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Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T05:04:08Z

Siddhant Babu:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly Constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Diamond Harbour
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Diamond Harbour.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Diamond Harbour Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Pannalal Halder]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}+
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| constituency_no = 143
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,54,964
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].

== Overview ==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
* [[Diamond Harbour]] municipality
* Basuldanga, Bolsiddhi Kalinagar, Derak, Harindanga, Kanpur Dhanaberia, Mashat and Parulia gram panchayats of [[Diamond Harbour I]] community development block
* Kamarpole, Khorda, Mathur, Nurpur, Patra and Sarisa gram panchayats of [[Diamond Harbour II]] community development block

Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency is a part of No. 21 [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Charu Chandra Bhandari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ramanuj Halder
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jagadish Chandra Halder
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Abdul Quiyom Molla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Daulat Ali Sheikh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Abdul Quiyom Molla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Sheikh Daulat Ali
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|Rishi Halder
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Dipak Kumar Halder]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pannalal Halder]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Diamond Harbour}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pannalal Halder]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=119,320{{formatnum:}}|percentage=51.38%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dipak Kumar Halder]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=88,054{{formatnum:}}|percentage=37.92%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Samarendra Nath Naiya|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=17,594{{formatnum:}}|percentage=7.58%|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Goutam Bhattacharya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,756{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.76%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yeamin Laskar|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes=373{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.16%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bikash Chandra Mondal|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1103{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.47%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,379{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.59%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=31,266{{formatnum:}}|percentage=13.46%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=232,238{{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Diamond Harbour}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Pannalal Halder]]
|votes = 98,478
|percentage = 43.69
|change = {{down}}4.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dipak Kumar Halder]]
|votes = 81,482
|percentage = 36.15
|change = {{up}}28.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pratik Ur Rahaman
|votes = 38,719
|percentage = 17.18
|change = {{down}}23.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Saifullah Khan
|votes = 1,585
|percentage = 0.7
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,449
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{down}}0.45
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 16,996
|percentage = 7.54
|change = {{down}}0.1
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,25,397
|percentage = 88.37
|change = {{up}}0.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Diamond Harbour}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dipak Kumar Halder]]
|votes = 96,833
|percentage = 48.58
|change = {{down}}4.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Abul Hasnat (Magrahat Paschim politician)|Abul Hasnat]]
|votes = 81,796
|percentage = 41.03
|change = {{up}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Balaram Halder
|votes = 14,614
|percentage = 7.33
|change = {{up}}4.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,109
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 15,037
|percentage = 7.55
|change = {{down}}5.1
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,99,346
|percentage = 88.09
|change = {{up}}2.79
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Diamond Harbour<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=143| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170927/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=143| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Diamond Harbour| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dipak Kumar Halder]]
|votes = 87,645
|percentage = 53.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Subhra Sau
|votes = 66,871
|percentage = 40.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Baidya
|votes = 4,946
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Mousumi Maitra
|votes = 2,951
|percentage = 1.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = IUC
|candidate = Mohammad Shamshut Touhid
|votes = 1,797
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,774
|percentage = 12.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,64,210
|percentage = 85.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Rishi Halder of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency defeating his nearest rivals Subhashis Chakraborty of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] and Amjad Ali Sardar of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] respectively. Sheikh Daulat Ali of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] defeated [[Abdul Quiyom Molla]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> [[Abdul Quiyom Molla]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Nazrul Islam Molla of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Monoranjan Kayal of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Dibakar Ghosh of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Sankari Prasad Mondal of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp119.htm |title = 119 - Diamond Harbour Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1952-1972===
Daulat Ali Sheikh of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> [[Abdul Quiyom Molla]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Jagadish Chandra Halder of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Ramanuj Halder of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won in 1957.<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Charu Chandra Bhandari of [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]] won in 1952.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Diamond Harbour, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Kiran Singh

2026-04-30T03:07:46Z

Siddhant Babu: Started basic biography initial version

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{about|the Indian film producer|the DC Comics character|Solstice (character)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kiran Singh
| image = Kiran Singh.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2005|7|10|1947|11|17}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Producer and Story Writer
|parents = Prakash and [[Santram Varma (film producer)|Santram Varma]]
|birth_name = Kiran Varma
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Sujit Kumar]]|1970}}
|children =Daughter: Henna Nathani Son: Jatin Kumar

}}

'''Kiran Singh''' (1947-2005) was a Bollywood film producer and story writer. She was one of the founders/partners of Shiv Bhakti Films, a company predominantly involved with the production of Indian films. After the Shiv Bhakti Films banner was retired in the early 1990s, Kiran Singh continued her film production activities with Shree Shiv Bhakti Films.

==Family background==
Kiran was raised in the Bollywood film industry and stayed affiliated to this industry throughout her life. Kiran's father and his five brothers founded [[Varma Films]], known for box-office hits like [[Suhaag Raat (1948 film)|Suhaag Raat]] (1948), [[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]] (1949) and [[Baadal (1951 film)|Badal]] (1951). ''Suhaag Raat'' was the seventh highest-grossing film of 1948;<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1948|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=153&catName=MTk0OA==|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012171051/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=153&catName=MTk0OA%3D%3D|archive-date=12 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Patanga'' was the seventh highest-grossing film of 1949;<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1949|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=154&catName=MTk0OQ==|access-date= 1 January 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016234445/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=154&catName=MTk0OQ==|archivedate=16 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and finally,
''Badal'' was the eighth highest-grossing film of 1951.<ref>{{cite web| title=Top Earners 1951
|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=156&catName=MTk1MQ==| access-date= 1 January 2022
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030033107/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=156&catName=MTk1MQ==|archive-date=30 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> One of Kiran's uncles, [[Munshiram Varma]], was the producer of four films : ''Suhaag Raat'', [[Thes (1949 film)|Thes]] (1949), [[Neki Aur Badi (1949 film)|Neki Aur Badi]] (1949) and [[Aurat (1953 film)|Aurat]] (1953). Another uncle, [[Bhagwan Das Varma]], was producer of ''Badal'' and [[Baghi Sipahi (1958 film)|Baghi Sipahi]] (1958) as well as the director of three films: ''Aurat'',<ref>{{cite web|title= Aurat (1953) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director | url= https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aurat-1995/cast-crew | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210721221805/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aurat-1995/cast-crew | url-status= live | archive-date= 21 July 2021 |publisher=Cinestaan|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> [[Pooja (1954 film)|Pooja (1954)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pooja-2/cast/ |title=Pooja (1954) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=January 1954 | access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> and ''Baghi Sipahi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baghi-sipahi/cast/ |title=Baghi Sipahi (1958) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=January 1958 | access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> Other relatives in the Indian Film industry include Aroon Varma, Kiran's brother, who was the producer for the film [[Balidaan (1971 film)|Balidaan]] (1971).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/balidaan-2/cast/|title=Balidaan (1972) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=January 1972 | access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref> Also, Sheena Varma, Kiran's niece, is married to [[Zulfi Syed]], a film and TV actor.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Zulfi-Syeds-all-set-to-tie-the-knot/articleshow/11362639.cms |title= Zulfi Syed all set to tie the knot |publisher = Times of India| first1=Piyali|last1=Dasgupta|date= 5 January 2012|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

Kiran married Indian film actor and producer [[Sujit Kumar]] in 1970 soon after she got her undergraduate degree. The couple remained married until her death in 2005. Sujit's death trailed Kiran's death by about five years.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Character-actor-Sujit-Kumar-no-more/articleshow/5541318.cms| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120515221511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/india/28127277_1_bhojpuri-celluloid-amitabh-bachchan | url-status = live| archive-date = 15 May 2012| work = [[The Times of India]] | title = Character actor Sujit Kumar no more| date = 6 February 2010 }}</ref> Their son, Jatin Kumar, continued their legacy in the film industry when he became the co-producer of the film [[Aetbaar]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jun/17ait.htm|title= Careless whispers:John and Bipasha romance on the sets of Aitbaar | work = rediff.com | first1=Sukanya|last1=Verma| first2= Priyanka |last2= Bhattacharya|date= 17 June 2002|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

==Film career==
In the early 1980s Kiran Singh commenced her film career with her spouse [[Sujit Kumar]] when they jointly founded Shiv Bhakti Films. The company debuted in film production through the 1984 Bhojpuri film ''[[Paan Khaye Saiyan Hamaar (film)|Paan Khaye Saiyan Hamaar]]'', directed by Sujit Kumar and also starring Sujit in the lead role. The film's story was written by Kiran and marked her debut as a story writer in the Indian film industry.''Paan Khaye Saiyan Paan Hamaar'' has been classified as a “modestly popular” film of the Bhojpuri cinema in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Abbi |first=Kumool |title=Politics of Linguistic, Cultural Recovery and Reassertion: Bhojpuri Migrant Population and Its Films |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |issue=33 |pages=55 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23528090 |jstor=23528090 |date=17 August 2013 |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

The company's second project was [[Anubhav (1986 film)|Anubhav]] which was released in 1986. Once again Sujit played an important acting role in the film, but this time it was a character role. The leading roles in the film were performed by [[Shekhar Suman]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]] and [[Richa Sharma (actress)|Richa Sharma]]. The film marked the first Hindi-language film made by Shiv Bhakti Films. It also marked the introduction of Kiran Singh as a producer together with Sujit Kumar. In 2015, almost 19 years after it was released, ''Anubhav'' was included in the list of Bollywood's five best sex comedies by the Daily News & Analysis (DNA), a newspaper affiliated with [[Zee News]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-five-of-bollywood-s-best-sex-comedies-2073224|title=Five of Bollywood's best sex comedies - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=30 March 2015|website=dnaindia.com|access-date=1 January 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821114729/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-five-of-bollywood-s-best-sex-comedies-2073224|archive-date=21 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Both of the above two films, ''Paan Khaye Saiyan Hamaar'' and ''Anubhav'', were low-budget films that did well at the box-office. Subsequently, Shiv Bhaki Films started making films with higher budgets and more star power. [[Asmaan Se Ooncha]] (1989) featured well-known stars like [[Jeetendra]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Anita Raj]] and [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]. Also, renowned stars like [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Anupam Kher]] and [[Mala Sinha]] played the lead in [[Khel (film)|Khel]] (1992). ''Khel'' was the nineteenth highest-grossing film of 1992.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Grossing Movies of 1992|url=http://muvyz.com/boxoffice/byyear/y4/1992/2|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101182909/http://muvyz.com/boxoffice/byyear/y4/1992/2|url-status=dead}}</ref> For his role in ''Khel'', Anupam Kher got the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Filmfare Award for Best Comedian]].<ref name=kiran2/> Like ''Anubhav'', both ''Asmaan Se Ooncha'', and ''Khel'' were produced by Kiran together with her spouse Sujit.

When the Shiv Bhakti Films banner was retired in the early 1990s, Kiran and Sujit started a new company called Shree Shiv Bhakti Films. The first film made under this banner was [[Daraar (film)|Daraar]] (1996) starring [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Arbaaz Khan]]. For her role as an abused wife, Juhi Chawla was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] and for his role as the abusive husband, Arbaaz Khan, in his debut performance, received the [[Filmfare Best Villain Award]].<ref name=kiran2>{{cite web|title=All Filmfare Award Winners |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |work=Filmfare.com |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

The second film made under the Shree Shiv Bhakti Films banner was [[Champion (2000 film)|Champion (2000)]]. It starred [[Sunny Deol]], [[Manisha Koirala]] and [[Rahul Dev]]. ''Champion'' received four awards, all for [[Rahul Dev]]’s performance in his debut, yet breakthrough role in a Hindi-language film. Specifically, Rahul was nominated for: the [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]], the [[Screen Award for Best Male Debut|Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer Actor- Male]], the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Filmfare Award for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Negative Role]] and Rahul was the winner of the Award of the [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male|International Indian Film Academy Award for Best Male Debut]].

Finally, for the film [[Aetbaar]], produced initially by Shree Shiv Bhakti Films, an impressive ensemble was assembled, including megastar [[Amitabh Bacchan]]. However, the production of the film stalled because of financial challenges faced by Kiran and her spouse, Sujit. When the [[Tata Group]] decided to enter the film production business, ''Aetbaar '' was rescued by this group.<ref name=kiran1>{{Cite web|title= Tata Infomedia To Co-produce Film Starring Big B |access-date=4 February 2022|url= https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/tata-infomedia-to-co-produce-film-starring-big-b/56435/|date=22 August 2002|work=financialexpress.com }}</ref> Cutting Edge Entertainment, a new division set up by Tata Group, became the new production company of ''Aetbaar'' with Jatin Kumar, son of Kiran and Sujit, being a co-producer.<ref>{{Cite web|title= India's Tata Steps In To Film Production |access-date=4 February 2022|url=
https://www.screendaily.com/indias-tata-steps-in-to-film-production/4012439.article |date=26 February 2003 | first1=Bhuvan|last1=Lall |work=screendaily.com
}}</ref>

Kiran died a year after the release of ''Aitbaar'' in 2004 and Sujit died a few years later in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Actor-Producer Sujit Kumar Dead |access-date=4 February 2022|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/actorproducer-sujit-kumar-dead/576300/
|date=6 February 2010|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref> Subsequently, their son Jatin Kumar announced that he would revive their original banner, Shiv Bhakti Films, with the production of Bhojpuri- and Hindi-language films.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Jatin Kumar signs Ravi Kissen |access-date=4 February 2022|url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/jatin-kumar-signs-ravi-kissen/articleshow/8646633.cms
|date=30 May 2011 |newspaper=Times of India }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|border="1" cellpadding="5"
!Year||Film|| Role
|-
|1984||''[[Paan Khaye Saiyan Hamaar (film)|Paan Khaye Saiyan Hamaar]]''|| As Story Writer and Partner/Founder of Shiv Bhakti Films
|-
|1986||''[[Anubhav (1986 film)|Anubhav]]''|| As Producer and Partner/Founder of Shiv Bhakti Films
|-
|1989||''[[Asmaan Se Ooncha]]''|| As Producer and Partner/Founder of Shiv Bhakti Films
|-
|1992||''[[Khel (1992 film)|Khel]]''|| As Producer and Partner/Founder of Shiv Bhakti Films
|-
|1996||''[[Daraar (film)|Daraar]] ''|| As Partner/Founder of Shree Shiv Bhakti Films
|-
|2000||''[[Champion (2000 film)|Champion]]'' || As Partner/Founder of Shree Shiv Bhakti Films
|-
|2000||''[[Aetbaar]]'' || As Partner/Founder of Shree Shiv Bhakti Films, an impressive ensemble was initially assembled by Kiran & Sujit but due to financial challenges, production was taken over by [[Tata Group]]'s Cutting Edge Entertainment.<ref name=kiran1/>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm2111013|Kiran Singh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kiran}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]

AIIMS, Awantipora

2026-04-27T14:23:53Z

Siddhant Babu: Started A Stub

{{Short description|Medical collage in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Organizations|date=January 2026}}
{{Update|reason=No indication as to whether construction has commenced or that it will be operational by end 2026|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = All India Institute of Medical Science, Awantipora
| native_name =
| type = Public medical university
| established = 2026
| image =
| image name =
| image size =
| caption =
| motto =
| country = India
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| city = [[Awantipora]]
| postal code =
| director =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| colour =
| language =
| academic_affiliation =
| website =
| footnotes = Due to be operational by the end of 2026
}}

The '''All India Institute of medical sciences, Awantipora''' ('''AIIMS Kashmir''') will be a medical college in [[Awantipora]], Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS Kashmir at Awantipora Jammu & Kashmir in Pulwama (Jammu and Kashmir): Project Updates & Investment Details {{!}} IIG |url=https://indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BASHIR |first=FAIZAAN |date=2025-09-01 |title=AIIMS Awantipora – Need of the Hour! |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/aiims-awantipora-need-of-the-hour/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=AIIMS Awantipora will be fully operational by next 2026 end: Jammu & Kashmir CM Omar Abdullah |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/aiims-awantipora-will-be-fully-operational-by-next-2026-end-jammu-kashmir-cm-omar-abdullah/articleshow/123767775.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |journal=Medical Dialogues|last=Rajput |first=Kajal |date=2025-09-09 |title=AIIMS Awantipora set for completion by next year, says Omar Abdullah |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/hospital-diagnostics/aiims-awantipora-set-for-completion-by-next-year-says-omar-abdullah-154884 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peer |first=Mansoor |date=2025-09-09 |title=AIIMS Awantipora to be operational by end of 2026: CM |url=https://risingkashmir.com/aiims-awantipora-to-be-operational-by-end-of-2026-cm/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthukumar |first=Abisha |date=2025-11-15 |title=AIIMS CRE Recruitment 2025 - Apply Online for 1383 Group B and Group C Posts |url=https://www.freejobalert.com/articles/aiims-cre-recruitment-2025-apply-online-for-1383-group-b-and-group-c-posts-3030245 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=www.freejobalert.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The project, promoted by the Government of India, was initiated on 7 November 2020 and was expected to be completed by 2 December 2025, with an estimated cost of US$229.85 million. As of 2025, the project is under implementation with the status "Notice to Proceed".

On 5 September 2023, the Indian government approved 94 faculty and 244 non-faculty for the college. Professors, assistant professors, medical officers, nurses, technical and administrative positions are among the positions available.<ref>{{cite web |title=A-12015/11/2023-PMSSY-IV |url=https://pmssy.mohfw.gov.in/files/orders/Creation%20of%2094%20Faculty%20posts%20and%20244%20Non-faculty%20posts%20for%20AIIMS%20Awantipora.pdf |publisher=Government of India — Ministry of Health and Family Welfare |access-date=8 December 2025 |date=5 September 2023 |quote=Sanction of the president is hereby accorded to the creation of following Faulty and Non-Faculty posts for AIIMS, Awantipora under Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) in Ministry of Health and Family Welfare}}</ref>

{{as of|2025|11}}, the college is expected to be fully operational by the end of 2026, according to Chief Minister Omar Abdullah. Outpatient department services are projected to begin in March–April 2026, while the inpatient department and academic activities are expected to start by November or December 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=AIIMS Awantipora will be fully operational by next 2026 end: Jammu & Kashmir CM Omar Abdullah |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/aiims-awantipora-will-be-fully-operational-by-next-2026-end-jammu-kashmir-cm-omar-abdullah/articleshow/123767775.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Jaisingh Maravi

2026-04-23T07:02:59Z

Siddhant Babu: Started some biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jaitpur Assembly constituency|Jaitpur]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2018
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Bhagwandin
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| constituency1 = [[Jaitpur Assembly constituency|Jaitpur]]
| constituency_AM = [[Jaitpur Assembly constituency|Jaitpur]]
| constituency_AM2 = [[Jaisingnagar Assembly constituency|Jaisingnagar]]
| predecessor1 = Manisha Singh
| term_start2 = 2018
| term_end2 = 2023
| predecessor2 = Pramila Singh
}}
'''Jaisingh Maravi''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a four time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]], [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Gurgaon Assembly constituency]] and from [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jaisinghnagar Madhya Pradesh Assembly Constituency Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jaisinghnagar-madhya-pradesh-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3281993/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> representing [[Jaisingnagar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaitpur assembly election results 2023: Jaitpur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/jaitpur-assembly-result-12085 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maravi, Jaisingh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

E. A. Rajendran

2026-04-23T05:31:06Z

Siddhant Babu: made entry - done

{{Short description|Indian actor and director (1955–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox person
| image = E.A. Rajendran1.JPG
| caption = Rajendran in 2013
| birth_name = E. A. Rajendran
| birth_date = 1955
| birth_place = Thrithallur, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| death_date = 26 March 2026
| death_place = Pattathanam, Kollam, Kerala, India
| occupation = Actor, producer
| years_active = 1981 − 2026
| spouse = Sandhya Rajendran
| children = [[Divyadarsan R. Engoor|Divyadarsan]] (son)
| relatives = [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] (brother-in-law)
}}

'''E. A. Rajendran''' (1955 – 26 March 2026) was an Indian actor and stage director from [[Kerala]].<ref name=Rajendran/>

== Life and career ==
Rajendran completed his graduation from National School of Drama and his post graduation from Film and Television Institute of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=E.A. Rajendran - Producer and Actor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3482415/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=IMDB}}</ref> He was the brother-in-law of popular actor and Kollam MLA [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam actor E.A. Rajendran dies at 71: Terminal illness or diet? How sugar cut impacts your body |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/health/2026/03/26/malayalam-actor-ea-rajendran-dies-at-71-terminal-illness-or-diet-how-sugar-cut-impacts-your-body.html |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

Rajendran died in the early hours of 26 March 2026, at the age of 71. He was survived by wife Sandhya and son, [[Divyadarsan R. Engoor|Divyadarshan]], also an actor. Rajendran was suffering from diabetes at the time of his death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-26 |title=Malayalam actor-director E.A. Rajendran passes away at 71 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-actor-director-e-a-rajendran-passes-away-at-71/articleshow/129814439.cms |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Rajendran">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-26 |title=Malayalam actor - director E A Rajendran passed away at 71 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2026/Mar/26/malayalam-actor-director-e-a-rajendran-passed-away-at-71 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Veteran Malayalam Actor-Director EA Rajendran Passes Away at 71 in Kollam |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/veteran-malayalam-actor-director-ea-rajendran-passes-away-at-71-in-kollam |website=Outlook India |access-date=27 March 2026 |language=en |date=26 March 2026}}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==
* ''Greeshmam'' (1981)
* ''[[Kavadiyattam]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Kaliyattam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Pranayavarnangal]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Daya (film)|Daya]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pattabhishekam (1999 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Thachiledathu Chundan]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Vazhunnor]]'' (1999)
* [[Udayapuram Sulthan]] (1999)
* ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Parthan Kanda Paralokam]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Manthrikan]] ''(2012)
* ''[[Female Unnikrishnan]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' (2019)

== Awards ==
Rajendran was awarded as the Best Director at the Venjaramoodu Ramachandran Memorial State Professional Drama Festival (2010) for his drama, Ramanan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram District News, Local News,തിരുവനന്തപുരം , ,രമണന്‍ മികച്ച നാടകം; ഇ.എ. രാജേന്ദ്രന്‍ സംവിധായകന്‍ ,Kerala - Mathrubhumi |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/657831-local_news-thiruvananthapuram-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211010512/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/657831-local_news-thiruvananthapuram-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D.html |archive-date=2010-12-11 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=www.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3482415}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajendran, E. A.}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Indian directors]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]

Srinivas B. V.

2026-04-21T12:47:14Z

Siddhant Babu: creating first details w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Srinivas BV
| image = File:Sriniavas BV adressing a meeting.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|11|08|df=y}}
| office = Former President of [[Indian Youth Congress]]
| constituency =
| term_start = July 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Keshav Chand Yadav]]
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| nick_name =
}}

'''Srinivas Bhadravathi Venkata''' is an Indian politician from [[Shimoga district]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Srinivas BV, the new president of Indian Youth Congress?|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/who-is-srinivas-bv-the-new-president-of-indian-youth-congress/689999|access-date=2021-05-29|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref> He was former National President of the [[Indian Youth Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinivas BV appointed Indian Youth Congress' interim president days after Keshav Chand Yadav resigns as chief|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/srinivas-bv-appointed-indian-youth-congress-interim-president-days-after-keshav-chand-yadav-resigns-as-chief-7076901.html|website=First Post. com|publisher=First Post|accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref> He was a [[cricket player]] who had played for under-19 and under-16 [[Karnataka cricket team]].<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite magazine|author=Pratiba Raman T. S. Sudhir |date=May 7, 2021 |title=Cricket's loss, India's gain. Meet BV Srinivas, the country's 'helpline'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/crickets-loss-india-gain-meet-bv-srinivas-the-countrys-helpline-1799699-2021-05-07|access-date=2021-05-29|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He was in the news for his online responses and relief works with along his associates during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Youth Congress President Srinivas BV Steps Into Sonu Sood's Shoes|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-youth-congress-president-steps-into-sonu-soods-shoes/382383|access-date=2021-05-29|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Srinivas who hails from a non-political middle-class family, started his political career as a [[NSUI]] member during his college days at [[National College, Bangalore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Prabhu|first=Nagesh|date=2020-12-03|title=B.V. Srinivas is first Kannadiga to become IYC president|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bv-srinivas-is-first-kannadiga-to-become-iyc-president/article33243449.ece|access-date=2021-05-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later he became a [[Community Development Block|block]] president of the [[Indian Youth Congress]] followed by positions at [[district]] level and [[States and union territories of India|state]] level.

He rose into publicity in 2010 when a group of Congress workers along with him mounted a protest against [[Pramod Muthalik]], a staunch right wing activist in [[Coastal Karnataka]] and smeared black paint on his face for [[Pramod Muthalik|Muthalik]]'s vitriolic stand against [[Valentine's Day|Valentine's Day celebrations.]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-02-11|title=Mutalik 'faces' ire of protestors|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/52122/mutalik-faces-ire-protestors.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> He faced disciplinary actions from [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]] following this. However, in October 2010 he received '''Best Youth Congress Worker''<nowiki/>' award from [[Rahul Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Hemanth|date=2010-10-27|title=Man who blackened Pramod Mutalik's face is a hero for Congress|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-man-who-blackened-pramod-mutalik-s-face-is-a-hero-for-congress-1458412|access-date=2021-05-29|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

He held the post of National Secretary, IYC, followed by National General Secretary, IYC, and its vice president in 2018. In July 2019 he was appointed president of the Indian Youth Congress when Keshav Chand Yadav resigned from this post after Lok Sabha elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Youth & Polity featuring BV Srinivas National President Indian Youth Congress with Richa Sharma & Sarah Iqbal |url=https://infeed.in/indian-youth-polity-featuring-bv-srinivas-national-president-indian-youth-congress-with-richa-sharma-sarah-iqbal/|publisher=Infeed In|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-02|title=Congress President Sonia Gandhi appoints Shivamogga's Srinivas BV as Youth Congress President|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/congress-president-sonia-gandhi-appoints-shivamoggas-srinivas-bv-as-youth-congress-president-922577.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Under his leadership IYC organized 'National Unemployment Day' on September 17, the birthday of [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-17|title=Why is National Unemployment Day trending on PM Modi's birthday: All you need to know|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-is-national-unemployment-day-trending-on-pm-modi-s-birthday-all-you-need-to-know-2843452|access-date=2021-05-29|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-29|title=Youth Congress launches 'Rozgar Do' campaign|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/youth-congress-launches-rozgar-do-campaign/story-rK1O7F0a1ty77PGTL55VeP.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== COVID relief ===
In the first wave of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] he set up facilities to help [[Migrant worker]]s from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] to reach back home using [[Shramik Special trains]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Youth Congress provides food and shelter to migrants in Delhi amid corona-crisis|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/bharat-news/youth-congress-provides-food-and-shelter-to-migrants-in-delhi-amid-corona-crisis/na20200515003946109|access-date=2021-05-29|website=ETV Bharat News|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

During the second wave of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] he became one of the most visible help provider for government and non government bodies by facilitating emergency supplies of essential drugs and oxygen.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=A young Congressman who leads from the front|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/delhi-diaries-youth-congress-chief-srinivas-bv-during-lockdown-gadkari-remains-active-as-ever-and-delhi-police-sticks-to-double-standards/cid/1773593|access-date=2021-05-29|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> He coordinated a group of 1000 [[Indian Youth Congress|Indian Youth Congress(IYC)]] volunteers in [[Delhi]] for [[COVID-19]] relief.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch: Embassies Tagged Us and We Helped, No Political Intentions, Only Want to Save Lives|url=https://thewire.in/health/watch-srinivas-bv-iyc-oxygen-covid-19|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Wire}}</ref> There were instances when [[Diplomatic mission|Diplomatic mission (embassies)]] of [[New Zealand]] and [[Philippines]] reached out to IYC team for [[COVID-19]] relief.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacherjee|first=Kallol|date=2021-05-02|title=Several foreign embassies in Delhi face COVID-19 onslaught|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/several-foreign-embassies-in-delhi-face-covid-19-onslaught/article34462905.ece|access-date=2021-05-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Geeta Mohan |date=May 2, 2021 |title=Political spat over Indian Youth Congress extending help to foreign missions|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/political-spat-over-indian-youth-congress-extending-help-to-foreign-missions-1798000-2021-05-02|access-date=2021-05-29|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> There were political spat over this relief works but Srinivas categorically stated that he is into relief and not into pandemic politics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-12|title=Working for the people, not interested in pandemic politics: Youth Congress chief Srinivas BV|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-otc/working-for-the-people-not-interested-in-pandemic-politics-youth-congress-chief-srinivas-bv/656663/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

In May 2021, [[Delhi Police]] questioned him on [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 relief distribution]] alleging hoarding.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Anand|last=Patel|date=May 14, 2021|title='Have nothing to hide', says IYC chief Srinivas BV after Delhi Police quizzes him on Covid relief distribution|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/have-nothing-to-hide-iyc-chief-srinivas-bv-delhi-police-quizzes-him-covid-relief-distribution-1802620-2021-05-14|access-date=2021-05-29|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> However [[Indian National Congress]] came out in support of him and criticized [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for unleashing political vendetta against those helping people in need.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Modi government harassing IYC chief Srinivas BV for helping those in need: Congress|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/14/modi-government-harrassingiyc-chiefsrinivas-bv-for-helping-those-in-need-congress-2302577.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In a report filed by [[Delhi Police]] before [[Delhi High Court]] they said that Srinivas and team are actually helping people voluntarily without any discrimination and there is no black marketing happening under the garb of volunteering.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Covid: Srinivas BV, other politicians are 'actually helping people', Delhi Police tell HC|url=https://scroll.in/latest/995082/covid-srinivas-bv-other-politicians-are-actually-helping-people-delhi-police-tell-hc|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Allegations of harassment ==
Angkita Dutta, Assam president of [[Indian Youth Congress]], accused him of harassment after which she was expelled from the [[All India Congress Committee]] due to "anti party activities". Srinivas was summoned by [[Assam Police]] in the matter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwala |first1=Tora |title=Harassment case: Assam cops summon Srinivas on May 2, he blames CM Sarma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/assam-congress-allegations-srinivas-police-8571565/ |access-date=2023-04-29 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 April 2023}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
* Vice President - Indian Youth Congress 2018-2019
* President - Indian Youth Congress 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinivas BS Interim President Indian Youth Congress |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-srinivas-bv-interim-president-indian-youth-congress-538973|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Zeeshan Siddique]]
* [[Sonu Sood]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Indian National Congress}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas BV}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]

Roshan Lal Choudhary

2026-04-21T02:33:05Z

Siddhant Babu: post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Roshan Lal Choudhary
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1965}}
| birth_place = [[Ramgarh, Jharkhand|Ramgarh]], [[Ramgarh district]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024–present) [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] (until 2024)
| spouse =
| parents = Rijhunath Choudhary (father, deceased)
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Barkagaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkagaon]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| education = Graduate
| alma_mater = Ramgarh College, [[Vinoba Bhave University]]
| occupation = Politician
| footnotes =
}}

'''Roshan Lal Choudhary''' (born 1965)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Roshan Lal Choudhary(AJSU Party):Constituency- BARKAGAON(RAMGARH ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=11710 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is an MLA from [[Barkagaon Assembly constituency]] in [[Ramgarh district]]. He won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Barkagaon, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Roshan Lal Choudhary defeats INC's Amba Prasad with 31393 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/barkagaon-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638439-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chaudhary is from [[Ramgarh (community development block)|Ramgarh]], Jharkhand. He is the son of late Rijhunath Choudhary. He completed his graduation in 1989 at Ramgarh College, Ramgarh, which is affiliated with [[Vinoba Bhave University]], Hazaribagh. His wife is a professor in Ranchi College.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Chaudhary won from Barkagaon Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 1,24,468 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Amba Prasad (politician)|Amba Prasad Sahu]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 31,393 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE Updates {{!}} Barkagaon Election Result 2024: Roshan Lal Chaudhary of BJP Wins |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates-barkagaon-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-and-losser-candidate-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-jmm-eci-jharkhand-assembly-election-result-2823148.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> He contested on [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] ticket and lost thrice in the [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]], [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Roshan Lal Choudhary Performance in Barkagaon Assembly Elections 2024: Vote Margins & Live Trends – India TV News |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/barkagaon-constituency/candidate-list/roshan-lal-choudhary |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barkagaon Election Result 2024 LIVE: Roshan Lal Choudhary of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/barkagaon-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130260.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Later, he joined the BJP and won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-24 |title=Of 15 prominent turncoats, 8 win |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/victory-for-turncoats-8-out-of-15-find-success-in-latest-elections/articleshow/115608752.cms |access-date=2024-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-24 |title=Jharkhand election results 2024: Constituency-wise full winners list and key highlights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jharkhand-election-results-2024-constituency-wise-full-winners-list-and-key-highlights/articleshow/115585742.cms |access-date=2024-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Roshan Lal}}

[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Ramgarh district]]

R. T. Deshmukh

2026-04-20T08:56:11Z

Siddhant Babu: new.

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. T. (Jija) Deshmukh
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date|2025|5|26|df=y}}
| death_place =
| assembly = Maharashtra Legislative
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2019
| constituency_AM = [[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]
| predecessor = [[Prakashdada Solanke]]
| successor = Prakashdada Solanke
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''R. T. (Jija) Deshmukh''' (died 26 May 2025) was an Indian politician who was a member of the 13th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. He represented the [[Majalgaon Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019/majalgaon-election-results-27_2502.html|title=Majalgaon Election Result 2019: Majalgaon Assembly Election 2019 Results | Majalgaon Vidhan Sabha MLA Result|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> R.T. Jija Deshmukh was a prominent political figure in the Beed district and he was known as a staunch supporter and close associate of the former Chief Minister of Maharashtra late [[Gopinath Munde]] Saheb as well as his brother & father of [[Dhananjay Munde]] late Pandit Anna Munde.

Deshmukh died in a road traffic collision on the Tuljapur-Latur road near Belkund, Maharashtra, on 26 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-bjp-minister-rt-deshmukh-dies-in-road-accident-in-maharashtras-latur-101748268585614.html |title=Former BJP minister RT Deshmukh dies in road accident in Maharashtra's Latur |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, R. T.}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Dharamshila Cancer Hospital and Research Centre

2026-04-19T06:50:34Z

Siddhant Babu: made article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Dharamshila Narayana Superspeciality Hospital
| org_group = Narayana Health
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image = Dharamshila Narayana.jpg
| image_size = 225
| image_alt =
| caption = Front view of hospital
| coordinates = {{coord|28.602568|77.314022|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| location = [[Delhi]]
| region_served =
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| healthcare = 
| funding = Private
| type = Specialist
| religious_affiliation =
| affiliations =
| patron =
| network = Hospital Network
| standards =
| emergency = Yes
| beds = 350
| speciality = type=Multispeciality
| helipad =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
| former_names =
| constructed =
| opened = 1 July 1994
| closed =
| demolished =
| website = {{URL|https://www.narayanahealth.org/hospitals/delhi/dharamshila-narayana-superspeciality-hospital}}
| other_links =
| module = Research Centre
{{Infobox organization
| name = Dharamshila Narayana Research Center
| image = Dharamshila-Narayana Logo.png
| image_border =
| image_size = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_caption = 
| abbreviation =
| formation = 1990
| extinction = 
| type = Non-Government Voluntary Organization
| status = 
| purpose = Cancer Care and Treatment, Cancer Research
| headquarters = Delhi and NCR, India
| location = North India, India
| coordinates = 
| region_served =
| membership =
| language = 
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Dr. Suversha Khanna
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = Dharamshila Narayana Superspeciality Hospital
| affiliations = 
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|https://www.narayanahealth.org/hospitals/delhi/dharamshila-narayana-superspeciality-hospital}}

|
| remarks =
}}
}}
'''Dharamshila Narayana Superspeciality Hospital (DNSH)''' is managed by Narayana Health, a Pan India Multispeciality Group founded by Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty in the year 2000 with a dream of making high quality healthcare affordable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indheal.com/hospital/dharamshila-nh|title=Dharamshila Narayana Hospital|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> Dharamshila Narayana Superspeciality Hospital is the first and only cancer hospital of India that has been accredited by [[NABH]]. It is also accredited by NABH for its allied specialties and labs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iacr.org.in/cancer_related_institutes.htm|title=Cancer Related Institutes|publisher=Indian Association for Cancer Research|accessdate=2017-08-19}}</ref>

==History==
Dharamshila Cancer Foundation and Research Centre was registered as an NGO to start North India's first cancer care and research centre. The first phase of Dharamshila Hospital and Research Centre (DHRC) with 100 beds was commissioned in July 1994. In October, 2007, 250 more beds along with better cancer facilities were commissioned, making DHRC the largest cancer hospital of North India.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/200712/coverstory13.shtml|title=Dharamshila Hospital & Research Centre|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=2017-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913221558/http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/200712/coverstory13.shtml|archive-date=13 September 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dharamshila Hospital |url=https://www.credihealth.com/hospital/dharamshila-narayana-superspeciality-hospital-new-delhi/overview|date=26 March 2019 |work=Credihealth}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.narayanahealth.org/hospitals/delhi/dharamshila-narayana-superspeciality-hospital Dharamshila-Narayana-Superspeciality-Hospital Website]
*[http://www.dhrc.in/ Official Website of Dharamshila Hospital And Research Centre]

{{Delhi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharamshila Narayana Superspeciality Hospital}}
[[Category:Cancer hospitals]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

The Bethany Ashram

2026-04-18T06:07:31Z

Siddhant Babu:

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox monastery
| name = Bethany Ashram
| native_name = ബഥനി ആശ്രമം
| native_name_lang = ml
| image = Bethany Ashram Logo.png
| caption = Bethany Ashram Logo
| order = Order of the Imitation of Christ
| established = 15 August 1919
| dedication =
| diocese =
| churches =
| founder = [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios]]
| abbot = Very. Rev. Fr. Geevarghese Kuttiyil OIC<ref name="Governing Council">{{cite web |last= |first= |url=https://www.bethanyashram.net/governing.php |title=Governing Council |website=Bethany Ashram |access-date=April 18, 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
| prior =
| archbishop =
| bishop =
| archdeacon =
| people =
| status =
| website = {{URL|https://www.bethanyashram.net/|Bethany Ashram Official Page}}
}}

'''Bethany Ashram''', is a [[monastic order]] in the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]. It was established by [[Archbishop]] [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios]]. The Ashram follows the [[religious order]] called '''Order of the Imitation of Christ''' (O.I.C.), which is derived from the [[Catholic]] [[devotional literature|devotional book]] called [[The Imitation of Christ]] by [[Thomas à Kempis]].<ref name="Bethany Ashram History">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicate.net/religious_men_oic.html |title=Bethany Ashram History |publisher=Syro-Malankara Catholic Church |accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref>

==History of the Founder==
[[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios]], who founded Bethany Ashram, was born on 21 September 1882 at Mavelikara to the 'Mallitta' Panikar family, belonging to the [[Malankara Church]]. He was given the baptismal name Geevarghese. At the age of 15 he joined M.D.Seminary School for high school studies. On 20 April 1898 he received minor orders and was sent to [[Madras Christian College]] for higher studies, there he obtained his Master degree. On Sept.15th 1908 Geevarghese was ordained priest by Vattasseril Mar Dinoysius. Just after the ordination [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Fr.P.T.Geevarghese]] was appointed Principal of M.D.Seminary, Kottayam. He moved to Calcutta in the year 1913, accepting an invitation from [[George Howells|Dr. George Howells]], the principal of [[Serampore College]] to teach there. He made use of this opportunity to educate the Malankara Youth. About 20 young people from Kerala reached Calcutta for higher education.<ref>Fr. Thomas Inchakkalody, ''Archbishop Mar Ivanios'' Vol. 1, (2006), pp. 146-147</ref>

== Foundation of the Ashram ==
At Serampore [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Fr.P.T.Geevarghese]] got more time for prayer and contemplation. He came across the writings of [[St. Basil]] on monasticism. Basilian monastic vision had a great influence on him. Besides the visits to the [[Sabarmati Ashram]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Santiniketan]] of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] gave him a new vision of Indian Sanyasa (monasticism). These experiences made him to reflect upon starting an order of missionaries to carry out the task of evangelization in India.<ref>L. Moolaveettil, ''The Spiritual Life of Mar Ivanios'', Kottayam, 1977, p.74</ref> Slowly the residence of [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Fr.P.T.Geevarghese]] and his followers at Serampore became an Ashram (Monastery), and they began to live a sort of religious life according to the monastic rules of St. Basil, adapting them to [[Indian culture]].<ref>Fr. Thomas Kuzhinapurath, "Mar Ivanios: Bharata Christava Sanyasathinte Pravachakan", ''Deepika'', 15 July 1997.</ref> As he accepted this as his way of life, he resigned from the Serampore College.

On his return from Calcutta, [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Fr. P.T.Geevarghese]] looked for a location to establish an ashram. One of his friend Advocate E. J. John donated {{convert|100|acre|m2}} of land at Mundanmala, [[Perunad|Ranni-Perunadu]], [[Kerala]] at the meeting place of the rivers Pampa and Kakkatt. The adjacent area of {{convert|300|acre|m2}} was bought from the [[Travancore|Government of Travancore]] at a rate of 5 [[Travancore rupee|rupee]] per [[acre]] using the fund of about 2000 [[Travancore rupee|rupee]] from his father. The place was thickly filled with thorny bushes and herbs. [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Fr. P.T.Geevarghese]] and his followers built a small thatched hut made out of the branches of trees and bamboo. This turned to be the first Ashram in Malankara on 15 August 1919. He prayerfully searched for a name for the Ashram and opened the [[Bible]] and he got the word "Bethany". He meditated upon it and came to the conclusion that it is an apt name for a religious order which upholds both contemplation and action.<ref>Fr. Thomas Inchakkalody, ''Archbishop Mar Ivanios'' (Vol.1), pp. 152-171</ref> Eventually the [[Bethany Ashram]] became a place of pilgrimage and spiritual experience. Spiritual retreats and discourses were given by [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Fr. P.T.Geevarghese]] especially in the Passion Week. [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Fr. P.T.Geevarghese]] envisioned the Ashram also being a shelter for the poor and the marginalised. Along with the Ashram he started a house for the orphans.

[[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Fr. P.T.Geevarghese]] founded the [[Bethany Madhom]] for religious women in 1925, with the help of the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] sisters, entitled [[Former religious orders in the Anglican Communion|Oxford Mission Sisterhood of the Epiphany]] working at [[Serampore]].

== Bishop of Bethany ==
The Malankara Synod decided to ordain [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Fr. P.T.Geevarghese]] as the [[bishop]] of bethany. He was ordained by [[Catholicos Moran Mar Baselios Geevarghese of the East|Catholicos Baselios Geevarghese I]] on 1 May 1925. He received the name [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios]].<ref name="CLL">{{cite journal | last =Rajan | first =Matthew | title = H.H. Baselios Geevarghese I - Second Catholicose | journal=The Christian Light of Life | url=http://www.lightoflife.com/LOL_Arch_Basalios_GeevargheseI_Second_Catholicose.htm | year = 2004 |volume=3| issue=12|pages=221–225 }}</ref> After the consecration there was a meeting to felicitate [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Mar Ivanios]]. In this meeting [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Mar Ivanios]] expressed his desire that the church might become one flock under one shepherd.

==Reunion Movement==
On 20 September 1930 [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Mar Ivanios]] along with Mar Theophilos, the suffragan bishop of Bethany, Fr. [[John Kuzhinapurath]] OIC, Deacon Alexander Attupurath OIC, Chacko Kiliyileth and most of the members of both the Bethany orders reunited with the [[Catholic Church]] establishing the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] ''[[sui iuris]]'' [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] in India.<ref>Fr. Thomas Inchyakkalody, ''Archbishop Mar Ivanios'', Vol. 1, Kottayam, 2006, pp. 470-480.</ref> The Reunion Movement gained rapid momentum under the leadership of [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios]].<ref name="Glimpses of History">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicate.net/Syro_MarIvanios.html |title=Glimpses of History |publisher=Syro-Malankara Catholic Church |accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref>

==100 Years of Bethany==
Inauguration of the centenary celebration was carried out at Muvattupuzha on 21 September 2018 and the closing of the centenary celebration happened at Pattom, trivandrum on 21 September 2019.

==External links==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1919]]

Raveesh Kumar

2026-04-13T06:55:57Z

Siddhant Babu: bio

{{Short description|Indian Civil Servant (IFS Officer)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Ravish Kumar]], an Indian TV journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| name = Raveesh Kumar
| image = Raveesh Kumar IFS Amb Profile.jpg
| office = [[List of ambassadors of India to the Czech Republic|Ambassador of India to the Czech Republic]]
| term_start = 27 June 2024<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eoiprague.gov.in/page/amb-profile/ | title=Embassy of India, Prague, Czech Republic : Ambassador Profile | access-date=1 July 2024 | archive-date=1 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701130356/https://www.eoiprague.gov.in/page/amb-profile/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| term_end =
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = Hemant H. Kotalwar
| successor =
| office1 = [[List of ambassadors of India to Finland|Ambassador of India to Finland and Estonia]]
| term_start1 = 17 July 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32721/Shri_Raveesh_Kumar_appointed_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_India_to_Finland|title=Shri Raveesh Kumar appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Finland}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 26 June 2024
| prime_minister1 = Narendra Modi
| predecessor1 = [[Vani Sarraju Rao|Vani Rao]]
| successor1 = Hemant H. Kotalwar
| office2 = [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]]
| term_start2 = 21 July 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/gopal-baglay-appointed-joint-secretary-pmo|title = Raveesh Kumar to Replace Gopal Baglay as MEA Spokesperson|date = 21 July 2017}}</ref>
| term_end2 = 6 April 2020<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1247054363542970369|user=raveesh_kumar|title=Time to pass the baton. After 33 months of an incredible opportunity to serve the nation, my best wishes to Anurag…|date=6 April 2020}}</ref>
| prime_minister2 = Narendra Modi
| predecessor2 = [[Gopal Bagalay]]
| successor2 = [[Anurag Srivastava]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|1|26}}
| birth_place = [[Bhagalpur]], Bihar, India
| spouse = Ranjana Raveesh
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Mount Assisi School]] [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]] [[Hans Raj College|Hansraj College]] [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| profession = Diplomat
}}
'''Raveesh Kumar''' (born 26 January 1971){{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}} is an Indian diplomat in the [[Indian Foreign Service]] of 1995 batch. He was appointed as the Ambassador of India to the [[Czech Republic]] on 11 January 2024 and formally assumed charge on 27 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Raveesh Kumar appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Czech Republic |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37506/Shri_Raveesh_Kumar_appointed_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_India_to_the_Czech_Republic |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ambassador Profile |url=https://www.eoiprague.gov.in/page/ambassador-profile/ |publisher=Embassy of India, Prague |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>
Previously, he served as Indian ambassador to Finland also accredited to Estonia, residing in [[Helsinki]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Raveesh Kumar appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Finland |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32721/Shri_Raveesh_Kumar_appointed_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_India_to_Finland |website=mea.gov.in |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> He was the former official spokesperson of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] (MEA) in the Government of India. He was the youngest ever official spokesperson. He was the Consul General of India in Frankfurt, Germany before being appointed as the [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs|spokesperson of the MEA]].

== Early life and education ==
Raveesh Kumar was born in Nathnagar, [[Bhagalpur]] district of Bihar. He attended [[Mount Assisi School]], [[Bhagalpur]] till class 10 after which he attended [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]] till class 12. He holds a bachelor's degree with Honours in History from [[Hans Raj College|Hansraj College]], Delhi University.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgifrankfurt.de/pages.php?id=12|title=Consul General, Frankfurt Germany|access-date=2017-07-23|archive-date=2018-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808234046/https://www.cgifrankfurt.de/pages.php?id=12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Diplomatic career ==
Kumar joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1995, through the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) conducted Civil Service Examination. He started his diplomatic career at the Indian Mission in Jakarta, Indonesia in 1997. This was followed by posting in Thimpu, Bhutan as Second Secretary/First Secretary, where he looked after development assistance projects. During his stint in New Delhi from 2004 to 2007, he was the Desk Officer at the East Asia desk, covering Japan and Republic of Korea. He was then posted to London, United Kingdom as Political Counsellor responsible for bilateral political relationships and engagements with the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. Subsequently, he moved as Deputy Chief of Mission to Jakarta from September 2010 to August 2013, followed by his posting as Consul General of India in Frankfurt, Germany from August 2013 to July 2017. Kumar was the Official Spokesperson of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] and Joint Secretary (External Publicity) from July 2017 till April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indembhelsinki.gov.in/ambassador.php|title=Ambassador, Helsinki Finland}}</ref>

On 11 January 2024, Kumar was appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Czech Republic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37506/Shri_Raveesh_Kumar_appointed_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_India_to_the_Czech_Republic|title=Appointment to Prague}}</ref> On, 27 June 2024 he took charge as Indian ambassador to the [[Czech Republic]].

==See also==
*[[Navtej Sarna]]
*[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
*[[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Raveesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Finland]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:Spokespersons for the Ministry of External Affairs of India]]

T. Lalhlimpuia

2026-04-12T14:28:47Z

Siddhant Babu: creating some page w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. Lalhlimpuia
| birth_date = 1977
| birth_place = [[Lunglei]] West, [[Mizoram]], India
| office = Member of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Lunglei]] West
| term_start = 2023
| party = Zoram People's Movement
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| alma_mater = Savitribai Phule [[Pune University]] (M.A. Economics, 2000)
| parents = Hrangvunga (father)
}}
{{Mizo name|Lalhlimpuia}}

'''T. Lalhlimpuia''' (born 1977)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He is an MLA from [[Lunglei West Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in Lunglei district. He won the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Zoram People's Movement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Lunglei West assembly election results 2023: ZMP's T. Lalhlimpuia wins with 5029 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lunglei-west-assembly-election-results-2023-zmps-t-lalhlimpuia-surges-ahead-leading-with-5029-votes-over-mnfs-c-lalrinsanga/articleshow/105718889.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Member of Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/gov/mla.htm |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Lalhlimpuia is from [[Lunglei]] West, Mizoram. He is the son of Hrangvunga. He completed his M.A. in economics in 2000 at [[Pune University]]. His wife is an associate professor at the [[Lunglei Government College]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=T. Lalhlimpuia(Zoram People's Movement):Constituency- LUNGLEI WEST (ST)(LUNGLEI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=95 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Lalhlimpuia won from Lunglei West Assembly constituency representing the [[Zoram People's Movement]] in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election. He polled 5,029 votes and defeated his nearest rival, C. Lalrinsanga of the [[Mizo National Front]], by a margin of 1,282 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=T Lalhlimpuia, ZPM Candidate from Lunglei West Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/mizoram/t-lalhlimpuia-s16aed2008a032e2023c004/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lunglei West assembly election results 2023: Lunglei West Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/mizoram/lunglei-west-assembly-result-16032 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=t lalhlimpuia mizoram t-lalhlimpuia-lunglei-west candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/t-lalhlimpuia-mizoram-lunglei-west-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalhlimpuia, T.}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]

{{Mizoram-politician-stub}}

Gita Mittal

2026-04-09T05:48:21Z

Siddhant Babu: made entry

{{short description|33rd Chief Justice of Jammu and Kashmir High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| name = Gita Mittal
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|12|9|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| office = 33rd [[Chief Justice]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]]
| term_start = 11 August 2018
| predecessor = [[Alok Aradhe]] (acting)
| successor = [[Rajesh Bindal]] (acting)
| office2 = Judge of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term2 =
| citizenship =
| nominator = [[Dipak Misra]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| awards = Alumna Award Nari Shakti Puruskar Arline Pacht global vision Award, 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/justice-gita-mittal-international-association-of-women-judges-arline-pacht-global-vision-award-173652|title=Justice Gita Mittal Conferred Arline Pacht Global Vision Award By International Association of Women Judges| website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref>
| term_end = 8 December 2020
| term_end1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_start2 = 16 July 2004
| term_end2 = 10 August 2018 {{small|Acting Chief Justice: 14 April 2017 – 10 August 2018}}
| nominator2 = [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]
| appointer2 = [[A P J Abdul Kalam]]
}}

'''Justice Gita Mittal''' (born 9 December 1958) is a retired Indian judge. She is a former [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] and the first woman to serve in that capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/cjsittingjudges.asp |title=CJ And Sitting Judges |website=Delhihighcourt.nic.in |access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref> She was also the [[Chief justice|Acting Chief Justice]] of [[Delhi High Court]].

== Early life and education ==
Mittal was educated at [[Lady Irwin School]] in [[Delhi]], graduating in 1975 with a focus on science.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Delhi High Court|title=Biography - Justice Gita Mittal|url=http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/formerjudges.asp?currentPage=2|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Delhi High Court}}</ref> As a school student she was a member of the [[Girl Guides]] in India, and represented the organisation internationally at several events.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=High Court of Jammu and Kashmir|title=Biography - Chief Justice Mittal|url=https://jkhighcourt.nic.in/cjjk.php|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Jammu and Kashmir High Court}}</ref> She went on to obtain a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in Economics with Honours from the [[Lady Shri Ram College, Delhi|Lady Shriram College for Women]], Delhi, in 1978, and also participated actively in athletics, acting as Sports President of the Lady Shri Ram College (1977–1978).<ref name=":0" /> Mittal studied law at the [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|Campus Law Center]] in Delhi, graduating with an [[LL.B]] in 1981.<ref name=":0" />

== Early career ==
Mittal practiced law in Delhi from 1981 to 2004, prior to her appointment as an Additional Judge in the Delhi High Court.<ref name=":0" /> She also acted as a counsel for the [[Delhi Development Authority]], appearing for them in a case concerning demolitions of illegal structures.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-11-28|title=Prepare demolition plan within two weeks: Delhi HC|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/prepare-demolition-plan-within-two-weeks-delhi-hc_134088.html|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>

== Judicial career ==

=== High Court of Delhi ===
Mittal was appointed an additional judge to the [[Delhi High Court]] on 16 July 2004, and was confirmed as a permanent judge on 20 February 2006.<ref name=":0" /> During her tenure as a High Court judge, she heard both civil and criminal matters.

During her tenure as a High Court Judge, Mittal served on a number of administrative and judicial committees at the Court. She was the Chair of the Delhi High Court's Mediation and Conciliation Center, and served on committees that dealt with complaints concerning sexual harassment, working conditions, performance assessment of judges in subordinate courts, and judicial training.<ref name=":0" /> Mittal also served on a committee concerning the implementation of legal guidelines that governed child witnesses in cases concerning sexual offences.<ref name=":0" /> As part of this, she led an initiative to establish special courtrooms for vulnerable witnesses in the Delhi High Court, with the first such courtroom being established in 2012.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-09-16|title=India's first child witness court room inaugurated|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/indias-first-child-witness-court-room-inaugurated-508342.html|access-date=2020-06-25|website=News18}}</ref>

On 14 April 2017, Mittal was appointed the Acting Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court.<ref name=":0" />

==== Criticism in Times of India report ====
On 17 May 2016, [[The Times of India]] published an article reporting that a litigant had written to the Chief Justice of India and other judges of the Supreme Court, complaining that Justice Mittal's disposal of cases was slow and constrained by her involvement in administrative work, as a result of which she allegedly did not sit in court for sufficient time to hear matters, and that this had personally affected the litigant.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=May 17, 2016|first=Abhinav|last=Garg|title=Litigant complains to CJI about 'tardy disposal' by HC judge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Litigant-complains-to-CJI-about-tardy-disposal-by-HC-judge/articleshow/52300460.cms|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The Times of India reported that they had verified the numbers presented by the litigant and confirmed them.<ref name=":2" /> Justice Mittal's office responded, indicating that the litigant had no pending cases in her court.<ref name=":2" /> The report was widely criticised by members of the Bar. The [[Delhi High Court Bar Association]] condemned it as inaccurate<ref>{{Cite web|last=AK|first=Aditya|title=Bench & Bar v. Media: Delhi HC Bar stands by judge after litigant complains to CJI|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/bench-bar-v-media-delhi-hc-bar-stands-judge-litigant-complains-cji|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref> and thirty-four senior advocates wrote a letter to the Times of India calling on the newspaper to issue an apology to Justice Mittal for inaccuracies in their report, and attesting to her work at the Delhi High Court in disposing of disputes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mandani|first=Apoorva|date=2016-05-20|title=TOI Report on Justice Gita Mittal: Senior Advocates demand apology from TOI for scandalous reporting|url=https://www.livelaw.in/toi-report-justice-gita-mittal-senior-advocates-demand-apology-toi-scandalous-reporting/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref> On 31 May 2016, it was reported that the [[Delhi High Court]] had accepted an unconditional apology from Times of India for the report.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bench|first=Bar &|title=Delhi High Court accepts ToI's unconditional apology in Justice Gita Mittal controversy|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-high-court-accepts-unconditional-apology-toi-justice-gita-mittal-controversy|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref>

==== Jurisprudence at the Delhi High Court ====
Mittal wrote a number of significant judgments as a judge at the Delhi High Court, many of which concern the conditions of service and recruitment in military and para-military forces in India. In 2011, along with Justice R. Midha she passed a significant ruling concerning the rights of transgender individuals, holding that a woman with a congenital hormonal anomaly had been unfairly discriminated against when she was prohibited from joining the [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (a border patrol organisation) as a female constable.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faizan Siddiqui vs. Sashastra Seema Bal - South Asian Translaw Database - Congenital Anomaly|url=https://translaw.clpr.org.in/case-law/faizan-siddiqui-vs-sashastra-seema-bal-congenital-anomaly/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=South Asian Translaw Database|language=en-US|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627001333/https://translaw.clpr.org.in/case-law/faizan-siddiqui-vs-sashastra-seema-bal-congenital-anomaly/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, along with Justice [[Deepa Sharma (judge)|Deepa Sharma]], she held that colour-blindness could not be grounds for discrimination in the context of promotion in the [[Central Reserve Police Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 3, 2013|title=Colour blindness not an obstacle for promotion in CRPF: Delhi High Court|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/colour-blindness-not-an-obstacle-for-promotion-in-crpf-hc-172678-2013-08-03|access-date=2020-06-25|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, she held that advertisements prohibiting women from applying for recruitment to the [[Territorial Army (India)|Indian Territorial Army]] violated the Territorial Army Act, 1948, which allows men and women to apply.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Delhi High Court|date=5 January 2018|title=Kush Kalra v. Union of India|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/141300118/|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-05|title=Delhi High Court paves way for recruitment of women in Territorial Army|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/delhi-high-court-paves-way-for-recruitment-of-women-in-territorial-army/articleshow/62378468.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>

She has also served on the benches of several significant cases concerning political figures. In 2013, she held that Congress leader [[N. D. Tiwari|N.D. Tiwari]] could not be compelled to provide a blood sample against his will, in a paternity suit filed against him, although an adverse inference could be drawn from his refusal to provide the sample.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2011-09-24|title=Tiwari can't be forced to give blood sample: Court|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tiwari-cant-be-forced-to-give-blood-sample-court/article2480183.ece|access-date=2020-06-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her order was later reversed by a different High Court bench, which compelled him to provide a sample.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ND Tiwari asked to give blood sample|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2012/apr/27/nd-tiwari-asked-to-give-blood-sample-362715.html|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> However, in 2016, along with Justice IS Mehta, she laid down principles that courts should follow in hearing cases concerning pleas for court-ordered paternity tests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paternity Test Archives|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/tag/paternity-test/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=SCC Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2014, along with Justice J.R. Midha, she dismissed an appeal filed in the [[Nitish Katara murder case]], upholding the trial court's conviction of Vikas Yadav, the son of Uttar Pradesh politician [[D. P. Yadav|D.P. Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Nirnimesh|date=2014-04-02|title=HC upholds convictions in Nitish Katara case|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/hc-upholds-convictions-in-nitish-katara-case/article5861703.ece|access-date=2020-06-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2017, along with Justice C. Hari Shankar, she dismissed an appeal filed by retired Calcutta High Court judge [[C. S. Karnan|C.S. Karnan]], in which he had challenged the constitutionality of the Indian Contempt of Courts Act.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HC Dismisses Justice Karnan's Plea Against Contempt Law|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/hc-dismisses-justice-karnans-plea-against-contempt-law/300693|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

Mittal has also contributed to jurisprudence that focuses on constitutional rights. In 2013 she ruled that the Delhi High Court could not prohibit entry to persons who didn't have identity cards, noting that access to justice would be impeded by such a rule.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Judging Judges by the Length of their Judgments is a Bad Idea|url=https://thewire.in/law/judging-judges-by-the-length-of-their-judgment-is-a-bad-idea|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The Wire}}</ref> In August 2018, she and Justice C. Hari Shankar found that the provisions of the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959 were largely unconstitutional, and struck it down.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-08-09|title=Begging not an offence: Delhi High Court|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/begging-not-an-offence-delhi-high-court/articleshow/65330867.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>

=== High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh ===
On 3 August 2018, Mittal was appointed Chief Justice of the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court|High Court of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=":1" /> She is the first female Chief Justice of that court.
She retired on 8 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-08-04|title=Justice Geeta Mittal is 1st woman judge of J&K HC; Justice Menon to head Delhi HC|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/justice-geeta-mittal-is-1st-woman-judge-of-jk-hc-justice-menon-to-head-delhi-hc/articleshow/65268850.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=J&K High Court Chief Justice Gita Mittal retires|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-high-court-chief-justice-gita-mittal-retires-7097275/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==== Appointment of additional judges ====
{{importance section|date=June 2020}}
In 2019, Mittal wrote to the Supreme Court of India calling for the appointment of additional judges to handle the caseload at the Jammu and Kashmir High Court, noting that the Court was functioning at half its judicial capacity with only ten judges serving instead of the allocated seventeen.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-01|title=Swamped with pleas, J&K HC at 50% strength, looks to SC help|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/swamped-with-pleas-jk-hc-at-50-strength-looks-to-sc-help-6043084/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Justice Mittal forwarded seven names for the consideration of the Supreme Court collegium, which appoints judges to the High Courts in India.<ref name=":3" /> In April 2020, three Permanent Judges were appointed to the Court, bringing the total number of serving judges to thirteen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-03|title=Three judicial officers appointed as judges at common High Court of J&K, Ladakh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-ladakh-hc-judges-appointment-6346238/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==== Creation of CAT Bench in Jammu and Kashmir ====
In May 2020, Mittal wrote to the Government of India in her capacity as Chief Justice of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court, calling for the establishment of a bench of the Central Administrative Tribunal in Jammu and Kashmir, to hear cases concerning the service conditions of officers in the Indian Administrative Service.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-14|title=Chief Justice seeks CAT Benches at Srinagar, Jammu|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page-2/chief-justice-seeks-cat-benches-at-srinagar-jammu/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-14|title=JK HC chief justice writes to Union minister, seeks establishment of administrative tribunals|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-hc-chief-justice-writes-to-union-minister-seeks-establishment-of-administrative-tribunals-6409231/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In her letter she noted that the passing of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019]] had resulted in the need to transfer a number of pending service matters from the High Court to such tribunals.<ref name=":4" /> The publication of her letter met with opposition from the Chairman of the Central Administrative Tribunal, Justice L. Narasimha Reddy, who disputed the need for a separate bench in Jammu and Kashmir at that time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=2020-05-16|title=CAT chief slams Jammu and Kashmir CJ's public sharing of letter|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cat-chief-slams-jammu-and-kashmir-cjs-public-sharing-of-letter/article31603763.ece|access-date=2020-06-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In April 2020, the Central Government issued a notification extending the jurisdiction of the Chandigarh bench of the Central Administrative Tribunal to Jammu and Kashmir; however, following criticisms that this would cause difficulties in access, the Government modified its order to create a separate Central Administrative Tribunal bench in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-05-30|title=Jammu, Srinagar to have CAT benches; Personnel Ministry modifies its order|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jammu-srinagar-to-have-cat-benches-personnel-ministry-modifies-its-order/articleshow/76105978.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>

==== Jurisprudence at the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir ====
On 25 October 2019, Mittal authored a significant judgment in ''Suhail Rashid Bhat v State of Jammu and Kashmir'', striking down the Jammu & Kashmir Prevention of Beggary Act, 1960, a law drawing from colonial legal principles to penalise poverty and public movement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2019|title=Suhail Rashid Bhat v. State of Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/43580703/|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref> Along with Justice Rajesh Bindal, she held that the criminalisation of beggary violated constitutional principles and constituted a “disproportionate infringement of the right to meaningful life, dignity, privacy and liberty guaranteed under Article 21”.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=HC decriminalises begging|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/archive/hc-decriminalises-begging-852689|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

=== Tribunals and regulatory bodies ===
Mittal has served as a member of the Advisory Board constituted under the [[COFEPOSA|Conservation of Foreign Exchange & Prevention of Smuggling Act, 1974]] (COFEPOSA).<ref name=":0" />

In February 2008, she was appointed the sole judge in a tribunal constituted under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967]] to investigate a ban on the activities of the [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI).<ref name=":0" /> As judge, Mittal found that the government did not have grounds to enforce an extension of a previous ban against SIMI, as it had failed to present new evidence to support its argument for the extension.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-08-06|title=Govt has no proof, Simi ban off|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/govt-has-no-proof-simi-ban-off/articleshow/3331085.cms|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2008|title=Court lifts ban on SIMI, home ministry says no setback|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/court-lifts-ban-on-simi-home-ministry-says-no-setback-28031-2008-08-05|access-date=2020-06-25|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Her decision was stayed soon after by the Supreme Court, allowing the ban on SIMI to continue.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2008-08-07|title=Govt moves fast, gets stay on order lifting ban on SIMI|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-moves-fast-gets-stay-on-order-lifting-ban-on-simi-108080701008_1.html|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahi|first=Ajit|date=16 August 2008|title=A Judge Stirs a Hornet's Nest|url=http://tehelka.com/a-judge-stirs-a-hornets-nest/3/|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Tehelka|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622005515/http://tehelka.com/a-judge-stirs-a-hornets-nest/3/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Other activities and awards ==
Mittal has served on the governing boards of several educational institutions. She has been a member of the Governing Council of the [[National Law University, Delhi]] since 2008, and Governing Council of the [[Indian Law Institute]], New Delhi since 2013.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Law University Delhi|url=http://nludelhi.ac.in/gov-gover-coun.aspx|access-date=2020-06-25|website=nludelhi.ac.in|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627001329/http://nludelhi.ac.in/gov-gover-coun.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was a member of the [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]] Court from 1999 to 2004, and was nominated to the governing body of [[Ram Lal Anand College]] in Delhi from 1997 to 1999.<ref name=":0" />

Justice Mittal also serves on the editorial advisory board of the National Law University Delhi's Journal of Legal Studies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=National Law University, Delhi|title=Journal of Legal Studies: Advisory Board|url=https://nludelhi.ac.in/download/publication/2019/Journal%20of%20Legal%20Studies%202019%20Volume%201.pdf|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref>

In 2008, the [[Vice President of India]], [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], awarded Mittal the 'Distinguished Alumna Award' from [[Lady Shri Ram College, Delhi|Lady Shriram College]], recognising her contributions to jurisprudence.<ref name=":0" /> In 2019, she received the Justice P.N. Bhagwati Award for her contributions towards improving access to justice and for her work in designing and introducing special courts for vulnerable victims in the Delhi High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bench|first=Bar &|title=Justice PN Bhagwati Award conferred upon Justice Gita Mittal|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-pn-bhagwati-award-conferred-upon-justice-gita-mittal|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref>

=== Criticism concerning Nari Shakti Puraskar ===
In 2017, Mittal was one of the recipients of the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], a civilian honour presented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development of the Government of India to individuals and organisations contributing to female empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Women's Day: President Kovind honours 39 achievers with 'Nari Shakti Puraskar'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/09/international-womens-day-president-kovind-honours-39-achievers-with-nari-shakti-puraskar-1784159.html|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Her acceptance of a government award while serving as a judge led to public criticism and concerns about conflicts of interest and the independence of the judiciary, particularly as it was the first instance of a sitting judge accepting an award from the government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Experts slam Nari Shakti Puraskar award for Delhi High Court judge Gita Mittal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/09/experts-slam-nari-shakti-puraskar-award-for-delhi-high-court-judge-gita-mittal-1784270.html|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Several advocates and retired judges noted that prior to this, only retired judges had accepted government awards, and argued that her acceptance of a government award ought to disqualify her from hearing cases in which the government is a litigant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vishwanath|first=Apurva|date=2018-03-08|title=Delhi's top judge breaks an unwritten rule, accepts award from Modi govt|url=https://theprint.in/politics/justice-gita-mittal-accepting-award-may-seen-conflict-interest-legal-experts/40248/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Gita}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham

2026-04-02T11:48:30Z

Siddhant Babu: creating first stub with sources

{{No plot|date=June 2024}}
{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Shiva G.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham
| image = Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = Shiva G.
| writer = Shiva G.
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Dr. R. Sivan R. Selvan
| starring = Raju Kashmira Panache
| narrator =
| cinematography = R. H. Ashok
| editing = C. J. Elangovan
| music = Karthik Acharya
| studio = RR Cine Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|5|27|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2016 |title=Friday Fury – May 27 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-may-27-news-tamil-qf1j3Fhgdcfde.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530080004/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-may-27-news-tamil-qf1j3Fhgdcfde.html |archive-date=30 May 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham''''' ({{Translation|Stolen fruit, unstolen fruit}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Shiva Ganesh|Shiva G.]] and starring Raju and Kashmira Panache. The film was released to mixed-to-negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Raju
*Kashmira Panache as Priya
*[[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Powerstar Srinivasan]]
*[[Robo Shankar]] as kidnapper
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as kidnapper
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as police inspector
*[[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as kidnapper
*[[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]] as thug
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*[[Vadivel Balaji]]
*Samarth Hassan
*[[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
*[[Abhinayashree]]
*''Lollu Sabha'' Udhay as CID officer
*[[Suruli Manohar]] as kidnapper
* Latha Rao as Srishanth's mother
* R. Selvan as Srishanth's father
* Madhumaaran as auto driver
* Shyam Ganesh
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music = Karthik Acharya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sutta-pazham-sudatha-pazham-original-motion-picture/1331467599 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613044536/https://music.apple.com/us/album/sutta-pazham-sudatha-pazham-original-motion-picture/1331467599 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Saiya Saiya
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Suchith Suresan
| length1 = 4:37
| title2 = Goganika
| extra2 = [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Powerstar Srinivasan]], [[Maalavika Sundar]], Murali
| length2 = 4:26
| title3 = Lets Go
| extra3 = Sandiya Sandar, Shruti Laya, Prathiba, Karthik Acharya
| length3 = 4:22
| title4 = Thudikkum
| extra4 = Prathiba
| length4 = 2:29
| total_length = 15:54
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "The actors seem to have had a lot of fun while making the film. But unfortunately they haven’t managed to pass even an iota of it to the viewer. ''Sutta Palam..'' is one big yawn!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=28 May 2016 |title=Plot, subplot et al, It's a boring flop! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/May/28/plot-subplot-et-al-its-a-boring-flop-908789.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016065416/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/may/28/Plot-subplot-et-al-Its-a-boring-flop-908789.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]'' wrote that "the film could have been shot better and told better!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=சுட்ட பழம், சுடாத பழம் - திரைவிமர்சனம் |trans-title=Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham Film Review |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/sutta-pazham-sudatha-pazham-movie-review/moviereview/52522627.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015192204/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/sutta-pazham-sudatha-pazham-movie-review/moviereview/52522627.cms |archive-date=15 October 2022 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote that "Debutante Raju is able to portray his character in an efficient manner. He attracts the audience in the climax sequences by his acting skills. The artist who comes as the auto driver is very casual in his performance and is very expressive in the affectionate scenes".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2016 |title=Sutta Palam Sudadha Palam |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2016/05/30133554/Sutta-Pazham-Sudhatha-Pazham-Review.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612181610/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2016/05/30133554/Sutta-Pazham-Sudhatha-Pazham-Review.vpf |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]}}</ref> Priya Dharshini of ''[[Kalaignar TV]]'' called the film an effort by the director to make you laugh despite being an age old story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=Vannathirai {{!}} Sutta pazham Sudatha pazham {{!}} Movie Review {{!}} Priya Dharshini {{!}} Kalaignar TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xn-hHRC7pwg |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=[[Kalaignar TV]] |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9348184}}

[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ziddi (1997 film)

2026-03-28T17:18:36Z

Siddhant Babu: minor update structure for clarity and improved wording based on references

{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ziddi (1997 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Guddu Dhanoa]]
| producer = N.R. Pachisia
| screenplay = Robin Henry {{infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1= Dialogues by|data1= Dilip Shukla}}
| story = Robin Henry
| starring = [[Sunny Deol]] [[Raveena Tandon]] [[Raj Babbar]] [[Anupam Kher]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] [[Sharat Saxena]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sripad Natu
| editing = A. Muthu
| music = '''Songs''': Dilip Sen–Sameer Sen '''Score''': [[Surinder Sodhi]]
| studio = Ratan International
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|4|11}}
| runtime = 171 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|7.5 crore}} <ref name="boi">{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2693 |title=Box Office India |website=BoxOfficeIndia.com |access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|32.43 crore}} <ref name="boi"/>
}}

'''''Ziddi''''' ({{translation|Stubborn}}) is a 1997 Indian [[action film]] directed by [[Guddu Dhanoa]], starring [[Sunny Deol]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Raj Babbar]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]. It follows a short-tempered and stubborn Deva, who is feared because of his ruthless ways and severe punishment to the local hoodlums and later vows to avenge the death of his siblings.

It went on to become one of the biggest [[Bollywood]] hits of 1997, grossing Rs 324.3 million (US$5.7 million) at the box office.<ref name="boi"/> The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Dharma (1998 film)|Dharma]]'', starring [[Vijayakanth]]. This is the second time Vijayakanth reprised Sunny Deol's role after ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990) remake titled ''[[Bharathan (1992 film)|Bharathan]]'' (1992).

==Plot==
Deva, an angry young man, lives with his father, Advocate Ashok Pradhan, mother Gayatri, brother Akash, and sister Guddi. He is greatly vigilant about the well-being of his family – an intrinsic reason for his fury and stubbornness. One day a man named Vilas tries to molest Guddi and forcefully grabs her hand. Deva, in a fit of extreme rage, rips off the hand of the man. Deva is arrested, and is sent to jail for 4 years.

After his liberation from jail, Deva along with his henchmen form a tribunal of justice called "Deva Ki Adaalat", where he punishes the evil-doers, mostly the tyrants over the poor. Soon, Deva's name is filed as one of the top four criminals of the city, the other three being Jindaal, Laal Singh, and Khan. These three men are in an effort to do away with Deva, who acts as an impediment to their illegal activities. [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Inder Saxena has a genial relationship with Deva and his family, but is secretly planning to apprehend and punish him. Concurrently, a club dancer Jaya falls for Deva.

In due course of time, Inder marries Guddi. One day, Akash stops at a building under construction erected by "Laal Builders" to deliver some goods. Incidentally, at the top floor of the building he eavesdrops on the three crime bosses – Jindaal, Laal Singh and Khan devising an evil plot to kill the [[Chief minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] and frame Deva for the murder. In a great panic, Akash flees from the spot but in his haste, he drops the cap of his pen on which the name "AKASH" is engraved. He reports this dreadful plot to Inder by phone after a failed attempt to call Deva. Inder arrives shortly and both of them walk up to the top of the building where the three men are abetting. Inder retains the pen-cap (which Akash dropped behind) and after an onslaught on Akash by Jindaal, Laal Singh and Khan, Inder slays Akash by throwing him off the building to avenge the death of his brother Vilas, whose hand Deva ripped off.

One day, the Chief Minister comes to meet Deva after the latter convenes him for a private meeting. Jindaal bursts onto the scene, before Deva arrives and fires at the CM in a lethal attempt to assassinate him. However, Deva turns up in time and carries the acutely wounded CM to a safe location. A search operation is launched for Deva by the police. Deva kills Laal Singh in a heavy blood-shedding route.

Inder's wife Guddi comes across Akash's pen-cap inside a drawer at their home, which leads her to learn with shock and horror that Inder killed Akash. She rings up Deva, but before she utters the truth, Inder arrives with Jindaal, and Khan and detaches the telephone cord. The three men assault Guddi before Inder stabs her to death.

Eventually, Deva tracks down Khan as one of the killers of his brother and kills him by stabbing Khan to death. Later, Deva finds Akash's pen-cap among Guddi's mortal remains. Deva now knows that Inder has joined hands with Jindal.

A squad of policemen led by Inder besieges Deva's refuge. Jindaal arrives at the spot to kill the CM who is under vital medical treatment in Deva's shelter. Angered by this, Deva and his bleeding men with the help of the local residents annihilate the armed force. He kills Jindaal when the latter tries to fire at the CM, and beats up Inder. Finally, Deva's father Ashok Pradhan arrives and shoots Inder to death.

"Jaanwar ko maarne ke liye jaanwar banna padta hai" (To kill a beast, one has to become a beast) – the honest advocate upholds.
In the final scene, the CM asserts Deva's innocence. Deva is sentenced to seven years in jail.

==Cast==
*[[Sunny Deol]] as Deva Pradhan
*[[Raveena Tandon]] as Jaya Pradhan – Deva’s girlfriend, later wife.
*[[Raj Babbar]] as Jindaal, the main antagonist.
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Advocate Ashok Pradhan, Deva’s father.
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police (India)|ACP]] Inder Saxena – Guddi's husband, Deva’s brother-in-law.
*[[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Lal Singh, Jindaal’s associate
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Khan, Jindaal’s associate
*[[Sachin Khedekar]] as Akash Pradhan, Deva and Guddi’s elder brother.
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Kamla, Jaya’s mother.
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Gayatri Pradhan – Ashok’s wife, Deva’s mother.
*[[Richa Ahuja]] as Guddi Pradhan Saxena, Deva's younger sister.
*[[Virendra Saxena]] as Chief Minister of Maharashtra Bhagwat Choudhary
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Parvez , Lal Singh's henchman
*Dhananjay Manjrekar as Sharma , Deva's associate

==Box office==
''Ziddi'' was a super hit at the box office, with a collection of Rs 324.3 million.<ref name="boi"/> The songs were well-received, with the dandy number "Mera Dil Le Gayi Oye" becoming extremely popular.<ref name="Ziddi 1997 music">{{cite web |url=http://www.desiest.com/music/album.jsp?id=439 |title=Ziddi (1997) music |publisher=desiest.com |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000433/http://www.desiest.com/music/album.jsp?id=439 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Music and soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ziddi
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Dilip Sen–Sameer Sen
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = February 1997
| recorded = 1996–1997
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]], [[filmi]]
| length = 38:33
| language = Hindi
| label = Vatsa Music
| producer = Dilip Sen–Sameer Sen
}}
The music for the songs of the film was composed by Dilip Sen–Sameer Sen The lyrics of the songs were penned by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]. The background score of the movie was done by [[Surinder Sodhi]].

The album has seven songs in the vocals of [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Shweta Shetty]] and [[Alka Yagnik]]. Besides "Mera Dil Le Gayi Oye" with Punjabi dash and touch, the song "Hum Tumse Na Kuch Keh Paaye" became popular as a soft romantic ballad.<ref name="Ziddi 1997 music"/> The other popular song, "Mera Dil Le Gayi Oye" also known as "Kammo" is based on "[[Billo De Ghar|Billo]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20191209-finding-its-fizz-1623366-2019-11-29|title=Finding its fizz|work=[[India Today]]|date=9 December 2019|author=Shreevatsa Nevatia}}</ref>

The ''Ziddi'' [[soundtrack album]] sold 2.2{{nbsp}}million units in India, making it one of the year's top ten best-selling [[Bollywood soundtrack]] albums.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Hits 1990-1999 (Figures in Units) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042906/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2010 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>

===Track list===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1.
| "Kaale Kaale Baal"
| [[Shweta Shetty]]
|-
| 2.
| "Mera Dil Le Gayee"
| Lalit Sen
|-
| 3.
| "Hum Tumse Na Kuchh"
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| 4.
| "O Haseena"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], K. S. Chithra
|-
| 5.
| "Aji Suno Suno"
| [[Udit Narayan]], K. S. Chithra
|-
| 6.
| "Hum Mile Tum Mile"
| Udit Narayan, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 7.
| "Hum Tumse Na Kuchh II"
| Hariharan
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

* Nominated – [[Zee Cine Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Zee Cine Awards for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] – [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 action films]]
[[Category:1990s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Surinder Sodhi]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Guddu Dhanoa]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:1990s police procedural films]]

Mediation Act, 2023

2026-03-26T22:59:42Z

Siddhant Babu:

{{short description|Indian law impacting judiciary}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Mediation Act, 2023
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to promote and facilitate mediation, especially institutional mediation, for resolution of disputes, commercial or otherwise, enforce mediated settlement agreements, provide for a body for registration of mediators, to encourage community mediation and to make online mediation as acceptable and cost effective process and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/19637/1/aA2023-32.pdf Act No. 32 of 2023]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed = 1 August 2023
| enacted_by2 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 7 August 2023
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| date_assented = 14 September 2023
| date_commenced = 9 October 2023 Ss.1, 3, 26, Ss.31 to 38 (both inclusive), Ss. 45 to 47 (both inclusive), Ss. 50 to 54 (both inclusive), and Ss.56 to 57 (both inclusive)
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-mediation-bill-2021
| bill = Mediation Bill, 2021
| bill_citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2021/Mediation%20Bill,%202021.pdf Bill No. XLIII of 2021]
| introduced_by = [[Kiren Rijiju]], [[Minister of Law and Justice]]
| date_introduced = 20 December 2021
| committee_whole_label = Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice
| committee_whole = 20 December 2021–13 July 2022
| passed = 1 August 2023
| passed2 = 7 August 2023
| amends = {{olist|[[Indian Contract Act, 1872]] (9 of 1872)|[[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|Code of Civil Procedure, 1908]] (5 of 1908)|[[Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] (39 of 1987)|[[Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996|Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996]] (26 of 1996)|[[Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006]] (27 of 2006)|[[Companies Act, 2013]] (18 of 2013)|Commercial Courts Act, 2015 (4 of 2016)|[[Consumer Protection Act, 2019]] (35 of 2019)}}
| repeals =
| status = not fully in force
}}
The '''Mediation Act, 2023''' was passed with the objective of reducing the burden on [[Indian judiciary|India's judiciary]] at large.<ref>{{citation|title=India: The Mediation Act 2023 - will the ADR wave pick up momentum?|date=2025-03-11|language=en|work=International Bar Association|first1=Payel|last1=Chatterjee|first2=Shuchita|last2=Choudhry|access-date=2026-01-13|url=https://www.ibanet.org/india-mediation-act-2023-will-the-ADR-wave-pick-up-momentum}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.icsi.edu/media/webmodules/CSJ/December-2024/15.pdf|access-date=2026-01-13|work=The Institute of Company Secretaries of India|date=December 2024|first=V.|last=Balachandran|title=Mediation Act and Rules: Understanding Finer Nuances}}</ref> The act provides for the provisions of [[mediation]] between the parties at large.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chawla |first=Arun |date=2023-09-22 |title=A clear message to industry on dispute resolution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-clear-message-to-industry-on-dispute-resolution/article67335564.ece |access-date=2025-02-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Applicability of this Act ==
This Act applies to mediation conducted in India when:

# all or both parties habitually reside, are incorporated, or have their place of business in India; or
# the mediation agreement states that disputes will be resolved under this Act; or
# there is an international mediation; or
# one party is the Central or State Government, or its agencies, public bodies, corporations, or local bodies, including entities they control or own, and the matter pertains to a commercial dispute: or
# any other dispute if the Central or State Government deems it appropriate and notifies it for resolution through mediation under this Act, where such Government bodies are a party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mediation Act, 2023 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/19637?view_type=browse |website=India Code}}</ref>

== List of Sections of the Mediation Act, 2023 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Section Number
!Section Title
|-
|1
|Short title, extent and commencement.
|-
|2
|Application
|-
|3
|Definitions
|-
|4
|Mediation agreement
|-
|5
|Pre-litigation mediation
|-
|6
|Disputes or matters not fit for mediation
|-
|7
|Power of court or tribunal to refer parties to mediation
|-
|8
|Appointment of mediators
|-
|9
|Preference of parties
|-
|10
|Conflict of interest and disclosure
|-
|11
|Termination of mandate of mediator
|-
|12
|Replacement of mediator
|-
|13
|Territorial jurisdiction to undertake mediation
|-
|14
|Commencement of mediation
|-
|15
|Conduct of mediation
|-
|16
|Role of mediator
|-
|17
|Role of mediator in other proceedings
|-
|18
|Time-limit for completion of mediation
|-
|19
|Mediated settlement agreement
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2023|Mediation Act]]

{{India-law-stub}}

K. Anbazhagan

2026-03-24T07:16:15Z

Siddhant Babu:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1922–2020)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Anbazhagan|Kalyanasundaram }}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Anbazhagan
| image = Anbazhagan2006.jpg
| caption = Anbazhagan in 2006
| birth_name = Ramaiah
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|12|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kattur, Thiruvarur district|Kattoor]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|03|07|1922|12|19|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| office1 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]] [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| deputy1 = [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]]
| term_start1 = 24 May 2001
| term_end1 = 14 April 2006
| predecessor1 = [[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]
| successor1 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| office2 = Minister of finance in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start2 = 17 May 2006
| term_end2 = 15 May 2011
| predecessor2 = [[C. Ponnaiyan]]
| successor2 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]

| office3 = Minister of education in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 1996
| term_end3 = 15 May 2001
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]

| term_start4 = 27 January 1989
| term_end4 = 30 January 1991
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]

| office5 = Minister for health in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start5 = 15 March 1971
| term_end5 = 31 January 1976
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]

| office6 = Leader of the house in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 17 May 2006
| term_end6 = 14 June 2011
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor6 = [[C. Ponnaiyan]]
| successor6 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| term_start7 = 27 January 1989
| term_end7 = 30 January 1991

| office8 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 14 May 2001
| term_end8 = 12 May 2006
| constituency8 = [[Harbour (state assembly constituency)|Harbour]]
| term_start9 = 16 November 1984
| term_end9 = 26 January 1989
| constituency9 = [[Park Town (state assembly constituency)|Park Town]]
| term_start10 = 30 June 1977
| term_end10 = 15 November 1984
| constituency10 = [[Purasawalkam (state assembly constituency)|Purasawalkam]]

| office11 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start11 = 4 March 1967
| term_end11 = 15 March 1971
| constituency11 = [[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchengode]]

| office12 = Member of [[Madras Legislative Council]]
| term_start12 = 1 April 1957
| term_end12 = 25 February 1967

| office13 = General Secretary of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start13 = 17 May 1977
| term_end13 = 7 March 2020
| predecessor13 = [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
| successor13 = [[Durai Murugan]]

| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| religion =
| otherparty = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1710.htm Lok Sabha
| signature = திராவிட இயக்க எழுத்தாளர் சிறுகதைகள் (page 17 crop).jpg
}}
'''Kalyanasundaram Anbazhagan''' (19 December 1922 – 7 March 2020) was an Indian politician. He was part of the [[Dravidian movement]] and later joined the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). He served as the [[general secretary]] of the DMK from 1977 to 2020. He has held several ministerial portfolios in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] when [[M. Karunanidhi]] was the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]].

Anbazhagan was popularly referred to as ''Perasiriyar'' (professor) as worked in [[Pachaiyappa's College]] before resigning to contest elections in 1957. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] for the first time in 1957, and was re-elected on eight further occasions. He was later elected to the [[Madras Legislative Council]] twice in 1957 and 1962. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of [[Parliament of India]] from [[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchengode]] in the [[1967 Indian general election]]. He served as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of opposition]] in the Tamil Nadu assembly from 2001 to 2006.

==Early life==
Anbazhagan was born in Kattoor near [[Thiruvarur]] in [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] (now [[Thiruvarur District]]) of [[Madras Presidency]] on 19 December 1922 to M. Kalyanasundaranar and Swarnambal as Ramaiah.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-dmk-stalwart-anbazhagan-passes-away/articleshow/74521055.cms | title=DMK stalwart Kalyanasundaram Anbazhagan passes away in Chennai | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 March 2020 | access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-general-secretary-anbazhagan-no-more/article61966001.ece |title=DMK general secretary Anbazhagan no more |date=3 December 2021 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> His father ran a [[khadi]] store at [[Mayiladuthurai]]. He changed his name to Anbazhagan after being influenced by the [[Tanittamil Iyakkam]]. He was drawn into politics, having influenced by the speeches of [[Periyar]].<ref name="Hindu"/> In 1942, he addressed a [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] meeting in [[Thiruvarur]] as a student after being requested by [[C. N. Annadurai]] and met with [[M. Karunanidhi]] for the first time.<ref name="NIE">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/mar/07/from-tiruvarur-to-marina-the-platinum-jubilee-friendship-of-karunanidhi-and-anbazhagan-2113692.html | title=From Tiruvarur to Marina: The platinum jubilee friendship of Karunanidhi and Anbazhagan | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=7 March 2020 | access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> He completed his college at [[Annamalai University]] and joined [[Pachaiyappa's College]] as a lecturer in Tamil in 1944.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Political career==
=== Early career ===
Anbazhagan resigned his position from the Pachaiyappa's College to contest elections the elections to contest the [[1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]. He was elected as a [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]. He was a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]] from 1957 to 1967.{{cn|date=March 2026}} In the [[1967 Indian general election]], he was elected as a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title= |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> In 1971, he served as Social Welfare minister of Tamil Nadu. He had given up his M.L.A. position, representing [[Park Town (State Assembly Constituency)|Park Town]] constituency, in 1984 putting forward the [[Tamil Eelam]] issue.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/perasiriyar-k-anbazhagan-passes-away-97-end-era-dmk-politics-119686 | title='Perasiriyar' K Anbazhagan passes away at 97, end of an era for DMK politics | publisher=The News Minute | date=7 March 2020 | access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> He was elected from Harbour constituency in 1996, 2001 and 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/harbour.html | title=Harbour (Tamil Nadu) Election Results 2016 | publisher=Elections | access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> He served as the opposition leader of Tamil Nadu assembly from 2001 to 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=12th Assembly - Overview|url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/12th_2001/overview.php|access-date=29 January 2022|website=www.assembly.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

=== General secretary of DMK ===
Beyond his prominent public roles, Anbazhagan was widely regarded as a principal strategist within the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thirumurthy |first1=Priyanka |title='Perasiriyar' K Anbazhagan passes away at 97, end of an era for DMK politics |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/perasiriyar-k-anbazhagan-passes-away-97-end-era-dmk-politics-119686 |work=The News Minute |date=6 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Scholars and party observers have noted that he frequently served as the chief architect behind the party’s election campaigns and policy formulations. Anbazhagan played a significant advisory role in several key areas,<ref>{{cite news |title=K Anbazhagan: Remembering Anna's brother, and a friend of Kalaignar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dmk-general-secretary-k-anbazhagan-profile-6303339/ |work=The Indian Express |date=7 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> including candidate selection—ensuring caste and regional balance within the party’s electoral tickets—and in drafting speeches and framing messages, drawing upon his background in literature and rhetoric to shape the DMK’s communication style. He was also influential in policy planning, particularly in aligning welfare measures with Dravidian ideological precepts. Although his influence was less visible to the public compared to the party’s frontline leaders, party insiders have often described Anbazhagan as the “backroom strategist,”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pandian |first1=M.S.S. |title=Brahmin and Non-Brahmin: Genealogies of the Tamil Political Present |date=2007 |publisher=Permanent Black}}</ref> whose counsel guided the DMK’s electoral tactics and political alliances.

During his tenure as General Secretary of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), K. Anbazhagan was involved in the disproportionate assets case concerning AIADMK leader J. Jayalalithaa. He filed a petition in the Supreme Court requesting the transfer of the case's trial from Tamil Nadu to Karnataka, citing concerns about ensuring a fair judicial process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Judgment – K. Anbazhagan vs State of Karnataka & Others |url=https://www.indianbarassociation.org/supreme-court-judgment-k-anbazhagan-vs-state-of-karnataka-others/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=www.indianbarassociation.org}}</ref> Anbazhagan subsequently participated as a petitioner and observer in the legal proceedings, which received extensive media coverage and concluded with a landmark judgment.

===Minister for education===
[[File:The Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu, Prof P.K. Anbazhagan meeting with the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalize Annual Plan 2008-09 of the State, in New Delhi on February 11,2008.jpg|thumb|left|Anbazhagan (left) in 2008]]
During his tenure as Minister for Education in Tamil Nadu, Anbazhagan implemented reforms that had long-term effects on the state’s academic landscape.

* Curriculum reforms: He oversaw changes aimed at modernizing school curricula, integrating science and social justice themes with Tamil cultural and literary heritage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Govindarasu |first1=p|title=Educational Reforms in Tamil Nadu (1967–1987) |date=1989 |publisher=Madras University Press |location=Chennai}}</ref>
* Promotion of Tamil as medium of instruction: A strong proponent of mother tongue education, he expanded opportunities for students to study in Tamil, while simultaneously safeguarding access to English and other languages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nambi Arooran |first1=K |title=Tamil Renaissance and Dravidian Nationalism |date=1994 |publisher=Koodal Publishers}}</ref>
* Higher education policies: He emphasized the need for expanding government colleges and making higher education accessible to marginalized communities, consistent with the Dravidian movement’s social justice agenda.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Speech of Prof. K. Anbazhagan, Minister for Finance, Government of Tamil Nadu, presenting the Budget for 2007-2008 to the Legislative Assembly on 23rd March, 2007. |url=https://www.tnrd.tn.gov.in/Announcement_pdf/budgetspeech2007_2008.pdf}}</ref>

=== Minister for finance ===
During his tenure as Finance Minister from 2006 to 2011, Anbazhagan presented several annual budget proposals that included agricultural policy reforms. His administration implemented a cooperative loan waiver program valued at ₹7,000 crore, which reportedly provided debt relief to approximately 2.2 million farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech of Prof. K. Anbazhagan, Minister for Finance, Government of Tamil Nadu, presenting the Budget for 2007-2008 to the Legislative Assembly on 23rd March, 2007. |url=https://www.tnrd.tn.gov.in/Announcement_pdf/budgetspeech2007_2008.pdf |access-date=}}</ref>

In the 2007–2008 state budget, the government reduced interest rates on crop loans from 7% to 5% for borrowers who repaid loans within the stipulated timeframe.<ref name=":0" /> The same budget allocation included ₹2,547 crore for the "Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water Bodies Restoration and Management" project, aimed at agricultural infrastructure development.

=== Later years ===
In the 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, Anbazhagan contested from Villivakkam constituency instead of his traditional Harbour constituency, where he had previously served as the representative. He was defeated by a margin of approximately 8,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2011 |title=Shift spells disaster for DMK's oldest member |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/tamil-nadu/shift-spells-disaster-for-dmks-oldest-member/articleshow/8309403.cms |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In the previous election in 2006, Anbazhagan had won the Harbour constituency by a margin of 400 votes.The 2011 defeat marked the end of his electoral career, which had spanned 54 years.

===Elections contested===
====Madras Legislative Council====
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 100%"
!Year
!Election
!Party
!PC Name
!Result
|-
|1957
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] 
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|1962
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] 
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Won}}
|}

====Lok Sabha====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote percentage
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote percentage
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election in Madras State|1967]]||[[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||55.29|| T. M. Kaliannan||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|||43.81
|}

====Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote percentage
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote percentage
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]|||[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]||{{Won}}||51.81||Radhakrishnan||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|||42.2
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Lost}}||45.58||[[Jothi Venkatachalam]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|||48.25
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||56.13||Bashyam Reddy||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|||41.65
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||45.09||T. S. Govindaswamy||[[Janata Party|JP]]|||24.16
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]||[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||52.35||Valampuri John||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]|||46.68
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]||[[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||50.89||M. Jothi||[[Independent politician|Independent]]|||46.92
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]||[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||49.94||V. Sukumar Babu||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK(J)]]|||27.28
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]||[[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Lost}}||43.00||Zeenath Sheriffdeen||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|||50.62
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||70.57||Earnest Paul||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|||16.19
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||46.98||D. Pandian||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|||46.33
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||44.24||H. Seema Basheer||[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]|||43.55
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]|||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Lost}}||44.20||[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]|||52.44
|}

==Personal life and death==
Anbazhagan lived with his wife Santhakumari in Aspiran Garden, Kilpauk Chennai.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

In his later years, Anbazhagan was in poor health, which minimized his political activities and public appearances, with the last one being on his 97th birthday on 19 December 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-general-secretary-k-anbazhagan-passes-away-97-1653317-2020-03-07 | title=DMK general secretary K Anbazhagan passes away at 97 | publisher=India Today | date=7 March 2020 | access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leaders-greet-dmks-anbazhagan-on-97th-birthday/articleshow/72893104.cms | title=Leaders greet DMK's Anbazhagan on 97th birthday | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=B Sivakumar | date=20 December 2020 | access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

On 24 February 2020, his health deteriorated and became "extremely critical and unstable", and he was admitted at [[Apollo Hospital]] in [[Chennai]] for treatment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-general-secretary-anbazhagan-no-more/article31004456.ece |title=DMK general secretary Anbazhagan no more |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> He died there at 1:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 7 March 2020 due to complications of [[diabetes mellitus]]. The DMK declared a seven-day mourning after his death.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dmk-general-secretary-k-anbazhagan-passes-away-at-97-in-chennai-2816341 | title=DMK general secretary K Anbazhagan passes away at 97 in Chennai | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=7 March 2020 | access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran DMK Leader K. Anbazhagan Passes Away at 97|url=https://thewire.in/politics/veteran-dmk-leader-k-anbazhagan-passes-away-at-97|access-date=19 June 2020|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/mar/07/end-of-an-era-k-anbazhagans-demise-leaves-vacuum-in-dravidian-politics-2113607.html | title=End of an era: K Anbazhagan's demise leaves vacuum in Dravidian politics | publisher=New Indian Express | date=7 March 2020 | access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/dmk-general-secretary-k-anbazhagan-dies-at-97-in-chennai-2191313 | title=DMK General Secretary K Anbazhagan Dies At 97 In Chennai | publisher=NDTV | date=7 March 2020 | access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

His grandson [[A. Vetriazhagan]] is the current MLA from [[Villivakkam (state assembly constituency)|Villivakkam]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DMK's Vetriazhagan to face his grandpa's rival |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/mar/30/dmks-vetriazhagan-to-face-his-grandpas-rival-2283350.html |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=30 March 2021 }}</ref>

== Posthumous recognition ==
In 2022, during Anbazhagan's birth centenary commemorations, the Tamil Nadu government established the "Perasiriyar K. Anbazhagan Award for Best Schools".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2024 |title=Two schools in district receive Perasiriyar Anbazhagan Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/kurumbapalayam-government-high-school-and-arasur-panchayat-union-primary-school-receive-perasiriyar-anbazhagan-award/articleshow/108223993.cms |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The award program recognizes 76 schools annually—two from each district—based on criteria including academic performance, teaching methods, infrastructure, and student welfare provisions. Chief Minister M. K. Stalin announced the award during the centenary observances.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=N. Vinoth |date=18 March 2022 |title=TN budget schemes: Remembering Vallalar, Periyar and K Anbazhagan |url=https://thefederal.com/news/tn-unveils-schemes-in-memory-of-three-tamil-greats |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>

The state government also announced the "Perasiriyar Anbazhagan School Development Scheme", allocated ₹7,000 crore over a five-year period for government school modernization and the construction of 18,000 new classrooms.<ref name=":1" /> The Integrated Finance Complex at Nandanam, Chennai, was renamed the "Professor K. Anbazhagan Complex".The complex includes a statue commemorating Anbazhagan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2021 |title=Finance Department complex renamed after Anbazhagan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/finance-department-complex-renamed-after-anbazhagan/article37993157.ece |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Literary works==
Anbazhagan has sound knowledge of [[Tamil literature|Tamil poetry]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/anbazhagan-struck-a-balance-between-literature-and-politics/article31018446.ece | title=Anbazhagan struck a balance between literature and politics | publisher=The Hindu | work=B Kolappan | date=9 March 2020 | access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2020/03/07011619/1218789/DMK-veteran-leader-K-Anbazhagan-passes-away.vpf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130024744/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2020/03/07011619/1218789/DMK-veteran-leader-K-Anbazhagan-passes-away.vpf | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 November 2021 | title=DMK veteran leader K Anbazhagan passes away | publisher=Daily Thanthi | date=7 March 2020 | access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> He contributed to Tamil literature through a variety of works. His published writings include books on the Dravidian movement,<ref>{{Cite web |title=பேரா.க. அன்பழகன் |url=https://periyarbooks.com/collections/k-anbazhagan |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=PeriyarBooks.Com |language=en}}</ref> its leaders, contemporary social and political issues, as well as fictional novels. Some of his published works include:
*''Urimai vaazhvu''
*''Viduthalaik kavignar''
*''Pesum kalai valarpom''
*''Thamizh kadal''
*''Alai osai''
*''Thamizhar thirumanamum inamaanamum''
*Azhagurani
*Dravida Iyakkam
*Dravida Iyakkathin Thotramaum Thevaiyum
*Inamozhi Vaazhvurimai Por
*Ivarthaam Periyar
*Maamanithar Anna
*Neengalum Pechalar Aagalam
*Perasiriyargal
*Singa Ilainjyaney Silirthu Ezhuthu
*Thamizh Kadalin Alai Osai
*Thamizh Vaanin Vidivelli Thandhai Periyar
*Thamizhinakkaavalar Kalaignar
*The Dravidian Movement (in English)
*Thonda? Dhuveshama?
*Valarum Kilarchi
*Vakkupurimai Porattam
*Vazhga Dravidam (வாழ்க திராவிடம்)
*Vivekanandar - Vizhantha Manithakula Thondu
In recognition of his literary contributions, the Tamil Nadu government announced in December 2021 that all of Anbazhagan's works would be nationalized,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=19 December 2021 |title=Anbazhagan's works to be nationalised: TN government |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Dec/19/anbazhagans-works-to-be-nationalisedtn-government-2397225.html |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> with Chief Minister M.K. Stalin presenting compensation to his family during his birth centenary celebrations.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1710.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anbazhagan, K.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Tamil Nadu]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2016

2026-03-20T05:14:32Z

Siddhant Babu: added new bio basic info

{{Short description|None}}
{{about|the films of West Bengal|the Bangladeshi films|List of Bangladeshi films of 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of [[Bengali language]] films released in [[India]] in the year 2016.
{{Bengali films}}





== Box office collection ==
The following is the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|list of highest-grossing Bengali films (India)]] released in 2016. The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia.{{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|Highest grossing Bengali cinema films of 2025}}
|-
!Rank{{efn|name="ro"|Sorted based on the lowest value when figures are presented as a range, and for the same value, the older item is given a higher order.}}
!Title
!Production company
!Distributor
!Worldwide gross
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
! 1
|''[[Praktan]]''
| colspan="2" |Windows Production
|{{INR|8.50 crore}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-13 |title=Out of the box: Of bad reviews and good collections in Tollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Out-of-the-box-Of-bad-reviews-and-good-collections-in-Tollywood/articleshow/54833046.cms |access-date=2025-05-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!2
|''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|{{INR|8.20 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-20 |title=Bengali films which became Box Office hits despite negative reviews |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bengali-films-which-became-box-office-hits-despite-negative-reviews/amp_etphotostory/66709795.cms |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|''[[Gangster (2016 film)|Gangster]]''
|{{INR|6.50 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|}

== January–March ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J A N U A R Y
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''1'''
|''[[Monchora]]''
|[[Sandip Ray]]
|[[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[June Malia]], Rana Mitra, [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]]
|[[Eros International]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Monchora|url = http://in.bookmyshow.com/kolkata/movies/monchora/ET00037226|website = BookMyShow|access-date = 2015-12-31}}</ref>
|-
|''Raater Rajani Gandha''
|[[Anup Sengupta]]
|[[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]
|Cell Media
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Raater Rajani Gandha|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/raater-rajani-gandha-movie-10335|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''Hera Pheri''
|[[Sujit Guha]]
|Vivek, Subhasish, [[Rajatava Dutta|Rajatabha]]
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Hera Pheri|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/hera-pheri-movie-10348|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''8'''
|''Peace Haven''
|[[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], Arun Mukhopadhyay, [[Neel Mukherjee (actor)|Neel Mukherjee]]
|Tripod Entertainment
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop – Peace Haven|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/peace-haven-movie-10360|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-06}}</ref>
|-
|''Tor Ektu Choya''
|Paresh Pal
|Abhiraj, Ratri Goswami, Annu Jaiswal, Arun Banerjee
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop – Tor Ektu Chhowa|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/tor-ektu-chhowa-movie-10451|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-06}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''15'''
|''[[Angaar (2016 film)|Angaar]]''
|Wajed Ali Sumon, Nehal Dutta
|Om, Jolly, [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Amit Hasan]], Tiger Robi, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Ahmed Sharif
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]], [[action film|action]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details – Angaar|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/angaar-movie-10317|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-13}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bastu-Shaap]]''
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Churni Ganguly]]
|GreenTouch Entertainment
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''[[Beparoyaa]]''
|[[Pijush Saha]]
|Surya, Papri, [[Rajatava Dutta]], Supriyo Dutta, [[Kaushik Banerjee]], Master Prayus Raj
|Prince Entertainment P4
|[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Action film|Action]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Beparoyaa|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/beparoyaa-movie-10290|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''22'''
|''[[Chorabali (2016 film)|Chorabali]]''
|[[Subhrajit Mitra]]
|Tonushree Chakroborty, [[June Malia]], Shataf Figar, Malobika Banerjee, [[Sayani Datta]], [[Barun Chanda]], Locket Chatterrjee, Dipanjan Basak, Tathagata, Mou Baidya
|Macneill Engineering
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''29'''
|''Sunyo Je Kol''
|Bhaswati Roy
|Rajesh Das, Saswata Banerjee, Suddhasatwya Chatterjee, Sayantika Banerjee
|Download Creation
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop – Sunyo Je Kol|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/sunyo-je-kol-movie-10877|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-29}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |F E B R U A R Y
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''12'''
|''[[Ki Kore Toke Bolbo]]''
|[[Rabi Kinagi|Ravi Kinnagi]]
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], [[Shankar Chakraborty]], Reshmi Sen, [[Manasi Sinha]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Mahanayika]]''
|Saikat Bhakat
|[[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Saheb Chatterjee]], [[Chandan Sen]]
|Rkb Films
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = filmipop – Mahanayika|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/mahanayika-movie-10543|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-02-14}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hero 420]]''
|[[Sujit Mondal]]
|[[Om (actor)|Om]], [[Nusraat Faria Mazhar]], [[Riya Sen]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|[[Drama]], [[action film|action]], [[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''19'''
| ''[[Dark Chocolate (film)|Dark Chocolate]]''
|[[Agnidev Chatterjee]]
|[[Mahima Chaudhry]], [[Riya Sen]], [[Mumtaz Sorcar]], Indrashish Roy, Sudip Mukherjee, [[Kaushik Sen]]
|Macneill Engineering
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''26'''
|''[[Sohra Bridge]]''
|[[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]]
|[[Barun Chanda]], [[Niharika Singh]], [[Nishita Goswami]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
! rowspan=2" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |M A R C H
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''13'''
|''[[Akash Choan]]''
|[[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]], [[Sudeshna Roy]]
|[[Ridhima Ghosh]], [[Arjun Chakrabarty]]
|
|Romance, Comedy
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''25'''
|''[[Sangabora]]''
|Bulan Bhattacharjee
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
|
|Adventure
|
|}

== April–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |A P R I L
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''14'''
|''[[Power (2016 film)|Power]]''
|[[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]], [[Surinder Films]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Action film|Action]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''15'''
|''[[Shankhachil]]''
|[[Gautam Ghosh]]
|[[Prosenjit]], [[Kusum Sikder]]
|
|Historical Drama
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |M A Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''13'''
|''[[Cinemawala]]''
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Sohini Sarkar]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''27'''
|''[[Praktan]]''
|[[Nandita Roy]] & [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Aparajita Adhya]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Biswanath Basu]], [[Manali Dey]]
|[[Nandita Roy]] & [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Tanu Weds Manu Returns' makers re-unite Prosenjit-Rituparna|url =http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tanu-weds-manu-returns-makers-re-unite-prosenjit-rituparna-2114775|website = DNA|access-date = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
|''Chhip Suto Char''
|Jay Bhattacharjee, Mou Badiya
|Romance
|Susanta Saha
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |J U N E
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''17'''
|''[[Shororipu]]''
|Ayan Chakraborty
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Rajatava Dutta|Rajatabha Dutta]]
|
|Crime
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%99Shororipu%E2%80%99-first-film-noir-in-Bangla/article14414578.ece|title='Shororipu' first film noir in Bangla|date=2016-06-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-02|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''24'''
|''[[Postmaster (film)|Postmaster]]''
|Srijon Bardhan
|Ishaan Mazumdar, Pujarini Ghosh, Biswajit Chakraborty, Tulika Basu, Rohan Bhattacharya, Biplab Chatterjee, Bodhiswattya Mazumdar, Mousumi Ghosh
|Sri Media
|Romance, Tragedy, Drama
|
|-
|}

== July–September ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J U L Y
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''6'''
|''[[Kelor Kirti]]''
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Ankush Hazra]], Koushani Mukherjee, [[Sayantika Banerjee]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]], [[Surinder Films]]
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|
|-
|''[[Badsha – The Don]]''
|[[Baba Yadav]]
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Nusrat Faria Mazhar]], [[Shraddha Das]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Action film|Action]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''29'''
|''[[Khawto]]''
|[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Paoli Dam]],
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Langto: The Film''
|Sourish Dey
|Rittwik Roy, Bhaskar Dutta, Jhelum Ghosh, Faiz Khan
|Sanjib Sarkar (Music Director & Sound designer)
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=LANGTO – THE FILM|url=http://langto.weebly.com/|access-date=2015-12-28|website=LANGTO – THE FILM}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sesh Sangbad]]''
|Pallav Gupta
|[[Srabanti Chatterjee]], Sujoy Ghosh
|
|Crime Drama
|
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |A U G U S T
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''12'''
|''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]''
|Joydeeb Mukherjee
|[[Shakib Khan]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|[[Action film|Action]]
|
|-
|''[[Hemanta (film)|Hemanta]]''
|[[Anjan Dutt]]
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''14'''
|''[[Eagoler Chokh]]''
|[[Arindam Sil]]
|[[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Jaya Ahsan]], [[Payel Sarkar]], Subhrajit Dutt
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|Crime Thriller
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''26'''
|''[[Saheb Bibi Golaam]]''
|[[Pratim D. Gupta]]|| [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] ||Friend Communication|| [[Action film|Action]], [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |S E P T E M B E R
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''9'''
|''[[Kiriti O Kalo Bhromor]]''
|Anindya Bikash Datta
|[[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Kaushik Sen]]
|Camellia Productions, Rupa Datta
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|
|-
|''[[Love Express (2016 film)|Love Express]]''
|[[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]], [[Surinder Films]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|
|-
|}

== October–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |O C T O B E R
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''7'''
|''[[Gangster (2016 film)|Gangster]]''
|[[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|[[Yash Dasgupta]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Thriller film|Thriller]], [[action film|action]]
|
|-
|''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]''
|[[Srijit Mukherjee]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], [[Paoli Dam]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''[[Prem Ki Bujhini]]''
|Sudipto Sarkar
|[[Om (actor)|Om]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]], [[drama]]
|
|-
|''[[Byomkesh O Chiriyakhana]]''
|[[Anjan Dutt]]
|[[Jisshu Sengupta]]
|RP Techvisions
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|
|-
|''[[Abhimaan (2016 film)|Abhimaan]]''
|[[Raj Chakraborty]]
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]]
|[[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Grassroot Entertainment]], Walzen Media Works
|[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|Drama]], [[action film|action]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''21'''
|''[[Banchha Elo Phire]]''
|Amitabha Pathak
|[[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Paran Banerjee]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], Bobby Chakaborty, [[Deepankar De]], [[June Malia]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|AKMA Entertainment, Innovador It Solution Pvt. Ltd.
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |N O V E M B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''11'''
|''[[Colkatay Columbus]]''
|Saurav Palodhi
|[[Mir Afsar Ali]], [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]
|
|Satirical comedy
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''18'''
|''[[Romantic Noy]]''
|Rajib Chowdhury
|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Thammar Boyfriend]]''
|Anindya Ghosh
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|
|Comedy
|
|-
! rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |D E C E M B E R
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''2'''
|''Bastav''
|[[Shyamal Bose]]
|[[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Cholai (film)|Cholai]]''
|Arun Roy
|[[Saswata Chatterjee]], Nimal Ghosh
|
|Comedy
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''9'''
|''Amar Prem''
|[[Haranath Chakraborty]]
|Gourab Roy Chowdhury, Antasheela Ghosh, [[Megha Chowdhury]]
|M. M. Moviez
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''16'''
|''[[Byomkesh Pawrbo]]''
|[[Arindam Sil]]
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]], [[Surinder Films]]
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|
|-
|''[[Double Feluda]]''
|[[Sandip Ray]]
|[[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
|[[Eros International]]
|Crime thriller detective film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''23'''
|''[[Haripada Bandwala]]''
|[[Pathikrit Basu]]
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|
|-
|''[[Rokto]]''
|Wazed Ali Sumon
|[[Porimoni]], Ziaul Roshan
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|[[Action film|Action]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''30'''
|''[[Kiriti Roy (2016 film)|Kiriti Roy]]''
|[[Anjan Dutt]]
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|Crime thriller detective
|
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{2016 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 2016}}
[[Category:2016 in Indian cinema|Bengali]]
[[Category:Lists of 2016 films by language|Bengali]]
[[Category:2016 Bengali-language films| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|2016]]

Sheila Singh Paul

2026-03-15T04:02:10Z

Siddhant Babu: creating new biography and citations!

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{COI|date=July 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Dr. (Prof.) Shiela Singh Paul.jpg|thumb|Founder and Director of [[Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital]]]]
'''Dr. (Prof.) Sheila Singh Paul, MRCP, FRCP, DCH, DTM''' (12 September 1916 – 11 January 2001) was the [[Entrepreneur|Founder]] and [[Executive director|Director]] of [[Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>http://www.jivdayafound.org/kalawati-saran/ , KALAWATI SARAN CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL
NEW DELHI founded and headed by Dr. Sheila Singh Paul, pioneer of the field of pediatrics in India</ref> She was the first Indian woman to be given such a huge responsibility and she was only 40 years old at that time. She is a pioneer in the field of [[Pediatrics]] in India. [[Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital]] is one of the largest children hospitals in [[Asia]] and was [[Delhi]]'s first independent children's hospital and not just a department. The Hospital was inaugurated on 17 March 1956 by Lady [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma]]. It was built from the proceeds of the property donated by Mr Raghubir Saran and Mr Raghunandan Saran of New Delhi and was named after the wife of late Mr Raghubir Saran. It has a separate department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for which the initial electrical and electronic equipment was donated by the [[Government of the Soviet Union]] (USSR).

Dr. Sheila Singh Paul was also the professor of Pediatrics at [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]].<ref>[http://in.rbth.com/arts/2014/07/03/a_russian_doctor_who_was_a_healthcare_pioneer_in_independent_india_36421 ]{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} , Lady Hardinge Medical College (LHMC), a women’s medical college at Connaught Place, along with practicing at Kalawati Saran Children’s Hospital (KSCH). Both the college and the hospital were headed by Prof. Sheila Singh Paul, the first woman paediatrician in India.</ref> She was one of the founding members of the Indian Pediatrics Society and the [[Indian Academy of Pediatrics]] [IAP] and started the Delhi Chapter of IAP in 1958 and the Punjab Chapter of IAP in 1974. She served as the President of the [[Indian Academy of Pediatrics]] Delhi in the year 1966.<ref>http://iap-delhi.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Photos-of-Our-Illustrious-President-Secretory.pdf 1966 President IAP- Dr. Sheila Singh Paul</ref>

She had served on selection panels of the [[Union Public Service Commission]], Medical Council Inspector, Examiner in Pediatrics for several universities, organized Conferences of Medical Education and Pediatrics under the auspices of [[World Health Organization]] and [[UNICEF]]. She was one of the chief organizers of the First Asian Congress of Pediatrics held in 1960 at [[New Delhi]].

She was on the Board of Research Studies and Academic Council of the [[University of Delhi]] and responsible for the recognition of '''DCH''' and '''MD''' Pediatrics in 1960 and 1962.

She was a pioneer in creating and promoting [[Polio vaccine]] campaigns in [[India]] and in introducing specialists trained in pediatric physiotherapy from the USSR, to train medical professionals in [[Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital]]. She was felicitated and awarded innumerable times by the [[Government of the Soviet Union]] (USSR) and was an honorary member of the Pediatrics Society [[Government of the Soviet Union]].

After retirement from government service in 1974, she took up the post of [[Professor]] and Head of the [[Academic department|Department]] of [[Pediatrics]], [[Christian Medical College, Ludhiana]], [[Punjab]]. She continued in this post till 1987. In her lifetime she had many articles and journals to her credit. She remained a missionary till the very end serving villagers and the poor at no cost and never ever set up a private practice which she could have easily done. She believed that "tears of gratitude" in the eyes of the parents of the healed children was more than adequate compensation.

== Personal life ==

The maiden name of Dr. Sheila Singh Paul was Sheila Therese Martin, born of parents of Jewish descent ( Myers from France ) who migrated to [[Bihar]] [[India]] in the early 1900s and owned coal mines in [[Jharia]] (now in [[Jharkhand]]). Before she became a student at [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]], she was a student of [[Isabella Thoburn College]] Lucknow and [[Loreto Convent, Asansol]]. She worked at the Lady Dufferin Hospital in [[Calcutta]] and also served in the [[Indian Army]] in the [[Army Medical Corps (India)]].

Dr. Paul was one of the [[Holocaust survivors]]. In 1942, she went to meet her relatives and was taken along with them to camp [[Drancy internment camp]] enroute [[Auschwitz]], but was saved because of her British Indian passport. Mr. Balwant Singh Paul with the help of Rajkumari Amrit Kaur lobbied for her release. In 1943, she married Balwant Singh Paul bar-at-law, Lincoln's Inn son of Sardar Bahadur Kishan Singh, IG of Police and Kings police medal awardee; however, they separated in 1965. She is survived by her daughter Priya Singh Paul.

==Publications==
List of Publications in Indian Pediatrics and Journals of repute.

1. Paul SS "Tetanus in Children in Delhi", ''The Journal of Tropical Pediatrics and African Child Health''. Vol. 2, Sep., 1963

2. Paul SS, Rao PL, Mullick P, Kalliana P "A Case of Chondrodystrophia Calcificans Congenita". ''Arch Dis Child'' 1963 38: 632-635. doi: 10.1136/adc.38.202.632

3. Paul SS "A case of Guglielmo Syndrome with foetal haemoglobin". ''J Ind Pediatr'' Soo 2; 363:1963

4. Paul SS, Gupta S, Singh V "An analysis of tetanus in children treated without ATS and comparison with other methods of treatment. A report of 559 cases." ''Ind Pediatr'' 1;319:1964

5. Paul SS, Rao PL, Mullick P "Choledochal cyst." ''Ind J Radiol'' 18;172:1964.

6. Paul SS, Rao PL "Porencephalic cyst." ''Ind Pediatr'' 2;25:1965.

7. Paul SS, Rao PL "Pyuria in children." ''Ind Pediatr'' 2;209:1965.

8. Paul SS, Rao PL "Diaphragmatic disorders." ''Ind Pediatr'' 2;270:1965.

9. Paul SS "Longitudinal anthropomatriome measurements in Indian babies from birth to 2 years." ''J Ind Acad Pediatr.''

10. Paul SS, Saigal S "Fanoconi's S. Fanconi's Syndrome. The effect of predniosolon and methyl testosterone and a review of the literature." ''Ind Pediatr'' 3;403:1966

11. Paul SS ''Leukaemias in children. A Manual of Pediatrics.'' World Health Organisation. Orient Longmans Ltd. Calcuttas 1966.

12. Paul SS, Tarassov OF, Saigal S, Gogte L "Chronic Idiopathic jaundice. Dubin Johnson Syndrome." ''Pediatr Clin Ind'' 2;278:1968.

13. Paul SS, Shagurina o, Modi S, Kalra S, Singh G "Malignant Neoplasms in Childhood." ''Ind Pediatr'' 4;309:1967.

14 Paul SS, Mpdi S, Wadhwa S, Mahey S "Neonatal tetanus in Delhi." ''Ped Clin Ind'' 2;180:1967

15. Paul SS, Anand S, Kumar S, Bhatia SL "Causes of death in low birth weight babies." ''Ind Pediatr'' 2;35:1970.

16. Paul SS, Suresh EC "High protein diet for low birth weight babies." ''International Congress of Pediatrics'' Vienna 11-48;1972.

17. Wallgren and Robinson Text book ''Paediatrics.'' Edited by Prasad L.S.N. 1974.

18. Paul SS, Kanakam M "A clinical follow up study of infants with birth trauma- some problems in pediatrics in India and Soviet Union." The research practical pediatrics centre, Kalavati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi 1:1971.

19. Paul SS, Suresh EC "High Protein diet for low birth weight babies." ''J Ind Acad Pediatr'' 9;529:1972.

20. Paul SS, Raveendranath K "Comparison of BCG inoculation by Conventional Intradermal and Jet method." ''Ind Pediatr'' 15;342:1978.

21. Paul SS, Chhabra AK "Kocher-Debre-Semalaigne Syndrome." Vol Liii 1978 p278.

22. Paul SS, Mathew P "Acrocephalopolysndactyly Type II, Carpenter's Syndrome in two siblings- A Case report." ''Ind Pediatr'' 15;191:1979.

23. Paul SS, Singh D. "Observation on partially treated purulent meningitis." ''Ind Pediatr'' 15;233:1979.

24. Paul SS, Taluja V "Value of BCG test as a diagnostic method in evaluation of childhood tuberculosis." ''CMAI'' Vol LIII p97.

25. Paul SS, Pawa RR, Singh D "Outbreak of salmonella infection in a pediatric Department." ''Ind Pediatr'' 18;29:1981.

26 Paul SS, Utal DS "Hypertension in children." ''J Appl Med'' November 1982.

27. Paul SS Utal Ds, Gupta GS "Tetanus Neonatorum." ''Ind Pediatr'' 21;684:1984.

28. Paul SS, Utal DS, Jana AK, Mathew J "Therapy in Neonatal Tetanus". ''Ind Pediatr'' 21;689,1984.

29. ''Practical Pediatrics - An Approach'' a book by Paul SS and Utal DS

<ref>http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/2/local/front-matter.pdf {{dead link|date=May 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Tetanus in Children in Delhi by SS Paul</ref>
<ref>http://adc.bmj.com/content/38/202/632.full.pdf , A Case of Chondrodystrophia Calcificans Congenita by Dr Sheila Singh Paul</ref>

==References==
Sheila Singh Paul.<ref>The Indian Journal of Pediatrics (August 1960). ''The First All-Asian Congress of Pediatrics'', p. 293. Volume 27, Issue 8, Springer India, Print ISSN 0019-5456,Online ISSN 0973-7693</ref>

Sheila Singh Paul.<ref>The Indian Journal of Pediatrics (September 1959). ''Indian pediatric society'', p. 360. Volume 26, Issue 9, Springer India, Print ISSN 0019-5456, Online ISSN 0973-7693</ref>

Sheila Singh Paul.<ref>The Indian Journal of Pediatrics (March 1960). ''Programme of the Conference'', p. 102-105. Volume 27, Issue 3, Springer India, Print ISSN 0019-5456, Online ISSN 0973-7693</ref>

Sheila Singh Paul.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://iap-delhi.com/about-us/ | title=精品国产乱子伦一区二区三区,男女交配视频,亚洲人成伊人成综合网久久久,少妇人妻互换不带套 }}</ref>

Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital<ref>Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi {{cite web |url=http://nmji.in/archives/Volume-11/issue-2/indian-medical-colleges.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-08-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427232527/http://nmji.in/archives/Volume-11/issue-2/indian-medical-colleges.pdf |archivedate=2014-04-27 }}, ''[[The National Medical Journal of India]]'', VOL. 11, No.2, 1998.</ref>

Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital<ref>http://www.aboutdelhi.org/kalawati-saran-childrens-hospital-newdelhi/ , ''Kalawati Saran Children’s Hospital is one of the largest children hospitals in Asia.''</ref>

Dr. Sheila Singh Paul's Journal<ref>http://cpj.sagepub.com/content/4/2/95.extract , ''Diastrophic Dwarfism''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Sheila Singh}}
[[Category:Indian paediatricians]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:Indian people of French descent]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century women philanthropists]]

Pandit Nayanuram Sharma

2026-03-15T03:17:39Z

Siddhant Babu: done.

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter (?-1941)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pandit Nayanuram Sharma
| image = [[File:Nayanu Ram Sharma.jpg|200 px|Photo of Nayanu Ram Sharma]]
| native_name = पंडित नयनुराम शर्मा
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_names = Nainuram Sharma
| birth_place = [[Ramganj Mandi]]
| death_date = {{Death date |df=yes|1941|10|14}}
| death_cause = [[Murder]]
| monuments = JK Lon Hospital, Kota
| occupation = [[Police officer]], [[activism]]
| organization = Rajasthan Seva Sangh, Hadoti Praja Mandal
| movement = Bundi Peasant Movement
| website = [[Ramganj Mandi]], [[Kota, Rajasthan]]
}}

'''Pandit Nayanuram Sharma''' also known as '''Nainuram Sharma''' was an Indian freedom fighter from [[Kota, Rajasthan]]. He played a significant role in the [[Indian independence movement]], contributing to various revolutionary activities and inspiring many in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=नयनूराम शर्मा |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?7680 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]] |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2019-10-16 |title=खुद की पहचान पाने को तरस रहे आजादी की लड़ाई लड़ने वाले नयनूराम, अंग्रेजों के गिरोह ने की थी बेरहमी से हत्या |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/city/kota/special-report-kota-freedom-fighter-pandit-nayanuram-ji-sharma/rj20191016201458706 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sharma was born in the village of ''Nimana'' in [[Ramganj Mandi]] tehsil of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] district, [[Rajasthan]]. Raised in a traditional [[Brahmin]] family, he was deeply influenced by the cultural and historical significance of his homeland, which fueled his patriotic fervor and commitment to [[India's freedom struggle]].<ref name=":0" />

== Contribution to the Independence Movement ==
For several years he had served as Police officer in [[Kota State]]. But his patriotism could not keep him on that position. One day suddenly he renounced the government service and decided to take participate in Indian freedom struggle.<ref name=":0" />

=== Joining Rajasthan Seva Sangh ===
As soon as Sharma was relieved from government service, he dedicated himself to the Rajasthan Seva Sangh founded by [[Vijay Singh Pathik]]. That time there were only three members in the Sangh as [[Vijay Singh Pathik|Vijaysingh Pathik]], [[Ram Narayan Chaudhary|Ramnarayan Chaudhary]], and Haribhai Kikar, after these three, Sharma became the fourth member of Rajasthan Seva Sangh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-06 |title=कोटा में जन आंदोलन - India Old Days |url=https://www.indiaolddays.com/%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%a8/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

=== Bundi Peasants Movement ===
After leaving his government job and joining the Rajasthan Seva Sangh, he first took up the work of prevention of forced labor ([[begar]]) in [[Kota State|Kota state]]. He led the Bundi Peasant Movement also known as Barad Peasant Movement which was started in 1922. Within a short time, he toured all the areas of [[Hadoti]] region and created such an anti-begar environment that the then Kota and British officials had to accept the demands of Sharma. Although forced labor probably could not be completely eliminated, it was eliminated to a greater extent due to his efforts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Establishment of Hadoti Praja Mandal ===
In the year 1934, he established Hadoti Praja Mandal with freedom fighter Abhinn Hari, in [[Hadoti]] region to serve people of this region.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=स्वतंत्रता दिवस पर विशेष:कोटा कोतवाली पर क्रांतिकारियों ने फहरा दिया था तिरंगा, तीन दिन तक कायम किया था जनता राज |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/baran/news/tricolor-was-hoisted-by-revolutionaries-on-kota-kotwali-janata-raj-was-established-for-three-days-127619758.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nainuram Sharma |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/node/2821635 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

=== Association with Mahatma Gandhi ===
Sharma had the honor of hosting [[Mahatma Gandhi]] at [[Ramganj Mandi]] during his national tour of [[India]]. Gandhi's visit and the hospitality extended by Sharma were important events, the place of their meeting is now known as ''Gandhi Chowk'' in Ramganj Mandi.<ref name=":1" />

=== Journalism ===
As long as he lived, Sharma criticized the state government and officials in various newspapers through his articles.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=हाड़ौती क्षेत्र में स्वतंत्रता संघर्ष के समय की पत्रकारिता के प्रतिमान थे पंडित नैनूराम शर्मा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jhalawar/news/rajasthan-news-pandit-nainuram-sharma-was-the-model-of-journalism-of-the-time-of-freedom-struggle-in-hadoti-region-085038-6005550.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== Martyrdom ==
Sharma's life was tragically cut short on 14 October 1941. While returning from a meeting in [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]], he was brutally murdered by an unknown gang of Britishers. The murderers were caught but the then government released them saying that there was no evidence.<ref name=":0" /> After his assassination, attribute meeting was organized by many freedom fighters of Rajasthan in 1942. In which leaders [[Vijay Singh Pathik]], [[Manikya Lal Verma]] were present. His death was a significant blow to the local independence movement, but it also inspired further resistance against [[British colonial rule|colonial rule]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Legacy and Memorials ==

=== Recognition and Challenges ===
Despite his sacrifices, Sharma did not receive the widespread recognition he deserved. His contributions are often ignored, and there are no significant monuments or institutions named after him in his hometown. His family and local supporters continue to advocate for his recognition at both the local and national levels.<ref name=":1" />

=== Commemorations ===

==== Martyr’s Memorial ====
A modest memorial exists at the crossing near JK Lon Hospital in Kota, but it is in a state of neglect. A park in Kota district at Nayapura circle named in his memory.<ref name=":1" />

==== Annual Tributes ====
His family and local community members gather annually on his death anniversary to pay tribute at the site of his martyrdom.<ref name=":1" />

==== Calls for Memorials ====
There have been ongoing efforts to establish a proper memorial and name local institutions after Sharma, but these have faced bureaucratic and political hurdles.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Ram Kalyan Sharma]]
* [[Nanak Bheel]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]

Parbhani City Municipal Corporation

2026-03-14T16:32:47Z

Siddhant Babu: Created Place.

{{Short description|Local civic body in Parbhani, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Parbhani City Municipal Corporation

| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| established = 2012
| meeting_place = National Highway 222, Parbhani, Maharashtra 431401
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = [[Syed Iqbal (politician)|Syed Iqbal]], [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|SS (UBT)]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Ganesh Deshmukh
[[ Indian National Congress |INC]]
| leader3_type = Municipal Commissioner & Administrator
| leader3 = Devidas Pawar, [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]
| seats = 65
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 250px
|political_groups1 =
'''Government (38)'''
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|25}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|12}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
''' Opposition (27)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (12)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|11}}
:*{{Color box|#CB00F1}} [[Vinay Kore|JSS]] (3)
:*{{Color box|Gold}} YS (1)

| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = {{url|http://www.pcmcparbhani.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Parbhani Municipal Corporation''' is D grade '''Municipal Corporation''' of Maharashtra, the governing body of the city of [[Parbhani]], situated beside the Collector Office, and District Court. The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's infrastructure, public services and supplies. Members from the state's leading various political parties hold elected offices in the corporation.

In 2011 [[Maharashtra State]] cabinet decided to elevate [[Parbhani]] along with [[Latur]] and [[Chandrapur]] to municipal corporation as city crossed mark of 3,00,000 population in 2011 census. First election for the Municipal Corporation was conducted in 2012, after the predecessor City Council's term ended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/chandrapur-is-now-municipal-corporation/articleshow/10435175.cms|title=Chandrapur is now municipal corporation | Nagpur News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
Parbhani Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal_corporation_(India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Pa11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pa12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pa13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==List of Mayor==
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="text-align:center"
|+
!#
!Name
!colspan="3"|Term
!Election
!colspan="2" |Party
|-style="text-align:center"
|1
|Pratap Deshmukh
|16 May 2012
|5 November 2014
|{{ayd|16 May 2012|5 November 2014}}
|rowspan=2|2012
|rowspan=2|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|2
|Sangeeta Vadkar
|5 November 2014
|16 May 2017
|{{ayd|5 November 2014|16 May 2017}}
|-style="text-align:center
|3
|[[Meena Warpudkar]]
|16 May 2017
|22 November 2019
|{{ayd|16 May 2017|22 November 2019}}
|rowspan=2|2017
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|4
|Anita Sonkamble
|22 November 2019
|16 May 2022
|{{ayd|22 November 2019|16 May 2022}}
|-style="text-align:center
|5
|[[Syed Iqbal (politician)|Syed Iqbal]]
|12 February 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|12 February 2026}}
|2026
|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|SS (UBT)]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2026 results ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] SS(UBT)
| 25
|New
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 12
| {{Increase}} 4
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 12
| {{decrease}} 19
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 11
| {{Decrease}} 7
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| Independents (Ind)
| 5
| {{increase}}3
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 65
|}

=== 2017 results ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 31
| {{Increase}} 8
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 18
| {{Decrease}} 12
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 8
| {{Increase}} 6
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 6
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| Independents (Ind)
| 2
| {{Steady}}
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 65
|}

=== 2012 results ===
The results of the Election 2012 are as follows.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 30
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 23
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 8
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 2
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| Independents (Ind)
| 2
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 65
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Parbhani]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Maharashtra]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Gurmukhi

2026-03-14T04:03:35Z

Siddhant Babu: small added page for accuracy and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Script used to write the Punjabi language}}
{{cleanup lang|date=April 2025}}{{Infobox writing system
| name = Gurmukhī
| altname = ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
| languages = *[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
*[[Punjabi dialects]]
*[[Sant Bhasha]] (historical)
*[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=181}} (historical)
*[[Braj bhasha|Braj]] (historical)
| sample = File:Gurmukhi Script - modern alphabet.svg
| caption = Modern Gurmukhi letter set
| time = 16th century CE-present
| type = [[Abugida]]
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic script]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
| fam6 = [[Gupta script|Gupta]]
| fam7 = [[Sharada script|Sharada]]
| fam8 = [[Landa scripts|Landa]]
| children = [[Anandpur Lipi]]
| sisters = [[Khudabadi script|Khudabadi]], [[Khojki script|Khojki]], [[Mahajani]], [[Multani script|Multani]]
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf U+0A00–U+0A7F]
| iso15924 = Guru
}}
{{brahmic}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Gurmukhī''' ({{langx|pa|ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ}} {{IPA|pa|ˈɡʊɾᵊmʊkʰiː|}}, [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|{{nastaliq|گُرمُکھی}}|rtl=yes}}) is an [[abugida]] developed from the [[Laṇḍā scripts]], standardized and used by the second [[Sikh gurus|Sikh guru]], [[Guru Angad]] (1504–1552).{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=143}}{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=181}} Commonly regarded as a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] script,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal S.|last2=Shackle|first2=Christopher|last3=Singh|first3=Gurharpal|title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity|date=December 16, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-84634-2|page=13, Quote: "creation of a pothi in distinct [[Sikhs|Sikh]] script (Gurmukhi) seem to relate to the immediate religio–political context ..."|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052147/https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mann|first1=Gurinder Singh|last2=Numrich|first2=Paul|last3=Williams|first3=Raymond|title=Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-804424-6|page=100, Quote: "He modified the existing writing systems of his time to create Gurmukhi, the script of the Sikhs; then ..."|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8R-Kl2C1C7QC&pg=PA144|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052638/https://books.google.com/books?id=8R-Kl2C1C7QC&pg=PA144|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shani|first1=Giorgio|title=The Territorialization of Identity: Sikh Nationalism in the Diaspora|journal=Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism|volume=2|date=March 2002|page=11|doi=10.1111/j.1754-9469.2002.tb00014.x|quote=...the Guru Granth Sahib, written in a script particular to the Sikhs (Gurmukhi)...}}</ref><ref name="Bright1996"/>{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=53}} Gurmukhi is used in [[Punjab, India]] as the official script of the [[Punjabi language]].<ref name="Bright1996">{{cite book |author= Harjeet Singh Gill |chapter=The Gurmukhi Script |editor1=Peter T. Daniels |editor2=William Bright |title=The World's Writing Systems |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |pages=395–399 }}</ref>{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=53}}

The primary scripture of [[Sikhism]], the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], is written in Gurmukhī, in various dialects and languages often subsumed under the generic title ''[[Sant Bhasha]]''<ref>Harnik Deol, ''Religion and Nationalism in India''. Routledge, 2000. {{ISBN|0-415-20108-X}}, 9780415201087. Page 22. "(...) the compositions in the Sikh holy book, Adi Granth, are a melange of various dialects, often coalesced under the generic title of ''Sant Bhasha''."</ref> or "saint language", in addition to other languages like Persian and various phases of Indo-Aryan languages.

Modern Gurmukhī has thirty-five original letters, hence its common alternative term ''paintī'' or "the thirty-five",<ref name="Bright1996"/> plus six additional [[consonants]],<ref name="Bright1996"/><ref name="patiala">{{cite web |title=Let's Learn Punjabi: Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/intro1.html |website=learnpunjabi.org |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830124459/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/intro1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= steganography>{{cite book | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324329653| title= A New Approach to Punjabi Text Steganography using Naveen Toli | first1=Arun | last1=Kumar | first2=Amandeep | last2=Kaur | publisher=Department of Computer Science & Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India | isbn=978-8-193-38970-6 |date=2018}}</ref> nine [[vowel]] [[diacritics]], two diacritics for nasal sounds, one diacritic that [[geminates]] consonants and three subscript characters.

==History and development==
===Antecedents===
The Gurmukhī script is generally believed to have roots in the [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=88}} by way of the [[Brahmi script]],{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=94-99, 72-73}} which [[Brahmic scripts|developed]] further into the Northwestern group ([[Sharada script|Sharada]]-based), the Central group ([[Nāgarī script|Nagari]]-based) and the Eastern group ([[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]]-based),{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=68-69}} as well as several prominent [[writing systems of Southeast Asia]], in addition to scripts used historically in Central Asia for extinct languages like [[Saka language|Saka]] and [[Tocharian script|Tocharian]].{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=68-69}} Gurmukhi is derived from Sharada in the Northwestern group, of which it is the only major surviving member,{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=83}} with full modern currency.{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=594}}
Notable features include:
* It is an [[abugida]] in which all consonants have an inherent vowel, {{IPAblink|ə}}. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they are applied to, are used to change the inherent vowel.
* When they appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters.
* To form [[consonant clusters]], Gurmukhi uniquely affixes subscript letters at the bottom of standard characters, rather than using the true conjunct symbols used by other scripts,{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=594}} which merge parts of each letter into a distinct character of its own.
* Punjabi is a tonal language with three tones. These are indicated in writing using the formerly voiced aspirated consonants (''gh'', ''dh'', ''bh'', etc.) and the intervocalic ''h''.{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=84}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
|| 𐤀 || colspan="2" | 𐤁 || 𐤂 || colspan="2" | 𐤃
| 𐤄
| 𐤅
| colspan="4" | 𐤆 || colspan="2" | 𐤇 || colspan="2" | 𐤈 || 𐤉 || colspan="2" | 𐤊
| 𐤋 || 𐤌 || colspan="4" | 𐤍
| 𐤎
| 𐤏 || colspan="2" | 𐤐
| 𐤑 || colspan="2" | 𐤒
| 𐤓
| 𐤔 || colspan="2" | 𐤕
|-
! [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
|| 𐡀 || colspan="2" | 𐡁
| 𐡂 || colspan="2" | 𐡃
| 𐡄 || 𐡅 || colspan="4" | 𐡆 || colspan="2" | 𐡇 || colspan="2" | 𐡈
| 𐡉 || colspan="2" | 𐡊
| 𐡋 || 𐡌 || colspan="4" | 𐡍
| 𐡎
| 𐡏 || colspan="2" | 𐡐
| 𐡑 || colspan="2" | 𐡒
| 𐡓
| 𐡔 || colspan="2" | 𐡕
|-
! [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
|| 𑀅 || 𑀩 || 𑀪 || 𑀕 || 𑀥 || 𑀠 || 𑀏 || 𑀯 || 𑀤 || 𑀟 || 𑀚 || 𑀛 || 𑀳 || 𑀖 || 𑀣 || 𑀞 || 𑀬 || 𑀓 || 𑀘 || 𑀮 || 𑀫 || 𑀦 || 𑀗 || 𑀜 || 𑀡 || 𑀰 || 𑀑 || 𑀧 || 𑀨 || 𑀲 || 𑀔 || 𑀙 || 𑀭 || 𑀱 || 𑀢 || 𑀝
|-
! Gurmukhi
|| ਅ || ਬ || ਭ || ਗ || ਧ || ਢ || ੲ || ਵ || ਦ || ਡ || ਜ || ਝ || ਹ || ਘ || ਥ || ਠ || ਯ || ਕ || ਚ || ਲ || ਮ || ਨ || ਙ || ਞ || ਣ || (ਸ਼) || ੳ || ਪ || ਫ || ਸ || ਖ || ਛ || ਰ || ਖ || ਤ || ਟ
|-
! [[IAST]]
|| a || ba || bha || ga || dha || ḍha || ē || va || da || ḍa || ja || jha || ha || gha || tha || ṭha || ya || ka || ca || la || ma || na || ṅa || ña || ṇa || śa* || ō || pa || pha || sa || kha || cha || ra || ṣa* || ta || ṭa
|-
! [[Greek alphabet|Greek]]
|| [[Α]] || colspan="2" | [[Β]] || [[Γ]] || colspan="2" | [[Δ]] || [[Ε]] || [[Ϝ]] || colspan="4" | [[Ζ]] || colspan="2" | [[Η]] || colspan="2" | [[Θ]] || [[Ι]] || colspan="2" | [[Κ]] || [[Λ]] || [[Μ]] || colspan="4" | [[Ν]] || [[Ξ]] || [[Ο]] || colspan="2" | [[Pi (letter)|Π]] || [[Ϻ]] || colspan="2" | [[Ϙ]] || [[Ρ]] || [[Σ]] || colspan="2" | [[Τ]]
|-
| style="text-align: left" colspan="37" | Possible derivation of Gurmukhi from earlier writing systems.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bühler|first=Georg|author-link=Georg Bühler|title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet|url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft|year=1898|publisher=Strassburg K.J. Trübner|pages=53–77}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|
*The Gurmukhi character ਖ [kha] may have originally evolved from the Brahmi character denoting [ṣa], as the Sanskrit sounds /ʂə/ and /kʰə/ merged into /kʰə/ in Punjabi. Any phonemic contrast was lost, with no distinct character for [ṣa] remaining. Similarly, the characters representing /sə/ and /ʃə/ may have also converged into the character representing /ʃə/ as the sounds merged into /sə/.
*The predecessor of the Gurmukhi character ੜ [ṛa] was derived at a subsequent point, likely around the period of the [[Laṇḍā]] scripts, as preceding scripts lacked a character for this sound. It may ultimately share a mutual parent character with Gurmukhi ਡ [ḍa].}} The Greek alphabet, also descended from Phoenician, is included for comparison. 
|}
Gurmukhi evolved in cultural and historical circumstances notably different from other regional scripts,{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=83}} for the purpose of recording scriptures of [[Sikhism]], a far less Sanskritized cultural tradition than others of the subcontinent.{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=83}} This independence from the Sanskritic model allowed it the freedom to evolve unique orthographical features.{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=83}} These include:
*Three basic bearer vowels, integrated into the traditional Gurmukhi character set, using the vowel diacritics to write independent vowels, instead of distinctly separate characters for each of these vowels as in other scripts;{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=84}}{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=150}}
*a drastic reduction in the number and importance of conjunct characters{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=84}}{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=149}}{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=181}} (similar to Brahmi, the letters of which Gurmukhi letters have remained more similar to than those of [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]] have,{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=145}} and characteristic of Northwestern abugidas);{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=594}}
*a unique standard ordering of characters that somewhat diverges from the traditional ''vargiya'', or Sanskritic, ordering of characters,{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=84}}{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=470}} including [[vowel]]s and [[fricative]]s being placed in front;{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}}{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=626}}
*the recognition of Indo-Aryan phonological history through the omission of characters representing the sibilants {{IPAblink|ʃ}} and {{IPAblink|ʂ}},{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=148}} retaining only the letters representing sounds of the spoken language of the time;{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=181}} these sibilants were naturally lost in most modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]], though such characters were often retained in their respective consonant inventories as placeholders and archaisms{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=84}} while being mispronounced.{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=148}} These sibilants were often variously reintroduced through later circumstances, as {{IPAblink|ʃ}} was to Gurmukhi,{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=626}} necessitating a new glyph;{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=148}}
*the development of distinct new letters for sounds better reflecting the vernacular language spoken during the time of its development (e.g. for {{IPAblink|ɽ}},{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=147}} and the sound shift that merged Sanskrit {{IPAblink|ʂ}} and /kʰ/ to Punjabi /kʰ/);
*a [[gemination]] diacritic, a unique feature among native subcontinental scripts,{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=83}} which serve to indicate the preserved [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] geminates distinctive of Punjabi;{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=594}}<ref name=yarshater>{{cite encyclopedia |last = Shackle | first = Christopher |author-link= Christopher Shackle |editor1-last=Yarshater |editor1-first=Ehsan |title=Punjabi |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=20 July 2005 |publisher=Columbia University |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/punjabi-indo-aryan-language}}</ref>
and other features.

[[File:Historical geographical distribution of Sharada.png|thumb|left|Historical geographical distribution of [[Sharada script]]<ref name=sharada>{{cite web | url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09074r-n3595-sharada.pdf | title=N3545: Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646 | first1=Anshuman | last1=Pandey | publisher=Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=2009-03-25 | access-date=2019-03-06 | archive-date=2020-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801085611/https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09074r-n3595-sharada.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>]] From the 10th century onwards, regional differences started to appear between the Sharada script used in Punjab, the Hill States (partly [[Himachal Pradesh]]) and [[Kashmir]]. Sharada proper was eventually restricted to very limited ceremonial use in Kashmir, as it grew increasingly unsuitable for writing the [[Kashmiri language]].<ref name=sharada/> With the last known inscription dating to 1204 C.E., the early 13th century marks a milestone in the development of Sharada.<ref name=sharada/> The regional variety in Punjab continued to evolve from this stage through the 14th century; during this period it starts to appear in forms closely resembling Gurmukhī and other [[Landa scripts]]. By the 15th century, Sharada had evolved so considerably that [[epigraphist]]s denote the script at this point by a special name, ''Dēvāśēṣa''.<ref name=sharada/> Tarlochan Singh Bedi (1999) prefers the name ''prithamă gurmukhī'', or Proto-Gurmukhī.
[[File:A sample of a mediaeval, handwritten Gurmukhi document.png|thumb|A sample of a mediaeval, handwritten Gurmukhi document]]
Meanwhile, the mercantile scripts of Punjab known as the Laṇḍā scripts were normally not used for literary purposes. ''Laṇḍā'' means alphabet "without tail",{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=594}} implying that the script did not have vowel symbols. In Punjab, there were at least ten different scripts classified as Laṇḍā, [[Mahajani]] being the most popular. The Laṇḍā scripts were used for household and trade purposes.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=182}} In contrast to Laṇḍā, the use of vowel diacritics was made obligatory in Gurmukhī for increased accuracy and precision, due to the difficulties involved in deciphering words without vowel signs.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=181}}{{sfn|Grierson|1916|pp=624, 628}}

The [[Sikh gurus]] adopted Proto-Gurmukhī to write the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the religious scriptures of the Sikhs. It was through its recording in Gurmukhi that knowledge of the pronunciation and grammar of the Old Punjabi language (c. 10th–16th century) was preserved for modern philologists.{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=48}} It has been described as being "tailor-made" to writing the Punjabi language as it existed in the 16th century.{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=380}}

===Sikhism===
The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script,<ref name="shacklexvii" /> for which the script is revered by Sikhs.{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=380}} [[Guru Angad]] is credited in the Sikh tradition with the creation and standardization of Gurmukhi script from earlier [[Sharada script|Śāradā]]-descended scripts native to the region.<ref name="shacklexvii"/> Whilst the creation of the Gurmukhi script is commonly attributed to the second guru of the Sikhs, Guru Angad, according to Mangat Bhardwaj the Gurmukhi script or its antecedents pre-date the development of Sikhism by several centuries.{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=380}} Sikh scholars themselves, such as [[Kahn Singh of Nabha]] (1930), G. B. Singh (1950), Piara Singh Padam (1954), and G. S. Sidhu (2004), have documented Gurmukhi prior to the arising of Sikhism.{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=380}} The glyphs and symbols employed in Gurmukhi pre-date Sikhism and it is more likely that Guru Angad standardized the pre-existing scripts around 1530–1535 to create the standard Gurmukhi script under the purview of Guru Nanak.{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=380}}

In the following epochs, Gurmukhī became the primary script for the literary writings of the Sikhs. Playing a significant role in Sikh faith and tradition, it expanded from its original use for Sikh scriptures and developed its own orthographical rules, spreading widely under the [[Sikh Empire]] and used by Sikh kings and chiefs of Punjab for administrative purposes.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}} In seventeenth and eighteenth-century Punjab, the script was also employed to write scientific and poetic literature from both [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskritic]] and [[Persian literature|Persian]] traditions in the [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] language.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anushree |first=Anubha |date=8 September 2023 |title=Rethinking India's Manuscript Practices as Official Policy Undervalues Its Rich Heritage |url=https://thewire.in/history/rethinking-manuscript-practices-in-india |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=The Wire |quote=A number of scientific and poetic treatises from both Sanskritic and Persian traditions were written in Braj using the Gurumukhi script in the seventeenth and eighteenth-century Punjab.}}</ref> Helping to foster a distinct Sikh culture and contributing to the consolidation of the Sikh religion, expanding from its original role as the vehicle of Sikh religious literature, Gurmukhi became particularly important in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when the Sikhs established political hegemony over Punjab and Kashmir.<ref name=asani>{{cite journal | last = Asani | first = Ali A. | title= The Khojkī Script: A Legacy of Ismaili Islam in the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent | journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society | year = 1987 | volume=107 | issue=3 | pages=440–441 | doi = 10.2307/603464 | jstor = 603464 }}</ref> Also playing a major role in consolidating and standardizing the Punjabi language, it served as the main medium of literacy in Punjab and adjoining areas for centuries when the earliest schools were attached to ''[[gurdwaras]]''.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}}

In [[Jammu Division]], [[Takri]], which developed through the ''Dēvāśēṣa'' stage of Sharada from the 14th-18th centuries<ref name=sharada/> developed into Dogri,<ref name=sharada/> which was a "highly imperfect" script later consciously influenced in part by Gurmukhi during the late 19th century,{{sfn|Grierson|1916|pp=638-639}} possibly to provide it an air of authority by having it resemble scripts already established in official and literary capacities,<ref name="L215234">{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman|date=2015-11-04|title=L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf|access-date=2021-03-17|archive-date=2019-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614230112/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> though not displacing Takri.{{sfn|Grierson|1916|pp=638-639}}
[[File:Photograph of a pathasala class held at the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, Punjab, 1908.jpg|thumb|Photograph of a ''[[pathasala]]'' class held at the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, Punjab, 1908. Pinned on the tree, there is a poster of the thirty-five glyphs of the Gurmukhi script, known in Punjabi as the ''painti akhri''.]]
The first natively produced grammars of the Punjabi language were written in the 1860s in Gurmukhi.{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=18}} The [[Singh Sabha Movement]] of the late 19th century, a movement to revitalize Sikh institutions which had declined during [[British Raj|colonial rule]] after the fall of the Sikh Empire, also advocated for the usage of the Gurmukhi script for [[mass media]], with print media publications and [[Khalsa Akhbar Lahore|Punjabi-language newspapers]] established in the 1880s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-134-63535-1 |page=72 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=khalsa+akhbar |access-date=2 May 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125021434/https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=khalsa+akhbar |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Modern times===
Official recognition of Gurmukhī was made a prerequisite by the [[Akali Dal]] for political partnership in the 1940s leading up to the 1947 partition, including in failed talks with the Muslim League.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Yong |first=Tan Tai |date=July–December 1994 |title=Prelude to Partition: Sikh Responses to the Demand for Pakistan, 1940–47 |url=https://giss.org/pdf/1_2_Punjab_F.pdf |journal=International Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=179}}</ref> Later in the 1960s, after the struggle of the [[Punjabi Suba movement]], the script was given the authority as the official state script of the [[Punjab, India]],<ref name="Bright1996"/>{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=53}} where it is used in all spheres of culture, arts, education, and administration, with a firmly established common and secular character,{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}} and is now the standard writing script for the Punjabi language in India.<ref name="shacklexvii">{{cite book | last1=Shackle |first1=Christopher |author1-link=Christopher Shackle |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 978-0-415-26604-8 | pages=xvii–xviii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC&pg=PR17}}</ref>

With technological advances introduced in the 1970s, including the computer and the [[Offset printing|offset press]], Gurmukhī usage would flourish in news media.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Jeffrey | first=Robin | title=Punjabi: The 'Subliminal Charge' | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | year =1997 | volume=32 | issue=9–10 | pages=443–445 | jstor=4405144 }}</ref> It is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]], and is currently the 14th most used script in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Munish |last2=Jindal |first2=M.K. |last3=Sharma |first3=R.K. |editor1-last=Nagamalai |editor1-first=Dhinaharan |editor2-last=Renault |editor2-first=Eric |editor3-last=Dhanuskodi |editor3-first=Murugan |title=Advances in Digital Image Processing and Information Technology: First International Conference on Digital Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, DPPR 2011, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India, September 23-25, 2011, Proceedings |date=2011 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-24055-3 |page=274 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4AKBwAAQBAJ&dq=gurmukhi&pg=PA274}}</ref>

===Etymology===
[[File:Fresco artwork from Pothi-Mala, Guru Harsahai, Punjab 113.jpg|thumb|18th century fresco of a woman writing in Gurmukhī from Pothimala, [[Guru Har Sahai|Guru Harsahai]], Punjab.]]
The prevalent view among Punjabi linguists is that as in the early stages the Gurmukhī letters were primarily used by the Guru's followers, ''[[gurmukh]]s'' (literally, those who face, or follow, the Guru); the script thus came to be known as ''gurmukhī'', "the script of those guided by the Guru."{{sfn|Salomon|2007|p=83}}{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=14}}

Although the word Gurmukhī has been commonly translated as "from the mouth of the Guru", the term used for the Punjabi script has somewhat different connotations. This usage of the term may have gained currency from the use of the script to record the utterances of the Sikh Gurus as scripture, which were often referred to as Gurmukhī, or from the ''mukhă'' (face, or mouth) of the Gurus. Consequently, the script that was used to write the resulting scripture may have also been designated with the same name.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=181}}

The name for the Perso–Arabic alphabet for the Punjabi language, ''[[Shahmukhi]]'', was modeled on the term ''Gurmukhī''.<ref name=bashir>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajrEDwAAQBAJ&q=gurmukhi|title=A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki (Volume 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series)|last1=Bashir|first1=Elena|author1-link=Elena Bashir|last2=Conners|first2=Thomas J.|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG|location=Berlin, Germany|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61451-225-7|page=18|access-date=2020-06-16|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630232054/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajrEDwAAQBAJ&q=gurmukhi|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=13}}

==Characters==
===Letters===
{{Contains special characters|IPA}}{{anchor|Consonants}}
The Gurmukhī alphabet contains thirty-five base letters (''akkhară''), traditionally arranged in seven rows of five letters each. The first three letters, or ''mātarā vāhakă'' ("vowel bearer"), are distinct because they form the basis for independent vowels and are not consonants, or ''vianjană'', like the remaining letters are, and except for the second letter ''aiṛā''{{refn|group=note|This letter is also commonly referred to as ''āṛā''.}} are never used on their own;{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=182}} see {{section link||Vowel diacritics}} for further details. The pair of fricatives, or ''mūlă vargă'' ("base class"), share the row, which is followed by the next five sets of consonants, with the consonants in each row being [[homorganic]], the rows arranged from the back (velars) to the front (labials) of the mouth, and the letters in the grid arranged by [[place of articulation|place]] and [[manner of articulation]].{{sfn|Salomon|2007|pp=71-72}} The arrangement, or ''varṇămāllā'',{{sfn|Salomon|2007|pp=71-72}} is completed with the ''antimă ṭollī'', literally "ending group." The names of most of the consonants are based on their reduplicative phonetic values.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}} The ''varṇămāllā'' is as follows:<ref name="Bright1996"/>
{|- class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC" align="center"
! colspan="2" | Group Name ([[Articulatory phonetics|Articulation]]) ↓
! colspan="2" | Name !! Sound [IPA]
! colspan="2" | Name !! Sound [IPA]
! colspan="2" | Name !! Sound [IPA]
! colspan="2" | Name !! Sound [IPA]
! colspan="2" | Name !! Sound [IPA]
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | '''''mātarā vāhakă''''' ([[Vowel]]s) || bgcolor="#87 CE EB" | '''''mūlă vargă''''' ([[Fricative]]s)
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" style="font-size:24px" | ੳ || ''ūṛā'' [uːɽaː] || –
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" style="font-size:24px" | ਅ || ''aiṛā'' [ɛːɽaː] || ''a'' {{IPAblink|ə}}
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" style="font-size:24px" | ੲ || ''īṛī'' [iːɽiː] || –
| bgcolor="87CEEB" style="font-size:24px" | ਸ || ''sassā'' [səsːaː] || ''sa'' {{IPAblink|s}}
| bgcolor="87CEEB" style="font-size:24px" | ਹ || ''hāhā'' [ɦaːɦaː] || ''ha'' {{IPAblink|ɦ}}
|- class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC" align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Occlusives]] →
! colspan="3" | [[tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]
! colspan="3" | [[Aspirated consonant|Aspirates]]
! colspan="3" | [[Voiced]] [[Stop consonant|Stops]]
! colspan="3" | [[Tone (linguistics)|Tonal]]
! colspan="3" | [[Nasals]]
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#DCDCDC" colspan="2" | '''''kavargă ṭollī''''' ([[Velars]])
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਕ || ''kakkā'' [kəkːaː] || ''ka'' {{IPAblink|k}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਖ || ''khakkhā'' [kʰəkʰːaː] || ''kha'' {{IPAblink|kʰ}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਗ || ''gaggā'' [gəgːaː] || ''ga'' {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਘ || ''ghaggā'' [kə̀gːaː] || ''gha'' [ [[Tone (linguistics)|kə̀]] ]
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਙ || ''ṅaṅṅā'' [ŋəŋːaː] || ''ṅa'' {{IPAblink|ŋ}}
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#DCDCDC" colspan="2" | '''''cavargă ṭollī''''' ([[Affricates]]/[[Palatals]])
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਚ || ''caccā'' [t͡ʃət͡ʃːaː] || ''ca'' {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਛ || ''chacchā'' [t͡ʃʰət͡ʃʰːaː] || ''cha'' {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʰ}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਜ || ''jajjā'' [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːaː] || ''ja'' {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਝ || ''jhajjā'' [t͡ʃə̀d͡ʒːaː] || ''jha'' [ [[Tone (linguistics)|t͡ʃə̀]] ]
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਞ || ''ñaññā'' [ɲəɲːaː] || ''ña'' {{IPAblink|ɲ}}
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#DCDCDC" colspan="2" | '''''ṭavargă ṭollī''''' ([[Retroflex]]es)
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਟ || ''ṭaiṅkā'' [ʈɛŋkaː] || ''ṭa'' {{IPAblink|ʈ}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਠ || ''ṭhaṭṭhā'' [ʈʰəʈʰːaː] || ''ṭha'' {{IPAblink|ʈʰ}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਡ || ''ḍaḍḍā'' [ɖə'ɖːaː] || ''ḍa'' {{IPAblink|ɖ}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਢ || ''ḍhaḍḍā'' [ʈə̀ɖːaː] || ''ḍa'' [ [[Tone (linguistics)|ʈə̀]] ]
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਣ || ''nāṇā'' [naːɳaː] || ''ṇa'' {{IPAblink|ɳ}}
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#DCDCDC" colspan="2" | '''''tavargă ṭollī''''' ([[Dentals]])
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਤ || ''tattā'' [t̪ət̪ːaː] || ''ta'' {{IPAblink|t̪}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਥ || ''thatthā'' [t̪ʰət̪ʰːaː] || ''tha'' {{IPAblink|t̪ʰ}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਦ || ''daddā'' [d̪əd̪ːaː] || ''da'' {{IPAblink|d̪}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਧ || ''dhaddā'' [t̪ə̀d̪ːaː] || ''dha'' [ [[Tone (linguistics)|t̪ə̀]] ]
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਨ || ''nannā'' [nənːaː] || ''na'' {{IPAblink|n}}
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#DCDCDC" colspan="2" | '''''pavargă ṭollī''''' ([[labial consonant|Labials]])
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਪ || ''pappā'' [pəpːaː] || ''pa'' {{IPAblink|p}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਫ || ''phapphā'' [pʰəpʰːaː] || ''pha'' {{IPAblink|pʰ}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਬ || ''babbā'' [bəbːaː] || ''ba'' {{IPAblink|b}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਭ || ''bhabbā'' [pə̀bːaː] || ''bha'' [ [[Tone (linguistics)|pə̀]] ]
| bgcolor="#ccc" style="font-size:24px" | ਮ || ''mammā'' [məmːaː] || ''ma'' {{IPAblink|m}}
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC" align="center"
! colspan="17" | [[Approximants]] and [[Liquid consonant|liquids]]
|- align="center"''
| bgcolor="#B0C4DE" colspan="2" | '''''antimă ṭollī''''' ([[Sonorants]])
| bgcolor="B0C4DE" style="font-size:24px" | ਯ || ''yayyā'' [jəjːaː] || ''ya'' {{IPAblink|j}}
| bgcolor="B0C4DE" style="font-size:24px" | ਰ || ''rārā'' [ɾaːɾaː] || ''ra'' {{IPAblink|ɾ}}~{{IPAblink|r}}
| bgcolor="B0C4DE" style="font-size:24px" | ਲ || ''lallā'' [ləlːaː] || ''la'' {{IPAblink|l}}
| bgcolor="B0C4DE" style="font-size:24px" | ਵ || ''vāvā'' [ʋaːʋaː] || ''va'' {{IPAblink|ʋ}}~{{IPAblink|w}}
| bgcolor="B0C4DE" style="font-size:24px" | ੜ || ''ṛāṛā'' [ɽaːɽaː] || ''ṛa'' {{IPAblink|ɽ}}

|}

The nasal letters ਙ ''ṅaṅṅā'' and ਞ ''ñaññā'' have become marginal as independent consonants in modern Gurmukhī.{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=16}}{{refn|group=note|According to Bhardwaj, "the only commonly used words in which [ਙ and ਞ] occur are ਲੰਙਾ ''laṅṅā'' "lame," ਕੰਙਣ ''kaṅṅaṇă'' "bracelet," ਵਾਂਙੁ ''vāṅṅŭ'' "in the manner of," ਜੰਞ ''jaññă'' "wedding party" and ਅੰਞਾਣਾ ''aññāṇā'', "ignorant" or "child.""{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=42}} Besides these archaic spellings, others words include the folk word ਤ੍ਰਿੰਞਣ ''triññaṇă'' "a women's gathering," and the early modern loanword ਇੰਞਣ ''iññaṇă'' "engine, train".}} The sounds they represent occur most often as [[allophones]] of [{{IPA|n}}] in clusters with velars and palatals respectively.{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=589}}

The pronunciation of ਵ can vary allophonically between {{IPA|[{{IPAblink|ʋ}} ~ {{IPAblink|β}}]}} preceding [[front vowel]]s, and {{IPA|[{{IPAblink|w}}]}} elsewhere.{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=100}}{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=627}}

The most characteristic feature of the Punjabi language is its tone system.<ref name="Bright1996"/> The script has no separate symbol for tones, but they correspond to the tonal consonants that once represented voiced aspirates as well as older *''h''.<ref name="Bright1996"/> To differentiate between consonants, the Punjabi tonal consonants of the fourth column, ਘ ''kà'', ਝ ''cà'', ਢ ''ṭà'', ਧ ''tà'', and ਭ ''pà'', are often transliterated in the way of the voiced aspirate consonants ''gha'', ''jha'', ''ḍha'', ''dha'', and ''bha'' respectively, although Punjabi lacks these sounds.{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=596}} Tones in Punjabi can be either rising, neutral, or falling:<ref name="Bright1996"/>{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=118}}
*When the tonal letter is in [[Syllable#Onset|onset]] positions, as in the pronunciation of the names of the Gurmukhī letters, it produces the falling tone on the syllable [[Syllable#Nucleus|nucleus]], indicated by a [[Grave accent#Tone|grave accent]] (◌̀).
*When the tonal letter is in [[syllabic coda]] positions, the tone on the syllable nucleus is rising, indicated by an [[Acute accent#Tone|acute accent]] (◌́).
*When the tonal letter is in [[intervocalic]] positions, after a short vowel and before a long vowel, the following vowel has a falling tone.<ref name="Bright1996"/>{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=205}} Between two short vowels, the tonal letter produces a rising tone on the preceding vowel.
The letters now always represent unaspirated consonants, and are unvoiced in onset positions and voiced elsewhere.<ref name="Bright1996"/>

====Supplementary letters====
In addition to the 35 original letters, there are six supplementary consonants in official usage,<ref name="Bright1996"/><ref name="patiala"/><ref name= steganography/> referred to as the ''navīnă ṭollī''<ref name="patiala"/><ref name= steganography/> or ''navīnă vargă'', meaning "new group", created by placing a [[nuqta|dot]] (''bindī'') at the foot (''pairă'') of the consonant to create ''pairĭ bindī'' consonants. These are not present in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] or old texts. These are used most often for loanwords,<ref name="Bright1996"/> though not exclusively,{{refn|group=note|The sounds {{IPAblink|f}}~{{IPAblink|ɸ}} and {{IPAblink|ʃ}} can natively occur as allophones of [pʰ] and [t͡ʃʰ] respectively.}} and their usage is not always obligatory.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- class="shadow" align="center" style="font-size:24px" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! style="font-size:15px" | Letter
| ਸ਼ || ਖ਼ || ਗ਼ || ਜ਼ || ਫ਼ || ਲ਼
|- align="center"
! Name [IPA]
| ''sassē pairĭ bindī'' [səsːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː] || ''khakkhē pairĭ bindī'' [kʰəkʰːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː] || ''gaggē pairĭ bindī'' [gəgːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː] || ''jajjē pairĭ bindī'' [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː] || ''phapphē pairĭ bindī'' [pʰəpʰːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː] || ''lallē pairĭ bindī'' [ləlːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]
|- class="shadow" align="center"
! Sound [IPA]
| ''śa'' {{IPAblink|ʃ}} || ''xa'' {{IPAblink|x}} || ''ġa'' {{IPAblink|ɣ}} || ''za'' {{IPAblink|z}} || ''fa'' {{IPAblink|f}} || ''ḷa'' {{IPAblink|ɭ}}
|}
The letter ਸ਼, already in use by the time of the earliest Punjabi grammars produced, along with ਜ਼ and ਲ਼,<ref name=newton>{{cite book |last1=Newton |first1=John |title=A Grammar of the Panjabi Language; With Appendices |date=1851 |publisher=American Presbyterian Mission Press |location=Ludhiana |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L04IAAAAQAAJ |page=5 |access-date=2021-10-28 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125021435/https://books.google.com/books?id=L04IAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> enabled the previously unmarked distinction of /s/ and the well-established phoneme /ʃ/, which is used even in native [[Reduplication#Indo-Aryan|echo doublets]] e.g. ''rō̆ṭṭī-śō̆ṭṭī'' "stuff to eat"). The loansounds ''f'', ''z'', ''x'', and ''ġ'' as distinct phonemes are less well-established,{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=595}}<ref name=yarshater/> decreasing in that order and often dependent on exposure to [[Hindi-Urdu]] norms.{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=589}}

The character ਲ਼ (''ḷa''), the only character not representing a [[fricative]] consonant, was only recently officially added to the Gurmukhī alphabet.{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=382}} It was not a part of the traditional orthography, as the distinctive phonological difference between /lə/ and /ɭə/, while both native sounds,{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=48}} was not reflected in the script,{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=147}} and its inclusion is still not currently universal.{{refn|group=note|Masica notes that ungeminated /l/ in non-initial positions tends to undergo retroflexion as a general rule regardless in [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan]],{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=193}} and the distinction in writing is "commonly ignored";{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=147}} according to Bhardwaj, [ɭ] is not universally phonemic, and "most of those who use it are not in favour of a having a separate letter ਲ਼ for this sound."{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=48}}}} Previous usage of another glyph to represent this sound, [ਲ੍ਰ], has also been attested.{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=627}} The letters ਲ਼ ''ḷa'', like ਙ ''ṅ'', ਞ ''ñ,'' ਣ ''ṇ'', and ੜ ''ṛ'', do not occur word-initially, except in some cases their names.{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=42}}

Other characters, like the more recent [ਕ਼] /{{IPA|qə}}/,{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=382}} are also on rare occasion used unofficially, chiefly for transliterating old writings in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]], the knowledge of which is less relevant in modern times.{{refn|group=note|According to Bhardwaj, "the use of [ਲ਼ and ਕ਼] (especially ਕ਼) is regarded as unnecessarily pedantic by most writers."{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=48}} Shackle notes [q] as "absent from the Panjabi phonemic inventory."{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=595}}}}

====Subscript letters====

Three "subscript" letters, called ਦੁੱਤ ਅੱਖਰ ''duttă akkhară'' ("joint letters") or ਪੈਰੀਂ ਅੱਖਰ ''pairī̃ akkhară'' ("letters at the feet") are utilised in modern Gurmukhī: forms of ਹ ''ha'', ਰ ''ra'', and ਵ ''va''.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}}

The subscript ਰ ''ra'' and ਵ ''va'' are used to make consonant clusters and behave similarly; subjoined ਹ ''ha'' introduces tone.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Subscript letter !! Name, original form !! Usage
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੍ਰ || ''pairī̃ rārā'' ਰ→ ੍ਰ || align=left | For example, the letter ਪ (pa) with a regular ਰ (ra) following it would yield the word '''ਪਰ''' /pəɾə̆/ ("but"), but with a subjoined ਰ would appear as '''ਪ੍ਰ-''' (/prə-/),<ref name="Bright1996"/> resulting in a consonant cluster, as in the word ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕ (/'''pɾə'''bə́n̪d̪əkə̆/, "managerial, administrative"), as opposed to ਪਰਬੰਧਕ /'''pəɾ'''ᵊbə́n̪d̪əkə̆/, the Punjabi form of the word used in natural speech in less formal settings (the Punjabi reflex for Sanskrit /pɾə-/ is /pəɾ-/) . This subscript letter is commonly used in Punjabi{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=596}} for personal names, some native dialectal words,{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=201}} loanwords from other languages like English and Sanskrit, etc.
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੍ਵ || ''pairī̃ vāvā'' ਵ→ ੍ਵ || align=left | Used occasionally in [[Gurbani]] (Sikh religious scriptures) but rare in modern usage, it is largely confined to creating the cluster /sʋə-/{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=596}} in words borrowed from Sanskrit, the reflex of which in Punjabi is /sʊ-/, e.g. Sanskrit ਸ੍ਵਪ੍ਨ /s̪ʋɐ́p.n̪ɐ/→Punjabi ਸੁਪਨਾ /sʊpə̆na:/, "dream", cf. Hindi-Urdu /səpna:/.

For example, ਸ with a subscript ਵ would produce '''ਸ੍ਵ''' (''sʋə-'') as in the Sanskrit word ਸ੍ਵਰਗ (/'''sʋə'''ɾᵊgə/, "heaven"), but followed by a regular ਵ would yield '''ਸਵ'''- (''səʋ-'') as in the common word ਸਵਰਗ (/'''səʋ'''əɾᵊgə̆/, "heaven"), borrowed earlier from Sanskrit but subsequently changed. The natural Punjabi reflex, ਸੁਰਗ /sʊɾᵊgə̆/, is also used in everyday speech.
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੍ਹ || ''pairī̃ hāhā'' ਹ→ ੍ਹ || align=left | The most common subscript,{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=596}} this character does not create consonant clusters, but serves as part of Punjabi's characteristic tone system, indicating a tone. It behaves the same way in its use as the regular ਹ (ha) does in non-word-initial positions. The regular ਹ is pronounced in stressed positions (as in ਆਹੋ ''āhō'' "yes" and a few other common words),{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=590}} word-initially in monosyllabic words, and usually in other word-initial positions,{{refn|group=note|Word-initial /h/ in [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]] positions may also often be elided and yield a falling tone; for example, in the words ਹਿਸਾਬ ''hisābă'' /hɪsaːbə̆/ ("account, estimate") and ਸਾਹਿਬ ''[[sāhib]]ă'' /saːhɪbə̆/ (an honorific, "sir, lord", etc.). Unstressed short vowels may be [[Vowel reduction|reduced]]{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=587}}<ref name=bashir1/><ref name=yarshater/> to yield h(a)sābă /həsaːbə̆/ and sāh(a)bă /saːhəbə̆/, and further h-[[elision]] in unstressed initial positions may yield near-[[homophone]]s only distinguished by tone: ਸ੍ਹਾਬ sā̀bă /sàːbə̆/ and ਸਾਬ੍ਹ sā́bă /sáːbə̆/ respectively. Word-initial /h/ may also produce a tone without being elided.<ref name=bashir1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajrEDwAAQBAJ|title=A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki (Volume 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series)|last1=Bashir|first1=Elena|last2=Conners|author1-link=Elena Bashir|first2=Thomas J.|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG|location=Berlin, Germany|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61451-225-7|pages=72–74|access-date=2020-06-16|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125021434/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajrEDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>}} but not in other positions, where it instead changes the tone of the applicable adjacent vowel.<ref name="Bright1996"/>{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=628}} The difference in usage is that the regular ਹ is used after vowels, and the subscript version is used when there is no vowel, and is attached to consonants.

For example, the regular ਹ is used after vowels as in ਮੀਂਹ (transcribed as ''mĩh'' ({{IPA|pa|míː}}), "rain").<ref name="Bright1996"/> The subjoined ਹ (''ha'') acts the same way but instead is used under consonants: ਚ (''ca'') followed by ੜ (''ṛa'') yields ਚੜ (''caṛă''), but not until the rising tone is introduced via a subscript ਹ (''ha'') does it properly spell the word ਚੜ੍ਹ (''cáṛĭ'', "climb").

This character's function is similar to that of the ''udātă'' character (ੑ U+0A51), which occurs in older texts and indicates a rising tone.
|}

In addition to the three standard subscript letters, another subscript character representing the subjoined /j/, the ਯਕਸ਼ ''yakaśă'' or ''pairī̃ yayyā'' ( ੵ U+0A75), is utilized specifically in archaized ''sahaskritī''-style writings in Sikh scripture, where it is found 268 times<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06037r-yakash.pdf | title=N3073: Proposal to Encode Gurmukhi Sign Yakash | first1=Sukhjinder | last1=Sidhu | publisher=Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=2006-01-27 | access-date=2020-12-31 | archive-date=2021-10-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022150831/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06037r-yakash.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> for word forms and inflections from older phases of Indo-Aryan,<ref name=idiom>{{cite journal |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=The Sahaskritī Poetic Idiom in the ''Ādi Granth'' |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=1973 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=297–313 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00124498 |jstor=615936 |s2cid=190033610 }}</ref> as in the examples ਰਖੵਾ /ɾəkʰːjaː/ "(to be) protected", ਮਿਥੵੰਤ /mɪt̪ʰjən̪t̪ə/ "deceiving", ਸੰਸਾਰਸੵ /sənsaːɾəsjə/ "of the world", ਭਿਖੵਾ /pɪ̀kʰːjaː/ "(act of) begging", etc. There is also a conjunct form of the letter ''yayyā'', '''ਯ→੍ਯ''',<ref name="Bright1996"/> a later form,{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=65}} which functions similarly to the ''yakaśă'', and is used exclusively for Sanskrit borrowings, and even then rarely. In addition, miniaturized versions of the letters ਚ, ਟ, ਤ, and ਨ are also found in limited use as subscript letters in Sikh scripture.

Only the subjoined /ɾə/ and /hə/ are commonly used;{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=149}} usage of the subjoined /ʋə/ and conjoined forms of /jə/, already rare, is increasingly scarce in modern contexts.

===Vowel diacritics===
{{Anchor|Vowels}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowel diacritics, with dotted circles representing the bearer consonant
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan="3" | Vowel !! colspan="2" | Transcription !! rowspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] || rowspan="2" | Closest English equivalent
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Ind.
! Dep.
! with /k/
! Name
! [[Punjabi grammar|Usage]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਅ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:14px" align="center" | (none)
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕ
| ''mukḁ̆tā'' ਮੁਕਤਾ || ''a'' || {{IPAblink|ə}} || like '''''a''''' in '''''a'''bout''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਆ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਾ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕਾ
| ''kannā'' ਕੰਨਾ || ''ā'' || {{IPAblink|aː}}~{{IPAblink|äː}} || like '''''a''''' in ''c'''a'''r''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਇ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਿ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕਿ
| ''siā̀rī'' ਸਿਹਾਰੀ || ''i'' || {{IPAblink|ɪ}} || like '''''i''''' in '''''i'''t''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਈ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੀ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੀ
| ''biā̀rī'' ਬਿਹਾਰੀ || ''ī'' || {{IPAblink|iː}} || like '''''i''''' in ''l'''i'''tre''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center"| ਉ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center"| ੁ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center"| ਕੁ
| ''auṅkaṛă'' ਔਂਕੜ || ''u'' || {{IPAblink|ʊ}} || like '''''u''''' in ''p'''u'''t''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਊ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੂ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੂ
| ''dulaiṅkaṛă'' ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ || ''ū'' || {{IPAblink|uː}} || like '''''u''''' in ''spr'''u'''ce''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਏ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੇ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੇ
| ''lā̃/lāvā̃'' ਲਾਂ/ਲਾਵਾਂ || ''ē'' || {{IPAblink|eː}} || like '''''e''''' in ''Chil'''e'''''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਐ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੈ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੈ
| ''dulāvā̃'' ਦੁਲਾਵਾਂ || ''ai'' || {{IPAblink|ɛː}}~[{{IPA|əi}}] || like '''''e''''' in ''s'''e'''ll''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਓ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੋ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੋ
| ''hōṛā'' ਹੋੜਾ || ''ō'' || {{IPAblink|oː}} || like '''''o''''' in ''m'''o'''re''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਔ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੌ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੌ
| ''kanauṛā'' ਕਨੌੜਾ || ''au'' || {{IPAblink|ɔː}}~[{{IPA|əu}}] || like '''''o''''' in '''''o'''ff''
|}
To express [[vowels]] (ਸੁਰ ''sură''), Gurmukhī, as an [[abugida]], makes use of obligatory [[diacritics]] called ਲਗਾਂ ''lagā̃''.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}} Gurmukhī is similar to [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] scripts in that all consonants are followed by an inherent [[schwa]] sound. This inherent vowel sound can be changed by using dependent vowel signs which attach to a bearing consonant.<ref name="Bright1996"/> In some cases, dependent vowel signs cannot be used – at the beginning of a word or syllable<ref name="Bright1996"/> for instance – and so an independent vowel character is used instead.

Independent vowels are constructed using the three vowel-bearing characters:<ref name="Bright1996"/> ੳ ''ūṛā'' , ਅ ''aiṛā'', and ੲ ''īṛī''.{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=626}} With the exception of ''aiṛā'' (which in isolation represents the vowel {{IPAblink|ə}}), the bearer vowels are never used without additional vowel diacritics.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=182}}

Vowels are always pronounced after the consonant they are attached to. Thus, ''siā̀rī'' is always written to the left, but pronounced after the character on the right.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=182}} When constructing the independent vowel for {{IPAblink|oː}}, ''ūṛā'' takes an irregular form instead of using the usual ''hōṛā''.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}}{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=626}}

====Orthography====
Gurmukhī orthography prefers vowel sequences over the use of [[semivowels]] ("y" or "w") intervocally and in [[syllable nuclei]],{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=597}} as in the words ਦਿਸਾਇਆ ''disāiā'' "caused to be visible" rather than ''disāyā'', ਦਿਆਰ ''diāră'' "cedar" rather than ''dyāră'', and ਸੁਆਦ ''suādă'' "taste" rather than ''swādă'',{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=100}} permitting vowels in [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]].{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=190}}

In terms of tone orthography, the short vowels [ɪ] and [ʊ], when paired with [h] to yield /ɪh/ and /ʊh/, represent [é] and [ó] with high tones respectively, e.g. ਕਿਹੜਾ ''kihṛā'' ({{IPA|pa|kéɽaː}}) 'which?' ਦੁਹਰਾ ''duhrā'' ({{IPA|pa|d̪óɾaː}}) "repeat, reiterate, double."<ref name="Bright1996"/> The compounding of [əɦ] with [ɪ] or [ʊ] yield [ɛ́ː] and [ɔ́ː] respectively, e.g. ਮਹਿੰਗਾ ''mahingā'' ({{IPA|pa|mɛ́ːŋgaː}}) "expensive", ਵਹੁਟੀ ''vahuṭṭī'' ({{IPA|pa|wɔ́ʈːiː}}) "bride."<ref name="Bright1996"/>

===Other signs===
The diacritics for gemination and nasalization are together referred to as ਲਗਾਖਰ ''lagākkhară'' ("applied letters").

====Gemination====
The diacritic ਅੱਧਕ ''áddakă'' ( ੱ ) indicates that the following consonant is [[geminated]],{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=149}}<ref name="Bright1996"/> and is placed above the consonant preceding the geminated one.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}} Consonant length is distinctive in the Punjabi language and the use of this diacritic can change the meaning of a word, as below:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Without ''áddakă'' !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Transliteration !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Meaning !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | With ''áddakă'' !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Transliteration !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Meaning
|-
|| ਦਸ || ''dasă'' || ten || ਦੱਸ || ''dassĭ'' || tell (verb)
|-
|| ਪਤਾ || ''patā'' || aware of/address || ਪੱਤਾ || ''pattā'' || leaf
|-
|| ਬੁਝਣਾ || ''bújăṇā'' || to burn out, be extinguished || ਬੁੱਝਣਾ || ''bújjăṇā'' || to think through, figure out, solve
|-
|| ਕਲਾ || ''kalā'' || art || ਕੱਲਾ || ''kallā'' || alone ([[colloquialism]])
|}

It has not been standardized to be written in all instances of gemination;{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=597}} there is a strong tendency, especially in rural dialects, to also geminate consonants following a long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/, which triggers shortening in these vowels) in the [[penult]] of a word, e.g. ਔਖਾ ''aukkhā'' "difficult", ਕੀਤੀ ''kī̆ttī'' "did", ਪੋਤਾ ''pō̆ttā'' "grandson", ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ''panjā̆bbī'' "Punjabi", ਹਾਕ ''hākă'' "call, shout", but plural ਹਾਕਾਂ ''hā̆kkā̃''.{{refn|group=note|This does not include consonants which are not naturally geminated, i.e. ਹ ''ha'', ਣ ''ṇa'', ਰ ''ra'', ਵ ''va'', ੜ ''ṛa'', and the ''navīnă ṭollī'' consonants.}}
Except in this case, where this unmarked gemination is often [[etymologically]] rooted in archaic forms,{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=198}} and has become [[phonotactically]] regular,{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=591}} the usage of the ''áddakă'' is obligatory.

It is also sometimes used to indicate second-syllable stress, e.g. ਬੱਚਾ ''ba'cā'', "save".{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=597}}

====Nasalisation====
The diacritics ਟਿੱਪੀ ''ṭippī'' ( ੰ ) and ਬਿੰਦੀ ''bindī'' ( ਂ ) are used for producing a nasal phoneme depending on the following obstruent or a nasal vowel at the end of a word.{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=149}} All short vowels are nasalized using ''ṭippī'' and all long vowels are nasalized using ''bindī'' except for ''dulaiṅkaṛă'' ( ੂ ), which uses ''ṭippī'' instead.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Diacritic usage !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Result !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Examples ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
|-
|| ''Ṭippī'' on short vowel (/ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/), or dependent long vowel /u:/, before a non-nasal consonant<ref name="Bright1996"/> || Adds [[nasal consonant]] at [[Homorganic consonant|same place of articulation as following consonant]] (/ns/, /n̪t̪/, /ɳɖ/, /mb/, /ŋg/, /nt͡ʃ/ etc.)
|| ਹੰਸ /ɦə'''n'''sə̆/ "goose" ਅੰਤ /ə'''n̪'''t̪ə̆/ "end" ਗੰਢ /gə́'''ɳ'''ɖə̆/ "knot" ਅੰਬ /ə'''m'''bə̆/ "mango" ਸਿੰਗ /sɪ'''ŋ'''gə̆/ "horn, antler" ਕੁੰਜੀ /kʊ'''ɲ'''d͡ʒiː/ "key" ਗੂੰਜ /g'''uːɲ'''d͡ʒə̆/ "rumble, echo" ਲੂੰਬੜੀ /l'''uːm'''bᵊɽiː/ "fox"
|-
|| ''Bindī'' over long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, independent /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/)<ref name="Bright1996"/> before a non-nasal consonant not including /h/{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=627}} || Adds nasal consonant at same place of articulation as following consonant (/ns/, /n̪t̪/, /ɳɖ/, /mb/, /ŋg/, /nt͡ʃ/ etc.). May also secondarily nasalize the vowel
|| ਕਾਂਸੀ /kaː'''n'''siː/ "bronze" ਕੇਂਦਰ /keː'''n̯'''d̯əɾə̆/ "center, core, headquarters" ਗੁਆਂਢੀ /gʊáː'''ɳ'''ɖiː/ "neighbor" ਭੌਂਕ /pɔ̀ː'''ŋ'''kə̆/ "bark, rave" ਸਾਂਝ /sáː'''ɲ'''d͡ʒə̆/ "commonality"
|-
|| ''Ṭippī'' over consonants with dependent long vowel /u:/ at open syllable at end of word<ref name="Bright1996"/> or ending in /ɦ/{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=627}} || [[Vowel nasalization]] || ਤੂੰ /t̪ũː/ "you" ਸਾਨੂੰ /sanːũː/ "to us" ਮੂੰਹ /mũːɦ/ "mouth"
|-
|| ''Ṭippī'' on short vowel before nasal consonant (/n̪/ or /m/)<ref name="Bright1996"/> || [[Gemination]] of nasal consonant ''Ṭippī'' is used to geminate nasal consonants instead of ''áddakă''|| ਇੰਨਾ /ɪn̪:a:/ "this much" ਕੰਮ /kəm:ə̆/ "work"
|-
|| ''Bindī'' over long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/),<ref name="Bright1996"/> at open syllable at end of word, or ending in /ɦ/|| Vowel nasalization || ਬਾਂਹ /bã́h/ "arm" ਮੈਂ /mɛ̃ː/ "I, me" ਅਸੀਂ /əsĩː/ "we" ਤੋਂ /t̪õː/ "from" ਸਿਊਂ /sɪ.ũː/ "sew"
|}
Older texts may follow other conventions.

====Vowel suppression====
[[File:Manuscript folio scribed by Guru Arjan Dev showcasing the original 35 letters (paintī) of the Gurmukhi script.png|thumb|''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' folio scribed by [[Guru Arjan]] with the original 35 letters (''paintī'') plus vowel, nasalization, and punctuation diacritics of the Gurmukhī script at the top and right side of the page|right]]
The ਹਲੰਤ ''[[virama|halantă]]'', or ਹਲੰਦ ''halandă'', ( ੍ U+0A4D) character is not used when writing Punjabi in Gurmukhī. However, it may occasionally be used in Sanskritised text or in dictionaries for extra phonetic information. When it is used, it represents the suppression of the inherent vowel.

The effect of this is shown below:

:ਕ – {{IPA|kə}}

:ਕ੍ – {{IPA|k}}

====Punctuation====
The ਡੰਡੀ ''[[danda|ḍaṇḍī]]'' (।) is used in Gurmukhī to mark the end of a sentence.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=182}} A doubled ''ḍaṇḍī'', or ਦੋਡੰਡੀ ''doḍaṇḍī'' (॥) marks the end of a verse.<ref name=scriptsource>{{cite web|url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Guru|title=ScriptSource - Gurmukhi|date=19 July 2016|website=ScriptSource|first=Stephanie|last=Holloway|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303144025/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Guru|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[visarga]]'' symbol (ਃ U+0A03) is used very occasionally in Gurmukhī. It can represent an abbreviation, as the [[Punctuation of English#Full point, full stop, or period|period]] is used in English, though the period for abbreviation, like commas, exclamation points, and other Western punctuation, is freely used in modern Gurmukhī.<ref name=scriptsource/>{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=182}}

===Numerals===
{{numeral systems}}

Gurmukhī has its own set of digits, or ਅੰਗੜੇ ''aṅgăṛē'', which function exactly as in other versions of the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]]. These are used extensively in older texts. In modern contexts, they are sometimes replaced by standard [[Western Arabic numerals]].{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=597}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- class="shadow" align="center" style="font-size:24px" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! style="font-size:15px" | Numeral
| ੦ || ੧ || ੨ || ੩ || ੪ || ੫ || ੬ || ੭ || ੮ || ੯
|- align="center"
! Number
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|- class="shadow" align="center"
! Name
| ਸੁੰਨ || ਇੱਕ || ਦੋ || ਤਿੰਨ || ਚਾਰ || ਪੰਜ || ਛੇ || ਸੱਤ || ਅੱਠ || ਨੌਂ
|- align="center"
! Transliteration
| ''sunnă'' || ''ikkă'' || ''dō'' || ''tinnă''* || ''cāră'' || ''panjă'' || ''chē'' || ''sattă'' || ''aṭṭhă'' || ''na͠u''
|- align="center"
! IPA
| {{IPA|[sʊnːə̆]}} || {{IPA|[ɪkːə̆]}} || {{IPA|[d̪oː]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ɪnːə̆]}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃaːɾə̆]}} || {{IPA|[pənd͡ʒə̆]}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰeː]}} || {{IPA|[sət̪ːə̆]}} || {{IPA|[əʈːʰə̆]}} || {{IPA|[nɔ̃:]}}
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>In some Punjabi dialects, the word for three is ਤ੍ਰੈ ''trai'' ({{IPA|pa|t̪ɾɛː}}).<ref>{{cite book|author-last = Bhatia|author-first = Tej|title = Punjabi: A cognitive-descriptive grammar|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gDbiwuTBjjAC|year = 1993|publisher = Routledge|isbn = 978-0-415-00320-9|page = 367|access-date = 2019-03-23|archive-date = 2011-06-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212957/http://books.google.com/books?id=gDbiwuTBjjAC|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Glyphs===
[[File:Ek onkar.svg|100px|right|{{Transliteration|pa|Ik Onkār}},<ref name="Rose">{{cite book|last=David Rose|first=Gill Rose|title=Sacred Texts photopack|publisher=Folens Limited|year=2003|isbn=1-84303-443-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LWumL8tTrm8C|page=12}}</ref> a Sikh symbol (encoded as a single character in [[Unicode]] at U+0A74, {{script|Guru|ੴ}})|alt=A combined character.]]
The scriptural symbol for the Sikh term {{lang|pa|ਇੱਕੁ ਓਅੰਕਾਰੁ}} {{Transliteration|pa|[[Ik Ōaṅkār|ikku ōaṅkāru]]}} ({{script|Guru|ੴ}} U+0A74) is formed from {{script|Guru|੧}} ("1") and {{script|Guru|ਓ}} ("ō").

==Palaeography==
=== Vowels ===
The length of the ''kannā'' diacritic, used to indicate the ''ā'' vowel, in historical manuscripts is often considered when roughly estimating their ages. In earlier Gurmukhī texts, the is often indicated by a "mere dot."<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Rahuldeep Singh |title=Drinking from Love's Cup: Surrender and Sacrifice in the Vārs of Bhai Gurdas Bhalla |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-062408-8 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsBLDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> As the orthographic tradition developed, the ''kannā'' became a longer mark that starts at the top of the line where the words are connected and moving down to cover the top half of the letter space.<ref name=":4" /> Shorter ''kannā'' marks are indicative of a work dating to an earlier period.<ref name=":4" />

=== Spacing ===
[[File:Photograph of folios (likely from a Sikh scripture) written Larivar (scriptio continua) Gurmukhi script.jpg|thumb|Photograph of folios written in ''laṛīvāră'' ([[scriptio continua]]) Gurmukhī script]]
{{See also|Scriptio continua}}
Before the 1970s, [[Gurbani]] and other [[Sikh scriptures]] were written in the traditional ''scriptio continua'' method of writing the Gurmukhī script known as ਲੜੀਵਾਰ ''laṛīvāră'', where there were no spacing between words in the texts. This is opposed to the comparatively more recent method of writing in Gurmukhī known as ਪਦ ਛੇਦ ''padă chēdă'', or "verse perforation," which breaks the words by inserting spacing between them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Jasjit |date=2014 |title=The Guru's Way: Exploring Diversity Among British Khalsa Sikhs |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/118645/1/JSDiversityFULLv5.pdf |journal=Religion Compass |volume=8 |publisher=School of Philosophy, Religion and History of Science, University of Leeds |issue=7 |pages=209–219 |doi=10.1111/rec3.12111 |quote=...until the early 1970s all copies of the Guru Granth Sahib were presented in larivaar format, in which all the words were connected without breaks, after which point the SGPC released a single-volume edition in which the words were separated from one another in 'pad chhed' format (Mann 2001: 126). Whereas previously readers would have to recognize the words and make the appropriate breaks while reading, pad chhed allowed "reading for those who were not trained to read the continuous text." (Mann 2001: 126). The AKJ promotes a return to the larivaar format of the Guru Granth Sahib. |via=White Rose}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-11-03 |title=IMPORTANCE OF LAREEVAAR |url=https://www.nihungsanthia.com/post/importance-of-lareevaar |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Nihung Santhia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Larivaar Gurbani {{!}} Discover Sikhism |url=http://www.discoversikhism.com/larivaar/gurbani.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.discoversikhism.com}}</ref>

First line of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the ''[[Mul Mantar]],'' in ''laṛīvāră'' (continuous form) and ''padă chēdă'' (spaced form):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji -: Ang: 1 -: ਸ਼੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਜੀ :- SearchGurbani.com |url=http://www.searchgurbani.com/guru-granth-sahib/ang-by-ang |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.searchgurbani.com |language=en}}</ref>

''laṛīvāră:'' ੴਸਤਿਨਾਮੁਕਰਤਾਪੁਰਖੁਨਿਰਭਉਨਿਰਵੈਰੁਅਕਾਲਮੂਰਤਿਅਜੂਨੀਸੈਭੰਗੁਰਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥

''padă chēdă:'' ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥

Transliteration: ''ikku ōaṅkāru sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirapàu niravairu akāla mūrati ajūnī saipàṅ gura prasādi''

=== Styles ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Proto-Gurmukhi writing from the late 15th century.jpg
| image2 = A transcription of a Goindwal pothi.png
| caption2 = A transcription of a Goindwal ''pothī'', or produced text excerpt of Sikh scripture or auxiliary writings, carried out by Sahansar Ram, Guru Amar Das' grandson, c. late 16th century. It showcases an early form of the Gurmukhi script with affinities to other [[Laṇḍā scripts]].
| caption1 = Proto-Gurmukhī writing dated to {{Circa|1470}}–1490 from the tomb of Rae Feroze in Hathur, Ludhiana, Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbaksh |title=Gurmukhi Lipi Da Janam Te Vikas |date=1949–1950 |publisher=Punjab University Chandigarh |page=167 |language=Punjabi}}</ref>
}}
Various historical styles and fonts, or ਸ਼ੈਲੀ ''śailī'', of Gurmukhī script have evolved and been identified. A list of some of them is as follows:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Styles of Gurumukhi script |url=http://library.ciil.org/Sites/Photography/styles%20of%20Gurumukhi%20script.html#divDescription |website=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}</ref>

# ''purātana'' ("old") style
# ''ardha śikastā'' ("half-broken") style
# ''śikastā'' ("broken") style (including ''[[Anandpur Lipi]]'')
# ''Kaśmīrī'' style
# ''Damdamī'' style

==Unicode==
{{Main|Gurmukhi (Unicode block)}}

Gurmukhī script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

Many sites still use proprietary fonts that convert Latin ASCII codes to Gurmukhī [[glyph]]s.

The Unicode block for Gurmukhī is U+0A00–U+0A7F:
{{Unicode chart Gurmukhi}}

==Digitization==
===Manuscripts===
[[File:Рукопись_гурмукхи.PNG|thumb|right|Gurmukhī can be digitally rendered in a variety of fonts. The [https://www.sikhnet.com/Gurmukhi-Fonts Dukandar] (shopkeeper) font, left, is meant to resemble informal Punjabi handwriting.]]
[[Panjab Digital Library]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/ |title=Panjab Digital Library |access-date=2020-10-05 |archive-date=2012-09-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905133841/http://www.panjabdigilib.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> has taken up digitization of all available manuscripts of Gurmukhī Script. The script has been in formal use since the 1500s, and a lot of literature written within this time period is still traceable. Panjab Digital Library has digitized over 45 million pages from different manuscripts and most of them are available online.

===Internet domain names===
[[Punjabi University|Punjabi University Patiala]] has developed label generation rules for validating international domain names for internet in Gurmukhī.<ref>{{cite web | title=Now, domain names in Gurmukhi | website=The Tribune | date=2020-03-04 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/now-domain-names-in-gurmukhi-50359 | access-date=2020-09-09 | archive-date=2020-10-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003043319/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/now-domain-names-in-gurmukhi-50359 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Punjabi Braille]]
* [[Shahmukhi alphabet]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|last1=Jain|first1=Danesh|last2=Cardona|first2=George|author2-link=George Cardona|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9}}
:*{{cite book|last=Salomon|first=Richard|author-link=Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|year=2007|chapter=Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages| editor1-last= Cardona| editor1-first= George| editor2-last= Jain| editor2-first= Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=68–114}}
:*{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Shackle|year=2007|chapter=Panjabi| editor1-last= Cardona| editor1-first= George| editor2-last= Jain| editor2-first= Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=582–622}}.
*{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1993 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place= Cambridge, U.K. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indoaryan+languages}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last = Bāhrī | first = Hardev |author-link= Hardev Bahri |editor1-last=Siṅgh |editor1-first=Harbans |title=Gurmukhī |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Sikhism |date=2011 |publisher=Punjab University |location=Patiala |volume=I (A–D) |isbn=978-81-7380-100-6 |pages=181–184 |edition=3rd |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n195/mode/2up | language = en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Grierson |first1=George A. |author-link= George Abraham Grierson |title=[[Linguistic Survey of India]] |volume=IX: Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of Western Hindi and Pañjābī |chapter=Pañjābī |chapter-url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-1&pages=843#page/626/mode/2up |date=1916 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |location=Calcutta |pages= 624–629}}
*{{cite book |last = Bhardwaj | first = Mangat Rai | date = 2016 | title = Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar | doi = 10.4324/9781315760803| isbn = 978-1-138-79385-9 | publisher = Routledge }}
The following Punjabi-language publications have been written on the origins of the Gurmukhī script:
*{{cite book |last = Singh | first = Gurbaksh (G.B.) | title = Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas | date = 1950 | publisher = Punjab University Press, 2010 | location = Chandigarh, Punjab, India |isbn=81-85322-44-9 | edition = 5th | url = https://archive.org/details/GurmukhiLipiDaJanamTeVikas/page/n1/mode/2up | language = pa}} [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=5759&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched= Alternative link]
*Ishar Singh Tãgh ''Gurmukhi Lipi da Vigyamulak Adhiyan.'' Patiala: Jodh Singh Karamjit Singh.
*Kala Singh Bedi ''Lipi da Vikas.'' Patiala: Punjabi University, 1995.
*{{cite book |last = Dakha | first = Kartar Singh | title = Gurmukhi te Hindi da Takra | date = 1948 | url = http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=5754&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched= | language = pa}}
*{{cite book |last = Padam | first = Piara Singh | title = Gurmukhi Lipi da Itihas | date = 1953 | publisher = Kalgidhar Kalam Foundation Kalam Mandir | location = Patiala, Punjab, India | url = https://punjabilibrary.com/wp-content/plugins/wonderplugin-pdf-embed/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fpunjabilibrary.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F08%2FGurmukhi-Lipi-Da-Itihas_PunjabiLibrary.pdf | language = pa}} [https://archive.org/details/gurmukhi-lipi/mode/2up Alternative link]
*Prem Parkash Singh "Gurmukhi di Utpati." ''Khoj Patrika'', Patiala: Punjabi University.
*Pritam Singh "Gurmukhi Lipi." ''Khoj Patrika''. p. 110, vol.36, 1992. Patiala: Punjabi University.
*{{cite book |last = Singh | first = Pritam |editor-last=Randhawa |editor-first=Mohinder Singh |chapter=Gurmukhi Lipi |title=Punjab |date=1960 |publisher=Punjab University |location=Patiala |volume=I (A–D) |isbn=978-81-7380-100-6 |pages=387–410 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/punjab_202205/page/n451/mode/2up | language = pa}}
*Sohan Singh Galautra. ''Punjab dian Lipiã.''
*Tarlochan Singh Bedi ''Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas.'' Patiala: Punjabi University, 1999.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gurmukhi}}
* [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf Unicode script chart for Gurmukhi (PDF file)]
* [https://zindagiterenaam.com/gurmukhi-punjabi-keyboard-typewriter-online/ Gurmukhi Typewriter Online]
* [https://sangam.learnpunjabi.org/ Online Shahmukhi - Gurmukhi and Gurmukhi - Shahmukhi text Conversion tool]
* [https://dic.learnpunjabi.org/default.aspx Online Punjabi Dictionary in both Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi]

{{Punjabi language topics}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Punjab, India}}
{{list of writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurmukhi alphabet}}
[[Category:Gurmukhī script]]

Kamadeva

2026-03-12T02:38:43Z

Siddhant Babu: typo fix

{{short description|Hindu god of love}}
{{About|the Hindu deity of love|the concept of emotions and love|Kama|others|Kama (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Manmadhan||Manmadhan (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Madana|the place|Madana, Nepal|the film|Madana (film)}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=many 2024-25 article expansions; note [[BP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of 2024-25 LLM text etc}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Kama sculpture at the group of monuments at Belur, Hassan, Karnataka, India.jpg
| caption = Sculpture of Kamadeva on a temple wall of [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]], [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]
| name = Kamadeva
| Devanagari = {{lang|sa|कामदेव}}
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Kāmadeva
| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]
| abode = [[Kamaloka]]
| gender = Male
| texts = ''[[Atharvaveda]], [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Harivamsha]], [[Puranas]]''
| symbol = [[Makara]]
| mantra = {{lang|sa|काम}} ({{Transliteration|sa|kāma}})<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uAMAAAAIAAJ&q=Kamadevaya|title=History of Dharmaśāstra|author1=Kāṇe, Pāṇḍuraṅga Vāmana|author2=Institute, Bhandarkar Oriental Research|year=1958}}</ref>
| weapon = Sugarcane bow and floral arrows
| children = Harsha and Yasha (sons)
| consort = [[Rati]]{{efn|In some scriptures, Kama has a second consort named [[Priti (goddess)|Priti]].<ref name = "Chandra">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&dq=kamadeva+rati+priti&pg=PA168|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|first=Suresh|last=Chandra|date=November 7, 1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9 |via=Google Books}}</ref>}}
| mount = [[Parrot]]
| god_of = God of Love, Desire, Attraction, Pleasure and Beauty
| other_names = Manmatha, Madana, Ananga
| parents = [[Brahma]] (father){{efn|Kama is mentioned as one of Brahma's mind born sons in the ''[[Puranas]]''.<ref name = "VM2" /> In the ''[[Harivamsha]]'', he is the son of the ''prajapati'' Dharma and his wife Lakshmi.<ref name = "Hop" /> Some traditions consider Kama (as [[Pradyumna]]) as the son of the god [[Vishnu]] (as [[Krishna]]) and his wife [[Lakshmi]] (as [[Rukmini]]).<ref name = "Chandra" /><ref name = "WW" />}}
| greek_equivalent = [[Eros]]<ref name = "JL" >James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1, Rosen Publishing, New York, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 340</ref>
| roman_equivalent = [[Cupid]]<ref name = "WW" />
}}
'''Kamadeva''' ({{langx|sa|कामदेव}}, {{IAST3|Kāmadeva}}), also known as '''Kama''', '''Manmatha''', and '''Madana''' is the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Hindu god]] of love, carnal desire, attraction, pleasure and beauty, as well as the personification of the concept of ''[[kāma]]''. He is depicted as a handsome young man decked with ornaments and flowers, armed with a bow of sugarcane and shooting arrows of flowers. He often portrayed alongside his consort and female counterpart, [[Rati]].<ref name="Sanford2005">{{cite journal |author=Sanford, A.W. |year=2005 |title=Shifting the Center: Yakṣas on the Margins of Contemporary Practice |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=89–110 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfi005}}</ref>

Kamadeva's origins are traced to the verses of the ''[[Rig Veda]]'' and ''[[Atharva Veda]]'', although he is better known from the stories of the [[Purana|''Puranas'']].<ref name="kamadeva" /> The ''Atharva Veda'' regards Kamadeva as a powerful god, the wielder of the creative power of the universe, also describing him to have been "born at first, him neither the gods nor the fathers ever equaled".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Webster |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S89fgAUG2AEC&dq=Kamadeva+atharva+veda&pg=PA56 |title=The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon |date=2004-12-31 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-27941-8 |page=56 |language=en}}</ref>

In the ''Puranas,'' Kamadeva is generally mentioned as a ''[[manasputra|manasaputra]]'' (mind-born son) of the creator god [[Brahma]]. His most popular myth is his incineration by the god [[Shiva]]'s third eye and rebirth on earth as [[Pradyumna]], the eldest son of [[Krishna]] and his chief consort [[Rukmini]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hudson |first=D. Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IE8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Shiva+burns+Kamadeva&pg=PA417 |title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |date=2008-09-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-536922-9 |page=417 |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology and other names==
The name ''Kama-deva'' ({{IAST3|kāma-deva}}) can be translated as 'god of love'. ''Deva'' means heavenly or divine and refers to a deity in [[Hinduism]]. ''Kama'' ({{IAST3|kāma}}) means "desire" or "longing", especially as in sensual or sexual love. The name is used in the [[Rig Veda|Rigveda]] ([[Mandala 9|RV 9]], 113. 11).<ref name="ReferenceA">Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary</ref> Kamadeva is a name of [[Vishnu]] in the [[Vishnu Purana]] and the [[Bhagavata Purana]] (SB 5.18.15). It is also a name of the deities [[Krishna]] and [[Shiva]]. ''Kama'' is also a name used for [[Agni]] ([[Atharvaveda|Atharva Veda]] 6.36.3).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atharva Veda: Book 6: Hymn 36: In praise of Agni Vaisvānara|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/av/av06036.htm|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

Other names prominently used about Kamadeva are:
{{Bulleted list|
Kama (काम) - ''desire''; ''longing''.<ref name = "VM2" />
|Manmatha (मन्मथ) - ''one who agitates mind.''<ref name = "VM2" /><ref name = "WW" />
|Madana (मदन) - ''one who intoxicates with love.''<ref name = "VM2" /><ref name = "WW" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="Edgerton1912">{{cite journal|year=1912|title=A Hindu Book of Tales: The Vikramacarita|journal=American Journal of Philology|volume=33|issue=3|pages=249–284|doi=10.2307/288995|jstor=288995|author=Edgerton, F.}}</ref>
|Mara (मार) - ''he who wounds''.<ref name = "VM2" /><ref name = "WW" />
|Ananga (अनंग) - ''he who is without a body.''<ref name = "VM2" /><ref name = "WW" />
|Kushumeshara (कुसुमशर) - ''he whose arrows are flowers.''<ref name = "VM2" /><ref name = "WW" />
|Pradyumna (प्रद्युम्न) - ''he who conquers all.'' It is also the named of [[Pradyumna|Kama's reincarnation]].<ref name = "VM2" /><ref name = "WW" />
|Kandarpa (कन्दर्प) or Darpaka (दर्पक) - ''the inflamer''. Brahma gave him this name.<ref name = "VM2" /><ref name = "SK" />
|Manasija (मनसिज), Manoja (मनोज) and Bhavaja (भवज) - ''he who is born of mind''.<ref name = "SK" /><ref name = "VM2" />
|Ratikanta (रतिकांत) or Ratipati (रतिपति) - ''husband of [[Rati]]''.<ref name = "VM2" />
| Abhirupa (अभिरूप) - ''the beautiful one''. Also a name for both Vishnu and Shiva.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/61 61]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>}}

==Evolution==
Kamadeva's origins can be traced back to the ancient [[Vedas]], from where ''kāma'' evolved from an impersonal and conceptual force of desire into a fully developed deity.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=108-111}}

=== Vedas ===
The earliest references to the concept of desire, later personified as Kamadeva, appear in the Vedic ''[[Samhita]]''{{Mdash}}''[[Rigveda]]'' and ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', where the notion of ''[[Kama|kāma]]'' is presented primarily as an abstract cosmic principle rather than a fully developed deity. These early Vedic texts reflect the formative stages of Kamadeva’s mythological identity.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=108-111}} [[John Muir (Indologist)|John Muir]] notes that Kama in the Vedas does not refer to the sexual desire, but rather desire of goodness in general.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RD-AQAAQBAJ&dq=Kama+dowson&pg=PA146 |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and Literature |date=2013-11-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-39036-4 |language=en}}</ref>

In ''Rigveda'' 10.129, often referred to as the ''[[Nasadiya Sukta]]'' or the Hymn of Creation, ''kāma'' emerges as a primordial force central to the cosmogonic process. The hymn portrays a state of indistinguishable darkness and undifferentiated water, out of which desire (''kāma'') arises as “the first seed of mind.” Linguist [[Franklin Edgerton]] interprets this ''kāma'' as a "cosmic Will" or an impersonal force essential to the evolution of the universe. In this early context, ''kāma'' is not yet anthropomorphized but rather functions as an abstract principle vital to creation itself, linking non-existence with existence through mental conception.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=108-111}}

In the ''Atharvaveda'', ''Kāma'' begins to take on a more defined, divine character. In hymn 9.2, ''Kāma'' is invoked to grant desires and eliminate rivals. The deity is described with titles such as “first seed of mind” (''manoja'', mind-born one), echoing his Rigvedic origins. The supplicant praises ''Kāma''’s superiority over gods, ancestors, and mortals, reinforcing his status as a primordial force. According to Professor Catherine Benton of the [[Lake Forest College]] (Department of Religion), this form of ''Kāma'' is simultaneously a divine agent of desire and a god with cosmic significance. Hymn 19.52 of the ''Atharvaveda'' continues this theme, offering homage to ''Kāma'' as a bestower of prosperity and success, likely in connection with sacrificial rites. Again, ''Kāma'' is described as “the first seed of mind,” indicating continuity with the Rigvedic view of desire as a force foundational to creation. Benton observes that in these contexts, ''Kāma'' functions not as a romantic deity but as a divine principle invoked to fulfill a variety of human wishes, from wealth to progeny.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=108-111}}

A significant shift toward the later mythological depiction of Kamadeva appears in ''Atharvaveda'' 3.25. This hymn illustrates ''Kāma'' in a form more closely resembling the god portrayed in the [[Itihasa-Purana|epics and Puranas]]. The verses describe the use of Kama’s arrows to arouse intense desire in a woman:{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=108-111}}{{Blockquote|text=“May the up-thruster thrust you up; do not abide in your own lair;
with the arrow of kāma that is terrible I pierce you in the heart.” (AV 3.25.1)

“The arrow feathered with longing, tipped with love [kāma],
necked with resolve, let love pierce you in the heart.” (AV 3.25.2)|author=}}
While early translators interpreted ''kāma'' here as “love,” Benton argues that the term more accurately reflects desire, especially one linked to resolve and intensity. The supplicant in these verses does not merely seek affection but calls upon ''Kāma'' to awaken powerful desire within the target of his attraction. This early association of ''Kāma'' with arrows—referred to as “terrible” and capable of burning the heart—marks one of the first identifiable characteristics of Kamadeva as he is depicted in later Sanskrit literature. While 20th-century scholar [[Arthur Berriedale Keith|A. Berriedale Keith]] considered the text reflective of the "lower side" of religious life, contemporary scholars emphasize its appeal across all societal strata. Its rituals and charms—for success, fertility, and personal protection—suggest that figures like Kamadeva, even in rudimentary form, would have been recognizable and culturally significant to a broad audience.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=108-111}}

=== Brahmanas ===
In the ''[[Brahmana]]s'', the term ''[[kāma]]'' is primarily used to denote generic desire, particularly in the context of sacrificial rites. According to Benton, although some stories in the ''Brahmanas'' touch on themes of sexual pleasure, these do not establish ''kāma'' as a divine being. Across these texts, ''kāma'' remains a concept—used to articulate motivations, wishes, and preferences—rather than an anthropomorphic deity.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=111-112}}{{efn|In the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa]]'', ''kāma'' is frequently linked to the fulfillment of wishes through proper ritual. One passage explains that the desires (''kāma'') entertained by the [[rishi]]s during sacrifice were fulfilled, and likewise, the desires of any sacrificer who performs the same rites will be accomplished. Another section reiterates this idea in relation to offerings made to [[Prajapati|Prajāpati]]: the sacrificer’s desires are said to be fulfilled through the ritual process. In both instances, ''kāma'' functions as a term for aspiration or hoped-for outcome, without divine personification. Similarly, the ''[[Jaiminiya Brahmana|Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa]]'' employs ''kāma'' in discussions of rituals such as the ''[[agnihotra]]'', describing the offering as a path toward achieving “all things one may desire.” Here, too, ''kāma'' remains an abstract term indicating a wide range of human wants and goals. The ''Brahmanas'' also contain an adverbial form of the word, ''kāmanam'', meaning "at will" or "as one pleases." In the ''Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa'', for instance, students are advised to abstain from certain foods but may “eat with pleasure” what is offered by their teacher—underscoring the term’s broad semantic range, including but not limited to physical or sensual gratification.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=111-112}}}}

A notable verse in the fourth ''khaṇḍa'' of the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa]]''—closely echoing ''Atharvaveda'' 3.29.7—states: “Desire has given to desire; desire is the giver, desire the receiver.” Although this formulaic expression may suggest a symbolic exchange involving ''kāma'', Benton cautions that it should not be read as evidence of a fully developed god of desire. No further references in the ''Śatapatha'' support a personified interpretation.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=111-112}}

[[John Dowson]], however, states that in the ''[[Taittiriya Brahmana]]'', Kama appears as a deity, described as the son of deities [[Dharma]] (righteousness personified) and Shraddha (faith personified).<ref name=":1" />

=== ''Mahabharata'' ===
Kamadeva, also known by names such as Kandarpa, Manmatha, Smara, and Madana, appears both as a mythological deity and as a personified philosophical concept of desire in the [[Mahakavya|Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="Hop" /> While ''kāma'' continues to be discussed in philosophical terms, Kamadeva evolves from a symbolic representation of desire into a fully personified deity with mythological significance.{{Efn|The ''[[Shanti Parva|Śānti Parvan]]'' features an extended discussion among the [[Pandava]] brothers and [[Vidura]] on the hierarchy of life's four aims (''[[puruṣārtha]]s''): ''[[dharma]]'' (duty), ''[[artha]]'' (wealth), ''[[Kama|kāma]]'' (pleasure or desire), and ''[[Moksha|mokṣa]]'' (liberation). The ''Mahābhārata'' also often links ''Kāma'' (desire) with ''[[Krodha (Mental factor)|Krodha]]'' (anger), presenting them as paired forces—''kāmakrodhau''—that represent two facets of human impulse. Benton observes that these dual forces are seen as major obstacles to self-mastery, appearing throughout the ''[[Adi Parva|Ādi]]'', ''Śānti'', and ''[[Anushasana Parva|Anuśāsana]] Parvans''. They are embodied as powerful, almost invincible figures, subdued only by sages such as [[Vasishtha]] through ascetic discipline. In one passage, the warrior [[Ashvatthama]] is described as born from parts of [[Shiva]], [[Yama]] (Death), ''Kama'', and ''Krodha'', embodying desire, rage, and destruction.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=115-123}}}}

In the ''[[Adi Parva]]'', Kamadeva is firmly personified, attested as the son of [[Dharma]] and the husband of [[Rati]]. This lineage situates Kamadeva within a divine genealogy.<ref name="Hop" /><ref name="VM2">{{cite book |author=Vettam Mani |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft |title=Puranic Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1975 |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/378/mode/2up?view=theater 378-379]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CXU0MJmJboC&dq=k%C4%81ma+deva+dharma&pg=RA1-PT309 |title=The Hindu World |last2=Thursby |first2=Gene |date=2004-08-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-60875-1 |language=en}}</ref>

Philosophy and mythology blend throughout the ''Mahabharata'' in depictions of Kamadeva. As a metaphysical force, he is immortal and pervasive, described in the ''[[Kamagita|Kāmagītā]]'' verses as saying, “None can destroy me… I am the one immortal and indestructible.” At the same time, he remains a poetic embodiment of desire, armed with his arrows—a motif first seen in the ''Atharvaveda''—which are said to bring madness, ecstasy, and suffering. The epic often portrays victims of desire as struck by “the sharp arrows of Manmatha,” emphasizing the emotional and psychological impact of passion.<ref name="Hop" /> For instance, the princess [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]] is described as tormented by Kāma’s arrow when rejected by beloved Shalva (''Mahabharata 5.172.8''). Kamadeva also becomes a figure of metaphor in the epic. Exceptionally attractive men, such as the hero [[Nala]] (''Mahabharata 3.50.14''), are described as physical embodiments of Kamadeva, emphasizing the god’s role as a symbol of irresistible beauty and desire.<ref name=":0" />

The ''[[Udyoga Parva]]'' locates Kāma in the northern direction, the domain of [[Shiva]] and Uma ([[Parvati]]) at [[Mount Kailash]]. His presence in this region stirs divine passion, further solidifying his cosmological relevance. Moreover, in the ''[[Shanti Parva]]'', Kamadeva appears in an allegorical episode as Virūpa (“ugly”) alongside Krodha (anger) as Vikṛta (“distorted”), in a philosophical debate that explores the dynamic between spiritual giver and worldly receiver. In one passage, the warrior [[Ashvatthama]] is described as born from parts of Shiva, [[Yama]] (Death), ''Kama'', and ''Krodha'', embodying desire, rage, and destruction.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=115-123}}

A pivotal reference to Kamadeva's transformation appears in ''Mahabharata'' 12.183.10.5, which states: “Also the universal lord, the husband of Umā, when Kāma was getting the better of him, subdued him by making him bodiless.” Though the account is brief, it alludes to the later, fuller myth of Shiva incinerating Kāma with his third eye. This marks the emergence of the epithet ''Ananga'' (“the bodiless one”) and symbolizes the conflict between ascetic detachment and sensual desire.<ref name=":0" /> In the ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'', Kamadeva is further elevated as a ''dharaṇīdhara''—an upholder of the earth—and is philosophically associated with ''saṅkalpa'', or mental intention. [[Bhishma]] lists Kāma among seven such cosmic sustainers, including Dharma and Time. This passage preserves an older Vedic conception of desire not merely as a temptation but as a generative and sustaining principle. Additional metaphysical insights are found in ''Mahabharata'' 13.84.11, where Kāma is equated with ''saṅkalpa'', described as “For everlasting intention is called desire; it is Rudra’s vigor which leapt out and fell in the fire.” This verse connects Kāma to the myth of [[Kartikeya|Skanda]]’s birth, in which a drop of Shiva’s seed—infused with creative will—is identified with Kāma.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=115-123}}

=== ''Ramayana'' ===
In the other epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', Kamadeva—appearing under the names Kandarpa and Manmatha—retains his role as the divine embodiment of love and desire. He is known for his power to disturb minds and kindle longing, attributes evident in his epithets: Manmatha (“mind-disturber”) and Madana (“intoxicator”). One of the most prominent mentions of Kamadeva in the ''Ramayana'' is his influence over [[Rama]]. After his wife [[Sita]]'s abduction, [[Rama]] is described as being overcome by longing and mental distress. He becomes ''kāmavaśaṃgata''—overpowered by love—and “perpetually absorbed in thought and sorrow” (R 5.36.41f.).<ref name="Hop" />

The ''Ramayana'' also alludes to the well-known myth of Kamadeva’s incineration by Shiva, a narrative that becomes more elaborated in later literature. In R 1.23.12f. and R 3.56.10, references are made to Shiva burning Kamadeva to ashes after the latter attempted to disturb his meditation. Despite his annihilation, Kamadeva endures in a disembodied form, earning the epithet ''Ananga'' (“the bodiless one”). His continued power despite his destruction reflects his lasting presence as an unseen but potent force of emotional compulsion.<ref name="Hop" />

Kamadeva’s symbolic attributes also appear subtly throughout the text. [[Rati]], his consort, is mentioned as the embodiment of physical desire and erotic longing. In R 5.15.29, she is explicitly identified as the wife of Madana, solidifying her mythological pairing with Kamadeva. Later passages describe metaphors that liken a lover’s body to a battlefield marked by the fiery assault of Manmatha’s arrows, as when a character pleads for the “fire of love” to be “extinguished by the rain of self-surrender” (R 4.14.25f.).<ref name="Hop" />

Though more implicit than explicit, Kamadeva’s influence pervades the ''Ramayana'' through its emotional tenor and imagery. In one verse, Rama remarks that the sight of dancing peacocks stirs feelings of desire within him (R 4.1.37), a subtle allusion to the peacock’s later association with Kamadeva’s iconography.<ref name="Hop" />

=== Puranas ===
In the later Hindu mythological texts such as the ''[[Harivamsha]]'' and ''[[Puranas]]'', Kama is fully personified, where he is depicted as the mind-born god of desire, a figure renowned for his ability to ignite passion in all beings and for his dramatic incineration by [[Shiva|Shiva's]] gaze. By the seventh century CE, Kamadeva was already well established in Indian oral and literary traditions.{{Sfn|Benton|2006|p=108-111}}

He is explicitly identified as the "lord" (''prabhu'') of the ''[[Gandharvas]]'' and ''[[Apsarasas]]'' (Hariv. 270; 12499), reinforcing his association with celestial sensuality and artistic charm. This attribution situates Kamadeva not merely as a personification of desire but as a ruler of those divine beings most emblematic of beauty and seduction.<ref name="Hop" />

The text links Kamadeva to the divine genealogy of [[Krishna]] by identifying [[Pradyumna]]—son of Krishna and [[Rukmini|Rukmiṇī]]—as a manifestation of Kāma (1.67.152), and [[Aniruddha]], Pradyumna’s son, as the “son of Rati” (H 10064). This generational link illustrates a philosophical and mythological identification, extending Kamadeva’s presence into the dynastic narrative of Krishna's lineage.<ref name="Hop" />

==Mythology==
===Birth===
[[File:Thewakamnoet (1959, p. 137).jpg|thumb|left|A Thai depiction of Kamadeva riding a parrot, 1959]]
The story of the birth of Kamadeva has several variants in different Hindu scriptures.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 23}}</ref>

In early scriptures, including the ''[[Taittiriya Brahmana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Kamadeva is described as the son of Dharma, the personification of righteousness and a ''Prajāpati'' (progenitor deity).<ref>[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01067.htm Adi Parva, Chapter 66, Verses 31-33]</ref> According to the ''Mahabharata'', Dharma is said to have been born from [[Brahma]]’s right breast and fathered three sons: Shama (tranquility), Kama (desire), and Harsha (joy).<ref name="VM2" /> Kama's mother is mentioned to be Dharma's wife Shraddha in ''Taittiriya Brahmana'',<ref name = "Dal" /> while the appendix of the ''Mahabharata'', ''[[Harivamsa]]'', states his mother to be Lakshmi, another wife of Dharma.{{efn|Distinct from the [[Lakshmi|consort of Vishnu]] who has the same name.}}<ref name = "Dal">{{cite book |author=[[Roshen Dalal]] |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=2014|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 }} Entry: "Kama"</ref><ref name = "Hop">{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Edward Washburn |url=http://archive.org/details/epicmythology00hopkuoft |title=Epic mythology |date=1915 |publisher=Strassburg K.J. Trübner |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ6O8nwsFWgC&q=Kama&pg=PA28 |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism: Including Its Mythology, Religion, History, Literature, and Pantheon |date=2004 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7755-874-6 |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Purana|''Puranic'' scriptures]] including the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', the ''[[Kalika Purana]]'', the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]],'' and the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', Kama is one of the [[Manasputra|mind-born sons]] of the creator god [[Brahma]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 36}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 44}}</ref><ref name = "SK" /><ref name = "Chandra" /><ref name = "SS2" /> In the most common narrative, after Brahma creates all the [[prajapati]]s (agents of creation) and a maiden named Sandhya, an extremely handsome and youthful man emerges from his mind and enquires Brahma about the purpose of his birth. Brahma names him Kama and orders him to spread love in the world by shooting his flower arrows. Kama decides to first use his arrows against Brahma and shoots him with his floral arrows.{{efn|In the ''Kalika Purana'', Kama also shoots at the ''prajapatis'', and later from the sweat of [[Daksha]], [[Rati]] emerges.<ref name = "VM2" />}} He becomes attracted to Sandhya and desires for her. The ''prajapati'' Dharma becomes worried by this and calls the god [[Shiva]], who watches them and laughs at both Brahma and Kama.{{efn|In some versions, the role of Dharma is absent. Instead, Shiva sees them while traveling there.<ref name = "SS2" />}} Brahma regains consciousness and curses Kama to be burnt to ashes by Shiva in the future. However, on Kama's pleading, Brahma assures him that he will be reborn.<ref name = "SS2" >{{Cite book |last=Santideva |first=Sadhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUFZ9XzzHAcC&dq=k%C4%81ma+brahm%C4%81&pg=PA112 |title=Ascetic Mysticism |date=2000 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7020-998-0 |pages=111–117 |language=en}}</ref><ref name = "VM2" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006}}</ref><ref name = "SK" />{{efn|In some texts like the ''Matsya Purana'' and ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', a different name is used for Sandhya.<ref name = "SS2" /><ref name = "SK" /><ref name = "VM2" />}} A later version of the myth is found in the ''[[Skanda Purana]],'' according to which, Brahma creates Kama from his mind to ignite passion in the ''prajapatis'' (agents of creation) after they refused to procreate.<ref name = "SK" >{{Cite book |last=Kramrisch |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC&dq=k%C4%81ma+god&pg=PA218 |title=The Presence of Siva |date=1981 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01930-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|In this version, Kama is cursed by Brahma as he initially ignores his orders.<ref name = "SS2" />}}

In some traditions, Kama is considered a son of the goddess of wealth [[Lakshmi]], and the preserver god [[Vishnu]] due to his birth as [[Pradyumna]] to [[Rukmini]] and [[Krishna]], the incarnations of Lakshmi and Vishnu respectively.<ref name = "WW" /><ref>The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning By Eva Rudy Jansen p. 93</ref><ref name = "Chandra" /> According to ''Matsya Purana'', Visnu-Krishna and Kamadeva have a historical relationship.<ref name="Sanford2002" />

===Family and assistants===
[[File:Kama sur le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638392628).jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Kama and Rati at [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]] ]]
Both the epics and the ''[[Puranas]]'' attest to the goddess [[Rati]] as the consort and chief assistant of Kamadeva. She is his female counterpart representing sensual pleasure. According to ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' and ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', she emerged from a sweat drop of ''prajapati'' [[Daksha]] who was assigned by [[Brahma]] to present Kamadeva as a wife. The ''Shiva Purana'' also mentions that Kama himself was pierced by his love arrows when he saw Rati. The ''[[Brahmavaivarta Purana]]'' gives Rati another origin, according to which Sandhya died after [[Brahma]] desired her but was revived as Rati by [[Vishnu]] who presented her to Kama.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 32}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 31}}</ref> [[Priti (goddess)|Priti]] ("affection") is mentioned as Kamadeva's second spouse in the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', while in other texts, 'Priti' is just an epithet of Rati.<ref name = "Chandra" />

In most scriptures, Kama and Rati have two children, Harsha ("Joy") and Yashas ("Grace"). However, the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' mentions that they only have one son – Harsha.<ref name = "Hop" />

Besides Rati, Kama's main assistant is Vasanta, the god of spring season, who was created by Brahma. Kama is served by a group of violent ''[[gana]]s'' known as the Maras.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 33}}</ref><ref name = "Chandra" /> Kama also leads the celestial nymphs, the [[apsaras]], and they are often sent by [[Indra]]—the king of heaven—to disturb the penance of sages to prevent them from achieving divine powers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 34}}</ref>

===Incineration by Shiva===
The most famous episode of Kama's mythology—his incineration by the ascetic god [[Shiva]]'s third eye—is often called the ''Madana-bhasma,'' also rendered the ''Kama dahana''. This tale is recorded in various Indian texts, including the ''[[Matsya Purana]], [[Padma Purana]], [[Shiva Purana]]'', and ''[[Vamana Purana]]''.{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=39}}<ref>[[Klaus Klostermaier]], (2000) Hinduism: A Short History. Oxford: One World Publications.
</ref> In all versions, Kamadeva is tasked with breaking Shiva's asceticism. Shiva's potential to father a son who could defeat the demon [[Tārakāsura|Taraka]] is the gods' only hope. Taraka's boon of invincibility ensures that only a son of Shiva can kill him, a seemingly impossible task given Shiva's intense ascetic lifestyle after the death of his wife [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]. The gods, led by [[Indra]], summon Kamadeva, the god of desire, to make Shiva fall in love with [[Parvati]], the reincarnation of Sati and the daughter of the mountain god [[Himavat]].{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=40}}
[[File:Kama Shiva.jpg|thumb|Kama attacks a meditating Shiva, gouache on paper, c. 1820 CE]]
It occurs in its most developed and earliest form in the ''Matsya Purana'' (verses 227–255).<ref>{{cite book
|author = Daniel Ingalls
|title= Sanskrit poetry, from Vidyākara's "Treasury"
|publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]
|year = 1968
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjEdCVZ5uoQC
|isbn=978-0-674-78865-7|author-link= Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr
}}, p.58</ref>{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=39}} In this variant, the gods, desperate for a warrior to vanquish Taraka, send Kamadeva to disrupt Shiva's meditation. Kamadeva, aware of the danger, initially hesitates, fearing that Shiva's wrath will result in his own destruction. Indra, however, reassures him, insisting that this mission is crucial to the survival of the world.{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=40}} Kamadeva prepares carefully for the task. He takes his sugarcane bow and floral arrows, each one symbolizing a particular emotion or aspect of desire. Accompanied by his wife [[Rati]] (goddess of pleasure) and the spirit of Spring (Madhu or Vasanta), Kamadeva approaches Shiva, who is deep in meditation.{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=41}} Kamadeva's approach to breaking Shiva's concentration is a calculated multi-stage process. He first begins by targeting Shiva's mind, slowly destabilizing his thoughts. As the god of desire, Kamadeva introduces feelings of envy, hatred, and anger into Shiva's mind—emotions that are traditionally considered the antithesis of spiritual equilibrium. According to the text, Kamadeva strategically stirs Shiva's senses: bees buzz around him, fragrant flowers bloom, and a gentle breeze flows—all aimed at disrupting Shiva's focus.{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=45–46}} After successfully infiltrating Shiva's mind and senses, Kamadeva escalates his attack by drawing his famous floral arrows. The most potent of these is the ''Mohana'' arrow, symbolizing delusion and infatuation. He shoots this arrow directly at Shiva's heart, which momentarily stirs feelings of desire in the god for Parvati. However, Shiva quickly regains his composure and realizes that his ascetic control is being threatened. Enraged by the disturbance, Shiva opens his third eye, from which fire emerges and instantly reduces Kamadeva to ashes.{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=46–47}} After Kamadeva's death, his wife Rati is devastated by grief and smears his ashes all over her body. Her mourning becomes a significant element of the narrative, as she petitions Shiva to restore her husband. Shiva, moved by her devotion, promises that Kamadeva will return, but not in his previous form. Instead, Kamadeva will be reborn as Ananga—the bodiless one—making him invisible yet still present. This transformation marks a new phase in the existence of desire—it becomes an unseen force, influencing the world in ways that are not immediately visible.{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=49–50}}<ref>[[Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty]], (1975) Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook Translated from the Sanskrit. London: Penguin Books, p.157-159 [https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwA8sHtGbgC]
</ref>[[File:Madan-Bhasma (Shiva Turns to Ashes).jpg|thumb|Painting of the Madana-bhasma (Shiva turns Kamadeva to ashes)]]While the ''Matsya Purana'' provides a foundational version of the story, other texts like the ''Shiva Purana'' and the ''Vamana Purana'' offer different emphases and additional layers to the myth. In the ''Shiva Purana'', Kamadeva is depicted as more arrogant and powerful, yet his encounter with Shiva further underscores the latter's dominance over desire. Kamadeva's arrows fail to fully penetrate Shiva's concentration, demonstrating the supreme yogi's ability to resist even the most potent forces of passion. However, as in the ''Matsya Purana'', Kamadeva's destruction leads not to the end of desire but to its transformation. Shiva absorbs Kamadeva into himself, making him one of his ''[[gana]]s'' (attendants). This act symbolizes Shiva's control over desire, yet acknowledges its persistence in a subtler, controlled form;{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=50-51}} the Shiva Purana thus reinforces the idea that desire is an inherent part of the universe, but under the control of disciplined spiritual practice.{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=54}} The ''Vamana Purana'' presents a version in which Shiva is more vulnerable to Kamadeva's arrows. Here, Shiva is grieving for his first wife, [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], and is emotionally vulnerable when Kamadeva strikes. Overwhelmed by desire and grief, Shiva flees into the forest, seeking to escape Kamadeva's influence. However, the very act of fleeing causes the wives of the forest sages to become infatuated with him, illustrating the uncontrollable nature of desire, even for the gods.{{sfn|Benton|2006|p=54-55}}

''Kalika Purana'' & ''Shiva Purana'' attributes Kama's incineration to him being cursed by Brahma because he shot his first arrows at him & the other mind-born sons of Brahma, which caused Brahma to become incestually enamoured of his daughter Sandhya, for which he is rebuked by Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-09-21 |title=Kāma is cursed but blessed later [Chapter 3] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc226022.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The maharshis, incestually enamoured of their sister, begin to perspire, which creates the [[Pitri|Pitrs]]. Sandhya, ashamed of her body which incited such forbidden passions, commits suicide & is reincarnated as [[Arundhati (Hinduism)|Arundhati]].

In the ''Lalitopakhyana'' section of the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', from the incinerated remains of Kamadeva, arose the asura [[Bhandasura]].

=== Resurrection ===
''Shiva Purana'' describes Kamadeva being resurrected by Shiva on the event of his marriage to Parvati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-10-10 |title=The resuscitation of Kāma [Chapter 51] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc226115.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> However, the ''Lalitopakhyana'' describes his resurrection from the eyes (''akshi'' in Sanskrit) of the Goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita]] in [[Kanchipuram]], where she [[Kamakshi Amman Temple|resides]] by the name of ''Kamakshi''. The ''Kalika Purana'' states that Kamadeva was resurrected by goddess [[Kamakhya]], (who is also related to Lalita) hence the land of Kamakhya where the Kamadeva regained his ''rupa'' (corporeal form in Sanskrit) became known as [[Kamarupa]]. In gratitude, Kamadeva constructed the first [[Kamakhya Temple|shrine of Kamakhya]].

The death and resurrection of Kamadeva fills in the trope of [[dying-and-rising god]] found in other cultures.

===Incarnations===

According to [[Garuda Purana]], [[Pradyumna]] and [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]] - the sons of [[Krishna]], [[Four Kumaras|Sanat Kumara]] - the son of [[Brahma]], [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] - the son of [[Shiva]], [[Sudarshana]] (the presiding deity of Sudarshana Chakra), and [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] are all incarnations of Kama.<ref name="Motilal Banarsidass">{{cite book |author1=J.L. Shastri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pDsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1115 |title=Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 14: The Garuda Purana Part 3 |author2=G.P. Bhatt |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3881-9 |page=1115 |quote=Kama, the presiding deity of the disc was born as Sudarsana. Sâmba the son of lord Krsna was also the incarnation of Kāma. Skanda, the son of Rudra (Shiva) was also Kåma. Since he overcame the enemies he is called Skanda. Since he overcame enemies he is called Skanda. Sudarsana, Pradyumna, Bharata, Samba, Sanatkumara, and Skanda these six are the incarnations of Kama.}}</ref> The myth of Kamadeva's incineration is referenced in the ''Matsya Purana'' and ''Bhagavata Purana'' to reveal a relationship between
[[Krishna]] and Kamadeva.<ref name=Sanford2002>{{cite journal
| author = Sanford, A.W.
| year = 2002
| title = Painting words, tasting sound: visions of Krishna in Paramanand's sixteenth-century devotional poetry
| journal = Journal of the American Academy of Religion
| volume = 70
| issue = 1
| pages = 55–81
| doi = 10.1093/jaar/70.1.55
}}</ref> In the narrative, Kama is reincarnated in the womb of Krishna's wife [[Rukmini]] as [[Pradyumna]], after being burned to ashes by [[Shiva]].

==Iconography and depictions==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 300
| title = Depictions of Kama
| image4 = Exhibits in display at Archeological Survey of India's museum at Nalanda, Bihar, India 44 (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = with Rati, from Nalanda c. 9th - 10th cent. CE,
| image3 = Various Sculptures in Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad 03 (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = Sculpture at Salar Jung Museum
| image5 = Kamadeva1.jpg
| caption5 = with green skin, c. 18th-19th century
| image1 = MET DP130033.jpg
| caption1 = Bust from ancient kingdom of Kashmir, c. 8th century CE
| image2 = Kama, le dieu du désir amoureux, sur le temple de Chennakesava (Somanathapura, Inde) - Flickr - dalbera (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = On the Chennakesava temple walls, c. 1269 CE
| image6 = Paneel met Kama en Rati, AK-MAK-1730.jpg
| caption6 = on ivory panel with Rati from Tamil Nadu, c. 1700-1800 CE
}}
Kamadeva is vividly described in the [[Puranic texts|''Puranic'' texts]] as a radiant and enchanting deity, often regarded as the pinnacle of male beauty. According to the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', he possesses a golden complexion, a broad and muscular chest likened to a doorframe,and well-rounded limbs, including plump thighs and calves. His waist is slender with deep navel, and his entire body is suffused with the intoxicating fragrance reminiscent of an [[Musth|elephant in rut]]. His features are refined and sensuous—his nose straight and delicate, his eyes shaped like lotus petals and tinged red along with his hands, face, legs, and fingers. His eyebrows are thick and expressive, and his moon-like face is framed by soft blue-black waves of hair. His teeth are flawless, and his neck is shaped like a conch. His breath carries a natural fragrance, and his gaze is highly seductive. Kamadeva wears a blue garment and rides a [[makara]], a mythical aquatic creature. He is armed with a [[sugarcane]] bow, stringed with a thread of buzzing bees, and five arrows tipped with flowers, each one capable of inducing a specific mood or emotion linked to desire.Also he is depicted as in Green, Red Complexion in some Scriptures.He holds arrows which are traditionally made from the [[Ashoka tree|ashoka blossom]], [[Mango|mango flower]], [[jasmine]], [[Nymphaea nouchali|blue lotus]], and [[Nelumbo|white lotus]], and are essential components of his iconography. His presence is always associated with ''[[Sringara|śṛṅgāra rasa]]'', the aesthetic mood of romantic and erotic love.{{sfn|Benton|2006}}

In classical Indian iconography, Kamadeva is portrayed as a youthful and handsome deity, often accompanied by his consort [[Rati]]. Surrounding him are various figures and symbols that underscore his association with desire and fertility. [[Apsaras]] (celestial nymphs) and [[gandharvas]] (heavenly musicians), while absent from Kamadeva’s mythological narratives, frequently appear beside him and Rati in visual depictions, such as in the eighth-century sculpture at the [[Kailasa Temple, Ellora|Kailasa Cave Temple]] at [[Ellora]]. At his feet typically sits a brightly colored [[parrot]], his vāhana (vehicle), representing playful affection and the connection between love and speech. His standard often features a makara, symbolizing fertility and primal desire. According to [[T. A. Gopinatha Rao]]’s study of the ''[[Shilpa Shastras|Śilpa Śāstras]]'', Kamadeva is sometimes accompanied by Vasanta, the embodiment of spring, described as a pleasing figure adorned with aśoka leaves, pomegranate flower earrings, and a garland of keśava blossoms. Despite this literary association, Vasanta is rarely depicted in visual art, possibly because another handsome male figure might distract from Kamadeva’s central visual appeal. Kamadeva’s standard-bearer is often shown with the face of a horse, likely a reference to the stallion’s virility and association with generative power, as seen in the unusual twelfth-century Halebid temple depiction where Vasanta is omitted but the horse-faced figure remains. The ''Śilpa Śāstras'' prescribe that Kamadeva should be adorned with floral garlands and gold ornaments, holding a sugarcane bow in his left hand and flower-tipped arrows in his right, flanked by his consorts—Rati and [[Priti (goddess)|Priti]], a joyful Vasanta, and a horse-faced standard-bearer carrying a banner emblazoned with a makara. Nonetheless, as Rao notes, artistic representations often diverge from these textual norms. Benton observes that sculptors typically depict Kamadeva only with Rati, his horse-faced flag-bearer, gandharvas, and apsaras, omitting Vasanta.{{sfn|Benton|2006}} Additional symbolic attributes include a [[cuckoo]], humming [[bee]]s, the season of [[spring (season)|spring]], celestial nymphs and the gentle breeze.<ref name="WW">{{Cite web |title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic: Chapter V. The Incarnations or Avatāras of Vishnu: Kamadeva |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hmvp/hmvp32.htm |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref name=kamadeva>{{cite journal|title=A study of Kamadeva in Indian story literature |url=http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI9127814/ |journal=Columbia Educational Journal |access-date=2008-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114043227/http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI9127814/ |archive-date=January 14, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Sanford2002/>

Though images of standalone Kamadeva are relatively rare, several notable depictions exist. A set of vividly painted, six-foot-tall wooden statues at the [[Salar Jung Museum]] in [[Hyderabad]] portrays Kamadeva and Rati with dynamic energy and lifelike expressiveness. Other exceptional examples include a sixth-century sculpture from Bijapur and a similarly posed stone sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where Kamadeva and Rati are in a tender embrace beneath a canopy of leaves—likely symbolizing a flowering tree or sugarcane plant.{{sfn|Benton|2006}} A terracotta [[murti]] of Kamadeva of great antiquity is housed in the [[Mathura]] Museum, UP, [[India]].<ref>''History of Indian Theatre'' By M. L. Varadpande. p.188. Published 1991, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|81-7017-278-0}}.</ref> Literary works like ''[[Harshacharita|Harṣacarita]]'' and ''[[Naishadha Charita|Naiṣadhacarita]]'' mention inner chambers adorned with paintings or figurines of Kamadeva, Rati, and [[Priti (goddess)|Priti]]. Though these artworks have long since vanished, they suggest that Kamadeva was once a visible part of elite aesthetic and devotional spaces.{{sfn|Benton|2006}}

==Beliefs and worship==
[[File:Manmadhan.jpg|thumb|The sculpture of the Hindu God Manmadhan at the Thirukkurungudi Temple, Tamil Nadu.]]The deity of Kamadeva along with his consort Rati is included in the pantheon of Vedic-Brahmanical deities such as [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]].<ref name="Hooja2004">{{cite journal
| author = Hooja, R.
| year = 2004
| title = Icons, artefacts and interpretations of the past: early Hinduism in Rajasthan
| journal = World Archaeology
| volume = 36
| issue = 3
| pages = 360–377
| url = http://www.informaworld.com/index/N8EYMRYQAG4W2X5U.pdf
| access-date = 2008-07-06
| doi = 10.1080/0043824042000282795
| s2cid = 162304052
}}</ref> In [[Hindu]] traditions for the marriage ceremony itself, the bride's feet are often painted with pictures of Suka, the parrot vahana of Kamadeva.<ref name="Arnold1996">{{cite book
| author = Arnold, A.J.
| year = 1996
| title = Monsters, Tricksters, and Sacred Cows: Animal Tales and American Identities
| publisher = University of Virginia Press
| page = 186
}}</ref>

The religious rituals addressed to him offer a means of purification and re-entry into the community. Devotion to Kamadeva keeps desire within the framework of the [[dharma|religious tradition]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Benton|2006|loc=p. 84}}</ref> Kamadeva appears in many stories and becomes the object of devotional rituals for those seeking health, and physical beauty, husbands, wives, and sons. In one story{{Where|date=December 2016}} Kamadeva himself succumbs to desire, and must then worship his lover to be released from this passion and its curse.

===Rituals and festivals===
[[Holi]] is a Hindu festival, celebrated in the Indian subcontinent. It is sometimes called Madana-Mahotsava<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59IoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |title=HINDUO KE VRAT-PARV EVAM TEEJ TYOHAR |last=GANGRADE |first=DR PRAKASH CHANDRA |publisher=V&S Publishers |isbn=978-93-5057-358-7 |page=161 |language=hi|date=2015-01-06 }}</ref> or Kama-Mahotsava.<ref name="Roy">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA193 |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia |last=Roy |first=Christian |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-089-5 |page=193 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC |title=History of Indian Theatre |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-221-5 |page=220 |language=en |quote=Madana Mahotsava or Kama Mahotsava, Vasant Mahotsava are sophisticated forms of some ancient festivals. The 8th century poet ... The colourful festival of Holi has its origin in these festivals, known for their gay abandon. It is an ancient ...}}</ref> This festival is mentioned by [[Jaimini]], in his early writings such as ''Purvamimamsa-sutra'', dated c. 400 BC.<ref name="Roy"/>

The [[Saraca indica|Ashoka]] tree is often planted near temples. The tree is said to be a symbol of love and is dedicated to Kamadeva.<ref name=Ray1981>{{cite journal
| author = Ray, N.
|author2=Datta, P.C.
| year = 1981
| title = Pharmacognostic Study of the Bark of Saraca indica
| journal = Pharmaceutical Biology
| volume = 19
| issue = 2
| pages = 97–102
| url = http://www.informaworld.com/index/786177738.pdf
| access-date = 2008-07-13
| doi = 10.3109/13880208109070585
}}</ref>

===In Gaudiya Vaishnavism===
In the [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition, [[Krishna]] is identified as the original Kamadeva in [[Vrindavana]]. Kamadeva also incarnates as Krishna's son [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Shamba]] after being burned down by [[Shiva]]. Since he was begotten by Krishna himself, his qualities were similar to those of Krishna, such as his colour, appearance, and attributes.<ref name=Prabhupada1972>{{cite book
| author = [[Prabhupada]], A.C.B.S.
| year = 1972
| title = Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead
|page = Ch. 55: Shaba was Born to Kṛṣṇa and Jambabati
| title-link = Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead
}}</ref> This Shamba is not considered identical to [[Vishnu]]'s [[vyuha]]-manifestation called Shamba, but is an individual soul (''[[jiva]]-tattva'') who, owing to his celestial powers, becomes an emanation of [[Vishnu]]'s prowess.

The Kamadeva that was incinerated is believed to be a celestial [[demigod]] capable of inducing love and lusty desires. He is distinguished from the spiritual Kamadeva.<ref name=SS/> Here [[Krishna]] is the source of Kamadeva's inciting power, the ever-fresh [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendental]] god of love of [[Vrindavana]], the origin of all forms of Kamadeva, yet above mundane love, who is worshiped with the Kama-Gayatri and Kama-Bija [[mantra]]s.<ref name=SS/><ref name=CC>''vṛndāvane aprākṛta navīna madana, kāma-gāyatrī kāma-bīje yāṅra upāsana'' (Caitanya Caritamrita, 2.8.138)</ref><ref name=Miller1980>{{cite journal
| author = Miller, B.S.
| year = 1980
| title = Sacred and Profane Dimensions of Love in Indian Traditions as Exemplified in the Gitagovinda of Jayadeva.
| journal = Journal of Asian Studies
| volume = 39
| issue = 3
| pages = 622–623
| doi = 10.2307/2054724
| last2 = Siegel
| first2 = Lee
| jstor=2054724
| s2cid = 161486286
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

When Kamadeva is referenced as ''smara'' in ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa'' (book 10) in the context of the supramundane love between Krishna and the [[gopi]]s (cowherd maidens), he is not the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]] who incites lusty feelings.<ref name=SS/> The word ''smara'' rather refers to Krishna himself, who through the medium of his [[bansuri|flute]] increases his influence on the devoted [[gopi]]s. The symptoms of this ''smarodayam'' (lit. "arousal of desire") experienced by the [[gopi]]s have been described in a commentary (by [[Vishvanatha Cakravarti]]) as follows:<ref>[[Bhagavata Purana]] 10.21.3 Tika, "''caksu-ragah prathamam cittasangas tata 'tha sankalpah nidra-cchedas tanuta visaya-nivrittis trapanasah / unmado muriccha mrtir ity etah smara-dasa dasaiva syuh.''"</ref> "First comes attraction expressed through the eyes, then intense attachment in the mind, then determination, loss of sleep, becoming emaciated, uninterested in external things, shamelessness, madness, becoming stunned, and death. These are the ten stages of Cupid's effects."<ref name=SS>{{cite book
| author = Swami Sivarama
| year = 1998
| title = Venu-gita
| publisher = Budapest, Bhaktivedanta Kulturális és Tudo
|isbn = 978-963-03-7649-5
| page = Ch. 2: "The gopis assemble together"
}}</ref> The beauty of Krishna's consort, [[Radha]], is without equality in the universe, and her power constantly defeats the god of love, Kamadeva.<ref>{{Cite book | title =Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity | last = Beck| first = Guy L. (Ed.) | author-link = Guy Beck |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C |page = 65| publisher = SUNY Press | year = 2005 |quote =Radha is without equal in the universe for beauty, and her power constantly defeats the god of love, Kamadeva. | isbn =978-0-7914-6415-1}}</ref>

=== In Indonesia ===
Kamadeva is also mentioned in the 12th-century [[Javanese language|Javanese]] poem ''[[Smaradahana]]'', a rendering of the myth of Kamadeva's burning by [[Shiva]] and fall from heaven to earth. Kama and his consort Rati are referenced as ''Kamajaya'' and ''Kamarati'' in [[Kakawin]] poetry and later [[Wayang]] narratives.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

==Temples==
While it is believed that there are no temples to Kamadeva, and no [[murti]]s (statues) of Kamadeva are sold for worship on the market,<ref name=Benton2>{{cite book
| author = Benton, C.
| year = 2005
}}</ref> he frequently appears in illustrations, especially in Shiva temples in South India describing his incineration.

Some other temples dedicated or related to this [[deva (Hinduism)|deva]]:
*Kameshwara Temple, in [[Aragalur]]. The [[Purana#Sthala Puranas|Sthala purana]] indicates that Kamadeva woke up [[Shiva]] at this place.
*Kameshvara Temple, in [[Vraja|Kamyavan]], is one of the twelve forests of [[Vrindavana]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.agraindia.org.uk/excursions/mathura/braja-mandala-parikrama.html
|title=Braj Mandala Parikrama in Mathura
|publisher=www.agraindia.org.uk
|access-date=2008-07-13
}}
</ref>
* Soundaraja Perumal Temple at [[Thadikombu]], near Dindigul, Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbuslost.com/2015/03/temple-for-cupid-thadikombu-dindigul.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405183447/http://www.columbuslost.com/2015/03/temple-for-cupid-thadikombu-dindigul.html |archive-date=2015-04-05 |title=Temple for Cupid, Thadikombu, Dindigul}}</ref>
* Harsat-Mata Temple at [[Abhaneri]] has a representation of Kamadeva.<ref name=Atherton1995>{{cite journal
| author = Atherton, C.P.
| year = 1995
| title = The Harsat-Mata Temple at Abaneri: Levels of Meaning
| journal = Artibus Asiae
| volume = 55
| issue = 3/4
| pages = 201–236
|quote = K. Deva suggests it is Kamadeva in the EITA
| doi = 10.2307/3249750
| jstor=3249750
}}</ref>

==In English literature==
{{wikisource|Landon in The Literary Gazette 1822/Manmadin|Manmadin, the Indian Cupid, floating down the Ganges, a poem by L. E. L.}}
[[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]'s descriptive poem ''Manmadin, the Indian Cupid, floating down the Ganges'' appeared in ''The Literary Gazette'', 1822 (''Fragment in Rhyme VII.'')
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite book |last=Benton |first=Catherine |year=2006 |title=God of desire: tales of Kamadeva in Sanskrit story literature |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, New York |isbn=978-0-7914-6565-3 }}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Love and lust gods]]
[[Category:Mythological archers]]
[[Category:Beauty gods]]

Sivayya

2026-03-03T18:28:04Z

Siddhant Babu: creating some page initial version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sivayya
| image =
| native_name =
| director = R. Suresh Varma
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] [[Sanghavi]]
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| studio = Suresh Productions
| released = {{Film date|1998|03|27|df=yes}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''''Sivayya''''' ({{translation|Lord Shiva}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[action drama film]] directed by R. Suresh Varma and written by [[Posani Krishna Murali]]. The film stars [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Sanghavi]], [[Monica Bedi]] and [[Srihari]].

The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The year gone by 'Twas good for some and bad for most |url=http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990428055419/http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm |archive-date=28 April 1999 |work=Andhra Online |access-date=8 March 2024 }}</ref> It was later dubbed in Tamil as ''Thalaiva''.<ref name="H">{{Cite news |date=25 December 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Thalaivaa/Chemmeen/TC 2000/Lost in Space/Dance with Me |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981225/09/09250223.htm |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=28 |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=5 June 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010605212727/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981225/09/09250223.htm }}</ref> It was also remade in Hindi as ''[[Aaghaaz]]'', and in Kannada as ''Dandanayaka''.

== Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Sivayya
* [[Monica Bedi]] as Inspector Roja
* [[Sanghavi]] as Sirisha
* [[Srihari]]
* [[Ravi Babu]]
* [[Raja Ravindra]]
* [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
* [[Rajitha]]
* [[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]]
* [[Mohan Raj]]
* [[Chalapathi Rao]]
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Krishnaveni (actress)|Krishnaveni]]
* Bangalore Padma
* [[Rama Prabha]]
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam]]
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
* Siva Parvathi
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack==
The soundtrack were composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]]. The soundtrack, released in 1998, features five tracks with lyrics written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]] and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivayya |date=1998-03-27 |work=[[JioSaavn]] |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sivayya/IUnYFASqNYw_ |access-date=2024-03-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118003213/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sivayya/IUnYFASqNYw_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Singer(s)
!Lyrics
!Duration
|-
|'Modatisaari'
|[[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|Chandrabose
|4:35
|-
|'O Ranganadha'
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
|Chandrabose
|5:24
|-
|'Nadhichey Devudu'
|K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|Chandrabose
|3.72
|-
|'21st Century'
|[[M. M. Srilekha]]
|Chandrabose
|5:00
|-
|Ekkadundhira
|K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|C. Narayana Reddy
|4:05
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Andhra Online'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "A successful movie worth watching from the director, Suresh Verma, paired with a strong story, dialogue and screenplay by Krishna Murali. Dr. Rajasekhar's acting is a big plus for this movie to be a hit. His emoting and histrionics coupled with swift action even in the scenes involving Jyothi and gang will appeal to the audience".<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sivaiah| url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/sivaiah.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203030413/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/sivaiah.htm | archive-date=1999-02-03 | access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref> Reviewing the Tamil dubbed version, D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Director Suresh Varma has worked well on his story and screenplay to create new, appealing situations, particularly in the closing stages, suitable and acceptable only in this medium".<ref name="H"/>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist|Best Male Dubbing Artist]] {{endash}} [[Srinivasa Murthy (dubbing artist)|A. Srinivasa Murthy]] for Rajashekar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/04/stories/2004050400430100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126072607/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/04/stories/2004050400430100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-01-26|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-05-04|title=Star voices}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|27161697}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1998 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Srilekha]]
[[Category:Films produced by D. Ramanaidu]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Critical Keerthanegalu

2026-03-03T12:09:42Z

Siddhant Babu: made a info - done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2022 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Kumaar
| producer = Kumar L
| starring = [[Tabla Nani]] [[Suchendra Prasad]] Taranga Vishwa [[Rajesh Nataranga]] Apoorva Bharadwaj [[Aruna Balraj]]
| cinematography = Shiva Seena Shiva Shankar
| editing = Vishwa Vijeth
| music = Veer Samarth
| studio = Kesari Films Capture
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|05|13}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=vaishnavi |title=ಐಪಿಎಲ್‌ ಬೆಟ್ಟಿಂಗ್‌ ಕಥನ ಕ್ರಿಟಿಕಲ್‌ ಕೀರ್ತನೆಗಳು |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/kannada-film-critical-keerthanegalu-film-to-hit-theatre-on-may-13th-vcs-rbr564 |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 129 min
}}

'''''Critical Keertanegalu''''' is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Kumaar. It stars [[Tabla Nani]], [[Suchendra Prasad]], [[Rajesh Nataranga]], Taranga Vishwa, Apoorva, [[Aruna Balraj]] are in the lead roles. The Music composed by Veer Samarth . Cinematography done by Shiva Seena & Shiva Shankar and it is edited by Vishwa Vijeth. The film is produced by Kumar L under Kesari Films Capture banners.<ref>{{Citation |title=Critical Keertanegalu Movie Review: Critical Keertanegalu |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/critical-keertanegalu/movie-review/91532305.cms |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical Keertanegalu Review: ಕಚಗುಳಿ ಇಡುತ್ತಲೇ ಸಂದೇಶ ಸಾರುವ ಕೀರ್ತನೆಗಳು |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/tabla-nani-rajesh-nataranga-starrer-critical-keertanegalu-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/91548027.cms |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಪ್ರತಿವರ್ಷ ಶೇ.70ರಷ್ಟು ಯುವಕರು ಐಪಿಎಲ್ ಬೆಟ್ಟಿಂಗ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗಿ: 'ಕ್ರಿಟಿಕಲ್ ಕೀರ್ತನೆಗಳು' ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ! |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2022/may/12/70-per-cent-of--youngsters-take-part-in-ipl-betting-every-year-469573.html |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Kannadaprabha |language=kn}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Tabla Nani]]
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]]
* Taranga Vishwa
* Apoorva Bharadwaj
* [[Aruna Balraj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|19799058}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2022 comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]

{{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Pazhanjan Pranayam

2026-03-03T09:39:15Z

Siddhant Babu: info.

{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Bineesh Kalarikkal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Bineesh Kalarikkal
| writer = Kiranlal M
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Vaisakh Ravi
* Stanley Joshua
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rony David Raj]]
* [[Vincy Aloshious]]
* [[Azees Nedumangad]]
}}
| cinematography = Amosh Puthiyattil
| editing = Arun Raghav
| music = Satish Raghunathan
| studio = Ithihasa Movies
| distributor = Dream Big Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|24|ref1=}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Pazhanjan Pranayam''''' ({{Translation|Old-fashioned Love}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Romance film#Romantic drama|romantic drama]] film directed by Bineesh Kalarikkal in his directorial debut. The films stars [[Rony David Raj]], [[Vincy Aloshious]] and [[Azees Nedumangad]].

==Synopsis==
''Pazhanchan Pranayam'' is the love story of Mohan, a teacher who takes a break from his career to take care of his father, who has dementia, and Maya, a caregiver who takes the responsibility of his family.

==Cast==
*[[Rony David Raj]] as Mohan
*[[Vincy Aloshious]] as Maya
*[[Azees Nedumangad]] as Maniyan
* Pavithran as Father
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Sankaran Pilla

== Music ==
The music is composed by Satish Raghunathan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=Trailer of Pazhanjan Pranayam is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/16/trailer-of-pazhanjan-pranayam-is-out-49613.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:24
| title1 = Nalpathu Kazhiye
| extra1 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
| lyrics1 = [[B. K. Harinarayanan]]
| length1 = 03:01
| title2 = Snehaardhramaay
| extra2 = [[Shahabaz Aman]]
| lyrics2 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| length2 = 04:16
| title3 = Neeyum Njanum
| extra3 = [[Karthika Vaidyanathan]]
| lyrics3 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| length3 = 04:27
| title4 = Thiri Naalame
| extra4 = [[Anand Aravindakshan]]
| lyrics4 = [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]]
| length4 = 04:15
| title5 = Njaan Aadhyamaay
| extra5 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]] & [[K.S. Chithra]]
| lyrics5 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| length5 = 04:25
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 24 November 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=16 November 2023 |title=റോണിയും വിൻസിയും പ്രധാന വേഷങ്ങളിൽ പഴഞ്ചൻ പ്രണയം ട്രെയ്ലര്‍ ഇറങ്ങി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/pazhanjan-pranayam-official-trailer-rony-vincy-movie-vvk-s47ert |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> It was distributed in theatres by Dream Big Films.<ref name=":0" />[[Saina Play]] acquired the digital rights and began streaming it on 16 August 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Pazhanjan Pranayam on Saina Play |url=https://sainaplay.com/movie/pazhanjan-pranayam/ylyjbsbctptj |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Saina Play |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Pazhanjan Pranayam'' is a promising addition to Malayalam cinema, promising a heartfelt exploration of love and acceptance. The film successfully intrigues audiences with its well-crafted character dynamics, thematic depth, and visually appealing cinematography."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title=Pazhanjan Pranayam Movie Review: Heartfelt Tale of Love and Acceptance |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/pazhanjan-pranayam-movie-review-heartfelt-tale-of-love-and-acceptance-review-105448780 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt30013461}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]

Bir Bunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-26T03:42:35Z

Siddhant Babu: made entry - done

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Punjab#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| image =
| image_caption =
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| location = Patiala district, Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30|11|24|N|76|27|36|E|type:forest|display=inline,title}}
| nearest_city = Patiala
| area = 661.66 ha
| established = 1952
| governing_body = Department of Forests & Wildlife Preservation, Government of Punjab
}}

'''Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in the [[Patiala district]] of the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It covers approximately 661.66 hectares and is one of several small "bir" (forest) sanctuaries in the region.<ref name="IncredibleIndia">{{cite web |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/punjab/patiala/bir-bhunerheri-wildlife-sanctuary.html |title=Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary: Patiala's Natural Haven |publisher=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism, Government of India) |access-date=22 October 2025 }}</ref><ref name="PunjabForest">{{cite web |url=https://forest.punjab.gov.in/en/wildlife/sanctuaries/ |title=Wildlife Sanctuaries |publisher=Department of Forests & Wildlife Preservation, Government of Punjab |access-date=22 October 2025 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809085041/https://forest.punjab.gov.in/en/wildlife/sanctuaries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
The area known as Bir Bhunerheri was historically one of the ''bir'' (forest patches) associated with the erstwhile [[Patiala State|princely state of Patiala]]. Following India's independence, the Punjab Government notified these areas as reserved forests and wildlife sanctuaries. Bir Bhunerheri was officially declared a protected area in 1952.<ref name="PunjabPlan">{{cite web |url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2017/09/Punjab.pdf |title=Punjab State Action Plan on Climate Change — List of Protected Areas |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India |access-date=22 October 2025 }}</ref><ref name="IncredibleIndia"/>

==Geography and ecology==
The sanctuary lies on the Patiala–Devigarh road, roughly 15 km from Patiala city. Its terrain features dry deciduous vegetation typical of central Punjab, with trees such as ''[[Dalbergia sissoo|Shisham]]'' (''Dalbergia sissoo'') and ''[[Vachellia nilotica|Kikar]]'' (''Acacia nilotica'').<ref name="MoEF_ESZ">{{cite web |url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2017/06/Bir%20Bhunerheri%20Wildlife%20Sanctuary%2C%20Punjab.pdf |title=Eco-Sensitive Zone Notification: Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India |access-date=22 October 2025 }}</ref>

==Conservation and threats==
The sanctuary is affected by pressures from nearby agriculture and urbanization. Forest officials and conservation groups have reported seasonal threats such as crop-residue (stubble) burning in adjoining farmlands, which harms local wildlife and vegetation.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/rising-stubble-burning-incidents-pose-danger-to-wildlife-in-12-sanctuaries---452700 |title=Rising stubble burning incidents pose danger to wildlife in 12 sanctuaries |publisher=The Tribune (Chandigarh) |date=31 October 2024 |access-date=22 October 2025 }}</ref> Protection and management activities are overseen by the [[Department of Forest and Wildlife (Punjab)|Department of Forests & Wildlife Preservation]], Government of Punjab.<ref name="PunjabForest"/><ref name="MoEF_ESZ"/>

In April 2025, the Punjab Cabinet declared the sanctuary — along with 12 other sanctuaries in the state as Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ), prohibiting any construction activity within 100 metres of its boundary.<ref name="esza">{{cite news |title=13 wildlife sanctuaries in Punjab declared eco-sensitive: No construction within 100 metres of sanctuaries; Cabinet clears Sukhna Lake plan, report to be sent to Centre |work=Dainik Bhaskar (English) |date=April 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025 |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/punjab/news/13-wildlife-sanctuaries-in-punjab-declared-eco-sensitive-134831063.html }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bir Aishvan Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://forest.punjab.gov.in/en/wildlife/sanctuaries/ Department of Forests & Wildlife Preservation, Government of Punjab – Wildlife Sanctuaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809085041/https://forest.punjab.gov.in/en/wildlife/sanctuaries/ |date=2024-08-09 }}
* [https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/punjab/patiala/bir-bhunerheri-wildlife-sanctuary.html Incredible India – Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary]
* [https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2017/06/Bir%20Bhunerheri%20Wildlife%20Sanctuary%2C%20Punjab.pdf Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change – Eco-Sensitive Zone notification]
* [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/rising-stubble-burning-incidents-pose-danger-to-wildlife-in-12-sanctuaries---452700 The Tribune – article on stubble burning and sanctuary threats]

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Geography of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Environment of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of India]]
[[Category:Patiala district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1952]]

Tej Charanraj

2026-02-24T00:38:15Z

Siddhant Babu: creating the data and citations!

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tej Charanraj
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Chennai, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| other_names = Tejraj
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2017–present
| imagesize =
| homepage =
}}

'''Tej Charanraj''' is an Indian actor and film producer who has appeared in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] language films. After making his film debut in the Tamil film ''Laali'' (2017), he has been in films including ''[[90 ML (2019 Tamil film)|90 ML]]'' (2019) and ''[[Sivi 2]]'' (2022).

==Career==
Tej is the son of actor-director [[Charan Raj]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/another-new-filmi-kid-eyes-a-kannada-debut/articleshow/68343651.cms |title=Another new filmi kid eyes a Kannada debut |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2019-03-10 |accessdate=2025-03-31}}</ref> His younger brother, Dev Charanraj, is also an actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/03/charanraj-to-direct-his-sons-debut-film-30649.html|title=Charanraj to direct his son's debut film|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> He pursued a degree in visual communications, took an acting course at [[Balu Mahendra]]’s acting school Cinema Pattarai, learned stunts from action choreographer Pandian and dance from choreographers [[Raghuram]] and [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]], before embarking in his career as an actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200319/tejraj-on-a-roll.html |title=Tejraj on a roll |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=20 March 2019|accessdate=2025-03-31}}</ref>

In August 2013, Charan Raj revealed that Teja would shortly make his debut as an actor, but there was an eventual delay before he starred in his first film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/charan-raj-wants-to-be-son-s-guiding-light-113081100349_1.html|title=Charan Raj wants to be son's guiding light|date=11 August 2013|via=Business Standard}}</ref> Tej made his acting debut through the Tamil film, ''Laali'' (2017), a drama around parental relationships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lali-lali-aararo-is-a-film-on-family-sentiments/articleshow/58028788.cms |title='Lali Lali Aararo' is a film on family sentiments |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2017-04-06 |accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref> For the film's soundtrack release, Charan Raj requested his former co-star [[Rajinikanth]] to be the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tamildiplomat.com/rajinikanths-big-favor-baasha-co-star/|title=Rajinikanth's big favor for his 'Baasha' co-star | Tamil Diplomat}}</ref> He then appeared in a supporting role in [[Anita Udeep]]'s female-centric drama ''[[90 ML (2019 Tamil film)|90 ML]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web|author=Tuesday, 12 March 2019 - 15:21 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/more-star-kids-make-debuts-sandalwood-and-kollywood-98187 |title=More star kids make debuts in Sandalwood and Kollywood |publisher=The News Minute |date=2019-03-12 |accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref> Tej made his first appearance in Kannada through ''Shri Bharatha Baahubali'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/jun/14/tej-charanraj-i-want-to-justify-my-fathers-stardom-24978.html|title=Tej Charanraj: I want to justify my father's stardom|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2017 || ''Laali'' || || Tamil ||
|-
|2019 || ''[[90 ML (2019 Tamil film)|90 ML]]'' || Sathish || Tamil ||
|-
|2020 || ''Shri Bharatha Baahubali'' || || Kannada ||
|-
|2022 || ''[[Sivi 2]]'' || Krish || Tamil ||
|-
|2023 || ''[[Narakasura (2023 film)|Narakasura]]'' || Aadhi Naidu || Telugu ||
|-
|2024 || ''Vallavan Vaguthadhada'' || Chiranjeevi || Tamil ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9499503}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charanraj, Tej}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Chakpa language

2026-02-23T19:33:17Z

Siddhant Babu:

{{Short description|Extinct Sino-Tibetan language of India}}
{{Redirect|Loi language|text=Loi is also the name of a dialect of the [[Ngiri language]] of Congo}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Chakpa
| altname = Loi
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Manipur]]
| ethnicity =
| extinct = by 1950s
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Atlas of the world's languages in danger|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026|website=[[UNESCO]]|page=202|date=2010|access-date=2024-12-28|author1=Christopher Moseley|author2=Alexandre Nicolas}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Sal languages|Sal]]
| fam4 = [[Jingpho–Luish languages|Jingpho–Luish]]
| fam5 = [[Luish languages|Luish]]
| dia1 = Andro
| dia2 = Sengmai (Sekmai)
| dia3 = Phayeng
| dia4 = Chairel
| dia5 = Khurkhul
| iso3 = none
| glotto = andr1245
| glottorefname = Chakpa
| isoexception = dialect

}}

'''Chakpa''' ([[Meitei language|Meitei]]) is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] that was spoken in the [[Imphal]] valley of [[Manipur]], [[India]]. It belonged to the [[Luish languages|Luish]] branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. Chakpa speakers have been shifted to that of [[Meitei language]].<ref name="Huziwara 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Huziwara |first=Keisuke |date=2020 |title=On the Genetic Position of Chakpa Within Luish Languages |journal=Himalayan Linguistics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=44–55 |doi=10.5070/H91150999 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Varieties of the language included Sengmai and Andro.<ref name="Matisoff 2013">{{harvp|Matisoff|2013}}</ref>

Chakpa was spoken in villages such as Andro, Sekmai (Sengmai), Phayeng, Khurkhul and Chairel, all of which are now Meitei-speaking villages.<ref name="Huziwara 2020" />

==Other names==
{{further|Loi}}
''[[Loi]]'' (or ''Lui''; hence "[[Luish languages|Luish]]") is a [[Meithei language|Meitei]] [[endonym and exonym|exonym]] that includes Chakpa. Although Chakpa are typically considered to be Loi, not all Loi are Chakpa. For example, [[Kakching]] and Kwakta are Loi villages that are not Chakpa.<ref name="Huziwara 2020" />

==Documentation==
Chakpa is preserved in written manuscripts that are recited by religious scholars during traditional ceremonies, such as those of the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival.<ref name="Huziwara 2020" />

Chakpa word lists can be found in McCulloch (1859)<ref name="McCulloch 1859">{{Cite book |last=McCulloch |first=W. |url={{google books|OeYwAQAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes: With a Comparative Vocabulary of the Munnipore and Other Languages |date=1859 |publisher=Bengal Printing Company |location=Calcutta |language=en}}</ref> and Basanta (1998).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basanta |first=Ningombam |title=Modernisation, Challenge and Response: A Study of the Chakpa Community of Manipur |date=2008 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref>

The Chairel variety is documented in a word list by McCulloch (1859).<ref name="McCulloch 1859" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Huziwara |first=Keisuke 藤原敬介 |date=2012 |title=Rui sogo no saikou ni mukete |script-title=ja:ルイ祖語の再構にむけて |trans-title=Toward a Reconstruction of Proto-Luish |journal=Kyōtodaigaku gengogaku kenkyū |language=ja |volume=31 |pages=25–131 |doi=10.14989/182194 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |script-journal=ja:京都大学言語学研究 |hdl=2433/182194}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Matisoff |first=James A. |date=2013 |title=Re-Examining the Genetic Position of Jingpho: Putting Flesh on the Bones of the Jingpho/Luish Relationship |url=http://sealang.net/archives/ltba/pdf/LTBA-36.2.15.pdf |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=15–95}}
{{refend}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Sal languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sal languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]

INS Shakti (A57)

2026-02-19T17:23:32Z

Siddhant Babu: small changes

{{short description|Deepak-class fleet tanker}}
{{other ships|INS Shakti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Shakti A57.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Shakti''
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = ''Shakti''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder = *[[Fincantieri]]
* [[Bharat Electronics Limited|Bharat Electronics]]<ref name=in>{{cite web|title=Admiral Nirmal Verma, CNS commissions INS Shakti at Visakhapatnam|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/admiral-nirmal-verma-cns-commissions-ins-shakti-visakhapatnam|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=4 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925145308/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/admiral-nirmal-verma-cns-commissions-ins-shakti-visakhapatnam|archive-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>
| original_cost =
| yard_number = 6186
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched = 11 October 2010<ref name=wn>{{cite web|title=INS Shakti launched at Italian shipyard|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/story/sports%252Fins-shakti-launched-italian-shipyard-2521126|publisher=The Deccan Herald|access-date=30 January 2024|archive-date=30 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130114958/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/ins-shakti-launched-italian-shipyard-2521126|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| commissioned = 1 October 2011
| identification = *{{IMO Number|9613915}}
* {{MMSI Number|419000368}}
* [[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: AWOA
| status = Active
| motto = ''Anything, Anywhere''
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Deepak|fleet tanker|1}}
| type =
| tonnage =
| displacement = {{cvt|27550|t|LT|lk=on}}<ref name=hin>{{cite web|title=INS Shakti commissioned|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2505289.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201654/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ins-shakti-commissioned/article2505289.ece |archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
| length = {{cvt|175|m|ftin}}
| beam = {{cvt|25|m|ftin}}
| draft = {{cvt|9.1|m|ftin}} (maximum)
| depth = {{cvt|19.3|m|ftin}}
| decks = 10
| power = 2 × [[MAN Truck & Bus|MAN]] diesel engines, {{cvt|19.2|MW}}
| propulsion = Single shaft; [[Variable-pitch propeller (marine)|controllable-pitch propeller]]
| speed = {{convert|20|kn}}
| range =
| endurance = {{cvt|10000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|16|kn}}
| troops =
| complement = 180 sailors and 20 officers
| sensors =
| EW = [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]] launcher system<ref name=sify21j>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy strengthens far-reaching capability|url=http://www.sify.com/finance/indian-navy-strenghtens-far-reaching-capability-news-default-lbvr4qjfaaj.html|access-date=2 February 2013|newspaper=Sify|date=21 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723014309/http://www.sify.com/finance/indian-navy-strenghtens-far-reaching-capability-news-default-lbvr4qjfaaj.html|archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref>
| armament = 4 × [[AK-630]] close-in weapons system<ref name=sify21j />
| armor =
| aircraft = Various helicopters<ref name=sify21j />
| aircraft_facilities = Aviation hangar
| notes = Cargo capacity: {{cvt|17900|t}} at full load
}}
}}

'''INS ''Shakti''''' (A57) (lit. ''Strength'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF|title=शक्ति|date=17 March 2023|via=Wiktionary|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423102709/https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF|url-status=live}}</ref> is a {{sclass|Deepak|fleet tanker}} in service with the [[Indian Navy]]. She was built by [[Fincantieri]], an Italian shipbuilding company based in [[Trieste]].<ref name="hin" /> She is the second and final ship of her class.<ref name=naval-technology1/> ''Shakti'', along with her predecessor {{INS|Deepak|A50|2}}, is one of the largest ships of the Indian Navy.<ref name=in/>

The construction of the vessel began in November 2009 and she was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] in October 2010. She was handed over to India by September 2011 and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 October 2011.<ref name="in" /><ref name=dnai>{{cite web|title=Fleet tanker INS Shakti inducted into Indian Navy|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_fleet-tanker-ins-shakti-inducted-into-indian-navy_1593818|publisher=DNA India|access-date=4 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002214958/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_fleet-tanker-ins-shakti-inducted-into-indian-navy_1593818|archive-date=2 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite web|title=INS Shakti inducted into the Indian navy|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-02/hyderabad/30234909_1_indian-navy-admiral-nirmal-verma-solid-cargo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114014141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-02/hyderabad/30234909_1_indian-navy-admiral-nirmal-verma-solid-cargo|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> The construction of the vessel was completed in a record time of 27 months, after the contract worth {{euro|159.32 million}} was signed in April 2008.<ref name=sify21j />

INS ''Shakti'' can refuel four ships at a time, with a fuelling speed of 1,500 tonnes per hour while her predecessors had a speed of 300 per hour. She is also equipped with state-of-the art electronics, medical facilities and storage spaces.<ref name=sify21j /> According to [[Admiral Nirmal Verma]], ''Shakti'' would significantly add to the Indian Navy's ability to conduct and sustain [[Blue-water navy|operations]] distant from the coast.<ref name=sify21j />

== Design and description ==

=== General characteristics and propulsion ===
INS ''Shakti'' has a length of {{convert|175|m|ftin}} [[Length overall|overall]], a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{cvt|25|m|ftin}} and a [[Draught (ship)|draught]] of {{cvt|9.1|m|ftin}}. The ship displaces about {{convert|27550|t|LT|lk=on}} at [[Full load displacement|full load]]. The complement is about 200, including 20 officers.<ref name="hin" />

The ship is powered by two [[MAN SE|MAN]] [[diesel engine]]s providing a total power of {{convert|19.2|MW|lk=on}}.<ref name=naval-technology1>{{cite web|title=Deepak Class Fleet Tankers, India|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/deepak-class-fleet-tankers/|publisher=Naval Technology|access-date=4 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528234511/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/deepak-class-fleet-tankers|archive-date=28 May 2013}}</ref> This allows the ship to reach a maximum speed of {{convert|20|kn|lk=in}} and an [[Combat endurance|endurance]] of {{convert|10000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|16|kn}}.<ref name=toi2>{{cite news|title=Navy inducts fleet tanker INS Shakti|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-inducts-fleet-tanker-INS-Shakti/articleshow/10200818.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2 October 2011 |access-date=4 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116004035/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-inducts-fleet-tanker-INS-Shakti/articleshow/10200818.cms|archive-date=16 November 2011}}</ref>

To help prevent accidental oil spills, the ship features a [[double hull]] configuration in compliance with [[MARPOL 73/78]].<ref name=dh11 />

=== Capacity ===
The ''Deepak''-class tanker can carry {{convert|17900|t}} of cargo, including {{convert|15500|t}} of liquid cargo (water, ship and aircraft fuel) and {{convert|500|t}} of solid cargo (food and ammunition). The modern cargo handling facility on board the ship enables transfer of heavy solid cargo via a {{convert|30|t|adj=on}} capacity deck crane, and simultaneous fuelling of multiple ships at sea at the rate of {{convert|1500|t}} per hour.<ref name=sify21j /><ref name="toi" /> Workshop facilities on the ship can support other ships of the fleet and are capable of supporting heavy helicopters.<ref name="hin" />

=== Self-defence systems ===
The ship has self-defence capabilities and is equipped with an indigenous anti-missile defence [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] system. On-board systems include fully automatic engine controls, power management and battle damage control systems.<ref name="dnai" /><ref name="toi" /> According to the navy, the ship was designed to operate as a command platform.<ref name="hin" /> The ship is fitted with four [[AK-630]] [[close-in weapon system]]s, which can fire at a rate of 4,000 to 10,000 rounds a minute.<ref name=naval-technology1/>

== Construction and service ==
[[Fincantieri]] was awarded the contract to construct ''Shakti'' in April 2008 at a cost of {{Euro|159.32 million}}. The ''Deepak''-class tankers were the first warships constructed for India by Fincantieri. The construction of the ship began in November 2009 at Fincantieri's [[Sestri Ponente]] shipyard in Italy.<ref name="dnai" /> The [[sea trial]]s started in December 2010.<ref name=dh11>{{cite news|title=INS Shakti launched at Italian shipyard|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/104114/ins-shakti-launched-italian-shipyard.html|access-date=29 July 2012|newspaper=The Deccan Herald|date=11 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225025820/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/104114/ins-shakti-launched-italian-shipyard.html|archive-date=25 December 2014}}</ref> The ship was formally handed over to the Indian Navy on 23 September 2011, in under two years. [[Nirmal Kumar Verma|Admiral Nirmal Verma]], the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|chief of the Naval Staff]], [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] the tanker at [[Visakhapatnam]], the home of the [[Eastern Naval Command]], and noted that the ship had enhanced the reach of the navy well beyond the limits of the Indian Ocean.<ref name="dnai" /><ref name=niex>{{cite news|title=Navy boosting Eastern flank|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article1401333.ece|access-date=14 January 2013|newspaper=New Indian Express|date=31 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223042843/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article1401333.ece|archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref>

There were allegations of the then ruling [[UPA government]] having engaged in corruption by allowing Fincantieri to build ''Shakti'' and ''Deepak'' using commercial grade steel, instead of military grade steel as is the norm. The [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] had questioned why the order was not given to [[Rosoboronexport]], which had offered to use military grade steel for the construction of the tankers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Saurabh |date=20 August 2010 |title=CAG pokes finger at inferior steel in navy tankers |url=https://stratpost.com/cag-pokes-finger-at-inferior-steel-in-navy-tankers/ |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=StratPost |language=en-US |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319091208/https://stratpost.com/cag-pokes-finger-at-inferior-steel-in-navy-tankers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[India Today]] reported that the [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] of the succeeding government, [[Manohar Parrikar]], had ordered a probe into the matter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawant |first=Gaurav C |date=13 May 2016 |title=Naval officer red-flagged purchase of ships with inferior steel from Italian firm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exclusive-bigger-scam-than-agusta-upa-govt-allowed-inferior-steel-in-naval-ship-323362-2016-05-13 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=India Today |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007143651/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exclusive-bigger-scam-than-agusta-upa-govt-allowed-inferior-steel-in-naval-ship-323362-2016-05-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] issued a press release the next day, clarifying that no probe had been ordered,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2016 |title=No Probe Ordered Into Steel Quality Of Navy Tanker: Defence Ministry |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-probe-ordered-into-steel-quality-of-navy-tanker-defence-ministry-1406046 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=NDTV |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319091207/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-probe-ordered-into-steel-quality-of-navy-tanker-defence-ministry-1406046 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that steel of an inferior quality had not been used, but did not clarify why military grade steel was not used.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2016 |title=Navy Rejects Report on Inferior Quality Steel Used in Tanker |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/navy-rejects-report-on-inferior-quality-steel-used-in-tanker-1242657.html |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=News18 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007144719/https://www.news18.com/news/india/navy-rejects-report-on-inferior-quality-steel-used-in-tanker-1242657.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same day, [[Kirit Somaiya]], an [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] on the [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]], demanded a probe into the matter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2016 |title=BJP lawmaker seeks probe into ‘favour’ shown to Italian shipping firm |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bjp-lawmaker-seeks-probe-into-favour-shown-to-italian-shipping-firm/story-c8rxNANSgjtPjoaFmK0rTJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408124431/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bjp-lawmaker-seeks-probe-into-favour-shown-to-italian-shipping-firm/story-c8rxNANSgjtPjoaFmK0rTJ.html |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

''Shakti'' is the third tanker in the navy with the same name. The first ''Shakti'' had a displacement of {{convert|3000|t|LT}} and was commissioned during [[World War II]]. She was in service with the Indian Navy from 29 January 1954 and decommissioned on 31 December 1967. The second ''Shakti'', a large ship built by the German shipyard [[Bremer Vulkan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=INS Shakti A57 - IMO 7360447 |url=https://www.shipspotting.com/photos/302135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310082221/https://www.shipspotting.com/photos/302135 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=ShipSpotting |language=en}}</ref> was commissioned on 21 February 1976 and decommissioned on 21 July 2007, after more than 31 years of naval service.<ref name="in" /><ref name="hin" />

[[File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - Exercise Malabar 2012. (7).jpg|thumb|INS ''Shakti'' replenishing {{USS|Carl Vinson}} during [[Exercise Malabar]] 2012. |alt=A supply ship refuels an aircraft carrier which has multiple aircraft on board]]

=== 2012 ===
====Malabar 2012====
In April 2012, ''Shakti'' took part in the Indian Navy's annual maritime exercise with the [[US Navy]], [[Exercise Malabar#2012|Malabar 2012]], in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. During these exercises, the ship replenished {{USS|Carl Vinson}}, the [[flagship]] of the US Navy's [[Carrier Strike Group One|Carrier Strike Group 1]].<ref name=usn14j>{{cite web|title=Carl Vinson Sailors Make History During Exercise Malabar 2012|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg5/Pages/CarlVinsonSailorsMakeHistoryDuringExerciseMalabar2012.aspx#.T9err7Uth50|publisher=US Navy|access-date=14 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515045313/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg5/Pages/CarlVinsonSailorsMakeHistoryDuringExerciseMalabar2012.aspx#.T9err7Uth50|archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=tdt>{{cite web|title=India's Navy Good U.S. Option|url=https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/04/10/indias-navy-good-u-s-option/|publisher=The Diplomat|access-date=2 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720003557/https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/04/10/indias-navy-good-u-s-option/|archive-date=20 July 2012}}</ref>

====South China Sea and the North-West Pacific====
In May 2012, ''Shakti'', as part of a battle group of four ships, began a sustained operational deployment to the South China Sea and the North West Pacific Ocean. The other three ships were {{INS|Rana|D52|6}}, a {{sclass|Rajput|destroyer|0}} guided missile destroyer, {{INS|Shivalik|F47|6}}, a stealth frigate, and {{INS|Karmuk|P64|6}}, a {{sclass|Kora|corvette|0}} corvette. This battle group was under the command of [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Ajit Kumar P|P Ajit Kumar]], [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]]. According to the Ministry of Defence, the two-month deployment, far from India's usual area of operations, along with [[Military exercise|naval exercises]] with a number of countries, aimed to demonstrate the Indian Navy's operational reach.<ref name=indpr>{{cite press release|title=First bilateral maritime exercise between India and Japan|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/PRel_120609_JIMEX12_Indio-Japan-Ex.pdf|access-date=17 January 2013|publisher=Indian Navy|date=9 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109235842/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/PRel_120609_JIMEX12_Indio-Japan-Ex.pdf|archive-date=9 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=orf>{{cite web|last=Mohan|first=C Raja|title=Analysis: Japanese Navy|url=http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid=38345&mmacmaid=38346|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415132910/http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid=38345&mmacmaid=38346|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2013|publisher=Observer Research Foundation|access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref>

During the deployment, the battle group participated in [[Passing exercise (naval term)|passage exercises]] with the navies of the countries visited. The passage exercises focused on maritime security cooperation, which included humanitarian aid and disaster relief (HADR) operations and Visit, Board, Search and Seizure (VBSS) drills for anti-piracy operations. These exercises aimed to increase naval [[Interoperability#Government|inter-operability]], enabling the two navies to function with enhanced coordination during possible HADR operations. In addition, during the port visits, the fleet commander along with the commanding officers of the ships met high-ranking officials of the navy, state administration, port management, coastal security organisation, police, and other stakeholders of maritime security in the countries visited, to share professional experiences and exchange best practices in areas of mutual interest.<ref name=indpr /><ref name=orf />

====JIMEX 2012====
The ship was deployed in the [[Northwest Pacific]] for JIMEX 2012 (Japan-India Maritime Exercise) with the four ship group, and took part in India's first bi-lateral maritime exercise with Japan. The [[Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force]] (JMSDF) was represented by two destroyers, one maritime patrol aircraft and a helicopter.<ref name=ibn9j>{{cite news|title=India, Japan to hold first naval exercise from today|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-japan-to-hold-first-naval-exercise-from-today/265085-3.html|access-date=14 January 2013|newspaper=IBN Live|date=9 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903064627/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-japan-to-hold-first-naval-exercise-from-today/265085-3.html|archive-date=3 September 2013}}</ref>

The four ships paused at [[Tokyo]] on 5 June 2012 after visiting Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines and South Korea. The flotilla stayed in Tokyo for three days. This visit coincided with the commemoration of 60 years of diplomatic relations between India and Japan. Vice Admiral [[Anil Chopra (admiral)|Anil Chopra]], [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]] also visited Tokyo to witness the first JIMEX.<ref name=indpr /><ref name=ndtv25j>{{cite news|title=How Indian Navy is expanding and modernising|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/how-indian-navy-is-expanding-and-modernising-235746|access-date=14 July 2012|newspaper=NDTV|date=25 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707094414/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/how-indian-navy-is-expanding-and-modernising-235746|archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=hin15j>{{cite news|title=Japanese warships call at Kochi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/japanese-warships-call-at-kochi/article3531095.ece|access-date=17 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201653/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/japanese-warships-call-at-kochi/article3531095.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

====South-east Asia====
After the deployment in the North Pacific, the battle group was deployed in the [[South China Sea]].<ref name=znj13>{{cite news|title=Warm reception to Indian naval ships in China|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/warm-reception-to-indian-naval-ships-in-china_781647.html|access-date=14 January 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=13 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814071306/http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/warm-reception-to-indian-naval-ships-in-china_781647.html|archive-date=14 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian warships to dock at Chinese port|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-warships-to-dock-at-chinese-port_781351.html|access-date=14 January 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=12 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214510/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-warships-to-dock-at-chinese-port_781351.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> As part of India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]], the ships visited [[Port of Shanghai|Shanghai Port]] on 13 June 2012, for a five-day goodwill tour.<ref name=ndtv25j /><ref name=hindustantimes>{{cite web|title=Indian warships to dock at Chinese port after 6 yrs gap|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/China/Indian-warships-to-dock-at-Chinese-port-after-6-yrs-gap/Article1-870003.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103033933/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/China/Indian-warships-to-dock-at-Chinese-port-after-6-yrs-gap/Article1-870003.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> ''Shakti'' served as the fuel and logistics tanker for the three destroyers in her group. The ships left the port on 17 June 2012,<ref name=ndtv19>{{cite news|title=Indian warships wrap up China visit|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-warships-wrap-up-china-visit-233603|access-date=29 July 2012|newspaper=NDTV|date=19 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620023301/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-warships-wrap-up-china-visit-233603|archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref> after having conducted routine passage exercises with the [[People's Liberation Army Navy]].<ref name=orf /><ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese Navy calls for trust building with India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3529270.ece|access-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719040815/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3529270.ece|archive-date=19 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="idsa">{{cite web |title=Chinese Navy calls for trust building with India |url=http://idsa.in/TWIR/6_3_2012_National |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205022/http://idsa.in/TWIR/6_3_2012_National |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 January 2013 |work=The Week in Review |publisher=[[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses]]}}</ref>

After the visits to Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, Japan, South Korea and China, the ships visited [[Port Klang]], Malaysia. This was the last port call of the battle group, after which it returned to the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] of the Indian Navy, after being on a two-month-long deployment which started in May 2012.<ref name=indpr /><ref name=ndtv28>{{cite news|title=Indian warships on goodwill tour, dock in Malaysia|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-warships-on-goodwill-tour-dock-in-malaysia-237232|access-date=29 July 2012|newspaper=NDTV|date=28 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815145053/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-warships-on-goodwill-tour-dock-in-malaysia-237232|archive-date=15 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=nst>{{cite news|title=Indian navy ships on 4-day visit|url=http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/indian-navy-ships-on-4-day-visit-1.99103|access-date=29 July 2012|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=28 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702185547/http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/indian-navy-ships-on-4-day-visit-1.99103|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
====TROPEX 2013====
''Shakti'' was part of a seven-ship fleet which represented Eastern Naval Command at the Indian Navy's annual [[Exercise TROPEX|TROPEX]] exercise which concluded on 1 March 2013. TROPEX 2013 was a month-long theatre level exercise which was conducted off India's west coast. The navy conducted manoeuvres, weapon fire drills and tactical evaluations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naval Exercise TROPEX 2013 Concludes |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/naval-exercise-tropex-2013-concludes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081500/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/naval-exercise-tropex-2013-concludes |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Indian Navy}}</ref>

The other ships in the flotilla were the destroyer ''Rana'', amphibious dock {{INS|Jalashwa|L41|6}}, corvettes {{INS|Kulish|P63|6}}, ''Karmuk'' and {{INS|Sukanya|P50|6}}. The flotilla was led by the {{INS|Ranvijay|D55|6}} under the command of Admiral Ajith Kumar P, Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet. This flotilla made a port call at [[Cochin Port|Kochi]] on 4 March 2013, en route to its forward deployment.<ref name=bs7m>{{cite news|title=Seven warships of Eastern fleet depart after 4-day visit|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/seven-warships-of-eastern-fleet-depart-after-4-day-visit-113030700186_1.html|access-date=27 May 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=7 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605061148/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/seven-warships-of-eastern-fleet-depart-after-4-day-visit-113030700186_1.html|archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=zn7m>{{cite news|title=Seven warships of Eastern fleet depart after 4-day visit|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/seven-warships-of-eastern-fleet-depart-after-4-day_833608.html|access-date=27 May 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=7 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116104139/http://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/seven-warships-of-eastern-fleet-depart-after-4-day_833608.html|archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref>

====South China Sea and Western Pacific====
The ship was part of a four-vessel fleet on a regular operational deployment to the South China Sea and the Western Pacific during May–June 2013, after departure from India on 20 May 2013. The fleet led by Rear Admiral Ajit Kumar consisted of the stealth frigate {{INS|Satpura|F48|6}}, ''Rajput''-class destroyer INS ''Ranvijay'', corvette {{INS|Kirch|P62|6}} and ''Shakti'', and carried more than 800 crew members combined. ''Shakti'', along with ''Ranvijay'' sailed from [[Port Blair]], Andaman and Nicobar Islands, on 21 May. They were joined by ''Satpura'' and ''Kirch'', which arrived from Singapore after participating in a maritime exhibition and a bilateral naval exercise. The ships made a five-day port call at Malaysia's Port Klang on 25 May 2013.<ref name=dc29m>{{cite news|title=Naval fleet goes on a month-long expedition|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/335255/naval-fleet-goes-month-long.html|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=29 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217031324/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/335255/naval-fleet-goes-month-long.html|archive-date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=bs28m>{{cite news|title=Indian warships makes port calls in South-East Asian nations|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indian-warships-makes-port-calls-in-south-east-asian-nations-113052600179_1.html|access-date=27 May 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=26 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222160418/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indian-warships-makes-port-calls-in-south-east-asian-nations-113052600179_1.html|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=nst28m>{{cite news|title=Four Indian navy ships dock in Port Klang Read more: Four Indian navy ships dock in Port Klang|url=http://www.nst.com.my/latest/four-indian-navy-ships-dock-in-port-klang-1.286259#ixzz2UNlyznbK|access-date=27 May 2013|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=26 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526173952/http://www.nst.com.my/latest/four-indian-navy-ships-dock-in-port-klang-1.286259#ixzz2UNlyznbK|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>

The ships conducted passage exercises and practiced both conventional wartime drills and cooperative military action against unconventional sea threats with the [[Royal Malaysian Navy]].<ref name=thnn28m>{{cite news|title=Indian warships to visit Vietnam|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/index/pages/20130528-indian-warships-to-visit-vietnam.aspx|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Thanhnien News|date=28 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615061733/http://www.thanhniennews.com/index/pages/20130528-indian-warships-to-visit-vietnam.aspx|archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> They made further port calls at [[Da Nang]], Vietnam and [[Manila]], the Philippines. They returned to India by the end of June 2013.<ref name=toi28m>{{cite news|title=Four Indian warships on overseas deployment to the east|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-28/india/39579316_1_indian-ocean-region-maritime-security-warships|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609104935/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-28/india/39579316_1_indian-ocean-region-maritime-security-warships|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2013|access-date=28 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 May 2013}}</ref> The fleet was deployed in the South China Sea and the Western Pacific from mid-May to end June to reinforce military ties with [[ASEAN]] countries, in addition to showcasing India's naval capabilities.<ref name=dc29m />

=== 2014 ===
====Western Pacific====
In July 2014, an Indian Navy task force consisting of ''Ranvijay'', ''Shivalik'', and ''Shakti'' visited the [[Russian Pacific Fleet]] at [[Vladivostok]] for the [[INDRA (naval exercise)|Indra]]-2014 exercises. The Russian fleet consisted of the guided-missile cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Varyag|1983|2}}, the flagship of the Pacific Fleet; the destroyer {{ship|Russian destroyer|Admiral Vinogradov||2}}, the large landing craft ''Peresvet'' and several auxiliary ships, naval aircraft and helicopters. The exercise took place from 17 to 19 July in the [[Peter the Great Gulf]] in the [[Sea of Japan]]. The ships conducted tactical maneuvering, [[Naval artillery|artillery]] and missile firing drills, as well as [[Cross-deck (naval terminology)|helicopter deck-landing]] drills.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Indra 2014 Sea Phase Photos |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/indra-2014-sea-phase-photos |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=Indian Navy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Call at Vladivostok and Exercise Indra 2014 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106580 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=Press Information Bureau |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007143654/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106580 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After exercising with the Russian Navy, the task force moved to the Pacific Ocean to exercise with the Japanese and the US Navy during [[Exercise Malabar#2014|Malabar 2014]]. A carrier group centered on the aircraft carrier {{USS|George Washington|CVN-73|6}}, and a nuclear submarine, two destroyers and one tanker represented the US Navy.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 July 2014 |title=India, Japan and US navies start Malabar 2014 naval exercise |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-japan-and-us-navies-start-malabar-2014-naval-exercise-4327256/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Naval Technology |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130181707/https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-japan-and-us-navies-start-malabar-2014-naval-exercise-4327256/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The JMSDF was represented by two destroyers, the {{ship|JDS|Kurama||2}} and {{ship|JDS|Ashigara||2}}, and [[ShinMaywa US-2|US-2]] amphibious warfare aircraft. The harbour phase of the drills was conducted in [[Sasebo Naval Base|Sasebo]], Japan. Some exercises carried out were [[maritime patrol]], [[underway replenishment]] and [[liaison officer]] exchange and boarding.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian warships in Russia for naval wargames|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-warships-in-russia-for-naval-wargames_947343.html|access-date=23 May 2015|publisher=Zee News|date=14 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524173532/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-warships-in-russia-for-naval-wargames_947343.html|archive-date=24 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India, US, Japan to hold naval wargames in Pacific Ocean|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-23/news/51931858_1_naval-wargames-indian-prime-minister-east-china-sea|access-date=24 May 2015|publisher=The Economic Times|date=23 July 2014|archive-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524135539/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-23/news/51931858_1_naval-wargames-indian-prime-minister-east-china-sea|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Bay of Bengal====
The naval ships ''Ranjit'', ''Shivalik'', ''Shakti'' and {{INS|Airavat|L24|6}} were deployed by Eastern Command to transport personnel and relief material as part of the rescue and relief mission during [[Cyclone Hudhud]], which made first landfall near Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone Hudhud: Visakhapatnam's naval base takes a battering|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cyclone-Hudhud-Visakhapatnams-naval-base-takes-a-battering/articleshow/44796539.cms|access-date=24 May 2015|work=The Times of India|date=13 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cyclone-Hudhud-Visakhapatnams-naval-base-takes-a-battering/articleshow/44796539.cms|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone Hudhud: Evacuation pays off, casualties minimal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cyclone-hudhud-evacuation-pays-off-casualties-minimal/article6494771.ece|access-date=24 May 2015|work=The Hindu|date=13 October 2014|archive-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055343/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cyclone-hudhud-evacuation-pays-off-casualties-minimal/article6494771.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2015 ===
[[File:INS Shakti entering Sattahip harbour in 2015.jpg|thumb|''Shakti'' entering Sattahip harbour in Thailand on 23 June 2015.|alt=A ship entering a naval harbor]]
''Shakti'' deployed with other ships of the Eastern Fleet to the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command|Andaman & Nicobar Command]], to exercise in the [[Andaman Sea]] and then deployed overseas to exercise with other navies of the region from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia, Thailand and Australia, as part of India's [[Act East policy]].<ref name=toi23m15/> This task force sailed under the command of Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF), Rear Admiral [[Ajendra Bahadur Singh]], who commanded from ''Satpura''. The other ships in the task force were {{INS|Sahyadri|F49|6}}, the then-newly commissioned anti-submarine corvette {{INS|Kamorta|P28|6}}, the destroyers {{INS|Ranvir|D54|6}} and INS ''Ranvijay'' and missile corvette {{INS|Khukri|P49|6}}.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2015 |title=Eastern Fleet ships visit Port Blair |url=http://echoofindia.com/port-blair-eastern-fleet-ships-visit-port-blair-85274 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718070038/http://echoofindia.com/port-blair-eastern-fleet-ships-visit-port-blair-85274 |archive-date=18 July 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |publisher=The Echo of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern fleet ships visit Port Blair|url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2015/05/14/eastern-fleet-ships-visit-port-blair/|access-date=15 May 2015|publisher=Andaman Sheekha|date=14 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919043656/http://www.andamansheekha.com/2015/05/14/eastern-fleet-ships-visit-port-blair/|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> The ships made port calls at [[Jakarta]] (Indonesia), [[Fremantle Harbour|Fremantle]] (Australia), [[Kuantan]] (Malaysia), [[Sattahip]] (Thailand) and [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]] (Cambodia). They exercised for four days with the Singaporean frigate [[Formidable-class frigate|RSS ''Supreme'']] and submarine [[Archer-class submarine|RSS ''Archer'']] along with the fighters, patrol aircraft and helicopters of the [[Singaporean Navy]] from 24–27 May as part of the [[SIMBEX]] 2015 exercise.<ref name=toi23m15>{{cite news|title=India sends four warships to the east, kicks off exercise with Singapore|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-sends-four-warships-to-the-East-kicks-off-exercise-with-Singapore/articleshow/47398279.cms|access-date=23 May 2015|work=The Times of India|date=24 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526015055/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-sends-four-warships-to-the-east-kicks-off-exercise-with-Singapore/articleshow/47398279.cms|archive-date=26 May 2015}}</ref>

From 11 to 19 September, the Shakti participated in the inaugural edition of the AUSINDEX exercise between the Indian and Royal Australian Navy. The exercise, held off Visakhaptnam, saw participation from the Royal Australian Navy's tanker {{HMAS|Sirius|O 266|6}}, frigate {{HMAS|Arunta|FFH 151|6}} and submarine {{HMAS|Sheean}}, complemented by [[P3C Orion]] aircraft. The Indian Navy was represented by the ships ''Shivalik'' and ''Ranvijay'', complemented by [[P-8i|P8I]] patrol aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2016 |title=Indian and Australian Navy to Participate in Inaugural Bilateral Maritime Exercise 'AUSINDEX-15' {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-and-australian-navy-participate-inaugural-bilateral-maritime-exercise-ausindex-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015144004/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-and-australian-navy-participate-inaugural-bilateral-maritime-exercise-ausindex-15 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Indian Navy}}</ref>
[[File:USS Theodore Roosevelt and JS Fuyuzuki transit alongside INS Shakti during a replenishment-at-sea exercise.JPG|alt=3 ships at sea sailing in formation|thumb|USS ''Theodore Roosevelt'' (right) and JS ''Fuyuzuki'' (left) being refuelled by ''Shakti'' (centre) during the Malabar 2015 exercise]]
On 16 October, the Malabar 2015 exercise began. The ships ''Shakti'', ''Ranvijay'' and ''Shivalik'', along with the frigate {{INS|Betwa|F39|6}} and the submarine {{INS|Sindhughosh|S55|6}} represented the Indian Navy. The JMSDF was represented by the destroyer {{ship|JS|Fuyuzuki}}. The US Navy was represented by [[Carrier Strike Group 12]], who dispatched the aircraft carrier {{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71|6}} with [[Carrier Air Wing 1]], the cruiser {{USS|Normandy}}, littoral combat ship {{USS|Fort Worth}} and the nuclear attack submarine {{USS|City of Corpus Christi}}. The exercises carried out included [[search and rescue]], [[anti-submarine warfare]] and war-at-sea drills.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirmans |first=Danica M. |date=17 October 2015 |title=Trilateral Air Defense Exercise Launches Malabar 2015 |url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=91587 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018181856/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=91587 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |website=US Navy}}</ref>

===2016===
''Shakti'' was part of the 71-ship strong Indian fleet at the [[International Fleet Review 2016]] held at Visakhapatnam from 4 to 8 February.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2016 |title=All You Need to Know About Indian Ships Participating in IFR 2016 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/All-You-Need-to-Know-About-Indian-Ships-Participating-in-IFR-2016/2016/02/01/article3256148.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402073831/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/All-You-Need-to-Know-About-Indian-Ships-Participating-in-IFR-2016/2016/02/01/article3256148.ece |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Starting from 18 May, ''Shakti'' along with ''Satpura'', ''Sahyadri'' and ''Kirch'' were deployed to the South China Sea and North West Pacific for a 2.5-month long deployment. The ships made port calls at [[Cam Ranh Bay]] (Vietnam), [[Subic Bay]] (Philippines), Sasebo (Japan), Busan (South Korea), Vladivostok (Russia) and Port Klang (Malaysia).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Dr Rajeev |date=24 May 2016 |title=Malabar Exercise-2016 and China's Concern |url=https://www.indiandefencereview.com/malabar-exercise-2016-and-chinas-concern/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130181709/https://www.indiandefencereview.com/malabar-exercise-2016-and-chinas-concern/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ships then participated in the Malabar 2016 exercise, whose harbour phase was at Sasebo from 10 to 13 June, and the sea phase was in the Pacific Ocean from 14 to 17 June. The Indian ships also fielded one [[Sea King MK7|Sea King 42B ASW]] and two [[HAL Chetak]] helicopters. The JMSDF was represented by {{ship|JS|Hyūga}}, a helicopter carrier with [[SH-60]] K helicopters and long range maritime patrol aircraft on board.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2016 |title=Exercise Malabar – 2016 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=146101 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Press Information Bureau |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007143547/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=146101 |url-status=live }}</ref> The US Navy was represented by the aircraft carrier {{USS|John C. Stennis}} with [[Carrier Air Wing 9]], the cruiser {{USS|Mobile Bay}}, the destroyers {{USS|Stockdale|DDG-106|6}}, {{USS|William P. Lawrence}} and {{USS|Chung-Hoon}}, a [[P-8A Poseidon]] aircraft and an unnamed {{sclass|Los Angeles|submarine|0}} fast attack submarine. The exercises carried out include submarine familiarization, high value target drills, maneuvers and medical emergency drills.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2016 |title=US, Indian, Japanese Maritime Forces to Participate in Malabar 2016 |url=https://www.c7f.navy.mil/Media/News/Display/Article/795988/us-indian-japanese-maritime-forces-to-participate-in-malabar-2016/http://www.c7f.navy.mil/Media/News/Display/Article/795988/us-indian-japanese-maritime-forces-to-participate-in-malabar-2016 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Commander, U.S. 7th Fleet |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

On 21 June, ''Shakti'', ''Sahyadri'' and ''Kirch'' arrived at Busan, without ''Satpura,'' for a four-day visit under the command of the FOCEF, Rear Admiral [[SV Bhokare]]. The three ships conducted exercises with ships from the [[Republic of Korea Navy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=Indian Warships visit Busan, South Korea |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-warships-visit-busan-south-korea-0 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Indian Navy}}</ref> The Indian naval group, without ''Satpura'', arrived at Vladivostok on 27 June for a four day unofficial visit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parameswaran |first=Prashanth |date=28 June 2016 |title=India Warships Visit Russia as Part of South China Sea Deployment |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/india-warships-visit-russia-as-part-of-south-china-sea-deployment/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007144603/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/india-warships-visit-russia-as-part-of-south-china-sea-deployment/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2018===
''Shakti'' and ''Kamorta'' made a port call at [[Makassar]] in Indonesia under the command of Rear Admiral [[Dinesh K Tripathi]], FOCEF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavan P |date=23 June 2018 |title=INS Shakti (A57): Indian Navy ships reach Indonesia to enhance maritime cooperation - Mumbai Mirror |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/act-east-policy-eastern-fleet-ships-shakti-kamorta-demonstrate-in-indonesia/articleshow/64711969.cms |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=Mumbai Mirror |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201180351/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/act-east-policy-eastern-fleet-ships-shakti-kamorta-demonstrate-in-indonesia/amp_articleshow/64711969.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> They were then joined by ''Sahyadri'' at Tien Sa port in Da Nang, Vietnam, as part of their two-month long deployment in Southeast Asia and the Northwest Pacific. The ships conducted a joint exercise with the [[Vietnam Navy]], with the harbor phase from 21 to 25 May and the sea phase after.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2018 |title=3 Indian Navy ships to make port call at Vietnam's Tien Sa |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/3-indian-navy-ships-to-make-port-call-at-vietnams-tien-sa-2571915.html |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=Moneycontrol |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201180351/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/3-indian-navy-ships-to-make-port-call-at-vietnams-tien-sa-2571915.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The three ships sailed to Guam for the 2018 edition of the Malabar exercise. The US Navy was represented by the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier {{USS|Ronald Reagan}}, the cruisers {{USS|Antietam|CG-54|6}} and {{USS|Chancellorsville}}, the destroyers {{USS|Benfold}} and {{USS|Mustin|DDG-89|6}}, and an unnamed ''Los Angeles''-class submarine. The JMSDF was represented by the destroyers {{JS|Ise}}, {{JS|Sazanami}}, JS ''Fuyuzuki'' and an unnamed submarine.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=6 June 2018 |title=8-day Malabar naval exercise to begin in Guam tomorrow |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/8-day-malabar-naval-exercise-to-begin-in-guam-tomorrow-1502645047.html |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=The Statesman |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201180351/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/8-day-malabar-naval-exercise-to-begin-in-guam-tomorrow-1502645047.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Shakti'' and the ''Satpura'' were joined by the anti-submarine corvette {{INS|Kadmatt|P29|6}} at Visakhapatnam for the 2018 edition of the JIMEX exercise held from 7 to 15 October. The JMSDF was represented by the destroyers {{JS|Kaga}} and {{JS|Inazuma|DD-105|6}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2018 |title=Bilateral Maritime Exercise Between Japan and India (JIMEX 18) to Commence at Visakhapatnam |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184013 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=Press Information Bureau |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007144721/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 November, ''Shakti'' hosted the Tri Service (Eastern Theatre) Commanders' Conference. The commanders on board were FOCEF, Vice Admiral [[HCS Bisht]] of the Navy; [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command|General Officer Commanding in Chief Eastern Command]], Lieutenant General [[Praveen Bakshi]] of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Air Command|Air Officer Commanding in Chief Eastern Air Command]], Air Marshal C Hari Kumar of the [[Indian Air Force]]. The meet focused on increasing the joint functionality of the three services.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 November 2016 |title=Tri-Service commanders meet onboard INS Shakti |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/291116/tri-service-commanders-meet-onboard-ins-shakti.html |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007144605/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/291116/tri-service-commanders-meet-onboard-ins-shakti.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2019===

''Shakti'' along with {{INS|Kolkata}} arrived at Cam Ranh Port, [[Nha Trang]] in Vietnam as part of their deployment in Southeast Asia and the South China Sea. The ships with their combined crew of 730 officers and sailors were docked at the port from 13 to 16 April 2019. Bilateral exercises with the Vietnam Navy were conducted during this period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Naval Ships INS Shakti and INS Kolkata visit to Vietnam |url=https://www.indembassyhanoi.gov.in/event_detail/?eventid=224 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=Embassy of India, Hanoi |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211074843/https://www.indembassyhanoi.gov.in/event_detail/?eventid=224 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Shakti'' and ''Kolkata'' then sailed to [[Qingdao Port]] on 23 April for an international fleet review as part of the celebrations of the People's Liberation Army Navy's 70th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Indian Navy Warships To Take Part In Chinese Fleet Review |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-navy-warships-ins-kolkata-ins-shakti-to-take-part-in-chinese-fleet-review-2025436 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=NDTV |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007144605/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-navy-warships-ins-kolkata-ins-shakti-to-take-part-in-chinese-fleet-review-2025436 |url-status=live }}</ref> The two ships then arrived at [[Busan Port]] on 28 April for 3 days to participate in ADMM PLUS, the apex defence meet of ASEAN countries. The two ships then participated in the International Maritime Defence Expo 2019 and the SIMBEX 2019 exercise with Singapore in May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Naval Ships Kolkata and Shakti in South Korea to Participate in ADMM-PLUS |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-naval-ships-kolkata-and-shakti-south-korea-participate-admm-plus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429071655/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-naval-ships-kolkata-and-shakti-south-korea-participate-admm-plus |archive-date=29 April 2019 |website=Indian Navy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=15 May 2019 |title=India take part in int'l maritime defence exhibition |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/india-take-part-in-intl-maritime-defence-exhibition-733952.html |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007145233/https://www.deccanherald.com/world/india-take-part-in-intl-maritime-defence-exhibition-733952.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 2 to 8 May, ''Shakti'' and ''Kolkata'' participated in a multilateral group sail in the South China Sea. They were joined by the [[United States Seventh Fleet|7th Fleet]] of the US Navy, the JMSDF and the [[Philippine Navy]]. The destroyers USS ''William P. Lawrence'', {{JS|Izumo}}, {{JS|Murasame}} and the patrol ship {{ship|BRP|Andrés Bonifacio|PS-17|6}} sailed with ''Shakti'' and ''Kolkata''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S., Partner Navies Sail Together in South China Sea |url=https://www.c7f.navy.mil/Media/News/Display/Article/1842441/us-partner-navies-sail-together-in-south-china-sea/http://www.c7f.navy.mil/Media/News/Display/Article/1842441/us-partner-navies-sail-together-in-south-china-sea |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=Commander, U.S. 7th Fleet |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

From 16 to 22 May, ''Shakti'' participated in the 26th edition of the SIMBEX exercise, along with ''Kolkata'' embarked with a Chetak helicopter, and a Sea King aircraft aboard ''Shakti''. The shore phase of the exercise was held at the [[Changi Naval Base]], and the sea phase was held in the South China Sea. The Singaporean Navy was represented by the corvette {{ship|RSS|Valiant}}, the frigate {{ship|RSS|Steadfast}} with a [[S-70B Seahawk|S-70B]] helicopter on board. The [[Republic of Singapore Air Force|Singapore Air Force]] was represented by four [[F-16D|F-16D+]] fighter jets and a [[Fokker 50]] maritime patrol aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2019 |title=Singapore and Indian Navies Conclude Annual Maritime Bilateral Exercise |url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/May/22may19_nr3/!ut/p/z1/jZBbC4JAEIV_Uezsetn2UStM8Zapbfsi-5IJeUEksF_fEkEPkjpPM_CdMzMHCcSRaOSzKuVQtY18qPkqzIJG-90RdBJGRorBytPUN-zQzaiJLh8gOukO1oH4UZAYCmBsm0JMwKFIrNHDn7JgnX4GEPP23tIClQDpg11QItHJ4b6pmluLOAHMEA_kqFpSyxGzouk1dY2Y9UvoF_gFljtUAbFreuyM4aBNgGmiSz91dZbxl28zt3Lf4oywug!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Ministry of Defence, Singapore |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319091206/https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/May/22may19_nr3/!ut/p/z1/jZBbC4JAEIV_Uezsetn2UStM8Zapbfsi-5IJeUEksF_fEkEPkjpPM_CdMzMHCcSRaOSzKuVQtY18qPkqzIJG-90RdBJGRorBytPUN-zQzaiJLh8gOukO1oH4UZAYCmBsm0JMwKFIrNHDn7JgnX4GEPP23tIClQDpg11QItHJ4b6pmluLOAHMEA_kqFpSyxGzouk1dY2Y9UvoF_gFljtUAbFreuyM4aBNgGmiSz91dZbxl28zt3Lf4oywug!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2020===
''Shakti'' participated in Phase I of the 2020 edition of the Malabar naval exercise. The Australian and Japanese navies also attended the exercise, held in the Bay of Bengal from 3 to 6 November.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=5 November 2020 |title=Malabar Naval exercise: INS Shakti replenishes American, Japanese warships |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/malabar-naval-exercise-ins-shakti-replenishes-american-japanese-warships/videoshow/79067951.cms |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211074842/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/malabar-naval-exercise-ins-shakti-replenishes-american-japanese-warships/videoshow/79067951.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Shakti'' refuelled three ships at the same time, namely the destroyers {{USS|John S. McCain|DDG-56|6}} and {{JS|Ōnami}}, as well as the frigate {{HMAS|Ballarat|FFH 155|6}} as part of a replenishment at sea exercise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=McCain conducts RAS with INS Shakti, HMAS Ballarat during Malabar 2020 |url=https://sldinfo.com/2020/11/strengthening-the-indian-us-defense-partnership/mccain-conducts-ras-with-ins-shakti-hmas-ballarat-during-malabar-2020/ |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=Second Line of Defense |language=en-US |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310082221/https://sldinfo.com/2020/11/strengthening-the-indian-us-defense-partnership/mccain-conducts-ras-with-ins-shakti-hmas-ballarat-during-malabar-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian Navy was also represented by ''Shivalik'', the submarine {{INS|Sindhuraj|S57|6}}, patrol vessel ''Sukanya'' along with P8I, [[Dornier 228|Dornier]] and [[BAE Systems Hawk|Hawk]] aircraft; under the command of Rear Admiral [[Sanjay Vatsayan]], FOCEF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2020 |title=Exercise Malabar 2020 Concludes |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/exercise-malabar-2020-concludes-arabian-sea |website=Indian Navy |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223111113/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/exercise-malabar-2020-concludes-arabian-sea |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Shakti'', along with ''Sahyadri'' and ''Ranvijay'', represented the Indian Navy at the 2020 edition of the Indra exercise with Russia. The Russian Navy dispatched the destroyers ''Admiral Vinogradov'' and {{ship|Russian destroyer|Admiral Tributs||2}}, as well as the fleet tanker ''Boris Butoma'' from its Pacific Fleet based at Vladivostok.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDRA Navy – 20 {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indra-navy-%E2%80%93-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209150533/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indra-navy-%E2%80%93-20 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=Indian Navy}}</ref>

===2021===

In 2021, as infections of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] were rising in Sri Lanka, ''Shakti'' arrived at [[Colombo Port]] with {{convert|100|t}} of liquid medical oxygen, which was in short supply in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=22 August 2021 |title=Coronavirus {{!}} INS Shakti with 100 tonnes of medical oxygen reaches Sri Lanka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/coronavirus-ins-shakti-with-100-tonnes-of-medical-oxygen-reaches-sri-lanka/article36047636.ece |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007144101/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/coronavirus-ins-shakti-with-100-tonnes-of-medical-oxygen-reaches-sri-lanka/article36047636.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2022===
[[File:INS Shakti (A57) refuelling Rajput class destroyer at sea.jpg|alt=5 ships sailing in formation, center ship refuelling two ships, one each to the right and left; two additional ships visible in the background|thumb|''Shakti'' refuelling two ''Rajput''-class destroyers as part of the celebration of its 11-year anniversary]]
''Shakti'' participated in the 2022 edition of the [[Milan (naval exercise)|Milan naval exercise]] and refuelled the Australian frigate HMAS ''Arunta''. Navies from 15 nations participated and participated in group exercises simulating the tracking of a stealth submarine, responding to targeted fire from aircraft, among other drills for war at sea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lieutenant Commander Andrew Herring |date=16 March 2022 |title=Exercise Provides Plenty Of Action For Crew |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/news/2022-03-16/exercise-provides-plenty-action-crew |website=Australian Defence Forces |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201180352/https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/news/2022-03-16/exercise-provides-plenty-action-crew |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2023===
''Shakti'' and ''Shivalik'', along with the destroyer {{INS|Delhi|D61|6}}, represented India at JIMEX 2023, under the command of Rear Admiral [[Gurcharan Singh (admiral)|Gurcharan Singh]], FOCEF. The JMSDF was represented by the destroyer {{JS|Samidare}} from Escort Flotilla Four.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=Japan India Maritime Exercise 2023 (JIMEX 23) Concludes |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1938774 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=Press Information Bureau |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007144105/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 October 2023, ''Shakti'' along with the [[Shipping Corporation of India]] ship ''Saraswati'' recovered the 4.5-ton [[Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1|TV-D1]] [[Gaganyaan]] crew module even as a heavy storm raged in the Bay of Bengal. The test was done to check the execution of a crew module detachment in case of an emergency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Siddharth |date=21 October 2023 |title=Indian Navy recovered ISRO's Gaganyaan Crew module, as storm brewed in Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/indian-navy-recovered-isros-gaganyaan-crew-module-as-storm-brewed-in-bay-of-bengal-649692 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=WION |language=en-us |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211074842/https://www.wionews.com/science/indian-navy-recovered-isros-gaganyaan-crew-module-as-storm-brewed-in-bay-of-bengal-649692 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2024 ===
[[File:INS Shakti (A57) with KRI Sultan Iskandar Muda (367) and Sin Phyu Shin (F14) during Milan 2024 exercise.jpg|alt=3 ships at sea with an escort convoy of at least 3 ships trailing|thumb|''Shakti'' (centre) with {{KRI|Sultan Iskandar Muda}} (left) and [[Kyan Sittha-class frigate|UMS ''King Sin Phyu Shin'']] (right) during the [[Milan (naval exercise)#2024|Milan 2024 exercise]]]]
''Shakti'' participated in the 2024 edition of the Milan naval exercise which took place off the coast of Visakhaptnam from 19 to 27 February. Ships from 50 navies participated; in a rare occurrence, the US, Russian and [[Iranian Navy]] all participated in the event despite ongoing tensions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=15 February 2024 |title=Warships from US, Russia and Iran to converge in India for multinational 'Milan' exercise |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/warships-from-us-russia-and-iran-to-converge-in-india-for-multinational-milan-exercise/articleshow/107710021.cms |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310082221/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/warships-from-us-russia-and-iran-to-converge-in-india-for-multinational-milan-exercise/articleshow/107710021.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2024 |title=Milan 2024: War exercise including 50 Navies kicks off in Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/milan-2024-war-exercise-including-50-navies-kicks-off-in-vizag/photostory/107889285.cms |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310082221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/milan-2024-war-exercise-including-50-navies-kicks-off-in-vizag/photostory/107889285.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MILAN 2024, Hosted by Indian Navy, Government of India |url=https://www.in-milan.in/CountryShips.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310082229/https://www.in-milan.in/CountryShips.aspx |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=Milan, Indian Navy}}</ref>

In May 2024 ''Shakti'' along with ''Delhi'' and {{INS|Kiltan|P30|6}} formed a three-ship flotilla led by Rear Admiral Rajesh Dhankhar, FOCEF. On 6 May the flotilla arrived at Singapore for a three day visit as part of an operational deployment of the Navy's Eastern Fleet to the South China Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2024 |title=Indian Naval Ships Delhi, Shakti, and Kiltan Arrived at Singapore, as Part of An Eastern Fleet Deployment to the South China Sea |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2019815 |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Press Information Bureau |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508062604/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2019815 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Shakti'' and the ''Delhi'' reached [[Kota Kinabalu]] in Malaysia on 12 May. The two ships also participated in the [[Maritime Partnership Exercise#India-Malaysia|Maritime Partnership Exercise]] with the Royal Malaysian Navy. Officers from both navies participated in subject matter expert exchanges, [[yoga]] and sports events, as well as cross deck visits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2024 |title=Visit of Indian Naval Ships to Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2020376 |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=Press Information Bureau |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522203406/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2020376 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 May ''Shakti'', ''Delhi'' and ''Kiltan'' arrived at Manila under the command of Rear Admiral Dhankhar. During the visit, the Indian and Philippine navies took part in naval exercises and "subject expert matter exchanges, cross deck visits, cultural visits, collaborative community outreach programmes."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=20 May 2024 |title=Indian warships reach Manila as part of deployment to South China Sea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-warships-reach-manila-as-part-of-deployment-to-south-china-sea/articleshow/110276538.cms |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 23 May the ships concluded both their visit to Manila and their deployment to the South China Sea.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2024 |title=Indian Navy warships complete Manila visit as part of operational deployment to South China Sea |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-warships-complete-manila-visit-as-part-of-operational-deployment-to-south-china-sea/articleshow/110370848.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007145239/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-warships-complete-manila-visit-as-part-of-operational-deployment-to-south-china-sea/articleshow/110370848.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=25 May 2024 |title=Indian naval ships complete deployment to South China Sea |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-naval-ships-complete-deployment-to-south-china-sea/article68215394.ece |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526072100/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-naval-ships-complete-deployment-to-south-china-sea/article68215394.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 October the 2024 edition of the Malabar exercises began in the Bay of Bengal off Visakhapatnam, with navies and [[Special forces|special ops forces]] from all [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad]] countries participating. The Indian Navy was represented by ''Shakti'', ''Delhi'', {{INS|Tabar}}, ''Kadmatt'', ''Kamorta'', and P8I aircraft. The Royal Australian Navy was represented by {{HMAS|Stuart|FFH 153|6}}, [[MH-60R]] Sikorsky helicopters and P8 aircraft. The JMSDF was represented by {{JS|Ariake|DD-109|6}}, while the US Navy was represented by {{USS|Dewey|DDG-105|6}}, her onboard helicopters and P8 aircraft. The harbour phase was held from 8 to 12 October and the sea phase from 13 to 18 October.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casimiro |first=Christine |date=9 October 2024 |title=Quad Nations Join Forces in Malabar 2024 Naval Exercises |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2024/10/09/quad-nations-malabar-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009115352/https://thedefensepost.com/2024/10/09/quad-nations-malabar-2024/ |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=The Defense Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

The ship participated in Exercise Malabar 2024 which was held from 8 to 18 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2024 |title=Closing Ceremony of MALABAR 2024 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2066287 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

=== 2025 ===
In July 2025, INS ''Shakti'' was again deployed in the [[South East Asia]] as part of the four-ship [[flotilla]] under the command of [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear admiral]] [[Susheel Menon]], the [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet|FOCEF]]. The flotilla included {{INS|Delhi|D61}}, {{INS|Satpura|F48}} and {{INS|Kiltan|P30}}. The flotilla called on [[Singapore]] from 16 to 19 July.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy's Eastern Fleet ships arrive in Singapore as part of the deployment to South East Asia |date=2025-07-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2145603 |access-date=2025-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian naval ships concludes visit to Singapore |date=2025-07-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2147151 |access-date=2025-07-27}}</ref> On 24 July, ''Delhi'', ''Shakti'' and ''Kiltan'' called on [[Da Nang Port]], [[Vietnam]]. The fleet was welcomed by the [[Vietnam People's Navy]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Indian Navy’s Eastern Fleet ships arrive at Da Nang, Vietnam – deepening maritime ties and advancing maritime cooperation in the Indo-Pacific |date=2025-07-25 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2148522 |access-date=2025-07-27}}</ref> On 1 August, the three ships arrived at [[Manila Port]], [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Naval Ships visit Manila, Philippines strengthening maritime cooperation in South East Asia |date=2025-08-01 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2148522 |access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref> The ships also conducted the maiden joint sail and [[naval exercise]] with [[Philippine Navy]] on 3 and 4 August.<ref>{{Cite news |last=AP |date=2025-08-04 |title=India, Philippines stage joint sail and naval drill in the disputed South China Sea |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-philippines-stage-joint-sail-and-naval-drill-in-the-disputed-south-china-sea/article69892285.ece |access-date=2025-08-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The ships concluded their port call to Manila on 5 August.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy's Eastern Fleet ships on operational deployment to South East Asia concluded the port call at Manila |date=2025-08-05 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2152499 |access-date=2025-08-06}}</ref>

=== 2026 ===
INS Shakti participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{INS|Aditya|A59|6}}, an ''Aditya''-class tanker
* {{INS|Jyoti|A58|6}}, a ''Komandarm Fedko''-class tanker

== References ==
{{commons category|INS Shakti (A57)}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Deepak-class fleet tanker}}
{{List of ships built by Fincantieri}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakti}}
[[Category:Deepak-class fleet tankers]]
[[Category:2010 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built by Fincantieri]]
[[Category:Tankers of the Indian Navy]]

Inter-caste marriage in India

2026-02-19T13:30:20Z

Siddhant Babu: Started first info with sources

{{short description|Marriages between two people of separate social classifications in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

The '''[[inter-caste marriage]]s in [[India]]''' have been gradually gaining acceptance due to increasing education, employment, middle-class economic background, and urbanisation {{citation needed|date=January 2023}}. As of the 2011 census, 5.8% of the marriages in India were inter-caste marriages.<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/inter-caste-marriages-depend-on-education-level-but-not-that-of-the-couple-118102200084_1.html|title=Inter-caste marriages depend on education level, but not that of the couple|author=Tish Sanghera|date=22 October 2020|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/caste-no-bar-in-words-if-not-in-action/article4989269.ece thehindu.com: 'Caste no bar', in words if not in action]</ref>

In India, inter-caste marriages were publicly encouraged and supported by the incumbent government under [[Narendra Modi]] by the offering of financial encouragement to those who marry people from lower castes.<ref name="Financial Express">{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/modi-government-push-for-inter-caste-marriages-offers-rs-2-5-lakh-for-marrying-dalit/962848/lite/|title=Modi government push for inter-caste marriages; offers Rs 2.5 lakh for marrying Dalit|date=6 December 2017|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref> The practice was also promoted by [[C. N. Annadurai]], the former Chief Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{Cite news|title = Love in the time of caste|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/the-yin-thing/love-in-the-time-of-caste/article4960041.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2013-07-27|access-date = 2015-11-06|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref> and social activists such as [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]],<ref name="Anita Diehl 1977">Anita Diehl. (1977). E. V. Ramaswami Periyar. ''A study of the influence of a personality in contemporary South India'', Scandinavian University Books: Sweden. {{ISBN|91-24-27645-6}}.</ref>{{request quote|date=August 2021}} [[Raghupathi Venkataratnam Naidu]]{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} and [[Manthena Venkata Raju]].{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} In the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, the Government offers a cash award for inter-caste couples.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-31037159 bbc.com: India: Cash reward offered for inter-caste marriages]</ref> The Supreme Court of India has also declared that inter-caste marriages are in the national interest and a unifying factor for the nation<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.lawyerscollective.org/news/archived-news-a-articles/115-inter-caste-marriages-in-national-interest-sc.html|title = Lawyer's Collective|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150910230115/http://www.lawyerscollective.org/news/archived-news-a-articles/115-inter-caste-marriages-in-national-interest-sc.html|archive-date = 2015-09-10|url-status = dead}}</ref> and there has never been a bar on inter-caste or inter-religion marriages in independent India.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://infochangeindia.org/women/195-women/judicial-interventions-and-women/5534-love-inter-caste-marriage-and-criminal-law|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171002045307/http://infochangeindia.org/women/195-women/judicial-interventions-and-women/5534-love-inter-caste-marriage-and-criminal-law|url-status = usurped|archive-date = 2 October 2017|title = Infochange India}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2025|talk="…there has never been a bar on inter-caste or inter-religion marriages in independent India."}}

In 2017, the Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] started a scheme in which 2.5 [[lakh]], that is 250,000 rupees will be given to inter-caste couples if one of them is a [[Dalit]].<ref name="Financial Express"/>

==Statistics and surveys==
According to the 2017 Study conducted by the Indian Statistical Institute, inter-caste marriages are more frequent in Rural areas (5.2%) than Urban areas (4.9%). The Survey also found that the inter-caste marriages are more common among poor people (5.9%) than rich people (4.0%).<ref name="Business Standard"/>

According to the Studies conducted by the National Council of Applied Economic Research in 2016, about 5% of the marriages in India are inter-caste marriages. [[Mizoram]] had the highest number of inter-caste marriages, where about 55% of the marriages were inter-caste marriages and [[Madhya Pradesh]] had the lowest number of inter-caste marriages, where only 1% of the marriages were inter-caste marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/uncategorised/mizoram-has-highest-number-of-inter-caste-marriages-in-india-with-55|title=Mizoram Has Highest Number of Inter-Caste Marriages in India With 55%|date=11 May 2016|newspaper=The Wire|author=Prachi Salve and Saumya Tewari|access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

According to a survey, the education of the husband's mother has a significant effect on inter-caste marriages. The probability of inter-caste marriages was found to increase by 36% with a 10-year increase in education of the husband's mother.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/inter-caste-marriage-india-groom-mother-educated-study/526481/?amp|title=Chances of an inter-caste marriage go up if groom's mother is educated, study|author=ARKA ROY CHAUDHURI, TRIDIP RAY and KOMAL SAHAI|date=20 October 2020|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=January 2022}}

In a 2010 report, the [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW) documented 326 cases of [[honour_killing|honour crime]] in the past year, the majority of which were due to [[inter-caste marriage]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tandon |first=Aditi |title=Inter-caste ties behind most honour crimes. Just 3% cases due to same gotra marriages, says new survey |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100706/main1.htm |access-date=14 February 2015 |work=[[The Tribune (India)]] |date=5 July 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Endogamy]]
* [[Hypergamy]]
* [[Inter-caste marriage in Nepal]]
* [[Jāti]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/inter-caste-marriages-the-way-forward-to-reduce-communal-tensions-supreme-court/article33819146.ece Inter-caste marriages the way forward to reduce communal tensions: Supreme Court ]

{{Types of marriages|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Marriage in India]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Morganatic marriage]]

Karnal Municipal Corporation

2026-02-18T10:19:33Z

Siddhant Babu:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Karnal, Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Karnal Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| logo_pic =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| term_limits = 5 years
| foundation = {{start date and age|1993}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Renu Bala Gupta
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = March 2025
| leader2_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Vaishali Sharma
| party3 = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| election3 =
| seats = '''20'''
| structure1_res = 275px
| structure1 = India Karnal, Haryana Municipal Corporation 2025.svg
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Municipal corporation (India)|Government]] (15)'''
:*{{Colour box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (15)
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Others]] (5)'''
:*{{Colour box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (5)
| term_length = 5 years
| authority =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[2025 Haryana local elections|2 March 2025]]
| next_election1 = 2030
| motto =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]]
| website = {{url|https://mckarnal.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karnal Municipal Corporation''' is the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] governing [[India|Indian]] city of [[Karnal]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Karnal Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== History and administration ==

Karnal Municipal Corporation was formed in 1993 to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="ka2">{{cite news |title=Karnal municipal corporation to attach defaulters’ properties |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/karnal-mc-to-attach-defaulters-properties/articleshow/72782929.cms#_ga=2.32793526.948581121.1653453959-471929949.1653453959 |access-date=25 May 2022 |publisher=timesofindia.com |date=17 December 2019}}</ref> Karnal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.

Karnal Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor Renu Bala Gupta<ref name="ka3">{{cite news |title=Haryana ULB minister makes surprise visit at Karnal MC office |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-ulb-minister-makes-surprise-visit-at-karnal-mc-office-101648667690646.html |access-date=25 May 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=31 March 2022}}</ref> and administered by Municipal Commissioner Naresh Narwal, IAS.<ref name="ka1">{{cite news |title=Karnal Municipal Corporation revenue division turns to retired employees |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/karnal-municipal-corporation-revenue-division-turns-to-retired-employees-397282 |access-date=25 May 2022 |publisher=tribuneindia.com |date=23 May 2022}}</ref>

== Functions ==
Karnal Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="ka9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="ka10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .

* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.

* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.

* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial,residential and industrial purposes.

* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.

* Creation of solid waste management,public health system and sanitary services.

* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.

* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped,old age and gender biased people.

* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="ka11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ka12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ka13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== See also ==

* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]
{{Municipalities of Haryana}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128145122/https://mckarnal.com Official Website]}}


[[Category:Municipal corporations in Haryana]]
[[Category:Karnal]]

Arvind Rana

2026-02-05T03:13:27Z

Siddhant Babu: Started New Info!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Arvind Shantilal Rana''' (born 28 January 1961)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Moumi |title=Arvind Shantilal Rana: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/arvind-shantilal-rana-72110.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Surat East Assembly constituency in [[Surat district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=marathi |title=Gujarat surat east Election Results, Gujarat Elections 2022 Vote Counting LIVE |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/electionselections/gujarat-assembly-election-2022/gujarat-surat-east-constituency-159.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rana is from [[Surat]], Gujarat. He is the son of Shantilal Rana. He studied Class 12 at T and T.V. Sarvajanik High School and passed the examinations in 1983. He is a business person dealing in stationery and printing works and his wife is also a partner in the family business.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Arvind Shantilal Rana(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SURAT EAST(SURAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5089 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rana won from [[Surat East Assembly constituency]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 73,142 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Aslam Cyclewala of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 1,017 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06159.htm?ac=159 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205172515/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06159.htm?ac=159 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Surat East Election Results 2022: Lotus blooms again as BJP's Arvind Shantilal Rana wins |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/surat-east-election-results-2022-live-news-bjp-aap-congress-arvindbhai-rana-355606-2022-12-08 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Nitin Bharucha of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 13,347 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surat East Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Arvind Shantilal Rana Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/surat-east-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6563245.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Arvind}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Surat district]]

2024 Indian general election in Uttarakhand

2026-01-27T20:13:06Z

Siddhant Babu: starting a data

{{Short description|2024 Indian general elections in Uttarakhand}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Uttarakhand
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Uttarakhand
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 19 April 2024
| seats_for_election = All 5 Uttarakhand seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Uttarakhand
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Uttarakhand
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Uttarakhand#Opinion polls
| turnout = 57.69% ({{decrease}}4.19%)
| image_size = 120px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, Shri Trivendra Singh Rawat.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=10}}
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader1 = [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
| popular_vote1 = '''27,06,910'''
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat1 = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
| leader_since1 = 2021
| last_election1 = 61.01%, 5 seats
| seats1 = '''5'''
| seat_change1 = {{no change}}
| percentage1 = '''56.81%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 4.20 [[Percentage point|pp]]

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=HarishRawat.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=3}}
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader2 = [[Harish Rawat]]
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leader_since2 = 2014
| leaders_seat2 = Not Contesting
| last_election2 = 31.40%, 0 seat
| seats_before2 =
| seats2 = 0
| popular_vote2 = 15,64,258
| seat_change2 = {{no change}}
| percentage2 = 32.83%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 1.43 [[Percentage point|pp]] 
| map_image = 2024 Lok Sabha Uttarakhand Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Seatwise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Uttarakhand
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in [[Uttarakhand]] on 19 April 2024 to elect 5 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-lok-sabha-election-2024-uttarakhand-lok-sabha-seat-tehri-lok-sabha-23196880.html|title=Lok Sabha election 2024 : दावेदारी के लिए आधार तैयार करने लगे दिग्गज, उत्‍तराखंड की इस सीट पर कई नेताओं की नजर|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/uttarakhand-lok-sabha-elections-2024-cm-pushkar-singh-dhami-told-strategy-2318715|title=उत्तराखंड में लोकसभा चुनाव को लेकर तैयारी तेज, सीएम पुष्कर सिंह धामी ने बताया क्या है रणनीति|first=A. B. P.|last=Live|website=ABP News|date=27 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/uttarakhand-bjp-holds-meeting-of-mps-in-delhi-over-2024-ls-polls-1171211.html|title=Uttarakhand BJP holds meeting of MPs in Delhi over 2024 LS polls|date=December 13, 2022|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-lok-sabha-election-2024-bjp-20-war-rooms-in-uttarakhand-bjp-strategy-in-uttarakhand-23262434.html|title=उत्तराखंड में भाजपा की चुनावी रणनीति को धार देंगे 20 वार रूम, Lok Sabha Election 2024 के लिए बनाया यह प्‍लान|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> The result of the election was announced on 4 June 2024

== Election schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 16 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Lok Sabha polls from April 19 to June 1, results on June 4 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lok-sabha-election-polls-dates-full-schedule-2515706-2024-03-16 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-03 |title=Lok Sabha Election Date 2024: Seven-phase voting to begin from April 19, results on June 4; check dates, phases and other details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/lok-sabha-election-date-2024-election-commission-of-india-eci-announced-lok-sabha-voting-result-date-time-phase-wise-full-schedule-today-latest-updates/articleshow/108543495.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan="2" |Poll event
!Phase
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" |I
|-
!Notification date
|20 March
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|27 March
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|28 March
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|30 March
|-
!Date of poll
|'''19 April'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|5
|}

== Parties and alliances==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|5
|-
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Karan Mahara]]
|5
|-
|}

=== Others ===
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
|5
|-
| {{party color cell|Other}}
|Peoples Party of India (Democratic)
|
|5
|-
|{{party color cell|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]
|
|3
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Mukti Party}}
|[[Bahujan Mukti Party]]
|
|2
|-
|Rowspan=7 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Akhil Bharatiya Parivar Party
|
|2
|-
|Bharatiya Rashtriya Ekta Dal
|
|2
|-
|Uttarakhand Samanta Party
|
|2
|-
|Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|
|1
|-
|Bharat Ki Lok Jimmedar Party
|
|1
|-
|Rashtriya Uttarakhand Party
|
|1
|-
|Sainik Samaj Party
|
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Other}}
|Uttarakhand Parivartan Party
|
|1
|-
!
! colspan="2" |Total
!27
|-

|}

== Candidates ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}"|
|-
!colspan="3" class="wikitable"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
!colspan="3" class="wikitable"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
!1
|[[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jot Singh Gunsola]]
|-
!2
|[[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|-
!3
|[[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|-
!4
|[[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prakash Joshi
|-
!5
|[[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Virendra Rawat
|-
|}

== Voter turnout ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll date
!Turnout
!Swing
|-
!1
|[[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#FFFACD" |19 April 2024
|53.76%
|{{Decrease}} 5.11%
|-
!2
|[[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
|52.42%
|{{Decrease}} 2.75%
|-
!3
|[[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]] (SC)
|48.74%
|{{Decrease}} 3.57%
|-
!4
|[[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
|62.47%
|{{Decrease}} 6.75%
|-
!5
|[[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
|63.53%
|{{Decrease}} 5.72%
|-
! colspan="3" |
|57.22%
|{{Decrease}} 4.66%
|}

== Surveys and polls ==

===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Uttarakhand (5)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Uttarakhand}}

==Results==

===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|27,06,910
|56.81
|{{decrease}}4.20
|5
|5
|{{no change}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|15,64,258
|32.83
|{{increase}}1.43
|5
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|86,246
|1.81
|{{decrease}}2.67
|5
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
| colspan="3" |[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal|UKD]]
|9,270
|0.19
|{{decrease}}0.01
|3
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Uttarakhand#Others|Others]]
|48,602
|0.85
|{{decrease}}1.01
|19
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|297,572
|6.42
|{{increase}}6.31
|18
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|52,115
|1.09
|{{increase}}0.15
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!47,64,973
!100%
! -
! 55
! 5
! -
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
|54.50 {{Decrease}}
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,62,603
|53.66
|[[Jot Singh Gunsola]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,90,110
|22.05
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2,72,493
|-
!2
|[[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
|53.14 {{Decrease}}
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,32,159
|58.6
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,68,656
|36.43
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,63,503
|-
!3
|[[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]] (SC)
|49.33 {{Decrease}}
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,29,167
|64.2
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,95,070
|29.18
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2,34,097
|-
!4
|[[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
|62.75 {{Decrease}}
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7,72,671
|61.03
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,38,123
|34.61
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3,34,548
|-
!5
|[[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
|63.90 {{Decrease}}
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6,53,808
|50.19
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,89,752
|37.6
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,64,056
|}

== Assembly wise lead of Parties ==
=== Partywise wise leads ===
[[File:2024 Uttarakhand Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map.svg|2024 Uttarakhand Lok Sabha Election Assembly Wise Leads|thumb|155px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2022 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 60
| 47
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 7
| 19
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
! [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 0
| 2
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
! [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 3
| 2
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|70
|}

===Assembly wise leads===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
!rowspan="2"data-sort-type="number"|Margin
|-
!#
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!%
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|1
|[[Purola Assembly constituency|Purola]] (SC)
|Bobby Panwar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|25,647
|55.01
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13,536
|29.03
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; color:black;" |12,111
|-
|2
|[[Yamunotri Assembly constituency|Yamunotri]]
|Bobby Panwar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|21,602
|50.39
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|14,804
|34.54
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; color:black;" |6,798
|-
|3
|[[Gangotri Assembly constituency|Gangotri]]
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20,513
|43.00
|Bobby Panwar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|19,131
|40.10
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |1,382
|-
|9
|[[Ghansali Assembly constituency|Ghansali]] (SC)
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21,727
|54.46
|Bobby Panwar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|8,173
|20.48
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,554
|-
|12
|[[Pratapnagar Assembly constituency|Pratapnagar]]
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|17,043
|51.18
|[[Jot Singh Gunsola]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7,538
|22.64
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |9,505
|-
|13
|[[Tehri Assembly constituency|Tehri]]
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|18,050
|50.14
|Bobby Panwar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|10,838
|30.11
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |7,212
|-
|14
|[[Dhanaulti Assembly constituency|Dhanaulti]]
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|18,366
|42.20
|Bobby Panwar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|17,879
|41.08
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |487
|-
|15
|[[Chakrata Assembly constituency|Chakrata]] (ST)
|Bobby Panwar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|26,983
|47.82
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|14,640
|25.94
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; color:black;" |12,343
|-
|16
|[[Vikasnagar Assembly constituency|Vikasnagar]]
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,541
|58.56
|[[Jot Singh Gunsola]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|25,342
|33.31
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,199
|-
|17
|[[Sahaspur Assembly constituency|Sahaspur]]
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,125
|60.53
|[[Jot Singh Gunsola]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|38,215
|32.07
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |33,910
|-
|19
|[[Raipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Raipur]]
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,407
|64.74
|[[Jot Singh Gunsola]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24,710
|24.46
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |40,697
|-
|20
|[[Rajpur Road Assembly constituency|Rajpur Road]] (SC)
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,178
|65.95
|[[Jot Singh Gunsola]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17,237
|28.29
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |22,941
|-
|21
|[[Dehradun Cantonment Assembly constituency|Dehradun Cantonment]]
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|49,270
|70.02
|[[Jot Singh Gunsola]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17,078
|24.27
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |32,192
|-
|22
|[[Mussoorie Assembly constituency|Mussoorie]]
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|45,749
|62.72
|[[Jot Singh Gunsola]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20,592
|28.23
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |25,157
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|4
|[[Badrinath Assembly constituency|Badrinath]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|31,854
|54.87
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,600
|40.65
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |8,254
|-
|5
|[[Tharali Assembly constituency|Tharali]] (SC)
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|31,398
|57.02
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20,192
|36.67
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |11,206
|-
|6
|[[Karnaprayag Assembly constituency|Karnaprayag]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|32,215
|61.98
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17,019
|32.74
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |15,196
|-
|7
|[[Kedarnath Assembly constituency|Kedarnath]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30,536
|57.21
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20,164
|37.77
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |10,372
|-
|8
|[[Rudraprayag Assembly constituency|Rudraprayag]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,688
|61.61
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|18,041
|32.04
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,647
|-
|10
|[[Devprayag Assembly constituency|Devprayag]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21,920
|59.32
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12,735
|34.46
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |9,185
|-
|11
|[[Narendranagar Assembly constituency|Narendranagar]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|31,147
|69.21
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11,570
|25.71
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,577
|-
|36
|[[Yamkeshwar Assembly constituency|Yamkeshwar]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25,654
|64.00
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12,276
|30.62
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,378
|-
|37
|[[Pauri Assembly constituency|Pauri]] (SC)
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22,707
|51.11
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,499
|43.89
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |3,208
|-
|38
|[[Srinagar Assembly constituency|Srinagar]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,484
|48.42
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27,786
|47.23
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |698
|-
|39
|[[Chaubattakhal Assembly constituency|Chaubattakhal]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20,688
|56.88
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13,621
|37.45
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |7,067
|-
|40
|[[Lansdowne Assembly constituency|Lansdowne]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21,237
|63.53
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10,301
|30.81
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |10,936
|-
|41
|[[Kotdwar Assembly constituency|Kotdwar]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|43,190
|61.96
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24,344
|34.92
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |18,846
|-
|61
|[[Ramnagar, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|42,813
|55.61
|[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,544
|40.97
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |11,269
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Almora Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|42
|[[Dharchula Assembly constituency|Dharchula]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,512
|62.57
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13,415
|31.66
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,097
|-
|43
|[[Didihat Assembly constituency|Didihat]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25,910
|66.00
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11,170
|28.42
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |14,740
|-
|44
|[[Pithoragarh Assembly constituency|Pithoragarh]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,336
|63.40
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16,862
|31.13
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |17,474
|-
|45
|[[Gangolihat Assembly constituency|Gangolihat]] (SC)
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,521
|59.66
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15,840
|33.13
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |12,681
|-
|46
|[[Kapkot Assembly constituency|Kapkot]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,642
|64.84
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15,080
|28.23
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,562
|-
|47
|[[Bageshwar Assembly constituency|Bageshwar]] (SC)
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,056
|63.29
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,777
|30.48
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,279
|-
|48
|[[Dwarahat Assembly constituency|Dwarahat]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,463
|67.22
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10,312
|24.35
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |18,151
|-
|49
|[[Salt Assembly constituency|Salt]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23,549
|70.34
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7,450
|22.25
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,099
|-
|50
|[[Ranikhet Assembly constituency|Ranikhet]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20,612
|59.39
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11,596
|33.41
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |9,016
|-
|51
|[[Someshwar Assembly constituency|Someshwar]] (SC)
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,664
|56.57
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15,413
|35.35
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |9,251
|-
|52
|[[Almora Assembly constituency|Almora]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,099
|57.65
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17,148
|36.48
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |9,951
|-
|53
|[[Jageshwar Assembly constituency|Jageshwar]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,431
|60.79
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13,417
|30.86
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,014
|-
|54
|[[Lohaghat Assembly constituency|Lohaghat]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,206
|71.77
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10,892
|21.59
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |25,314
|-
|55
|[[Champawat Assembly constituency|Champawat]]
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|39,534
|71.27
|[[Pradeep Tamta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13,270
|23.92
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |26,264
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|56
|[[Lalkuan Assembly constituency|Lalkuan]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,351
|70.21
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20,128
|26.00
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |34,223
|-
|57
|[[Bhimtal Assembly constituency|Bhimtal]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,541
|69.51
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13,636
|23.38
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |26,905
|-
|58
|[[Nainital Assembly constituency|Nainital]] (SC)
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,589
|60.47
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,424
|33.96
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |15,165
|-
|59
|[[Haldwani Assembly constituency|Haldwani]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|45,273
|48.95
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,761
|48.39
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |512
|-
|60
|[[Kaladhungi Assembly constituency|Kaladhungi]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|81,241
|73.92
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24,830
|22.59
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |56,411
|-
|62
|[[Jaspur Assembly constituency|Jaspur]]
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,931
|48.86
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|39,663
|45.14
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |3,268
|-
|63
|[[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,312
|60.10
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,802
|34.68
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |25,510
|-
|64
|[[Bajpur Assembly constituency|Bajpur]] (SC)
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|50,115
|50.17
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,171
|44.22
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |5,944
|-
|65
|[[Gadarpur Assembly constituency|Gadarpur]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|63,563
|61.90
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|35,537
|34.61
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |28,026
|-
|66
|[[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Rudrapur]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|92,106
|74.05
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28,242
|22.70
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |63,864
|-
|67
|[[Kichha Assembly constituency|Kichha]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|48,781
|52.86
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,405
|43.78
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |8,376
|-
|68
|[[Sitarganj Assembly constituency|Sitarganj]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,612
|65.13
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28,316
|30.93
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |31,296
|-
|69
|[[Nanakmatta Assembly constituency|Nanakmatta]] (ST)
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|45,697
|55.73
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|32,087
|39.13
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,610
|-
|70
|[[Khatima Assembly constituency|Khatima]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|50,553
|63.45
|Prakash Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|25,646
|32.19
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |24,907
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|18
|[[Dharampur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Dharampur]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|69,803
|62.35
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|38,292
|34.20
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |31,511
|-
|23
|[[Doiwala Assembly constituency|Doiwala]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,693
|70.28
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|25,132
|23.65
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |49,561
|-
|24
|[[Rishikesh Assembly constituency|Rishikesh]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|67,383
|73.31
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15,133
|16.46
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |52,250
|-
|25
|[[Haridwar Assembly constituency|Haridwar]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,936
|70.96
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|18,988
|22.11
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |41,948
|-
|26
|[[BHEL Ranipur Assembly constituency|BHEL Ranipur]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,739
|58.56
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,019
|31.75
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |28,720
|-
|27
|[[Jwalapur Assembly constituency|Jwalapur]] (SC)
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,979
|48.34
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|33,369
|37.53
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |9,610
|-
|28
|[[Bhagwanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagwanpur]] (SC)
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,209
|47.97
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,646
|37.59
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |9,563
|-
|29
|[[Jhabrera Assembly constituency|Jhabrera]] (SC)
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|35,896
|41.36
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|31,632
|36.45
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |4,264
|-
|30
|[[Piran Kaliyar Assembly constituency|Piran Kaliyar]]
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,179
|52.60
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30,989
|33.14
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |18,190
|-
|31
|[[Roorkee Assembly constituency|Roorkee]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|37,035
|52.53
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|26,841
|38.07
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |10,194
|-
|32
|[[Khanpur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Khanpur]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|46,252
|44.10
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|36,755
|35.05
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |9,497
|-
|33
|[[Manglaur Assembly constituency|Manglaur]]
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,101
|57.37
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21,100
|27.45
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |23,001
|-
|34
|[[Laksar Assembly constituency|Laksar]]
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|33,407
|44.28
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30,595
|40.55
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |2,812
|-
|35
|[[Haridwar Rural Assembly constituency|Haridwar Rural]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,326
|46.97
|Virendra Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,475
|42.15
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |4,851
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Haryana]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}

[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2020s in Uttarakhand]]

Anubrata Chatterjee

2026-01-21T15:08:43Z

Siddhant Babu: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Indian musician (born 1985)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anubrata Chatterjee
| image = Anubrata chatterjee.jpg
| landscape = 
| caption = Anubrata Chatterjee performing at a concert, 2014
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|1 June 1985}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| origin = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date = 
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[jazz fusion]]
| occupation = Musical artist
| instrument = [[Tabla]]
| years_active = (1991–present)
}}

'''Anubrata Chatterjee''' (born 1 June 1985) is an Indian [[tabla|tabla (hand drums)]] player of the [[Farrukhabad gharana]] of [[Hindustani classical music]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Anubrata |date=30 June 2010 |title=Young Turk: In need of Vi-Taal facelift |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=RVRLTS8yMDEwLzA2LzMwI0FyMDQ1MDM=# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080256/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=RVRLTS8yMDEwLzA2LzMwI0FyMDQ1MDM= |archive-date=2016-03-04 |accessdate=6 September 2014 |work=The Economic Times Kolkata}}</ref> He is the son<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beck |first=John H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8U83AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Anubrata+Chatterjee%22&pg=PA186 |title=Encyclopedia of Percussion |date=2013-11-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-74768-0 |language=en}}</ref> of tabla player [[Anindo Chatterjee]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
He debuted alongside [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], and subsequently collaborated with other musicians in the Indian classical music realm, such as [[Amjad Ali Khan]], [[Birju Maharaj]], [[Shivkumar Sharma]], [[Shahid Parvez]], and [[T. H. Vinayakram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anubrata Chatterjee |url=https://sangeetsabha.com/artists/anubrata-chatterjee-artist/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Sangeet Sabha |language=en-US}}</ref>

Chatterjee has performed as a [[Soloist (music)|soloist]] and accompanist. He participated in numerous duet performances with his father.

Internationally, he made his solo debut on [[BBC World Service|BBC World Radio]] in the UK in 1991 and performed at venues and festivals globally, including [[Carnegie Hall]] in [[New York City]], [[Kennedy Center]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C]].,<ref name="kennedy">{{Cite web |title=Taal India {{!}} Explore the Arts |url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=67920&source_type=B |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010222749/http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=67920&source_type=B |archive-date=2012-10-10 |website=[[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]]}}</ref> [[Esplanade Theatres]] in [[Singapore]], [[Rietberg Museum]] in [[Zürich|Zurich]], the World Percussion Festival in [[Chicago]], [[Jerash Festival]] in [[Jerash|Jerash, Jordan]], Corfu Festival in [[Corfu|Corfu, Greece]], [[Dubrovnik Festival]] in [[Croatia]], Namaste India Festival in [[Japan]],<ref name="japan">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Anubrata |date=2010-05-08 |title=The Personal Telegraph {{!}} living the high life |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100508/jsp/personaltt/story_12420788.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133611/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100508/jsp/personaltt/story_12420788.jsp |archive-date=2016-03-04 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> and others.<ref name=":0" />
He has been a part of a unique collaboration with jazz legend, Wynton Marsalis at the Lincoln Center Jazz in NewYork.

== Awards ==
* 2001: President's Gold Medal awarded by [[All India Radio]]
* 2013: Basavaraj Rajguru Award conferred by the [[Government of Karnataka]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2016: [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar|Ustad Bismillah Khan Youth Award]] given by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]

== List of festival performances ==
=== 2003 ===
* World Percussion Festival, Chicago
* [[Rietberg Museum]], Zurich

=== 2005 ===
* [[North American Bengali Conference]] (NABC), New York City

=== 2006 ===
* The Esplanade Theatres, Singapore

=== 2007 ===
* NABC, Detroit, US
* [[Jerash Festival]], Jordan
* Corfu Festival, Greece
* [[Dubrovnik Summer Festival|Dubrovnik Festival]], Croatia

=== 2008 ===
* Carnegie Hall, New York City
* [[Sawai Gandharv Festival]], Pune, India

=== 2009 ===
* NABC, Houston, US<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anubrata Chatterjee |url=http://www.nabc2009.com/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=274&Itemid=725 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204050957/http://www.nabc2009.com/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=274&Itemid=725 |archive-date=2014-02-04 |website=nabc2009.com}}</ref>

=== 2010 ===
* [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]], Washington, DC<ref name="kennedy" />
* Namaste India Festival, Japan<ref name="japan" />
* [[Baxter Theatre Centre]], Cape Town, South Africa

=== 2011 ===
* [[Darbar Festival]], London
* [[Saptak Festival]], Ahmedabad, India
* [[Dover Lane Music Conference]], Kolkata

=== 2012 ===
* Sukiyaki Festival, Japan
* [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York City
* [[Darjeeling Carnival]], Darjeeling, India
* Sawai Gandharv Festival, Pune

=== 2013 ===
* [[Chicago Cultural Center]], Chicago
* [[Duke University]], Durham, US
* [[Markham Centennial Centre]], Toronto
* [[Gulbenkian Foundation]], Lisbon
* [[Orchestre national d'Île-de-France]], Paris

=== 2014 ===
* [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival|Kala Ghoda Festival]], Mumbai
* Sankat Mochan Festival, Varanasi, India
* [[Idea Jalsa]], Chennai, India

=== 2015 ===
* Lisbon Orchestra

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Variety at its best |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/variety-its-best-2396818 |access-date=2024-02-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141950/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/141064/variety-its-best.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}
* {{Cite web |title=Anubrata-Chatterjee: Anubrata Chatterjee will be off to the US for a tour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/anubrata-chatterjee-will-be-off-to-the-us-for-a-tour-of-stringstruck-on-may-28-i-have-a-stringstruck-show-with-purbayan-chatterjee-shankar-mahadevanand-others-at-garden-state-exhibition-centre-nj-usa-on-29th-i-will-be-playing-in-chicago-with-purbayan-and-shashank-then-on-june-10-and-june-11-i-will-accompanying-purbayan-in-new-york-city-and-cleveland-respectively-on-june-18-i-have-a-show-in-kelowna-in-canada-says-anubrata-/speednewsshow/8566904.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128204843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/anubrata-chatterjee-will-be-off-to-the-us-for-a-tour-of-stringstruck-on-may-28-i-have-a-stringstruck-show-with-purbayan-chatterjee-shankar-mahadevanand-others-at-garden-state-exhibition-centre-nj-usa-on-29th-i-will-be-playing-in-chicago-with-purbayan-and-shashank-then-on-june-10-and-june-11-i-will-accompanying-purbayan-in-new-york-city-and-cleveland-respectively-on-june-18-i-have-a-show-in-kelowna-in-canada-says-anubrata-/speednewsshow/8566904.cms |archive-date=2023-11-28 |website=[[Times of India]]}}
* {{Cite web |date=2010-03-07 |title=Drumming up a storm |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100307/jsp/graphiti/story_12181607.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311185125/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100307/jsp/graphiti/story_12181607.jsp |archive-date=2010-03-11 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Anubrata-Chatterjee/speednewsbytopic/keyid-430416.cms The Calcutta Times]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Kolkata/A-cool-musical-movement-takes-birth/articleshow/38821824.cms The Times of India] Classicool Project
* [http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bring-the-cool-into-indian-classical-music/15448158 Mid-Day Newspaper] Classicool Project
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=8U83AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Anubrata+Chatterjee%22&pg=PA186 Encyclopedia of Percussion by John H.Beck]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=pMrWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Anubrata+Chatterjee%22 Bulletin of the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Vol-57]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=nC9WAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Anubrata+Chatterjee%22 India Today, Vol-33, Issues: 27–34]

{{commons category|Anubrata Chatterjee}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Anubrata}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]
[[Category:Jazz fusion percussionists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian drummers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male jazz musicians]]

Razmnama (British Library, Or. 12076)

2026-01-20T03:51:08Z

Siddhant Babu: done.

[[File:Bhima Kills Kichaka and his brothers, signed by Dhannu - Mughal Miniature Painting, circa 1598-99.jpg|thumb|[[Bhima]] Kills [[Kichaka]] and his brothers, by [[Dhannu]]. Though from the same copy, this folio is not in the British Library, and uses much less colour than most folios.]]
The '''Razmnama, [[British Library]] Or.12076''' is an incomplete illustrated Mughal manuscript of the ''[[Razmnama]]'', which is a translation of the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' written by [[Naqib Khan]], and copied in AH 1007 (1598/99). It contains sections 14–18, the concluding part of the work, with some detached parts. There are 24 full-page [[Mughal painting]]s of high quality, all attributed to artists (two artists in three cases).<ref name=":0"/> It is the second of the four surviving Mughal illustrated manuscripts,<ref>Seyller, 37</ref><ref name=":0"/> described in the BL catalogue as "Sub-imperial Mughal".

[[British Library]] ("BL"), Or. 12076 has 138 folios which were already numbered when bought, the numbers running from 715 to 846, with others not numbered, but several leaves missing from the text.<ref name=":0"/>

==History==
The manuscript appeared in an auction at [[Sotheby's]] in London in 1921 (24-25 Oct. 1921, lot 203), when the BL portion was bought for £76 by the art historian [[Gerald Reitlinger]] (then only 21). It appeared again at Sotheby's in 1954 (Lot 230, Sotheby's sale 8 Nov. 1954), and was bought by a dealer who sold it to the [[British Museum]] (now BL) a few weeks later.<ref name=":0"/>

In the 1921 sale, several lots included parts of the manuscript, which had presumably recently been divided for the sale, and altogether the locations of 161 miniatures are known, and were recorded by Seyller. The location of the "remaining portions" of the text, sold to a dealer for £1, are not known. A further eight leaves later reached the BL as British Library Add.Or. 2776–2783.<ref name=":0"/>

British Library, Or. 12076 has only the last five sections (Parwa) of 18 in the whole work. The text follows the [[Jaimini]] version of [[Ashvamedhika Parva]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture of Encounters: Sanskrit at the Mughal Court|last=Audrey Truschke|publisher=Columbia University press|year=2016}}</ref>

==Miniatures==
[[File:BANWARI KHVURD arjuna try to make free horse from rock.jpg|thumb|Arjuna and his men attempt to free the white horse from the rock. Artist: Banavari Khurd]]
As described by the British Library catalogue, the 24 miniatures are:

*f.4v. Krishna and the Pandavas being told by the sage Vyasa where to obtain the horse for the sacrifice (‘asvamedha’). (Mohan ibn Banwari).
*f.7v. The discovery of the horse, Syamakarna, by Bhima who is sitting on the mountain above the city of Bhadravati watching the soldiers of the army of Raja Yauvanasva. (Narayan Khurd).
*f.13v. Bhima arriving at the castle of Dvaraka to invite Krishna to the ‘asvamedha’. Krishna who is with his wife Satyabhama pretends not to hear. (Bhawani).
*f.17r. The horse being taken to the ‘zanana’ so that Krishna's wives and the Pandava ladies can see it. Krishna is drinking with Yudhisthira. (Bhagwan).
*f.20r. Anusalva who had stolen the horse being forced by Vrsaketu, Karna's son, to bow down in submission before Yudhisthira and Krishna. (Lohanka).
*f.23v. The god Agni creating the fire to help his father-in-law Raja Niladhvaja of Malwa whilst Arjuna quenches the flames with magic arrows which produced springs of water. (Ahmad Kashmiri).
*f.26v. Arjuna trying to free the horse from the rock watched by the other Pandavas. Brahma, Visnu, Siva and Indra are in the sky. (Banwari Khurd).
*f.35b. Suratha, second son of Raja Hamsadhvaja, challenging Arjuna and his charioteer Krishna after the death of his brother Sudhanvan. (As ibn Mahesh). f.44r. Arjuna treating his son Babhruvahana with contempt in Manipur. (Khem).
*f.48r. Rama's servant listening to the dhobi quarrelling with his wife. (Da’ud, brother of Daulat). f.5lar. Laksmana abandoning Sita in the forest on the orders of Rama. (Makar). *
*f.56r. The battle between Kusa and Naga in which Kusa killed Naga's elephant and then cut off Naga's arm. (Dharmdas Lunj). f.62v. Kusa and Lava defeating Bharata, Laksmana and the monkey army. (As ibn Mahesh).
*f.67r. Babhruvahana decimating Arjuna's army. (Bulaqi ibn Ghulam ‘Ali).
*f.71v. Battle between Babhruvahana, son of Arjuna, and the snakes in the nether regions. Babhruvahana used arrows which turned into the natural enemies of the snakes such as storks, peacocks and ants and obtained the jewel which saved Arjuna’s life. (Sangha).
*f.76r. Battle between the armies of Arjuna and Tamradhvaja. Brahma and other deities in the sky. (Paras).
*f.80v. Viravarman, Raja of Sarasvata, falling to the ground as Hanuman overturns his chariot with his tail, watched by Krishna. (Ibrahim Qahhar).
*f.83v. Candrahasa kneeling before the Raja of Kuntala on being presented to him by the minister Dhrstabuddhi after Candrahasa’s victory over the king’s enemies. The elephants, horses and hawk are booty from the enemy. (Kanhar).
*f.87v. Madana, Visaya’s brother, explaining to his father Dhrstabuddhi how she (Visaya) came to be married to Candrahasa. (Dhanu). f.90v. Candrahasa sacrificing himself at the temple of Candika by cutting off pieces of his own flesh and putting them on the fire. A male divinity is trying to restore him to life while Dhrstabuddhi and Madana lie dead nearby. (Qabil ibn Maqbul).
*f.95r. Krishna telling Bhima of Arjuna’s exploits to which the women also listen. (Banwari Khurd).
*f.106r. Yudhisthira and Dhrtarastra together when the latter renounces his kingdom. (Hajji).
*f.110v. Gandhari, blindfolded, supporting Dhrtarastra and following Kunti when Dhrtarastra became old and infirm and retired to the forest. (Dhanu). f.130v. Arjuna burning the bodies after the battle between the Andhakas and Yadavas at Prabhasa on the coast of Gujarat. Ghee is being poured on the funeral pyre. (Narayan).

British library Razmnama has 24 Miniatures with two ditched Miniatures by 21 different Artists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2016/04/razmnamah-the-persian-mahabharata.html|title=Razmnamah: the Persian Mahabharata - Asian and African studies blog|website=blogs.bl.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> Illustration like "suggestion of vyasa"(4b), "Bhima Discovers horse"(7b), "Rama's servant listens gossip about sita"(48a), "Dhitrashtra retirement"(106a and 110b) and "cremation of yadavas"(130b) are completely absent in Razmnama of Akbar and Rahim.

While "Bhima arrives at Dwarka"(13b), "Fight with Niladhwaja"(23b), "Horse stuck at vindhya"(26b), "Arjuna spurns Babhruvahana"(44a), "Viravarma episode"(80b) and "Sacrifice of Chandrahasa"(90b) illustrated in All three manuscript of Razmnama of Akbar, Rahim and British library copy.<ref>Seyller</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
| title = Razmnama
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| cellwidth =
| captionstyle =
| File:MOHAN ( BANWARI son ) vyasa advise pandavas where they found horse for aswamedha.jpg
| alt1=
| Vyasa gave suggestion of Ashwamedha, Artist Mohana
| File:NARAYAN KHVURD bhim watching Bhadravati & yuvanswa army.jpg
| alt2=
| Bhima discovers the white horse while watching the army of Yauvanasva from above the city of Bhadravati. Artist Narayana khurd
| File:Bhima arriving at the castle of Dvaraka to invite Krishna to.jpg
| alt3=
| Bhima arrive Dwarka while Krishna serve satyabhama. Artist Bhawani
| File:The Ladies of Krishna's Harem are shown the Sacrificial Horse.jpg
| alt4=
| Ladies of Krishna's Harem are shown the Sacrificial Horse. By Bhagwan
| File:LOHANKA anusalva bow before krishna and yudhisthira.jpg
| alt5=
| Anusalva defeat by Vrishaketu surrender to Krishna. Artist Lohanga
| File:AHMAD KASHMIRI arjuna procudect water for stop fire of niladwaja.jpg
|Arjuna attempts to quench the fire that Agni created to help his father-in-law, Niladhvaja, in his battle against Arjuna. Artist Ahmad kashmiri
|File:ĀS ( MAHESH son ) suratha challenge arjuna.jpg
|Suratha challenge Arjuna. Artist: Asa, son of Mahesh
|File:KHEM arjuna spurns Barbhuvahana.jpg
|Arjuna spurns Barbhuvahana Artist: khem
|File:DAUD ( DAULAT brother ) Rama's servent heard gossip about sita.jpg
|Rama's servant heard gossip about sita. Artist: Daud, Brother of Daulat
|File:MAKAR Lakshmana leave sita in forest.jpg
|Lakshmana leave sita in Forest. Artist: Makara
|File:Lava and Kishu engage Lakshmana in battle.jpg
|Lava and Kushu engage Lakshmana in battle. Artist: Makara, Edwin collection
|File:DRAMADAS LUNJ kusha cut naga arms.jpg
|Kusha cut arms of Naga. Artist: Dharmdas Lunja
}}

==Summary of this part of the story==
At the suggestion of [[Vyasa]], the [[Pandavas]] perform the [[Ashvamedha]] sacrifice. First [[Bhima]] and his army went to [[Bhadravati, Maharashtra|Bhadravati]], the city of king [[Yuwanshwa]] and find a white horse ideal for the sacrifice. Bhima also went to [[Dwarka]] to invite [[Krishna]], and also tell [[Anusalwa]] who tried to abduct the white horse but was defeated by [[Vrishakethu]]. The Jaimini version tells many adventures of white horse. First the horse reaches [[Malwa]] where [[Arjuna]] fights and defeats King [[Niladhwaja]]. Then the horse stuck in a rock in the [[Vindhya Range]] and the sage [[Saubhari]] tells the story of Chandi.

Next the horse reaches the city of King [[Hansadhwaja]]. Arjuna with the help of Krishna kills Hansadhwaja's son Sudhanva and Suratha. Then the horse reaches [[Manipur]]a where Arjuna's son [[Babruvahana]] kills Arjuna. Here Jaimini tells the story of [[Rama]] who fights with his own son Lava-[[Kusha (Ramayana)|kusha]]. But later Arjuna is save by a magical gem. Next the horse reaches the city of [[Tamaradhvaja]] but Krishna manage to defeat them. Then horse come country of Viravarma, King of Saraswata but defeat with help of Krishna and [[Hanuman]]. When horse reached country Chandrahasa, sage [[Narada]] tell his story of Chandrahasa who adopt by king and married to Bikhaya also he sacrifice himself to save relatives and finally became king. [[Chandrahasa]] surrender himself to Krishna. Horse finally reached Hastinapur and yudhisthira completed his Sacrifice. Next Book, [[Ashramavasika Parva]] tell [[Dhritarashtra|Dhitrashtra]] renounce to [[Hastinapur]] with [[Kunti]] and [[Gandhari (character)|gandhari]] and went to live forest but soon died by Fire of forest. Last three books [[Mausala Parva]], [[Mahaprasthanika Parva]], [[Svargarohana Parva]] tell end of krishna and pandavas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=THE LAST DAYS OF KRISHNA AND THE SONS OF PANDU|last=By MAJOR DAVID PRICE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/JaiminiyaMahabharataAsvamedhikaParvaWithEnglishTranslatioinPart1GitaPressKalyan2007|title=Jaiminiya Mahabharata}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{commons category|Razmnama, British Library (Or. 12076)}}
<references />

==References==
*Audrey Truschke, Culture of Encounters: Sanskrit at the Mughal Court (Columbia University Press, 2016), (also her PhD thesis: ''Cosmopolitan Encounters: Sanskrit and Persian at the Mughal Court''. Columbia University Academic Commons, 2012)
*John Seyller, "{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/docslide.net_model-and-copy-the-illustration-of-three-razmnama-manuscripts|title=Model and Copy: The Illustration of Three 'Razmnama' Manuscripts", Archives of Asian Art (1985)|last=Seyller|first=John}}, 37-66
*J. P.Losty and Malini Roy, ''Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire'', British Library, 2012, pp. 55-8

==Further reading==
*Amy S. Landau, Pearls on a String: Artists, Patrons, and Poets at the Great Islamic Courts (Baltimore, 2015), especially Adamjee and Truschke's chapter “Reimagining the ʻIdol Temple of Hindustanʼ,” pp. 141–65
*Yael Rice, “A Persian Mahabharata: The 1598-1599 Razmnama,” Manoa 22/1 (2010): 125-131
*G. Meredith-Owens and R. H. Pinder-Wilson,“A Persian translation of the ‘Mahabharata’, with a Note on the Miniatures,” ''[[British Museum Quarterly|The British Museum Quarterly]]'', 20/3 (1956): 62-65
*M. Athar Ali, “Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court,” Social Scientist 20, no 9/10 (1992): 38-45

[[Category:16th-century illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Islamic illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:British Library oriental manuscripts]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

INS Chapal (K94)

2026-01-18T07:43:29Z

Siddhant Babu: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[INS Chapal]]

{{R category shell|
{{R from unnecessary disambiguation}}
{{R from move}}
{{R with history}}
}}

Narayanan Janani

2026-01-04T16:08:26Z

Siddhant Babu: added a article initial version

{{short description|Indian cricket umpire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Narayanan Janani
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Narayanan Janani
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|4|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| role = [[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]]
| umpire = true
| odisumpired =
| umpodidebutyr =
| umpodilastyr =
| t20isumpired =
| umpt20idebutyr =
| umpt20ilastyr =
| wtestsumpired = 1
| umpwtestdebutyr = 2023
| umpwtestlastyr =
| wodisumpired = 9
| umpwodidebutyr = 2021
| umpwodilastyr = 2025
| wt20isumpired = 38
| umpwt20idebutyr = 2022
| umpwt20ilastyr = 2025
| fcumpired = 3
| umpfcdebutyr = 2023
| umpfclastyr = 2024
| date = 24 December 2023
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/n-janani-1196783 ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Narayanan Janani''' (born 28 April 1985) is an Indian [[cricket umpire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/n-janani-1196783|title=Narayanan Janani |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> She is currently a member of [[Development Panel of ICC Umpires]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2020/news/147175/india-s-janani-narayanan-and-vrinda-rathi-named-in-icc-panel |title=India's Janani Narayanan and Vrinda Rathi named in ICC Panel |website=BCCI |access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/12367-rathi-and-janani-become-a-part-of-icc-development-panel-of-umpires.html |title=Rathi and Janani become a part of ICC development Panel of umpires |work=Female Cricket |access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-umpires-janani-narayanan-vrinda-rathi-named-in-icc-panel-1219544 |title=Indian umpires Janani Narayanan, Vrinda Rathi named in ICC panel |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> She was one of the female umpires named by the ICC to stand in matches in the [[2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3039127 |title=Historic feat: All-female panel to officiate at the ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2023 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3038392 |title=All-female match official group announced for ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2023 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>

On 10 January 2023, she along with [[Vrinda Rathi]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] became the first woman umpires to stand as an on-field umpire in a [[Ranji Trophy|men's domestic fixture in India]], when she was one of the umpires in the match between [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] and [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] in the [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women umpires Rathi, Janani and Gayathri make history in Ranji Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-umpires-vrinda-rathi-janani-narayanan-and-gayathri-venugopalan-make-history-at-ranji-trophy-1353118 |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In January 2025, she was named as part of a female officiating group for the [[2025 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/u19-womens-world-cup-2025/59738-match-officials-for-icc-u19-womens-t20-world-cup-2025-announced.html |title=Match Officials for ICC U19 Women’s T20 World Cup 2025 Announced |work=Female Cricket |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1196783}}


{{ICC Associate and Affiliate Umpires Panel |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janani, Narayanan}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Indian cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Indian Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Indian One Day International cricket umpires]]

Gudem Gutta Shree Satyanarayana Swamy Temple

2025-12-30T15:05:29Z

Siddhant Babu: made new location - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=February 2025}}
{{Lead rewrite|date=August 2025}}
{{External links|date=November 2025}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Gudem Gutta Shree Satyanarayana Swamy Temple
| native_name = గూడెం గుట్ట శ్రీ సత్యనారాయణ స్వామి దేవాలయం
| native_name_lang = te
| established = {{start date and age|1964}}
| founded_by = Govardhana Perugia
| deity = Lord [[Shree Satyanarayana Swamy]]
| image = Gudem Gutta Shree Satyanarayana Swamy Temple.jpg
| caption = Gudem Gutta Shree Satyanarayana Swamy Temple
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Mancherial]]
| map_type = India Telangana
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates = {{coord|18.905898591918866|N|79.17227989661839|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''Gudem Gutta Shree Satyanarayana Swamy Temple''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple, located on a hill ({{lang|te-Latn|gutta}}) in Gudem Village, part of [[Dandepalle, Mancherial district]],
on the banks of the holy river [[Godavari River|Godavari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us – Satyanaarayana swamy temple gudem gutta |url=https://mancherial.telangana.gov.in/tourist-place/gudem-gutta-satyanaraya-swami-temple/ |access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
It is dedicated to [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]], "God of truth" ({{lang|te-Latn|Shree Satyanarayana Swamy}}).

It is also called as "[[Telangana]]'s [[Satyanarayana Temple, Annavaram|Annavaram]]" as [[Annavaram]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state which is famous for [[Vishnu|Shree Satyanarayana Swamy]] Temple. '''Gudem Gutta Shree Satyanarayana Swamy Temple''' is one of the most famous temples of [[Telangana]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=About Telangana tourism – Gudem Gutta Shree Satyanaarayana Swamy Temples Mancherial Dist |url=https://tourism.telangana.gov.in/divine-destinations/GudemSatyanarayanaSwamyTemple}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=uniquely telangana site – Gudem Gutta Sri Satyanarayana Swamy Temple |url=https://uniquelytelangana.in/hindu-sites/gudem-sri-satyanarayana-temple/}}</ref>

== History ==
The hill was used to be called as "Ratnadri hill". In 1964, Shree Satyanarayana Swamy ([[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]]) appeared in the dream of a devotee called Govardhana Perumandla Swamy of Gudem village and said that he was on the Ratnapu Chevula hill. He went on to that hill and he found the idols of Shree Satyanarayana Swamy and the idols were anointed with the waters of the holy [[Godavari River]]. Locals say that then the temple was built. The temple was built on the day [[Shukla paksha|Shukla]] (or Shuddha) [[Dashami]] in the month [[Magha (month)|Magha]] of year Krodhi (one of the Hindu years called [[Samvatsara]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=Telangana Temple: తెలంగాణ అన్నవరానికి కార్తీకశోభ.. కిక్కిరిసిన ఆలయం.. ఎక్కడంటే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/telangana/devotees-are-flocking-to-telangana-annavaram-goodem-gutta-in-manchiryala-district-adb-vb-1092958.html |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
For every year on [[Kartika Purnima|Karthika Pournami]], Jatara is held at the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=16 November 2021 |title=Gudem temple is an ideal destination in Karthika masam |url=https://telanganatoday.com/gudem-temple-is-an-ideal-destination-in-karthika-masam |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> As part of this horoscope, the temple organizers perform [[Satyanarayana Puja|Satyanarayana Swamy Vratam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=12 November 2019 |title=దండేపల్లి సత్యనారాయణ స్వామి సన్నిధికి పోటెత్తిన భక్తులు |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/state/mancherial/kartikamasa-poojalu-in-dandepally-satyanarayana-swamy-temple/ts20191112171542766 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te}}</ref>

For every 12 years, [[Godavari Maha Pushkaram|Godavari Pushkaralu]] is held in the holy [[Godavari River]] whose banks are situated near Gudem Gutta Shree Satyanarayana Swamy Temple.
[[File:View of Rayapatnam Bridge over Godavari river from Gudem Gutta.jpg|alt=View of Rayapatnam Bridge (NH-63) over Godavari River from Gudem Gutta|thumb|View of Rayapatnam Bridge ([[National Highway 63 (India)|NH-63]]) over [[Godavari River]] from Gudem Gutta]]

[[File:Gudem Gutta.jpg|thumb|Gudem Gutta near [[National Highway 63 (India)|National Highway-63]]]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mancherial.telangana.gov.in/tourist-place/gudem-gutta-satyanaraya-swami-temple/ About us – Satyanaarayana swamy temple gudem gutta]
* [https://tourism.telangana.gov.in/divine-destinations/GudemSatyanarayanaSwamyTemple Gudem Satyanarayana Swamy: Telangana Tourism]
* [https://telugu.news18.com/news/telangana/devotees-are-flocking-to-telangana-annavaram-goodem-gutta-in-manchiryala-district-adb-vb-1092958.html Telangana Temple: తెలంగాణ అన్నవరానికి కార్తీకశోభ.. కిక్కిరిసిన ఆలయం.. ఎక్కడంటే..]
* [https://telanganatoday.com/gudem-temple-is-an-ideal-destination-in-karthika-masam Gudem temple is an ideal destination in Karthika masam]
* [https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/state/mancherial/kartikamasa-poojalu-in-dandepally-satyanarayana-swamy-temple/ts20191112171542766 Devotees throng the presence of Lord Satyanarayana Swamy in Dandepalli – Karthikamasa pujas at Lord Satyanarayana Swamy Temple in Dandepalli]

[[Category:Hindu temples in Telangana]]
[[Category:Mancherial district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]

G. Akash

2025-12-30T05:49:10Z

Siddhant Babu:

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1996)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Akash|Ganesan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox chess biography
| name = G. Akash
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Akash Ganesan
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|10|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2020)
| peakrating = 2495 (April 2020)
| FideID = 5040299
}}

'''Akash Ganesan''' (born 1 October 1996) is an Indian chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]] and former [[Indian Chess Championship|national champion]]. He currently holds national record in chess for being Youngest National Chess Champion at the age of 16 years and 14 days.

He represented India in [[Chess World Cup 2013|World Cup 2013]], In the first round he was eliminated by World Championship challenger [[Fabiano Caruana]] with 1.5 - 0.5 score favoring the Italian-American. In 2013, he won gold medal in [[Commonwealth Chess Championship|Commonwealth Junior]] category held at South Africa. In 2014, Akash went on to pursue [[Electronic engineering|electronic and communication engineering]] degree at [[College of Engineering, Guindy|College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University]]. He took a break from chess for those 4 years. In 2019 December, He completed his 3rd [[Norm (chess)|GM norm]] and Secured silver medal in National Senior championship held at Sikkim. In 2020 February, Akash won [https://praguechessfestival.com/ Prague International Chess Festival Open 2020] and got qualified for Prague International Chess Festival Challengers 2021. His Grandmaster title was confirmed at the 2nd Council Meet of [[FIDE]] for the year 2020 that was held on 3 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=भारत के 66वें शतरंज ग्रैंडमास्टर बने तमिलनाडु के जी आकाश|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/sports/story-chennai-g-akash-becomes-indias-66th-chess-grandmaster-3330205.html|access-date=2020-08-19|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2020-07-05|title=Akash becomes India's 66th chess GM; Ameya gets International Master title|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/akash-becomes-india-s-66th-chess-gm-ameya-gets-international-master-title-120070500881_1.html?1593965779|access-date=2020-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Keerthivasan|first=K.|date=2020-07-05|title=Akash becomes India's 66th Grandmaster|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/akash-becomes-indias-66th-grandmaster/article31996677.ece|access-date=2020-08-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Fide|name=Akash G}}
*{{365Chess.com player|Akash_G}}
*{{chessgames player|141946|Akash G}}

{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesan, Akash}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:College of Engineering, Guindy alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Lakho Phulani (film)

2025-12-29T01:25:37Z

Siddhant Babu: added the info v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lakho Phulani
| image = Lakho Phulani 1976 film poster.jpeg
| caption = Poster
| director = Narendra Dave
| producer = Digant Oza, Niranjan Mehta
| writer = Shivkumar Acharya (story, dialogue) Digant Oza, Niranjan Mehta (script)
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Rajeev
* [[Rita Bhaduri]]
* [[P. Kharsani]]
}}
| music = Gaurang Vyas
| cinematography = Pratap Dave, Arvind Dave
| editing = S. R. Sawant
| studio = Sootradhar International
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| released = {{Film date|1976}}
| based_on = [[Lakho Phulani]]
| distributor = Rupam Pictures
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lakho Phulani''''' ({{langx|gu|લાખો ફુલાણી}}) is a 1976 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] [[historical fantasy]] film directed by Narendra Dave from India based on the folktale of [[Lakho Phulani]]. It was produced under the banner of the Sootradhar International by Digant Oza, presented by Niranjan Mehta and co-produced by Rupa Niranjan Mehta. It starred Rajiv, [[Rita Bhaduri]] and [[P. Kharsani]] in lead roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Harish |date=2006-01-01 |title=લાખો ફુલાણી |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%8B-%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is loosely based on folktales of [[Lakho Phulani]].<ref name=":0" />

Lakho Phulani, a prince, rebelled against his tyrannical father. A [[Chaulukya dynasty|Solanki]] princess left her royal life to be with her beloved Phulani. The prince became a benevolent ruler and popular figure in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Kutch district|Kutch]].

==Cast==
The cast is as follows:<ref name=":0" />
* Rajeev
* [[Rita Bhaduri]]
* [[P. Kharsani]]
* [[Bharat Bhushan]]
* Nalin Dave
* Lalita
* Janak T
* Rajesh Mehta
* Madhavi Pandya
* Balkrishna Dave
* Kishor Dave
* Nayan Bhatt
* Hansa Lakod
* Jayendra Mishra
* Champshibhai Nagda (guest appearance)
* Anup Dave (guest appearance)

== Production ==
Journalist Digant Oza decided to make a film on the subject of Lakho Phulani when [[Ravindra Dave]] declined the subject after they watched a play ''Lakho Phulani'' produced by Deshi Natak Samaj in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Oza |first=Digant |date=2008 |title=‘લાખો ફુલાણી’ અને શિવકુમાર આચાર્ય |url=https://www.mavjibhai.com/gadya/shivkumar.htm |website=Mavjibhai |access-date=1 September 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322192209/https://mavjibhai.com/gadya/shivkumar.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was Oza's first production.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Saurabh |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મો : રાખનાં રમકડાં અને પંખીડાંનું પીંજરું |url=https://sandesh.com/supplement/gujarati-movies-ash-toys-and-birdcage |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Sandesh |language=gu |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901173333/https://sandesh.com/supplement/gujarati-movies-ash-toys-and-birdcage |url-status=live }}</ref> It was produced under the banner of the Sootradhar International, presented by Niranjan Mehta and co-produced by Rupa Niranjan Mehta.<ref name=":0" /> [[Chhel Vayeda|Chhel]]-Paresh served as an art director while journalist Shivkumar Acharya served as a story and dialogue writer.<ref name=":2" /> Rita Bhaduri was introduced by her classmate Paresh Mehta to the producers who decided to cast her opposite Rajeev.<ref name=":3" /> Initially Arun Bhatt was decided as a director but was replaced by Narendra Dave, cousin of Ravindra Dave.<ref name=":2" />

==Soundtrack==
The songs were written by [[Avinash Vyas]], and the music was composed by his son Gaurang Vyas. The film marked Gaurang Vyas's debut as an independent music director<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> as well as [[Kishore Kumar]] and Praful Dave's debut as playback singers in Gujarati cinema. The song "Maniyaro Te Halu Halu Thai Re Viyo…" became very popular.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-04 |title=પ્રફુલ્લ દવે ડૉક્ટરમાંથી ગુજરાતના લોકપ્રિય ગાયક કઈ રીતે બની ગયા? |url=https://www.bbc.com/gujarati/articles/c4n4d52j8zyo |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=BBC News ગુજરાતી |language=gu |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910185327/https://www.bbc.com/gujarati/articles/c4n4d52j8zyo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

{{Infobox album
| name = Lakho Phulani
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Gaurang Vyas
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|1976}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = HMV
| producer = Sootradhar International
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{tracklist
| total_length = 25:44
| headline = Track list
| all_music = Gaurang Vyas
| all_lyrics =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ek Patan Shern Naar Padamani
| lyrics1 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| extra1 = [[Asha Bhonsle]], [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| length1 = 2:57

| title2 = Maniyaro Te Halu Halu Thai Re Viyo…
| lyrics2 = Dan Alagari, Avinash Vyas
| extra2 = Praful Dave, [[Suman Kalyanpur]] and Chorus
| length2 = 6:54

| title3 = Gao Sau Sathe Tamne Bajrang Bali Ni Aan Chhe
| lyrics3 = Avinash Vyas
| extra3 = [[Kishore Kumar]] and Chorus
| length3 = 6:25

| title4 = Maa Sonanun Paranun
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Asha Bhonsle
| length4 = 5:52

| title5 = Mare Kaljade Thadkaro Thay
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Bhupinder Singh, Preeti Sagar
| length5 = 3:34

}}

== Reception ==
The film was a commercial success. Bhaduri continued to work in Gujarati cinema and became a leading actress.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Thakkar |first=Rakesh |date=2021-11-30 |title=રીટા ભાદુરીને ‘જૂલી’ થી લાભ ના થયો |url=https://chitralekha.com/features/bollywood-ki-baten/rita-bhaduri-as-usha-bhattacharya-julie-1975/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Chitralekha |language=gu |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901181815/https://chitralekha.com/features/bollywood-ki-baten/rita-bhaduri-as-usha-bhattacharya-julie-1975/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1970s historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:1970s biographical films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 10th century]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1970s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films based on real people]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on folklore]]

Anand Neelakantan

2025-12-23T03:37:31Z

Siddhant Babu: added references

{{short description|Indian author}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Anand Neelakantan
| image = Anand111.JPG
| caption = Anand Neelakantan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thrippunithura]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Novelist|screenwriter|public speaker|columnist}}
| years active = 2012 – present
| alma_mater = [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]]
| genre = Mythological fiction
| notableworks = ''[[Asura: Tale of the Vanquished]]'' ''[[Ajaya: Roll of the Dice]]'' ''[[Ajaya: Rise of Kali]]'' ''[[The Rise of Sivagami]]''
| spouse = Aparna Anand
| children = 2- Abhinav Anand, Ananya Anand
| website = {{URL|anandneelakantan.com}}
}}
'''Anand Neelakantan''' is an Indian novelist, columnist, screenwriter, and public speaker. One of India's best selling authors, he is known for writing mythological fiction and has authored 16 books in English and one in [[Malayalam]]. He has been writing a column in ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' since 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/author/anand-neelakantan/ | title=Author }}</ref>

He follows the style of telling stories based on the perspective of the antagonists or supporting characters. His debut work ''[[Asura: Tale of the Vanquished]]'' (2012) was based on the Indian epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', told from the perspective of [[Ravana]]—the first book in his ''Ramayana'' series. It was followed by series of books based on characters from ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]''. His books have been translated to different languages such as Tamil, Hindi, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, Assamese, English, Sinhalese, Burmese, Japense and Indonesian. Anand has written screenplays for [[Hindi]] television serials, such as ''Siya Ke Ram'' on [[Star TV (India)|Star TV]], ''Mahabali Hanuman'' on [[Sony TV]], ''Chakravarthy Ashoka'' on [[Colors TV]], ''Sarfarosh'' on [[Netflix]], ''Swaraj'' on [[DD National]], ''Srimad Ramayan'' on [[Sony TV]], among others. He has written the story for the OTT series ''TAJ'' on [[Zee5]]. Anand has acted in three advertisement films and has also played the role of Ettappa Naicker in the TV show ''Swaraj'' on [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/dec/11/anand-neelakantans-debut-as-the-devils-advocate-in-historical-drama-2526296.html#:~:text=The%20popular%20author%2Dscreenwriter%20ventured,Neelakantan%20says%2C%20the%20obvious%20choice. | title=Anand Neelakantan's debut as the devil's advocate in historical drama }}</ref>

His ''Asura'' was featured in the list of "100 books by Indian authors to read in a lifetime" by [[Amazon Books]] editors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/b/ref=s9_acss_bw_cg_100BXTLI_1a1_w?node=14142605031&pf_rd_m=A1K21FY43GMZF8&pf_rd_s=merchandised-search-3&pf_rd_r=ZWRHRGCZQKZJMWKPZ25B&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=9c06454a-21d1-4a61-9912-1a499fc1eeee&pf_rd_i=4348234031|title=Amazon.in: 100 books by Indian authors - 100 Books To Read in a Lifetime: Books|website=amazon.in|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref> The book has sold more than a million copies over the years. Four of his books have been shortlisted for [[Crossword Book Award]]. He was listed as one among the "100 top celebrities in India" in 2015 and in 2017 by ''[[Forbes India]]''. Anand also writes a column for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' on current affairs and his fortnightly column is called ''Acute Angle and Travel column for [https://www.outlooktraveller.com/author/anand-neelakantan Outlook Traveller] known as compass''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/Author|title=Author|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2 April 2019}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in Thripoonithura, a town on the outskirts of Kochi in Kerala. Anand Neelakantan is an alumnus of [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]] in Kerala. He worked for [[Indian Oil Corporation]] from 1999 to 2022, before leaving the corporation for a full-time career in writing. He draws cartoons for Malayalam magazines.<ref>{{Cite news|title = More to myth than meets the eye|url=http://telegraphindia.com/1130310/jsp/7days/story_16654196.jsp#.UhJFon_56MF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313102724/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130310/jsp/7days/story_16654196.jsp#.UhJFon_56MF|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=22 April 2016|date=24 January 2016}}</ref> He is married to Aparna Anand and they have two children, Ananya Anand and Abhinav Anand.

==Career==
[[File:Anand Neelakantan.jpg|alt=|thumb|In Mumbai, 2018]]
His debut novel ''[[Asura: Tale of the Vanquished]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/how-anand-neelakantan-is-giving-a-new-spin-to-mythological-tales/articleshow/59966851.cms|title=How Anand Neelakantan is giving a new spin to mythological tales - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref> was published by Leadstart Publishing<ref>{{cite web|title=Actor Nagarjuna and Amala unveils Ajaya 2, Rise of Kali a book by Anand Neelakantan|url=http://www.raagalahari.com/localevents/59928/rise-of-kali-book-launch.aspx|website=Ragalahari|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> on 14 May 2012. The book became a surprise bestseller, breaking into the top seller charts within a week of its launch.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Asura', a bestseller|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/asura-a-bestseller/article4263852.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 January 2013|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref> His second book was based on [[Mahabharata]] told from the perspective of [[Kaurava]] and was part of a two-book series. ''Ajaya: Roll of the Dice'' was released in December 2013 and the sequel ''[[Ajaya: Rise of Kali]]'' was released in July 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=From Duryodhana's perspective|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/from-duryodhanas-perspective/article7530151.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 August 2015|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>

Anand Neelakantan wrote the official prequel series of novels for the [[Baahubali (franchise)|''Baahubali'' film series]]. Titled ''Bahubali: Before the Beginning,'' it is a three-book series that acts as a prequel to the films. The first book of the trilogy, ''[[The Rise of Sivagami]]'', from the ''Bahubali: Before the Beginning'' trilogy, was released on 7 March 2017.<ref>[http://www.vowelor.com/book/rise-sivagami-bahubali-anand-neelakantan-review/ "The Rise of Sivagami (Bahubali Book #1)"] by Anand Neelakantan, ''Westland Books''</ref> [[S. S. Rajamouli]], the director of ''Baahubali'' series, revealed the cover of the book at the Jaipur Literature Festival in 2017. The book became a blockbuster and was shortlisted for Crossword Popular Award 2018. [[Netflix]] has announced a webseries on the book. The second book in the series, ''[[Chaturanga (Neelakantan novel)|Chaturanga]]'' was released on 6 August 2020. The third book, ''[[Queen of Mahishmathi]]'', was released on 28 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/anand-neelakantan-announces-final-book-in-the-bahubali-trilogy/articleshow/79936786.cms|title = Anand Neelakantan announces final book in the Bahubali trilogy - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Anand's debut Children's book, ''The Very Extremely Most Naughty Asura tales for Kids''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Anand Neelakantan's upcoming book is a tale of Asuras for children - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/anand-neelakantans-upcoming-book-is-a-tale-of-asuras-for-children/articleshow/77999214.cms|access-date=2020-10-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-26|title=Anand Neelakantan pens debut kids' book|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/anand-neelakantan-debut-kids-book-6617123/|access-date=2020-10-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> was published on 28 September 2020 by Puffin books. Anand Neelakantan's fifth book ''Vanara'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/anand-neelakantan-takes-a-proto-history-approach-in-his-new-book-vanara/cid/1677726|title=Anand Neelakantan takes a 'proto-history' approach in his new book, Vanara|website=telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref> the legend of Baali, Sugreeva and Tara is published by Penguin Random House and is a best seller. Anand Neelakantan's children's book, Mahi-the elephant who flew over the blue mountains was shortlisted for 2024 Crossword popular children's book award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kids - Crossword Award Winner |url=https://www.crossword.in/collections/kids-crossword-award-winner?srsltid=AfmBOorArmers2DHCO-7QJuzwsDTYxTX2A8-jwhu8s95l3m8CfRtas-C |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Crossword.in |language=en}}</ref> DAR films and KR movies have announced that they have won the film adoption rights and will be producing a multilingual film on ''Vanara''.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=2019-04-02 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/anand-neelakantans-book-to-be-adapted-to-film/1431760 | title=Anand Neelakantan's book to be adapted to film | website=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/904166/film-based-on-anand-neelakantans-ramayana-spinoff-vanara-in-the-works|title=Film based on Anand Neelakantan's Ramayana spinoff 'Vanara' in the works|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|date=December 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/anand-neelakantan-takes-a-proto-history-approach-in-his-new-book-vanara/cid/1677726|title=Anand Neelakantan takes a 'proto-history' approach in his new book, Vanara|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/anand-neelakantans-book-to-be-adapted-to-film/articleshow/66917886.cms|title=Anand Neelakantan's book to be adapted to film - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> Anand's [[Malayalam]] work ''Pennramayanam'' has been published by [[Mathrubhumi Books]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/book-reviews/pen-ramayanam-by-anand-neelakantan-1.3569336|title=സീത, മീനാക്ഷി, ശാന്ത... രാമായണത്തിലെ പെണ്‍കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളെ പുനര്‍വായിക്കുമ്പോള്‍|last=ശിവാനന്ദ്|first=അഖില്‍|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> Harper collins has published Many Ramayanas Many Lessons, the Ramayana study of Anand Neelakantan in 2025 and the book has garnered good critical reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=HarperCollins Publishers |title=HarperCollins Announces the Upcoming Release of 'Many Ramayanas, Many Lessons' by Anand Neelakantan |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/harpercollins-announces-the-upcoming-release-of-many-ramayanas-many-lessons-by-anand-neelakantan-302332473.html |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Shevlin |date=2025-03-09 |title='Many Ramayanas, Many Lessons' book review |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2025/Mar/09/many-ramayanas-many-lessons-book-review |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=ThePrint |date=2025-02-11 |title=New book celebrates plurality of the Ramayana, invites readers to reimagine the Epic |url=https://theprint.in/softcover/new-book-celebrates-plurality-of-the-ramayana-invites-readers-to-reimagine-the-epic/2488509/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Storytel published Anand's first Audio drama, Nala's Damayanti on 14 March 2022. The audio drama has appeared in 9 Indian languages. Nala Damayanti was published in 2023 as a Novel by Penguin Random House India Ltd. Anand's second children's book, The Tale of Naughty Flying Mountains and the third, The Tale of a Naughty Prank was published by Puffin, a Penguin children's imprint. Harper Collins Children India published Anand's first non-mythological Children's book, Mahi- the Elephant Who Flew Over the Blue Mountains, an allegorical and satirical work along the lines of Animal Farm in December 2023. Storytel published the audio drama, AMBA, based on the character of Shikandin of Mahabharata in five Indian languages in January 2023.

==List of works==

=== Novels ===
;''Ramayana'' based
* ''[[Asura: Tale of the Vanquished]]'' (2012)<ref>{{cite web |title=Leadstart Publishing Book Publisher, Distributor and Literary Agent |url=https://www.leadstartcorp.com/ |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=leadstartcorp.com}}</ref>
* ''Bhoomija: Sita'' (2017)
* ''Shanta: The Story of Rama's Sister'' (2017)
* ''Ravana's Sister: Meenakshi'' (2018)
* ''Vanara: The Legend of Baali, Sugreeva and Tara'' (2018)
* ''Pennramayanam'' (Malayalam) (2019)
* ''Valmiki's Women'' (2021)

;''Mahabharata'' based
* ''[[Ajaya: Roll of the Dice]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Ajaya: Rise of Kali]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Nala Damyanti: An Eternal Tale from the Mahabharata]]'' (2023)-Penguin books.

;Bahubali series
* ''[[The Rise of Sivagami]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Chaturanga (2020 novel)|Chaturanga]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Queen of Mahishmathi]]'' (2020)

;Children's books
* ''The Very Extremely Most Naughty Asura tales for Kids'' (Puffin Books) (2020)<ref name=":0" />
* ''The Tale of the Naughty Flying Mountains'' (Puffin) (2023)
* ''Mahi-The Elephant Who Flew Over the Blue Mountains'' (Harper Collins) (2023)
* ''The Tale of the Naughty Prank'' (Puffin) (2024)

; Non-fiction book
* ''The Asura way, The Contrarian Path to Success'' (Jaico Books) (2024)
* Many Ramayanas, Many Lessons (Harper Collins India) (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=harperbroadcast |date=2024-12-16 |title=Many Ramayanas, Many Lessons by bestselling author Anand Neelakantan |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/blog/announcements/press-release/many-ramayanas-many-lessons/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India Books, Novels, Authors and Reviews}}</ref>

;Audio Books
;
*''Many Ramayanas, Many Lessons'' (Audible.com) (2021)<ref name=":0" />
*''Nala's Damayanti'' (Storytel.com) (2021)<ref name=":0"/>
*''Amba'' (Storytel.com) (2024)<ref name=":0"/>

===Television===
*''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'' ([[Colors TV]])
*''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'' ([[Star Plus]])
*''[[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]]'' ([[Sony TV]])
*''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]–2'' ([[Sony TV]])
* ''[[Sarfarosh - Battle of Saragarhi]]'' ([[Netflix]])
* "[[Swaraaj]]" ([[DD National]])
* "[[Taj: Divided by Blood]]" ([[Zee 5]])
* "[[Shrimad Ramayan]]"-([[Sony TV]])- January 2024

==Accolades==
*Best Historical Series- Indian Television Awards 2023- 'Swaraj' in DD National written by Anand Neelakantan
*Best original Story- Indian Television Awards 2023- Nominated- Taj, divided by Blood- Anand Neelakantan'
* Kalinga International Literary Award, 2017, [[Kalinga Literary Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/kalinga-international-award-anand-nilakantan-kalinga-literary-award-haraprasad-das-klf2017-start-june-10/|title=Kalinga International Literary Award to Anand Neelakantan, Kalinga Literary Award to Haraprasad Das, KLF2017 to start from June 10|first=India Education Diary Bureau|last=Admin|date=4 June 2017|website=IndiaEducationDiary.in|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref>
* Anand Neelakantan was rated as one of the most promising writers by ''[[Indian Express]]'', amongst the six most remarkable writers of 2012 by [[Daily News and Analysis]] and rated as the second most read writer of 2012 by ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=The most remarkable Indian writers of 2012|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/slideshow-the-most-remarkable-indian-writers-of-2012-1784009|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>
* His first book ''[[Asura: Tale of the Vanquished]]'' was shortlisted for [[Crossword Book Award|Crossword popular award]] in 2013 and his second book, ''Ajaya: Roll of the dice'' was shortlisted for [[Crossword Book Award|Crossword popular award]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anand's 'Asura' in the race for Crossword prize|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/anands-asura-in-the-race-for-crossword-prize/article5346016.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 November 2013|access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref> His book ''The Rise of Sivagami'' (Baahubali #1) was short listed for [[Crossword Book Award|Crossword popular award]] in 2018
* His book ''The Rise of Sivagami'' (Baahubali #1) received accolades from top Indian book reviewers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bookgeeks.in/the-rise-of-sivagami-anand-neelakantan/|title=The Rise of Sivagami {{!}} Anand Neelakantan {{!}} Book Review|website=bookgeeks.in|date=12 April 2017|language=en-GB|access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> [https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-diary-sunday-dossier-23218166 Nala's Damayanti]
* Anand Neelakantan was shortlisted for Crossword awards in four years, for his four different works in 2012, 2014, 2017 and 2024

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|itsanandneel}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neelakantan, Anand}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Government Engineering College, Thrissur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Writers about Kali (demon)]]

Dobra Mahadev Temple

2025-12-21T18:30:20Z

Siddhant Babu: made location - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox temple
|name=Dobra Mahadev Temple
|native_name=डोबरा महादेव मन्दिर
|native_name_lang=hi
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]
|deity=[[Shiva]]
|tradition=[[Naga]]
|festival=[[Ashtami]] of [[Shravana (month)|Shravana]], [[Maha Shivaratri]]
|district=[[Bundi]]
|state=[[Rajasthan]]
|country=[[India]]
|architecture_style=[[Hindu architecture]]
|established=1400 AD}}
'''Dobra Mahadev Temple''' ({{Langx|hi|डोबरा महादेव मन्दिर|translit=Dobara Mahaadev Mandir}}) is a Hindi temple located in [[Bundi]], a town in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Dedicated to [[Shiva]], it holds great cultural importance for the local community and attracts thousands of visitors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=सोमवती अमावस्या पर विशेष: डोबरा महादेव... रोमांच से भरे जंगल, 700 साल पहले थी संतों की तपोस्थली |trans-title=Special Report on Somvati Amavasya: Dobra Mahadev... Forest full of thrill was the holy place of saints 700 years ago |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/bundi/news/dobra-mahadev-a-forest-full-of-thrills-taposthali-of-saints-was-700-years-ago-127532234.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The temple of Dobra Mahadev is situated in a pass of hills in [[Aravalli Range]] near [[Taragarh Fort, Bundi]], covered by the dense forests of the [[Ramgarh Vishdhari Wildlife Sanctuary]]. It is {{Convert|1|km|mi}} from the closest village, [[Dalelpura]]. It is said to have been established 700 years ago during [[Medieval India|India's medieval period]]. It was named after the [[stepwell]] present inside, called a ''dabra,'' supposedly filled with holy water gathered from 24 other temples.''<ref name=":0" />''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-07-27 |title=चामुंडा माता और डोबरा महादेव आज भी बूंदी की कर रहे हैं रक्षा...जानिए इनका शौर्य इतिहास |trans-title=Chamunda Mata and Dobra Mahadev are still protecting Bundi... know their bravery's history |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/bundi/chamunda-mata-and-dobra-mahadev-are-still-protecting-bundis/rj20190727122950690 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

The temple is built in the [[Hindu architecture|Hindu architectural style]]. Apart from the idol of [[Panchamukha]] [[Shiva|Mahadeva]], idols of [[Rama|Charbhujanath]] and [[Venkateswara|Balaji]] can also be found inside, said to be between 500 and 600 years old. The idol of Balaji is supposedly made from [[cow dung]]. There is also a living [[samadhi]] of a saint here.<ref name=":0" />{{Specify|date=May 2024|reason=What the heck is a living samadhi?}}

== Religious significance ==
Dobra Mahadev Temple holds great religious significance for local devotees of Shiva. It serves as a place of worship and pilgrimage, where thousands of devotees come to offer prayers and seek blessings for various aspects of their lives.<ref name=":1" />

A fair is held every year on the first [[Ashtami]] of [[Shravana (month)|Shravana]], during which thousands of people come. Every Monday and especially in Shravana, a large number of devotees visit Dobra Mahadev.<ref>{{Cite news |title=डोबरा महादेव के दर्शन कर मेले में खरीदारी की |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/bundi/news/rajasthan-news-dobra-mahadev39s-darshan-performed-at-fair-fair-103005-5094692.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

Part of the idol of Charbhujanath was stolen from the temple sometime in January 2016, having been broken off at the feet by the thieves. The statue was later recovered, but was found in a ruined condition.<ref name=":0" /> In June 2022, thieves once again stole the idol of Charbhujanath, killing a temple priest in the process.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-07 |title=बूंदी में डोबरा महादेव मंदिर के पुजारी की हत्या, चारभुजा नाथ की मूर्ति चुरा ले गए बदमाश |trans-title=Priest of Dobra Mahadev Temple murdered in Bundi, miscreants stole the idol of Charbhuja Nath |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-news-dobra-mahadev-temple-priest-murdered-in-bundi-miscreants-stole-the-idol-of-charbhuja-nath-ann-2140440 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=ABP Live |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-06-07 |title=Raj: Priest found dead inside temple in Bundi, idol missing |url=https://theprint.in/india/raj-priest-found-dead-inside-temple-in-bundi-idol-missing/986997/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The same month, the idol was recovered by local police,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-12 |title=मंदिर से चुराई भगवान चारभुजानाथ की मूर्ति की बरामद, आरोपी चार दिन के पुलिस रिमांड पर |trans-title=Stolen idol of Lord Charbhujanath recovered from the temple, accused on four days police remand |url=https://www.patrika.com/bundi-news/bundi-news-bundi-rajasthan-news-dobra-mahadev-lord-charbhujanath-a-7588900 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> although the thieves still have not been caught.

== See also ==
* [[Taragarh Fort, Bundi]]
* [[Bundi TV Tower]]

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|25.46062|75.63308|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bundi district]]

Sibnarayan Ray

2025-12-11T19:36:20Z

Siddhant Babu: creating initial stub basic info!

{{Short description|Indian thinker, philosopher and literary critic (1921–2008)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sibnarayan Ray
| image = Image:Sibnarayan Ray 2006.jpg
| caption = Sibnarayan Ray in 2006
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|01|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = Calcutta, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|02|26|1921|01|20|df=y}}
| death_place = Shantiniketan, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Thinker|educationist|philosopher|literary critic}}
| education = University of Calcutta (BA in English literature)
| spouse = Gita Ray
| awards = Regina Guha Gold Medal (1942)
| signature =
}}

'''Sibnarayan Ray''' (20 January 1921 – 26 February 2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12175291z |title=Ray, Sibnarayan (1921-2008) |author= |website=BNF France |access-date=22 September 2025 }}</ref> was an Indian thinker, educationist, philosopher, and literary critic who wrote in the [[Bengali language]]. A radical humanist, he is widely reputed for his works on [[Marxist]]-revolutionary [[Manabendra Nath Roy]], and famous polymath [[Bertrand Russell]], commenting on Ray, once said that "... Sibnarayan Ray stands for a point of view which I consider important in every part of the world. ... His writings ably represents a more reasonable point of view than that of most writers of our time."

==Life and career==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
On 20 January 1921, Sibnarayan Ray was born to Upendranath Bidyabhushan Shastri (1867–1959) and poet Rajkumari Roy (1882–1973) in [[Calcutta]], India. His father was a thinker-writer who had published more than 50 books in [[Sanskrit]] and English. His mother, too, was a literary person who regularly contributed to magazines like ''[[Bamabodhini]]'', ''[[Shibam]]'', ''[[Antapur]]'', and ''[[Mahila]]''.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shamokal.com/archive.details.php?nd=2008-03-07&nid=91484 |title=One Sibnarayan Ray |access-date=12 March 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101043/http://www.shamokal.com/archive.details.php?nd=2008-03-07&nid=91484 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Sibnarayan started writing in his teens. He graduated from the [[University of Calcutta]] with a degree in English language and literature. He was married to Gita Ray.

He joined the [[City College, Calcutta]], a constituent undergraduate college of the University of Calcutta, in 1945 at the age of twenty four as a lecturer in English literature. He taught there for fifteen years. He was head of the Department of Indian Studies at the [[University of Melbourne]] from 1962 until late 1980.<ref name=IRI>{{cite web |url=https://indianrenaissanceinstitute.com/professor-sibnarayan-ray/ |title=Professor Sibnarayan Ray |author= |website=Indian Renaissance Institute |access-date=22 September 2025 }}</ref>

Ray taught at many universities around the world as a visiting professor, including the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS) under the [[University of London]] and the Department of Social Science at the [[University of Chicago]]. He was invited to deliver lectures at many universities in Malaysia, Norway, England, Germany, and the US.<ref name=IRI /> As a visiting professor, he taught courses at [[Clare College]] of [[Cambridge University]], [[Goethe University]] in Frankfurt, and [[Stanford University]].

After returning to Calcutta from Melbourne, he worked as director of the [[Rabindra Bhavan]] at [[Visva-Bharati University]] from 1981 to 1983. He was an emeritus fellow on Literature of the Department of Culture, [[Government of India]] and worked as the Chairman of the [[Raja Rammohan Roy]]. He was also a senior research fellow at the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]].<ref name=IRI /> Notably, he worked as the executive secretary of the [[Indian Renaissance Institute]] (IRI) from 1960 to 1969.

He died in [[Shantiniketan]] on 26 February 2008.<ref name=HI /> Following his wishes, his mortal remains were donated to the [[SSKM Hospital]] in Calcutta.

==A radical humanist==
Ray was imbued with the spirit of communism in early life. However, the realities of [[Stalinist]] rule in the [[USSR]] frustrated him. That led him to believe in the sublimity of humankind and made him aware of the constraints of human freedom that are inherent in man's own cognition. For his philosophical thinking, he came to be known as a radical humanist. However, Sibnarayan Ray was profoundly influenced by the concept styled "Beyond Communism", propounded by M. N. Roy. The concept of [[radical humanism]] was conceived by M. N. Roy in his ''Basic principles of Radical Democracy'', which he shared with a few comrades, including Sibnarayan Ray. One of the assumptions was that party-politics was inconsistent with his ideal of organised democracy. It was 'radical' because it rejected many of the traditional political and philosophical assumptions underlying the society of early twentieth century India; and it was 'humanism' because it focused entirely on the needs and situation of human beings.<ref>''M.N. Roy: Radical Humanist: Selected Writings'', compiled by Innaiah Narisetti, [[Prometheus Books]], {{ISBN|1-59102-141-3}}</ref> Young Sibnarayan took part in the [[Radical Humanist Movement]] launched by M. N. Roy in 1948. He edited the ''Radical Humanist Weekly''.<ref name=HI />

Notably, unlike some humanists, radical humanists aim to overthrow or transcend existing social arrangements. Radical humanists seek transformation, emancipation, and critical analysis of modes of domination. They want people to reconstruct their view of reality and take appropriate action.<ref>[http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/tern/Map/radHuman.htm TERN-Radical Humanist View]</ref> Ray said that it was not just religion, but politics that could stifle free-thinking and the spirit of inquiry. The human mind has a conflict in itself. It will either give in to an authority or ask questions. He believed that in order for a society to thrive, it should follow the latter path. However, Ray believed that today, both rationality and the questioning spirit are on the wane.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130203174651/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050613/asp/knowhow/story_4826739.asp A question of faith]</ref>

==Literary criticism==
Sibnarayan Ray was highly respected for his literary criticism.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

==Publication of ''Jijnasa''==
He published and edited ''Jijnasa'' (pronounced jiggāsā in Bengali {{langx|bn|জিজ্ঞাসা}}).<ref name=HI /> This became the most important Bengali journal of literature, history, culture, and philosophy. Writers from home and abroad contributed to this Bengali-language journal published from Calcutta. Ray undertook to edit and publish ''Jijnasa'' in 1980 while he was still residing in Melbourne.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Works on M. N. Roy==
Indian revolutionary communist M. N. Roy was one of the pioneering leaders of the revolutionary movements in India, Mexico, the [[Soviet Union]], and China. He took a leading role in founding the [[Communist Party of Mexico]] (1919) and [[Communist Party of India|of India]] (1920). During the 1920s, he rose to the highest echelon of the [[Communist International]] hierarchy by becoming a member of the executive committee, the Presidium, and the Political Secretariat. More importantly, he was reputed to be an unparalleled theorist with incisive and analytical writings. Sibnarayan Ray first met M. N. Roy in 1946. He was greatly influenced by the thinking of this revolutionary. Before his death he was writing a biography of [[Manabendra Nath Roy]]. He edited the works of Roy in four volumes, which have been published by the [[Oxford University Press]].<ref>[http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780195626407 OUP: UK General Catalogue]</ref>

==Poetry==
Sibnarayan Ray composed some poems in his early years of writing. Most of them were collected in an anthology under the title ''Kothara Tomar Mon'', published in 1951. A second edition of the anthology was published in the late 1990s. One of these poems, rendered into English from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by Evelyn Panofsky, is quoted below:<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ray |first=Sibnarayan |translator-last=Panofsky |translator-first=Evelyn |date=October–December 2007 |title=Poetry in Translation |url=http://shabdaguchha.com/trPoetry38.html |magazine=Shabdaguchha |issue=38}}</ref>

 
'''This Rare Afternoon'''
 
This rare afternoon in the valley of autumn. 
Behind the trembling curtain of pine needles 
sad sun's gold. On chestnut branches 
scant whorls of mauve-tinted flowers. 
 
Drowsy peace falling, 
pine needles falling, 
touch of elderly sadness in the valley of autumn. 
 
No dark monsoon flashes of passion's anguish 
are in this autumn's serene and elderly sadness. 
 
Afternoon of falling needles. Look, there falls 
a dew drop and glides down the curved belly of time.

==Quotations==
* In the whole world, it is only [[Goethe]] who compares with [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in terms of literary diversity.
* If Bengali as a language has any chance to flourish, that will be in [[Bangladesh]] and not in [[West Bengal]].<ref>[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/faizul_latif/shibnarayan_ray.htm A few personal words on Professor Sibnarayan Ray Faizul Latif Chowdhury]</ref>

==Publications==
[[Image:Cover Kobir Nirbashon.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of ''Kobir Nirbashon O Onyanya Bhabona'' published in 1973]]

Ray has more than fifty titles to his credit, including one book of poetry, starting with ''Prekshita'', his first book published in 1945. His works have been translated into many languages. Some of the titles are given below :
* Prekshita (tr. Perspectives)(Its focus was the decadence of modern English literature.)
* Moumachi-tantra
* Sahitya Chinta (tr. Thoughts on Literature), 1956.
* Kothara Tomar Mon (poetry)
* M. N. Roy Philosopher-Revolutionary, edited by Sibnarayan Ray, Calcutta, 1959.
* Nayoker Mrityu (tr. Death of the Hero), 1960.
* Probasher Journal (tr. Journal written while abroad)
* Radicalism
* I have seen Bengal's Face (ed.) 1973.
* Gandhi, India and the World (edited) <ref name=HI>{{cite web |url=https://humanists.international/2008/03/memoriam-sib-narayan-ray/ |title=In memoriam Sib Narayan Ray |author= |website=Humanists International |access-date=22 September 2025 }}</ref>
* Kobir Nirbashon O Onanyana Bhawna (tr. Expulsion of the Poet and Other Issues), 1973.
* In quest of freedom - A study of the life and works of M. N. Roy <ref name=HI />
* Between Renaissance and Revolution: Selected Essays
* From the Broken Nest to Visva-Bharati
* Khraiyer dike (tr. Uphill route), 1988.
* A New Renaissance.
* Swadesh, Swakal, Swajan (tr. Own land, Own time, Own people), 1996.
* Selected Works of M.N.Roy: Vol:4. 1932–1936, by Sibnarayan Ray
* Bengal Renaissance: The First Phase <ref>[http://product.half.ebay.com/_W0QQprZ2948445QQtgZinfo Half.com / Books / Bengal Renaissance: The First Phase]</ref>
* The University of Man: The Message of Romain Rolland <ref>[http://www.indus-intl.com/bookdetails.cfm?bookid=IN-12346 Sibnarayan Ray - The University of Man: The Message of Romain Rolland]</ref>
* Vietnam Seen from East and West <ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=12188 The View from Vietnam - The New York Review of Books]</ref>
* In Man's Own Image (co-author Ellen Roy)

===Essays===
* "Ideologies and the Alienated Writer" in ''Society and the Writer: Essays on Literature in Modern Asia'', edited by [[Wang Gungwu]], [[M. Guerrero]], and [[D. Marr]], pp. 221–37. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, The [[Australian National University]], 1981.
* "A literary revolution in India", ''Times Literaray Supplement'', August 1957.
* "Decline of the Indian Intellectuals", ''Quest'', Octo–Dec 1958.
* "Eastwind Westwind", ''Soviet Survey'', April–June 1959.
* "Saratchandra Chottopadhya", ''The Radical Humanist'', 22 June 1952.
* "Ezra Pound and the Artists's Dilemma", ''The Radical Humanist'', September 1952.
* "Ezra Pound", ''The Calcutta Review'', May 1943.
* "Albert Camus", ''Quest'', April–June 1960.
* The Sikh Movement, in ''A New Renaissance''.
* "Shakespearian Variations on the Theme of Apartheid" by Sibnarayan Ray, in ''Calcutta Essays on Shakespeare'', Ed. [[Amalendu Bose]].

==Awards and recognition==
* 1942 Regina Guha Gold Medal, Calcutta University.
* [[Bertrand Russell]] commented that
{{blockquote|... Sibnarayan Ray stands for a point of view which I consider important in every part of the world. ... His writings ably represents a more reasonable point of view than that of most writers of our time.<ref name=autogenerated2>Back cover of ''Kobir Nirbashon O Onanyana Bhawna'', 1973.</ref>}}
* Poet [[Edith Sitwell]] said
{{blockquote|It is my convinced opinion that Sibnarayan Ray is one of the few really important critics of our time. ... In this most remarkable book ''Explorations'', doors are opened upon long vistas of beauty and of meaning. There is a nourishment for the mind and for the power of living upon every page....<ref name=autogenerated2 />}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/reviews/brSelectedBB.html A book review by Sibnarayan Ray]
* [http://jijnasa-kolkata.blogspot.com Jijnasa magazine is available online]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Sibnarayan}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian atheism activists]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Melbourne]]
[[Category:Academic staff of City College, Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:People from Pirojpur]]
[[Category:Writers from Pirojpur District]]
[[Category:Academics from Barisal Division]]

Amarchinta

2025-11-15T17:34:38Z

Siddhant Babu: updated layout further and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Village & Mandal in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amarchinta
| postal_code = 509130
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_total_km2 =
| area_code = 08504
| registration_plate = TG-32
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Atmakur
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mahabubnagar
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Makthal
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Pleasant and calm]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| native_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|22|26|N|77|46|26|E|display=inline,title}}
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village & Mandal
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| subdivision_type Municipality =
| area_footnotes =
| subdivision_name = Amarchinta {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Wanaparthy
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| official_name =
}}
'''Amarchinta''' is a [[municipality]] and [[Tehsil|Mandal]] headquarters located in [[Wanaparthy district]] in the [[Telangana]] state of [[India]].<ref>[https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO's/New%20District%20Gos/Wanaparthy.pdf GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA ABSTRACT District Administration – Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Wanaparthy District – Final Notification - Orders – Issued.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Administration – Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Wanaparthy District – Final Notification - Orders – Issued|url=http://wanaparthy.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/242.Wanaparthy-242.pdf|accessdate=21 July 2017|website=Wanaparthy District}}</ref> [[Jurala Project]] is a dam on the Krishna River situated about 12 km from Amarchinta.<ref>[https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3fa7cdfad1a5aaf8370ebeda47a1ff1c3/uploads/2019/08/2019080679.pdf Administrative Map Wanaparthy district]</ref>

== Villages ==
The villages in Amarchinta mandal include:

# Amarchintha
# Mastipur
# Pamireddipalle
# Kankanvanipalle
# Singampeta
# Nandimalla
# Chinthareddipalle
# Mittanandimalla
# Erladinne
# Chandraghad
# Dharmapur
# Nagalkadumur
# Kistampalle<ref>[https://wanaparthy.telangana.gov.in/subdivision-blocks/ The Sub-Division is divided into Mandals. Wanaparthy District Consists of 14 Mandals. Mandal is headed by Tahsildar.]</ref>

== References ==
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:Panchayati raj (India)]]
[[Category:Mandals in Wanaparthy district]]
[[Category:Census towns in Wanaparthy district]]
[[Category:Wanaparthy district]]

Kandivli railway station

2025-11-13T09:40:12Z

Siddhant Babu:

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Distinguish|Khadavli railway station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px|up|link=Mumbai Suburban Railway]] Kandivli
| type = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| image = Kandivali railway station - Overview.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[Kandivli]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.2045|N|72.8520|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = [[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 4
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1907
| closed =
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = KILE
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Western Railways]]
| former =
| status = Active
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Western|left=Malad|right=Borivali}}
| map_type = India#Maharashtra#Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Kandivli
| route_map = {{MSR Western line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Kandivli''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[kaːn̪d̪iʋəliː]]]; formerly '''Khandolee''', station code: '''KLE''') is a railway station on the Western line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network. It serves the [[Kandivli]] neighbourhood of [[Mumbai]], India. All slow local trains temporarily halt between Kandivli and [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]] for a few seconds for signaling purposes, which commuters call an imaginary station named ''Thambevali''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://topyaps.com/15-entertaining-amazing-facts-mumbai-local-trains/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516151432/http://topyaps.com/15-entertaining-amazing-facts-mumbai-local-trains | url-status=usurped | archive-date=16 May 2014 | title=15 Entertaining & Amazing Facts About Mumbai Local Trains }}</ref> In 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] crisis, [[Children's Academy]], along with Project Mumbai undertook a beautification project for The Kandivali railway station.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz59DIE7INY| title=Children's Academy, with Project Mumbai– Kandivali Railway Station Beautification Initiative - YouTube| website=[[YouTube]]| date=25 November 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
Kandivli is one of the oldest stations in Mumbai, opened back in 1907.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-12 |title=KANDIVALI |url=https://betweenthelinesbombay.wordpress.com/2017/03/12/kandivali/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Between The Lines |language=en}}</ref> The station was built at a cost of Rs. 57,211, after several petitions from the locals over three years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=88 |language=English}}</ref> It was then known as Khandolee, and is said to have been mainly used to transport the stones and rocks for the Reclamation scheme in Southernmost Bombay. It was made, essentially to service the quarries. The hillock 'Paran', located east of the station, was quarried to provide this material.<ref>{{Citation |title=13. Intriguing Bombay - Prehistoric Bombay |date=27 April 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVPDCuWSDzA |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, a railway workshop and worker quarters were also built.
[[File:Kandivali railway station.jpg|thumb|left]]

== Redevelopment plan ==
Redevelopment plans have been introduced to revamp the 18 stations of Central and Western line under the [[Mumbai Urban Transport Project]] (MUTP)-3A. Among these stations, Kandivli station is one of the 6 stations which are opted for the early redevelopment plans. The [[Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation]] (MRVC) is slated to enhance station facilities, initiate the construction of Foot Over Bridges (FOBs), elevated decks, interconnecting pathways through FOBs and [[Skyway|skywalks]], while also fostering the creation of green spaces and other enhancements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tender/Contract Awarded Information for year 2022-23 |url=https://mrvc.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/Yearwise%20Awarded%20Tenders%202022-23%20Dated%2002-08-2023.pdf |website=Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Coming soon: Six larger, swankier, redeveloped railway stations |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-railway-stations-redevelopment-plan-to-decongest-6-central-and-western-railway-stations-under-mutp3a-101686510819048.html }}</ref>

The work at stations will be similar as [[Andheri railway station|Andheri]], [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]] and [[Goregaon railway station|Goregaon]], where the primary objectives were to sort out the congestion and facilitating the efficient dispersion of passengers at an ease experience.

Kandivli station, along with three other stations, has been included in the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aklekar |first=Rajendra |title=Mumbai: Dadar, Panvel, Kandivli, Dahisar now on Amrit Bharat Station Scheme list |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-dadar-panvel-kandivli-dahisar-now-on-amrit-bharat-station-scheme-list-23375243 |work=[[Mid Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-13 |title=Western railway adds Kandivali and Dahisar to Amrit Bharat Station scheme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/western-railway-adds-kandivali-and-dahisar-to-amrit-bharat-station-scheme/articleshow/112501112.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This initiative aims to develop railway stations across Indian Railways. In Maharashtra, 132 stations have been selected for revamp under this scheme. The project involves creating master plans and implementing them in phases to enhance the amenities at these stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrit Bharat Station Scheme |url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/amrit-bharat-station-scheme |website=National Portal of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Kandivali railway station}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Western}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Harbour}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1907]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Mumbai WR railway division]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

The Great Indian Murder

2025-11-11T16:36:48Z

Siddhant Babu: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[The Great Indian Murder (TV series)]]

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Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan

2025-09-27T18:33:35Z

Siddhant Babu: quick update

{{Short description|Sultan of Ma'bar from 1335 to 1339}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan
| title = Sultan
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = 1st [[Madurai Sultanate|Sultan of Ma'bar]]
| reign = 1335–1339
| reign-type =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| investiture =
| predecessor =
| pre-type =
| successor = Ala-ud-din Udauji Shah
| suc-type =
| regent =
| reg-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kaithal]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| death_date = 1339
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| queen =
| spouse =
| issue = Ibrahim
| full name =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| occupation =
| signature =
}}

'''Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan''' (died 1339), initially '''Hasan Kaithali''',<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8g9AAAAMAAJ&q=hassan+kaithali |title=Historical Essays |author= Qanungo |date=1960 }}</ref> also known as '''Jalal al-Din Ahsan Shah''',<ref>{{Britannica|1414809|title=Jalāl al-Dīn Aḥsan Shah}}</ref> was the first [[Sultan]] of [[Madurai Sultanate]] and father-in-law of the great traveller [[Ibn Battuta]].

== Origin ==
The founder of the Madurai Sultanate, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan. He was called a [[Sayyid]] native of [[Kaithal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saeed |first=Mian Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RIdAAAAMAAJ&q=Hasan%20Kaithali |title=The Sharqi of Jaunpur: A Political & Cultural History |date=1972 |publisher=University of Karachi |language=en|page=5}}</ref>{{sfn|Rajayyan|2005|p=161}} Some historical accounts also being called an [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]], though the legitimacy of such a claim is questionable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajayyan |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Madurai%20Sultanate%20afghan |title=Tamil Nadu, a Real History |date=2005 |publisher=Ratna Publications |language=en|page=165}}</ref>

== Declaration of independence ==

In 1335, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, the Muslim Governor of Madurai, declared his independence and established the independent sultanate of Madurai.<ref name="krishnaswamip155">[[#Aiyangar|Aiyangar]], Pg 155</ref> As a response to his rebellion, the Sultan of Delhi punished the Sayyid and other Indian Muslim inhabitants of Kaithal out of spite for Ahsan Khan as he belonged to Kaithal.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8g9AAAAMAAJ&q=spite+kaithal |page=38 |author= Qanungo |title=Historical Essays }}</ref> He claimed the whole of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] province of Ma'bar which included a small part of the ancient Tamil country.<ref name="krishnaswamip155" /> However, he scarcely had any authority beyond the realm of the Pandyas and the territory to the north of the river [[Kaveri]] was largely independent under the [[Cholas]] and the [[Hoysalas]].<ref name="krishnaswamip156">[[#Aiyangar|Aiyangar]], Pg 156</ref>

== Reign ==
[[File:Coin of Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan.jpg|right|thumb|Coin of Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, first ruler of the [[Madurai Sultanate|Sultanate of Madurai]]]]
Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan took over as the independent sultan of Madurai in 1335.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=95}}</ref> [[Ferishta]], however, gives a date of 1341 for his assumption of the sultanate.<ref name="krishnaswamip165">[[#Aiyangar|Aiyangar]], Pg 165</ref> Ferishta refers to Ahsan Khan as Syed, Hasan and Husun.<ref name="krishnaswamip165" /> Ahsan Khan was also the father-in-law of the Moorish traveller [[Ibn Battuta]].<ref name="krishnaswamip165" /> Immediately, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] sent an army to reassert his control over the region. But Ahsan Khan easily defeated this army.<ref name="krishnaswamip165" /> Tughluq took his revenge by killing Ahsan Khan's son Ibrahim who was the purse-bearer of the emperor. Ahsan Khan was killed in 1339 by one of his nobles after having ruled for a brief span of 4 years.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|title=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024066742|last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|authorlink=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|publisher=Oxford University|year=1921|ref=Aiyangar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Jalaluddin Ahsan}}
[[Category:History of Madurai]]
[[Category:1340 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Iluppaiyur, Virudhunagar district

2025-07-09T22:55:43Z

Siddhant Babu: improved article

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{distinguish|Iluppaiyur, Tiruchirappalli district}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Iluppaiyur''' or '''Illupaiyur''' is an agricultural [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] village in the [[Virudhunagar district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is one of several settlements in Tamil Nadu named for the [[Iluppai]] tree.<ref>M. Tamilselvi, R. Sreebha, and A. Aruna Devi, ''Environmental Studies'', Alinagar: JEC, 2025, {{ISBN|978-93-6976-361-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tRhnEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 p. 11].</ref>

==Geography==
The seasonal [[Gundar River|Gundaru River]] flows to the east of Iluppaiyar. Iluppaiyar Road passes through the village, connecting it to Velanoorani and [[Kattanpatti]] to the southeast and to Pillaiyar Natham to the northwest. 


==Demographics==
The village is predominantly inhabited by members of the [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] and [[Chettiar]] communities.{{cn|date=July 2025}} At the [[2011 census of India]], the population was 627, with 168 households, of whom 456 (247 males and 209 females) were literate.<ref name=villages>[https://villageinfo.org/village/641615 "Illuppaiyur"], VillageInfo, retrieved 9 July 2025.</ref>

==Religion and festivals==
Sri Kaliamman Temple, Velanoorani is in Illupaiyar. The village holds a five-day [[Phalguna|Panguni Pongal]] festival every April.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==Education==
NKV Sala (Nadar Kshathriya Vidhya Sala) primary school is in Iluppaiyur.<ref>[https://schools.org.in/virudhunagar/33260510301/n-k-v-sala-pri-sch-iluppaiyur.html "N.K.V.SALA PRI.SCH, ILUPPAIYUR"], Schools.org.in, retrieved 9 July 2025.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{coord|9|28|15.6|N|78|16|01.2|E|type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Virudhunagar district]]

{{Virudhunagar-geo-stub}}

Knowledge Park I, Greater Noida

2025-07-09T22:32:31Z

Siddhant Babu: Started basic entry with sources

{{Short description|Educational region in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Knowledge Park I
| subdivision_name3 = Greater Noida
| settlement_type = Commercial district
| image_skyline =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|28|59|N|77|29|42|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[North India]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type3 = City
| official_name =
| unit_pref =
| governing_body = Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority
| elevation_m =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 201310
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| native_name = नॉलेज पार्क 1
| native_name_lang = hi
}}
'''Knowledge Park I''' or '''Knowledge Park 1''' ({{Langx|hi|नॉलेज पार्क 1}}) is a sector in south-western [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-08|title=UP approves 15-km metro link to realty hub Greater Noida West|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/up-approves-15-km-metro-link-to-realty-hub-greater-noida-west/story-Rx5CJ7id7GyqVJc2fWDiyJ.html|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Bordered by [[Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida|Knowledge Park II]] to the west and [[Omega II, Greater Noida|Omega II]] to the south, it serves the [[Pari Chowk metro station]] alongside several universities and colleges, including Ram-Eesh Group of Institutions, the National Institute of Management and Technology and Harlal Institute of Management and Technology.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Greater Noida]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]

{{GautamBuddhNagar-geo-stub}}