s), were designated as separate classes.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}<ref>{{citation |last=Sharma |first=Ram Sharan |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=Śūdras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsZkAu-RHVgC |edition=Third |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0706-8}}</ref>

===Religion===
The Kuru kingdom decisively changed the religious heritage of the early Vedic period, arranging their ritual hymns into collections called the [[Vedas]], and developing new rituals, that gained their position in Indian culture as the [[Śrauta|Srauta]] rituals.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}

The Kuru kingdom transformed the Vedic religion into Brahmanism, which eventually spread over the subcontinent, [[Hinduism#Roots of Hinduism|synthesising with local traditions]], and together forming [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002}}

=== Administration ===
Kuru kings ruled with the assistance of a rudimentary administration, including [[purohit]]a (priest), village headman, army chief, food distributor, emissary, herald and spies. They extracted mandatory tribute (''bali'') from their population of commoners as well as from weaker neighbouring tribes. They led frequent raids and conquests against their neighbours, especially to the east and south. To aid in governing, the kings and their Brahmin priests arranged Vedic hymns into collections and developed a new set of rituals (the now orthodox [[Srauta]] rituals) to uphold social order and strengthen the class hierarchy. High-ranking nobles could perform very elaborate sacrifices, and many [[Puja (Hinduism)|''pujas'']] (rituals) primarily exalted the status of the king over his people. The ''[[ashvamedha]]'' or horse sacrifice was a way for a powerful king to assert his domination in [[Āryāvarta]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}

==== Assembly ====
Kuru had two types of legislative assembly:
*The ''Samiti'' was a common council of the Jana members, and had the power to elect or dethrone the king.
*The ''[[Sabhā]]'' was a smaller assembly of wise elders, who advised the king.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=12}}

==Mahabharata==
{{main|Mahabharata|Kurukshetra War}}
{{See also|Kauravas|Pandavas}}

===Historical aspects===
The [[Sanskrit epics|epic]] story, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', tells of a conflict between two branches of the reigning Kuru clan possibly around 1000 BCE. However, archaeology has not furnished conclusive proof as to whether the specific events described have any historical basis. The existing text of the ''Mahabharata'' went through many layers of development and mostly belongs to the period between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE.<ref>Singh, U. (2009), ''A History of Ancient and Mediaeval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century'', Delhi: Longman, p. 18-21, {{ISBN|978-81-317-1677-9}}</ref> Within the [[frame story]] of the ''Mahabharata'', the historical kings [[Parikshit]] and [[Janamejaya]] are featured significantly as scions of the Kuru clan.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}

A historical Kuru King named Dhritarashtra Vaichitravirya is mentioned in the [[Kathaka]] Samhita of the [[Yajurveda]] ({{circa}} 1200–900 BCE) as a descendant of the [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]]-era king [[Sudas]]. His cattle were reportedly destroyed as a result of conflict with the [[Yoga#Vedic period (1700–500 BCE)|vratya]] ascetics; however, this Vedic mention does not provide corroboration for the accuracy of the Mahabharata's account of his reign.{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=17 footnote 115}}{{sfn|Witzel|1990|p=9}}

=== Kuru family tree ===
{{Kuru family tree}}

=== List of rulers ===
{{main|List of Kuru kings}}

== See also ==
; Kuru related
* [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Kuru|King Kuru]]
* [[Uttara Kurus|Uttara Kuru Kingdom]]
* [[Kurukshetra War]]
* [[List of Kuru kings]]
* [[Bharatas (Vedic tribe)]]

; Other Mahabharta related
* [[Kauravas]], [[Pandavas]]
* [[Parikshit]], [[Janamejaya]]
* [[Assandh]], [[Hastinapur]], [[Indraprastha]]
* [[Historicity of the Mahabharata]]
* [[Panchala]], [[Videha]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Nishada Kingdom|Nishada]], [[Kosala]]

; Modern archaeology of the Vedic era
* [[Cemetery H culture]]
* [[Painted Grey Ware culture]]
* [[Black and red ware]]
* [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]]

; Present day regions
* [[Administrative divisions of Haryana|Regions of Haryana]]
* [[:Category:Regions of Rajasthan|Regions of Rajasthan]]
* [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Regions of Uttar Pradesh]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Hiltebeitel | first =Alf | year =2002 | title =Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture" | publisher =Routledge | isbn =9781136875977 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Citation | last =Pletcher | first =Kenneth | year =2010 | title =The History of India | publisher =The Rosen Publishing Group | isbn =9781615301225 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&q=Kuru+Kaushambi&pg=PA63}}
*{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}
* {{Citation | last =Samuel | first =Geoffrey | year =2010 | title =The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* {{citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1990 |title=On Indian Historical Writing |journal=Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies |volume=2 |pages=1–57 |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vamsa.pdf}}
* {{Citation|last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=EJVS |volume=1 |issue=4 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007 }}
* {{cite book |first=Sudama |last=Misra |url=http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/131690 |title=Janapada state in ancient India |publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana |location=Vārāṇasī |year=1973 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817151315/http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/131690 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.gloriousindia.com/history/kuru_kingdom.html Kuru Kingdom]
*[http://sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm ''Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa''], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
*[http://www.karava.org The Kuru race in Sri Lanka – Web site of Kshatriya Maha Sabha]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050728143952/http://home.comcast.net/~pankajtandon/galleries-kuru.html Coins of Kuru janapada]

{{Mahajanapada}}
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Mahabharata}}
{{Historical regions of North India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuru Kingdom}}
[[Category:Kuru kingdom| ]]
[[Category:History of Haryana]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Iron Age countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Iron Age cultures of South Asia]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of the Puru clan]]
[[Category:Bharatas]]
[[Category:Tribal confederacies]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of the Vedic period]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC]]

R. S. Karthiik

2026-03-08T02:32:20Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: put up entry - done

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. S. Karthiik
| image = RSK-1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Chennai, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2016–present
| imagesize =
| homepage =
}}
'''R. S. Karthiik''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films. After making his film debut in the Tamil film ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016), he has been in films including ''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017), ''[[Peechankai]]'' (2017), ''[[Yennanga Sir Unga Sattam]]'' (2021) and ''[[Parole (2022 film)|Parole]]'' (2022).

==Career==
Karthiik made his acting debut in a minor role in [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016), before appearing in a supporting role in [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]'s ''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017). Karthiik's first lead role was in ''[[Peechankai]]'' (2017), a black comedy about an individual with alien hand syndrome, which he co-produced. The film had earlier been made by the same team as a telefilm, with the director choosing to retain Karthiik in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060217/peechankai-deals-with-alien-hand-syndrome.html|title=Peechankai deals with alien hand syndrome|first=Janani|last=K|date=February 6, 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film won positive reviews from critics but had little impact at the Chennai box office. The film however won Karthiik attention from new filmmakers, leading to four other film offers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/peechankai-helped-me-survive-as-an-actor-says-rs-karthik/article23800824.ece|title='Peechankai' helped me survive as an actor, says RS Karthik|first=Vishal|last=Menon|date=May 7, 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> During mid-2018 and 2019, he worked extensively on the production of a film on illegal racing co-starring [[Sachin Mani]] and a film on [[koothu]] co-starring [[Manishajith]], but both of the film did not have a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-race-ended-with-fake-blood-on-the-road/articleshow/64961706.cms|title=This race ended with fake blood on the road|first=Jothi|last=Prabhakar|date=February 13, 2019|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130219/theru-kootthu-in-focus.html|title=Theru Kootthu in focus|first=|last=|date=February 13, 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Karthiik next appeared in the political satire film, ''[[Yennanga Sir Unga Sattam]]'' (2021), where he portrayed two different roles. The film opened to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/oct/29/yennanga-sir-unga-sattam-movie-review-too-many-ideologies-spoil-this-social-drama-27564.html|title=Yennanga Sir Unga Sattam Movie Review: Too many ideologies spoil this social drama|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/aug/18/first-look-of-yennanga-sir-unga-sattam-out-2346111.html|title=First look of Yennanga Sir Unga Sattam out|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2022, Karthiik played the lead role in Dwarakh Raja's crime thriller ''[[Parole (2022 film)|Parole]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/a-north-chennai-story-parole-is-about-bonding-between-mother-two-sons-news-235715|title=A North Chennai Story, 'Parole' Is About Bonding Between Mother, Two Sons|accessdate=15 April 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' || Auto Selvam ||
|-
| ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]'' || Auto Selvam || Telugu film
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Maanagaram]]'' || Jeeva's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Peechankai]]'' || S. Muthu || Also co-producer
|-
|rowspan="1"|2021 || ''[[Yennanga Sir Unga Sattam]]'' || JP ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2022 || ''[[Parole (2022 film)|Parole]]'' || Kovalan ||
|-
|2024
|''[[Aaryamala]]''
|Ilango (Kaathavaraayan)
|
|-
|TBA
|''Kannaal Kaanbadhu Poi''
|Mannar Mannan
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline}}
*{{imdb name|10686072}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karthik R. S.}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Orey Vazhi

2026-03-04T05:01:46Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: put up new post

{{short description|1959 film by K. Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Orey Vazhi
| image = Orey Vazhi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| producer = Vasu Menon
| writer = [[Javar Seetharaman]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[M. N. Rajam]]
| music = R. Govardhanam
| cinematography = Thambu
| editing = [[K. Shankar]], Narayanan
| studio = Vasu Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1959|3|6|ref1=}}
| runtime = 16,398 ft
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Orey Vazhi''''' ({{langx|en|The Only Way|italic=yes}}) is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[K. Shankar]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]] and [[M. N. Rajam]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 August 2014 |title=Orey Vazhi 1959 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-orey-vazhi-1959/article6345207.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140824055417/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-orey-vazhi-1959/article6345207.ece |archive-date=24 August 2014 |access-date=14 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Shaadi (1962 film)|Shaadi]]'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 1962 |title=Shaadi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19620727&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
Mohan is a brilliant lawyer. He was educated by his elder brother who sold the family properties to educate him. Mohan marries the daughter of a judge. Conflicts arise within the family and after much twists and turns the family is reunited.

== Cast ==
The list is adapted from [[The Hindu]] article.<ref name="hindu" />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Prem Nazir]]
*[[M. N. Rajam]]
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]]
*[[Sriranjani, Jr.]]
*[[Tambaram Lalitha|Tambaram N. Lalitha]]
*‘Valayapathi’ G. Muthukrishnan
*S. Ramarao
*[[K. R. Chellam]]
*Pakkirisami
*K.M. Nambirajan
*C.P. Kittaan
*V.T. Kalyanam
*Thiruvengadam
*C.S. Desikan
*S.K. Ramaraj
*Raju
*Kuppusami
*Sivaraman
{{div col end}}
'''(Guest Artistes)'''
*[[T. S. Balaiah]]
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
'''Dance Drama'''
[[Sayee Subbulakshmi]]

== Production ==
The film marked the debut of N. Vasudeva "Vasu" Menon as a film producer. Earlier, he had worked in the production department of [[AVM Productions]]. He later established his own studio, Vasu Studios, under which the film was produced, with [[K. Shankar]] directing. However, shooting took place at [[Gemini Studios]].<ref name="hindu" /><ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1959 – ஒரே வழி – வாசு பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1959 – Orey Vazhi – Vasu Films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails12.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318020404/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails12.asp |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[R. Govardhanam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=163 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration(m:ss)
|-
| "Anbum Aramum Uyir Ena" || P. Suseela || rowspan=9|[[Kannadasan]]|| 03:31
|-
| "Theeyinar Sutta Pun...Ethanai Vazhigal" || C. S. Jayaraman || 03:13
|-
| "Piranthu Vandhadhum Orey Vazhi" || S. C. Krishnan || 03:28
|-
| "Kalvi Kalvi Endru Paadu" || M. L. Vasanthakumari & P. Leela ||
|-
| "Velli Meenum Thulli Aadhuthu" || A. M. Rajah & P. Suseela || 03:43
|-
| "Aandavanai Padaithavane...Pananaadhaa" || T. M. Soundararajan & S. C. Krishnan || 03:11
|-
| "Vettunda Kaiyum Veezhndhu" || P. Leela || 03:01
|-
| "Vanna Medaiyil Ennam" || T. S. Bagavathi || 03:31
|-
| "Vaanamennum Veediyile" || P. Susheela || 03:05
|-
| "Karuppu Kudaiyin Keezh" Dance Drama || S. C. Krishnan & Group || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 06:04
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Orey Vazhi'' was released on 6 March 1959.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 1959 |title=The Only Way |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19590306&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from a number of critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 1959 |title=Press acclaims |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19590321&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=5 April 1959 |title=ஒரே வழி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-04-05/page/n23/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241005142332/https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-04-05/page/n23/mode/2up |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=10 October 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=22–23 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{K. Shankar}}

[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 drama films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Govardhanam]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Javar Seetharaman]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Anil Kumar Sharma (Rajasthan politician)

2026-03-03T13:44:44Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: Started bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Bhanwar Lal Sharma]]
| term_start = 2022
| constituency = [[Sardarshahar Assembly constituency|Sardarshahar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|11|05|df=y}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Renu Sharma|1991}}
| children = 3

}}
'''Anil Kumar Sharma''' is an Indian politician, and he is currently representing [[Sardarshahar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sardarshahar Chunav Result 2023: सरदारशहर में अनिल शर्मा करेंगे राज, कांग्रेस ने मारी बाजी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/assembly-elections/sardarshahar-chunav-result-2023-check-sardarshahar-vidhan-sabha-election-result-congress-vs-bjp-winners/1985973/amp |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Members/ConstituencyWise.aspx|title=Member Details|publisher=Rajasthan Assembly|access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Anil Kumar}}
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Vadacurry

2026-03-03T03:30:12Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: starting first stub w/ sources

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vadacurry
| image = Vadacurry poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Saravana Rajan
| writer = Saravana Rajan
| starring = [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] [[Swathi Reddy]]
| producer = [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]]
| music = [[Vivek–Mervin]] [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] (1 Song) 
| cinematography = Venkatesh S.
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| distributor = [[Radiance Media Group|Radiance Media]]
| studio = Meeka Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|06|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vadacurry''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film written and directed by debutant Saravana Rajan.<ref name=":0" /> The film stars [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] and [[Swathi Reddy]] and was produced by [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]]'s Meeka Entertainment. The film has cinematography by Venkatesh and the technical crew includes editing by [[Praveen K. L.]] and [[N. B. Srikanth]] and art direction by Ramalingam, while the costumes were designed by Anusha Dayanidhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-14 |title=New ingredient in Vada Curry! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/New-ingredient-in-Vada-Curry/articleshow/21818769.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-14/news-interviews/41409031_1_saravana-rajan-first-schedule-new-ingredient |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-12-12 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film started filming on 19 August 2013,<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{Cite news |date=2013-08-10 |title=What's cooking for Jai and Swathi? |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/What%E2%80%99s-cooking-for-Jai-and-Swathi/2013/08/10/article1726593.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814084736/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/What%E2%80%99s-cooking-for-Jai-and-Swathi/2013/08/10/article1726593.ece |archive-date=14 August 2013 |access-date=2013-12-12 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and was released on 19 June 2014.

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=December 2025}}
Sathish is a newly appointed medical representative who is basically a family man living with his brother, an [[auto rickshaw]] driver. Sathish is always embarrassed about his mobile phone, and much to his delight, he picks up a phone which is left carelessly by its owner at a tea shop. The mobile phone gets him into trouble, and his carefree life with his girlfriend Naveena turns upside-down.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as Sathish
* [[Swathi Reddy]] as Naveena
* [[RJ Balaji]] as Karikalan aka Vadacurry
* [[Aruldoss]] as Sathish's brother
* [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] as Sathish's sister-in-law
* [[Misha Ghoshal]] as Naveena's friend
* [[Ajay Raj]] as Dhayalan
* [[Sai Prashanth]] as Ravishankar
* [[Ramachandran Durairaj]]
* Mippu
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]]
* Vicky Vijai<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-films-shine-at-intnl-film-festivals/articleshow/54509678.cms</ref>
* [[Venkat Prabhu]] (Special appearance)
* [[Premgi Amaren]] (Cameo appearance)
* [[Mahat Raghavendra]] (Cameo appearance)
* [[Sunny Leone]] as an [[item number]] "Low Aana Life-u"
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]]'s Meeka Entertainment announced its next production venture in July 2013 to be directed by debutant Saravana Rajan, a former associate of director [[Venkat Prabhu]]. The film was titled ''Vadacurry'', a famous South Indian gravy/curry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2013 |title=Pizza, Jigarthanda, Briyani & now it is Vadacurry |url=http://www.cinemanewstoday.com/pizza-jigarthanda-briyani-now-it-is-vadacurry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813035547/http://www.cinemanewstoday.com/pizza-jigarthanda-briyani-now-it-is-vadacurry/ |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=24 August 2013 |publisher=cinemanewstoday.com}}</ref> [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] and [[Swati Reddy]] were selected to play the lead, coming together after ''[[Subramaniapuram]]''.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}} Though it was initially reported that [[Anirudh Ravichander]] would compose the music for the film,<ref name="newindianexpress1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=2013-08-09 |title=Shotcuts: Going back in time |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-going-back-in-time/article5006767.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815081039/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-going-back-in-time/article5006767.ece |archive-date=15 August 2013 |access-date=2013-12-12 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> the producer confirmed in September 2013 that [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was signed on.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-22 |title=Another Venkat Prabhu-Yuvan like combo? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Another-Venkat-Prabhu-Yuvan-like-combo/articleshow/22888097.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926100652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-22/news-interviews/42291831_1_biriyani-arrambam-venkat-prabhu-yuvan |archive-date=2013-09-26 |access-date=2013-12-12 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However despite composing one song for the film, Yuvan's busy schedule meant that he was unable to complete his commitments and was replaced by newcomer duo Vivek Shiva and Mervin Solomon, who had been recommended by Anirudh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-25 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja opts out of 'Vadacurry' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-shankar-raja-opts-out-of-vadacurry-news-tamil-odzjQOefgib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326132823/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-shankar-raja-opts-out-of-vadacurry-news-tamil-odzjQOefgib.html |archive-date=2014-03-26 |access-date=2015-10-31 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-30 |title=Two of a kind |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/two-of-a-kind/article5848309.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504142551/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/two-of-a-kind/article5848309.ece |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=2015-10-31 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Sunny Leone]] was signed on by Azhagiri for a special appearance in a song, making her Tamil debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-26 |title=Sunny Leone excited about her Tamil film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sunny-Leone-excited-about-her-Tamil-film/articleshow/26402212.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126104413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sunny-Leone-excited-about-her-Tamil-film/articleshow/26402212.cms |archive-date=26 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-12 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The filming began on 19 August 2013.<ref name="newindianexpress1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2013 |title=Vadacurry logo and recipe officially announced |url=http://www.cinemanewstoday.com/vadacurry-logo-and-recipe-officially-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813051617/http://www.cinemanewstoday.com/vadacurry-logo-and-recipe-officially-announced/ |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=24 August 2013 |publisher=cinemanewstoday.com}}</ref> A pooja was held with director [[Vetrimaaran]] and [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2013 |title=Vadacurry pooja |url=http://www.cinemanewstoday.com/vadacurry-pooja-stills/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823061543/http://www.cinemanewstoday.com/vadacurry-pooja-stills/ |archive-date=23 August 2013 |access-date=24 August 2013 |publisher=cinemanewstoday.com}}</ref> The first look poster was unveiled on 23 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2013 |title=Vadacurry first look revealed |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vadacurry-first-look-revealed/articleshow/22021440.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204154840/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vadacurry-first-look-revealed/articleshow/22021440.cms |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=24 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first schedule of shooting was completed on 3 September 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter / vadacurrymovie: And we're done with the 1st |url=https://twitter.com/vadacurrymovie/status/374874063144902656 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220201538/https://twitter.com/vadacurrymovie/status/374874063144902656 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-12 |publisher=Twitter.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vadacurry
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vivek-Mervin]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2014|4|10}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Meeka Audio [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = [[Vivek Siva]] [[Mervin Solomon]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by newcomer duo [[Vivek-Mervin]], while [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composed one song "Uyirin Maeloru Uyirvandhu" for the film. The songs were met with a positive response from critics. The album marked the Tamil debut of Diwakar. The duo later composed two more songs, which featured in the film but not in the soundtrack.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:21
| length1 = 4:56
| title1 = Nenjukulla Nee
| music1 = [[Vivek-Mervin]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Ajeesh]], [[Diwakar (singer)|Diwakar]]
| lyrics1 = Ponraj
| length2 = 4:38
| title2 = Low Aana Life-u
| music2 = Vivek-Mervin
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| lyrics2 = Harish
| length3 = 5:10
| title3 = Kelunganne Kelunga
| music3 = Vivek-Mervin
| extra3 = [[Gaana Bala]]
| lyrics3 = Lalithanand
| length4 = 4:15
| title4 = Ullankaiyil Ennaivaiththu
| music4 = Vivek-Mervin
| extra4 = [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
| lyrics4 = [[Snehan]]
| title5 = Uyirin Maeloru Uyirvandhu
| music5 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| extra5 = [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]], [[Priya Hemesh]]
| lyrics5 = Niranjan Bharathi
| length5 = 4:22
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Additional songs
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title6 = Nenjukulla Nee — Female version
| music6 = Vivek-Mervin
| extra6 = [[Ramya NSK]]
| lyrics6 =
| title7 = Vaada Nanba
| music7 = Vivek-Mervin
| extra7 = Vivek-Mervin
| lyrics7 =
| length7 = 2:05
| all_writing =
| total_length =
}}

==Release==
''Vadacurry'' was released on 19 June 2014 by Varun Manian's Radiance Media,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-18 |title='Vadacurry' looks appetizing, opens big on 19th |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vadacurry-looks-appetizing-opens-big-on-19th-news-tamil-ogspyxeabfaac.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618160508/http://www.sify.com/movies/vadacurry-looks-appetizing-opens-big-on-19th-news-tamil-ogspyxeabfaac.html |archive-date=18 June 2014 |access-date=2015-10-31 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ahead of three other Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-20 |title=Friday Fury-June 20 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-20-news-tamil-ogukW6dcfhjfh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621034343/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-20-news-tamil-ogukW6dcfhjfh.html |archive-date=21 June 2014 |access-date=2015-10-31 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It had its television premiere on [[Zee Tamil]] in early October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2014 |title=Vadacurry premieres on Zee Thamizh |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/TV-Corner/20140203030218/Vadacurry-in-TV.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021174943/http://chennaionline.com/movies/TV-Corner/20140203030218/Vadacurry-in-TV.col |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote, "In the Venkat Prabhu universe, plot comes last, the jokes first. And this is where Saravana Rajan scores. Forget the fact that you’re watching a real movie and slip into “skit” mode — and you may find yourself possessed by the film’s spirit, thanks mainly to RJ Balaji".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-21 |title=Spirit of a skit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/spirit-of-a-skit/article6136702.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204154840/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/spirit-of-a-skit/article6136702.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=2015-10-31 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[The Times of India]] gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Director Saravana Rajan coasts through the first half with the motormouth RJ Balaji, whose kitchen sink brand of comedy results in many laughs and quite a few misses. And, yet, despite the flair, the film feels uneven and the strain to maintain a lighthearted tone makes one think that nothing is really at stake here. The plot could have made into a great black comedy, a satire on our materialistic lifestyle, but there is hardly any sting here".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-19 |title=Vadacurry Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vadacurry/movie-review/36837837.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623145106/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Vadacurry/movie-review/36837837.cms |archive-date=23 June 2014 |access-date=2015-10-31 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> [[Deccan Chronicle]] gave it 2.5 stars and called the film "fairly engaging", writing that, "although good in parts, numerous scenes can peter out, mostly due to the super thin story and plot. The laughs in the first half were generously distributed, making it a relative breeze for the viewing audience. But one finds hardly any chemistry between the lovers on screen, and the second half can thus fizzle out due to lack of depth, which the laughs alone cannot compensate for".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-20 |title=Movie review 'Vadacurry': Is a fairly engaging film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140620/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98vadacurry%E2%80%99-fairly-engaging |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620231845/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140620/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98vadacurry%E2%80%99-fairly-engaging |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=2015-10-31 |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> [[Hindustan Times]] wrote, "''Vadacurry'' is stretchy and the story jumps lanes and badgers us with its convoluted contours. What could have been a stinging black comedy, a smarting satire on greed and profiteering ends up as a mishmash".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review of Vadacurry: mobile mania melts into mishmash |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-of-vadacurry-mobile-mania-melts-into-mishmash/article1-1231945.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621125837/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-of-vadacurry-mobile-mania-melts-into-mishmash/article1-1231945.aspx |archive-date=21 June 2014 |access-date=21 June 2014}}</ref>

[[The New Indian Express]] wrote, "Between the positives and the negatives, the positives largely outweigh the negatives here. A commendable effort from a debutant maker to strike away from the routine formula scenario, ''Vadacurry'' is a fairly engaging watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2014-06-22 |title=Red Hot Curry on Mobile Mania |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Red-Hot-Curry-on-Mobile-Mania/2014/06/22/article2293112.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729200659/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Red-Hot-Curry-on-Mobile-Mania/2014/06/22/article2293112.ece |archive-date=29 July 2014 |access-date=2015-10-31 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] gave it 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Vadacurry'' has a promising story, one that connects with you instantly, but it needed powerful performances to be an edge-of-the-seat-thriller, which surely was missing. Despite...shortcomings, Saravana keeps audiences hooked with his story that dishes out all the necessary elements of a commercial entertainer...the end product is not exceptional, but satisfying".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2014 |title='Vadacurry' - Like master, like pupil (Tamil Movie Review) | Business Standard News |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vadacurry-like-master-like-pupil-tamil-movie-review-114062000461_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626022756/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vadacurry-like-master-like-pupil-tamil-movie-review-114062000461_1.html |archive-date=26 June 2014 |access-date=2015-10-31 |work=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com}}</ref> Sify wrote, "''Vadacurry'' is light and easy, enjoyable for the most part and is packed with delicious little scenes and moments that will have you chuckling, the moment you settle into your seat. Debutant Saravana Rajan, coming from Venkat Prabhu school of filmmaking has made a fun film, with right mix of entertainment elements".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Vadacurry |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vadacurry-review-tamil-15057855.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621125101/http://www.sify.com/movies/vadacurry-review-tamil-15057855.html |archive-date=21 June 2014 |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> S. Saraswathi of [[Rediff]] gave the film 3 out of 5, calling it "a commendable effort by the director and definitely worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-19 |title=Review: Vadacurry is worth a watch - Rediff.com Movies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-vadacurry-is-worth-a-watch/20140619.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170918/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-vadacurry-is-worth-a-watch/20140619.htm |archive-date=10 August 2017 |access-date=2015-10-31 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek–Mervin]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy thriller films]]

Second Saikia ministry

2026-03-02T16:13:14Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: starting a details more to come

{{Short description|Government of Assam, India (1991–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|date_formed=30 June 1991
|date_dissolved=22 April 1996
|government_head=[[Hiteswar Saikia]]
|state_head=[[Lokanath Misra]]
|opposition_party=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|political_party=*'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
|election=[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|legislature_term=5 years
|predecessor=[[President's rule]]
|successor=[[Barman Ministry]]
|state_head_title=Governor
|government_head_title=Chief Minister
|legislature_status=[[Majority government|Majority]] {{Composition bar|66|126|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}}}

The '''Second Ministry of Hiteswar Saikia''' was the [[Government of Assam|Cabinet of Assam]] headed by Chief Minister of Assam [[Hiteswar Saikia]] that was formed after the [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-13 |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513013923/http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=2006-05-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Meenu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm2dVWi-2I4C |title=India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis |date=1996 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-900-8 |language=en}}</ref> The 36 member Congress ministry included 21 Cabinet Ministers and 15 Ministers of State.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Committee |first=Indian National Congress All India Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6M_cAAAAIAAJ |title=Report of the General Secretaries |date=1985 |language=en}}</ref> The election was held between 6 and 8 June 1991 and this led to the formation of the 9th [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Saikia was sworn in as Chief Minister on 30 June 1991 by Governor [[Lokanath Misra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hiteswar Saikia 1991 ministers |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |accessdate=2018-11-05 |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-ONAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=1991 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref> The ministry was dissolved following the death of Chief Minister Hiteswar Saikia on 22 April 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hiteswar Saikia's death leaves Assam Congress(I) rudderless, peace ever more fragile |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19960515-hiteswar-saikias-death-leaves-assam-congressi-rudderless-peace-ever-more-fragile-834852-1996-05-14 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=India Today |date=15 May 1996 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Constituency
!Portfolio
!Party
|-
|[[Hiteswar Saikia]] Chief Minister
|[[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
|Chief Minister
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
|[[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
|
* Planning
* Development
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Anwara Taimur]]
|[[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]
|
* Agriculture
* Tourism
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Golok Rajbanshi]]
|[[Rangapara Assembly constituency|Rangapara]]
|
* PWD
* Parliamentary Affairs
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Mukut Sharma
|[[Nowgong Assembly constituency|Nowgong]]
|
* Revenue
* Land reforms
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Gobinda Chandra Langthasa]]
|[[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]
|
* Deputy Chief Minister
* Hills area development (HAD)
* Hill plan
* Registration
* Stamps
* Health
* Family welfare
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Zahirul Islam (politician)|Zahirul Islam]]
|[[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]]
|
* Irrigation
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Bijit Saikia
|[[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]]
|
* Industries
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Afzalur Rahman]]
|[[Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
|
* Panchayat
* Community Development
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|S. S. Ojha
|[[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
|
* Transport
* Khadi
* Village industries
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Dileswar Tanti]]
|[[Doom Dooma Assembly constituency|Doom Dooma]]
|
* Labour
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Bargaram Deuri
|[[Bihpuria Assembly constituency|Bihpuria]]
|
* Welfare of plain tribes, Scheduled Castes and other backward communities
* Sericulture
* Weaving
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Nakul Das
|[[Mangaldoi Assembly constituency|Mangaldoi]]
|
* Veterinary
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Nagen Neog]]
|[[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golgahat]]
|
* Cooperation
* Border Areas Development
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Kulbahadur Chetri
|[[Margherita Assembly constituency|Margherita]]
|
* Social Welfare
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Silvius Condpan]]
|[[Majbat Assembly constituency|Majbat]]
|
* Employment
* Fisheries
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Haren Bhumij]]
|[[Lahowal Assembly constituency|Lahowal]]
|
* Flood control
* Science and Technology
* Environment
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Dinesh Prasad Goala]]
|[[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]]
|
* Power
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Bhumidhar Barman]]
|[[Barkhetry Assembly constituency|Barkhetry]]
|
* Education
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Ardhendu Kumar Dey]]
|[[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]
|
* Food
* Civil supplies
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Devanand Konwar]]
|[[Thowra Assembly constituency|Thowra]]
|
* Law
* Municipal Administration
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Ministers of State'''
|-
|[[Abu Saleh Najmuddin]]
|[[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
|
* Home
* Health
* Education
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Gomeswar Pegu
|[[Jonai Assembly constituency|Jonai]]
|
* Revenue
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Ismail Hussain]]
|[[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]]
|
* Agriculture
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Boloram Nag
|[[Kaliabor Assembly constituency|Kaliabor]]
|
* Labour
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Indra Gogoi
|[[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|
* Flood control
* Youth
* Sports
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Gautam Roy]]
|[[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlicherra]]
|
* Panchayat
* Community Development
* Rural Development
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Jagat Patgiri
|[[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudhnai]]
|
* Welfare of Plain Tribals
* Sericulture
* Weaving
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Anwar Hussain
|[[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]
|
* Planning
* Development
* Finance
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Debesh Chakraborty
|[[Lumding Assembly constituency|Lumding]]
|
* Relief
* Rehabilitation
* Social welfare
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Mohibul Haque
|[[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]
|
* Border area
* Power
* Rural electrification
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Sarat Barkotoky]]
|[[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]
|
* PWD
* Printing
* Secondary education
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Gopinath Das|Gopi Das]]
|[[Boko Assembly constituency|Boko]]
|
* Forests and Fisheries
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Chittaranjan Patowary
|[[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]]
|
* Transport
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Nurul Hussain
|[[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
|
* Cooperation
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Gautam Bora
|[[Batadroba Assembly constituency|Batadroba]]
|
* Health
* Family Welfare
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Rashidul Haque
|[[Rupohihat Assembly constituency|Rupohihat]]
|
* Minority affairs
* Veterinary
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

=== Changes ===

* On 18 October 1991, Planning and Development Minister Kesab Chandra Gogoi was given charge of Public Enterprise while Law Minister Shri Devanand Konwar was given the additional charge of Power, Planning and Development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-yNAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=1992 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>
* On 25 November 1991, Minister of State for Transport Chittaranjan Patowary was dismissed. On 27 November, Minister for Public Enterprises Kesab Chandra Gogoi was dismissed for alleged anti-party activities.<ref name=":0" />

* On 22 April 1995, the ministry was reshuffled, with no ministers being dismissed and no ministers being inducted. Golok Rajbanshi was divested of his portfolio and given power, non-convention energy, law whilst retaining parliamentary affairs. Mukut Sharma retained tourism and was given the additional portfolio of education. Devanand Konwar was divested of the law, power and municipal administration portfolios and given revenue and land reforms.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYVDAAAAYAAJ |title=Data India |date=1995 |publisher=Press Institute of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries|Saikia II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1991|Saikia II]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Assam|Saikia II]]
[[Category:1991 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1996|Saikia II]]

Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T23:48:50Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: adjusted intro and corrected details

{{Short description|Forest near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Kambalakonda wildlife sanctuary Landscape.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary morning view
| image_size =
| map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| label = Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary
| label_position = left
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| coordinates = {{coords|17|49|31|N|83|18|31|E|region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{convert|70.70|km2|acre|abbr=on}}
| established = 10 March 1970
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]]
| url =
}}
[[File:Eastern Ghats view near Bakkannapalem reservoir 01.JPG|thumb|250px|Eastern Ghats view in Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary]]
[[File:Calotes basking on a grass.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Calotes versicolor]]'' basking on grass at Kambalakonda]]
[[File:View of Kambalakonda Wildlife sanctuary near Gudilova.jpg|thumb|250px|View of Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary from Gudilova]]
[[File:(Helicteres isora) East Indian screw tree seed at Kambalakonda 09.JPG|thumb|250px|''[[Helicteres isora]]'' (east Indian screw tree) at Kambalakonda]]
[[File:Carissa spinosa vaaka flower Kambhalakonda Visakhapatnam.JPG|thumb|250px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' flowers at Kambalakonda]]
[[File:Sorbus insignis rowan red beries bunch Kambalakonda Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Polyalthia cerasoides]]'' red berries bunch at Kambalakonda]]
[[File:Pachiopta Hector moving.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Pachliopta hector]]'' moving on grass leaf at Kambalakonda]]
[[File:Purple-rumped Sunbird (Leptocoma zeylonica) at Madhurawada 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Purple-rumped sunbird (''[[Leptocoma zeylonica]]'')]]
[[File:Red cedar fruit (Erythroxylum monogynum) at Kambalakonda.jpg|thumb|250px|Red cedar fruit ''[[Erythroxylum monogynum]]'' at Kambalakonda]]
[[File:(Axis axis) spotted deer at Kambalakonda.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Axis axis]]'' (spotted deer) at Kambalakonda]]
The '''Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[forest]] located near [[Visakhapatnam]]. It has been under the control of [[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]] since 10 March 1970. Earlier the land was under the control of Maharajah of [[Vizianagaram]]. It was named after the local hillock Kambalakonda. It is a [[East Deccan dry evergreen forests|dry evergreen forest]] mixed with scrub and meadows and covers an area of 70.70 square kilometers. The [[indicator species]] is the [[Indian leopard]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20KAMBALAKONDA.htm |title=APFD Website |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923003744/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20KAMBALAKONDA.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
The sanctuary is located from latitudes of 17.34° N to 17.47° N and longitudes of 83.04° E to 83.20° E. The location corresponds to an area west of [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] on the northern side of [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Pendurthi]] in [[Visakhapatnam district]]. It can be reached by road about 3 km from Visakhapatnam, opposite to zoo park.

The sanctuary has a [[dry evergreen forest]] mixed with [[Scrub forest|scrub]] and [[Meadow|meadows]]. The terrain is hilly with steep slopes.

==Flora and fauna==

===Flora===
There is diverse flora and fauna in this sanctuary representing the [[Eastern Ghats]]. Floral diversity is high and includes:

{| class="wikitable" border=3
|-
! Common name !! Formal name !! Local name
|-
| Indian licorice || ''[[Abrus precatorius]]'' || గురువింద
|-
| Tree of Heaven || ''[[Ailanthus excelsa]]'' || పెదమాను
|-
| Sage-leaved alangium || ''[[Alangium salviifolium]]'' || ఊడుగ
|-
| Neem tree || ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' || వేప
|-
| Indian thorny bamboo || ''[[Bambusa bambos]]'' || ముళ్ళవెదురు
|-
| Bidi leaf tree || ''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'' || తెల్ల ఆరె
|-
| Mountain pomegranate || ''[[Catunaregam spinosa]]'' || మంగ
|-
| East Indian satinwood || ''[[Chloroxylon swietenia]]'' || బిల్లుడు
|-
| Buttercup tree || ''[[Cochlospermum religiosum]]'' || కొండగోగు
|-
| Golden shower tree || ''[[Cassia fistula]]'' || రేల
|-
| Bush plum tree || ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' || వాక
|-
| Indian rosewood || ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]'' || ఇరుగుడుసేవ
|-
| Banyan tree || ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'' || మర్రి
|-
| Hairy fig tree || ''[[Ficus hispida]]'' || బొడ్డ
|-
| Indian fig tree || ''[[Ficus racemosa]]'' || మేడి
|-
| White fig tree || ''[[Ficus virens]]'' || జువ్వి
|-
| Indian boxwood || ''[[Gardenia latifolia]]'' || పెదకరింగ
|-
| Dhaman tree || ''[[Grewia|Grewia tiliaefolia]]'' || తడ
|-
| White teak || ''[[Gmelina arborea]]'' || గుమ్మడి టేకు
|-
| Indian screw tree || ''[[Helicteres isora]]'' || నులి తడ
|-
| Indian ash tree || ''[[Lannea coromandelica]]'' || గుంపెన
|-
| Ironwood tree || ''[[Manilkara hexandra]]'' || పాల
|-
| Indian mulberry || ''[[Morinda tinctoria]]'' || తగర
|-
| Jungle berry || ''[[Polyalthia cerasoides]]'' || దుద్దుగ
|-
| Dinnerplate tree || ''[[Pterospermum suberifolium]]'' || కనకచంపకం
|-
| Jamun tree || ''[[Syzygium cumini]]'' || నేరేడు
|-
| Red cutch tree || ''[[Senegalia chundra]]'' || చండ్ర
|-
| Teak || ''[[Tectona grandis]]'' || టేకు
|-
| White babul || ''[[Vachellia leucophloea]]'' || తెల్లతుమ్మ
|-
| Indigo tree || ''[[Wrightia tinctoria]]'' || ఆంకుడు
|}

===Fauna===
There is a varied fauna<ref>http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/09/28/stories/2006092803301900.htm{{Dead link | date=December 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> present in the sanctuary.

====Mammals====
{| class="wikitable" border=3
|-
! Common name !! Formal name !! Observed
|-
| Indian muntjac || ''[[Muntiacus muntjak]]'' || Common
|-
| Indian spotted chevrotain || ''[[Moschiola indica]]'' || Common
|-
| Indian leopard || ''[[Panthera pardus fusca]]'' || Rare
|-
| Indian jackal || ''[[Canis aureus indicus]]'' || Rare
|-
| Indian wild dog || ''[[Cuon alpinus]]'' || Rare
|-
| Indian pangolin || ''[[Manis crassicaudata]]'' || Rare
|-
| Indian boar || ''[[Sus scrofa cristatus]]'' || Common
|-
| Indian crested porcupine || ''[[Hystrix indica]]'' || Common
|-
| Indian hare || ''[[Lepus nigricollis]]'' || Common
|-
| Rusty-spotted cat || ''[[Prionailurus rubiginosus]]'' || Rare
|-
| Jungle cat || ''[[Felis chaus]]'' || Common
|-
| Madras treeshrew<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.zoosprint.org/zoosprintnewsletter/smm_4_1_jul-dec_2011.pdf | title=Small Mammal Mail | volume=4 | number=1 | website=February 2012 | access-date=18 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313225002/http://www.zoosprint.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/SMM_4_1_Jul-Dec_2011.pdf | archive-date=13 March 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref> || ''[[Anathana ellioti]]'' || Rare
|-
| Ruddy mongoose || ''[[Herpestes smithii]]'' || Common
|-
| Sambar deer || ''[[Rusa unicolor]]'' || Common
|-
| Spotted deer || ''[[Axis axis]]'' || Common
|-
| Asian palm civet || ''[[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]]'' || Common
|}

====Reptiles====
{| class="wikitable" border=3
|-
! Common name !! Formal name !! Observed
|-
| Indian python || ''[[Python molurus]]'' || Rare
|-
| Rat snake || ''[[Ptyas mucosus]]'' || Common
|-
| Indian cobra || ''[[Naja naja]]'' || Common
|-
| Common Indian bronzeback || ''[[Dendrelaphis tristis]]'' || Common
|-
| Common Asian vine snake || ''[[Ahaetulla nasuta]]'' || Rare
|-
| Russell's viper || ''[[Daboia russelii]]'' || Rare
|-
| Indian chameleon || ''[[Chamaeleo zeylanicus]]'' || Common
|-
| Bengal monitor || ''[[Varanus bengalensis]]'' || Common
|-
| Visakhapatnam limbless skink || ''[[Barkudia melanosticta]]'' || Rare
|}

====Birds====
{| class="wikitable" border=3
|-
! Common name !! Formal name !! Observed<ref>http://eghats.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Avifauna-of-Kambalakonda.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
| Indian paradise flycatcher || ''[[Terpsiphone paradisi]]'' || Common
|-
| Rufous treepie || ''[[Dendrocitta vagabunda]]'' || Common
|-
| Black drongo || ''[[Dicrurus macrocercus]]'' || Common
|-
| Indian golden oriole || ''[[Oriolus kundoo]]'' || Rare
|-
| Indian peafowl || ''[[Pavo cristatus]]'' || Rare
|-
| Grey francolin || ''[[Francolinus pondicerianus]]'' || Rare
|-
| Laughing dove || ''[[Spilopelia senegalensis]]'' || Common
|-
| Spotted dove || ''[[Spilopelia chinensis]]'' || Common
|-
| Red-wattled lapwing || ''[[Vanellus indicus]]'' || Common
|-
| Rose-ringed parakeet || ''[[Psittacula krameri]]'' || Common
|-
| Pied crested cuckoo || ''[[Clamator jacobinus]]'' || Common
|-
| Eastern barn owl || ''[[Tyto javanica]]'' || Rare
|-
| Spotted owlet || ''[[Athene brama]]'' || Common
|-
| Green bee-eater || ''[[Merops orientalis]]'' || Common
|-
| Indian grey hornbill || ''[[Ocyceros birostris]]'' || Rare
|-
| Indian roller || ''[[Coracias benghalensis]]'' || Common
|-
| Red-whiskered bulbul || ''[[Pycnonotus jocosus]]'' || Common
|-
| Indian robin || ''[[Copsychus fulicatus]]'' || Common
|-
| Baya weaver || ''[[Ploceus philippinus]]'' || Common
|-
| White wagtail || ''[[Motacilla alba]]'' || Common
|-
| Pied kingfisher || ''[[Ceryle rudis]]'' || Common
|-
| Banded bay cuckoo || ''[[Cacomantis sonneratii]]'' || Rare
|-
| Purple-rumped sunbird || ''[[Nectarinia zeylonica]]'' || Common
|-
| Painted spurfowl || ''[[Galloperdix lunulata]]'' || Rare
|-
| White-bellied sea eagle || ''[[Haliaeetus leucogaster]]'' || Rare
|}

====Butterflies====
{| class="wikitable" border=3
|-
! Common name !! Formal name !! Observed<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ijpaes.com/admin/php/uploads/500_pdf.pdf | title=Seasonal patterns in butterfly diversity and abundance in relation to weather parameters at Kambalakonda eco-tourism park, Vishakhapatnam | access-date=23 July 2017 | archive-date=17 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717120339/http://www.ijpaes.com/admin/php/uploads/500_pdf.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Lemon pansy || ''[[Junonia lemonias]]'' || Common
|-
| Anomalous nawab || ''[[Charaxes agraria]]'' || Common
|-
| Indian sunbeam || ''[[Curetis thetis]]'' || Common
|-
| Plain tiger || ''[[Danaus chrysippus]]'' || Common
|-
| Peacock pansy || ''[[Junonia almana]]'' || Rare
|-
| Common banded peacock || ''[[Papilio crino]]'' || Rare
|-
| Great eggfly || ''[[Hypolimnas bolina]]'' || Common
|-
| Common crow || ''[[Euploea core]]'' || Common
|-
| Danaid eggfly || ''[[Hypolimnas misippus]]'' || Common
|-
| Lime swallowtail || ''[[Papilio demoleus]]'' || Common
|-
| Blue tiger || ''[[Tirumala limniace]]'' || Common
|-
| Common Mormon || ''[[Papilio polytes]]'' || Common
|-
| Mottled emigrant || ''[[Catopsilia pyranthe]]'' || Common
|-
| Common jay || ''[[Graphium doson]]'' || Common
|-
| Dark grass blue || ''[[Zizeeria karsandra]]'' || Common
|-
| Common gull || ''[[Cepora nerissa]]'' || Common
|-
| Monkey puzzle || ''[[Rathinda amor]]'' || Common
|-
| Common pierrot || ''[[Castalius rosimon]]'' || Common
|-
| Baronet || ''[[Euthalia nais]]'' || Rare
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Pentatomid_nymph,_Kambalakonda_Wildlife_Sanctuary,_Visakhapatnam.jpg|''Pentatomid nymph'' at Kambalakonda, Visakhapatnam
Capparis zeylanica shrub kambalakonda Visakhapatnam.jpg|''Capparis zeylanica'' shrub kambalakonda, Visakhapatnam
Kambhalakonda EDC Vizag.jpg|Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Visakhapatnam
Indian peafowl Kambalakonda Visakhapatnam.JPG|Indian peafowl at Kambalakonda, Visakhapatnam
Reflections at Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary.JPG|Reflections at Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary
Forest at Kambalakonda Visakhapatnam.JPG|Forest at Kambalakonda Visakhapatnam
Rest area at Kambalakonda Ecopark Visakhapatnam.JPG|Rest area at Kambalakonda Ecopark
Greenery at Kambalakonda Eco Park.JPG|Greenery at Kambalakonda Eco Park
Madhurawada Dome section of Eastern Ghats at Bakkannapalem.JPG|Eastern Ghats of Kambalakonda
Mottled Emigrant Butterflies (Catopsilia pyranthe) at Kambalakonda 02.jpg|Mottled emigrant butterflies (''Catopsilia pyranthe'') at Kambalakonda
Huge anthill Kambalakonda Visakhapatnam.JPG|Huge anthill at Kambalakonda
A dragon fly (helicopter).jpg|A dragon fly (helicopter) at Kambalakonda
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]]
* [[Dolphin Nature Conservation Society]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary}}
*{{Official website|http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20KAMBALAKONDA.htm}}

{{Wildlife sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Protected areas of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Parks in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1970]]

1942–43 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-22T11:33:19Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1942–43 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate =
| todate =
| champions = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| count = 1
| participants = 13
| matches = 12
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Vijay Hazare]] (Baroda) (398)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1942/43 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1942-43/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[C. S. Nayudu]] (Baroda) (40)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1942/43 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1942-43/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1941–42
| previous_tournament = 1941–42 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1943–44
| next_tournament = 1943–44 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1942–43 Ranji Trophy''' was the ninth season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] won their first title defeating [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in the final. Only 13 teams took part, the lowest in the history of the Ranji Trophy. Teams like [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] and [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]] skipped the competition.

==Highlights==
* [[Alimuddin (cricketer)|Alimuddin]] who made his debut for Rajputana in the semifinal against Baroda was officially only 12 years and 43 days old. This makes him one of the youngest first-class cricketers.<ref name="youngest">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149852.html |title=The second of the three Ws |access-date=27 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17378.html Baroda v Rajputana]</ref>
* [[Vijay Hazare]] took his 100th Ranji wicket in the final.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17382.html Hyderabad v Baroda]</ref> He had already completed 1000 runs in the [[1939–40 Ranji Trophy|1939–40]] final.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17269.html Maharashtra v United Provinces 1939-40]</ref>

==Zonal Matches==

=== North Zone ===
{{Round2

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 175px
| score-width = 80px

|20 Nov 1942 – Ajmer|'''[[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]]'''|'''180 & 207'''|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|124 & 113
|RD1 = Round 1}}

=== West Zone ===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|28 Nov 1942 – Junagadh|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''462'''|[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]|95 & 167
|||||
|||||

|18 Dec 1942 – Karachi|[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]|118 & 106|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''200 & 27/1'''
|3 Jan 1943 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''308 & 186/2'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|262 & 224

|29 Jan 1943 – Rajkot|[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]|168 & 208|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''245 & 135'''

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

===East Zone===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|9 Jan 1943 – Lucknow|[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]|212 & 178|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''109 & 282/3'''
|12 Dec 1942— Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''312 & 120/3'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|271 & 176

|6 Feb 1943 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''618'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|221
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

=== South Zone ===
{{Round2

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 175px
| score-width = 80px

|9 Jan 1943 – Secunderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''260 & 153'''|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|183 & 68
|RD1 = Round 1}}

==Inter-Zonal Knockout Matches==
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 175px
| score-width = 80px

|26 Feb 1943 – Secunderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''355 & 277'''|[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]|268 & 177
|26 Feb 1943 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''543'''|[[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]]|54 & 133

|26 Mar 1943 – Secunderabad|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|215 & 107|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''308 & 321'''
}}

==Final==
{{Test match
| date = 26–30 Mar 1943 (timeless match)
| team1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = '''308 (101.3 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vijay Hazare]] 81
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] 6/114
| score-team2-inns1 = '''215 (98.5 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = B. C. Khanna 75
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[C. S. Nayudu]] 6/60
| score-team1-inns2 = '''321 (115 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vijay Hazare]] 87
| wickets-team1-inns2 = S. R. Mehta 5/103
| score-team2-inns2 = '''107 (64.2 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Eddie Aibara]] 43
| wickets-team2-inns3 = [[C. S. Nayudu]] 4/21
| result = Baroda won by 307 runs
| venue = Railway Recreation Club Ground, [[Secunderabad]]
| umpires = M.G. Bhave and T.A. Ramachandran
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17382.html Scorecard]
| toss = Baroda won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1942-43.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1942-43 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1942 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1943 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1942–43]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Chief Electoral Officer (India)

2026-02-22T05:42:53Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: created a stub

{{Short description|Election authority in India}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}

'''Chief Electoral Officer''' is a [[statutory]] authority created for representing [[Election Commission of India]] for conducting [[Elections in India|elections]] in [[states and union territories of India]]. [[Constitution of India]] with introduction of [[Part XV of the Constitution of India|Article 324]] made the powers of Chief Electoral Officer(India) independent. Their duties and powers are bound under Section 13 A of Representation of the People Act, 1950 read with Section 20 of Representation of the People Act, 1951.

== History and administration ==

The role of Chief Electoral Officer(India) is highlighted under Section 13 A of Representation of the People Act, 1950 read with Section 20 of Representation of the People Act, 1951 for performing the functions under the supervision and direction of Election Commission of India.<ref name="cec ref2">{{cite news |title=Role and Functions of Chief Electoral Officer |url=https://www.elections.in/political-corner/role-and-functions-of-chief-electoral-officer/ |access-date=15 December 2021 |publisher=Political Corner |date=30 October 2014}}</ref> Chief Electoral Officer is deputed by Election Commission of India in all states of India.<ref name="ceo ref3" /><ref name="ceo ref5">{{cite news |title=ECI holds conference with chief election officers; review meeting on poll-bound states on Tuesday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eci-holds-conference-with-chief-election-officers-review-meeting-on-poll-bound-states-on-tuesday-101637600809287.html |access-date=15 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=22 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Responsibilities and functions">{{cite news|title=Responsibilities and functions|publisher=Official website|access-date=27 Sep 2015|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/_ResponsibilitiesandFunctions_eng.aspx}}</ref>

== Roles and responsibilities ==

Chief Electoral Officer (India) roles and responsibilities are categorised under following heads:<ref name="ceo ref3" /><ref name="cec ref2" /><ref name="ceo ref4">{{cite news |title=EC organises conference of Chief Electoral Officers |url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2021/11/24/ec-organises-conference-of-chief-electoral-officers.html |access-date=15 December 2021 |publisher=manoramayearbook.in |date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pre-election ===

* Ensuring compliance of important activities which includes meeting with representatives of local political party, resolving their issues over updates in electoral rolls.
* Awareness of elections to general public through media.
* Ensuring availability of stationery such as indelible ink and rubber stamps.
* Checking Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) requirements and informing the Election Commission,.
* Other ancillary activities required for conducting polls.
* Proper and timely printing of ballot papers.
* Preparation of press note on election programmes and notifying it in the State Gazette.
* Observing that Model Code of Conduct is followed and sending daily report to The Election Commission .
* Ensuring complaint monitoring system is in order.
* Declaration of polling day as holiday, and
* Ensuring sufficient poll observers are in state.

==== Law and order maintenance ====

* Reviewing law and order situation is proper.
* Ensuring timely measures are taken through detailed assessment.
* One of the most important areas of his role is maintaining inter-state coordination and closing of state borders when needed.
* Critical polling stations identification as per the guidelines of the Election Commission.
* Making vulnerability mapping of election areas prior to the elections after consulting local police officials and field officers.
* Assessing the availability and additional need of state police personnel and forces for security and sending the requirement, if any to the Election Commission.
* Ensuring plan for security deployment is as per Election Commission's directives.
* Check functioning of Helpline and other Complaint Cell are operational at different levels in the state.

=== During election ===

* Primary responsibility is to inform Election Commission of India of commencement of polling at scheduled time.
* Sending Election Commission of statutory reports in prescribed formats on polling day at 1 pm and 7 pm and on subsequent day at 7 am.
* Ensuring arrangements are in place at polling booths and demonstration in all districts of state of Electronic Voting Machines.
* Sealing of Electronic Voting Machines and election papers under his directions.
* Recommending re-poll when needed.
* In case of re-poll, primary task being to send proposals for re-poll schedule based on the returning officer scrutiny report.
* Arrangements for repoll based on guidelines of Election Commission.

=== Post-election ===

* Main responsibility of informing district authorities of the date, time and place of counting.
* Ensuring that candidates and their polling agents are informed of counting.
* Ensuring that counting personnel and trained and sufficient counting personnel are available.
* Making arrangements for free flow of information about results of various rounds of counting.
* Ensuring availability of Additional counting staff, if needed.
* Making note of candidates election expenditure.
* Directing district electoral officer or the returning officer during important decisions.
* Maintaining daily expenditure details from nomination date to the date of announcement of results.

== Constitutional requirements ==

Chief Electoral Officer (India) are deputed in States and Union Territories of India by Election Commission of India under Section 13 A of Representation of the People Act, 1950 read with Section 20 of Representation of the People Act, 1951 to act on their behalf during the elections.

== Eligibility ==

Following are the Eligibility for becoming Chief Electoral Officer:<ref name="ceo ref3">{{cite news |title=Chief Electoral Officer of India |url=https://www.elections.in/chief-electoral-officer.html |access-date=15 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

* Must be Citizen of India.
* Should not hold office of profit.
* Should belong to Indian Administrative Services cadre.
* Should not be a member of any political party or affiliated to any political party during tenure as Chief Electoral Officer.
* Should not be serving in Financial Institution, Banking Institution or in Legal practice in Courts.

== Chief electoral officers by state ==

The following is the list of chief electoral officers for states of India.<ref name="ceo ref1">{{cite web |title=Contact List of All Chief Electoral Officers |url=https://eci.gov.in/contact-us/ceos/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 December 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || State || Electoral officers
|-
|1
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Shri Vivek Yadav
|-
|2
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|Smt. Juhi Mukherjee
|-
|3
|[[Assam]]
|Sh. Mukesh C. Sahu
|-
|4
|[[Bihar]]
|Sh. H.R. Shrinivas
|-
|5
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|Smt. Reena Baba Saheb Kangale
|-
|6
|[[Goa]]
|Smt. Sh. Kunal
|-
|7
|[[Gujarat]]
|Mr. Anupam Anand
|-
|8
|[[Haryana]]
|Mr. Sh. Anurag Agarwal
|-
|9
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Mr. Sh. Devesh Kumar
|-
|10
|[[Jharkhand]]
|Mr. Sh. Vinay Kr. Choubey
|-
|11
|[[Karnataka]]
|Mr. Sh. Sanjiv Kumar
|-
|12
|[[Kerala]]
|Dr. Rathan.U. Kelkar IAS
|-
|13
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Mr. V.L. Kantha Rao
|-
|14
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Mr. Baldev Singh
|-
|15
|[[Manipur]]
|Mr. Prashant Kumar Singh
|-
|16
|[[Meghalaya]]
|Mr.Sh. F.R. Kharkongor
|-
|17
|[[Mizoram]]
|Mr Ashish Kundra
|-
|18
|[[Nagaland]]
|Mr Abhijit Sinha
|-
|19
|[[Odisha]]
|Mr Sushil Kumar Lohani
|-
|20
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Mr S. Karuna Raju
|-
|21
|[[Rajasthan]]
|Sh. Naveen Mahajan
|-
|22
|[[Sikkim]]
|Mr Ravindra Telang
|-
|23
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|Mr Satyabrat Sahoo
|-
|24
|[[Telangana]]
|Mr Vikas Raj
|-
|25
|[[Tripura]]
|Mr Sriram Taranikanti
|-
|26
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Mr Ajay Kumar Shukla<ref name="CEO Desk">{{cite news|title=CEO Desk|publisher=Official website|access-date=20 Sep 2018|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/_CEODesk_eng.aspx}}</ref>
|-
|27
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|Ms. Sowjanya
|-
|28
|[[West Bengal]]
|Mr. Aariz Aftab
|-
|29
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|Mr. K. R. Meena
|-
|30
|[[Chandigarh]]
|Mr. Sh. Ajoy Kr. Sinha
|-
|31
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|Ms. Pooja Jain
|-
|32
|[[Delhi]]
|Dr. Ranveer Singh
|-
|33
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Mr. Sh. Shailendra Kumar
|-
|34
|[[Ladakh]]
|
|-
|35
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|Sh. Vijendra Singh Rawat
|-
|36
|[[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
|Sh. Shurbir Singh
|}

== See also ==

* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commission in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://eci.gov.in/contact-us/ceos/ Official Website]


[[Category:Elections in India]]
[[Category:Local government in India]]

Bhucho Mandi Assembly constituency

2026-02-22T05:06:52Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: Started new info - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhucho Mandi
| map_image = 91-Bhucho Mandi.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 91
| mla = [[Master Jagsir Singh]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:184785 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Bhucho Mandi''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Bathinda district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India. Its previous name was [[Nathana Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
* 2007: Ajaib Singh Bhatti (Congress)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Ajaib Singh Bhatti]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Pritam Singh Kotbhai]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Bhucho Mandi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Jagsir Singh]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = 85,778
|percentage = 57.29
|change = {{increase}}23.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Darshan Singh Kotfatta
|votes = 35,566
|percentage = 23.75
|change = {{decrease}}5.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pritam Singh Kotbhai<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = 20,681
|percentage = 13.81
|change = {{decrease}}20.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Baldev Singh Aklia
|votes = 2,546
|percentage = 1.7
|change = {{increase}}1.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rupinderjit Singh
|votes = 2,330
|percentage = 1.56
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,555
|percentage = 1.04%
|change = {{increase}}0.57
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 50,212
|percentage = 33.54
|change = {{increase}}33.11
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,49,724
|percentage = 81.02
|change = {{decrease}}3.31
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:184785}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Bhucho Mandi<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pritam Singh Kotbhai
|votes = 51605
|percentage = 34.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Jagsir Singh
|votes = 50960
|percentage = 33.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Harpreet Singh
|votes = 44025
|percentage = 29.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kiranjit Singh Gehri
|votes = 1775
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mumtaj
|votes = 1137
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Surinder Pal Somi Tungwalia
|votes = 985
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Baldev Singh
|votes = 41
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 711
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:179786}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: 91. Bhucho Mandi }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajaib Singh Bhatti
|votes = 57515
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Pritam Singh
|votes = 56227
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.21|75.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bathinda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]

Janardhana Maharshi

2026-02-20T23:53:13Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: added some article basic info

{{short description|Sanskrit film Director,poet, producer and Indian film writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Janardhana Maharshi
| image = File:Janardhana_Maharshi_K.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Janardhana Maharshi in 2022
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 16 May
| birth_place = [[Kandukur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|writer|[[film director]]|screenwriter|[[Film producer|producer]]}}
| years_active = 1993–present
| spouse = Lakshmi Sunitha
| children = 2
| parents =
| awards =
}}

'''Janardhana Maharshi''' (born 16 May) is an Indian story writer, dialogue writer, author and film director who works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-29 |title=Janardhana Maharshi to direct a biopic on K Vishwanath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/janardhana-maharshi-to-direct-a-biopic-on-k-vishwanath/articleshow/65187370.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life==
Maharshi was born in [[Kandukur, Prakasam district|Kandukuru]], Prakasham district and completed his schooling and higher education in [[Chittoor]]. He began his career as a script assistant to [[Tanikella Bharani]] in 1989.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Writer
!Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|''[[Pekata Papa Rao]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
| rowspan="27" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|''[[One by Two (1993 film)|One by Two]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|1994
|''Namasthe Anna''
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Aunty (film)|Aunty]]''
|{{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
|1996
|''Pellala Rajyam''
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997
|''Vammo Vatto O Pellaamo''
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Maa Nannaku Pelli]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Pattukondi Chuddam]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|Also actor
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|''[[Kanyadanam (1998 film)|Kanyadanam]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|''[[O Panaipothundi Babu]]''
|{{partial|Uncredited}}
|Also actor
|-
|''[[Maavidaakulu]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Pilla Nachindi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2000
|''[[Chala Bagundi]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|''[[Ammo! Okato Tareekhu]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|Uncredited
|-
|''[[Goppinti Alludu]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|''[[Moodu Mukkalaata]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|Also dialogues
|-
|''Mister 420''
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Hands Up (2000 film)|Hands Up]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|''[[Maa Aavida Meeda Ottu Mee Aavida Chala Manchidi]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|Also actor
|-
|''[[Bava Nachadu]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|Also actor
|-
|''[[Jabili]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|Also dialogues
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
|''[[Sriramachandrulu]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|''[[Maa Alludu Very Good]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Aaruguru Pativratalu]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
|''[[Hungama (2005 film)|Hungama]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidhi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Aakash (film)|Aakash]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|[[Kannada]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|''[[Gopi – Goda Meeda Pilli]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|Also director
|-
|''[[Mayajalam]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|''[[Dattha]]''
|{{Yes}}
|Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2007
|''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]''
|{{partial|Screenplay}}
| rowspan="7" |Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2008
|''[[Meravanige]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|''[[Bandhu Balaga]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Bindaas (2008 film)|Bindaas]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|''[[Bombaat]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|''[[Paramesha Panwala]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Abhay (2009 film)|Abhay]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]''
|{{Yes}}
| rowspan="5" |Telugu
|Also actor
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''[[Devasthanam (film)|Devasthanam]]''
|{{Yes}}
|Also director<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devasthanam Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Devasthanam by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/devasthanam-movie-review/movie-review/12673281.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-14 |title=Late than never |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/late-than-never/article3314606.ece |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sarada Saradaga]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|''[[Eega]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Pavitra (2013 film)|Pavitra]]''
|{{Yes}}
|Also director, actor and lyricist
|-
|2017
|''[[Raj Vishnu]]''
|{{partial|Screenplay}}
|Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''Viswadarshanam''
|{{Yes}}
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|Also director, producer, actor, composer and lyricist<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-19 |title=‘Viswadarshanam’ teaser gives us a look into the inspiring life story of the 90-year-old golden director |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/viswadarshanam-teaser-gives-us-a-look-into-the-inspiring-life-story-of-the-90-year-old-golden-director/articleshow/68059313.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-03 |title=‘Viswadarshanam’ to be premiered at South Asian International Film Festival (SAIFF) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/viswadarshanam-to-be-premiered-at-south-asian-international-film-festival-saiff/articleshow/68242944.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Venky Mama]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|Also dialogues
|-
|''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]''
|{{partial|Story}}
|Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Sloka''
|{{Yes}}
|[[Sanskrit]]
|Also director, producer, actor, composer and lyricist<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-05 |title=Director Janardhan Maharshi unveils the first look of Sanskrit film ‘Shloka’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-shloka-a-sanskrit-film-by-director-janardhan-maharshi/article68608448.ece |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''Je Jatt Vigarh Gya''
|{{Yes}}
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Vrusshabha]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|Telugu Malayalam
|Telugu version only
|-
|}

== Bibliography ==

Source:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oktelugu.com/jannardhana-maharshi-getting-much-more-popularity-as-telugu-book-writer/ | title=పాఠకుల మనసు దోచుకుంటున్న రాజమౌళి రచయిత | date=8 February 2023 | access-date=11 February 2023 | archive-date=11 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211060321/https://oktelugu.com/jannardhana-maharshi-getting-much-more-popularity-as-telugu-book-writer/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Noble poems===
* ''[[Vennamuddalu]]'' (2003)

===Novels===
* ''Garbha Gudiloki'' (2004, 2021)

===Poetry===
* ''Naku Nenu Rasukunna Premalekha'' (2008)
* ''Kavigaane Kannumoostha'' (2014)

===Short stories===
* ''Panchamrutham'' (2005)
* ''Madhura Sambhashanalu'' (2017)

===Stories===
* ''Chidambara Rahasyam'' (2019)
* ''Smasananiki Vyragyam'' (2021)

==See also==
* [[List of Telugu-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9127506}}
* {{URL|www.janardhanamaharshi.com}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Janardhana, Maharshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Telugu-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

Rohit Kumar (para athlete)

2026-02-20T01:16:11Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: put up a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality =
| sport = [[Paralympic athletics]]
|disability =
|disability_class =
| event =
| club =
| coach =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|8|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| retired=
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{flagu|India}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Shot put F46]]}}
}}

'''Rohit Kumar''' (born 5 August 1992) is an Indian para athlete who competes in the shot put F46 category. He qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> He is currently supported by [[Olympic Gold Quest|OGQ.]]

== Career ==
Kumar won a bronze medal at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou, China]] with a 14.56m throw. Compatriot [[Sachin Sarjerao Khilari]] won a gold with a games record of 16.03m.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-10-26 |title=India creates history in Asian Para Games, takes tally to record 82 medals with 2 days left |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/india-creates-history-in-asian-para-games-takes-tally-to-record-82-medals-with-2-days-left/article67463230.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Para Games 2023: Sachin Khilari wins gold, creates new Games Record in men's F-46 shot put |url=https://khelnow.com/asian-games/2023-10-asian-para-games-2023-mens-f46-shot-put-report |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=India win 111 medals at Para Asian Games, here's every medal winner of the record-breaking campaign |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/38759315/100-asian-para-games-medals-india-every-medal-winner-record-breaking-campaign |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rohit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Rohtak]]
[[Category:Athletes from Haryana]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Indian men shot putters]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

Nikita Dutta

2026-02-17T06:21:23Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Indian actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikita Dutta
| image = Nikita Dutta snapped outside Blah cafe in Santacruz (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dutta in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2014–present
| known_for =
}}

'''Nikita Dutta''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films and television. After participating in [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India 2012]], she made her acting debut with the romantic drama ''[[Lekar Hum Deewana Dil]]'' (2014). Dutta made her television debut with ''[[Dream Girl (TV series)|Dream Girl]]'' (2015) and achieved recognition with ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/nikita-dutta-didnt-plan-her-transition-from-tv-to-bollywood-2213385.html/amp |title=Exclusive - Nikita Dutta didn't plan her transition from TV to Bollywood and thus failed.|work=Zee News India |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>

Dutta returned to films with the sports film ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]'' (2018) and then appeared in the romantic drama ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-nikita-dutta-talks-about-more-recognition-coming-her-way-after-kabir-singh-films-criticism-more |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nikita Dutta talks about more recognition coming her way after Kabir Singh, film's criticism & more |website=Pinkvilla |date=20 July 2019 |language=en |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> Dutta has since portrayed the leading lady in the crime drama ''[[The Big Bull]]'', the supernatural horror ''[[Dybbuk (film)|Dybbuk]]'', both in (2021) and the web series ''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nikita-dutta-i-want-each-year-to-be-better-than-the-last-101670417165299-amp.html |title=Exclusive - Nikita Dutta: I want each year to be better than the last |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dutta was born into a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family in [[Delhi]].{{cn|date=September 2025}} Dutta's father is a retired [[Rear Admiral|rear admiral]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=S Farah Rizvi |title=Exclusive - What R-Day means to them... |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 January 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/what-r-day-means-to-them-101674718434560-amp.html}}</ref> She has spent most of her childhood in [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Mumbai]]. She has completed her graduation in Economics from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Xavier's College, Mumbai: The Alumni List |url=https://alumni.xaviers.edu/ |work=St.Xavier's College |access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut and success in television (2012-2018)===
Dutta participated in [[Femina Miss India]] 2012 and was one of the finalists.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130405073748/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-23/hyderabad/30550281_1_nicole-faria-finalists-miss-earth Banglore girl Shamata is Femina Miss India 2012 – The Times of India]. (23 December 2011). Retrieved 25 August 2013.</ref> Dutta made her acting debut with the romantic comedy ''[[Lekar Hum Deewana Dil]]'' in 2014. The film was a commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/movies/2014/05/18/article324829.ece/The-weeks-top-youtube-hits |title=Trailer: Saif Ali Khan's Lekar Hum Deewana Dil |work=The Telegraph |accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref> She played a sweet and smart girl opposite [[Sudeep Sahir]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Srinjan Bhowmick |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/archives/AR-Rahmans-music-can-never-gowrong-Nikita-Dutta/articleshow/30454649.cms |title=AR Rahman's music can never go wrong: Nikita Dutta |work=The Times of India |accessdate=15 February 2014 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223153751/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/archives/AR-Rahmans-music-can-never-gowrong-Nikita-Dutta/articleshow/30454649.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Dutta made her television debut in 2015 with ''[[Dream Girl (TV series)|Dream Girl]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309101222/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dream-girl--ek-ladki-deewani-si-has-a-very-colourful-side-to-the-struggle-nikita-dutta/531953-44-124.html 'Dream Girl - Ek Ladki Deewani Si' has a very colourful side to the struggle Nikita Dutta] IBNLive retrieved on 10 November 2015</ref> She played Lakshmi, an aspiring actress opposite [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]]. She quit the show in November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-11-17/Nikita-Dutta-exits-the-show-Dream-Girl/186904 |title=Nikita Dutta exits the show Dream Girl |date=17 November 2015 |website=The Hans India |language=en |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> Dutta's career marked a turning point with her portrayal of a strong-headed woman Suman in ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]'' opposite [[Namik Paul]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nikita-dutta-to-star-in-ek-duje-ke-vaaste/ |title=After Dream Girl, Nikita Dutta to star in 'Ek Dooje Ke Vaaste' |newspaper=The Indian Express |accessdate=28 January 2016}}</ref> The show culminated in October the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namik Paul celebrates the leap year with co-star Nikita Dutta as Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 'officially' turns one! |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 March 2020 |access-date=6 March 2020 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/namik-paul-celebrates-leap-year-ek-duje-ke-vaaste-co-star-nikita-dutta-show-officially-turns-one/}}</ref> From 2017 to 2018, she played a lawyer opposite [[Zayed Khan]] and [[Vatsal Sheth]] in ''[[Haasil (Indian TV series)|Haasil]]''. The show marked her last TV appearance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nikita-dutta-vatsal-seth-zayed-khan-start-shooting-for-haasil/articleshow/59989083.cms |title=Nikita Dutta, Vatsal Seth and Zayed khan start shooting for Haasil |work=The Times of India |date=9 August 2017 |accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref>

===Film comeback and further career (2018-2021)===
[[File:Nikita Dutta.jpg|thumb|upright|Dutta at an event]]

Dutta returned to films in 2018 with the sport film ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]'' opposite [[Akshay Kumar]] .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Akshay-Kumar%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98Gold%E2%80%99-is-the-story-of-India%E2%80%99s-first-Olympic-medal/article16077817.ece |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Gold' is the story of India's first Olympic medal |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref> With global earnings of {{INR}}1.5 billion, ''Gold'' emerged as a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold (2018) – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3815 |access-date=21 September 2020 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted, "Nikita Dutta is cute and does fine."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gold/critic-review/gold-movie-review/ |title=Gold Movie Review: Akshay Kumar's gold is a brilliant, heart touching saga |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> The same year, Dutta appeared opposite [[Neil Bhoopalam]], in [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s segment of the anthology film ''[[Lust Stories]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/netflix-s-lust-stories-trailer-is-all-about-love-s-various-shades-in-urban-india-watch-video/story-0jdgyraLYiahedj7xu0rYJ.html |title=Netflix's Lust Stories trailer is all about love's various shades in urban India. Watch video |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 May 2018 |access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> The film met with positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/lust-stories-movie-review-netflix-s-new-film-undresses-repressed-indian-sexuality/story-4UXk8mxvncZKUxUEygCVIJ.html |title=Lust Stories movie review: Netflix's new film disrobes repressed Indian sexuality |last=Naahar |first=Rohan |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 June 2018 |access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, Dutta made her web debut with [[MX Player]]'s ''Aafat'', portraying the role of Titli, a divorcee.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/mx-player-launches-web-series-aafat-immature-and-hey-prabhu/videoshow/68068513.cms |title=MX Player launches three web series named 'Aafat', 'Immature' and 'Hey Prabhu' |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref> In the same year, she portrayed a film actress in the romantic drama ''[[Kabir Singh]]'', opposite [[Shahid Kapoor]]. It received mixed reviews but became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|26th highest-grossing Indian film of all time]], grossing more than {{INRConvert|3.7|b}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2019 |title=Kabir Singh enters 200 crore club, first A-rated film to achieve the feat |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/04/kabir-singh-enters-200-crore-club-first-a-rated-film-to-achieve-the-feat-12747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705045731/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/04/kabir-singh-enters-200-crore-club-first-a-rated-film-to-achieve-the-feat-12747.html |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=5 July 2019 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' found her "sweet" in the supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kabir-singh/critic-review/kabir-singh-movie-review/ |title=Kabir Singh Movie Review: The Shahid Kapoor starrer is a well-made love saga which has tremendous appeal for the youth |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>

In 2020, Dutta portrayed an aspiring actor opposite Prit Kamani in ''[[Maska (2020 film)|Maska]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/maska-trailer-out-manisha-koirala-and-jaaved-jaaferi-tell-an-engaging-buttery-tale-1654819-2020-03-12 |title=Maska trailer out: Manisha Koirala and Jaaved Jaaferi tell an engaging, buttery tale |work=India Today |date=12 March 2020 |accessdate=18 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/manisha-koiralas-maska-to-stream-on-netflix-on-march-27-812976.html |title=Manisha Koirala's 'Maska' to stream on Netflix on March 27 |work=Deccan Herald |date=12 March 2020 |accessdate=18 March 2020}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' stated that she "stands out", among the young actors. ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted, "Dutta does the struggling actor representation quite well, but her character is given the shorter end of the stick."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/maska-movie-review-manisha-koirala-and-jaaved-jaaferi-are-butter-on-this-otherwise-dry-toast-1661059-2020-03-29 |title=Netflix's Maska Movie Review: Manisha Koirala and Jaaved Jaaferi are butter on this otherwise dry toast |work=India Today |date=29 March 2020 |accessdate=10 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/maska-movie-review-netflix-film-is-a-kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-knock-off-but-for-the-parsi-community-8198441.html/amp |title=Maska Review: Netflix film is a Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham knock off, but for the Parsi community |work=Firstpost |date=27 March 2020 |accessdate=10 September 2022}}</ref>

Dutta had two releases in 2021. She first portrayed a housewife opposite [[Abhishek Bachchan]] in ''[[The Big Bull]]'', a fictionalised [[biographical film]] about [[1992 Indian stock market scam|1992 stock market scam]] accused broker [[Harshad Mehta]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-big-bull-teaser-out-abhishek-bachchan-ajay-devgn-introduce-film-as-mother-of-all-scams-watch-video-691307 |title=The Big Bull teaser out: Abhishek Bachchan, Ajay Devgn introduce film as 'mother of all scams' |work=India TV News |language=en-US |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/how-abhishek-bachchan-pranked-nikita-dutta-on-the-big-bull-set-696604 |title=Here how Abhishek Bachchan pranked Nikita Dutta on 'The Big Bull' set |work=Times Now News |date=9 April 2021 |language=en-US |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Nikita tries to add some life to a one-dimensional character but this counts for little in the larger scheme of things."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-big-bull-movie-review-works-in-parts-972236.html |author=Roktim Rajpal |title='The Big Bull' Movie Review: Works in parts |work=Deccan Herald |date=9 April 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref> She next portrayed a pregnant woman opposite [[Emraan Hashmi]] in the supernatural horror ''[[Dybbuk (film)|Dybbuk]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Emraan Hashmi and Nikita Dutta's next titled Dybbuk to release digitally |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/emraan-hashmis-next-titled-dybbuk-to-release-digitally-50445.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=Filmfare}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Emraan Hashmi and Nikita Dutta's horror film 'Dybbuk - The Curse Is Real' teaser out |work=ANI News |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/emraan-hashmis-horror-film-dybbuk-the-curse-is-real-teaser-out20211018162928/ |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' found her to be "strictly okay", while ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' wrote, "With her performances, Nikita has sustained the aura of fear."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dybbuk-review/20211101.htm |title=Dybbuk Movie Review: Emraan Hashmi's latest outing is NOT worth watching |work=Rediff.com |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2021/10/29/dybbuk-review-emraan-hashmi-horror-thriller-one-time-watch.html |title=Dybbuk Movie Review: Emraan Hashmi and Nikita Dutta's horror thriller is a one-time watch |work=The Week |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>

===Recent work and expansion (2022-present)===
In 2022, Dutta appeared opposite [[Aditya Seal]] in the musical supernatural comedy ''[[Rocket Gang]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aditya Seal, Nikita Dutta starrer Rocket Gang to release in November |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aditya-seal-nikita-dutta-starrer-rocket-gang-release-november-details/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rocket Gang: Ram Charan applauds trailer of Nikita Dutta and Aditya Seal starrer |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rocket-gang-ram-charan-applauds-trailer-of-nikita-dutta-aditya-seal-starrer-6196387.html |work=News18 India |date=19 October 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' noted, "Nikita Dutta fits right in but her on-screen chemistry with Aditya Seal falls flat."<ref>{{cite web |title=Rocket Gang Movie Review: Bosco's first film is a fun mashup of dance and comedy with a dash of horror |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/rocket-gang/amp_movie_review/95436839.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> She also portrayed a resolute wife opposite [[Karan Tacker]] in the web series ''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nikita Dutta on 'Khakee: The Bihar Chapter': Neeraj Pandey makes thrillers with no unnecessary drama |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/nikita-dutta-on-khakee-the-bihar-chapter-neeraj-pandey-makes-thrillers-with-no-unnecessary-drama--news-242639 |work=Outlook India |date=5 December 2022 |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/netflix-announces-new-india-original-khakee-the-bihar-chapter-11667278756322.html |title=Netflix announces new India original 'Khakee: The Bihar Chapter' |author=Lata Jha |accessdate=21 November 2022 |website=Live Mint|date=November 2022 }}</ref> ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' noted, "Nikita Dutta as Tanu, turn in an impressive performances despite little screen time."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/khakee-the-bihar-chapter-neeraj-pandeys-new-netflix-series-is-fast-furious-and-hard-hitting/cid/1901747 |title=Khakee: The Bihar Chapter: Neeraj Pandey's new Netflix series is fast, furious and hard-hitting |author=Lata Jha |accessdate=4 December 2022 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

Dutta played a medical student opposite [[Ehan Bhat]] in her first release of 2024, ''[[Dange (film)|Dange]]''. Titas Chowdhury of ''[[News18]]'' noted, "Nikita Dutta as Rishika impresses. Her Rishika is no nonsense, sometimes loud and still holds a lot of empathy."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dange-trailer-harshvardhan-rane-ehan-bhat-lock-horns-in-bejoy-nambiars-next-nikita-dutta-tj-bhanu-tamil-version-por-arjus-das-kalidas-jayaram-2503044-2024-02-16 |title=Dange trailer: Harshvardhan Rane, Ehan Bhat lock horns in Bejoy Nambiar's next |work=India Today |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dange-review-bejoy-nambiar-delivers-a-thought-provoking-film-packed-with-impressive-performances-8798365.html |title=Dange Review: Bejoy Nambiar Delivers A Thought-Provoking Film Packed With Impressive Performances |work=News18 |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref>

Dutta made her [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film debut with ''[[Gharat Ganpati]]'' in 2024 which received a lot of positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gharat Ganpati Teaser: Navjyot Bandiwadekar and Navigns' multi-starrer family drama impresses |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/gharat-ganpati-teaser-navjyot-bandiwadekar-and-navigns-multi-starrer-family-drama-impresses-video-2022-11-11-823118 |work=India TV News |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref>

==Media image==
''[[The Tribune]]'' noted, "Dutta has slowly but effectively managed to grab eyeballs with her work."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Tribune Lifystle |title=Nikita Dutta – The leading lady |access-date=22 December 2022 |work=The Tribune India |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/nikita-dutta-%E2%80%93-the-leading-lady-130208}}</ref> She has also done charity work with "Hemkunt Foundation", during [[COVID-19]] and has walked the ramp for "Global Peace Initiative".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikita Dutta joins hands with Hemkunt Foundation, urges everyone to help during the COVID wave |access-date=28 September 2021 |url=https://cineblitz.in/news-gossip/actor-nikita-dutta-joins-hands-with-hemkunt-foundation-urges-everyone-to-help-in-supporting-the-initiative-and-combat-covid-wave/amp/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebs walk the ramp at the 'Global Peace Initiative'; see pics |access-date=29 December 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/celebs-walk-ramp-global-peace-initiative/celebs-walk-the-ramp-at-the-global-peace-initiative-17/}}</ref> Dutta is a celebrity endorser for brands and products including [[Face powder|White Tone]] and [[Malabar Gold and Diamonds]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty Queens are adorned as brides in the latest TVC with Malabar Gold and Diamonds |date=10 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=The Times of India |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/beauty-queens-are-adorned-as-brides-in-the-latest-tvc-with-malabar-gold-and-diamonds/articleshow/100141111.cms}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

* ''All films are in [[Hindi]], unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Lekar Hum Deewana Dil]]''
| Rose
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/lekar-hum-deewana-dil/cast/ |title=Lekar Hum Deewana Dil Full Cast & Crew |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 July 2014 |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
| Simran
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gold-akshay-kumar-film-bollywood-debut-of-tv-actor-nikita-dutta-see-photos-video-4854156/ |title=Gold: Akshay Kumar's film also marks Bollywood debut of TV actor Nikita Dutta |website=The Indian Express |date=21 September 2017 |access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lust Stories]]''
| Rukmini Sonkari
| [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s segment
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/lust-stories-trailer-its-all-about-hurting-the-one-you-love/229575 |title=Lust Stories trailer: It's all about hurting the one you love |last=Chauhan |first=Gaurang |work=Times Now News |date=18 May 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
| Jiah Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darade |first=Pooja |date=19 June 2019 |title=Exclusive: Nikita Dutta on her experience of working with Shahid Kapoor in Kabir Singh & portraying Jia Sharma |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-nikita-dutta-her-experience-working-shahid-kapoor-kabir-singh-portraying-jia-sharma-456650 |access-date=29 June 2019 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190619084220/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-nikita-dutta-her-experience-working-shahid-kapoor-kabir-singh-portraying-jia-sharma-456650 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Maska (2020 film)|Maska]]''
| Mallika Chopra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabir Singh fame actress Nikita Dutta bags Netflix's film 'Maska' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/kabir-singh-fame-nikita-dutta-bags-maska-film-of-netflix |access-date=23 January 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[The Big Bull]]''
| Priya Patel Sha
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-big-bull-poster-abhishek-bachchan-begins-work-on-upcoming-ajay-devgn-production-see-pic/story-c5divI3g6SFYGukdXRIorI.html |title=The Big Bull poster: Abhishek Bachchan begins work on upcoming Ajay Devgn production. See pic |accessdate=16 September 2019 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dybbuk (film)|Dybbuk]]''
| Mahi Sood Isaac
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/emraan-hashmi-to-star-in-the-remake-of-malayalam-film-ezra/20762159 |title=Emraan Hashmi and Nikita Dutta to star in the remake of Malayalam film 'Ezra' |work=Mid Day |date=17 April 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Rocket Gang]]''
| Tania
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/nov/27/bosco-martis-directorial-debut-film-rocket-gang-to-release-in-may-2022-2388811 |title=Exclusive - Bosco Martis' directorial debut film 'Rocket Gang' to release in May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=27 November 2021 }}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Dange (film)|Dange]]''
| Rishika
|Acted only in Hindi version
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nepotism-exists-and-is-always-going-to-exist-nikita-dutta/articleshow/99331751.cms |title=Nepotism exists, and is always going to exist: Nikita Dutta |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2023 |access-date=10 April 2023 |quote=I have just finished a film called Dangey by Bejoy Nambiar}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gharat Ganpati]]''
| Kriti Ahuja
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/nov/27/bosco-martis-directorial-debut-film-rocket-gang-to-release-in-may-2022-2388811 |title=After 'Dybbuk', Nikita Dutta to make her foray into Marathi cinema with 'Gharat Ganpati' |work=Outlook India |access-date=17 November 2022 }}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|Jewel Thief]]''
| Farah
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-jaideep-ahlawat-nikita-dutta-kick-off-shoot-siddharth-anands-production-titled-jewel-thief-report/ |title=Saif Ali Khan, Jaideep Ahlawat and Nikita Dutta kick off shoot for Siddharth Anand's production titled Jewel Thief |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=16 March 2024 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''Gul Gule Bakawali'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Post-production
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/nikita-dutta-gears-up-for-her-next-comedy-caper-gul-gule-bakawali/articleshow/108583244.cms |title=Dange fame Nikita Dutta gears up for her next comedy caper, 'Gul Gule Bakawali' |work=Femina India |access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Dream Girl (TV series)|Dream Girl{{snd}}Ek Ladki Deewani Si]]''
| Lakshmi Mathur Sareen
| TV debut
|<ref name=md2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/nikita-dutta-turns-dabbawali-on-dream-girl-set/16016172 |title=Nikita Dutta turns 'dabbawali' on 'Dream Girl' set |work=Mid Day |date=25 February 2015 |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123202/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/nikita-dutta-turns-dabbawali-on-dream-girl-set/16016172 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]''
| Suman Tiwari Malhotra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namik Paul makes fans nostalgic in this pic with Nikita Dutta as Ek Duje Ke Vaaste turns four; see pic |date=29 February 2020 |publisher=Zoom TV |access-date=15 May 2021 |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/article/photo-namik-paul-makes-fans-nostalgic-in-this-pic-with-nikita-dutta-as-ek-duje-ke-vaaste-turns-four/559273}}</ref>
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Haasil (Indian TV series)|Haasil]]''
| Aanchal Srivastav Raichand
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/haasil-indias-first-television-show-shot-only-at-outdoor-locations/articleshow/60935998.cms |title=Haasil – India's first television show to be shot only at outdoor locations |date=14 October 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''Aafat''
| Titli Jain
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]''
| Tanu Lodha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=Khakee: The Bihar Chapter - Karan Tacker and Avinash Tiwary are at loggerheads in this Netflix series |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/khakee-bihar-chapter-teaser-karan-tacker-avinash-tiwary-loggerheads-neeraj-pandeys-netflix-series/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[The Waking of a Nation]]''
| Poonam
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2025 |title=Nikita Dutta on working with Ram Madhvani in The Waking of a Nation |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/nikita-dutta-on-working-with-ram-madhvani-in-the-waking-of-a-nation-23493715 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Music video appearances===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2017
| "Sun Re Sajna"
| [[Hriday Gattani]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/sun-sajna-hriday-gattani-soon-loop-playlist-063050319.html |title=Sun Re Sajna by Hriday Gattani will soon get into your loop playlist; Watch |publisher=Yahoo! |accessdate=24 November 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114901/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/sun-sajna-hriday-gattani-soon-loop-playlist-063050319.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| "Gungunati Rehti Hoon"
| [[Yasser Desai]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| "Mast Nazron Se"
| [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mast Nazron Se: Jubin Nautiyal-Nikita Dutta get married in reel life |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mast-nazron-se-jubin-nautiyal-nikita-dutta-get-married-in-reel-life-watch-4927724.html |accessdate=31 March 2022 |work=News18 India|date=31 March 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| "Neendraan Ni Aandiyaan"
| [[Aparshakti Khurana]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neendraan Ni Aandiyaan - Aparshakti Khurana and Nikita Dutta |work=Youtube - Zee Music Originals |date=29 November 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsREhbw2ihs |language=en |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2015
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Female|Fresh New Face - Female]]
| ''[[Dream Girl (TV series)|Dream Girl]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/nominations-for-indian-telly-awards-2015-out-see-who-all-have-made-the-cut-273701-2015-11-20 |title=Nominations for Indian Telly Awards 2015 out; see who all have made the cut |accessdate=20 November 2015 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| [[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]
| [[Asian Viewers Television Awards#Winners|Female Actor Of The Year]]
| ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ishqbaaz-wins-big-at-asian-viewers-television-awards-lifetv-1100577-2017-12-05 |title=Ishqbaaaz wins big at Asian Viewers Television Awards |website=India Today |date=5 December 2017 |language=en |access-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916093120/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/soaps/story/ishqbaaz-wins-big-at-asian-viewers-television-awards-lifetv-1100577-2017-12-05 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| [[Gold Glam and Style Awards]]
| Stylish Actor (Female) OTT
| {{n/a}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold Glam and Style Awards 2020: Hina Khan, Sidharth Shukla and Nikita Dutta win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/gold-glam-and-style-awards-2020-hina-khan-sidharth-shukla-win-big-7064808/ |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=The Indian Express |date=25 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Iconic Gold Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| ''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/brand-focus/iconic-gold-awards-2023-celebrating-the-best-of-bollywood-and-television-on-march-18th-in-mumbai|title=Iconic Gold Awards 2023: Celebrating the Best of Bollywood and Television on March 18th in Mumbai|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*{{IMDb name|6489927}}
*{{Instagram|nikifying}}

{{Portal bar|India|Films|Television}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Nikita}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]

J. Rajiv Choudhry

2026-02-12T23:09:37Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: added basic entry and citations

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. Rajiv Choudhry
| image = J Rajiv Choudhry.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|4|12|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor, Director, Corporate Trainer
| yearsactive = 1969–present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website = www.efactor.biz
}}
'''J. Rajiv Choudhry''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor, director, corporate trainer and race car driver.

Choudhry is associated with [[The Madras Players]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Shonali Muthalaly | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/directors-cut/article2251370.ece | title=Director's cut|work=The Hindu |date=2007-08-01 |access-date=2015-09-09}}</ref> and has appeared in TV commercials and [[Tamil movies]].

Choudhry uses theatre, film, art, craft, sports, adventure, simulations and other creative tools to train corporate groups and young adults in behavioural skills using experiential learning methodologies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/people-at-work/retailer-internships-that-aim-to-make-a-difference/article27796444.ece|title=Retailer internships that aim to make a difference|website=Business Line on Campus|date=11 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

==Career==
Choudhry was born in [[Chennai]] to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family. His father, Shri Jaidevji, was an educationist and [[Vedas|Vedic]] scholar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Co-founder-of-DAV-group-of-schools-dies/articleshow/53998835.cms|title=Co-founder of DAV group of schools dies|website=The Times of India|date=4 September 2016 |access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> Rajiv Choudhry attended [[D.A.V. Boys Senior Secondary School]] in [[Gopalapuram, Chennai|Gopalapuram]], serving as a first school captain in 1975.

Choudhry has appeared in over 300 TV commercials, corporate films, print ads, theatre productions and feature films.<ref>{{cite web|author=Divya Kumar | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/taking-theatre-forward/article3205483.ece | title=Taking theatre forward|work=The Hindu |date=2006-12-30 |access-date=2015-09-09}}</ref><ref name="Artists">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/artists-attitude-appreciation/article28210357.ece|title=Artists, attitude, appreciation|date=20 October 2005|last=Padmanabhan|first=Geeta|newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211110070637/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/artists-attitude-appreciation/article28210357.ece#selection-1119.1-1119.32|archive-date=10 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Akhila Krishnamurthy | url=https://theaalaap.com/site/magazine/August2015#lg=1&slide=47 | title=Between the Lines |date=2015-08-01 |access-date=2015-09-09}}</ref> His films include ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'', ''[[Minnale]]'', ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'', and ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]''.<ref name="Artists"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article255455.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603083206/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article255455.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2016|title=Rajeev Choudhry is crafting creativity|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-05-10}}</ref>

Choudhry serves as consultant to FICCI for its annual Best Animated Frames [BAF] Awards held during the FICCI FRAMES Festival.<ref>{{cite web |author=AnimationXpress Team |url=http://anx01.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/baf-2006-a-great-experience |title=BAF 2006: A great experience! |work=Animation Xpress.com |date=2006-03-31 |access-date=2015-09-09 |archive-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509205056/http://anx01.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/baf-2006-a-great-experience |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=M. Ramesh | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2004/10/25/stories/2004102500080100.htm | title=Where's Mr Spark?|work=The Hindu Business Line |date=2004-10-25 | access-date=2015-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=AnimationXpress Team | url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/toonskool-promises-industry-ready-animators | title=Toonskool promises 'industry ready' animators|work=Animation Xpress.com |date=2004-09-02 | access-date=2015-09-09}}</ref> He has also served as Advisor, Moderator & Speaker Coach for TedX Chennai for 2018 & 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/entertainment-variety/we-need-to-talk-about/article26291517.ece|website=The Hindu|title=We need to talk about *&#|date=16 February 2019 |access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/02/28/tedx-chennai-to-enthrall-audience-with-exciting-line-of-speakers/|website=News Today|title=TEDxChennai to enthrall audience with exciting line of speakers|date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

Choudhry started rallying at the age of 18 and participated in several national rallies as part of the JK Tyres team. He placed in the top three consistently and won the national championship. Choudhry served as a Committee member, Director of the Races and also as Steward of the [[Madras Motor Sports Club]] from 1985 to 2000.

Choudhry is currently honorary vice-president of TN Arya Samaj Educational Society which runs the D.A.V Group of schools, Chennai.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' || Amalraj's doctor and friend ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Minnale]]'' || Rajiv's father ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Kanavu Meippada Vendum]]'' || Nandita's boss ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Ullam Ketkume]]'' || Irene's father ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' || Aradhana's father ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]'' || Sunder Ramesh's father ||
|-
| ''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]'' || Kamal's father || Special appearance in the song "Dhimu Dhimu"
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' || Madhumitha's father ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhry, J Rajiv}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

P. Radhakrishnan (scientist)

2026-02-09T06:00:09Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: General improvements to article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = P. Radhakrishnan
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|10|10}}
|birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
|education = Master of Science in physics
|alma_mater = [[University of Kerala]]
|occupation = Scientist, author, speaker
|employer = [[Government of India]]
|organization = [[Indian Space Research Organization]]
|yearsactive = 1966–present
|awards =
| notable_works = A Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO
}}
'''P. Radhakrishan''' (Nair, Paramaswaran Radhakrishnan)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/n/nair.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915081402/http://www.astronautix.com/n/nair.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2016|title=Nair|website=www.astronautix.com|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref> is a veteran space scientist, author and speaker from India. He retired from the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] as the Deputy Director of [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/KSCSTE-Science-Festival-at-Kanakakkunnu-from-Tomorrow/2014/11/01/article2502461.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101183727/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/KSCSTE-Science-Festival-at-Kanakakkunnu-from-Tomorrow/2014/11/01/article2502461.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2014|title=KSCSTE Science Festival at Kanakakkunnu from Tomorrow|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref> Radhakrishnan was one of the two trainees slated to travel to space in the [[Canceled Space Shuttle missions|STS-61-I (Challenger)]] mission in September 1986 as a [[Payload Specialist]] for [[INSAT-1C]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spaceline.org/challenger/challist.html|title=Spaceline: The Challenger Legacy|website=www.spaceline.org|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> but the flight was cancelled after the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Challenger disaster]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/19851115-astronauts-p-radhakrishnan-and-nc-bhat-get-mentally-physically-prepared-for-space-trip-802157-2014-01-16|title=Astronauts P. Radhakrishnan and N.C. Bhat get mentally, physically prepared for space trip|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref> N.C.Bhat<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/bhat.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915033853/http://www.astronautix.com/b/bhat.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2016|title=Bhat|website=www.astronautix.com|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref> from [[ISRO Satellite centre]] was the other Indian space scientist who was trained by [[NASA]] for the mission – the plan was to select one of these two for the mission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2004/stories/20030228004902200.htm|title=Training for the skies|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1943, Radhakrishnan completed his Bachelor of Science in [[Physics]] and Mathematics from [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1963. In 1965 he completed his Master of Science in [[Physics]] from the same college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/international/english/nair_radakrishnan.htm|title=Astronaut Biography: Radhakrishnan Nair|last=Becker|first=Joachim|website=www.spacefacts.de|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref>

== Career ==
Radhakrishnan joined the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) in 1966 and was involved in the development of India's early satellites like [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]], [[Rohini (satellite)|Rohini]] and [[Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment|APPLE]], and later the [[Insat]] satellites. He was part of the Programme Planning & Evaluation Group at [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|VSSC]], and later became the Group Director of the Electronics Division. During the 1984–1986 period – as part of the evaluation to be a [[Payload Specialist]] in the [[Canceled Space Shuttle missions|STS-61-I (Challenger)]] mission – he went through extensive tests and training at the Institute of Aviation Medicine, Bangalore and the [[Johnson Space Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.godrejappliances.com/godrej/GodrejandBoyce/pdf/2005/marapr/ATouchofHeroism.htm|title=A Touch of Heroism|website=www.godrejappliances.com|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> He retired from the ISRO's [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre|LPSC]] as the center's deputy director for systems reliability & quality assurance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_india/text/nair.htm?reload_coolmenus|title=Nair Paramaswaren Radhakrishnan|website=www.astronaut.ru|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC|title=Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America|last=Harvey|first=Brian|last2=Smid|first2=Henk H. F.|last3=Pirard|first3=Theo|date=2011-01-30|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781441908742|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, P.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Thiruvananthapuram]]

Ameera Shah

2026-02-05T23:15:39Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: Started new details - done

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ameera Shah
| image = Ameera_Shah.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|9|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Texas at Austin]]
| occupation = Executive Chairperson and Whole-time Director, [[Metropolis Lab|Metropolis Healthcare]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.metropolisindia.com|Website of Metropolis Healthcare}}
}}

'''Ameera Shah '''(born 24 September 1979) is an [[Indian Entrepreneur|Indian entrepreneur]]. She is Executive Chairperson and Whole-time Director of [[Metropolis Healthcare]], a leading diagnostic chain with presence in India and Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ameera-shah-made-metropolis-healthcare-a-leading-diagnostics-player/articleshow/34475062.cms | title=Ameera Shah made Metropolis Healthcare a leading diagnostics player| newspaper=The Economic Times | date=2 May 2014 | access-date=2 October 2018 }}</ref> She is the daughter of Dr Sushil Shah, the founder of Metropolis Healthcare.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scindia.edu/scindia_management/dr-sushil-shah/|title=Dr Sushil Shah - The Scindia School|work=The Scindia School|access-date=2018-10-02|language=en-US}}</ref>

She has been honored as a 2015 [[Young Global Leader]] by the [[World Economic Forum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ameera Shah: The Lifeline Builder |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/ameera-shah-the-lifeline-builder |publisher=[[Verve (Indian magazine)]] |date=June 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=9 Alumni Named Young Global Leaders |url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=4545&sf37056440=1 |publisher=[[Harvard Business School]] |date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> She was named to [[Fortune India]]'s "Most Powerful Women in Business" list in 2017,<ref name="f2"/> 2018,<ref name="f1"/> 2019,<ref name=mpw/> 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-04 |title=Healthcare leaders shine in MPW 2020 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/healthcare-leaders-shine-in-mpw-2020-list/104835 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> and 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayakumar |first=-P. B. |title=Ameera Shah - Most Powerful Women in 2021 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/ameera-shah?year=2021 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Shah was featured in the list of [[Forbes India]]'s Tycoons of Tomorrow 2018.<ref name="fi"/> She also received the Ernst & Young ‘Entrepreneur of the Year’ Award in healthcare for 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Ameera Shah, Byju Raveendran, Darshan Patel, Mira Kulkarni amongst others are finalists for EY Entrepreneur Awards |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-ameera-shah-byju-raveendran-darshan-patel-mira-kulkarni-amongst-others-win-ey-entrepreneur-awards-2215624/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

Currently, she serves as Sr. Vice-President of NATHealth (Healthcare Federation of India).<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=NATHEALTH announces Abhay Soi as its new President for FY 24–25 - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/nathealth-announces-abhay-soi-as-its-new-president-for-fy-2425/109035913 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref> She is also an Independent Director on the boards of Torrent Pharma and the ACC limited, which is a part of Adani Group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torrent Pharmaceuticals |url=https://www.torrentpharma.com/index.php/site/bodprofile?id=5 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.torrentpharma.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors {{!}} Cement & Ready Mixed Concrete Manufacturer |url=https://www.acclimited.com/about/board-of-directors |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.acclimited.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=News Desk |date=2022-12-05 |title=ACC appoints Ajay Kapur as CEO, Ameera Shah as Woman Independent Director |url=https://hrnxt.com/news/executive-moves/acc-appoints-ajay-kapur-as-ceo-ameera-shah-as-woman-independent-director/52935/2022/12/05/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=hrnxt.com |language=en-US}}</ref> She was also an advisor to Baylor College of Medicine and the global advisory board of AXA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stakeholder advisory panelists |url=https://www.axa.com/en/about-us/commitee/stakeholder-advisory-panelists |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=AXA.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
She studied commerce at junior college in [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=15 July 2017 |title=Ameera Shah {{!}} Diagnosis: a risk-taker |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/u8kB1zit3YsMTRTeIn31IM/Ameera-Shah--Diagnosis-a-risktaker.html |access-date= |work=livemint}}</ref> She obtained a degree in finance from the [[University of Texas at Austin]].<ref name="fi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/tycoons-of-tomorrow/ameera-shah-moving-the-needle/51339/1|title=Ameera Shah: Moving the needle {{!}} Forbes India|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref>

She used to work with [[Goldman Sachs]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/151016/a-15-year-joyride-ameera-shah.html|title=A 15-year joyride: Ameera Shah|date=2016-10-16|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-10-02|language=en}}</ref> Later, she completed the Owner-President Management Program at [[Harvard Business School]]. Shah is an industry spokesperson and has been featured as a speaker in various National and International forums, industry events and conclaves. She has spoken at events organized by [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]], [[Harvard Business School]],<ref name=":1" /> [[TED (conference)|TED]], and [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]].

==Career==
=== Metropolis Healthcare ===
She took over her father's pathology business- Metropolis Lab in 2001.<ref name=":0" /> She subsequently transformed a single diagnostic lab which had a revenue of about $1.5 million and 40 employees, to Metropolis Healthcare, a multinational chain of 125 diagnostic labs with $90 million in revenue and 4,500 employees.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2015/02/25/metropolis-chain-of-diagnostics-labs-pushes-for-growth-across-india-and-africa/| work= forbes.com|title=Metropolis' Chain of Diagnostics Labs Pushes for Growth Across India and Africa}}</ref> She successfully led the listing of the company in April 2019.<ref name=mpw/>

=== Board memberships and affiliations ===
She serves as a Board Member of Marico Kaya Enterprises Limited<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=247055314|title=Company Overview of Marico Kaya Enterprises Limited|last=|first=|date=|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> and the Managing Director of Metropolis Healthcare Limited. She is presently the Independent Director at [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals|Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited]].,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/TRP:IN|title=Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd|last=|first=|date=|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> [[Shoppers Stop|Shoppers Stop Limited]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/SHOP:IN|title=Shoppers Stop Ltd|last=|first=|date=|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> and [[Kaya Limited]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/SHOP:IN|title=kaya Ltd.|last=|first=|date=|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> She is an advisor to [[Baylor College of Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ameera Shah |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/17545123 |website=Bloomberg.com |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref> She is also on the global advisory board of [[AXA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stakeholder advisory panelists |url=https://www.axa.com/en/about-us/commitee/stakeholder-advisory-panelists |website=axa.com |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>

Shah has also served as secretary of the Indian Association of Pathology Laboratories (IAPL)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=108958172&privcapId=247055314|title=Executive Profile: Ameera Shah|last=|first=|date=|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> and co-chairperson of [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICCI) Health Services Committee in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=86888|title=President Inaugurates the 6th FICCI Heal 2012 Annual International Healthcare Conference Calls for Universal Health Care to be Made a Reality|publisher=PIB}}</ref>

=== Other ventures===
Between 2016 and 2017, she starred in and was an investor on the startup reality television show ''[[The Vault (TV series)|The Vault]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Vault's Big Players Are Here: Veteran Entrepreneurs Come Together As Investors For India's Biggest Startup Reality Series |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/the-vault-investors/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=Inc42 Media |date=27 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Shah founded ''Empoweress'', a not-for-profit initiative for women-led businesses to find advice, mentorship and micro-funding.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Aveek |title=Ameera Shah launches Empoweress to empower women entrepreneurs |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/ameera-shah-launches-empoweress-to-empower-women-entrepreneurs/48849/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=December 8, 2017}}</ref><ref name=bt>{{cite news |last1=Jayakumar |first1=PB |title=Empowering others is essence of entrepreneurship, says Ameera Shah |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/btmpw-empowering-others-is-essence-of-entrepreneurship-ameera-shah/story/379905.html |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=September 18, 2019}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
*CNBC-AWAAZ CEO Awards 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/cnbc-awaaz-ceo-awards-2019-celebrating-indias-outstanding-leaders-5429751.htm|title=CNBC-AWAAZ CEO Awards 2019 – Celebrating India's Outstanding Leaders|website=cnbctv18.com|date=5 March 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>
*[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'s Most Powerful Women list, 2018,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jayakumar |first1=P.B. |title=Battling Hard to Succeed |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/exclusive/specials/most-powerful-women-2018/battling-hard-to--succeed/story/281895.html |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=September 23, 2018}}</ref> 2019<ref name="bt" />
*Tycoons of Tomorrow by [[Forbes India]], 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/tycoons-of-tomorrow/1729/2|title=Tycoons of Tomorrow : Special Report : Forbes India Magazine|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/forbes-list-tycoons-tomorrow-young-achievers-1349889-2018-09-26|title=Forbes 'Tycoons of Tomorrow': About the 22 young achievers set to change India|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref>
*India's Most Powerful Women in Business (ranked at no. 28) by [[Fortune India 500|Fortune India]] Magazine, 2019<ref name=mpw>{{cite news |title=Most Powerful Women, 2019 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/ameera-shah?year=2019 |publisher=[[Fortune India]] |date=September 22, 2019}}</ref>
*India's Most Powerful Women in Business (ranked at no. 36) by [[Fortune India 500|Fortune India]] Magazine, 2018<ref name="f1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/ameera-shah?year=2018|title=Ameera Shah - Most Powerful Women in 2018 - Fortune India|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref>
*India's Most Powerful Women in Business (ranked at no. 46) by [[Fortune India 500|Fortune India]] Magazine, 2017<ref name="f2">{{cite web|title=Most Powerful Women in Business 2017|url=http://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/ameera-shah?year=2017|publisher=Fortune India}}</ref>
*Asia's Power Business Women 2015, [[Forbes]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2015/02/25/asias-power-businesswomen-2015-12-to-watch/| work= forbes.com|title=Asia's Power Businesswomen, 2015: 12 To Watch}}</ref>
*[[Young Global Leader]], [[World Economic Forum]], 2015<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-17/news/60212100_1_wef-smriti-irani-world-economic-forum| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324232155/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-17/news/60212100_1_wef-smriti-irani-world-economic-forum| url-status=dead| archive-date=24 March 2015| work= economictimes.indiatimes.com|title=World Economic Forum names Smriti Irani as Young Global Leader from India}}</ref>
* Women Leadership Award at the CMO Asia Awards, 2015<ref>{{cite news |title=Two more feathers in Ameera Shah's cap |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-12-09/Two-more-feathers-in-Ameera-Shahs-cap/191941 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |date=December 9, 2015}}</ref>
*Exemplary Women Leadership Award, World Women Leadership Congress & Awards, 2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/ameera-shah-the-lifeline-builder|title=Ameera Shah: The Lifeline Builder|date=2015-06-18|work=Verve Magazine|access-date=2018-10-02|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 40 Under 40 Business Leaders by [[The Economic Times]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indias-hottest-40-under-40-business-leaders/newslist/34519765.cms|title=India's Hottest 40 Under 40 Business Leaders|work=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*Young Achiever of the Year, CMO Asia Awards, 2011
* Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award, 2011 by [[Entrepreneur India]] & [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Speakers 2014 |url=https://www.entrepreneurindia.com/2014/ameera-shah.php |publisher=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ameera Shah was born to Dr. Sushil Shah, a [[pathologist]], and Dr. [[Duru Shah]], a [[gynaecologist]].<ref name=":0" /> Her elder sister Aparna Shah is a [[geneticist]].<ref name=":0" /> She is married to Hemant Sachdev, an Indian retail entrepreneur, who serves as a non-executive director of Metropolis Healthcare.<ref>{{cite news |title=Disclosure of Vote Cast by Tata Mutual Fund during the Financial Year 2021-2022 |url=https://www.tatamutualfund.com/docs/default-source/financials/2022/vote_cast_data_for_fy2021-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=411454b5_2 |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=Tata Mutual Fund}}</ref> In March 2020, she gave birth to a baby boy named Karma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ameera Shah: The disciplined leader at work |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/the-disciplined-leader-at-work-111628425322117.html |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=Mint |date=8 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{twitter|ameerashah}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Ameera}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:McCombs School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the health care industry]]

Mahanati (soundtrack)

2026-01-29T02:19:53Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: added pg

{{short description|2018 soundtrack album by Mickey J. Meyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Mahanati
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cover = Mahanati Album Cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2018|5|1}}
| recorded = 2017–2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=20|s=31}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| prev_title = [[Mister (film)|Mister]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|oeMAz3VkJG0|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Mahanati
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Mooga Manasulu
| single1date = {{start date|df=yes|2018|4|20}}
| single2 = Sada Nannu
| single2date = {{start date|df=yes|2018|4|26}}
| single3 = Gelupuleni Samaram
| single3date = {{start date|df=yes|2018|6|1}} (After the film's release)
}}
}}

'''''Mahanati''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]] for the 2018 [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] film [[Mahanati|of the same name]] written and directed by [[Nag Ashwin]] and produced by [[Vyjayanthi Movies|C. Ashwini Dutt]], [[Swapna Dutt]], and [[Priyanka Dutt]] under the banners [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] and Swapna Cinema. The album consists of six tracks with [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] and [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] penning the lyrics. The film is based on the life of Indian actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], played by [[Keerthy Suresh]] while [[Dulquer Salmaan]], in his Telugu debut, plays the role of [[Gemini Ganesan]]. The soundtrack album released digitally on 1 May 2018 on the [[Aditya Music]] label.

== Development ==
[[Mickey J. Meyer]] composed the film's [[soundtrack]] and score. The [[background music]] featured in the logo video, created much hype for the film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title='Mahanati' logo released|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/keerthy-suresh-and-dulquer-salmaans-mahanati-logo-released-as-a-special-surprise-on-actress-savitris-birth-anniversary/articleshow/61949700.cms|access-date=2019-12-27|website=The Times of India|date=6 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> The composer revealed that, recording the title track was a huge challenge for him. In an interview with The Times of India, he stated that "I used to compose tracks while travelling and later finalising them in the studio. But, when I began recording the title track, I found that it was really tough to match the sounds of a bygone era with sensibilities of contemporary times. I hadn't watched any of the diva’s movies, but I used to listen to old Hindi songs to understand the music of those days."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Recording the title track of 'Mahanati' was a huge challenge, says Mickey J Meyer - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/recording-the-title-track-of-mahanati-was-a-huge-challenge-says-mickey-j-meyer/articleshow/63986578.cms|access-date=2019-12-27|website=The Times of India|date=May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
[[Aditya Music]] acquired the film's audio rights.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-19|title=Mahanati Audio Release by Aditya Music|url=https://www.telugu360.com/mahanati-audio-release-by-aditya-music/|access-date=2019-12-27|website=Telugu360.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The first single from the film "Mooga Manasulu" written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and sung by [[Anurag Kulkarni]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]] was released on 20 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Mooga Manasulu', the first single from Mahanati is out - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mooga-manasulu-the-first-single-from-mahanati-is-out/articleshow/63858521.cms|access-date=2019-12-27|website=The Times of India|date=21 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It was also released in Tamil titled "Mauna Mazhaiyile" sung by Anurag Kulkarni and Nayana Nair and written by [[Madhan Karky]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Mahanati's song Mauna Mazhayilae will take you on a trip down memory lane - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/mahanatis-song-mauna-mazhayilae-will-take-you-on-a-trip-down-memory-lane/articleshow/63855504.cms|access-date=2019-12-27|website=The Times of India|date=21 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The song has nostalgic lyrics reminiscent of the golden period of the 1970s and '80s.<ref name=":2" /> The second single track was released on 26 April 2018. Titled "Sada Nannu" in Telugu and "Thandhaay" in Tamil, the song was rendered by [[Charulatha Mani]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Mahanati' second single 'Sada Nannu' is out! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahanati-second-single-sada-nannu-is-out/articleshow/63939712.cms|access-date=2019-12-27|website=The Times of India|date=27 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The full album of ''Mahanati'' was released on 1 May 2018, at a grand launch event, featuring the entire cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Savitri remembered at this star-studded audio launch of Mahanati - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/savitri-remembered-at-this-star-studded-audio-launch-of-mahanati/articleshow/64000017.cms|access-date=2019-12-27|website=The Times of India|date=2 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Whereas, the album of ''Nadigayar Thilagam'' was launched on 5 May 2018.

While the soundtrack album features only five songs, in Telugu and Tamil versions, a sixth track of the film, titled "Gelupuleni Samaram" ("Amudhai Pola Kidaithaai" in Tamil), was released on 1 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The final song of 'Mahanati' 'Gelupu Leni Samaram' to release soon on YouTube - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/the-final-song-of-mahanati-gelupu-leni-samaram-to-release-soon-on-youtube/articleshow/64399931.cms|access-date=2019-12-27|website=The Times of India|date=31 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The dual audio of "Mooga Manasulu" and "Mauna Mazhaiyile" was released on 27 June 2018, to commence the film's 50th day celebration.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dual audio of 'Mooga Manasulu' and 'Mauna Mazhaiyilae' released to celebrate 50 days of 'Mahanati' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/dual-audio-of-mooga-manasulu-and-mauna-mazhaiyilae-released-to-celebrate-50-days-of-mahanati/articleshow/64776905.cms|access-date=2019-12-27|website=The Times of India|date=28 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==

=== Telugu ===
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Mahanati'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| title5 = Chivaraku Migiledi
| total_length = 20:31
| title1 = Mooga Manasulu
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 4:19
| title2 = Sada Nannu
| extra2 = [[Charulatha Mani]]
| length2 = 3:37
| title3 = Mahanati
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length3 = 4:44
| title4 = Aagipo Baalyama
| extra4 = [[Ramya Behara]]
| length4 = 2:33
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length5 = 2:58
| extra5 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
| title6 = Gelupuleni Samaram
| length6 = 3:41
| extra6 = Ramya Behara
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| all_lyrics = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]], except the song "Mahanati" was written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| note3 =
}}

=== Tamil ===
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Nadigaiyar Thilagam'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:01
| all_lyrics = [[Madhan Karky]]
| title1 = Mauna Mazhaiyilae
| extra1 = Nayana Nair, [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 4:19
| title2 = Thandhaay
| extra2 = [[Charulatha Mani]]
| length2 = 3:37
| title3 = Mahanadi
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length3 = 4:44
| title4 = Kutti Rani
| extra4 = Nayana Nair
| length4 = 2:33
| title5 = Irudhiyil Enna Enjum
| extra5 = Nayana Nair
| length5 = 2:58
| title6 = Amudhai Pole Kidaithaai
| extra6 = Nayana Nair
| length6 = 3:10
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

== Background score ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mahanati
| type = [[Film score]]
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded = 2018
| genre = [[Film score]]
| length = 46:55
| language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
| label =
| producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title16 = Setbacks and Loosing everything
| length12 = 2:03
| title13 = Heart Break
| length13 = 2:46
| title14 = Income Tax Issues
| length14 = 1:01
| total_length = 46:55
| title15 = Antony-Vani Love Theme 1
| title17 = Antony-Vani Love Theme 2
| length11 = 1:02
| title18 = Going to Bangalore
| title19 = Gelupuleni Samaram
| title20 = Finale
| length15 = 1:06
| length16 = 5:52
| length17 = 3:02
| length18 = 1:05
| length19 = 3:25
| title12 = Other Women
| title11 = Success and Further
| title1 = Beginning and Madhura Vani's Theme
| length5 = 1:13
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Savitri in the Hospital
| length2 = 1:13
| title3 = Two Eye Drops
| length3 = 1:41
| title4 = Savitri's Childhood
| length4 = 1:30
| title5 = The Prodigy
| title6 = Earlier days in Madras
| length10 = 2:34
| length6 = 1:59
| title7 = Rendezvous with Gemini Ganeshan
| length7 = 1:23
| title8 = Love and Wedding
| length8 = 3:08
| title9 = Gemini on Bus Top
| length9 = 0:50
| title10 = Antony on Car Top
| length20 = 4:07
| all_music = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
}}

== Reception ==
The album received positive reviews from critics. Archana Nathan of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' reviewed the soundtrack, noting, "Mickey J Meyer's soundtrack for Mahanati has a song for each phase in Savitri's life, which is soulful and dramatic."<ref>{{cite web|last=Nathan|first=Archana|title='Mahanati' music review: Soulful and dramatic, just like screen legend Savitri|date=6 May 2018 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/877828/mahanati-music-review-soulful-and-dramatic-just-like-screen-legend-savitri}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]''-based critic Mrudula Ramadugu stated it to be one of the finest works of Mickey J Meyer, and summarised it: "''Mahanati''<nowiki/>'s soulful music, is filled with tracks that are bound to make you nostalgic. Full of old world charm, the makers couldn't have produced a more apt playlist for legendary actor Savitri's biopic. Infused with melodies, goofiness, love and pain, here is how each song of this period film got us humming and dwelling in emotions."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=May 9, 2018|title=Mahanati music review: Mickey J Meyer delivers his finest work till date in this Savitri biopic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-music-review-mickey-j-meyer-delivers-his-finest-work-till-date-in-this-savitri-biopic-4459819.html|access-date=2019-12-27|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

''Indiaglitz'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and stated "It's to director Nag Ashwin's credit that he defies cliches in conceiving the title song, 'Sada Ninnu', and 'Chivaraku Migiledi'.  With profound lyrics and enjoyable voices, the album is a winner."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahanati Music review songs lyrics|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mahanati-songs-review-telugu-movie-21404|access-date=2019-12-27|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Calling it an "impressive period soundtrack", Vipin Nair of ''MusicAloud'' rated the album 3.5 out of 5, with "Sada Nannu (Thandhaay)", "Aagipo Baalyama (Kutti Rani)" and "Mooga Manasulu (Mauna Mazhaiyile)" as the favourite picks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-05|title=Mahanati/Nadigaiyar Thilagam – Music Review (Telugu/Tamil Soundtrack)|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2018/05/04/mahanati-nadigaiyar-thilagam-music-review-telugu-tamil-soundtrack/|access-date=2019-12-27|website=Music Aloud}}</ref> ''Desi Music Bazaar'' rated the album 4.5 out of 5 and stated "Mickey J. Meyer brings out an astounding soundtrack for ''Mahanati''. The songs can definitely be enjoyed as standalone numbers as well as they can be joyfully experienced along with the visuals."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Janani|first=Kavya|date=2018-05-02|title=Desi Music Bazaar!: Mahanati Music Review|url=https://musicalltheway-music.blogspot.com/2018/05/mahanati-music-review.html|access-date=2019-12-27|website=Desi Music Bazaar!}}</ref>

''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote that "The music album of Mahanati is not the regular song and dance album which you can hear on a daily basis. Every song has its own emotions and nicely depicts the story of Telugu film industry's biggest heroine to date. Mickey J Meyer brings his best as he adds a lot of pain to every number. Some of the songs Sadaa Nannu and Mooga Manasulu have a very old school charm whereas the rest of them engross you into the mood of the bygone era in their very own way."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-03|title=Mahanati Music Review: Emotions in motion|url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/news/mahanati-music-review-emotions-motion|access-date=2020-12-21|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

== Album credits ==
Credits adapted from [[Aditya Music]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahanati Full Songs Jukebox {{!}} Keerthy Suresh, Dulquer Salmaan, Vijay Devarakonda, Samantha - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeMAz3VkJG0|access-date=2020-12-21|website=www.youtube.com| date=May 2018 }}</ref>

{{colbegin}}
* [[Mickey J. Meyer]] – Composer (All tracks), Arranger (All tracks), Programmer (All tracks), Sound Recording (Inspire Studios, [[Hyderabad]]) [All tracks], Sound Mixing (All tracks)
*[[Ramya Behara]] – Chorus (Track 3)
*[[Mohana Bhogaraju]] – Chorus (Track 3)
*Anjana Sowmya – Chorus (Track 3)
*[[Sravana Bhargavi]] – Chorus (Track 3)
*Sri Krishna – Chorus (Track 3)
*[[Vedala Hemachandra]] – Chorus (Track 3)
*Krishna Chaitanya – Chorus (Track 3)
*Deepu – Chorus (Track 3)
*Aditya Iyengar – Chorus (Track 3)
*PVNS Rohit – Chorus (Track 3)
*Pravasthi – Kids Chorus (Track 3)
*Sharmishta – Kids Chorus (Track 3)
*Karthikeya – Kids Chorus (Track 3)
*Sashank – Kids Chorus (Track 3)
*Phani Narayana Vadali – [[Veena]] (Track 1,2)
*Ravi Shankar – [[Flute]] (Track 1,2,4)
*Sam Ewens – [[Brass instrument|Brass]] (Track 3)
*Paul Raj – [[Tabla]], [[Dholak|Dholki]] (Track 4,5)
*Venkatesh Patvari – Rhythm Programmer (All tracks)
*Darren Vermaas – Mastering (Studio Mastering) [All tracks]
{{colend}}

== References ==
<references />{{Mickey J. Meyer}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aditya Music soundtracks]]
[[Category:2018 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Mickey J. Meyer soundtracks]]

J. C. Daniel

2026-01-11T00:52:22Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: added a stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian actor, director (1900–1975)}}
{{About|the film-maker|the naturalist|J. C. Daniel (naturalist)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J.C. Daniel
| image = JC_Daniel.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Joseph Chellaiya Daniel
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1900|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Neyyattinkara]], [[Travancore]] (now [[Kerala]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1975|04|27|1900|11|28}}
| death_place = [[Agasteeswaram]], [[Kanyakumari District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| height =
| occupation = Filmmaker, dentist
| education = [[Maharaja's College, Thiruvananthapuram|Maharaja's College]], [[Trivandrum]]
| years active = 1926–
| spouse = Janet Raechel
| children = Sundaram Daniel, Gnana Sulochana, Subamathy Vijaya, Janet Lalitha, Harris Daniel
| parents = Dr N.J.Daniel, Gnanammal
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Joseph Chellaiya Daniel''' (26 February 1900 {{endash}} 27 April 1975) was an Indian filmmaker, widely recognised as the "father of [[Malayalam cinema]]". He was the first filmmaker from [[Kerala]]. He produced, directed, wrote, photographed, edited and starred in ''[[Vigathakumaran]]'' (''The Lost Child'', 1928 or 1930), the first Malayalam feature film, made in Kerala.{{efn|name=fn1}} He also established the first [[film studio]] in Kerala, ''Travancore National Pictures''. In 1992, the [[Government of Kerala]] instituted the [[J. C. Daniel Award]], the highest honour in Malayalam cinema, as part of the [[Kerala State Film Awards]], in recognition of his contributions to the industry.

==Early life and education==
Joseph Chellaiya Daniel<ref name=hindu2013>{{cite web | title=The pioneer | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=10 November 2013 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-pioneer/article5335492.ece | access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=Pankaj/> was born in [[Neyyattinkara]],<ref name=hindu2013/> [[Travancore]] (now [[Kerala]]) on 26 February 1900,<ref name="Foundation"/> into a wealthy Tamil Christian [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] family that owned substantial property.<ref name=Pankaj>{{cite web | last=Pankaj | first=Ashwini Kumar | title=Will Indian Cinema acknowledge its Bahujan forefathers? | website=[[Forward Press]] | date=11 July 2013 | url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2013/07/will-indian-cinema-acknowledge-its-bahujan-forefathers/ | access-date=27 May 2025| quote=Published in the July 2013 issue of the ''Forward Press'' magazine.}}</ref> His father, N. Joseph Daniel (died 1915), was a doctor, who worked as chief medical officer at the government hospital. Daniel was the seventh of 11 children born to his mother Gnanammal Daniel, but two siblings died. Gnanammal was an only child and inherited a fortune from her parents. In 1905 the family moved to a little village called Puthuveedu.<ref name="Foundation">{{cite web |title=Biography |url=https://jcdanielfoundation.org/biography/ |website=JC Daniel Foundation |access-date=17 March 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317105257/https://jcdanielfoundation.org/biography/| archive-date= 17 March 2024}}</ref>{{Efn|This source says he was born in [[Neyyattinkara]], Kerala.<ref name="Foundation"/>}}

Daniel attended Scott Christian School in [[Nagercoil]] from the age of 10.<ref name="Foundation"/> He finished his formal education from [[Maharaja's College, Thiruvananthapuram|Maharaja's College]] in [[Trivandrum]].<ref name="Foundation"/> He practised the Indian martial art [[Kalarippayattu]] as a child, continuing his training at college.<ref name=hindu2013/>

He published an English book titled ''Indian Art of Fencing and Sword Play'' in 1915, when he was 15 years old.<ref name=Pankaj/>

==Career==
===Learning filmmaking===
Daniel was well aware of the scope of cinema as a public medium. He wished to popularise [[Kalarippayattu]] by harnessing the popular influence of cinema. At that time, ordinary people in Kerala were not even aware of the medium of cinema, so the idea was quite a challenge. He took up the challenge and left for [[Madras]] (now Chennai) to learn techniques of film-making and to acquire necessary equipment for the purpose.<ref name="Biography">cinemaofmalayalam.net – [http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html Biography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606225929/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |date=6 June 2009 }}</ref> [[Madras]] was the budding centre of film production in [[South India]] and had the only permanent [[talkies]] cinema in South India, named Gaiety, established in 1917.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} However, he was unable to realise his plans in Madras and was even denied entry to various studios in the city.{{cn|date=May 2025}} He then travelled to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), the centre of [[Hindi cinema]] production. He was able to obtain entry into film studios in the city, claiming that he was a teacher from Kerala and wanted to teach his students about cinema. He gathered enough knowledge and equipment for film production from [[Bombay]] before returning to Kerala.<ref name="Biography"/>

===Production of ''Vigathakumaran''===

In 1926, Daniel established the first film studio in Kerala, called Travancore National Pictures. It was near the present Public Service Commission office, Pattom, Trivandrum.<ref name="Profile: Page 2">Weblokam – [http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/0504/19/1050419031_2.htm Profile: Page 2] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029133605/http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/0504/19/1050419031_2.htm |date=29 October 2008 }}</ref><ref name=hindu2013/> He obtained funds for this purpose by selling a piece of land in his name for an amount of Rs.400,000.<ref name="Profile: Page 2"/> With everything set, Daniel finally started the production work of the film of his dreams. He wrote the script and titled it ''Vigathakumaran''. The film did not have sound or dialogue. He directed and wielded the camera for the film and also played the role of the protagonist in the film. [[P. K. Rosie]] acted as the heroine. He also did most of the post-production work including [[film editing|editing]]. The theme of the film was of social significance and was one of the earliest films of the genre.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

===Post-release of ''Vigathakumaran''===

[[File:GrandParents.jpg|thumb|Daniel with his wife Janet]]
''Vigathakumaran'' was exhibited in Trivandrum at the ''Capitol Theatre'' on 7 November 1928<ref name="Biography"/> or 23 October 1930.{{Efn |name=fn1|Many sources cite the release date as 23 October 1930, a topic explored at length in an article by journalist Adv Narayan published in 2012. His view is that [[Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan]]'s "meticulous research", putting the date at 7 November 1928, was lost after various sources, after an unverified copy of a handbill about the film, which came to light during the 8th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] in 2003, giving the date as 23 October 1930. This was widely reported in the media, and was repeated by journalist Kunnukuzhi Mani.<ref name=Narayan2012>{{cite web | title=Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan's meticulous research weighed against a Handbill.|first=Adv| last= Narayan | website=OLD MALAYALAM CINEMA | date=3 December 2012 | url=https://malayalam137.rssing.com/chan-6007866/article20.html | access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref> Many sources cite the 1928 release date.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg9xu4J7L-oC |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=1999 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-57958-146-6 |pages=251 |language=en |quote=Vigathakumaran (1928); Hailed as the first Malayalam film, released in November 1928 in Trivandrum. Its lack of success ruined the director and no literature about, or footage from, the film appear to have survived.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=C |first1=Sunitha Srinivas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwpEQAAQBAJ |title=The Aesthetics of Ugliness in Contemporary Malayalam Cinema |last2=K |first2=Arunlal |date=27 September 2024 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-0364-0937-1 |pages=56 |language=en |quote=The first Malayalam film (silent), Vigathakumaran by J.C. Daniel, was made in 1928}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Parthajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOHH0AEACAAJ |title=A History of India's North-East Cinema: Deconstructing the Stereotypes |date=2025 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=979-8-7651-2765-0 |pages=65 |language=en |quote=In 1928, J. C. Daniel, the director of the first Malayalam film, spent almost six months searching extensively before finding a female lead for Vigathakumaran (The Lost Boy).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |date=2013-04-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=105 |language=en |quote=From the very beginning of the twentieth century Kerala, or the erstwhile kingdoms of Travancore, Cochin and Malabar, had a thriving film culture. Touring film companies brought the flavors of Tamil, Marathi and Hindi cultures to Malayalee populations. Only two films were produced during the silent era of Malayalam cinema-Vigathakumaran (The Lost Child) in 1928 and Marthandavarma in 1931.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Meena T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iiPSQAACAAJ |title=Women in Malayalam Cinema: Naturalising Gender Hierarchies |date=2010 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3865-8 |pages=28 |language=en |quote=The origin of Malayalam cinema dates back to the late 1920s, the fag end of the Silent era. The first Malayalam film Vigathakumaran (Silent) was made in 1928 by J. C. Daniel.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifjFnAEACAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |pages=751 |language=en |quote=CINEMA (Malayalam); The first movie in Malayalam came out in 1928. J.C. Daniel's Vigathakumaran was a silent film. Efforts to make a sound film (Talkies) started and as a result the film Balan came out in 1938.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barclay |first1=Francis Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m57WEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT214 |title=Gender and Popular Visual Culture in India: 'Benevolent' Sexism and Disguised Discrimination |last2=Laskar |first2=Kaifia Ancer |date=3 November 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-99702-6 |language=en |quote=Gender issues in the Malayalam film industry have a long-standing history, starting from the controversial casting of the Dalit woman P. K. Rosy in the first Malayalam film Vigathakumaran (1928).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Anjali Gera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MfRoQEACAAJ |title=Travels of Bollywood Cinema: From Bombay to LA |last2=Chua |first2=Beng Huat |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-945415-0 |pages=154 |language=en |quote=In 1928, the first Malayalam silent movie Vigathakumaran was produced.}}</ref> Kiran Ravindran, who made the documentary ''The Lost Child'', asserts that ''Vigathakumaran'' was first released in 1928, not 1930.<ref>{{cite web | title=Screening of documentary on J C Daniel on Wednesday | website=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=5 November 2012 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2012/Nov/05/screening-of-documentary-on-j-c-daniel-on-wednesday-422519.html | access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> R. Gopalakrishnan, author of ''Broken Dreams'' (2020) presents evidence in his book that the film was not released in 1928, saying in an interview "If the movie was released in 1928, why is there no news of it in any of the newspapers? Also, there is no proof that the Capitol Cinema Hall was burned down".<ref name=gautham2020/>}} Despite being the very first film made in Kerala and having a socially-significant message, it faced the wrath of certain orthodox sections in the society due to the presence of a woman in the film. Rosie, who played the role of the female protagonist, was disbarred from entering the theatre, as upper-caste Hindus, outraged that a converted dalit played the role of a Nair woman in the film, created a ruckus.<ref name="Biography"/> During the screening, stones were pelted on the screen, damaging it.<ref name="Rosie">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100818082602/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/14/stories/2010081451180200.htm "New media misrepresents role of women: Kumar Shahani"]. ''The Hindu''. 14 August 2010.</ref> The film did moderate business at the box office but the collections were way below the production cost.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

The movie was also screened in [[Alleppey]] at the Star Theatre. Since it was a silent movie, there was an announcer at the theatre who would explain the story and the situation. Alleppey being one of the most important port towns in Kerala during that time, the audience were more liberal. They received the movie with excitement. There was a minor glitch once, when the screen faded and the audience booed. After the announcer explained that some minor problems might occur since this was the first [[Malayalam]] movie ever made and screened, the audience welcomed his statement with applause.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

''Vigathakumaran'' was also screened at [[Quilon]], [[Trichur]], [[Tellichery]], and [[Nagercoil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13561098&programId=1073752204&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online {{!}} Movies {{!}} Interviews {{!}} |website=www.manoramaonline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305022823/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13561098&programId=1073752204&BV_ID=@@@&channelId=-1073750705&tabId=3 |archive-date=2013-03-05}}</ref>

Daniel became indebted as the movie was not a commercial success. To pay his debtors, he had to sell his equipment and close down the studio.<ref name="Biography"/>

==Personal life==
At the age of 19 he met and fell in love with Janet Raechel, then aged just 13, and after waiting for five years and consent of the two families, they married in 1924 at the M. M. Church in Trivandrum.<ref name="Foundation"/>

They had several children, including a son, Sundaram, and daughter Sulochana, both of whom appeared in ''Vigathakumaran''.<ref name=hindu2013/> A younger son, Harris,<ref name="Foundation"/><ref name=harris>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/How-Vigathakumaran-was-lost-to-history/articleshow/18505051.cms | title=Harris Daniel: How 'Vigathakumaran' was lost to history | website=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=23 December 2017 | archive-date=18 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518120110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/How-Vigathakumaran-was-lost-to-history/articleshow/18505051.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> or Haris.<ref name=anand2013/> Harris was responsible for burning the last print of the film when six years old, an act of revenge against his older brother Sundaram, who he said had bullied him.<ref name="Foundation"/><ref name=harris/>

==Later life and death==
[[File:JC Daniel's tomb erected by his children.jpg|thumb|Daniel's tomb in [[Agastheeswaram|Agasteeswaram]], [[Kanyakumari]]]]
Daniel spent the rest of his life as a dentist at [[Palayamkottai]], Tamil Nadu.{{cn|date=May 2025}} He spent his last years in his ancestral home in [[Agastheeswaram]].{{cn|date=May 2025}} Although he applied for pension under the scheme for ailing artists, the [[Government of Kerala]] rejected it since he was from Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Pankaj/> In his books and articles, noted film journalist [[Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan]] established that ''Vigathakumaran'' was the first Malayalam film and that Daniel was its architect as director, producer, cinematographer and leading man. He described the story of ''Vigathakumaran'' in articles published since 1960, but Kerala Government initially rejected his crusade, saying that Daniel was not a Malayalee. The Government version was that if Daniel wanted a pension or financial assistance, he has to approach the Tamil Nadu Government. However, Gopalakrishnan's campaign was finally successful and Daniel obtained government recognition as a Keralite, being honoured as the "Father of Malayalam Cinema".{{cn|date=May 2025}} He is widely known by this moniker.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |last=Cinema of Malayalam |title=Dr. J C Daniel |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606225929/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |archive-date=6 June 2009 }}</ref>

Daniel died on 27 April 1975, and was survived by his wife, Janet.<ref name="Foundation"/> He is buried in a tomb erected by his children in Agasteeswaram.

==Recognition==
===J. C. Daniel Award===
{{Main|J. C. Daniel Award}}
The Department of Cultural Affairs, [[Government of Kerala]] instituted the [[J. C. Daniel Award]] in honour of him in 1992.<ref name="Profile: Page 2"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bingham |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwPsEAAAQBAJ |title=Directory of World Cinema: India |date=20 February 2015 |publisher=[[Intellect Books]] |isbn=978-1-78320-509-7 |pages=117 |language=en |quote=...his contribution to Malayalam film-making was recognized in 1992 when Kerala's Department of Cultural Affairs instigated the JC Daniel Award.}}</ref> The award, a part of the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] is to honour lifetime achievements in outstanding contributions to [[Malayalam cinema]].{{cn|date=May 2025}} From 1998, the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], an autonomous body under the Department of Cultural Affairs, [[Government of Kerala]] hosts the award.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

===J. C. Foundation Awards===
The J. C. Foundation Awards are instituted by the J.C. Foundation, which was founded in memory of J.C. Daniel by his family and friends. The awards are given annually for achievements in Malayalam film-making and literature. There are a variety of categories for film, while the literature award is given for the best Malayalam novel.<ref>The Hindu – [https://web.archive.org/web/20080612210440/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/22/stories/2006072227850300.htm J.C. Foundation awards announced]</ref>

==In popular culture==
''The Lost Life'' is a 21-minute documentary about Daniel's life made by R. Gopalakrishnan<ref>{{cite news|title=Tracing the path of a pioneer filmmaker|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/02/24/stories/2006022401080200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127091857/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/02/24/stories/2006022401080200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2007|access-date=28 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 February 2006}}</ref> (aka Gopalakrishnan Raghavan Nair<ref>{{YouTube|oz_xJ-ktqhw| Lost Life Part 1}}, published 2012.</ref>), released in 2006. Gopalakrishnan, a [[stills photographer]] for films, was as of 2013 the general secretary of the Film Photographers' Union of [[Film Employees Federation of Kerala]] (FEFKA).<ref name=anand2013>{{cite web | last=Anand | first=Shilpa Nair | title='The Lost Life' Revisited | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=17 March 2013 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-lost-life-revisited/article4515992.ece | access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> ''The Lost Life'' won a [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention in the Kerala State Film Awards]] in 2006.<ref name=gautham2020>{{cite web | last=S | first=Gautham | title=Of broken dreams | website=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=23 October 2020 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Oct/23/of-broken-dreams-2213773.html | access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] wrote and directed a [[biopic]] on Daniel titled ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''. The film details the struggles of Daniel to produce and exhibit ''Vigathakumaran'', while plunging into financial crisis. The movie generated criticism over its subtle reference to an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]] and the then [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]], which purportedly points to the bureaucrat and writer [[Malayattoor Ramakrishnan]] and [[K. Karunakaran]], who worked together to deny J. C. Daniel credit for his contribution to Malayalam cinema as he was a Christian,<ref>Audio recording of [[Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan]] produced by Akashawani and published by a TV channel.</ref>{{better source|date=May 2025}} Author and civil servant [[N. S. Madhavan]], as well as [[D. Babu Paul]], former Chief Secretary of Kerala, have pointed out factual inaccuracies in the film's depiction of Malayattoor and Karunakaran. The film, based partially on the novel ''Nashta Naayika'' by [[Vinu Abraham]] and the ''Life of J. C. Daniel'', a biography by film journalist [[Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan]], also deals with the life of [[PK Rosy]], the lead actress in ''Vigathakumaran''. [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] plays the role of Daniel, while [[Mamta Mohandas]] plays his wife Janet, and newcomer Chandni plays Rosie. The film won seven [[Kerala State Film Awards]] in different categories, including [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Barbs in 'Celluloid' lead to bloodletting|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/barbs-in-celluloid-lead-to-bloodletting/article4446883.ece|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Celluloid': A belated tribute to father of Malayalam cinema|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/celluloid-a-belated-tribute-to-father-of-malayalam-cinema-113022300181_1.html|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=23 February 2013}}</ref>

In October 2020 R. Gopalakrishnan published a book called ''Broken Dreams'', which tells the story of Daniel, his wife Janet, producer [[R. Sunder Raj]], his wife Devaki Bai, and Rama Reddy, who owned the Capitol Cinema Hall, where ''Vigathakumaran'' was filmed. Gopalakrishnan believes that the film was not released in 1928, but must have been released at the later date. Director [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] wrote the prologue for the book.<ref name=gautham2020/>
== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|OxmdzrXmMgs|J C Daniel – Father of Malayalam Cinema – A Short Film}}
{{J. C. Daniel Award}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daniel, J. C.}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Filmmaking pioneers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]

Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh

2025-12-24T21:52:51Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers:

{{Other places|Baikunthpur (disambiguation){{!}}Baikunthpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baikunthpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.25|N|82.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Korea District|Koriya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 556
| population_total = 28,431
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act%2c_1957_no._5_of_1958%2c_date_24.01.1958.pdf |title=The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007 |publisher=indiacode.nic.in |year=2008 |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172224/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act,_1957_no._5_of_1958,_date_24.01.1958.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 497335
| area_code = 7836
| registration_plate = CG-16
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baikunthpur''' is a town, a [[Nagar Palika]] and a notified area committee in [[Koriya District]] in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. It is the administrative headquarters of Koriya district.

==Geography==
Baikunthpur is located at {{Coord|23.25|N|82.55|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/37/Baikunthpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Baikunthpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 529 metres (1735 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

==Demographics==
The Baikunthpur Municipality has population of 28,431 of which 14,749 are males while 13,682 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. Baikunthpur has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 57% of the males and 43% of females literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Culture and industry==
Coal India has a GM office of SECL in Baikunthpur, (SECL - a wholly owned subsidiary of CIL). This area has rich coal resources with other GM offices and has many profitable coal mines, namely [[Churcha Coalmines]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

*Dr. Sanjay Alung-Chhattisgarh ki Riyaste/Princely states aur Jamindariyaa (Vaibhav Prakashan, Raipur1, {{ISBN|81-89244-96-5}})
*Dr.Sanjay Alung-Chhattisgarh ki Janjaatiyaa/Tribes aur Jatiyaa/Castes (Mansi publication, Delhi6, {{ISBN|978-81-89559-32-8}})

{{Koriya district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Koriya district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Kudremukha

2025-12-18T13:09:44Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: added first data initial version

{{short description|Mountain in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2006}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Kudremukha
| etymology = Horse Face
| photo = Shola_Grasslands_and_forests_in_the_Kudremukh_National_Park,_Western_Ghats,_Karnataka.jpg
| photo_caption = Kudremukh National Park from top
| elevation_m = 1894
| elevation_ref = above [[Mean Sea Level|MSL]]
| prominence_m = 1052<ref>https://worldribus.org/indian-subcontinent/</ref>
| listing = Ribu
| map = India Karnataka#India
| map_caption = Location of Kudremukha in Karnataka
| map_size = 290
| label_position = right
| translation =
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| location = [[Kalasa]] Taluk, [[Chikmagalur district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| range = [[Western Ghats]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|07|46.24|N|75|16|06.79|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| range_coordinates =
| topo =
| type =
| age =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = Hike
}}
'''Kudremukha''' is the name of a [[mountain range]] and an individual mountain peak located in [[Chikmagalur district]], in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is also the name of a small hill station and iron ore-mining town situated near the mountain, about 20 kilometres from [[Kalasa]] in Kalasa Taluk. The name ''Kuduremukha'' literally means "horse-faced" in [[Kannada]] and refers to a particular picturesque view of a side of the mountain that resembles a horse's face. It was also referred to as 'Samseparvata', historically since it was approached from Samse village. Kuduremukha is Karnataka's 2nd highest peak after [[Mullayanagiri]] and 26th highest peak in western ghats. The nearest International Airport is at [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore]] which is at a distance of 99 kilometres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Distance Between Mangalore To Kudremukha|url=http://www.distancesbetween.com/distance-between/distance-from-mangalore-to-kudremukha/145528/r3/|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804012216/http://www.distancesbetween.com/distance-between/distance-from-mangalore-to-kudremukha/145528/r3/|archive-date=4 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Kudremukha National Park in the Western Ghats is a part of the world's 38 ‘hottest hotspots’ of biological diversity, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Disappearing-forests-of-Kudremukh/article14094143.ece | title=Disappearing forests of Kudremukh | newspaper=The Hindu | date=22 February 2016 }}</ref>

==Location==
The Kudremukha National Park (latitude 13°01'00" to 13°29'17" N, longitude 75°00'55' to 75°25'00" E) is the second-largest Wildlife Protected Area (600.32  km2) belonging to a tropical wet evergreen type of forest in the [[Western Ghats]]. Kudremukha National Park is located at the tri-junction of [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi District]], and [[Chikmagalur district]] of [[Karnataka]]. The [[Western Ghats]] is one of the thirty-four hotspots identified for biodiversity conservation in the world. Kudremukha National Park comes under the Global Tiger Conservation Priority-I, under the format developed jointly by the [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] (WCS) and [[World Wide Fund]]-USA.

[[File: Kudremukh Peak Closer.jpg|thumb]]

==Geography==
[[File: Kudremukh national park.jpg|thumb|left|Panoramic View of mountains in the Kudremukha National Park]]
The town of Kudremukha (KIOCL & etc.) lies at an elevation of around {{convert|815|m|ft}}, whereas the peak stands at {{convert|1894|m|ft}}.
The southern and western sides of the park form the steep slope of the Western Ghats ridgeline, with the altitude varying from 100 m - 1892 m (peak). The northern, central, and eastern portions of the park constitute a chain of rolling hills with a mosaic of natural grassland and shola forests. Kudremukha receives an average annual rainfall of 7000 mm,{{Citation needed|reason=Cite weather data|date=July 2019}} largely due to the forest types of mainly evergreen vegetation that can be found here.

==History==
[[File:Kudremukh hillside.jpg|thumb|upright|The Horse Faced Peak]]

===National park===
Well known [[environmentalist]] and [[tiger]] expert, K Ullas Karanth undertook a detailed and systematic survey of the distribution of the endangered [[lion-tailed macaque]] in [[Karnataka]] during 1983-84 with support from the Government of Karnataka. He observed that suitable and extensive rainforest habitat for the lion-tailed macaque existed in Kudremukha and that the tract probably harboured the largest contiguous population of lion-tailed macaques in the Western Ghats, outside the [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] region. He further suggested that [[lion-tailed macaques]] could be effectively used as a 'flagship' species to conserve the entire biotic community in the region and prepared a conservation plan for the survival of wild populations of lion-tailed macaques in the region delineating the present national park area as a proposed nature reserve. Based on his report, the Karnataka State Wildlife Advisory Board suggested to the government that Kudremukha National Park be created.

Three important rivers, the Tunga, the Bhadra and the Nethravathi are said to have their origin here. A shrine of goddess ''Bhagavathi'' and a ''Varaha'' image, 1.8 m within a cave are the main attractions. The [[Tunga River]] and [[Bhadra River]] flow freely through the parklands. The area of the Kadambi waterfalls is a definite point of interest for anyone who travels to the spot. The animals found there include [[malabar civets]], [[Dhole|wild dogs]], [[sloth bears]] and [[spotted deer]].

===Opposition to national park===
[[File:Kudremukh Main Road.jpg|thumb|200px|Kudremukh]]
People residing inside the national park did not welcome the idea of such a concept, as it involves eviction and Kudremukha Rashtriya Udyana Virodhi Okoota, an NGO, fights on behalf of people residing inside the forest and opposes the formation of the national park.<ref name=opposition>{{cite news|last=Prabhu|first=Ganesh|title=Kudremukha park: eviction threat looms over Megur|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/12/stories/2007071252500500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212070453/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/12/stories/2007071252500500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2008|access-date=10 June 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2007}}</ref> To curb the supposed Naxalite activity inside the premises, police opened fire on activists and killed five suspected Naxalites on 10 July 2007.<ref name=opposition/>

===Conservation===
After years of campaigning by environmentalists, Kudremukha was declared a National Park in 1987 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conservationindia.org/case-studies/the-kudremukh-saga-a-triumph-for-conservation-2|title=The Kudremukh Saga — A Triumph for Conservation}}</ref>

=== Ecology ===
[[File:Shola Grasslands and forests in the Kudremukh National Park, Western Ghats, Karnataka.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Shola Grasslands and forests in the Kudremukha National Park, [[Western Ghats]], Karnataka.]]
A diverse assemblage of endangered large mammals is found in the park supporting three large mammal predator species such as the [[Bengal tiger|tiger]], [[leopard]] and [[dhole|wild dog]]. The important tiger prey base found within the park is [[gaur]], [[sambar deer|sambar]], [[Sus (genus)|wild pig]], [[muntjac]], [[chevrotain]], [[bonnet macaque]], common [[langur]] and the [[lion-tailed macaque]].

The wet climate and the tremendous water retentive capacity of the shola grasslands and forests have led to the formation of thousands of perennial streams in the region converging to form three major rivers of the region, Tunga, Bhadra and Nethravathi which form an important lifeline for the people of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Lobo's house is an old abandoned farm on the upper reaches of Kuduremukha.

== Trekking in Kudremukha ==
There are numerous peaks inside the National Park, each offering a mesmerizing view of the evergreen forest and the western escarpments. Notable ones are as follows:
* Tirimarigubbe
* Soojigallu
* Bangarabailge
* [[Netravathi Peak, Chikkamagaluru|Hirimariguppe]] (popularly known as [[Netravathi Peak, Chikkamagaluru|The Netravathi Peak]])
* Elneer waterfalls

But trekking is restricted to Kudremukha & Netravathi by the Forest department.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/greens-urge-forest-department-not-to-allow-trekkers-tourists-to-unexplored-peaks-in-kudremukh-national-park-area/article67227050.ece|access-date=24 August 2023|title=Activists urge Forest dept.not to allow trekkers to UNEXPLORED PEAKS in the National Park|newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 August 2023 |last1=Kamila |first1=Raviprasad }}</ref>

===Kudremukha Peak===
{| class="wikitable"
|Difficulty level
|Moderate to difficult
|-
|Approximate temperature
|{{cvt|3|-|27|°C}}
|-
|Accommodation type
|Easily available:

a) Be noted its a place a forest area, no restrooms are available, once you cross forest check post.

b) Dormitories: Ideally big room where people sleep in sleeping bags. There will be separate rooms for men and women.

c) Several Home stays, with options for private rooms also.
|-
|Washrooms
|a) Toilets at Base Camp Kudremukha.
b) Several Homestays.
|-
|Distance from [[Bangalore]]
|{{cvt|320|km}} (one way)
|-
|Total trekking distance
|Approximately {{cvt|20|-|22|km}}
|-
|Attraction
|Beautiful landscape
|}

==Mining town==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kudremukha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Malleshwara
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Karnataka|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikmagalur district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kalasa]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 2nd April, 1976
| founder = Government of India
| named_for = Horse-face shaped Hill
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Notified Area Council|NAC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 45.43
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 820
| population_total = 2241
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577142
| registration_plate = KA-18
| website = http://www.kioclltd.in/lang=EN
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:KudremukhNationalPark.jpg|thumb|Kudremukha Road]]
[[File:Mist, meadows and mountains.jpg|thumb|Lakya dam lake near Kudremukha town]]
The Kudremukha township developed primarily as an [[iron]] ore [[mining]] town where the government ran [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd.|Kudremukha Iron Ore Company Ltd.]] (KIOCL). This public sector company operated for almost 30 years but was closed in 2006 due to environmental issues.<ref name=close>{{cite news|title=KIOCL plans to enter eco-tourism sector with a Rs. 805-cr. investment|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kiocl-plans-to-enter-ecotourism-sector-with-rs-805cr-investment/article4573514.ece|access-date=10 June 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 April 2013}}</ref> The company proposed eco-tourism in the area and insisted that the land lease be renewed for 99 years.<ref name=close/> However, environmentalists opposed such an idea because the area should be given time to regenerate completely rest. Thus, the mining lease lapsed on 24 July 1999.<ref name=greens>{{cite news|title=Greens seek to steamroll KIOCL's luxury eco-tourism project|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/greens-seek-to-steamroll-kiocls-luxury-ecotourism-project/article4577607.ece|access-date=10 June 2013|date=4 April 2013}}</ref> The mining town now known as Kudremukha originally known as '''Malleshwara''' village whose residents have relocated to Jamble village of Kalasa taluk in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|title=The nowhere people of a former mining town |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/the-nowhere-people-of-a-former-mining-town/article19526288.ece|access-date=20 August 2017|date=19 August 2017}}</ref> Mining town had 3 schools named Giri Jyothi Convent School, Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV Kudremukh) & Government school, which had an education from Nursery to class 12.

===Demographics===
{{As of |2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kudremukha town had a population of 8095. Males constitute 54% of the population, while females constitute 46%. Kudremukha has an average literacy rate of 80%, which is higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 83% while female literacy is 77%. 11% of the population is under six years of age.

Due to closure of mining activity, the population fell drastically. As per 2011 census,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/601/download/2052/DH_2011_2916_PART_B_DCHB_CHIKMAGALUR.pdf|access-date= 24 August 2023|title= Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref> the [[Nagar panchayat|Kudremukha Notified Area Council (NAC)]] which spans {{convert|45.43|km2|mi2}} had a population of just 2,241 with 719 households.

==Threats==
[[File:Kuduremukha Iron Ore.JPG|thumb|Kudremukha Iron Ore Company logo]]
[[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company|Kudremukha Iron Ore Company Limited (KIOCL)]] is a public sector company that was mining iron ore from the Kudremukha hills. KIOCL conducted its operations in an area of 4,604.55 ha for over 20 years. Opposition to its activities built up over the years from environmentalists and wildlife conservationists who were concerned about the threat to the region's flora and fauna, and farmers who were affected by the pollution of the streams that originated in the mining area. KIOCL has been banned from operating in this beautiful Natural Reserve, according to a Supreme Court order.

The rainfall in Kudremukh, which is one of the highest for any open cast mining operation in the world,{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} greatly accentuates the impacts of siltation as claimed by environmentalists. The topographic and rainfall characteristics in combination with the open cast mining of low-grade iron ore and other land-surface disturbances caused by the KIOCL operations resulted in very high sediment discharge, with over 60% of the total siltation in the Bhadra system being contributed by the mining area which forms less than six per cent of the catchment. With high-quality practices adopted by KIOCL to mine, the flora and fauna remained intact, causing no adverse effects on nature {{citation needed|date=October 2020}}.

KIOCL used to send iron ore through pipes running through districts of [[Udupi]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] and converted to pellets at their plant in [[Panambur]].

===Lakhya Dam===
The dam is built across ''Lakhya hole''(stream), a tributary of [[Bhadra River]]. Construction of this earthen dam was completed in the year 1994. It is operated by KIOCL. It was built as a [[tailings|tailing pond]], that is, to dump the unwanted [[gangue]] materials from the extracted iron ore. The dam has a Gross Storage Capacity of {{convert|273790000|m3|ft3}} (9.66[[Tmcft]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://idup.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202301041237280041National%20register%20of%20large%20dams.pdf|access-date=1 May 2024|title=Directory of Large Dams in India}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Besides using this reservoir as a tailing, during odd years, water from this dam is used to compensate for deficit drinking water supply to [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]] city,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=393968|access-date=1 May 2024|title=Mangaluru city gets water from Lakhya Dam}}</ref> and also to the dependents of [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] basin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bhadra-to-get-water-from-kudremukh/articleshow/6694941.cms|access-date=1 May 2024|title=Bhadra dam to get water from Lakhya Dam}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Baba Budangiri]]
* [[Chikmagalur]]
* [[Hanumangundi Falls]]
* [[Kalasa]]
* [[Karkala]]
* [[Kemmanagundi]]
* [[Mangalore]]
* [[Mullayangiri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kudremukh}}
*[http://www.falconsmania.blogspot.in/2012/12/kudremukh-trek-karnataka.html kudremukha trek]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061007180231/http://www.wildindia.org/wiki/Kudremukh_checklist_amphibians Checklist of Amphibians reported from Kudremukha National Park]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061007180355/http://www.wildindia.org/wiki/Kudremukh_checklist_insects Checklist of Aquatic Insects reported from Kudremukha National Park]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061007180412/http://www.wildindia.org/wiki/Kudremukh_checklist_birds Checklist of Birds reported from Kudremukha National Park]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061007180242/http://www.wildindia.org/wiki/Kudremukh_checklist_butterflies Checklist of Butterflies reported from Kudremukha National Park]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061007180250/http://www.wildindia.org/wiki/Kudremukh_checklist_fishes Checklist of Fishes reported from Kudremukha National Park]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061007180206/http://www.wildindia.org/wiki/Kudremukh_checklist_mammals Checklist of Mammals reported from Kudremukha National Park]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061007180226/http://www.wildindia.org/wiki/Kudremukh_checklist_non_woody_plants Checklist of Non-Woody Plants reported from Kudremukha National Park]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061007180312/http://www.wildindia.org/wiki/Kudremukh_checklist_reptiles Checklist of Reptiles reported from Kudremukha National Park]
*[http://www.weedioh.com/Video.aspx?VideoId=2486]

{{Chikkamagaluru topics}}
{{Western Ghats}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Protected areas of Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:National parks in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Iron ore mining in India]]
[[Category:Mountains of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1916]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]
[[Category:Geography of Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chikmagalur district]]

Hebius lacrima

2025-12-16T03:53:10Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: added the article added tags

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{speciesbox
| image =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Das, A. |date=2021 |title=''Hebius lacrima'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T149406888A149407072 |access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>
| genus = Hebius
| species = lacrima
| authority = Purkayastha & David, 2019
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hebius lacrima''''', the '''crying keelback''', is a species of snake of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=RDB/> The snake is [[endemic]] to [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=IUCN/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Hebius |species=lacrima|access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63255935}}

[[Category:Hebius|lacrima]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2019]]

{{Natricinae-stub}}

Zero Mile Stone (Nagpur)

2025-11-17T09:46:47Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers:

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zero Mile Stone
| native_name = शून्य मैलाचा दगड ''Śūnya Mailācā Dagaḍa''
| native_name_lang = mr
| settlement_type = Monument
| image_skyline = Zero mile nagpur.jpg
| image_caption = Zero Mile Stone, Nagpur
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.149850|N|79.080598|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| established_title = [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]]
| established_date = 1907
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidarbha]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of cities in Maharashtra by population|City]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Nagpur]]
}}
'''Zero Mile Stone''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Śūnya Mailācā Dagaḍa'') is a monument built by the [[British Raj|British]] during the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] of [[India]] in 1907 in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Image of Inscription at Zero Mile Monument|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/SavedPhotos-g2365349-i289433083-Nagpur_Nagpur_District_Maharashtra.html|website=TripAdvisor|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ganesan|first1=P|title=A method of transferring G.T.S. benchmark value to survey area using electronic total station|journal=NIO Technical Report|date=2007-12-01|issue=2007/04|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/handle/2264/1028|access-date=7 December 2017|publisher=National Institute of Oceanography|location=Vishakapatnam, India}}</ref> The Zero Mile Stone consists of a pillar made up of sandstone and another small stone representing the GTS Standard Bench Mark, and four stucco horses that were added later. The height of the top of the pillar is {{cvt|310.948|m|ft}} above mean sea level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Image of Inscription at Zero Mile Monument|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/SavedPhotos-g2365349-i289433083-Nagpur_Nagpur_District_Maharashtra.html|website=TripAdvisor|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> In 2008, [[The Times of India]] undertook to maintain the monument for the next 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/nagpur/zero-mile-stone/articleshow/3048476.cms|title=Zero miles stone|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2008-05-16|access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref>

Nevertheless, the city of Nagpur lies geographically at the center to all the nine major metros of India, viz. [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kochi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[New Delhi]], and [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/marathi/mahInfo/nagpur.php |title=Zero Mile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816130049/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/marathi/mahInfo/nagpur.php |archive-date=16 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindu.com/2001/08/25/stories/13251106.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204141858/http://hindu.com/2001/08/25/stories/13251106.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-04|title=Zero miles stone|author=G. V. Joshi|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-08-25|access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref>

The following table gives the distances from Zero Mile in Nagpur to places, which is marked on the hexagonal base of the pillar in miles.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Place
! Distance in miles
! Distance in kilometres
! Direction
|-
| [[Raipur]] || 174 || 280 || East
|-
| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] || 318 || 512 || South-East
|-
| [[Chandrapur]] || 125 || 201 || South-East
|-
| [[Jabalpur]] || 170 || 274 || North-East
|-
| [[Seoni]] || 79 || 127 || North-East
|-
| [[Chhindwara]] || 83 || 134 || North-West
|-
| [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]] || 101 || 163 || West
|}

Although Nagpur's Zero Mile Stone is considered to the geographical centre of India through the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]], two villages in [[Madhya Pradesh]] also claims this distinction—Karaundi<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Divya |title=Zero at the Centre: The stone that will become the symbol of modern Nagpur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/zero-at-the-centre-the-stone-that-will-become-the-symbol-of-modern-nagpur-5174252/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 May 2018}}</ref> and [[Barsali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/betul.pdf|title=Geographical Center of India|accessdate=2014-11-19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Geographical centres]]
[[Category:Kilometre-zero markers]]

Suryendu Dutta

2025-11-16T03:55:49Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: starting initial post w/ sources

'''Suryendu Dutta''' is a professor in the Department of [[Earth Science]]s at [[IIT Bombay]]. His research interests include plant biomarkers in sediments and crude oils, plant metabolites, shale gas, molecular taphonomy, protein diagenesis, hydrocarbon source rock characterization and lignin metabolism.<ref name="IIT">{{cite web |title=Dr Suryendu Dutta |url=https://www.geos.iitb.ac.in/sd/ |website=IIT Bombay |publisher=[[IIT Bombay]] |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> Dutta secured his M Sc degree in applied geology in 2001 from [[Jadavpur University]], Kolkata, M Tech degree in geoexploration in 2003 from IIT Bombay and PhD degree in 2006 from [[RWTH Aachen University]], Germany.<ref name="IIT"/>

==Honours and awards==
The honours and awards conferred on Dutta include:<ref name="IIT"/>
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in 2020 in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences for his contributions to the understanding of evolution of plantterpenoids<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=565 |website=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology |publisher=CSIR Human Resource Development Group |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>
* SwarnaJayanti Fellowship Award, 2017
* National Geoscience Award, 2017
* Prof S P Sukhatme Excellence in Teaching Award, 2017
* [[NASI]]-[[SCOPUS]] Young Scientist Award, 2014
* [[INSA]]-DFG Exchange Fellowship, 2013
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'', 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-116X ORCID]
*{{google scholar id|6MjsgcsAAAAJ}}
*{{YouTube|VZa7drqja54|RSTV Eureka - Dr Suryendu Dutta, Professor, Dept. of Earth Sciences, IIT-Bombay}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]

World Population Day

2025-10-22T12:06:11Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: minor improved citations for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Annual UN event since 1987 focused on population issues}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = World Population Day
|type =
|image =
|imagesize =59
|caption =
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby =
|litcolor =
|longtype =
|significance =
|begins =
|ends =
|date = July 11
|scheduling = same day each year
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = Annual
|celebrations =
|observances =
|relatedto = When the population of the world reached 5 billion in the year 1987
}}
[[File:Net Population Growth in 2016.svg|thumb|400px|Distribution of global population increase in 2016<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roser|first1=Max|author1-link=Max Roser| last2=Ritchie|first2=Hannah|author2-link=Hannah Ritchie |last3=Ortiz-Ospina|first3=Esteban|date=2013-05-09|title=World Population Growth|url=https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref>]]

'''World Population Day''' is an [[list of minor secular observances#July|annual event]], observed on [[July 11]] every year, which seeks to [[consciousness raising|raise awareness]] of [[world population|global population]] issues. The event was established by the Governing Council of the [[United Nations Development Programme]] in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-11|title=World Population Day 2021: Empower Women To Exercise Choice Over Their Bodies And Fertility|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/world-population-day-theme-quotes-history/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US}}</ref> It was inspired by the [[public interest]] in Five Billion Day on July 11, 1987, the approximate date on which the world's population reached five billion people. World Population Day aims to increase people's [[raising awareness|awareness]] on various population issues such as the importance of [[family planning]], [[gender equality]], [[poverty]], [[maternal health]] and [[human rights]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Population Day: Health And Rights Of Women In The Time Of COVID-19|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/world-population-day-2020-health-and-rights-of-women-and-girls-is-the-theme-this-year-amid-covid-19-2260714|access-date=2020-07-11|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The day was suggested by Dr. K.C.Zachariah in which population reached five billion when he worked as Sr Demographer at [[World Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=World Population Day 2020 Date & Theme: Know History and Significance of the Annual Event That Seeks to Raise Awareness of Global Population Issues {{!}} 🙏🏻 LatestLY|url=https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/festivals-events/world-population-day-2020-date-theme-know-history-and-significance-of-the-annual-event-that-seeks-to-raise-awareness-of-global-population-issues-1878554.html|access-date=2020-07-13|website=LatestLY|language=en}}</ref> While press interest and general awareness in the global population surges at the increments of whole billions of people, the world population increases by 100 million approximately every 14 months. The world population was estimated at 7,400,000,000 on February 6, 2016 and reached 7,500,000,000 on April 24, 2017. The world population hit 7,700,000,000 in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info|title=Worldometers real time world statistics|accessdate=April 22, 2017}}</ref>

In November 2020, [[UNFPA]], together with the governments of [[Kenya]] and [[Denmark]], convened a high-level conference in [[Nairobi]] to accelerate efforts to achieve these unmet goals. On World Population Day, advocates from around the world call on leaders, policymakers, grassroots organizers, institutions and others to help make [[reproductive health]] and [[reproductive rights|rights]] a reality for all.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=World Population Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/world-population-day|access-date=2020-07-11|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> Recently, the global population passed 8 billion on November 15, 2022.

==See also==
*[[Peak oil#Agricultural effects and population limits|Agricultural effects and population limits from peak oil]]
* [[List of countries and dependencies by population]]
* [[List of population concern organizations]]
* [[Human overpopulation]]
* [[Negative Population Growth]]
* [[United Nations Population Fund]]
* ''[[The Revenge of Gaia]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite news|last1=Lartigue |first1=Casey |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2010/04/137_64589.html |title=Happy Earth Day! And Please, Live |work= [[The Korea Times]]|date=2010-04-22}}

==External links==
{{commons category|World population statistics}}
*[http://esa.un.org/wpp/ UN population estimates and projections]
*[https://www.census.gov/popclock/ World and US Population clock]

{{population}}

[[Category:World population|day]]
[[Category:United Nations days]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:July observances]]

{{International-dev-stub}}
{{Holiday-stub}}

Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus

2025-10-14T04:27:41Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: further added structure for consistency further and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Gandhipuram Central bus stand {{rail-interchange|bus}}
| native_name = காந்திபுரம் பேருந்து நிலையம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| cta_header =
| type =
| style =
| image = Gandhipuram_bus_stand.jpg
| address = [[Gandhipuram, Coimbatore]] [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]{{snd}}641 012.
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.030554|N|76.967007|E| type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 4
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|1974|df=y}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = CBE
| owned = [[Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]]
| operator = [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)]]
| zone = [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC Coimbatore Division]] CBE/191
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 70,000
/ Per day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}
The '''Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus''', commonly known as the '''Gandhipuram Bus Terminus''', is a bus terminus in [[Coimbatore]] that serves intercity buses.

==History==
In Coimbatore, town buses started operating in 1921 to serve most parts of the city, as well as other towns and villages in the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhipuram moffusil bus stand faces space crunch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/gandhipuram-moffusil-bus-stand-faces-space-crunch/article20947966.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> A central bus terminus was started in 1974 in [[Gandhipuram, Coimbatore|Gandhipuram]]. Due to increases in population and vehicular traffic, additional bus terminals were created in [[Ukkadam]], [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]] and [[Sai Baba colony|Saibaba Colony]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mettupalayam Road New Bus Terminal is a new stage now; fare brought down by Rs 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/mettupalayam-road-new-bus-terminal-is-a-new-stage-now-fare-brought-down-by-rs-3/articleshow/99086095.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> At the current situation, northbound and eastbound buses from the city use this bus terminal. It is located centrally in the city.

==Services==
Bus service includes inter-city and intra-city buses that connect Coimbatore operate from different bus stands.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+
! Location !! Bus Station !! Destinations
|-
| rowspan="3" | Gandhipuram || Central || [[Tiruppur]], [[Erode]], [[Dharapuram]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Karur]]
[[Kangayam]], [[Gobichettipalayam]], [[Mettur Dam]], Sathyamangalam, Mettupalayam
|-
| SETC || [[Chennai]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Bangalore]], [[Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh|Tirupati]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| Omni Bus Stand<ref>{{cite news|title= Minister inaugurates omnibus stand |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/02/stories/2006070221400300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117085306/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/02/stories/2006070221400300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2010|access-date=22 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 July 2006}}</ref> || Private mofussil buses
|}

===Gandhipuram Central Bus stand===
Gandhipuram Central Bus Stand is the bus terminal for northeast-bound and northbound buses towards Salem, Erode, Dharmapuri, Hosur, Namakkal, Gobichettipalayam, Sathyamangalam, Mettupalayam, and Tirupur, and eastbound buses towards Dharapuram and Karur, among others. There are 119 inter-city routes operated by the Coimbatore division with more than 500 buses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook-tnstc-cbe.pdf|title=TNSTC, Coimbatore|publisher=TNSTC|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

{| class ="wikitable"
|-
!Bay!!Bus Route
|-
|1|| [[Tiruppur]] via [[Palladam]]
|-
|2|| [[Tiruppur]] via [[Avinashi]]
|-
|3|| [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], [[Karamadai]]
|-
|4|| [[Sathyamangalam]], [[Bannari]], [[Punjai Puliampatti|Puliampatty]]
|-
|5|| [[Gobichettipalayam]], [[Anthiyur]], [[Perumanallur]], [[Nambiyur]]
|-
|6|| [[Erode]], [[Namakkal]], [[Rasipuram]], [[Tiruchengode]], [[Bhavani]]
|-
|7|| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Hosur]], [[Krishnagiri]], [[Dharmapuri]]
|-
|8|| [[Karur]], [[Kangeyam]], [[Dharapuram]]
|}

===Thiruvalluvar Bus Stand===
The Thiruvallavur Bus Stand is located near the Gandhipuram bus terminus and is serviced by [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]], [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]], and the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shifting of SETC bus stand from Gandhipuram to Mettupalayam Road in Coimbatore mooted |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/shifting-of-setc-bus-stand-from-gandhipuram-to-mettupalayam-road-in-coimbatore-mooted/article69955810.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

===Other Termini===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Bus Terminus
! Location
! Destinations
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Ukkadam Bus Terminus]]
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Ukkadam]]
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Pollachi]], [[Palakkad]], [[Udumalaipettai]], [[Valparai]], [[Palani]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Singanallur Bus Terminus]]
| style="text-align:leftr;"|[[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]]
| style="text-align:leftr;"| [[Dharapuram]], [[Oddanchatram]], [[Madurai]], [[Theni]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Pudukottai]], [[Sivakasi]], [[Thanjavur]]
|-
| style="text-align:leftr;"|[[Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus|Mettupalayam Road Bus Terminus]]
| style="text-align:leftr;"|[[Sai Baba colony]]
| style="text-align:leftr;"|[[Ooty]], [[Gudalur (Coimbatore district)|Gudalur]], [[Mysore]], [[Kothagiri]], [[Coonoor]]
|}

==Connections==
The terminus is connected to all the
major places within the city such as:

*[[Town Hall, Coimbatore|Town Hall]] - 3.1 km
*[[Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus]] - 12.8 km
*[[Ukkadam Bus Terminus]] - 4.1 km
*[[Singanallur Bus Terminus]] - 9.5 km
*[[Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus]] - 3.3 km
*[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]] - 2.3 km
*[[Podanur Junction railway station |Podanur Junction]] - 9 km
*[[Coimbatore International Airport]] - 10.7 km.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Transport in Coimbatore]]

Poorna Market

2025-09-23T14:31:57Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: general cleanup page to improve readability and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Poorna Market
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Purna Market in Visakhapatnam.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Visakhapatnam
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Visakhapatnam
| coordinates = {{coord|17.706403|N|83.298283|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 530001
| registration_plate = AP 31, AP 32 and AP 33
| website = http://gvmc.gov.in/gvmc/index.php/markets
| footnotes =
}}
'''Poorna Market''' is a famous market in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also called Sardar Valabai Patel Market.<ref>V Kamalakara Rao, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Greater-Visakhapatnam-Municipal-Corporation-to-give-Poorna-Market-a-facelift/articleshow/20722157.cms "Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation to give Poorna Market a facelift"], ''Times of India'', 23 June 2013</ref>

==History==
Poorna Market started in 1935, the main market in the city at the time of the [[Second World War]]. [[Japan]]ese aircraft attacked the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030309133801/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/22/stories/2002072201240400.htm "'Action replay' of Japanese air raid"], ''The Hindu'', 22 July 2002</ref>

The market is well connected with all parts of the city.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]
[[Category:Retail markets in India]]

{{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}

Karnataka Ratna

2025-09-21T03:32:42Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: content fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox civilian award
| name = Karnataka Ratna Award
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರತ್ನ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ
| awarded_for = Highest civilian honour of [[Karnataka]]
| sponsor = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1992|p=y}}
| firstawarded = 1992
| recentawarded =
| reward =
| former_name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner(s)
| holder = 2025 {{bulleted list|[[B. Saroja Devi]]|[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]}}
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 12
| award2_type = First winner(s)
| award2_winner = {{bulleted list|[[Kuvempu]]| [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]}}
| next = [[Rajyotsava Award]]
}}

The '''Karnataka Ratna''' is the highest civilian honour of the State of [[Karnataka]], India. It is awarded in recognition of a person's extraordinary contribution in any field. It was instituted in the year 1992 by the then [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]], [[S. Bangarappa]]<ref name="javaregowda">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100131100019/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/16/stories/2010011653560400.htm Karnataka Ratna award for Javara Gowda, Veerendra Heggade]</ref> by the [[Government of Karnataka]]. A total of twelve persons have received this award.

== The award ==

The Award comes with a gold medal weighing 50 gm, a citation, a memento and a [[shawl]].<ref name="javaregowda" />

== List of recipients ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Recipient (birth–death) 
! Image
! Field
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2|1992
! [[Kuvempu]] (1904–1994) 
| [[File:Kuvempu_2017_stamp_of_India.jpg|100px]]
| Literature
|
|-
! [[Dr. Rajkumar]] (1929–2006) 
| [[File:Rajkumar 2009 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
| Cinema
|
|-
| 1999
! [[S. Nijalingappa]] (1902–2000) 
| [[File:Siddavanahalli_Nijalingappa_2003_stamp_of_India.jpg|100px]]
| Politics
| <ref>{{cite web |title=A home of mementos |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/A-home-of-mementos/article16654157.ece |website=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215164355/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/A-home-of-mementos/article16654157.ece |archive-date=15 December 2019 |language=en-IN |date=4 February 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
! [[C. N. R. Rao]] (b. 1934) 
| [[File:Chintamani_Nagesa_Ramachandra_Rao_03650.JPG|100px]]
| Science
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka Ratna for C.N.R Rao |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/karnataka-ratna-for-cnr-rao/article27924457.ece |work=The Hindu |date=27 March 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215164326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/karnataka-ratna-for-cnr-rao/article27924457.ece |archive-date=15 December 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
! [[Devi Shetty]] (b.1953) 
| [[File:Devi Shetty.jpg|100px]]
| Medicine
| <ref name="devishetty">{{cite web| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/222128/padma-bhushan-raises-bar-devi.html| title = Padma Bhushan raises the bar for Devi Shetty {{!}} Deccan Herald| date = 25 January 2012}} </ref>
|-
| 2005
! [[Bhimsen Joshi]] (1922–2011) 
| [[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2014_-_Colnect_496009_-_Indian_Musicians_-_Bhimsen_Joshi.jpeg|100px]]
| Music
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Bhimsen Joshi conferred upon 'Karnataka Rathna' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/bhimsen-joshi-conferred-upon-karnataka-rathna_245420.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=Zee News |date=30 September 2005 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
! [[Shivakumara Swami]] (1907–2019) 
| [[File:Shivakumara Swami.png|100px]]
| Social service
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Siddaganga seer receives Karnataka Ratna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Siddaganga-seer-receives-Karnataka-Ratna/article14743521.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629105938/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Siddaganga-seer-receives-Karnataka-Ratna/article14743521.ece |archive-date=29 June 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
! [[Javare Gowda]] (1915–2016) 
| [[File:De. Javaregowda.jpg|100px]]
| Education and literature
| <ref name="javaregowda" />
|-
| 2009
! [[Veerendra Heggade]] (b. 1948) 
| [[File: Veerendra Heggade 01.JPG|100px]]
| Social service
| <ref name="javaregowda" />
|-
| 2022
|bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| [[Puneeth Rajkumar| '''Puneeth Rajkumar''']]# {{small|(1975{{ndash}}2021)}}{{efn|[[Puneeth Rajkumar]] died on 29 October 2021, at the age of 46.}}
| [[File:Puneeth Rajkumar (4).jpg|100px]]
| Cinema and social service
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title='Karnataka Ratna' award for Puneeth Rajkumar on November 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-ratna-award-for-puneeth-rajkumar-on-november-1-8221391/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2025
|bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| [[B. Saroja Devi| '''B. Saroja Devi''']]# {{small|(1938{{ndash}}2025)}}{{efn|[[B. Saroja Devi]] died on 14 July 2025, at the age of 87.}}
| [[File:Saroja Devi.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=2|Cinema
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/vishnuvardhan-saroja-devi-karnataka-ratna-award-posthumously-10244410/|title=Vishnuvardhan, Saroja Devi to be conferred with Karnataka Ratna award posthumously|work=Indian Express|date=11 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)| '''Dr. Vishnuvardhan''']]# {{small|(1950{{ndash}}2009)}}{{efn|[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] died on 30 December 2009, at the age of 59.}}
| [[File:Vishnuvardhan_2013_stamp_of_India.jpg|100px]]
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Karnataka+Ratna/en Karnataka Ratna recipients]

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Karnataka Ratna|*]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1992]]
[[Category:Awards disestablished in 2009]]

Anupparpalayam Pudur

2025-09-10T04:28:21Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: Started a stub - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2020}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}

'''Anupparpalayam Pudur''' is a small town located within [[Tirupur]] Corporation limits. Also called the "metal town of the Kongu region".<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Anupparpalayam Population - Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/644535-anupparpalayam-tamil-nadu.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 2, 2025}}</ref> It is another business zone in [[Tiruppur district]] is located 42 km distance to east from [[Coimbatore|Coimbatore city]] and 7 km north from Tirupur [[Bus]] stand. It is a western suburb of Coimbatore. Anupparpralayam is a famous city for furniture and metals. It is the main exporting spot for steel, brass, copper and aluminum utensils for kitchen and hotel needs.

{{coord|11.143024|77.317631|display=title}}

==Nearby cities and towns==
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Destinations from Anuparpalayam'''
|North = [[Avinashi]]
|Northeast = [[Erode]]
|West = [[Coimbatore]]
|Northwest = [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]]
|Centre = Anuparpalayam
|East =[[Kangayam]]
|Southeast = [[Dharapuram]]
|Southwest = [[Udumalpet]]
|South = [[Palladam]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruppur district]]

Avinashi

{{Tirupur-geo-stub}}

West Island (Andaman Islands)

2025-08-18T19:23:09Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: starting initial stub w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = West Island
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| map_caption = Location of West Island
| coordinates = {{coord|13.59|N|92.89|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| total_islands = 1
| major_islands = {{hlist|West}}
| area_km2 = 2.85
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 3.4
| width_km = 1.1
| coastline_km = 8.3
| elevation_m = 53
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=nga>{{cite enroute|173|2017|275}}</ref>
| highest_mount =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Diglipur|Diglipur Taluk]]
| population = 0
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 0
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Hindu]], [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744202<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-03-23 |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=2016-09-22|accessdate=2016-09-22 }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |title=Andaman and Nicobar STD Codes |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017043815/http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman%2Band%2Bnicobar.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
|additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|30.2|°C|°F}}
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|23.0|°C|°F}}
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 =15.0[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| label7 = Census Code| data7 = 35.639.0004
}}
}}
'''West Island''' is an island of the [[Andaman Islands]]. It belongs to the [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=January 16, 2011}}</ref> The island lies {{convert|212|km|0|abbr=on}} north from [[Port Blair]].

==Geography==
The island falls in between [[Coco Islands]] and [[North Andaman Island]]. It lies in the western approach to the [[Cleugh Passage]].<ref name="nga" /> The island is small, having an area of {{convert|2.85|km2|abbr=on}}.

==Administration==
Politically, West Island is part of [[Diglipur]] [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]].<ref>[http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf Demography: Tehsils]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
* [http://www.gsi.gov.in/mudvol.htm Geological Survey of India]
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}

{{North and Middle Andaman district |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Island}}
[[Category:Islands of North and Middle Andaman district]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

Anumolu Ramakrishna

2025-08-15T11:30:42Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: Started new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian civil and structural engineer and corporate executive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anumolu Ramakrishna
| image = Mr._A_Ramakrishna.png
| imagesize = 300px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1939|12|20}}
| birth_place = Punadipadu, [[Krishna district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|08|20|1939|12|20}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Engineer Corporate executive
| yearsactive = 1962–2013
| known for = [[Larsen & Toubro]] Construction technology
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Indian Concrete Institute|ICI]]-[[Fosroc]] Award Davidson Frame Award Eminent Engineering Personality Award Prestressed Concrete Design Award Hassib Sabbagh Award
| alma_mater = [[College of Engineering, Guindy]]
}}
'''Anumolu Ramakrishna''' (20 December 1939 – 20 August 2013) was an Indian civil and structural engineer, corporate executive and the deputy managing director of [[Larsen & Toubro|Larsen & Toubro Construction]],<ref name="Dr. A. Ramakrishna, doyen of Indian Construction Industry">{{cite web | url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/pathfinders/dr-a-ramakrishna-doyen-of-indian-construction-industry/ | title=Dr. A. Ramakrishna, doyen of Indian Construction Industry | publisher=Projects Monitor | date=2 January 2014 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> the largest construction company in India as per 2013 statistics.<ref name="L&T shares jump after Q2 beat, brokerages turn bullish">{{cite web | url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/market/article-l-t-shares-jump-after-q2-beat-brokerages-turn-bullish-369992 | title=L&T shares jump after Q2 beat, brokerages turn bullish | publisher=ND TV | date=21 October 2013 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> He was credited with the introduction of system [[formwork]]<ref name="Dr. A. Ramakrishna, A Doyen Of India’s Construction Industry, Retires">{{cite web | url=http://www.larsentoubro.com/media/31335/dr-a-ramakrishna-a-doyen-of-indias-construction-industry-retires.pdf | title=Dr. A. Ramakrishna, A Doyen Of India's Construction Industry, Retires | publisher=Larsen and Toubro | work=Press release | date=2016 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> and [[pre-cast concrete|precast]] and [[prestressed concrete]] technologies<ref name="President confers Padma awards">{{cite web | url=http://www.sahilonline.org/newsDetails.php?cid=3&nid=23296 | title=President confers Padma awards | publisher=Sahil Online | date=1 April 2014 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> in Indian construction industry, procedures which helped increase productivity,<ref name="Dr. Anumolu Ramakrishna Honored With Padma Bhushan Posthumously">{{cite web | url=http://www.masterbuilder.co.in/dr-anumolu-ramakrishna-honored-with-padma-bhushan-posthumously/ | title=Dr. Anumolu Ramakrishna Honored With Padma Bhushan Posthumously | publisher=Master Builder | date=27 January 2014 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> and was a co-founder of the India chapter of ''FSL - Global Forum on Structural Longevity''.<ref name="India Co-founder - Dr. Anumolu Ramakrishna">{{cite web | url=http://fsl.icces.org/india.html | title=India Co-founder - Dr. Anumolu Ramakrishna | publisher=FSL | date=2016 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], posthumously in 2014, for his contributions to science and technology.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born on 20 December 1939<ref name="Padma Bhushan for Pullela, Padma Shri for Enoch">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Padma-Bhushan-for-Pullela-Padma-Shri-for-Enoch/2014/01/26/article2020857.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128070533/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Padma-Bhushan-for-Pullela-Padma-Shri-for-Enoch/2014/01/26/article2020857.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 January 2014 | title=Padma Bhushan for Pullela, Padma Shri for Enoch | publisher=Indian Express | date=26 January 2014 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> in Punadipadu, a small village near [[Vijayawada]] in [[Krishna district]], in the south Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]],{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Ramakrishna graduated in Civil Engineering from [[Andhra University]] and secured a master's degree (MSc) in Structural Engineering from the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/pathfinders/dr-a-ramakrishna-doyen-of-indian-construction-industry/|title=Dr. A. Ramakrishna, doyen of Indian Construction Industry|publisher=Project Monitor|date=2 January 2014|author=PM News Bureau}}</ref> of [[Madras University]].<ref name="Ramakrishna on FSL">{{cite web | url=http://fsl.icces.org/india_ramakrishna.html | title=Ramakrishna on FSL | publisher=FSL | date=2016 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> His career started at the construction division of [[Larsen & Toubro]], then known as ''Engineering Construction Corporation Limited'', in 1962 but continued his education by undergoing advanced training in structural engineering in the former [[German Democratic Republic]] in 1966, after obtaining a sponsorship from the Government of India. He served L&T for 42 years during which time, he held various positions such as that of a member of the Board of Directors (1992), President (Operations) of ECC Construction Division (1995) and the Deputy Managing Director (2000). By the time he retired from L&T service in 2004, the revenue of the construction division reportedly grew from {{INR}}4.5 billion to over {{INR}}55 billion (2004), registering a 40 percent growth in volume of business.<ref name="Dr. A. Ramakrishna, A Doyen Of India’s Construction Industry, Retires" />

Ramakrishna, who oversaw the construction of several major projects in India such as cement and steel plants, refineries and petrochemical complexes, seaports, airports and nuclear power plants, served as a director board member of many corporate entities; Ramco Industries, TAJGVK Hotels & Resorts, Ramco Cements, Andhra Petrochemicals, Andhra Sugars, [[Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai International Airport Limited]], [[UltraTech Cement]] and [[Brigade Group]] are some of the notable ones among them.<ref name="Executive Profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=8094817&privcapId=878572 | title=Executive Profile | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2016 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> Among the honors he received, [[Indian Concrete Institute|ICI]]-[[Fosroc]] Award for Outstanding Concrete Technologist (1993), [[Institution of Engineers (India)]] Prestressed Concrete Design Award (1995), Eminent Engineering Personality award (1998) and [[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]] Hassib Sabbagh Award (2007) were for technological excellence and Outstanding Contribution to Construction Industry Award of Builders’ Association of India (1993), Davidson Frame Award (1997), [[Rotary International]] Outstanding efforts in Business Ethics award (2000) and Rotary International For the Sake of Honour’ Award (2001) were for excellence in corporate management.<ref name="Ramakrishna on FSL" /> His alma mater, Andhra University, conferred the [[honoris causa]] degree of Doctor of Science on him in 1997 and he received another honorary degree, Doctor of Philosophy, from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]] in 2004.<ref name="Ramakrishna on FSL" />

He died on 20 August 2013, succumbing to a cardiac arrest, at the age of 73.<ref name="Dr. A. Ramakrishna, doyen of Indian Construction Industry" /><ref name="L & T Former Chairman Anumolu Ramakrishna Dies of Heart Attack">{{cite web | url=http://news9am.com/videos_view.php?id=50021#.V3kpCLh97IU | title=L & T Former Chairman Anumolu Ramakrishna Dies of Heart Attack | publisher=10 TV | work=Telugu News | date=20 August 2013 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

The Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the [[Padma Bhushan]] posthumously in 2014.<ref name="9 Padmas blossom for Andhra Pradesh achievers">{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140126/news-current-affairs/article/9-padmas-blossom-andhra-pradesh-achievers | title=9 Padmas blossom for Andhra Pradesh achievers | publisher=Deccan Chronicle | date=26 January 2014 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Satya N. Atluri]]
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYj6sPNPzIE | title=L & T Former Chairman Anumolu Ramakrishna Dies of Heart Attack | publisher=10 TV | work=Telugu News | date=20 August 2013 | access-date=3 July 2016}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-26/news/31101706_1_cement-business-l-t-employee-henning-holck-larsen | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301220505/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-26/news/31101706_1_cement-business-l-t-employee-henning-holck-larsen | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 March 2012 | title=Succession at L&T: How India Inc's most mysterious succession plan might work out | publisher=Economic Times | work=Special feature | date=26 February 2012 | access-date=3 July 2016 | author=Satish John}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishna, Anumolu}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:College of Engineering, Guindy alumni]]
[[Category:Indian civil engineers]]
[[Category:Indian structural engineers]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Jangalia

2025-07-29T06:31:36Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jangalia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.2565|N|88.4634|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jaynagar I]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.14
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 8
| population_total = 6366
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|accessdate=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743372
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3218
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baruipur Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baruipur Purba (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jangalia''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] police station in the [[Jaynagar I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Jangalia is located at {{coord|22.2565|N|88.4634|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|8|m}}.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Jangalia had a total [[population]] of 6,366.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 3 January 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
A short stretch of local roads link Jangalia to the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Hogla railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Healthcare==
Padmerhat Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Padmerhat]], is the major government medical facility in the Jaynagar I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =29 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jaynagar Majilpur]]

{{South24Parganas-geo-stub}}

Galna Fort

2025-07-26T14:42:11Z

Siddhant Babu Gamers: made initial stub and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Galna Fort
|partof =
|location = Galna, [[Nashik]]
|image =File:0226 Hill Fort of Galnah (1804).jpg
|caption = The hill fort of Galna, 1804
|map_type = India Maharashtra
|map_size = 300
|map_caption = Shown within [[Maharashtra]]
|type =
|coordinates = {{coord|20.7733387|74.5333314|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|code =
|built =
|builder =
|materials = Stone, lime and lead
|height = 2000 m
|used =
|demolished =
|condition = Fairly good
|ownership = Government of India
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby =
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants = Malik Wuji and Malik Ashraf, [[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I|Ahmed Shah]] [[Shivaji]], [[Holkars]], [[British Empire|British]]
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}

'''Galna''' was a major fort in [[Malegaon]] talukain in the south [[Khandesh]] area of [[Maharashtra]], India. This fort was an important fort on the Burhanpur-Surat trade route. This is one of the forts in Maharashtra with the bastion and the entrance in good condition. This fort is located on hills between [[Malegaon]] and [[Dhule]].

==How to reach==
This fort is located in Malegaon taluka of Nashik district. The base village Galna is well connected by motorable road to Malegaon and Dhule. Regular buses ply from Malegaon to Dongarale village. Dongarale village is 30–15 km from Malegaon as well as Dhule. Dongarale to Galna distance is 4 km.<ref>http:// trekshitiz.com/trekshitiz/marathi/ Galna-Trek-G-Alpha.html</ref>

==History==
Galna was an important place at the end of the fifteenth century. It lay on the border of the Deccan. It was held by the Maratha when about in 1487, two brothers Malik Wuji and Malik Ashraf, the Governors of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] took it and held for some time. In 1506 after the murder of Malik Wauji the fort was under the control of Malik Ahmed Shah Nizam of Ahmadnagar. On the death of [[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I|Malik Ahmed Shah]] Nizam of Ahmadnagar on 1510 again the fort was passed to Musalman chief who denied to pay tributes to Maratha chief. In 1634 Muhammad khan, the Musalman commandant of Galna delivered their tributes to Moghuls. It was attacked by Aurangzeb in 1704 and captured in 1705. In October–November 1804 this fort was taken from Holkars by a force under Colonel Wallace.<ref>{{cite book |last=Welsh |first=James |title=Military Reminiscences; Extracted from a Journal of Nearly Forty Years' Active Service in the East Indies |volume=1 |edition=2nd |publisher=Smith, Elder, and Co. |location=London |date=1830 |pages=226–234 |url=https://ia800901.us.archive.org/7/items/militaryreminisc01wels/militaryreminisc01wels.pdf}}</ref> Finally, in March 1818 it was occupied by native infantry. For a few year after 1818, a mamlatdar held an office in Galna.<ref>https://cultural{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nasik/022%20Places/001%20Place.htm#GalnaFort</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Galna fort.JPG|Galna fort as seen from the village side
File:Galna1.jpg|Fortification
File:Galna2.jpg|Mosque
File:Galna3.jpg|Farsi inscriptions
File:Galna4.jpg|Galna village
</gallery>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]
*[[Nashik]]

{{Forts of Khandesh}}
{{Forts in India}}

[[Category:Forts in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Dhule district]]
[[Category:Forts in Nashik district]]
[[Category:16th-century forts in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]