Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Aaryan Nitin Shukla

2026-05-07T20:09:11Z

Shumail:

{{Short description|Indian mental calculator}}
'''Aaryan Shukla''' (born 2010) is an Indian [[mental calculator]] with 9 Guinness World Records. Aaryan is [[board member]] of the Global Mental Calculators Association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mentalcalculation.org/aaryan-shukla|title=Aaryan Shukla|website=GMCA}}</ref>
== Career ==
Shukla won the 2022 [[Mental Calculation World Cup]] at the age of 12 years old,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bluewin.ch/de/news/international/zwoelfjaehriger-inder-gewinnt-wm-im-kopfrechnen-1303602.html|title=Zwölfjähriger Inder gewinnt WM im Kopfrechnen|website=blue News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rainews.it/tgr/tagesschau/articoli/2022/07/tag-Zwoelfjaehriger-Inder-gewinnt-WM-im-Kopfrechnen-25bb2730-3357-4e8c-8a6d-223f1636f050.html|title=Zwölfjähriger Inder gewinnt WM im Kopfrechnen|first=T. G. R.|last=Tagesschau|date=July 17, 2022|website=RaiNews}}</ref> setting event records in multiplication and square roots in the process. Additionally, during the record attempts portion of the event, he broke the organizer's record for division<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.recordholders.org/en/list/mental-calculation-rankings.html|title=Mental Calculation World Ranking Lists|website=www.recordholders.org}}</ref> and multiplied two 20-digit numbers together in 1 minute and 45 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldmentalcalculation.com/2022/07/19/mental-calculation-world-cup-2022-results/|title=Mental Calculation World Cup 2022: Results – World Mental Calculation|date=July 31, 2022}}</ref>

Shukla returned to the [[Mental Calculation World Cup]] in 2024, winning the event for a second consecutive time, while winning all five categories and scoring more points per category than any prior competitor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://education21.in/aaryan-shukla-of-dps-nashik-crowned-at-mental-calculation-world-cup-2024/|title=Aaryan Shukla of DPS Nashik crowned at Mental Calculation World Cup −2024 – Education21}}</ref> Additionally, he set the following records during the event:

# [[Mental Calculation World Cup]] calendar date record (answered all 100 dates given correctly in 1 minute)
# [[Mental Calculation World Cup]] multiplication record (breaking his prior record)
# [[Mental Calculation World Cup]] square roots record (breaking his prior record) (answered all 90 problems given with 86 correct and 4 incorrect)
# World record for addition (addition of 10 10-digit numbers, with an average time of 7.808 seconds over 10 questions)
# World record for square roots (square root of 6-digit numbers to 8 significant digits, with an average time 33.78 seconds over 10 questions)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldmentalcalculation.com/2024/09/20/mental-calculation-world-cup-2024-results/|title=Mental Calculation World Cup 2024: Results – World Mental Calculation|date=September 22, 2024}}</ref>

Shukla also became the youngest winner at the [[Mind Sports Olympiad|Mind Sport Olympiad Mental Calculation]] World Championship in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mindsportsolympiad.com/aaryan-shukla-wins-2021-mental-calculations-world-championship/|title=Aaryan Shukla Wins 2021 Mental Calculations World Championship|date=September 4, 2021}}</ref> before finishing as runner-up twice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldmentalcalculation.com/2023/03/06/mso-mental-calculations-world-championship-2023-results/|title=MSO Mental Calculations World Championship 2023 Results – World Mental Calculation|date=March 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldmentalcalculation.com/2024/04/15/mso-mental-calculations-world-championship-2024-results/|title=MSO Mental Calculations World Championship 2024 Results – World Mental Calculation|date=April 16, 2024}}</ref> He also finished as runner-up in Season 1 of Calculation League.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mentalcalculation.org/league-standings|title=Calculation League Standings|website=GMCA}}</ref>

In 2023 and 2024, Shukla gave televised [[Flash Anzan]] performances in [[Russia]] and [[Italy]], the latter earning him a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] in addition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2024/4/human-calculator-kid-can-do-impossible-sums-in-his-head-at-lightning-speed-768357|title='Human Calculator Kid' can do 'impossible' sums in his head at lightning speed | Guinness World Records}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/class-8-dps-student-sets-guiness-world-record-for-fastest-mental-addition-2522657-2024-04-03|title=12-year-old Aaryan Shukla sets Guiness World Record for fastest mental addition|date=April 3, 2024|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aventurasnahistoria.com.br/noticias/historia-hoje/indiano-de-13-anos-bate-recorde-e-e-considerado-calculadora-humana.phtml|title=Indiano de 13 anos bate recorde e é considerado 'calculadora humana'|first=Éric|last=Moreira|date=April 11, 2024|website=Aventuras na História}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/12-year-old-indian-student-breaks-records-with-lightning-fast-mental-addition/|title=12-year-old Indian student breaks records with lightning-fast mental addition|date=April 3, 2024|website=ARAB TIMES – KUWAIT NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1c_wwjZn7MQ|title=Human Calculator Aaryan Shukla created Guinness World Records (GWR)|date=March 25, 2024|via=YouTube}}</ref>

In late 2024, Shukla set six new Guinness World records in a single day --- three related to Flash Anzan, two related to multiplication, and one related to division --- in a showcase event in Dubai. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2025/2/human-calculator-kid-shatters-six-world-records-with-incredibly-speedy-mental-maths|title=‘Human Calculator Kid’ shatters six world records with incredibly speedy mental maths|date=February 12, 2025|website=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | title=Aaryan Shukla | website=GMCA | url=https://mentalcalculation.org/aaryan-shukla | access-date=2024-08-22}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Aaryan Nitin}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mental calculators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

South Asians in the Netherlands

2026-05-07T11:42:12Z

Shumail: new stub

{{Short description|Migrant group in the Netherlands}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = South Asians in the Netherlands
| image =
| population = Surinamese – 200,000 ([[Indo-Surinamese]] only) Indian – 65,399 Afghan – 54,991 Pakistani – 27,261 Sri Lankan – 14,708 Bangladeshi – 3,504 Nepalese – 2,652 Bhutanese – 342 Maldivians – 39 All figures are the 2022 CBS population estimates for the Netherlands, except the estimates of the Indo-Surinamese population.<ref name="CBS">{{cite web|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?dl=A97C0|title=Population; sex, age, generation and migration background, 1 January|publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek|date= 31 May 2022|access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gopio.net/dutch_suriname_indians.htm|title = Suriname Indians in the Netherlands – the Indian in Them Lives on}}</ref>
| popplace = {{hlist|[[Amsterdam]]|[[Rotterdam]]|[[The Hague]]|[[Utrecht]]|[[Eindhoven]]|[[Almere]]|[[Amstelveen]]}}
| langs = {{hlist|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Sarnami]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Hindi]]–[[Urdu]]|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]|[[Pashto]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]| [[Languages of South Asia|Other South Asian languages]]}}
| rels = '''Majority''': {{hlist|[[Hinduism]]}} '''Significant Minority''': {{hlist|[[Islam]]|[[Sikhism]]}} '''Other Minority''': {{hlist|[[Christianity]]|[[Jainism]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Zoroastrianism]]|[[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]|Others}}
| related-c = {{hlist|[[South Asian Americans]]|[[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]|[[South Asian Canadians]]|[[South Asians in the United Kingdom|British South Asians]]|[[British Indo-Caribbean people|British Indo-Caribbeans]]|[[South Asian diaspora]]}}
}}
'''South Asians in the Netherlands''' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Zuid-Aziaten in Nederland''), also referred to as '''South Asian Dutch''' (''Zuid-Aziatische Nederlanders'') or '''Dutch South Asians''' (''Nederlandse Zuid-Aziaten''), are citizens or residents of the [[Netherlands]] whose ancestry traces back to [[South Asia]]. They are a subcategory of [[Asians in the Netherlands|Dutch Asians]].

The majority of the South Asian community in the Netherlands are [[Indo-Caribbean people|Indo-Caribbean]] and migrated mainly from [[Suriname]], a former [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch colony]] in the [[Caribbean]] and [[South America]]. There is a smaller amount of [[South Asians]], coming directly from South Asia, mainly from [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-05 |title=Migration is reshaping our world today |url=https://southasianconcern.org/migration-is-reshaping-our-world-today/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=South Asian Concern |language=en-US}}</ref> South Asians in the Netherlands retain their cultural and religious identities, with many establishing their own communities while also integrating into Dutch society.

== History ==
The initial South Asian settlers in the Netherlands were Indian traders, small-scale entrepreneurs, and textile industry workers from [[Punjab]] who arrived in the 1940s and 1950s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-21 |title=The Netherlands: Home to the Second-Largest Indian Diaspora in Europe |url=https://www.indiaspora.org/the-netherlands-home-to-the-second-largest-indian-diaspora-in-europe/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Indiaspora |language=en}}</ref> In the 1970s, Pakistanis migrated followed by smaller groups of Indians and Sri Lankans, including those fleeing [[Uganda]] during the [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|Asian expulsion]]. Early migrants primarily sought employment, often working in unskilled jobs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Netherlands |url=http://www.urmila.de/DesisinD/Europa/netherlands.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.urmila.de}}</ref> Between the 1980s and 2002, [[Afghan refugees]] and [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] left violence in their native countries and immigrated to the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dit is het Nederland van 44.000 Afghanen |url=https://decorrespondent.nl/2826/dit-is-het-nederland-van-44-000-afghanen/56d13245-7f2f-07fe-3f98-32e2d64f3ba8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watkins |first=Alexandra |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004299276 |title=Problematic Identities in Women's Fiction of the Sri Lankan Diaspora |date=2015-06-02 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004299276 |isbn=978-90-04-29927-6}}</ref>

However, most people of South Asian descent in the Netherlands as of 2022 are primarily of [[Indo-Surinamese]] descent, known locally as ''Hindustanis''. After the [[independence of Suriname]] in 1975, many Indo-Surinamese people migrated to the Netherlands and became Dutch residents. A significant number of them settled in [[The Hague]] and other large Dutch cities. In 1980, there was a [[military coup]] in Suriname, which caused another wave of Indo-Surinamese migrants.<ref name=":1" />

== Indo-Caribbeans ==
=== Indo-Surinamese ===
{{See also|Indo-Surinamese|Surinamese people in the Netherlands}}
[[File:Weer honderden Surinamers op Schiphol aangekomen (Hindoestanen) kinderen met ij, Bestanddeelnr 928-2622.jpg|thumb|Hundreds of Surinamese people arriving at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Schiphol]], including (Hindustani) children|250x250px]]
After the abolition of slavery in the Dutch colony of [[Suriname]], the Dutch government signed the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–1871|Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870-1871]] with the [[United Kingdom]], which outlined the recruitment of contract workers from [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref>{{harvnb|Adhin|1961|pp=8–9}}</ref> Indians began migrating to Suriname in 1873 from what was then [[British Raj|British India]] as [[Indentured servitude|indentured labourers]], mostly from the modern-day Indian states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal]] and the surrounding regions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindostanen in Suriname (in Dutch) |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/hindostanen-in-suriname |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=Outlook}}</ref>

Up until the independence of Suriname in 1975, all the Indo-Surinamese were formally part of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] and thus owned a Dutch passport. After the independence a significant portion of the Indo-Surinamese population migrated to the Netherlands, thereby retaining their Dutch passport. Currently there are more than 120,000 Indo-Surinamese living in the Netherlands, of which the majority, about 50,000, in [[The Hague]] and surroundings.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

Indo-Surinamese are also known in both the Netherlands and Suriname by the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] term ''Hindoestanen'', derived from the word ''[[Hindustan#People|Hindustani]]'', lit., "someone from [[Hindustan]]". Hence, when South Asians migrated to Suriname they were referred to as Hindustanis, people of South Asian origin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=van der Zeijden |first1=Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDzd8Tlvz4C&q=hindoestanen%20in%20suriname&pg=PA154 |title=''De cultuurgeschiedenis van de dood'' |date=1990 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=9789051832167 |page=154}}</ref>

=== Others ===

There are also Indo-Surinamese people who have migrated to the Netherlands from [[French Guiana]] or the former [[Netherlands Antilles]]; now [[Curaçao]], [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], [[Sint Maarten]], [[Sint Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]].

There is also a small group of [[Indo-Guyanese]] people, mainly because many [[Guyanese people]] in the Netherlands are (descendants of) migrants who previously lived in Suriname and who migrated to the Netherlands together with Surinamese people after Suriname's independence in 1975.

== Indians ==
{{See also|Indians in the Netherlands}}
=== History ===
[[File:Uit Oeganda uitgewezen Aziaten op Schiphol, Bestanddeelnr 926-0661.jpg|thumb| Indians expulsed from Uganda at Schiphol|250x250px]]
In 2017, 8,630 Indians immigrated to the Netherlands, ranking as the second largest immigrant group after the [[Syrians in the Netherlands|Syrians]]. Most were skilled in [[information technology]] and information services.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2019 |title=Aantal Indiase kennismigranten verdubbeld |url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2019/30/aantal-indiase-kennismigranten-verdubbeld |publisher=CBS.nl |access-date=22 October 2024 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216014407/https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2019/30/aantal-indiase-kennismigranten-verdubbeld |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 August 2019 |title=Het leven hier is beter dan in India |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2019/08/28/hier-wil-men-perfectie-tot-in-de-details-a3971441 |newspaper=NRC |publisher=NRC.nl}}</ref> Moreover, the number of Indians who came to study in the Netherlands has more than tripled: from 425 migrant students in 2012 to 1,400 migrant students in 2017.{{Needs reference|date=October 2024}} Between January and November 2019, 6,322 Indians immigrated to the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title=Migranten in Nederland: 'Polen en Indiërs aan kop, dat komt door de markt' |url=https://www.rtlz.nl/algemeen/binnenland/artikel/4974276/immigratie-migratie-cbs-polen-india-nederland-bevolking-groei |publisher=RTL Nieuws}}</ref> Around 45 percent of Indian immigrants leave within six months of arriving in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2003 |title=Een op de drie immigranten vertrekt binnen zes jaar |url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2003/04/een-op-de-drie-immigranten-vertrekt-binnen-zes-jaar |publisher=CBS.nl |access-date=22 October 2024 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407032157/https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2003/04/een-op-de-drie-immigranten-vertrekt-binnen-zes-jaar |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of 2019, about 48,724 people of Indian immigrant descent lived in the Netherlands.<ref name="cbs">{{cite web |title=Bevolking; leeftijd, migratieachtergrond, geslacht en regio, 1 januari |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37713/table?ts=1567780803956 |access-date=13 March 2020 |publisher=CBS}}</ref> Most of them live in the provinces of [[North Holland]], [[South Holland]] and [[North Brabant]].

From 2016 to 2022 the population of Indians in the Netherlands doubled from 32,682 to 65,399.This number excludes Indo-Surinamese individuals.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBS Statline |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table}}</ref>

=== Statistics ===
In December 2001, the High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora estimated the population of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|PIOs and Indian citizens]] at 215,000.<ref>[http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora] December 2001.</ref> According to the Dutch governmental institution [[Statistics Netherlands]] (CBS), 65,339 individuals were of Indian origin as of 31 May 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBS StatLine - Population; sex, age, origin and generation, 1 January |url=http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/publication/?DM=SLEN&PA=37325eng&D1=a&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=101&D6=13-20&LA=EN&VW=T |access-date=15 September 2016 |work=statline.cbs.nl}}</ref> The [[List of diplomatic missions of India#Europe|Embassy of India]] states that the Netherlands has the "second largest population of people of Indian origin in Europe (next only to UK)" and that it is "home to about 220,000 Indian and Surinamese Hindustani Diaspora."<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Community in Netherlands |url=http://www.indianembassy.nl/eoi.php?id=Community |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023224159/http://www.indianembassy.nl/eoi.php?id=Community |archive-date=2013-10-23 |website=Embassy of India, The Hague}}</ref> The [[NICCT|Netherlands India Chamber of Commerce & Trade]] (NICCT) states that there are about 25,000 Indians or persons of Indian origin, excluding the Surinamese Hindustanis.<ref>[https://www.nicct.nl/wp-content/uploads/Growing-Indian-Community-in-the-Netherlands.pdf NICCT: Growing Indian Community in The Netherlands].{{Dead link|date=October 2024}}</ref>

== Afghans ==
{{See also|Afghans in the Netherlands}}
[[File:Groep van 49 Afghaanse vluchtelingen meldde zich bij Marechaussee op Schiphol, Bestanddeelnr 933-6793.jpg|thumb|Group of 49 Afghan refugees at Schiphol|249x249px]]
In 2014, 44,000 Dutch Afghans resided in the Netherlands, one of the largest [[Afghan diaspora]] communities<ref name="ReferenceH">{{harvnb|Hessels|Wassie|2003|p=22}}</ref> as well as one of the main [[Asians in the Netherlands|Asian]] communities in the Netherlands. Most of the first generation immigrants settled in the [[Netherlands]] between 1992 and 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiekstra |first=Jurgen |date=May 15, 2015 |title=Dit is het Nederland van 44.000 Afghanen |url=https://decorrespondent.nl/2826/dit-is-het-nederland-van-44-000-afghanen/475317125712-6199981d |website=De Correspondent}}</ref>

=== History ===
[[Afghan refugees]] began entering into the Netherlands in the late 1980s, fleeing violence in their homeland.<ref name="ReferenceF">{{harvnb|Feldmann|Bensing|de Ruijter|Boeije|2007|p=516}}</ref> In the decade up to 2002, the Netherlands was the second-most popular destination in Europe for Afghan asylum-seekers, behind Germany; they made up more than 20% of the total of roughly 170,000 applications for asylum filed by Afghans in Europe.<ref name="ReferenceF" /> The Dutch government settled them in a variety of areas with the policy aim of preventing the formation of large immigrant communities in the cities.<ref name="ReferenceF" /> The number of asylum requests peaked in 1998.<ref name="auto">{{citation |author=Aurin Fouraschen |title=Afghan Dutch or Dutch Afghan? |date=August 2011 |url=http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=121603 |publisher=University of Tilburg}}</ref>

As a result of the increasing inflow of asylum-seekers, the Dutch government set up a war crimes investigation unit in the late 1990s; the first refugees they charged with war crimes were Heshamuddin Hesam and Habibulla Jalalzoy, both former members of the Afghan intelligence service [[KHAD]] during the 1980s [[Soviet–Afghan War]]. Their presence, evoked a great deal of unrest and fear among the Netherlands' Afghan community.<ref>{{citation |last=Simons |first=Marlise |title=2 Afghans Face Dutch War-Crimes Charges From 80's Soviet Era |date=2005-09-29 |periodical=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/29/international/europe/29court.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=dutch%20afghan%20generals&st=cse |access-date=2009-06-03}}</ref> Charged with [[Prisoner abuse|abusing prisoners]] in a 2005 trial, they received sentences of 12 and 9 years in prison, respectively.<ref>{{citation |last=Simons |first=Marlise |title=The Netherlands: Prison for Afghan War Crimes |date=2005-10-15 |periodical=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/15/world/world-briefing-europe-the-netherlands-prison-for-afghan-war-crimes.html?sq=Jalalzoy&scp=2&st=cse |access-date=2009-06-03}}</ref>

In 2003, the Netherlands signed a voluntary repatriation agreement with the [[United Nations High Commission for Refugees]] and the transitional government of Afghanistan, recognising the right of Afghan refugees in the Netherlands to return to Afghanistan and establishing procedures.<ref>{{harvnb|UNHCR|2003}}</ref> However, by 2007, only 800 had returned; most refugees feel that public safety, women's rights, and educational conditions in Afghanistan are insufficient. Young people who choose to return may also encounter language difficulties, as they exhibit [[language shift]] towards Dutch and away from Dari.<ref name="RadioNetherlands">{{citation |last=Sujan |first=Dheera |title=Afghans in the Netherlands |date=2007-11-08 |periodical=Radio Netherlands |url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/radioprogrammes/earthbeat/071108-afghan-netherlands |access-date=2009-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614160814/http://www.radionetherlands.nl/radioprogrammes/earthbeat/071108-afghan-netherlands |archive-date=2007-06-14}}</ref>

== Pakistanis ==
[[File:Receptie ambtenaar Pakistan Den Haag onder andere Minister Stikker, Bestanddeelnr 905-2654.jpg|thumb|Reception of an official from Pakistan in The Hague including Minister Stikker|250x250px]]
As of 1 January 2022, statistics published by the Netherlands' [[Statistics Netherlands|Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek]] indicated that the Pakistani population (i.e., individuals either born in Pakistan or with at least one Pakistani parent) numbered 27,261.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBS Statline |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=opendata.cbs.nl |language=nl}}</ref>

Pakistanis from urban areas began migrating to the Netherlands in the 1960s, later than Pakistanis migrating to the United Kingdom. A substantial number of immigrants come from the Punjab province.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Pakistani diasporas culture, conflict, and change |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547625-5 |editor-last=Kalra |editor-first=Virinder S. |series=Oxford in Pakistan readings in Sociology and Social Anthropology |location=Karachi}}</ref>

=== Social integration challenges ===
[[File:Imran Khan Singer on stage.jpg|thumb|[[Imran Khan (singer)|Imran Khan]], a famous Dutch-Pakistani singer|250x250px]]
Due to the language barrier and racial discrimination, many Pakistanis face barriers in the labor market. Pakistanis often work in lower-status jobs that they would not have considered in Pakistan, demonstrating a shift in social mobility within the context of migration.<ref name=":3" />

One of the major issues for Pakistanis in the Netherlands is racial discrimination – specifically a racial hierarchical structure in Dutch society. Following the 9/11 attacks in the United States, racial tensions escalated towards Muslims. Mosques were attacked and Muslims were subjected to scrutiny. The media portrayed Muslims as anti-Western aiding the hostility the Dutch felt.<ref name=":3" />

Employment opportunities are limited until official refugee status is attained which can take many years. Those with professional credentials from Pakistan find it difficult to secure jobs on par with their education and qualifications. Competition in the labor market coupled with discriminatory practices compound the challenges.<ref name=":3" />

Two Pakistani political leaders were convicted for threatening to kill anti-Islam lawmaker [[Geert Wilders]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=A Dutch court convicts 2 Pakistani men over death threats to anti-Islam lawmaker Geert Wilders |url=https://apnews.com/article/wilders-islam-threats-pakistan-court-e3ad66c0b56a017df189524a2403b610 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Netherlands tries Pakistanis for incitement to kill Geert Wilders |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/2/netherlands-tries-pakistanis-for-incitement-to-kill-geert-wilders |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2024 |title=Two Pakistani men convicted over calls to murder Dutch anti-Muslim leader Wilders |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/two-pakistani-men-convicted-over-calls-murder-dutch-anti-muslim-leader-wilders-2024-09-09/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>

The Netherlands has no extradition treaty with Pakistan.<ref name=":0" />

== Sri Lankan Tamils ==
Around 20,000 Tamils, mostly from [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lanka]], are estimated to be living in Netherlands. The relationship between Tamils and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] dates back to the [[Western imperialism in Asia|colonial era]]. The [[Dutch East India Company]] was active in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southern India]]. In Sri Lanka, most of Tamil areas were under [[Dutch Ceylon]] rule between 1640 and 1796. During Dutch rule some [[List of loanwords in Sri Lankan Tamil|Dutch loanwords]] were adopted in Sri Lankan Tamil language. Back then, [[Tamils]] and [[Malayalis]] were known as "[[Malabars]]" among the Portuguese and Dutch.

The earliest Tamil immigrants to Netherlands came in the 1980s, and were primarily educated personnel, businessmen and students. When the [[Sri Lankan civil war]] broke out, many Tamils migrated 1984 onward were asylum seekers. Between 1984 and 1987, more than 3,500 Tamil men arrived in Netherlands. A second wave of Tamil refugees came between 1990 and 1992, which included women and children.<ref>''The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora'', Peter Reeves, p.123</ref> Since 1995, the population of Sri Lankans in Netherlands has doubled, in 1996 there were 5,600 and in 2010 there were 10,346 people.<ref name="Sri Lankan Diaspora p.124">''The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora'', Peter Reeves, p.124</ref>

There is a low unemployment rate among Dutch Tamils, because they have shown willingness to accept jobs, that is below their qualifications. They attach great importance to education and also pay attention to their children's education.<ref name="Sri Lankan Diaspora p.124" /> Dutch Tamils live mostly in small towns like [[Zeist]], [[Utrecht]], [[Nieuwegein]], [[Roermond]], [[Den Bosch]], [[Breda]], [[Den Helder]] and [[Hoorn]], because the former refugees were settled away from big cities like [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Sri Lankan Diaspora p.124" />

Most of Tamils living in Netherlands are [[Hindus]] and there are many Tamil Hindu temples (Kovils) in Netherlands like Vinayagar Temple in [[Den Helder]] or Murugan Temple in [[Roermond]]. There are Tamil [[Christians|Christian]] minorities, who belong to [[Catholic]] and [[Evangelic|Evangelist]] churches.

== Nepalis ==
Nepalis in the Netherlands are immigrants, expatriates and international students from [[Nepal]] in the [[Netherlands]], as well as Dutch people of Nepalese origin. As of 2010, statistics of the Dutch [[Statistics Netherlands|Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek]] shows that there are about 1,505 people of Nepalese origin living in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBS Statline |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?dl=A97C0 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=opendata.cbs.nl |language=nl}}</ref>

=== Lhotshampa refugees ===
The Netherlands are home to a number of [[Lhotshampa]] (Bhutanese Nepalis) refugees who were deported from [[Bhutan]].<ref>"{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120719171659/http://www.bhutannewsservice.com/main-news/bcn-organizes-dasain-tihar-programme/ BCN organizes Dasain-Tihar programme]}}", ''Bhutan News Service.com'', 3 November 2011.</ref> Every year the Netherlands has been resettling around 100 Lhotshampa refugees since 2009. As of November 2011, around 350 refugees got resettled in The Netherlands.

=== Students ===
Nepalese students have been studying in the Netherlands since the early 1970s.<ref>"[http://www.naan.org.np/netherland_fellowship.htm The Netherlands Fellowship Program (NFP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021017173251/http://www.naan.org.np/netherland_fellowship.htm|date=17 October 2002}}", ''Netherlands Alumni Association of Nepal (NAAN)''</ref> Every year about a hundred students attend an international program in the Netherlands. So far, about 2,000 Nepalese students have graduated from different institutions all over the Netherlands in areas like Engineering, Law, Social Sciences and Management. Many Nepalese students are supported by the Netherlands Fellowship Program (NFP). The Consulate of the Netherlands is the body responsible for helping prospective Nepalese students in contacting an institution that meets their needs.

=== Organizations ===
Until the late 1990s, there was no Nepali-run organizations so almost all Nepal-related programs were organized by the Dutch people.<ref>"[http://nepali.ws/page.php?id=38 An Interview with Birendra Giri, PhD]", ''Nepali World News'', April 2010.</ref> The ''Nepal Samaj Nederlands'' was founded in 1999 as a cultural entity, it started to promote various Nepalese festivities among Nepalese and Dutch people who are interested in friendship with Nepalese people, culture, language and food. NSN publishes a news bulletin called Chautrai twice a year in both Nepali and Dutch.<ref>"[http://www.nepaleseabroad.com/netherland/nepalese-samaj-netherlands/ Nepalese Samaj Netherlands]", ''NepaleseAbroad.com''.</ref>

Other organizations include the ''[[Non Resident Nepali Association|NRN-NCC]] Netherlands'' and the ''Worldwide Nepalese Students' Organization – Netherlands''.

== Notable people ==
=== Indo-Caribbean ===
==== Indo-Surinamese ====
*[[Kiran Badloe]], windsurfer
*[[Kiran Bechan]], footballer
*[[Tanja Jadnanansing]], politician
*[[Ricardo Kishna]], footballer
*[[Raj Mohan]], singer and songwriter
*[[Luciano Narsingh]], footballer
*[[Prem Radhakishun]], lawyer and columnist
*[[Anil Ramdas]], journalist
*[[Kirtie Ramdas]], television presenter and actress
*[[Aron Winter|Aron Mohammed Winter]], footballer
*[[Wiwek]], artist

==== Indo-Guyanese ====
* [[Tara Singh Varma]], politician

=== Indian ===
*[[Rattan Chadha]], businessman
* [[Anice Das]], speed skater
* [[Ram Labhaya Lakhina]], entrepreneur and community leader
* [[Mangesh Panchal]], cricketer

=== Afghan ===
*[[Omran Haydary]], footballer
* [[Farshad Bashir]], politician
* [[Anoush Dastgir]], footballer
* [[Siyar Bahadurzada]], mixed martial artist
* [[Homaira Nakhat Dastgirzada]], poet

=== Pakistani ===
*[[Imran Khan (singer)|Imran Khan]], singer and musician
* [[:nl:F1rstman|F1rstman]], rapper and beatboxer
* [[Rahil Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mudassar Bukhari]], cricketer
* [[Madiea Ghafoor]], athlete and Olympian
* [[Mohammad Kashif (Dutch cricketer)|Mohammad Kashif]], cricketer
* [[Asim Khan (cricketer)|Asim Khan]], cricketer
* [[Shirin Musa]], women's rights activist who introduced the concept of [[Forced marriage|marital captivity]] to Dutch society
* [[Adeel Raja]], cricketer

=== Sri Lankan ===
* [[Ranjith Clemminck-Croci]], politician

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal |last=Adhin |first=J. H. |date=January 1961 |title=De immigratie van hindostanen en de afstand van de goudkust |journal=New West Indian Guide (Nieuwe West-Indische Gids) |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=4–13 |doi=10.1163/22134360-90002334 |doi-access=free}}
* {{citation|title=Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding Between the Government of the Netherlands, the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|date=2003-03-18|access-date=2009-06-03|publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|ref=CITEREFUNHCR2003|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/42fb2c164.html}}
* {{citation|last1=Hessels|first1=Thomas|last2=Wassie|first2=Fatma|title=Afghanen in Nederland, een profiel|location=The Hague, Netherlands|publisher=Ministry of Justice|year=2003|access-date=2009-06-03|url=http://www.justitie.nl/images/afghanen_in_nederland_tcm74-38865_tcm34-18117.pdf}}
* {{citation|pmid=17498166|last1=Feldmann|first1=C. Titia|last2=Bensing|first2=Jozien|author-link2=Jozien Bensing|last3=de Ruijter|first3=Arie|last4=Boeije|first4=Hennie R.|journal=Sociology of Health and Illness|year=2007|volume=29|number=4|pages=515–535|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01005.x|title=Afghan refugees in The Netherlands and their general practitioners: to trust or not to trust?|hdl=1874/22004|hdl-access=free}}

{{Ethnic groups in the Netherlands}}

[[Category:Afghan diaspora in Europe]]
[[Category:Asian diaspora in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:South Asian diaspora by country|Netherlands]]

Eranad Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T18:07:49Z

Shumail: Adding a pg needs work!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Eranad
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 34
| map_image = Chaliyar Edavanna (251932360).jpg
| map_caption = [[Chaliyar|Chaliyar River]] flowing through [[Edavanna]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,79,786 (2021)<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
| mla = [[P. K. Basheer]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
}}

'''Eranad State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[P. K. Basheer]] of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Eranad Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
|access-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Areekode]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]]
|-
| [[Kizhuparamba|Keezhuparamba]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]]
|-
| [[Urangattiri]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]]
|-
| [[Edavanna]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]]
|-
| [[Kavanoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]]
|-
| [[Kuzhimanna]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Kondotty Taluk|Kondotty]]
|-
| Chaliyar
| Grama panchayat
| [[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|}
<mapframe text="Eranad (State Assembly constituency)" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q16135692,Q13110581,Q16135168,Q13111203,Q16135180,Q6449213,Q13111919"}</mapframe>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Eranad Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/ernad-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Eranad
}}</ref>

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}

{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="3" |[[P. K. Basheer]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=3}}
| 2011 – 16
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 - 21
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| [[Incumbent]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Eranad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shafeer Kizhissery
|votes = 56557
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[P. K. Basheer]]
|votes = 96974
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Adv. N. Sreeprakash
|votes = 8577
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,79,786 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Eranad]]<ref name="result_2021">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1134.htm?ac=34|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO KERALA NIYAMA SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2021 (34-ERANAD)|access-date=|website=results.eci.gov.in|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[P. K. Basheer]]
|votes = 78,076
|percentage = 54.49%
|change ={{gain}}3.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = K. T. Abdurahman
|votes = 55,530
|percentage = 38.76%
|change ={{loss}}2.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Adv. C. Dinesh
|votes = 6,683
|percentage = 4.66%
|change ={{gain}}0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Velayudhan
|votes = 1,247
|percentage = 0.87%
|change ={{gain}}0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Adv. Sebastian
|votes = 1,100
|percentage = 0.77%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 636
|percentage = 0.44%
|change ={{gain}}0.10
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 22,546
|percentage = 15.73%
|change ={{gain}}6.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,43,272<ref name="turnout_2021"/><ref name="result_2021"/>
|percentage = 79.69%<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|change ={{loss}}2.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing ={{gain}}3.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,66,044 registered voters in Eranad Constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Eranad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[P. K. Basheer]]|votes=69,048|percentage=50.83%|change={{decrease}}0.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=K. T. Abdurahiman|votes=56,155|percentage=41.34%|change={{decrease}}0.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. P. Baburaj|votes=6,055|percentage=4.46%|change={{increase}}1.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Adv. Ummer Chelakkode|votes=1,298|percentage=0.96%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Velayudhan|votes=885|percentage=0.65%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. T. Abdul Rahiman|votes=825|percentage=0.61%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Farooq Chengara|votes=536|percentage=0.39%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=461|percentage=0.34%|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=V. K. Basheer Vallakkaatt Thodi|votes=245|percentage=0.18|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shahanas|votes=193|percentage=0.14|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. K. Basheer Palattukuyyan|votes=149|percentage=0.11|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 12,893
|percentage = 9.49%
|change ={{decrease}}0.33
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,35,850|percentage=81.82%|change={{increase}}1.14}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|swing ={{decrease}}0.46
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,74,945 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Eranad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[P. K. Basheer]]|votes=58,698|percentage=51.29%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician |candidate= [[P. V. Anvar]]
|votes=47,452|percentage=41.47%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. P. Baburaj|votes=3,448|percentage=3.01%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Ashrafali Kaliyath|votes=2,700|percentage=2.36%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. P. Showkathali|votes=2,137|percentage=1.87%|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 11,246
|percentage = 9.82%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,14,435|percentage=80.68%|change=}}{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian Union Muslim League}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Eranad]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

K. S. Basavanthappa

2026-04-29T13:49:50Z

Shumail: made a page

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''K. S. Basavanthappa''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Mayakonda Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Davanagere district|Davangere district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K S Basavanthappa in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/k-s-basavanthappa-mayakonda-candidate-s10a108c009/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayakonda Assembly Karnataka Election 2023 Results Live: Mayakonda constituency Results, Winner list and vote share {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/mayakonda-1100 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524002036/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/mayakonda-1100 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Basavanthappa is from [[Mayakonda]], Davangere district. His late father KM Sangappa was a farmer. He completed his Class 10 and later after studying first P.U.C. in 1988 at A.R.G. College, Davangere, he discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K. S. Basavanthappa(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MAYAKONDA (SC)(DAVANGERE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7555 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Basavanthappa won the [[Mayakonda Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 70,916 votes and defeated his nearest rival, B. M. Pushpa Vageeshaswamy, an independent candidate by a margin of 33,614 votes.<ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basavanthappa, K. S. }}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Ramesh Kumar (kabaddi)

2026-04-24T12:07:46Z

Shumail: Added the bio needs work

{{short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Ramesh Kumar
| image = File:The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting the Arjuna Award -2005 to Shri Ramesh Kumar for Kabaddi, at a glittering function in New Delhi on August 29, 2006.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Kumar (left) receiving Arjuna award in 2006 from president [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| headercolor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Kirmara village, [[Hisar district]], Haryana
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer = Haryana Police
| agent =
| height =
| weight =
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website =
| country = India
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| position =
| event =
| league =
| league_type =
| club =
| team = [[India men's national kabaddi team]]
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| highestranking =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|World Cup}}
{{MedalGold|[[2004 Kabaddi World Cup|2004 Mumbai]]|Team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2002 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2006 Asian Games|Team]]}}
| updated =
}}
'''Ramesh Kumar''' is an Indian professional [[Kabaddi]] player. He was part of the teams which won gold medal at [[2002 Asian Games]],<ref name="Vinod, 2002">{{cite news |last1=Vinod |first1=A. |title=India makes it a no contest |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/10/08/stories/2002100804522100.htm |accessdate=26 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 October 2002 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170126171246/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/10/08/stories/2002100804522100.htm |archivedate=26 January 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[2006 Asian Games]],<ref name="2006 Asiad">{{cite news |title=India's gold run continues |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-s-gold-run-continues/18056/0 |accessdate=26 January 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 December 2006 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170126182000/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-s-gold-run-continues/18056/0 |archivedate=26 January 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the [[2004 Kabaddi World Cup]].<ref name="World Cup">{{cite news |title=India clinch kabaddi World Cup |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041122/sports.htm#9 |accessdate=26 January 2017 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) |date=22 November 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716082535/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041122/sports.htm#9 |archivedate=16 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, [[government of India]] conferred [[Arjuna Award]] on him for his achievements in the sport.<ref name="Arjuna Award">{{cite news |title=Advani gets Khel Ratna |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/advani-gets-khel-ratna/article3095093.ece |accessdate=26 January 2017 |work=The Hindu |date=24 August 2006 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170126173914/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/advani-gets-khel-ratna/article3095093.ece |archivedate=26 January 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Hailing from Kirmara village of [[Haryana]] state's [[Hisar district]], Kumar started playing kabaddi in 1992 and was selected for the senior state team of Haryana in 1995. Between 2004 and 2006, he served as captain of the [[India men's national kabaddi team|Indian national team]] for three years. In 2008, [[government of Haryana]] appointed him as an [[inspector#India|inspector]] in the [[Haryana Police|state police]].<ref name="Duggal, 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Duggal |first1=Saurabh |title=Haryana Review |date=August 2009 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=50–51 |url=http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/haryana_review_AUGUST-2009.pdf |accessdate=1 February 2017 |publisher=[[Government of Haryana]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129122339/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/haryana_review_AUGUST-2009.pdf |archivedate=29 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TNS, 2008">{{cite news |title=Governor presents Bhim Awards |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080605/sports.htm#7 |accessdate=1 February 2017 |work=The Tribune (Chandigarh) |agency=Tribune News Service |date=5 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224013304/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080605/sports.htm#7 |archivedate=24 February 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ramesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Prataparudra Deva

2026-04-19T19:24:06Z

Shumail: Added new article needs work

{{short description|Gajapati emperor from 1497 to 1540}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Copy edit|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = Emperor
| name = Prataparudra Deva
| native_name = 
| native_lang_name =
| title = [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] [[Maharajadhiraja]] Dharma-maharaja Gaudeswara Rajrajeswar Mahaparakrami kalingadhipati
| more =
| image = Gajapati Prataprudra Deva.png
| caption = Depiction of Gajapati Prataparudradeba in Sarpeswara temple, built during his rule at Balarampur village near Kakhadi.
| succession = 3rd [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati Emperor]]
| reign = {{circa|1497|1540}}
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Purushottama Deva]]
| successor = Kalua Deva
| full name =
| house = [[Suryavansha]]
| spouse = *Padma
*Padmalaya
*Ila
*Mahila
*Gauri Devi
| issue = *Virabhadra Deva
*Ramachandra Deva
*Annapurna Devi
*Purushottama jana
| father = [[Purushottama Deva]]
| mother = Padmavati
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
[[File:Detached sculpture depicting Gajapati Prataparudra.jpg|thumb|Gajapati Pratapaparudra Deva]]

'''Prataparudra Deva''' ({{langx|or|ଗଜପତି ପ୍ରତାପରୁଦ୍ର ଦେବ}}) was the third [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] emperor of Odisha from the Suryavamsa [[Gajapati Empire]] founded by his grandfather [[Kapilendradeva|Kapilendra Deva]]. He reigned from 1497 to 1540 CE. Besides being a monarch, he was a devout [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] and adherent of the famous saint, Sri [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] who arrived in [[Odisha]] during his reign. His life was extremely occupied with overwhelming military campaigns in defense of his inherited territory from three frontal invasions by the enemy states [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]], [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi]] dynasty of [[Bengal]] and [[Turko-Persian]] [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] dynasty of [[Golkonda|Golconda]]. He lost large portions of his territory to the neighboring enemy states initiating the dissolution of Odisha's military hegemony and imperial status that continued for nearly a period of 600 years before him.

== Military Conflicts on All Fronts ==
Prataparudra Deva's life was heavily occupied in dealing with continuous military threats by his neighboring rulers on multiple fronts.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC|title=Prataprudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Odisha|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2007|isbn=978-8172111953|location=New Delhi|pages=12–39}}</ref>

=== First War with Hussain Shahi Dynasty of Bengal (1497–1500 CE) ===
On the death of Purushottam Deva, Prataparudra Deva was immediately engulfed with the defensive measures for his empire from the consistently invading parties of [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] or Bengal sultan [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Alauddin Hussain Shah]]. The Bhakti Bhagavata Maha Kavyam states that he was only 17 years old when he faced this challenge and finally drove the invaders out of his northern borders. He reinforced the northern frontiers with more military deployment though minor skirmishes continued.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Orissa|publisher=Kalyani Publishers|year=2004|isbn=8127213675|location=Cuttack, Odisha state|pages=102–114}}</ref>

=== Southern Expedition and brief occupation of Vijayanagar (1500–1508 CE) ===
After being able to halt the invasions from Bengal, Prataparudra Deva marches south to recover and capture territories from Vijayanagar Kingdom. For a brief time he was able to capture Vijayanagara or Vidyanagar fort. Anantavarman copper plates of Prataparudra Deva states that he reached the banks of river Krishna on 4 November 1500 AD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whatisindia.com/inscriptions/epigraphica_indica/vol7_1902-03/luders3.html|title=South Indian Inscriptions|website=www.whatisindia.com|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

==== First conflict with Vijayanagar ====
The Saluva dynasty Emperor [[Narasimha Raya II|Immadi Narasimha Raya]] was ruling Vijayanagara when Prataparudra Deva sets out for his southern expedition. His influential general [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]] tried to recover Kondavidu and Udayagiri forts from the Prataparudra Deva in a military contest with the Gajapati. Prataparudra Deva's Anantakarma grant declares that he was able to capture the Krishna river basin with the use of force. The Odia army was unable to make any advance into Vijayanagara territory beyond their stronghold of Udayagiri region. The [[Odia people|Odia]] army though managed to march to the tip of the Sethu Bandha or [[Ram Setu]] in the south.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127087/8/08_chapter%203.pdf|title=Relations With the Gajapathis|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=73–100|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

==== Second conflict with Vijayanagar ====
According to the Rajavrolu plates of Prataparudra Deva and [[Madala Panji]] records, the Gajapati was camping on the river [[Ponnaiyar River|Ponnaiyar]] river banks and was successful in occupying parts of Vijayanagara for a brief time from [[Viranarasimha Raya]] after driving out the inmates of the fortified city there. However, the Gajapati had to suddenly return to Odisha as a severe famine ensued in his own realm in the year 1507–1508 CE.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-17.pdf|title=HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM 1435 TO 1803 A.D.)|website=www.ddceutkal.ac.in|access-date=8 September 2017}}</ref>

==== Ismail Ghazi's Invasion in Absence of the Monarch ====
'''Ismail Ghazi''' marched straight on to the Gajapati capital of Cuttack from the Bengal frontier. A formidable defense was put up by the defending in charge Ananta Samantaray of the Barabati fort in Cuttack but due to the overwhelming number of the raiding forces, he had to retreat and re position in the Sarangagarh fort on the southern side of the [[Kathajodi River|Kathajodi]] river. Ismail marched on to the holy city of [[Puri]] where the servitors and priests of Puri temple secretly transported the [[Jagannath]] idols via a boat to a hidden island hill amidst the [[Chilika Lake|Chilika]] lake called Chadeiguha before his arrival. An Odia governor called Bhoi Bidyadhar organized the defense and continued clashing with the raiders until the Gajapati army returned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Dipti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&dq=governor+bhoi+bidyadhar&pg=PA18 |title=Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) |date=2007 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-195-3 |language=en}}</ref> After arriving back in his realm with a large expeditionary force amidst these chaotic conditions, Prataparudra Deva pursued the fleeing forces into the frontier of Bengal laying seize to the Mandarana fort of Qutb Shahi forces at today's Jahanabad Sub-Division in [[Hooghly district|Hoogly]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32999|title=Glimpses Of Kalinga History by Das, Manmatha Nath|publisher=Century Publishers|year=1949|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32999/page/n251 240], 241, 242}}</ref>

[[File:Bal Gopal Udaygiri 1.png|alt=Surviving upper part of the Bala Gopala Idol carried away by invading Vijayanagar forces as a symbol of victory after capturing the Udayagiri fort|thumb|244x244px|Surviving upper part of the Bala Gopala Idol carried away by invading Vijayanagar forces as a symbol of victory after capturing the Udayagiri fort]]

[[Udayagiri, Nellore district|Udayagiri]] fort was guarded by a Gajapati garrison of 10,000 infantry, 400 cavalry and 8000 other men deployed at the outskirts of the fort. The guarding force was commanded by the paternal uncle of the Gajapati himself, Tirumala Routaraya. A strong contingent of Vijayanagara forces numbering 34,000 infantry and 800 war elephants marched through Gutti and Gondikotta laid a seize on the fort in the year 1512.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.281018/2015.281018.History-Of#page/n421/mode/2up|title=History Of Orissa 1930 Vol.1, From the Earliest Times to the British Period|publisher=Prabasi Press|year=1930|location=120-2, Upper Circular Road, Calcutta|pages=323, 324, 325, 326}}</ref> A brave defensive hold out and consistent fight across the outer wall of the fort continued for 18 months without any help reaching to the combatants from Odisha. Portuguese-Jewish traveler [[Fernão Nunes|Fernao Nunes]] accompanying the Vijayanagara Emperor writes that as the generals of Krishnadeva Raya failed to capture the fort, he himself took the charge. Nunes also mentions that there was a severe fight to tooth and nail put up by the forces from both the sides and the Odia forces were fighting with a strong determination to defend their position until their last breath. To secure an effective position for attacking the stubborn inmates inside the fort, Vijayanagara forces had to cut the rocky boulders and build paths through the surrounding hills. Since no help reached to the Gajapati forces, they had to surrender finally in the year 1514. A Balagopala idol of lord Sri Krishna was carried away unharmed by the Vijayanagara forces as victory trophy from the fort.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499243|title=History Of Mediaeval India by Ishwari Prashad|publisher=The Indian Press Limited|year=1933|location=Allahabad|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499243/page/n576 482]}}</ref>

=== Conflict with Qutb Shahi Golconda Sultanate (1531 CE) ===
The [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] Sultan of Golconda [[Quli Qutb Mulk|Quli Qutb Shah]] invaded southern parts of Odisha and captured many forts along with the regional administrative center of Kondapalli on 20 March 1531. Prataparudra Deva set out with a force of 3,00,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry and 700 war elephants to confront the invading forces and was successful after rigorous fighting with the Muslim forces but also lost many large portions of his territory in the south.His empire completely declined after his death.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.209240/2015.209240.Nandapur-A#page/n69/mode/2up|title=Nandapur A Forsaken Kingdom Part-I|publisher=The Utkal Sahitya Press|year=1939|location=Cuttack|pages=20, 21, 22}}</ref>

== Spiritual life and association with Sri Chaitanya ==
[[File:Prataprudra Deva and Chaitanya.jpg|alt=A sketch of an old painting showing Gajapati Prataprudra Deva bowing before Chaitanya that is in possession of the Zamindar of Kunjaghata|thumb|Painting of Gajapati Prataprudra Deva prostrating before [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]]|300x300px]]
[[File:Sri Chaitanya 2.jpg|alt=A modern-day statue of Sri Chaitanya in Puri town|thumb|247x247px|A modern-day statue of Sri Chaitanya in Puri town]]
Gajapati Prataparudra Deva is often held responsible for losing the military status of Odisha due to his spiritual adherence, over involvement and indulgence with Sri [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]]. The doubt of historians is based on the fact that the enemy Bengal Sultan Hussain Shah played a role in the life of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://d6.krishna.com/maharaja-prataparudra-humble-servant-kingly-dress|title=Maharaja Prataparudra: Humble Servant in Kingly Dress|website=www.d6.krishna.com|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref> Two leading followers of Chaitanya, Rupa Goswami and Sanatana Goswami were courtiers in the administration of Hussain Shah before accompanying Chaitanya in his travel to Odisha. The governor of the southern territories of the Gajapati [[Ramananda Ray|Ramananda Raya]] who was based at Rajamahendri was influenced by Chaitanya's words and left his position to follow him while the conditions in the southern frontiers were critical, enduring the invasion of Vijayanagar. However, Prataparudra was himself a devout [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] before the arrival of Chaitanya and was also the head servitor of lord Jagannath as per the royal traditions of the Gajapatis of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sreecgmathchandigarh.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/MahaprabhuAndHisMercy-1.pdf|title=Lord Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and His Mercy|website=www.sreecgmathchandigarh.org|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref> The descriptions of a spy from [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] about the Gajapati's personal life gives a proper insight about his spiritual ways of living. As per the account, the Gajapati used to wake up two hours earlier before sunrise and would pay respects two brahmanas before looking at anyone else. He would then take ride on his horse accompanied by the Sixteen brahmana Patras for twenty to thirty miles before returning. After taking bath he would then indulge in worship of lord Jagannath only after which he eats food followed by recitation of Ramayana. After this he carries on his daily business wearing the official robes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.purebhakti.com/teachers/bhakti-discourses-mainmenu-61/57-discourses-2010/1471-mahaprabhu-and-king-prataparudra.html|title=Mahaprabhu and King Prataparudra|website=www.purebhakti.com|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

Despite his wish to meet and have an audience with Chaitanya, the saint avoided any audience as it was his discipline to avoid meeting women and kings. He was only able to see Chaitanya face to face while performing the Chera Pahara ritual during the Ratha Yatra festival of lord Jagannath following which he humbly bowed down to saints present there. Even in an event, he stopped his general Harichandana from taking any retaliatory action against a devotee of Chaitanya who had obstructed the view of the Gajapati by standing in front him and then slapped the general when he tried to move him away. In his first meeting with the saint after a long wait and as planned by his disciples, he began reciting a verse from 'Gopi Gita', mentioned in Shrimad Bhagavatam and won the attention of Chaitanya. He presented the saint with a painting of Krishna so that he can meditate on it. Ramananda Rai records about the Gajapati's extreme willingness to hear about devotional sermons from Chaitanya in his work Jagannatha-Vallabha-Natakam. Numerous literary works from the era celebrate the spiritual association of Gajapati Prataparudra Deva with Chaitanya.

== Cultural contribution, revival of Sanskrit and Odia literature ==
Prataparudra Deva had undertaken many building projects despite his troublesome life filled with battles.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Some building activities undertaken during Prataparudra Deva ===
* According to the Madala Panji he built the audience hall of the Jagannath temple at Puri.
* Renovation of the temples of Chandrasekhara on the Kapilasa hill in the Dhenkanal district and of Goddess Biraja in the Jajpur district.
* Construction of Dhavalesvara temple at Mancheswar in [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]] district.
*Sarpeswar temple in Balarampur village near Kakhadi.
* Varaha Temple build by his Rajguru or royal head priest called Kashi Mishra at Jajpur district.
* Jagannath Ballav matha or monastery near Puri Jagannath temple established by [[Ramananda Ray]].
*Renovated the temple of Paramahansa Deva near Biribati, Cuttack
In his Undavaill inscription he is termed as a great learner and master of 64 arts. His Velicherla plates states that he assumed the title of Vidyaniddhi (accomplished learner).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nabakalebara.gov.in/eBook/the-home/pdf/Puri-The-home-of-Lord-Jagannatha.pdf|title=Puri, The Home of Lord Jagannatha|website=www.nabakalebara.gov.in|pages=194–195|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

=== Sanskrit literary works composed during Prataparudra Deva ===
* Sarasvativilasam by Lalla Laxmidhar
* Contemporary of Advaita-makaranda by Sarvabhauma
* Bhakti Bhagavata Mahakavyam by Dimdima Jivadeva Acharaya
* Jagannatha Vallabha Natakam by Ramananda Raya
* Chaitanya Charitamrita by Kavikarnapura Paramananda Sena
* Lakshnadarsa, Ohurtacarita, Parijataharana Nataka and Rasamanjari by Divakara, a Grammarian,
Other Sanskrit poets like Markandeya, Ramakrishna Bhatta. Balabhadra Mishra flourished in his era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/14987/9/09_chapter%203.pdf|title=The Panchasakha Movement|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

==== Sanskrit works written by the Gajapati Prataparudra Deva himself ====
The king himself authored works like
* Sarasvativilasam
* Kautuka Chintamani
* Nirnya Samgraha,
* Praudha Pratapa Martand
* Vachaspativilasa
* Yogadipika
* Manva Dharmasastra Dipika
* Karnavatamsa and
* Saundaryalahari Vyakhya

=== Odia literary works composed during Prataparudra Deva's rule ===
Odia literature attained a higher status during the rule of Prataparudra as it was the famous era of and highly respected immortal Odia literary creations by the Panchsakhas or five divine friends namely Balarama Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Ananta Dasa, Achyutananda Dasa and Jasobanta Dasa. The Panchasakhas were basically opposed to caste system and Brahmin patronage by the Odia kings. They were also opposed to Gaudiya Vaisnavism that had arrived in Odisha through Chaitanya and contributed to a separate school of learning called Utkaliya. Some of them had ideological conflict with the royal order but were later accepted and encouraged by the king himself after he realized his mistakes.

==== By Jagannatha Dasa ====
* Odia Bhagvata
* Arthakoili
* Gajastuti
* Darubrahma Gita
* Gundicha Vijay Dutibandha
* Radhamanjari
* Chaupadi Manasiksha
* Dhruba Charita
* Udaya Kahani

==== By Balarama Dasa ====
* Jagamohan or Dandi Ramayana
* Brahmanda Bhugol
* Vedantasara Gupta Gita
* Gita Abakasa
* Bhava Samudra
* Mriguni Stutte
* Laxhmi Purana

==== By Achyutananda Dasa ====
* Kaivarta Gita
* Harivamsa
* Gopalanka Oqala
* Baran Charita Gita
* Sunya Samhita
* Charikhani or Sabdabrahma Samhita

==== By Jasobanta Dasa ====
* Govinda Chandra Gita
* Premabhakti Brahmagita
* Govinda Chandra Gita
* Chaurashi Ajna
* Rasa
* Shiva Svaraday

==== By Ananata Dasa ====
* Garuda-Keshav Sambad
* Thikabahar
* Agatbhabishya·Malika Arthatareni
* Chumbak Malika
* Bhaktijuktidayak Gita
* Anakar Sabad
* Dibi Dibi Ohola
* Pinda Brahmanda Gita
* Hetu Uday Bhagava

Other Odia poets like Chaitanya Dasa, Arjuna Dasa, Kanhai Khuntia, Gopala Guru, Madhavi Devi and Madhaba Pattanayaka also flourished during his rule giving new dimensions to the literary achievements of Odia language in that era. Prataparudra Deva made it mandatory for only [[Jayadeva]]'s [[Gita Govinda|Gitagovinda]] to be sung at while the Odia and Telugu Devadasis (temple dancers) while they performed. Four Vaishnava singers were trained to perform the service of singing Gitagovinda verses. It was during his rule that the [[Gotipua]] dance tradition was introduced.

== Personality and Historical Consequences ==
The rule of Prataparudra Deva was an era when a great social revolution in Odisha was at its zenith due to the Bhakti movement closely contested between Gaudiya and Utkaliya Vaishnavism school of thoughts. Common man was not untouched by the beautiful literature and devotional ballads that appeared before them composed by great devotees. Due to forced rigorous military campaigns and failed state policy, the military status of medieval Odisha declined during Prataparudra's rule and the empire was eventually reduced to only a small strip of land in eastern India covering parts of coastal and central Odisha, Northern Andhra and parts of southern Bengal. The tributary and Garhjat (princedoms), rebellious generals and hinterland domains within the Odishan realm destabilized the central authority of the Gajapatis in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/AHISTORYOFINDIA_201504|title=A HISTORY OF INDIA by Athar Azeem Delhi University|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=0-203-44345-4|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/AHISTORYOFINDIA_201504/page/n184 174], 175}}</ref> As an emperor, Prataparudra Deva utilized his full available military strength to defend the frontiers of his empire but events of internal treachery, ignorant policies against a strategically threat of Muslim Bengal by his father and a possible situation of imbalance of his personal spiritual life with the instant demands from his military command, led to the loss of huge southern territories to his enemies. Prataparudra Deva had 32 sons and many daughters from his multiple wives out of which Padma, Padmalaya, Ila and Mahila are known to be the Maharanis or the main queens. One of his queens called Gauri Devi was the disciple of Jagannatha Dasa from the Panchasakha fold. His successors were murdered by the treacherous Govinda Vidyadhara after his death. The military hegemony and imperial status of Odisha continuing from the past era of [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavanshi]] and [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] was lost after his ruling years ended with his death.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Gajapati Empire|Suryavamsa dynasty]]|||||}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Purushottama Deva]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Gajapati of Odisha|years=1497–1540}}
{{S-aft|after=Kalua Deva}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Gajapati emperors]]

Hiyanglam Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:40Z

Shumail: made new page

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hiyanglam
| mla = [[Yumnam Radheshyam]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:27926}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
}}

'''Hiyanglam Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Thoubal district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Winner !! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || T. Anoubi || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Huidrom Rajbapu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Maibam Kunjo || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Elangbam Babudhon || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || rowspan=2 | Elangbam Biramani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | Maibam Kunjo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Elangbam Biramani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Elangbam Dwijamani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Maibam Kunjo]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 elections in India#Manipur|2014 by-election]] || Elangbam Dwijamani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || rowspan=2 | [[Yumnam Radheshyam|Dr. Yumnam Radheshyam]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|33.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|53.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly By-election 2014|2014 by-election]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|31.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|32.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|31.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|29.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|41.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|27.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|19.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}|23.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|23.08}}

}}

=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yumnam Radheshyam|Dr. Yumnam Radheshyam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,713 |percentage=33.05% |change={{decrease}}20.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Huidrom Jiten Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,584 |percentage=24.97% |change={{decrease}}21.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Dwijamani Singh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=6,559 |percentage=24.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Dhanabir Singh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,223 |percentage=16.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=150 |percentage=0.57% |change={{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmaithem Sanjay Singh |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=134 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,129 |percentage=8.08% |change= {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,363 |percentage=94.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,926 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}20.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yumnam Radheshyam|Dr. Yumnam Radheshyam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,394 |percentage=53.17% |change={{increase}}25.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Dwijamani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,669 |percentage=46.32% |change={{increase}}7.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=127 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,725 |percentage=6.85% |change= {{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,190 |percentage=95.24% |change= {{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,450 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 Assembly by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 elections in India#Manipur|2014 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Hiyanglam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Details of Bye Elections |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Dwijamani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,008 |percentage=38.83% |change={{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Radheshyam Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=7,179 |percentage=30.94% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Dhanabir Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,306 |percentage=27.18% |change={{increase}}25.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Amutombi Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=615 |percentage=2.65% |change={{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=46 |percentage=0.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,829 |percentage=7.88% |change= {{increase}}7.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,201 |percentage=94.77% |change= {{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,530 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Trinamool Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maibam Kunjo]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=6,574 |percentage=31.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Dwijamani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,557 |percentage=31.08% |change={{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yumnam Radheshyam|Dr. Yumnam Radheshyam]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,489 |percentage=30.76% |change={{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayengbam Amutombi Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,116 |percentage=5.29% |change={{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashokumar Laiphrakpam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=363 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17 |percentage=0.08% |change= {{decrease}}1.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,099 |percentage=92.44% |change= {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,825 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Trinamool Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Dwijamani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,141 |percentage=32.58% |change={{increase}}12.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Kunjo Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,756 |percentage=30.82% |change={{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Biramani Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,189 |percentage=28.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashokumar Laiphrakpam |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,835 |percentage=8.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=385 |percentage=1.76% |change= {{decrease}}4.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,921 |percentage=89.90% |change= {{decrease}}2.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,384 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Biramani Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,095 |percentage=31.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Kunjo |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=4,841 |percentage=24.83% |change={{increase}}11.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Dwijamani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,832 |percentage=19.65% |change={{increase}}4.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Rajendro |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=2,484 |percentage=12.74% |change={{decrease}}17.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leiphrakpam Ashokumar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,076 |percentage=10.65% |change={{increase}}4.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,254 |percentage=6.43% |change= {{decrease}}2.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,497 |percentage=92.29% |change= {{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,126 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Kunjo Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=5,498 |percentage=29.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Biramani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,774 |percentage=20.46% |change={{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Dwijamani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,835 |percentage=15.37% |change={{decrease}}18.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Jadumani Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,603 |percentage=14.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Rajendro |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=2,426 |percentage=13.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leiphrakpam Ashokumar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,128 |percentage=6.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,724 |percentage=9.35% |change= {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,445 |percentage=91.51% |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,157 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}11.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Kunjo Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=6,817 |percentage=41.44% |change={{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Biramani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,637 |percentage=34.27% |change={{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huidrom Rajbabu |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,779 |percentage=22.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,180 |percentage=7.17% |change= {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,451 |percentage=93.14% |change= {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,662 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Biramani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,047 |percentage=34.03% |change={{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Kunjo Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,904 |percentage=33.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huidrom Rajbapu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,130 |percentage=21.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Toijam Ibemhal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,364 |percentage=9.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Kesho |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=185 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=143 |percentage=0.96% |change= {{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,831 |percentage=89.99% |change= {{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,481 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Biramani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,831 |percentage=28.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Kunjo |party=Independent politician |votes=3,651 |percentage=26.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huidrom Rajbabu |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=3,020 |percentage=22.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Yaiskul |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,676 |percentage=12.27% |change={{decrease}}15.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Babudhon |party=Independent politician |votes=700 |percentage=5.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Ningthemjao |party=Janata Party |votes=436 |percentage=3.19% |change={{decrease}}18.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=180 |percentage=1.32% |change= {{decrease}}2.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,664 |percentage=85.13% |change= {{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,051 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Babudhon |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,487 |percentage=27.77% |change={{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Biramani Singh |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=3,027 |percentage=24.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hudirom Rajbabu |party=Janata Party |votes=2,725 |percentage=21.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Kunjo |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,711 |percentage=21.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ibobi Salam |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=369 |percentage=2.94% |change={{decrease}}16.82 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=460 |percentage=3.66% |change= {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,558 |percentage=85.99% |change= {{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,604 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Kunjo |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,908 |percentage=19.75% |change={{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Babudhan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,884 |percentage=19.51% |change={{decrease}}2.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huidrom Rajbapu |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,796 |percentage=18.59% |change={{decrease}}4.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbani Biramani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,356 |percentage=14.04% |change={{decrease}}8.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Angouba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,321 |percentage=13.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Amuba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,174 |percentage=12.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24 |percentage=0.25% |change= {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,659 |percentage=88.79% |change= {{increase}}7.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,878 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Socialist Party (India) |swing= {{decrease}}3.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuidraom Rajbapu Singh |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,154 |percentage=23.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naorem Kanhai Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,067 |percentage=22.09% |change={{increase}}2.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumanam Kanhai Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,027 |percentage=21.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Kunjo Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,515 |percentage=16.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangram Nipamacha |party=Independent politician |votes=954 |percentage=10.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Ningthemjao |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=425 |percentage=4.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=87 |percentage=0.93% |change= {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,356 |percentage=80.93% |change= {{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,560 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}37.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Socialist Party (India) |loser=Samyukta Socialist Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Hiyanglam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Anoubi |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=3,120 |percentage=23.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kanhai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,703 |percentage=20.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. N. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,774 |percentage=13.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Biramani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,663 |percentage=12.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Gandha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,494 |percentage=11.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Nodi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,163 |percentage=8.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Amuchou |party=Independent politician |votes=946 |percentage=7.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Apabi |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ibohal |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=74 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=417 |percentage=3.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,518 |percentage=73.20% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,467 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Samyukta Socialist Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Thoubal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.52|93.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Mauganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:19Z

Shumail: Put Up Initial Entry Added Tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mauganj
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 71
| map_image = 71-Mauganj.svg
| mla = [[Pradeep Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Sukhendra Singh]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
}}

'''Mauganj Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Rewa district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Sahadeo
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Chhotelal
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| J. Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ramdhani Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|[[Achyutanand Mishra]]
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Jagdish Tiwari Masuriha
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Udai Prakash Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=3| I.M.P. Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Laxman Tiwari
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janshakti Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Sukhendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Pradeep Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mauganj<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pradeep Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:70119}}
|percentage = 45.14
|change = +9.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sukhendra Singh|Sukhendra Singh Banna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:62945}}
|percentage = 40.52
|change = +13.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhaiyalal Kol
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:12396}}
|percentage = 7.98
|change = -13.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Pandit Umesh Tripathi Ghurehata
|votes = {{formatnum:3747}}
|percentage = 2.41
|change = +1.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1473}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = +0.38
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7174}}
|percentage = 4.62
|change = -3.6
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155341}}
|percentage = 68.16
|change = +1.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mauganj<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pradeep Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:47753}}
|percentage = 35.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhendra Singh|Sukhendra Singh Banna]]
|votes = {{formatnum:36661}}
|percentage = 27.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mrigendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:28413}}
|percentage = 21.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxman Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:10372}}
|percentage = 7.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Heeramani Dipankar
|votes = {{formatnum:2691}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Heeralal Yadav Radhe-Radhe Kailashpur
|votes = {{formatnum:1220}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:776}}
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11092}}
|percentage = 8.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:134960}}
|percentage = 66.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mauganj]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.67|81.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rewa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:54:18Z

Shumail: Adding a info from scratch!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chitrakoot
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 61
| map_image = 61-Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Surendra Singh Gaharwar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Nilanshu Chaturvedi]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Satna district|Satna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
}}
'''Chitrakoot Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India.<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election in India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member<ref name="election2018-2">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chitrakoot.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Kaushalendra Pratap Bahadur Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Ramanand Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ram Chandra Bajpayee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Ramanand Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Ram Chandra Bajpayee
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Ramanand Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Ganesh
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" | Prem Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Surendra Singh Gaharwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Prem Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2017^
| rowspan="2" | [[Nilanshu Chaturvedi]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Surendra Singh Gaharwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

^ bypolls

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chitrakoot<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Surendra Singh Gaharwar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:58009}}
|percentage = 37.27
|change = +3.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nilanshu Chaturvedi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:51339}}
|percentage = 32.99
|change = -7.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Subhash Sharma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:31797}}
|percentage = 20.43
|change = +3.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sanjay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6347}}
|percentage = 4.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1154}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = +0.43
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6670}}
|percentage = 4.28
|change = -2.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155631}}
|percentage = 71.09
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chitrakoot<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-3">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nilanshu Chaturvedi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:58465}}
|percentage = 40.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Surendra Singh Gaharwar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:48267}}
|percentage = 33.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ravendra Singh Patwari
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:24010}}
|percentage = 16.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Brijesh Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1791}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abhay Lal Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1339}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:449}}
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10198}}
|percentage = 7.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:142947}}
|percentage = 71.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|25.17|80.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Satna district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Sanjay Rana

2026-04-13T06:14:00Z

Shumail: new a article

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 2001)}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Sanjay Rana
| image = Sanjay Rana in January 2025.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Rana in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|5|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dabra, [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India
| height =
| position = Defender
| currentclub =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Hockey Haryana
| years2 = 2024–
| clubs2 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| nationalyears1 = 2017–2021
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 23
| nationalgoals1 = 13
| nationalyears2 = 2023–
| nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 85
| nationalgoals2 = 9
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Field hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Chennai]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Hulunbuir]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Youth Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Buenos Aires]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament|Team]]}}
}}
'''Sanjay Rana''' (born 5 May 2001) is an [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian hockey player]] who plays as a defender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hope our gold medal at Asian Games will inspire kids of Chandigarh Hockey Academy: Sanjay |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hope-gold-medal-asian-games-inspire-chandigarh-hockey-academy-sanjay-8982183/ |website=The Indian Express |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=10 August 2024 }}</ref> He is also one of the second drag flickers for the Indian team which won gold medal in [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games Results |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/hockey/result-men-fnl-000200-.htm |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=2022 Asian Games, Hangzhou |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008232508/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/hockey/result-men-fnl-000200-.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was part of the Indian team that won a bronze medal at the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris Olympics]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-23 |title='This opportunity motivates me to work even harder and contribute to our team's success,' says Sanjay on playing in his maiden Olympics in Paris |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/this-opportunity-motivates-me-to-work-even-harder-and-contribute-to-our-teams-success-says-sanjay-on-playing-in-his-maiden-olympics-in-paris |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-26 |title=Five Olympic debutants in Indian men's hockey squad for Paris 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-olympics-2024/five-olympic-debutants-in-indian-mens-hockey-squad-for-paris-2024/articleshow/111285205.cms |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rana hails from Dabra village, near Hisar, in Haryana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Back from wilderness, Sanjay aims to fill big shoes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/back-from-wilderness-sanjay-aims-to-fill-big-shoes-101688060407478.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> He played for Chandigarh in his initial years as a junior but later represented Haryana state in the domestic events.<ref name=":1" /> From 2011 to 2017, he trained at the Chandigarh Hockey Academy. He is an alumnus of [[Chandigarh University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glorius Stars: CU |url=https://www.cuchd.in/campus-life/glorious-stars-cu.php |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=cuchd.in }}</ref>

== Career ==

* Rana was part of the Indian hockey squad that won the gold at the 2022 [[Asian Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=Full list of Indian athletes for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-09-22 |title="Moment of pride to wear India jersey at Asian Games": Hockey team defender Sanjay |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/moment-of-pride-to-wear-india-jersey-at-asian-games-hockey-team-defender-sanjay20230922203511/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.aninews.in}}</ref>
* 2023: In August, he was part of the Senior India team that played the Champions Trophy at Chennai, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SANJAY {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/fih-pro-league/teams/men/player/sanjay-18703 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>
* 2023: In July, he represented the Senior Indian team at the 4-Nations Men's Invitational Tournament at Barcelona, Spain.<ref name=":0" />
* 2022: In June/July, he made his Senior India debut at the FIH Hockey Pro-League in London and Eindhoven.<ref name=":0" />
* 2022: In June, he played for India in the Hockey5s at the Hero FIH Hockey5s at Lausanne, Switzerland.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-12 |title=Chd Hockey Academy product Sanjay eyes senior team berth |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/chd-hockey-academy-product-sanjay-eyes-senior-team-berth/articleshow/92153550.cms |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 2021: In May, he played for Junior India team at the FIH Odisha Hockey Men's Junior World Cup at Bhubaneswar, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/sanjay-profile-4313 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref>
* 2019: In June, he played for the Indian Under-21 team at the 8-Nations Invitational Tournament (U 21) at Madrid, Spain.
* 2018: He was part of the Indian team that won the 3rd Youth Olympic Games at Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2018-10-15 |title=Youth Olympics: India pockets silver in hockey |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/youth-olympics-india-pockets-silver-in-hockey/article25224810.ece |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-26 |title=Could Sanjay be Indian hockey's next Rupinder Pal Singh? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/could-sanjay-be-indias-next-rupinder-pal-singh/articleshow/87931599.cms |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Sport links}}
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/sanjay-profile-4313 Sanjay] at [[Hockey India]]

{{India FH Squad 2022 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2024 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey defenders]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]

Naga Peace Accord

2026-04-09T17:01:38Z

Shumail: Put Up The Details V1

{{Short description|2015 peace agreement which ended Naga insurgency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Naga Peace Accord
| long_name = Naga Peace Accord, 2015
| image = Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the signing of a historic peace accord between the Government of India and Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = 
| caption = [[Government of India]] and [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] signing of a historic peace accord
| type = Peace
| context =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|2015|08|03}}
| location_signed = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| amendment =
| date_expiration = 
| date_expiry = 
| provisional_application =
| mediators = 
| negotiators = 
| original_signatories =
* [[Isak Chishi Swu]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[R. N. Ravi]]
| signatories = 
| parties =
* [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Government of India]]
| ratifiers = 
| depositor = 
| depositories = 
| citations = 
| language = English
| languages = 
| wikisource =
| wikisource1 = 
| wikisource2 =
| wikisource3 =
| wikisource4 =
| wikisource5 =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Naga Peace Accord''' is a peace treaty, signed, on 3 August 2015, between the [[Government of India]], and the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN), to end the insurgency in the state of [[Nagaland]] in [[Northeast India]]. The Government’s interlocutor for Naga Peace Talks, [[R. N. Ravi]] signed it on behalf of the Government of India, whereas [[Isak Chishi Swu]], Chairman and [[Thuingaleng Muivah]], General Secretary signed on behalf of the NSCN, in presence of the Indian Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/what-the-naga-peace-accord-really-means/20150804.htm |title=Peace at last, peace at last. Thank God Almighty, peace at last. - Rediff.com India News |work=Rediff.com |date=2015-08-04 |accessdate=2015-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/modi-govt-signs-historic-naga-peace-accord-nscn/20150803.htm |title=PHOTOS: Modi govt signs historic Naga peace accord - Rediff.com India News |work=Rediff.com |date= |accessdate=2015-10-31}}</ref>

== Naga Peace Talks ==
The Naga peace talks refer to talks undertaken between the Indian government and the various stakeholders in [[Nagaland]] to resolve decades-old disputes. Some of these issues date back to the colonial era. According to reports, the demand for a Greater Nagaland, or Nagalim— covering Nagaland, its neighboring states and even parts of Myanmar— has been an important part of Naga nationalism. It's a demand being made for decades, and was first crystallized via the formation of a Naga Club in 1918. The Naga Club had reportedly told the [[Simon Commission]] that the Nagas should be left alone "to determine for ourselves as in ancient times".

On August 14, 1947, the [[Naga National Council]] (NNC) led by Angami [[Zapu Phizo]] declared Nagaland an independent state. Phizo also formed an underground Naga Federal Government (NFG) and a [[Naga Army]] in 1952, which the Indian government sought to crush by sending in the Army to Nagaland and enacting the Armed Forces (Special) Powers Act, or AFSPA.

== History ==
Over the course of years, even as the insurgency continued in Nagaland, efforts were made by the government to bring the insurgents to the table.

In 1975, a peace accord between the government and the NNC was signed. Called the [[Shillong Accord of 1975|Shillong Accord]], according to the agreement, the NNC promised to give up arms, but several senior leaders within the NNC did not agree with the agreement and broke away to float their own factions. One such faction was the NSCN, which later split to form the NSCN(I-M) faction.

In 1997, the NSCN(I-M) signed a ceasefire agreement with the government.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waterman |first=Alex |date=2020-09-16 |title=Ceasefires and State Order-Making in Naga Northeast India |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2020.1821365 |journal=International Peacekeeping |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=496–525 |doi=10.1080/13533312.2020.1821365 |issn=1353-3312 |archive-url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/166222/ |archive-date=1 October 2020 |via=White Rose Research Online |s2cid=224876474|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The agreement ensured that while the government would not push for counter-insurgency operations against the NSCN (I-M) cadre and its leadership, the rebels on their part would not target armed forces.

In 2015, with the Narendra Modi government firmly in power, and PM Modi's push towards bringing an early resolution to the dispute, a framework agreement was signed, setting the stage for the ongoing peace talks.

== Framework Agreement ==
Termed as "historic" by PM Modi, the agreement was signed after over 80 rounds of talks between the government and various stakeholders, but the exact details of the agreement haven't been revealed. In a statement after the agreement was signed, the government said it has "recognised the unique history, culture and position of the Nagas and their sentiments and aspirations. The NSCN understood and appreciated the Indian political system and governance".

According to a report by The Hindu, there was discomfort within sections of Nagaland after the government decided to bring other Naga armed groups on board under the aegis of the Naga National Political Groups (NNGP). The report states that certain sections in Nagaland suspect that this was done by the government to exploit existing divisions between the Nagas.

In August 2020, [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] released copies of the confidential Framework Agreement (FA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Four Reasons Why the NSCN(I-M) Released the Confidential Nagaland Framework Agreement|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nagaland-framework-agreement-nscn-im|access-date=2020-10-17|website=thewire.in|language=en}}</ref> The Naga groups were insisting on changing the interlocutor [[R. N. Ravi]]. and the release of copies of agreement was a result of chain of events that emanated from this demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NSCN (I-M) Blames Interlocutor – the Nagaland Governor – for Peace Accord Delays|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nagaland-rn-ravi-framework-agreement-delay|access-date=2020-10-17|website=thewire.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Clamour for changing RN Ravi as Naga interlocutor grows|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/nagaland/clamour-for-changing-rn-ravi-as-naga-interlocutor-grows.html|access-date=2020-10-17|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2020, the current chief of [[NSCN-IM]] [[Thuingaleng Muivah]] expressed strong reservations against moving forward with the agreement in a 55 minute long interview given to [[Karan Thapar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive {{!}} Nagas Will Never Join Indian Union Nor Accept India s Constitution : NSCN (I-M) Chief|url=https://thewire.in/politics/exclusive-nagas-indian-constitution-thuingaleng-muivah-nscn-im|access-date=2020-10-17|website=thewire.in}}</ref>

=== Deadlines ===
The Centre's interlocutor and Nagaland Governor RN Ravi had stated that the NSCN (I-M)'s demand for a [[Flag of Nagaland|separate flag]] and constitution would not be fulfilled, and had accused the organisation of delaying talks. Ravi had said the NSCN(I-M) had taken a "procrastinating attitude" to delay the settlement.

On October 28, a team of the NSCN (I-M), led by its general secretary Thuingaleng Muivah and Ravi met again to discuss the possible ways of finding an "honourable" solution by resolving the sticky issue of a separate flag and Constitution for the Nagas. "The dialogue, which lasted for more than four hours, remained inconclusive and both sides agreed to meet again soon. However, a final agreement between the NSCN (I-M) and the government is unlikely to take place by October 31, 2019" an official privy to the development.

As of October 2020, the final agreement hasn't taken place and differences emerged out of demand for special flag, constitution, and greater Nagalim by [[NSCN-IM|NSCN (IM)]] is delaying and fatiguing the talk process.

=== Impact ===
For one thing, the fact that the NSCN (I-M)'s idea of a Nagalim includes parts of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]] and Manipur has alarmed the states. Civil society organisations in the three states have stated that no compromise on their territorial integrity would be accepted. But they have reasons to be wary, since NSCN (I-M) is considered to be one of the largest rebel groups in the sub-continent with access to sophisticated weaponry, its actions are bound to affect the states in a negative manner. However, the respective state governments have decided to adopt a "wait and watch" attitude until the final peace deal is announced.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2015 in Nagaland]]
[[Category:2015 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Internal treaties of India]]
[[Category:2010s in Nagaland|2015]]

Suspol

2026-04-03T09:51:12Z

Shumail: new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Suspol
| other_name = Saspol
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.3519096|N|77.170334|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Likir]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leh.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/village/|title=Villages | District Leh, Union Territory of Ladakh | India}}</ref>
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 4945
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1205
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 952
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Suspol''', also spelled '''Saspol''', is a village and [[eponymous]] [[tehsil]] headquarter in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref><ref name=lehdiv4>[https://leh.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/tehsil/ Leh tehsils].</ref>

Saspol village is home to [[Saspol Caves]]. The interior walls of some of these caves are decorated with unique 15th century CE wall paintings.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Suspol has 198 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 84.05%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1205 || 641 || 564
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 114 || 63 || 51
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1159 || 596 || 563
|-
| Literates || 917 || 522 || 395
|-
| Workers (all) || 785 || 402 || 383
|-
| Main workers (total) || 469 || 272 || 197
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 158 || 131 || 27
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 100 || 2 || 98
|-
| Main workers: Other || 209 || 139 || 70
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 316 || 130 || 186
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 90 || 31 || 59
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 32 || 4 || 28
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 31 || 9 || 22
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 163 || 86 || 77
|-
| Non-workers || 420 || 239 || 181
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Likir tehsil]]

Ekbar Biday De Ma Ghure Ashi

2026-04-01T01:38:53Z

Shumail: Adding basic entry basic info!

{{short description|Bengali patriotic song}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Ekbar Biday De Maa Ghure Asi
| cover =
| alt =
| type =
| artist = Several artists
| album =
| EP =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| written =
| published =
| released =
| format =
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = Patriotic
| length =
| label =
| writer = Pitambar Das
| composer = Pitambar Das
| lyricist =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
"'''Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi'''" ({{langx|bn|একবার বিদায় দে মা ঘুরে আসি}}, "Bid me farewell once Mother, I will be back soon") is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] patriotic song written by Pitambar Das.<ref name="Biplobi Khudiram Basu">{{cite web|title=Biplobi Khudiram Basu|url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/index.php?view=details&type=gold&data=Car&pub_no=924&cat_id=1&menu_id=37&news_type_id=1&index=4&archiev=yes&arch_date=25-06-2012|accessdate=26 June 2012|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610200027/http://www.kalerkantho.com/index.php?view=details&type=gold&data=Car&pub_no=924&cat_id=1&menu_id=37&news_type_id=1&index=4&archiev=yes&arch_date=25-06-2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> This song was composed in honour of [[Khudiram Bose]].<ref name="Mazumdar2007">{{cite book|author=Aurobindo Mazumdar|title=Vande Mataram And Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YBhMfAgxIkC&pg=PA34|accessdate=26 June 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-159-5|pages=34–35}}</ref><ref name="Dept1987">{{cite book|author=West Bengal (India). Information & Cultural Affairs Dept|title=India's struggle for freedom: an album|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwIvAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 June 2012|year=1987|publisher=Dept. of Information & Cultural Affairs, Govt. of West Bengal|page=71}}</ref><ref name="Dasgupta1993">{{cite book|author=Probal Dasgupta|title=The otherness of English: India's auntie tongue syndrome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZtiAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 June 2012|year=1993|publisher=Newbury Park|isbn=978-0-8039-9456-0|pages=59–60}}</ref>
This song is still very popular in [[West Bengal]].

==Background==
[[Khudiram Bose]] was the first Bengali rebel hanged by the British Government during the Indian National Movement. Khudiram took part in armed revolution against the [[British Raj]], was sentenced to death, and hanged on 11 August 1908.<ref name="Bose2011">{{cite book |author=Sarmila Bose |author-link=Sarmila Bose |year=2011 |title=Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=132 |isbn=978-0-231-70164-8}}</ref> At that time he was only 18 years old. The song was written on the occasion of Khudiram's death. It was celebrated as a farewell song by Khudiram.<ref name="ref6">{{cite book|author=Sunil Gangopadhyaya|title=East-West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oz4bVP20Z2oC&pg=PA350|accessdate=26 June 2012|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1895-6|pages=350–}}</ref>

==Theme==
The song was written when young [[Khudiram Bose|Khudiram]] was hanged to death. In the song, Khudiram is asking his mother to bid him goodbye since he is going to die. The song goes on – "Let me wear the noose round my neck with pleasure. I'll come back in due time. Let the world be witness."<ref name="ref6" />

==Lyrics==
<div style="font-family: Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">
{|width=100%
|-
![[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]
![[Romanization of Bengali|Bengali phonetic transcription]]
!English translation
|-
|
একবার বিদায় দে মা ঘুরে আসি। 
হাসি হাসি পরব ফাঁসি দেখবে ভারতবাসী।

কলের বোমা তৈরি করে 
দাঁড়িয়ে ছিলেম রাস্তার ধারে মাগো, 
বড়লাটকে মারতে গিয়ে 
মারলাম আরেক ইংলন্ডবাসী।

হাতে যদি থাকতো ছোরা 
তোর ক্ষুদি কি পড়তো ধরা মাগো 
রক্ত-মাংসে এক করিতাম 
দেখতো জগতবাসী

শনিবার বেলা দশটার পরে 
জজকোর্টেতে লোক না ধরে মাগো 
হল অভিরামের দ্বীপ চালান মা 
ক্ষুদিরামের ফাঁসি

বারো লক্ষ তেত্রিশ কোটি 
রইলো মা তোর বেটা বেটি মাগো 
তাদের নিয়ে ঘর করিস মা 
ওদের করিস দাসী

দশ মাস দশদিন পরে 
জন্ম নেব মাসির ঘরে মাগো 
তখন যদি না চিনতে পারিস 
দেখবি গলায় ফাঁসি।
|
Ekbaar biday de ma ghure ashi 
Hasi hasi porbo phnashi dekhbe bharatbasi

Koler boma toiri kore 
Dnariye chhilam rastar dhare Ma go 
Borolatke marte giye 
Marlam aarek Englandbashi

Haate jodi thakto chhora 
Tor Khudi ki porto dhora 
Rokte-mangshe ek koritam 
Dekhto jagatbashi

Shonibaar bela doshtar pore 
Judgecourtete lok na dhore Ma go 
Holo Abhiram-er dwip chalan Ma 
Khudiram-er phnashi

Baro lokkho tetris koti 
Roilo Ma tor beta beti 
tader niye ghor koris Ma 
Oder koris dasi

Dosh mash dosh din pore 
Jonmo nebo mashir ghore Ma go 
Tokhon jodi na chinte paris 
Dekhbi golay phnashi
|
Bid me farewell once mother, I will be back soon. 
Whole of India will watch me while I wear the noose smiling

With me I had a bomb I'd made 
Waiting by the roadside O Mother 
Trying to kill the Governor, 
Killed some other Englishmen

Had I had a dagger on me 
You think they could have caught me? 
Would have made a blood bath 
And the world would have watched that

On Saturday morning after 10AM 
The Judge Court Road will be packed with people O Mother 
[[Ullaskar Dutta|Abhiram]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Litu |first=Shekh Muhammad Sayed Ullah |year=2012 |article=Datta, Ullaskar |article-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Datta,_Ullaskar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |encyclopedia=[[Banglapedia]]: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> was deported to an island, 
Khudiram will hang by the neck

12 lakhs and 33 crores 
Is the number of sons and daughters you will still have left O Mother 
Build your family around them 
Make them your servants

10 months and 10 days from now 
I shall be born to my maternal aunt O Mother 
If you don't recognize me 
Look for the mark of strangulation (from the noose) around my neck.
|}</div>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Bengali folklore]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Year of song missing]]
[[Category:Lata Mangeshkar songs]]

Pelé: Birth of a Legend

2026-03-29T19:56:33Z

Shumail: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pelé: Birth of a Legend
| image = Pelé_(film_poster).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Production poster
| native_name =
| director = {{unbulleted list|[[Jeff Zimbalist]]|[[Michael Zimbalist]]}}
| producer = {{unbulleted list|[[Brian Grazer]]|Ivan Orlic}}
| writer = {{unbulleted list|Jeff Zimbalist|Michael Zimbalist}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Kevin de Paula
|[[Vincent D'Onofrio]]
|[[Rodrigo Santoro]]
|[[Diego Boneta]]
|[[Colm Meaney]]
}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Matthew Libatique]]
| editing = {{unbulleted list||[[Glen Scantlebury]]|[[Naomi Geraghty]]|Luis Carballar}}
| studio = {{unbulleted list|[[Imagine Entertainment]]|Seine Pictures|Legends 10<ref>{{cite web|title=Pele: Birth of a Legend (2016) - Financial Information|work=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|access-date=11 March 2021|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Pele-Birth-of-a-Legend#tab=summary}}</ref>}}
| distributor = [[IFC Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|5|6|United States}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English Portuguese
| budget =
| gross = $2.3 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=pele.htm |title=Pelé: Birth of a Legend |website=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=August 2, 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''Pelé: Birth of a Legend''''' is a 2016 American [[biographical film]] about the early life of [[Brazil]]ian footballer [[Pelé]] and his journey with Brazil to win the [[1958 FIFA World Cup]]. The film was directed and written by [[Jeff Zimbalist]] and [[Michael Zimbalist]], starring Kevin de Paula, [[Vincent D'Onofrio]], [[Rodrigo Santoro]], [[Diego Boneta]], with [[Colm Meaney]], and a cameo of [[Pelé]] himself. The film focuses on the relationship between the character Pelé and his father. Filming took place in Rio de Janeiro between September 2013 late 2014.

The film was released to a negative critical response, with [[Film criticism|film critics]] pointing out flaws in the narrative, criticising the lack of depth.

==Plot==
During the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]], some Brazilians along with former footballer [[Dondinho]] are listening to the commentary of [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|a football match]] on radio. Brazil loses that match and the World Cup, leaving everyone in tears. A slum kid Dico, the son of Dondinho, also witnesses that defeat over the radio and promises his father that one day, he will lead Brazil to win the [[FIFA World Cup]] title.

One day, Dico and his mother, Celeste Arantes, are cleaning a house that his mother was hired to clean. A group of boys, discussing an upcoming football tournament, enters the room and notices Dico as he tries to enter the conversation. He says he wants to be like Bilé (goalkeeper of [[CR Vasco da Gama]]), but he mispronounces the name as Pelé. All the boys poke fun at him and tease him with the name [[Pelé]].

Dico later participates in that football tournament with the name Pelé, and with his spectacular [[Football in Brazil|Brazilian Ginga football style]], his slum team becomes the champion of that tournament, astonishing everyone watching the match. All the spectators cheer him with the name Pelé, turning Dico into [[Pelé]].

All believe Brazil lost the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] due to the Ginga football style, but [[Pelé]] plays for [[Santos FC]] with the iconic Ginga style and is selected for the [[1958 World Cup]] Brazil team at the age of 16.

Under guidance from manager [[Vicente Feola]], Pelé utilizes his street football skills to lead Brazil to the [[1958 FIFA World Cup final]]. For the first time in history, [[Brazil]] wins the World Cup tournament after defeating the host country [[Sweden]] with a score of 5-2.

The epilogue reveals that Brazil also won their second ([[1962 FIFA World Cup]]) and third ([[1970 FIFA World Cup]]) FIFA title during the football era of [[Pelé]]. He broke numerous football records and is often recognised as the best player of the 20th century.

==Cast==
* Kevin de Paula as [[Pelé]]
** Leonardo Lima Carvalho as 10-year-old Pelé
* [[Seu Jorge]] as [[Dondinho]], a former footballer and Pelé's father
* [[Mariana Nunes]] as Celeste Arantes, Pelé's mother
* [[Vincent D'Onofrio]] as [[Vicente Feola]], the head coach of the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]] at the [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958 World Cup]]
* [[Milton Gonçalves]] as [[Waldemar de Brito]], a former footballer and scout who discovered Pelé during the latter's early footballing days
* [[Diego Boneta]] as [[José Altafini|José "Mazzola" Altafini]], a [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] footballer of Italian descent who bullied Pelé in his youth
* [[Colm Meaney]] as [[George Raynor]], the head coach of the [[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden national team]] at the 1958 World Cup
* [[Felipe Simas]] as [[Garrincha]]
* Fernando Caruso as [[Zito (footballer, born 1932)|Zito]]
* [[Rodrigo Santoro]] as a Brazilian announcer
* [[Pelé]] in a guest appearance as a man sitting in the hotel lobby

==Production==

The [[principal photography]] of the film began in [[Rio de Janeiro]] on September 30, 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Production Begins on Brazilian Soccer Biopic Pelé|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=109709|accessdate=9 October 2013|newspaper=comingsoon.net|date=2 October 2013|archive-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004028/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=109709|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hollywood treatment for Pele|url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sport/2013/10/04/hollywood-treatment-for-pele|accessdate=9 October 2013|newspaper=sowetanlive.co.za|date=4 October 2013}}</ref> On February 9, 2014, it was announced that the film would not release at the time of the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], because it was in post-production and doing some re-shoots.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roxborough|first=Scott|title='Pele' Biopic Won't Be Ready in Time for World Cup|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/berlin-pele-biopic-wont-be-678716|accessdate=10 February 2014|newspaper=hollywoodreporter.com|date=9 February 2014}}</ref>

The film was shot entirely on location in Brazil, with Leonardo Carvalho and Kevin de Paula playing the rising star at the age of 9 and 17, respectively. Pelé stated: "The two young actors who play my younger self will be true stars, as their skills both on screen and on the football pitch proved."<ref>{{Cite web|title = IFC Picks Up Soccer Biopic 'Pele: Birth of a Legend' for U.S.|url = https://variety.com/2015/film/news/pele-birth-of-a-legend-biopic-ifc-1201589873/|website = Variety| date=10 September 2015 |accessdate = 2015-12-09|language = en-US}}</ref> Zimbalist stated that they wanted to concentrate on Pelé's early life for dramatic reasons, giving the reason as: "It was the birth of the legend that parallels the birth of the Brazilian national identity, coming off the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950 (World Cup)]] [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|loss (to Uruguay)]] in Maracanã".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = First Look: 'Pele' Biopic Shoots in Brazil (EXCLUSIVE)|url = https://variety.com/2013/film/global/pele-biopic-brazil-1200806382/|website = Variety| date=7 November 2013 |accessdate = 2015-12-09|language = en-US}}</ref> The film is centered on the relationship between Pelé and his father.<ref name=":0" />

== The Ginga Style ==
{{Quote box|width=28%|align=right|quote="Transpired from the [[Capoeira]] martial art style, ginga is what Brazilians are born with - a one-word collective of the way they move, walk, talk, feel and most importantly - play. It is the soul of Brazil, and one which had (and has) seemingly vanished from their football."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scoopwhoop.com/Pele-Is-Not-Just-About-The-Great-Footballer-Its-About-Brazils-Lost-Soul |title='Pele' The Movie Is Not Just About The Great Footballer, It's About Brazil's Lost Soul |author=Pulasta Dhar |date=May 13, 2016 |website=scoopwhoop.com |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>}}
Pelé's football style derives from [[List of capoeira techniques#Ginga|Ginga]]. As explained by the character De Brito: "It is primitive, but it has a long and rich history ... It all started at the beginning of the 16th century ... The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] arrived in Brazil with African slaves. But the African's will was strong, and many escaped to the jungle. To protect themselves, the run away slaves called upon the ginga, the foundation of [[Capoeira]], the martial art of war. When slavery was finally abolished, the capoeiraistas came out of the jungle, only to find that capoeira was outlawed throughout the land. They saw football to be the perfect way to practice ginga without being arrested. It was the ultimate form of ginga. And before long the ginga evolved, adapted, until it was no longer just ours, but all Brazilians. But at the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950 World Cup]], most believed our ginga style was to blame for the loss, and turned against anything associated with our African heritage. And just like your coach has been trying to remove ginga from your play, we have been trying to remove it from ourselves as a people ever since."

== Reception ==
The film received mostly negative reviews. [[Review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the film a rating of 33%, based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 5.04/10.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pele_birth_of_a_legend_2016/|title=Pelé: Birth of a Legend (2016)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media]]|access-date=May 6, 2020}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/pele-birth-of-a-legend|title=Pelé: Birth of a Legend Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref>

Critic Josh Terry of [[Deseret News]] said: "Overall, "''Pelé: Birth of a Legend''" is a solid sports film and a pleasant introduction to an international icon." However, he went on to add: "While "''Birth of a Legend''" touches on weighty subjects such as national identity and class tension, its tone often employs a frenetic highlight-reel style that gives its content more flash than depth."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865654661/Pel-biopic-Birth-of-a-Legend-takes-soccer-fans-back-to-the-1958-World-Cup.html?pg=all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611163809/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865654661/Pel-biopic-Birth-of-a-Legend-takes-soccer-fans-back-to-the-1958-World-Cup.html?pg=all|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2016|title=Pelé biopic 'Birth of a Legend' takes soccer fans back to the 1958 World Cup|last=Terry|first=Josh|date=May 20, 2016|website=[[Deseret News]]|access-date=May 20, 2016|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Company}}</ref> In his review for ''[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]'', Sean P. Means awarded the film 2 out of 5 stars saying: "...the script plods along from event to event, and the young actors portraying Pelé are bland and uninvolving."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sltrib.com/entertainment/3897388-155/movie-review-biopic-pel%25C3%25A9-kicks-through|title=Movie review: Biopic 'Pelé' kicks through the usual sports clichés|last=Means|first=Sean P.|website=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]|access-date=May 20, 2016|date=May 20, 2016}}</ref> Chief critic Alan Zilberman of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' concluded: "The film is too earnest and single-minded to be hagiographic, and the final moments are moving in spite of their predictable trajectories. ... the film would have benefitted if the Zimbalists had found a way to add a bit of depth — or even doubt — to the legend."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/pele-birth-of-a-legend-fails-to-score/2016/05/19/385f0620-1c61-11e6-8c7b-6931e66333e7_story.html|title='Pelé: Birth of a Legend' fails to score|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Alan|last=Zilberman|accessdate=May 21, 2016|date=May 19, 2016}}</ref> Robert Abele of ''[[TheWrap]]'' stated the biopic "scores zero goals" calling the treatment to the script as "burnishing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/pele-birth-of-a-legend-review/|title='Pelé: Birth of a Legend' Review: Brazilian Soccer Giant's Biopic Scores Zero Goals|date=May 12, 2016|website=[[TheWrap]]|access-date=May 21, 2016|first=Robert|last=Abele}}</ref> In his review for ''[[The Village Voice]]'', Michael Nordine expressed: "The new Pelé movie has great footwork but iffy, cheesy drama."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/film/the-new-pel-movie-has-great-footwork-but-iffy-cheesy-drama-8606474|title=The New Pelé Movie Has Great Footwork but Iffy, Cheesy Drama|last=Nordine|first=Michael|date=May 11, 2016|website=[[The Village Voice]]|access-date=May 21, 2016|archive-date=6 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206122406/http://www.villagevoice.com/film/the-new-pel-movie-has-great-footwork-but-iffy-cheesy-drama-8606474|url-status=dead}}</ref> Michael Rechtshaffen of The Los Angeles Times stated: "''[. ... ]'' script fails to satisfy the dramatic requirements of a narrative feature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mini-pele-review-20160510-snap-story.html|title=Young 'Pelé' biopic fails to capture spark of soccer icon|last=Rechtshaffen|first=Michael|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=May 21, 2016|date=May 12, 2016}}</ref> Andrew Barker of Variety commented: "The film is continually hamstrung by an uninspiring, ultra-traditionalist narrative."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/pele-birth-of-a-legend-film-review-1201763185/|title=Film Review: 'Pelé: Birth of a Legend'|last=Barker|first=Andrew|date=April 29, 2016|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|access-date=May 21, 2016}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pelé: Birth of a Legend (soundtrack)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = Scheduled for {{Start date|2016|06|24}}
| recorded = 2013–2015 [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]] Panchathan Hollywood Studios, [[Los Angeles]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| label = [[Sony Classical Records|Sony Classical]]
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]] / [[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
The [[film score]] is composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. In an interview with ''[[Press Trust of India]]'', Rahman was quoted saying: "When I was approached for the project, I first [[Google]]<nowiki/>d who [[Pelé]] was, because my life is all music. I saw amazing things about him and who he was. After that I read the script. I had tremendous respect for the project."<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/ar-rahman-had-to-google-who-pele-was-but-it-s-ok-he-knows-now/story-aZ7tcyYAZy1MwsfO40tcVJ.html|title=AR Rahman had to Google who Pele was, but it's OK, he knows now|date=2016-05-11|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref> In September 2014, Rahman recorded the tracks that featured singer Anna Beatriz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140912/entertainment-tvmusic/article/r-rahman-work-brazilian-singer-anna-beatriz|title=A R Rahman to work with Brazilian singer Anna Beatriz on Pele's biopic|date=12 September 2014 |access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref> According to Rahman working on the ''Pelé'' project was intimidating but he found himself totally immersed in the [[Music of Brazil|Brazilian music]], getting engaged in the character, in the lifestyle and setting of the movie.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/from-pele-to-sachin-tendulkar-ar-rahman-on-composing-music-for-sporting-greats-2773530.html|title=Not everybody can play like Pelé or Sachin: AR Rahman on 'scoring' for sporting greats - Firstpost|date=2016-05-10|website=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref> He added that sometime in his childhood, he had listened to a lot of Brazilian music.<ref name=":1" /> The score and a couple of songs in this movie fall into [[Western music (North America)|western music genre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/05/10/ar-rahman-films_n_9881060.html|title=The Next Phase Of AR Rahman's Career Is Going To Be About More Than Music|website=The Huffington Post|date=10 May 2016 |access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref> On recording the score, Rahman stated that he used instruments like the [[charango]], the [[mandolin]], and a lot of [[Percussion instrument|percussion]] and [[Brass instrument|brass]] instruments from Brazil. So, the soundtrack is a mix of many elements with universal music that reflects Brazilian culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/playing-with-carlos-santana-was-epic-ar-rahman/story-covWAIenxdCCdAMJd7xEKM.html|title=Playing with Carlos Santana was epic: AR Rahman|date=2016-05-13|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref>

"Ginga" was a promotional track released as a video. The song was not initially a part of the [[screenplay]], but came organically as Rahman was intrigued by the word 'Ginga', which is a style of playing football. Rahman stated: "Ginga was one of the main things how [[Pelé]] won a match. I found the word very interesting." By the time he finished recording the score, Rahman played the track to the makers who approved it.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> In India, the song was launched at [[PVR Cinemas]] in [[Mumbai]] on May 9, 2016. At the event, Rahman elaborated on how [[YouTube]] videos and the existing Brazilian sounds helped him [[Sound design|design the soundtrack]] and the theme for the movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/160509-rahman-scores-winner-ginga#|title=Rahman scores a winner with 'Ginga' {{!}} Radioandmusic.com|website=www.radioandmusic.com|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Pele (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
| collapsed =
| total_length =
| all_music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| extra_column = Performer(s)

| title1 = The Little Rascal
| extra1 = Anna Beatriz

| title2 = Reality
| extra2 = George Doering

| title3 = Father trains Pelé
| extra3 = [[A. R. Rahman]]

| title4 = Celeste's Theme
| extra4 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]]

| title5 = World Cup 1950
| extra5 = Gaayatri Kaundinya

| title6 = Dico Becomes Pelé
| extra6 = Nikhita Gandhi

| title7 = The Gift
| extra7 = George Doering

| title8 = Prodigy
| extra8 = [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]]

| title9 = The Chase
| extra9 = Sivamani

| title10 = Thiago is Gone
| extra10 = Linda Lind

| title11 = Santos Dilemma
| extra11 = A. R. Rahman

| title12 = Locker Room
| extra12 = A. R. Rahman

| title13 = Hat trick
| extra13 = A. R. Rahman

| title14 = Return to Ginga
| extra14 = Sivamani

| title15 = No Looking Back
| extra15 = George Doering

| title16 = Conquering the Demons
| extra16 = A. R. Rahman

| title17 = Against All Odds
| extra17 = Nikhita Gandhi, Arpita Gandhi

| title18 = Blessings from the Sky
| extra18 = [[Jonita Gandhi]]

| title19 = The History of Ginga
| extra19 = A. R. Rahman

| title20 = Ginga
| extra20 = A. R. Rahman, Anna Beatriz, Aditya Rao
}}

==Accolades==
For the [[89th Academy Awards]], [[A. R. Rahman]] was shortlisted for nomination under [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] among 145 candidates<ref name="os16">{{cite web|title=145 Original Scores in 2016 Oscar race|url=http://www.oscars.org/news/145-original-scores-2016-oscar-race|website=[[Oscars]]|accessdate=15 December 2016|date=13 December 2016}}</ref> and the song "''Ginga''" produced by A. R. Rahman and performed by A. R. Rahman, Anna Beatriz and Aditya Rao has found its place among 91 contenders under [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]].<ref name="osson">{{cite web|title=91 ORIGINAL SONGS VIE FOR 2016 OSCAR|url=http://www.oscars.org/news/91-original-songs-vie-2016-oscar|website=[[Oscars]]|accessdate=15 December 2016|date=13 December 2016}}</ref> The song didn't make the final list nominations announced on January 24, 2017, at [[Samuel Goldwyn Theater]].<ref name="arr16">{{cite news|title=A.R. Rahman in Oscar nomination race again with 'Pele'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A.R.-Rahman-in-Oscar-nomination-race-again-with-%E2%80%98Pele%E2%80%99/article16804700.ece|accessdate=15 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 December 2016|location=[[Los Angeles]]}}</ref><ref name="osrace">{{cite news|title=Indian music maestro A.R. Rahman again in Oscar race|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/A-R-Rahman-again-in-Oscar-race/articleshow/55977027.cms|accessdate=15 December 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=[[Indo Asian News Service|IANS]]|date=14 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="ospele">{{cite news|title=A R Rahman in Oscar race for Pele biopic|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/ar-rahman-in-oscar-race-for-pele-biopic/articleshow/55985121.cms|accessdate=15 December 2016|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|agency=[[Indo Asian News Service|IANS]]|publisher=[[India Times]]|date=15 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/ar-rahman-in-oscar-race-again-pele-brings-him-recognition-4426381/|title=AR Rahman in Oscar race again, Pele brings him recognition|date=14 December 2016|agency=[[Indo Asian News Service|IANS]]|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Pele Eterno]]''
* [[List of association football films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ifcfilms.com/films/pele-birth-of-a-legend Pelé: Birth of a Legend – Official website]
* {{IMDb title|0995868}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|pele_birth_of_a_legend_2016}}
* {{Mojo title|pele}}

{{Pelé}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pele: Birth of a Legend}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2016 American films]]
[[Category:2016 English-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Portuguese-language films]]
[[Category:2016 sports films]]
[[Category:American biographical drama films]]
[[Category:American association football films]]
[[Category:Brazilian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Brazilian association football films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Pelé]]
[[Category:Sports films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Biographical films about sportspeople]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Imagine Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films set in Rio de Janeiro (city)]]
[[Category:Films set in 1958]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Films set in 1950]]
[[Category:Films set in 1957]]
[[Category:English-language biographical drama films]]
[[Category:English-language sports films]]
[[Category:Portuguese-language American films]]

Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol

2026-03-26T17:32:10Z

Shumail: Put Up Some Bio First Draft!

{{short description|2016 film by Jibu Jacob}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol
| image = Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jibu Jacob]]
| producer = Sophia Paul
| screenplay = M. Sindhuraj
| based_on = {{based on|''Pranayopanishath''|[[V. J. James]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Bijibal]] [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = Pramod K. Pillai
| editing = Sooraj E. S.
| studio = [[Weekend Blockbusters]]
| distributor = Weekend Blockbusters
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|1|20|India}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR}}50 crores <ref name="gross3" />
}}

'''''Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol''''' ({{translation|When the grapevines sprout}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[domestic drama]] film directed by [[Jibu Jacob]] and written by M. Sindhuraj. It is loosely based on the Malayalam short story "Pranayopanishath" by [[V. J. James]]. Produced and distributed by Sophia Paul through [[Weekend Blockbusters]], the film stars [[Mohanlal]] and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as [[Gram panchayat|panchayat]] secretary Ulahannan and his wife Annyamma. The soundtrack features songs composed by [[Bijibal]] and [[M. Jayachandran]], and a [[film score]] by Bijibal. The film is about Ulahannan, a man having a [[midlife crisis]], who rediscovers himself and overcomes boredom in his [[Everyday life|routine life]].

Sindhuraj obtained the rights to adapt "Pranayopanishath" from James after it was first published in a Malayalam weekly. He developed a new story by setting it in a different background and adding additional characters, and by incorporating his own [[novelette (music)|novelette]] ''Schoolilekku Poya Penkutty''. In 2015, Paul was looking for a story for a film she was planning with Mohanlal in the lead role, and greenlit Sindhuraj's story. He began writing the screenplay that year and, Jacob was later hired to direct the film. [[Principal photography]] began on 15 July 2016 in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], where over eighty percent of the film was shot. Additional scenes were filmed at locations in [[Alappuzha]]; filming ended in [[Shimla]] in October.

''Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol'' was scheduled to be released in India on 22 December 2016 during Christmas. Its release was delayed due to a [[Strike action|strike]] in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]], which halted the screening of Malayalam films in Kerala. The film's opening date was rescheduled, and it was released in India on 20 January 2017. It was well received at the box office, and [[Mohanlal]] received the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award]] for his performance in the film.

==Plot==

Ulahannan "Unnachan", a middle-aged secretary in [[Keezhattur]] panchayat, is bored with his monotonous life and no longer cares for his wife Annyamma. She feels the same and no longer shares his bed. Ulahannan's routine includes dozing on the bus ride to his office, where there are only loafers sitting around. He often encounters Lillykutty who flirts with him. Every night at home he sits on the terrace drinking alcohol with his neighbours{{mdash}}Venukuttan, Jacobettan, Monai, and Benny.

At the insistence of an old friend, Ulahannan attends his college [[Class reunion|alumni reunion]], where he meets his ex-lover Indulekha. They recall their past college life when Ulahannan was a firebrand activist. Indulekha, finds it hard to recognize the old Ulahannan, and learns of his humdrum life and his unhappiness. Before he leaves, Indulekha advises him to reinvigorate himself. He decides to redeem his life with love, and seeks the help of Venukuttan, a philanderer, who deceives his wife into thinking he is a loving husband. Venukuttan promises to introduce him to some of his girlfriends and teach him some of his tricks.

In meantime, he meets Julie, a seductive [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] girl at his office, and begins a relationship with her by messaging and calling every day. Venukuttan is envious as he finds Julie more attractive than any of his paramours. When her husband Augustine shows up, Ulahannan becomes nervous over his tryst with Julie. He learns that Julie is a flirt herself, and he is only one of the men she is contacting.

The next night, while drinking alcohol, Venukuttan teases Ulahannan that his relationship with Julie is in vain. Provoked, Ulahannan challenges him to call one of his girlfriends and gave the phone to him when she answers. After hesitating, Venukuttan makes the call. Ulahannan speaks in a romantic voice, and the woman asks if it is Ulahannan calling. Shocked, he realizes it is Annyamma on the line. He is furious and starts shouting at Venukuttan. A man with an attractive voice named Jacobettan comes on the line. He is watching a video of a recorded song, and Annyamma is singing in her kitchen. Jacobettan tells him that Annyamma is helping the kids with the songs for the annual gathering program of the colony members. Ulahannan is surprised as he has forgotten that Annyamma can sing. This reminds him of the young Annyamma.

The next morning, a disguised Ulahannan secretly goes to church to make an offering to God he promised when he was in trouble over Julie. After the prayer, Ulahannan smells his favourite woman's perfume. He cannot see her face as she is hooded with her [[sari]]. He tells Jacobettan how attractive she is and asks if he can see her. While walking away, someone calls her, she turns and Ulahannan can see the woman is Annyamma. He realizes he has a beautiful wife and that he has not bothered about her for a long time.

Late one day, Annyamma finds a gift in Jini's wardrobe. She tells Ulahannan about the gift and about recent changes in Jini's behaviour. He says that asking for more information about the gift will affect Jini's studies. Ulahannan and Annyamma ask Jini's school friend and learn Jini is close to a man who was introduced to her by mutual friends. Ulahannan and Annyamma's fear over him grows daily. One day Ulahannan waits in front of Jini's school and sees her going to a hotel on her bicycle. Disguised, he sits in the hotel and hears his daughter break up with her boyfriend saying that now is the time to study, and she will have enough time for love after marriage. Ulahannan hugs his daughter and says that he is not worried about her behavior. Jini says that her boyfriend does not know how to love like her father. That night Ulahannan tells Annyamma about the incident and promises to take the family to a vineyard to see the grapevines sprout. The film ends with Annyamma taking responsibility for their daughter's mistake, realising that children should grow up seeing their parents love and affection.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as Ulahannan "Unnachan"
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Annyamma "Aamy"
* [[Aima Rosmy Sebastian]] as Jini Ulahannan
* [[Sanoop Santhosh]] as Jerry Ulahannan
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Venukuttan
* [[Srinda Arhaan]] as Latha, Venukuttan's wife
* [[Neha Saxena (film actress)|Neha Saxena]] as Julie Augustine Karukapally
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as Jacob "Jacobettan", Telecom operator, Ulahannan's friend
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Monai
* [[Reshmi Boban]] as Alice
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Girija
* [[Lishoy]] as Dasan
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Thilothaman
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Chalakan
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as Reji
* [[Manju Pathrose]] as Lillykutty
* Rajesh Paravoor as Benny
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Augustine, Julie's spouse
* [[Rahul Madhav]] as Josemon, Younger brother of Annyamma
* [[Ganapathi (actor)|Ganapathi]] as Jithin
* [[Sohan Seenulal]] as Babu
* [[Meghanathan]] as Prabhakaran
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Ulahannan's friend
* K. L. Antony as Ulahannan's father
* Bindu Ramakrishnan as Ulahannan's mother
* Thrissur Elsy as Reethamma
* Leena Antony as Annyamma's mother
* [[Reena Basheer]] as Ulahannan's friend
* Revathy Sivakumar as Priya
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Priya's mother
* [[Asha Sarath]] as Indulekha ([[Cameo appearance]])
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Priya's father (Cameo appearance)
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Shivan, Venukuttan's uncle (Cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
===Development===
[[Mohanlal]] announced an untitled film through his [[Facebook]] page on 26 June 2015, to be produced by Sophia Paul for [[Weekend Blockbusters]], written by M. Sindhuraj, and directed by [[Jibu Jacob]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama Staff|title=Mohanlal's next with 'Vellimoonga' director Jibu Jacob|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/mohanlals-next-with-vellimoonga-director-jibu-jacob.html|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=26 June 2016}}</ref> At that point, the project was in its initial phase of development and the script was incomplete. The screenplay is loosely based on the [[Malayalam]] short story '"Pranayopanishath" by [[V. J. James]]. According to Sindhuraj he was inspired by the story, but the script is "not a page-to-page adaptation."<ref name="adaptation">{{cite news|author=Express Features|title=A Feel-good Ride|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/jun/30/a-feel-good-ride-776906.html|access-date=23 December 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2015}}</ref> According to Jacob, only the story's narrative thread has been used. Mohanlal plays a common character — a [[Gram panchayat|panchayat]] secretary named Ulahannan.<ref>{{cite news|first=Radhika C.|last=Pillai|title=Mohanlal says yes to Jibu Jacob's next|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-says-yes-to-Jibu-Jacobs-next/articleshow/47866143.cms|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 June 2015}}</ref> "Pranayopanishath" tells the story of a middle-aged couple deciding to rekindle their romance after nineteen mundane years of married life.<ref>{{cite news|last=സുന്ദരേശൻ|first=കുമാരപുരം|title=കഥകളിലെ ജീവിതങ്ങൾ|trans-title=Lives in the Stories|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/literature/book-review/2016/mar/21/185385|accessdate=2 January 2017|work=[[Madhyamam Daily]]|date=21 March 2016|language=ml}}</ref>

The film was in development since 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last=മാത്യു|first=അനീഷ് കെ.|title='കഥ കേട്ടപ്പോഴേ തീരുമാനിച്ചു, നായകൻ ലാലേട്ടൻ തന്നെ'|trans-title='It Was Decided When the Story Was Heard, Lalettan is the Hero'|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/munthirivallikalthalirkkumbol-sophiapaul-mohanlal-jibujacob-malayalammovie-1.1667168|accessdate=21 January 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=19 January 2017|language=ml}}</ref> Paul had Mohanlal's dates for a project and was looking for a story. After hearing about it, she liked Sindhuraj's story. Mohanlal agreed, and the project was [[Green-light|greenlit]]. Sindhuraj saw a potential film when he first read "Pranayopanishath" and expressed his interest to James in adapting it into a screenplay.<ref name="story">{{cite news|last=ജ്യോതിലാൽ|first=ജി.|title=ശ്രീലങ്കയിലെ ആ ഓട്ടോയ്ക്ക് മുന്തിരിവള്ളികളിൽ ഒരു റോളുണ്ട്|trans-title=There is a Role in Munthirivallikal For That Auto in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/munthirivallikalthalirkumbol-sindhuraj-mohanlal-meena-jibujacob-malayalammovie-1.1697966|accessdate=2 February 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=1 February 2017|language=ml}}</ref> He envisioned a new story background, characters and living conditions, and developed it around Ulahannan and Aaniamma's circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|title=Munthiri Vallikal will 'sprout' on Nov 4|url=http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=83134|accessdate=29 December 2017|work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229232140/http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=83134|archive-date=29 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also prepared the story by incorporating his own [[novelette (music)|novelette]] ''Schoolilekku Poya Penkutty'' published in [[Vanitha]]. By this time, someone else had bought the film rights from James and drafted a screenplay. Sindhuraj told James that he would step back, but would still like to buy the rights if the other film did not materialise within a given time, which he eventually did. Sindhuraj thought of the film's tagline "My Life is My Wife" during his vacation in [[Sri Lanka]], where he saw it written on an [[auto rickshaw]].<ref name="story"/> Jacob was hired to direct the film after the screenplay was drafted.<ref name="direct"/> At first he was not confident about directing the film, but he was moved after reading the short story published in ''[[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news|last=വാളൂരാൻ|first=സോജൻ|title=മുന്തിരിവള്ളികൾക്കു ജിബു ആദ്യം സമ്മതം മൂളിയിരുന്നില്ല|trans-title=Jibu Did Not Gave Assent To Munthirivallikal At First|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/munthirivallikalthalirkkumbol-mohanlal-jibujacob-malayalammovie-meena-1.1680052|accessdate=24 January 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=24 January 2017|language=ml}}</ref>

[[M. Jayachandran]] and [[Bijibal]] were signed as the film's composers, and Pramod K. Pillai as the cinematographer.<ref name="untitled"/> Bijibal also composed the [[film score|film's score]].<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Anjana|title=Bijibal to do background score for Munthirivallikal Thalirkumbol|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Bijibal-to-do-background-score-for-Munthirivallikal-Thalirkumbol/articleshow/55925721.cms|accessdate=27 December 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 December 2016}}</ref> The film's title was announced in the middle of filming in September 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Mohanlal's next gets a title|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlals-next-gets-a-title/articleshow/54306531.cms|accessdate=22 September 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 September 2016}}</ref> The title ''Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol'' (meaning: When the Grape Vines Sprout) was derived from the verses of the [[Song of Songs]] (Song of Solomon) in the [[Hebrew Bible]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama Staff|title=After 30 years, Mohanlal delivers that classic dialogue once again {{!}} Video|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/mohanlal-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-dialogue-namukku-parkkan.html|accessdate=27 December 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=17 November 2016}}</ref> Paul also cites [[Padmarajan]]'s 1986 film ''[[Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal]]'' as an inspiration for the title.<ref>{{cite news|last=V.|first=Soorya|title=Here's why Mohanlal's 'Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol' is special for Sophia|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/sophia-paul-on-mohanlal-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol.html|accessdate=29 December 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=18 January 2017}}</ref> In a September 2016 interview, Paul described the film as a "fun-filled family drama," and said they were planning for a late-October release.<ref name="sophia">{{cite news|last=Sudhish|first=Navamy|title=Sophia's Business 'Days'|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/926218/The-New-Indian-Express-Kochi/04092016#page/20/2|access-date=22 September 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 September 2016}}</ref>

===Casting===
Ulahannan, the leading character was tailor-made for Mohanlal. As of June 2015, the filmmakers were in the process of casting actors for other roles.<ref name="adaptation"/> For the female lead, Ulahannan's neglected homemaker wife, Sophia Paul wanted "a classy beauty" and [[Vidya Balan]] was her first choice. The synopsis impressed Balan, but she could not commit to the film due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sudhish|first=Navamy|title=Vidya Balan was the initial choice for Annieamma|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jan/31/vidya-balan-was-the-initial-choice-for-annieamma-1565176.html|access-date=21 January 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=31 January 2017}}</ref> In December, Weekend Blockbusters announced that [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] had been signed for the role.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anu|last=James|title=After Drishyam, Mohanlal to star opposite Meena in Jibu Jacob's untitled film|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-drishyam-mohanlal-star-opposite-meena-jibu-jacobs-untitled-film-658942|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=10 December 2015}}</ref> She was cast by Jacob, who had initially thought about casting a newcomer, but later felt Meena was the right choice because of her experience and the good chemistry between her and Mohanlal. They had already collaborated on several successful films.<ref name="direct">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=P. K. Ajith|title=A heady combination|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-heady-combination/article16924025.ece|accessdate=24 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 December 2016}}</ref>

In March 2016, Weekend Blockbusters released a cast list including (apart from Mohanlal and Meena): [[Biju Menon]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], and [[Sudheer Karamana]]. Biju Menon was said to be playing a government employee even though he, Nedumudi Venu and Aju Varghese were not part of the final cast.<ref name="untitled">{{cite news|first=Anu|last=James|title=Jibu Jacob's untitled starring Mohanlal, Biju Menon, Meena to start rolling in June|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jibu-jacobs-untitled-starring-mohanlal-biju-menon-meena-start-rolling-june-670192|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=10 March 2016}}</ref> In June, [[Aima Rosmy Sebastian]] was confirmed in the role of Ulahannan's daughter, Jini, a class 12 student. Aju Varghese first informed her of a potential role in the film while they were working on ''[[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]'' (2016), and asked her to set aside a few months for it.<ref>{{cite news|first=Deepa|last=Soman|title=Aima plays Mohanlal's daughter in her next|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Aima-plays-Mohanlals-daughter-in-her-next/articleshow/52832553.cms|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2016}}</ref> According to Aima, Jini somewhat resembled her, which helped her portray the role.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Mythily|title=UAE actress Aima on working with Mohanlal in 'Muthiri'|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/uae-actress-aima-on-working-with-mohanlal-in-muthiri-1.1978736|accessdate=29 December 2017|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=15 February 2017}}</ref> Ulahannan's son Jerry's casting was yet to be finalised as of June.<ref>{{cite news|last=മാത്യു|first=അനീഷ് കെ.|title=ജിബുവിന്റെ മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ ചിത്രം ജൂലായ് 11ന് തുടങ്ങും|trans-title=Jubu's Mohanlal Film Starts in July 11|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-jibujacob-sindhuraj-newmalayalammovie-meena-ansibahassan-malayalam-news-1.1150080|accessdate=29 December 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=ml}}</ref> Finally, [[Sanoop Santhosh]] played his seven-year-old son.<ref name="bilathikulam"/>

In July, additional cast members [[Anoop Menon]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], and [[Srinda Arhaan]] were confirmed. Alencier plays Jacobettan, who lives in the same neighbourhood of Ulahannan and was to have his own subplot in the film.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sanjith|last=Sidhardhan|title=After Mammootty, Alencier to share screen with Mohanlal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/After-Mammootty-Alencier-to-share-screen-with-Mohanlal/articleshow/53190728.cms|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 July 2016}}</ref> Anoop Menon plays Venukuttan, a government official, Ulahannan's neighbour and a close confidant; certain of his actions would alter Ulahannan's status quo.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sanjith|last=Sidhardhan|title=Anoop Menon to play Mohanlal's buddy again|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Anoop-Menon-to-play-Mohanlals-buddy-again/articleshow/53130484.cms|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2016}}</ref> The film also revolves around the subplot of Venukuttan and his homemaker wife Latha, played by Arhaan. The couple lives a complete, happy life and shares the neighbourhood with Ulahannan.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anjana|last=George|title=Srinda plays a smart homemaker in next|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Srinda-plays-a-smart-homemaker-in-next/articleshow/53193143.cms|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 July 2016}}</ref> In August, [[Rahul Madhav]] was confirmed to appear in a cameo role as Ulahannan's brother-in-law.<ref name="rahul">{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Rahul Madhav is Mohanlal's 'aliyan' in next|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Rahul-Madhav-is-Mohanlals-aliyan-in-next/articleshow/53476722.cms|accessdate=22 September 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 August 2016}}</ref> [[Neha Saxena (film actress)|Neha Saxena]] was signed to play Julie, a [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-residential Indian]] girl who becomes a turning-point in Ulahannan's family life. Paul offered her the role after recognising her performance in ''[[Kasaba (2016 film)|Kasaba]]''.<ref name="saxena">{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Interview: 'Kasaba' actress Neha Saxena in Mohanlal movie; opens up on working with superstar [PHOTOS]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/exclusive-interview-kasaba-actress-neha-saxena-mohanlal-movie-opens-working-superstar-688882|accessdate=22 September 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=4 August 2016}}</ref> [[Sharaf U Dheen]] was also confirmed in August.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|title=Serious about comedy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Serious-about-comedy/article14586986.ece|accessdate=21 January 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 August 2016}}</ref> Manju Sunil played Sicily, an LD clerk in Ulahannan's office, who has a crush on him.<ref>{{cite news|last=സെൻ|first=ബൈജു പി.|title=ഉമ്മ വച്ചപ്പോള്‍ ലാലേട്ടന്‍ പറഞ്ഞു 'ഇനി ഞാന്‍ ഈ കൈ കഴുകുന്നില്ല'|trans-title=Lalettan Said When Kissed 'I Will Not Wash This Hand'|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actress-manju-sunil-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-mohanlal-malayalammovie-1.1818564|accessdate=29 December 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=23 March 2017|language=ml}}</ref> [[Asha Sarath]] made a [[cameo appearance]] as Indulekha,<ref>{{cite news|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|title=Juggling dance, films and a family is not easy; I might have lost a few good films: Asha Sharath|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/juggling-dance-films-and-a-family-is-not-easy-i-might-have-lost-a-few-good-films-asha-sharath/articleshow/57893968.cms|accessdate=29 December 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 March 2017}}</ref> [[Joy Mathew]] and [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] also appear in cameo roles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=5 reasons to watch Mohanlal's Munthirivallikal Thalirkumbol|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/5-reasons-to-watch-mohanlals-munthirivallikal-thalirkumbol/articleshow/56702894.cms|accessdate=29 December 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:VembanadBackwaters.jpg|thumb|Alappuzha was the location for a song sequence.]]
The film was planned to start production as soon as the script had been finished.<ref name="adaptation"/> In May 2016, Sindhuraj announced that filming would commence on 20 June, right after Mohanlal completed his work on ''[[Oppam]]''.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sanjith|last=Sidhardhan|title=Mohanlal to film Jibu Jacob's movie in June|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-to-film-Jibu-Jacobs-movie-in-June/articleshow/52307756.cms|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 May 2016}}</ref> Under the [[working title]] ''Production No:2'', [[principal photography]] began on 15 July 2016 in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]; a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony for the film was held that day. Most of the crew members from Jacob's debut and previous film ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' were retained for ''Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Mohanlal, Meena start shooting for untitled Jibu Jacob movie [PHOTOS]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlal-meena-start-shooting-untitled-jibu-jacob-movie-photos-686732|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=15 July 2016}}</ref> Mohanlal, Meena, Aima, Santhosh, and Madhav were present in the first shot. A fifty-day shoot was planned in Kozhikode.<ref>{{cite web|author=Online desk|title=ഉലഹന്നാനായി ലാലേട്ടന്‍ എത്തുന്നു|trans-title=Mohanlal As Ulahannan|url=http://www.vellinakshatram.com/online/report/Mohanlal-and-Meena-again--husband-and-wife-in-Jibu-Jacob-film--_2016-07-28.php|publisher=[[Vellinakshatram (magazine)|Vellinakshatram]]|accessdate=29 December 2017|language=ml|date=28 July 2016}}</ref> The schedule was expected to break after twenty-five days.<ref>{{cite news|author=Times News Network|title=Mohanlal's next to start filming in Kozhikode|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlals-next-to-start-filming-in-Kozhikode/articleshow/53130359.cms|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 July 2016}}</ref>

The film, which is set in the backdrop of a housing colony, was shot in the Bilathikulam housing colony in Kozhikode.<ref name="bilathikulam">{{cite news|author=Mathrubhumi|title=Ulahannan's attempts to win back his lost love|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movies/ulahannan-s-attempts-to-win-back-his-lost-love-english-news-1.1207306|accessdate=24 December 2016|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=16 July 2016}}</ref> Over eighty percent of the film was shot at Kozhikode. For the housing colony, the team searched across the state for one that is densely populated and found the Kesava Menon Nagar in the [[suburb]] of Bilathikulam in [[Nadakkavu]], Kozhikode. Another location in Kozhikode was the Chelapram, which was renamed [[Keezhattur]] panchayat in the film. Apart from actors, many of the residents of the Kesava Menon Nagar appear in the film in a song sequence featuring Meena, and contributed to the filming process.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nechiyil|first=Sahla|title=Starring in Munthirivallikal...is Bilathikkulam|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/dec/07/starring-in---munthirivallikalis-bilathikkulam-1546661.html|access-date=23 December 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 December 2016}}</ref> Some scenes were shot in Chelambram.<ref>{{cite news|title=ഉലഹന്നാൻ നഷ്ടപ്രണയം തിരിച്ചുപിടിക്കുമ്പോൾ|trans-title=As Ulahannan Retains His Lost love|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/mohanlal-new-movie-malayalam-news-1.1207017|accessdate=29 December 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=16 July 2016|language=ml}}</ref> A scene was set at a [[bus terminus]] in Kozhikode, but when Mohanlal arrived, a large crowd of spectators gathered and caused a [[Traffic congestion|traffic jam]], making it difficult to shoot. It forced them to shift the location, and the scene was later shot surreptitiously with hidden cameras at [[Thamarassery]], Kozhikode.<ref name="shimla">{{cite news|last=Sebastian|first=Shevlin|title=Snaky encounters of Sindhuraj's scriptwriting|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/nov/15/snaky-encounters-of-sindhurajs-scriptwriting-1538974--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224030611/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/nov/15/snaky-encounters-of-sindhurajs-scriptwriting-1538974--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2016|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> Madhav shot for four days,<ref name="rahul"/> while Saxena had five days.<ref name="saxena"/>

The first schedule ended by mid-August 2016 and after a schedule break, the second schedule began at the locations in Bilathikulam on 3 September.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Mohanlal resumes shooting in Kozhikode|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Malayalam/Movies/News/Mohanlal-resumes-shooting-in-Kozhikode/articleshow/54015686.cms|accessdate=22 September 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 September 2016}}</ref> The filming continued until a break again during [[Onam]] festival.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Mohanlal gets too immersed in his role as a commoner|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-gets-too-immersed-in-his-role-as-a-commoner/articleshow/53945339.cms|accessdate=22 September 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 September 2016}}</ref> It was resumed shortly, and expected to be finished by early October.<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Mohanlal-Jibu Jacob film titled 'Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol'|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal-jibu-jacob-film-titled-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-news-malayalam-qjnj0Fbicjcfg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224033107/http://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal-jibu-jacob-film-titled-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-news-malayalam-qjnj0Fbicjcfg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2016|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=23 December 2016|date=13 September 2016}}</ref> It was completed before October and for the next schedule, the crew moved to [[Alappuzha district]] where, in [[Kuttanad]], Ulahannan and Annyamma's [[ancestral home]]s are situated in the film. The four-day long shoot in Kuttanad was for a song sequence.<ref>{{cite news|last=വാരിയർ|first=ശ്രീജിത്ത് കെ.|title=എന്തുകൊണ്ടോ അങ്ങനെയൊന്ന് ഒത്തുവന്നില്ല: മോഹൻലാൽ|language=ml|trans-title=Somehow That Didn't Came Up: Mohanlal|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/mohanlal-at-alappuzha-jibu-jacob-movie.html|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=1 October 2016}}</ref> Filming in Kuttanad was over by 3 October. Filming next took place at [[Nedumudi]], [[Kainakary]], and in [[Alappuzha Beach]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Mathrubhumi|title=മുന്തിരിവള്ളികൾക്കിടയിൽ കുട്ടനാടൻ രുചിയറിഞ്ഞു ലാലേട്ടൻ|language=ml|trans-title=Lalettan Having Kuttanadan Tastes In Between Grapevines|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/malayalam-news/mankompu-1.1395843|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=2 October 2016}}</ref> A song was also shot in [[Monkombu|Mankombu]] and Muppalam, [[Alappuzha]] city. The schedule in Alappuzha district was one week long.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mangalam|title=23 വർഷത്തിന് ശേഷം ആവേശം പകർന്ന് മോഹൻലാൽ കുട്ടനാട്ടിൽ; മങ്കോമ്പിലും മുപ്പാലത്തും ആലപ്പുഴ നഗരത്തിലും ലാൽ തരംഗം|language=ml|trans-title=Mohanlal Uplifting Kuttanad After 23 Years; Lal Mania in Mankombu Muppalam and in Alappuzha City|url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail.html?id=38601|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=[[Mangalam Publications]]|date=4 October 2016}}</ref> After completing the scenes in Kerala, a song sequence remained to be shot outside the state.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mangalam|title=മോഹൻലാൽ-ജിബു ജേക്കബ് ചിത്രം 'മുന്തിരിവള്ളികൾ തളിർക്കുമ്പോൾ'|trans-title=Mohanlal-Jibu Jacob Film 'Muthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol'|url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/31890-latest-news-jibu-jacob-and-mohanlal-movie.html|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=[[Mangalam Publications]]|date=11 September 2016|language=ml}}</ref> It was filmed in an outdoor location at [[Narkanda]] in [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="shimla"/> The complete filming process took a total of sixty days.<ref>{{cite news|last=എം.|first=പുഷ്പ|title=ബിസിനസ്സ് തകര്‍ന്നപ്പോള്‍ വീടു വിറ്റു, പിന്നീട് അതേ വീട് വിലകൊടുത്തു വാങ്ങി: സോഫിയ പോള്‍|trans-title=Sold House After Business Broke, Bought the Same House Later: Sophia Paul|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/sophia-paul-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-mohanlal-1.1693151|accessdate=29 December 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=30 January 2017|language=ml}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Further|Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol (soundtrack)}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Bijibal]] and [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2016|12|4}}
| recorded = October 2016
| venue =
| studio = Muzik Lounge School of Audio Technology, [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = {{Duration|m=16|s=32}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = Enkore Entertainment
| producer = {{hlist|Bijibal|M. Jayachandran}}
| chronology = [[Bijibal]]
| prev_title = [[Kuttikalundu Sookshikkuka]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Aby (film)|Aby]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Marupadi]]
| prev_year = 2016
| title = Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol
| year = 2016
| next_title = [[Kambhoji (film)|Kambhoji]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
}}

''Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol'', the original soundtrack album of the film features songs composed by [[Bijibal]], who also composed the score, and [[M. Jayachandran]]. Both of them composed two songs for the four song soundtrack—"Maarivillu" and "Oru Puzhayarikil" by Bijibal, "Punnamada Kayal" and "Athimara Kombile" by Jayachandran.<ref name="jukebox">{{cite news|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|title=The jukebox of Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol is out!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/the-jukebox-of-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-is-out/articleshow/56120029.cms|accessdate=22 December 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Rafeeq Ahamed]], [[Dr Madhu Vasudevan|Madhu Vasudevan]], and D. B. Ajithkumar. The launch for the film's music was held at a function at the [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|Taj Hotel]] in [[Kochi]] on 4 December 2016 in the presence of the film crew and other guests.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol teaser out; will it be the next hit of Mohanlal?|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-teaser-out-will-it-be-next-hit-mohanlal-706974|accessdate=22 December 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 December 2016}}</ref> The soundtrack was released for [[Music download|digital download]] by Enkore Entertainment on 25 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by M. Jayachandran on Apple Music|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-original-motion-picture/1198985098|publisher=[[iTunes]]|access-date=26 December 2017|date=25 January 2017}}</ref>

The film's first [[music video]], ''Punnamada Kayal'' debuted on [[YouTube]] on 16 December 2016. The song features Ulahannan and his family cheering for a [[vallam kali]] and their other family moments.<ref>{{cite news|author=Correspondent|title=Punnamada Kayal: Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol's new song and its family feel|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/punnamada-kayal-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-s-new-song-and-its-family-feel/story-j07nAVxyE9gZoKO1pUI0CJ.html|accessdate=22 December 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=17 December 2016}}</ref> The makers also released a "how-it-was-made" video of the song "Athimara Kombile" on the video-sharing site; it was sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Vijay Yesudas]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|title=Making video of Athimarakombile song is out|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/making-video-of-athimarakombile-song-is-out/articleshow/56119704.cms|accessdate=22 December 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 December 2016}}</ref> Its music video was released on 25 January 2017, the song featured locales in Shimla.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Watch Athimarakombile video song from Mohanlal's Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-athimarakombile-video-song-mohanlals-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-713569|accessdate=25 January 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 January 2017}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| total_length = 16:32
| extra_column = Performer(s)

| title1 = Athimara Kombile
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| music1 = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:45

| title2 = Oru Puzhayarikil
| lyrics2 = Rafeeq Ahammed
| music2 = [[Bijibal]]
| extra2 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length2 = 3:59

| title3 = Punnamada Kayal
| lyrics3 = [[Dr Madhu Vasudevan|Madhu Vasudevan]]
| music3 = M. Jayachandran
| extra3 = Jithin Raj
| length3 = 4:42

| title4 = Maarivillu
| lyrics4 = D. B. Ajithkumar
| music4 = Bijibal
| extra4 = Bijibal
| length4 = 3:06
}}

== Release ==
''Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol'' was initially scheduled to be released on 4 November 2016 during [[Diwali]]. It was postponed by Sophia Paul to 22 December 2016 to release before Christmas, to avoid a clash with Mohanlal-starring films ''[[Oppam]]'' and ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' still running in theatres.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Mohanlal's Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol release date postponed due to Oppam, Pulimurugan success|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-munthirivallikal-Thalirkkumbol-release-date-postponed-due-oppam-pulimurugan-success-700627|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=21 October 2016}}</ref> The 154 minute long film cleared censoring by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] on 19 December with no cuts.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Mohanlal's Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol and Dulquer Salmaan's Jomonte Suviseshangal censored|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-dulquer-salmaans-jomonte-suviseshangal-censored-709172|accessdate=26 December 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=20 December 2016}}</ref> However, the projected release was delayed when the Kerala Film Producers Association (KFPA) announced an indefinite [[Strike action|strike]] in [[Kerala]] from 16 December 2016, following a dispute with the Kerala Film Exhibitors Federation (KFEF) over revenue sharing, that halted the screening of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Tiff between Mollywood associations may impact film release in State|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/nov/15/tiff-between-mollywood-associations-may-impact-film-release-in-state-1538636.html|access-date=26 December 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The dispute ended on 14 January 2017. The film was rescheduled and released in India on 20 January 2017 by Weekend Blockbusters.<ref>{{cite news|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ|title=കുടുംബവഴക്ക് കഴിഞ്ഞു; ഉലഹന്നാൻ ജനുവരി 20ന് എത്തും|trans-title=Family Fight is Over; Ulahannan Will Arrive in 20 January|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/new-releases/munthiri-vallikal-thalirkumbol-january-20-release.html|accessdate=14 January 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=14 January 2017|language=ml}}</ref>

''Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol'' had the largest distribution for a Malayalam film in the country. It was released in 337 screens (exceeding 330 screens for ''Pulimurugan''), with 185 screens in [[Kerala]] alone.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Sree Prasad|title=Mohanlal's Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol opened to positive reports|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/mohanlal-s-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-opened-to-positive-reports-1484909775.html|accessdate=20 January 2017|work=Catch News|date=20 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jaleel|first=Farsana|title=ആദ്യ ദിനം തന്നെ പുലിമുയർഗന്റെ റെക്കോർഡ് ഭേദിച് മുന്തിരി വള്ളികൾ|trans-title=Munthiri Vallikal Broke the Record of Pulimuurgan in the First Day Itself|url=http://www.kalakaumudi.com/malayalam/movie/Munthiri-Vallikal-crosses-Pulimurukan-record-2017-01-20.php|accessdate=20 January 2017|work=[[Kalakaumudi]]|date=20 January 2017|language=ml}}</ref> The film released internationally from 9 February on, debuting in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|author=USA Indian Movies|title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol From February 9th|url=https://www.facebook.com/usaindianmovie/photos/a.793549474017811.1073741828.793145357391556/1314668251905928/?type=3&theater|publisher=[[Facebook]]|accessdate=12 February 2017|date=9 February 2017}}</ref> It released in the [[United Arab Emirates]] on 16 February.<ref name="gulf"/> Distributed by PJ Entertainments, the film released in the Europe on 17 February, with 75 screens in the United Kingdom and 17 in Ireland.<ref name="US">{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol: Mohanlal-starrer scores big at US box office; Europe release date out|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/munthirivallikal-Thalirkkumbol-mohanlal-starrer-scores-big-us-box-office-europe-release-date-out-715956|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref> [[Srinda Arhaan]] won the Asianet Film Award for Best Supporting Actor - Female for this film in 2017.

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film debuted with over {{INR|link=yes}}2.62 [[crore]] ({{INR}}26.2 million) gross collection on the opening day from the Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Munthirivallikal..in 50-crore club, Mohanlal thanks all|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/mar/01/munthirivallikalin-50-crore-clubmohanlal-thanks-all-1575955.html|access-date=30 December 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=1 March 2017}}</ref> It grossed {{INR}}3.25 crore ({{INR}}32.5 million) on Sunday (day 3) taking its weekend total to {{INR}}8.70 crore ({{INR}}87 million)—the second highest-grossing opening weekend at the Kerala box office (after ''[[Pulimurugan]]'').<ref>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Sree Prasad|title=Mohanlal's Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol had a record opening weekend, emerges second top Malayalam film after Pulimurugan|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/mohanlal-s-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-had-a-record-opening-weekend-emerges-second-top-malayalam-film-after-pulimurugan-1485172613.html|accessdate=24 January 2017|work=Catch News|date=23 January 2017}}</ref> It collected around {{INR}}14 crore ({{INR}}140 million) in its opening week, to become the second-highest opening week at the Kerala box office, beating ''Oppam'' and second to ''Pulimurugan''.<ref>{{cite web|last=DM|title=ബോക്സ് ഓഫീസിൽ കോടികൾ വാരി ജോമോനും മുന്തിരിവള്ളികളും...|trans-title=Jomon and Munthirivallikal Grabbing Crores at the Box Office...|url=http://www.vellinakshatram.com/online/news/Jomonte-Suvisheshangal-Munthirivallikal-Thalirkkumbol-BoxOffice-1-Week-Report_2017-01-27.php|publisher=[[Vellinakshatram (magazine)|Vellinakshatram]]|accessdate=28 January 2017|language=ml|date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Express Web Desk|title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol box office: Mohanlal film second only to Pulimurugan|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-box-office-mohanlal-film-second-only-to-pulimurugan-4494632/|accessdate=27 January 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 January 2017}}</ref> By the tenth day, the film grossed a total of {{INR}}19.65 crore ({{INR}}196.5 million) from the state and completed 5000 screenings, making it the second-fastest film to cross the {{INR}}20 crore ({{INR}}200 million) mark after ''Pulimurugan''.<ref name="gross1">{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Kerala box office: Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol becomes 2nd fastest Mohanlal movie to cross Rs 20 crore mark|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-becomes-2nd-fastest-mohanlal-movie-cross-rs-20-714250|accessdate=31 January 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Sree Prasad|title=It's Mohanlal vs mohanlal at Kerala Box Office as Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol emerges 2nd fastest film after Pulimurugan to complete 5000 shows|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/it-s-mohanlal-vs-mohanlal-at-kerala-box-office-as-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-emerges-2nd-fastest-film-after-pulimurugan-to-complete-5000-shows-1485866778.html|accessdate=2 February 2017|work=Catch News|date=31 January 2017}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR}}30 crore ({{INR}}300 million) nationwide in twenty-one days and completed 10,000 screenings in Kerala theatres alone.<ref name="gross2">{{cite news|author=Mathrubhumi|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/orumunthirivallikalthalirkkumbol-mohanlal-meena-jibujacob-superhitmovie-1.1723373|title=30 കോടി; പതിനായിരം ഷോ; മുന്തിരിവള്ളികൾ കുതിക്കുന്നു|trans-title=30 Crore, 10,000 Shows; Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol Leaps|accessdate=11 February 2017|date=11 February 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=ml}}</ref> It completed more than 15,000 screenings in Kerala in one month, grossed {{INR}}38 crore from India and {{INR}}50 crore from the worldwide box office.<ref name="gross3">{{cite news|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ|title=50 കോടി വാരി മുന്തിരിവള്ളികൾ തളിർക്കുമ്പോൾ|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/50-crore-collection-for-munthirivallikal-thalirkumbol.html|accessdate=28 February 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=27 February 2017|language=ml}}</ref>

The film grossed {{US$|646,993|link=yes}} on the opening weekend (16 – 19 February) in the [[United Arab Emirates]] from 47 screens, the second best opener that weekend. In six weekends, it grossed US$976,231 in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Munthiri Vallikal|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fMUNTHIRIVALLIKAL02&country=UE&wk=2017W9&id=_fMUNTHIRIVALLIKAL02&p=.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=30 December 2017}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the film grossed [[Pound sterling|£]]81,577 in the opening weekend from 71 sites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2017/feb/21/uk-box-office-lego-batman-fifty-shades-darker-moonlight|title=Moonlight shines at UK box office as Lego Batman overshadows Fifty Shades|first=Charles|last=Gant|date=21 February 2017|website=the Guardian}}</ref> It crossed the £100,000 mark in four days, becoming the second highest-grossing Malayalam film in the United Kingdom (behind ''Pulimurugan'').<ref name="taranadarsh">{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=UK box office: Mohanlal's Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol breaks Oppam, Drishyam's collections; yet to cross Pulimurugan's record|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/uk-box-office-mohanlals-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-breaks-oppam-drishyams-collections-yet-716797|accessdate=30 December 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=21 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> It grossed £20,672 in the second weekend (24 – 26 February) from 60 screens, taking its total to £162,813 from two weekends.<ref name="NZ">{{cite news|title='Rangoon' average in overseas; collects 1.11 mil. USD [Rs. 7.45 cr]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/rangoon-disappoints-overseas-collects-900k-usd-rs-6-0-cr/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=30 December 2017|date=28 February 2017}}</ref> It grossed £175,499 from the United Kingdom and Ireland territories in four weekends.<ref>{{cite news|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania beats Jolly LLB 2 in overseas, is the third highest opening weekend grosser of 2017 after Raees and Kaabil|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/badrinath-ki-dulhania-beats-jolly-llb-2-in-overseas-is-the-third-highest-opening-weekend-grosser-of-2017-after-raees-and-kaabil/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=30 December 2017|date=13 March 2017}}</ref> The film grossed US$50,800 in the opening weekend (10 – 12 February) from 11 screens in the United States.<ref name="US"/> The film remained strong after two weekends according to trade analyst [[Taran Adarsh]].<ref name="taranadarsh"/> It grossed US$29,376 in the second weekend from 11 screens for a total of US$95,143 from two weekends.<ref>{{cite news|title='Running Shaadi' and 'Irada' are disaster in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/overseas/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=30 December 2017|date=21 February 2017}}</ref> From seven weekends in the United States, the film grossed US$145,836, with US$1,058 from the seventh weekend (24 – 26 March).<ref>{{cite news|title='Phillauri' decent in overseas, collects 1.21 mil. USD [7.87 cr.]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/phillauri-decent-in-overseas-collects-1-21-mil-usd-7-87-cr/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=30 December 2017|date=28 March 2017}}</ref> The film grossed [[New Zealand dollar|$NZ]] 4,624 from 2 screens in the opening weekend (24 – 26 February) in New Zealand.<ref name="NZ"/>

===Critical response===
The film received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news|last=U. R.|first=Arya|title='Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol' Crosses 20-Crore Mark at Box Office!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-crosses-20-crore-mark-at-box-office/articleshow/56932407.cms|accessdate=2 February 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Sree Prasad|title=After Drishyam, Venkatesh to reprise Mohanlal's role in Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/after-drishyam-venkatesh-to-reprise-mohanlal-s-role-in-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-1485638233.html|accessdate=2 February 2017|work=Catch News|date=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barua|first=Richa|title=Malayalam superstar Mohanlal beats Dulquer Salmaan|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/entertainment/malayalam-superstar-mohanlal-to-beat-dulquer-know-how|accessdate=2 February 2017|work=[[Asianet News]]|date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Anu James of the ''[[International Business Times]]'' wrote "''Munthitivallikal Thalirkkumbol'' will make you fall in love with your spouse all over again ... it has an engaging storyline with many comedy elements that will make the audience remember the good old Malayalam movies," and praised Mohanlal, saying: "It's Mohanlal who shines throughout the movie with his charisma and natural performance. From an uninterested husband to the most lovable person, he convincingly transforms setting an example to everyone around him."<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol review: Mohanlal-Meena make you fall in love with your spouse all over again|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-review-mohanlal-meena-make-you-fall-love-your-spouse-all-over-713098|accessdate=21 January 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=21 January 2017}}</ref> The reviewer from [[Sify]] called the film a "super treat for families!" and wrote, "''Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol'' is an engaging family saga that justifies its tagline 'My life is my wife' ... scenarist M. Sindhuraj has come up with a competent script, with honest intentions." The reviewer praised Mohanlal's performance, saying he "gets into the shoes of Ulahannan in a spectacular way. He is funny, genuine and brilliant, evoking memories of some of his acclaimed films," he also mentioned Menon's "impressive comic timing."<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Review : Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol- Super treat for families!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol--super-treat-for-families--review-malayalam-rbuqiSjjdeagg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120230705/http://www.sify.com/movies/munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol--super-treat-for-families--review-malayalam-rbuqiSjjdeagg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2017|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=21 January 2017|date=20 January 2017}}</ref>

Rating the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "''Munthirivallikal Thalirkumbol'' is one of the better family-oriented movies to come out in Mollywood in a long time and is worth watching." He added, "the movie's strength is undoubtedly its script and dialogues written by M. Sindhuraj. There are so many times where you feel like the movie would go a predictable path or get preachy but the director and scriptwriter has ensured that they have kept things fresh...[.]" He also praised the Mohanlal's versatility.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol/movie-review/56685189.cms|accessdate=21 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 January 2017}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' described the film as "an extraordinary story of an ordinary family" and rated it 3.5 out of 5 stars, calling it a "[[slice of life]] film." He added, "without an iota of vulgarity or scenes that make the family audience uncomfortable, Jibu Jacob has dealt with the most controversial topic — infidelity — in the most charming way possible. Everyone in the film has given a convincing performance while Mohanlal and Meena have performed their roles with maturity and nuance."<ref>{{cite news|last=R.|first=Manoj Kumar|title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol movie review: Mohanlal film is an extraordinary story of an ordinary family|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-movie-review-mohanlal-starrer-is-all-about-loving-the-family-4483477/|accessdate=21 January 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 January 2017}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Rating 3.5 stars out of 5, Mythili Ramachandran of the ''[[Gulf News]]'' wrote: "This family drama — a cocktail of humour, love, and emotion — wins with a simple and sincere story ... Sindhuraj's story is something many Indian women will connect with." She also praised the actors' performances.<ref name="gulf">{{cite news|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Mythily|title='Munthiri Vallikal Thalirkumbol' film review: Love rediscovered|url=http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/reviews/munthiri-vallikal-thalirkumbol-film-review-love-rediscovered-1.1978752|accessdate=15 February 2017|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=15 February 2017}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', Litty Simon awarded 3.25 on a scale of 5 and said: "Jibu [Jacob] has made the characters and their performance as real as it could be. With a great balance of subtle humor and striking reality, the movie appeals to the audience in the best possible way." Simon praised the cast's performance, especially Mohanlal's, and praised the technical side including the music, cinematography, and editing. She added that the film has a "neat narrative" and "perfectly explores the concept of romance from various angles."<ref>{{cite news|last=Simon|first=Litty|title='Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol' movie review: revitalizing life|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/mohanlal-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-jibu-jacob-movie-review.html|accessdate=21 January 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=20 January 2017}}{{Rating|3.5|5|score=3.25/5 stars}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' critic Anna M. M. Vetticad rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and said: "''Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol'' is a pleasant film, both charming and likeable. It is relatable, insightful and entertaining — a blend that is no mean achievement." She praised the casting, saying "even the littlest role seems to have been cast with care" and the actors' performances.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vetticad|first=Anna M. M.|title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol movie review: Mohanlal, Meena headline a charming, likeable film|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-movie-review-mohanlal-and-meena-headline-a-charming-likeable-film-3214112.html|accessdate=21 January 2017|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=21 January 2017}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Aneesh K. Mathew of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' was enthusiastic about Mohanlal's performance. He felt the film was entertaining from the beginning to end, and Sindhiraj and Jacob have made a "best family film."<ref>{{cite news|last=മാത്യു|first=അനീഷ് കെ.|title=പൂത്തുതളിർക്കുന്ന പ്രണയത്തിന്റെ മുന്തിരിവള്ളികൾ|trans-title=Munthirivallikal of the Blossomed Sprouting Romance|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/munthirivallikalthalirkkumbol-mohanlal-meena-jibujacob-1.1669773|accessdate=24 January 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=20 January 2017|language=ml|archive-date=22 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122154641/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/munthirivallikalthalirkkumbol-mohanlal-meena-jibujacob-1.1669773|url-status=dead}}</ref> V. G. Nakul of ''[[Kalakaumudi]]'' stated that the "film will reflect some of the characters and situations we are familiar with ... some events which could or can happen in a family, with a simple beginning and an end. In between it reminds us of some things, and it is the sweetness and beauty in it that makes this film different." He also praised Mohanlal's performance.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nakul|first=V. G.|title=മുന്തിരി വള്ളികൾ തളിർക്കുമ്പോൾ|url=http://www.kalakaumudi.com/malayalam/movie/Munthirivallikal-Thalirkkumbol-Review-2017-01-20.php|trans-title=Munthiri Vallikal Thalirkkumbol|accessdate=24 January 2017|work=[[Kalakaumudi]]|date=20 January 2017|language=ml}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'', V. Sreekanth elaborated on how the film shows that the love that sprouts in a family is higher than any other love. He praised Mohanlal's performance, and the making, characterization and music, concluding that "the film is well entertaining."<ref>{{cite news|last=Sreekanth|first=V.|title=പ്രണയം തളിർക്കുന്ന മുന്തിരിവള്ളികൾ|trans-title=Romance Sprouting Munthirivallikal|url=http://www.deepika.com/bigscreen/BigScreenNews.aspx?ReviewID=227|accessdate=24 January 2017|work=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]|date=20 January 2017|language=ml}}</ref>

===Accolades===
Mohanlal received the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award]] for his performance in the film.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{facebook|munthirivallikalthalirkkumbol}}
* {{IMDb title|6097918}}
* [http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/pranayopanishath ''Pranayopanishath'', the book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512143629/http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/pranayopanishath |date=12 May 2017 }}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]

Jannat Zubair Rahmani

2026-03-25T19:08:37Z

Shumail: improved article after review

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jannat Zubair Rahmani
| image = Jannat Zubair Rahmani snapped at the screening of Punjabi film Chal Bhajj Chaliye (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rahmani in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|08|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| awards =
| yearsactive = 2008–present
| notable_works = ''[[Phulwa]]'' ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]'' ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12|Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]]''
}}

'''Jannat Zubair Rahmani''' (born 29 August 2001)<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2019 |title=Jannat Zubair turns 18; celebrates birthday with Somi-Saba Khan, Reem Sheikh, Vikas Gupta and others |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jannat-zubair-turns-18-celebrates-birthday-with-somi-saba-khan-reem-sheikh-vikas-gupta-and-others/photostory/70912239.cms |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian actress who predominantly acts in [[Hindi]]-language television shows and films. She is best known for portraying Kashi in ''Kashi – Ab Na Rahe Tera Kagaz Kora'', Phulwa in ''[[Phulwa]]'', and Pankti in ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''. In 2022, Rahmani participated on [[Colors TV]]'s stunt-based show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]],'' where she finished at 4th place.

== Early life and education ==
Rahmani was born to Zubair Ahmad Rahmani and Nazneen Zubair Rahmani<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2021 |title=Meet the TV actors who cannot travel without their parents |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-tv-actors-who-cannot-travel-without-their-parents/photostory/81962779.cms |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> on 29 August 2001 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Prerna |title=Jannat Zubair turns 20: Fans can't keep calm as they share sweet birthday wishes for actress on Twitter |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/jannat-zubair-turns-20-fans-can-t-keep-calm-as-they-share-sweet-birthday-wishes-for-actress-on-twitter-730041 |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=India TV News |date=29 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, Zubair scored 81% in her class XII HSC boards.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HSC Result 2019: Tu Aashiqui fame Jannat Zubair Rehmani secures 81 percent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hsc-result-2019-tu-aashiqui-fame-jannat-zubair-rehmani-secures-81-percent/articleshow/69546774.cms |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=28 May 2019}}</ref> She pursued graduation from a private college in [[Kandivali]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jannat Zubair Rahmani shares her happiness after scoring 81% in 12th board exams {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/telly-talk/jannat-zubair-rahmani-shares-her-happiness-after-scoring-81-in-12th-board-exams-exclusive/33111 |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=Times Now |date=30 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
She started her acting career in 2008 with ''Chand Ke Paar Chalo'' on [[NDTV Imagine]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=24 August 2023 |title=Jannat Zubair meets die-hard fan in Phuket who got her name and picture tattooed on her arm; thanks her for 'unconditional support' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jannat-zubair-meets-die-hard-fan-in-phuket-who-got-her-name-and-picture-tattooed-on-her-arm-thanks-her-for-unconditional-support/articleshow/103016158.cms |access-date=14 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She further went on to work in [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]'s [[Medical drama|medical]] [[Romance film|romance]] ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'' where she played the cameo role of a young patient Tamanna, but gained recognition as child artist through [[Imagine TV]]'s ''Kashi – Ab Na Rahe Tera Kagaz Kora'' and [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Phulwa]]'' in 2010 and 2011 respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2018 |title=From Siddharth Nigam, Jannat Zubair Rehmani to Avneet Kaur: Young brigade take over TV |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-siddharth-nigam-jannat-zubair-rehmani-to-avneet-kaur-young-brigade-take-over-tv/photostory/66639384.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116004645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-siddharth-nigam-jannat-zubair-rehmani-to-avneet-kaur-young-brigade-take-over-tv/photostory/66639384.cms |archive-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> She then played the role of Young Phool Kanwar in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap|Bharat Ka Veer Putra–Maharana Pratap]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Jannat Zubair in Maharana Pratap |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jannat-Zubair-Roshani-Walia-in-Maharana-Pratap/articleshow/31466385.cms |url-status=live |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520000217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jannat-Zubair-Roshani-Walia-in-Maharana-Pratap/articleshow/31466385.cms |archive-date=20 May 2018}}</ref>

In 2017, Rahmani starred in [[Colors TV]]'s romantic ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]'' played main role of Pankti Sharma Dhanrajgir. In 2018, she appeared in the Bollywood film ''[[Hichki]]'', portraying a student.<ref name="Hichki">{{cite news |date=17 March 2018 |title=KISSING SCENE को 'ना' कहने वाली टीवी स्टार जन्नत 'हिचकी' में निभाएंगी अहम किरदार |language=hindi |work=Patrika News |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/kissing-controversy-actress-jannat-zubair-has-important-role-in-hichki-2507065/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010220006/https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/kissing-controversy-actress-jannat-zubair-has-important-role-in-hichki-2507065/ |archive-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

In 2022, she competed in [[Colors TV]]'s stunt-based reality show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]]'', finishing in 4th place.<ref>{{Cite news |title=I've enjoyed doing all the stunts and I can't wait for everyone to watch it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kkk12s-jannat-zubair-rahmani-on-missing-acting-many-dont-know-i-was-a-child-actor-they-only-know-me-as-a-social-media-influencer/photostory/92635996.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> She made her [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi]] film debut with ''Kulche Chole'' starring alongside Dilraj Grewal,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=Jannat Zubair to make her lead debut with 'Kulche Chole' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/jannat-zubair-to-make-her-lead-debut-with-kulche-chole--news-230633 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>The film was released on 11 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2022 |title=Kulche Chole movie: Dilraj Grewal, Jannat Zubair serve a middling dish that lacks flavour |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kulche-chole-movie-review-rating-dilraj-grewal-jannat-zubair-8263286/ |access-date=14 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In June 2025, she entered as contestant in the [[Prime Video]]'s ''[[The Traitors India season 1|The Traitors India]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fernandes|first=Shefali|date=30 May 2025|title=The Traitors CONFIRMED Contestants List: Jannat Zubair, Karan Kundrra, Apoorva Mukhija Join The Ultimate Test Of Trust & Betrayal|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-traitors-confirmed-contestants-list-jannat-zubair-karan-kundrra-apoorva-mukhija-join-the-ultimate-test-of-trust-betrayal|access-date=16 June 2025|work=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en}}</ref> She was eliminated on Day 9 and placed 8th.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narain|first=Yatamanyu|date=27 June 2025|title=Jannat Zubair Bids Emotional Goodbye To The Traitors, Says ‘Loyality Costs You'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/webseries/jannat-zubair-bids-emotional-goodbye-to-the-traitors-says-loyality-costs-you-ws-kl-9408453.html|access-date=1 July 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Media==
In January 2020, Jannat was brought in as the [[brand ambassador]] of UBON, an electronics brand in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ravi |date=29 January 2020 |title=UBON's New Brand Ambassador - Actress Jannat Zubair {{!}} Tik-Tok Sensation |url=https://thenationaltv.com/News/ubon-s-new-brand-ambassador-actress-jannat-zubair-tik-tok-sensation |access-date= |work=the National TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=NDM News |date=5 January 2020 |title=UBON Appoints Internet Sensation Jannat Zubair as its Brand Ambassador |url=https://digitalterminal.in/news/17842.html |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=DIGITAL TERMINAL |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Rahmani featured in [[Forbes 30 Under 30]] list in the "Media, Marketing and Advertising" category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia 2021: Youngest |url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2021/asia/youngest/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Milestone week for Jannat Zubair |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/milestone-week-jannat-zubair-named-forbes-30-30-crosses-40-million-followers-instagram/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Language
!Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Aagaah: The Warning]]''
|Muskaan
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="4" |Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amena |first=Rasti |date=14 March 2022 |title=Know how much Jannat Zubair Rahmani earns per Instagram post |url=https://www.siasat.com/know-how-much-jannat-zubair-rahmani-earns-per-instagram-post-2290544/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=The Siasat Daily}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Luv Ka The End]]''
|Minty
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luv Ka The End Cast - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 May 2011 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/luv-ka-the-end/cast/ |access-date=8 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[What Will People Say]]''
|Salima
|Urdu/Norwegian
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Hichki]]''
|Natasha
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KISSING SCENE को 'ना' कहने वाली टीवी स्टार जन्नत 'हिचकी' में निभाएंगी अहम किरदार |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/kissing-controversy-actress-jannat-zubair-has-important-role-in-hichki-2507065/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=Patrika News |date=17 March 2018 |language=hindi}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Kulche Chole''
|Harleen
|Punjabi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=जन्नत जुबैर पंजाबी फिल्म "कुलचे छोले" से करेंगी डेब्यू, अमृतसर में चल रही है शूटिंग - Bhaskar Hindi |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/entertainment/news/youtube-sensation-jannat-zubair-to-debut-with-punjabi-film-kulche-chole-307745 |access-date=30 October 2021 |work=Dainik Bhaskar Hindi |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=30 October 2021 |language=hindi}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2008–2009
|''[[Chand Ke Paar Chalo (TV series)|Chand Ke Paar Chalo]]''
|Unknown
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Kashi – Ab Na Rahe Tera Kagaz Kora''
|Young Kashi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title=Jannat Zubair opens up on being part of Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: I was afraid if I could do the stunts or not |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jannat-zubair-opens-being-part-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-i-was-afraid-if-i-could-do-stunts-or-not-1086080 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922074350/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jannat-zubair-opens-being-part-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-i-was-afraid-if-i-could-do-stunts-or-not-1086080 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
|Tamanna
|
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=29 August 2021 |title=Jannat Zubair turns 20. Fans flood Twitter with sweet birthday wishes for the actress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/jannat-zubair-turns-20-fans-flood-twitter-with-sweet-birthday-wishes-for-the-actress-1846745-2021-08-29 |access-date=6 June 2022 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Matti Ki Banno]]''
|Young Avanti
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mandal |first=Pramila |date=31 May 2022 |title=Facts about Jannat Zubair that you probably didn't know |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-facts-about-contestant-jannat-zubair-you-probably-didnt-know-1134146 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627145331/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-facts-about-contestant-jannat-zubair-you-probably-didnt-know-1134146 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''[[Phulwa]]''
|Young Phulwa
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Tu Aashiqui fame actress Jannat Zubair reveals her reason for missing from TV: I wanted to do other things |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/tu-aashiqui-fame-actress-jannat-zubair-reveals-her-reason-missing-tv-i-wanted-do-other-things-733473 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606051909/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/tu-aashiqui-fame-actress-jannat-zubair-reveals-her-reason-missing-tv-i-wanted-do-other-things-733473 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2011–2012
|''Haar Jeet''
|Ishita
|
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=27 May 2022 |title=जन्नत जुबैर की करियर जर्नी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/web-stories/actress-jannat-zubair-career-journey-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-_N33F31MMJJFXirpiURw |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
|Shashi/Archana
|Season 1; Episode 7/67
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Ek Thhi Naayka]]''
|Pari
|Episode 7
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Vijaya |date=18 March 2013 |title=Jannat Zubair Rehmani in Ek Thhi Naayka - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jannat-zubair-rehmani-in-ek-thhi-naayka/articleshow/19037314.cms |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Best of Luck Nikki]]''
|Kriti
|Season 3; Episode 11
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap|Bharat Ka Veer Putra–Maharana Pratap]]''
|Young Phool Rathore
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=फुलवा से स्टार बनीं जन्नत जुबैर, KKK12 में सांप-बिच्छू संग करेंगी स्टंट |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/photo/social-media-sensation-jannat-zubair-to-participate-in-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-know-her-profile-tmov-1470781-2022-05-26 |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=Aaj Tak |date=26 May 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Siyaasat]]''
|Noor Jahan/Mehrunissa
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Arushi |date=2 March 2022 |title=Jannat Zubair reveals her biggest inspiration is Kareena Kapoor |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-video-jannat-zubair-reveals-her-biggest-inspiration-kareena-kapoor-says-love-way-she-acts-1036148 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606051909/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-video-jannat-zubair-reveals-her-biggest-inspiration-kareena-kapoor-says-love-way-she-acts-1036148 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Reet
|Episode 9
|
|-
|''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
|Simran/Surili
|Episode 178
|
|-
|''[[Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani]]''
|Young Maya
|
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
|''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''
|Rakhi
|Season 5; Episode 2
|
|-
|''Tujhse Naraz Nahi Zindagi''
|Ruksar
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Stories by Rabindranath Tagore]]''
|Bindu
|Episode 19
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai]]''
|Young Kalyani
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2017
|''[[Karmaphal Daata Shani]]''
|Neelima/Shanipriya
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|Pankti Sharma Dhanrajgir
|
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=I am just 16 and wouldn't have been comfortable kissing, says Tu Aashiqui actress Jannat Zubair |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/i-am-just-16-and-wouldn-t-have-been-comfortable-kissing-says-tu-aashiqui-actress-jannat-zubair-1194935-2018-03-22 |access-date=6 June 2022 |magazine=India Today |date=22 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
|Herself
|Season 1; Episode 14
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entertainment Ki Raat {{!}} Season 1 - Episode 14 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/watch/tv/entertainment-ki-raat/1/1/1524370624631/8bc80870ee5611e7aed9b334921a7bf2/0 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Jiocinema}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]''
| Pankti Singh
|
|<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=On the sets of Aap Ke Aa Jane Se |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/on-the-sets-of-aap-ke-aa-jane-se/videoshow/68099475.cms |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=21 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
|Herself
|Episode 48/129
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]]''
|Contestant
|4th place
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2022 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 Grand Finale Highlights: Tushar Kalia becomes winner, Mr Faisu is the runner up |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-grand-finale-live-updates-rubina-dilaik-jannat-zubair-mr-faisu-tushar-kalia-mohit-winner-announced-811388 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2022 |title=Jannat Zubair hopes to open up to the fearless side of herself on the show |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-jannat-zubair-hopes-open-fearless-side-herself-show-1109835 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708181603/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-jannat-zubair-hopes-open-fearless-side-herself-show-1109835 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|rowspan="2"|''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
|rowspan="2"|Herself
| Main : (Season 1); Guest : (Season 2)
|
|-
|2025–present
|Main (Season 3)
|
|-
|2025
|''[[The Traitors India season 1|The Traitors India]]''
|Contestant
|8th place
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=30 May 2025|title=Apoorva Mukhija, Jannat Zubair, Uorfi Javed to compete in Karan Johar-hosted 'The Traitors'|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/apoorva-mukhija-jannat-zubair-uorfi-javed-to-compete-in-prime-video-reality-show-hosted-by-karan-johar/cid/2105268|access-date=16 June 2025|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Ref.
|-
| 2018 || ''Kaise Main''
|Mohd. Kalam
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kaise Main (Full Song) - Mohd Kalam |date=17 October 2018 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/kaise-main/RxslZitkBFg |website=JioSaavn |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123041247/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/kaise-main/RxslZitkBFg |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" |2019
|''Chaal Gazab Hai''
|[[Pawni Pandey]] and Prince Yadav
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Hindi Song 'Chaal Gazab Hai' Sung By Pawni Pandey and Prince Yadav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-chaal-gazab-hai-sung-by-pawni-pandey-and-prince-yadav/videoshow/69522830.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''Bhaiyya G''
|Yawar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2019 |title=Latest Bhojpuri song 'Bhaiyya G' sung by Jawar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/bhojpuri-song-bhaiyya-g-yawar-5798753/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Zindagi Di Paudi''
|[[Millind Gaba]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Punjabi Song 'Zindagi Di Paudi' Sung By Millind Gaba |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-zindagi-di-paudi-sung-by-millind-gaba/videoshow/69674919.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=7 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''Tere Bina''
|Bismil
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Hindi Song 'Tere Bina' Sung By Bismil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-tere-bina-sung-by-bismil/videoshow/70036803.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=3 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''Zaroori Hai Kya Ishq Mein''
|[[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Hindi Song 'Zaroori Hai Kya Ishq Mein' Sung By Meet Bros |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-zaroori-hai-kya-ishq-mein-sung-by-meet-bros/videoshow/70203667.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=13 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tere Bin Kive''
|[[Ramji Gulati]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tere Bin Kive song launch {{!}} Jannat Zubair Rahmani, Mr Faisu, Ramji Gulati |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/telly-talk/tere-bin-kive-song-launch-jannat-zubair-rahmani-mr-faisu-ramji-gulati/34059 |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=Times Now |date=12 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''Downtown Wal Gedyian''
|Mr. Dee
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mathur |first=Kajol |date=14 August 2019 |title=Video alert: Jannat Zubair's Downtown Wal Gediyan is all about love |url=https://www.filmfare.com/videos/songs/video-alert-jannat-zubairs-down-town-wal-gediyan-is-all-about-love-35529.html |access-date=17 October 2021 |magazine=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jatti''
|[[Guri (singer)|Guri]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ट्रेंड में है जन्नत जुबैर और गुरी का पंजाबी गाना 'जट्टी' |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/punjabi-songs/jannat-zubaira-and-guri-new-punjabi-song-jatti/videoshow/70856465.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| ''Naino Tale''
|[[Asees Kaur]] and Shivang Mathur
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Hindi Song 'Naino Tale' Sung By Asees Kaur & Shivang Mathur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-naino-tale-sung-by-asees-kaur-shivang-mathur/videoshow/71199659.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=19 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''Hello Hi''
|Rohanpreet Singh
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hello Hi: Rohanpreet Singh ft.Jannat Zubair's song to release on October 11 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/hello-hi-rohanpreet-singh-ft-jannat-zubairs-song-to-release-on-october-11/articleshow/71504358.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=9 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''Fruity Lagdi Hai''
|[[Ramji Gulati]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Punjabi Song 'Fruity Lagdi Hai' Sung By Ramji Gulati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-fruity-lagdi-hai-sung-by-ramji-gulati/videoshow/71615867.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''Fake Style''
|[[Raman Kapoor]], Nix
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Fake Style (Full Song) - Fake Style - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=22 October 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/fake-style/LykAUDJYZAE |language=en-US |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |2020
| ''Aeroplane''
|Vibhor Parashar
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Punjabi Song 'Aeroplane' Sung By Vibhor Parashar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-aeroplane-sung-by-vibhor-parashar/videoshow/74832317.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=26 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Tera Naam''
|[[Raman Kapoor]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tera Naam (Full Song) - Tera Naam - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=17 April 2020 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/tera-naam/My05WywIGnY |language=en-US |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019202817/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/tera-naam/My05WywIGnY |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''Ringtone''
|Preetinder
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ringtone sung by Preetinder featuring Jannat Zubair and Siddharth Nigam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/check-out-latest-punjabi-song-music-video-ringtone-sung-by-preetinder-featuring-jannat-zubair-and-siddharth-nigam/videoshow/75528253.cms |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Kuch Tum Kaho''
|[[Jyotica Tangri]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kuch Tum Kaho - Single by Jyotica Tangri & Raghav Sachar |date=20 May 2020 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kuch-tum-kaho-single/1529539997 |website=Apple |access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Yeh Mann''
|Aakanksha Sharma
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Yeh Mann |date=17 June 2020 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/yeh-mann/FAc4cgVHYgo |website=Jiosaavn |access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Hey Girl''
|[[Miss Pooja]] and Vibhas
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Hey Girl Song: Hey Girl MP3 Song by Miss Pooja Online Free |url=https://gaana.com/album/hey-girl-hindi-1 |website= |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123041245/https://gaana.com/album/hey-girl-hindi-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''Meri Hai Maa''
|Tarsh
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Listen to Meri Hai Maa Song by Tarsh |url=https://gaana.com/song/meri-hai-maa |website=Gaana |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Taweez (Unplugged)''
|Vibhas
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Taweez unplugged' Sung By Vibhas Featuring Mr faisu, Jannat zubair and Ayaan Zubair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-taweez-unplugged-sung-by-vibhas-featuring-mr-faisu-jannat-zubair-and-ayaan-zubair/videoshow/77863021.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=1 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Marda Saara India''
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramji Gulati]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out New Punjabi Trending Song Music Video - 'Marda Saara India' Sung By Ramji Gulati Starring Jannat Zubair, Mr. Faisu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/check-out-new-punjabi-trending-song-music-video-marda-saara-india-sung-by-ramji-gulati-starring-jannat-zubair-mr-faisu/videoshow/79868590.cms |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
|''Carrom Ki Rani''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Carrom Ki Rani' Sung By Ramji Gulati Featuring Jannat Zubair And Mr. Faisu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-carrom-ki-rani-sung-by-ramji-gulati-featuring-jannat-zubair-and-mr-faisu/videoshow/80926574.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Lehja''
|Abhi Dutt
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2021 |title=Did You Know Jannat Zubair, Faisu's New Single 'Lehja' Was Shot at Real Wedding? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/did-you-know-jannat-zubair-faisus-new-single-lehja-was-shot-at-real-wedding-3602237.html |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kinni Kinni Vaari''
|Raashi Sood
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jamie Lever, Krishna Shroff, Jannat Zubair feature in 'Kinni Kinni Vaari' song |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/music/jamie-lever-krishna-shroff-jannat-zubair-feature-in-kinni-kinni-vaari-song20210701200000/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=ANI News |date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Tu Mera Misra Hai''
|Bhanu Pandit and Anita Bhatt
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Listen to Tu Mera Misra Hai Song by Bhanu Pandit |url=https://gaana.com/song/tu-mera-misra-hai |website=Gaana |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Wallah Wallah''
|Ishaan Khan
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=13 December 2021 |title=Siddharth Nigam, Jannat Zubair move to the beats of 'Wallah Wallah' {{!}} english.lokmat.com |url=https://english.lokmat.com/entertainment/siddharth-nigam-jannat-zubair-move-to-the-beats-of-wallah-wallah/ |access-date=13 December 2021 |work=Lokmat English |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Chand Naraz Hai''
|Abhi Dutt
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Mohsin Khan romances Jannat Zubair in new track |url=https://www.siasat.com/mohsin-khan-romances-jannat-zubair-in-new-track-2281951/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Co-singer
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Ishq Farzi''
| {{N/A}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hindi Song 'Ishq Farzi' Sung By Jannat Zubair Rahmani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/hindi-song-ishq-farzi-sung-by-jannat-zubair-rahmani/videoshow/71181500.cms |access-date=26 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=19 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''Tokers House Theme''
|Danish Alfaaz
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tokers House Theme (Full Song) - Jannat Zubair Rahmani, Danish Alfaaz |date=4 November 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/tokers-house-theme/GlofcicHYwI |website=JioSaavn |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Hum Hindustani''
|Various
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2021 |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Lata Mangeshkar and Others Collaborate for Patriotic Song 'Hum Hindustani' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/amitabh-bachchan-lata-mangeshkar-and-others-collaborate-for-patriotic-song-hum-hindustani-4072577.html |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''Babu Shona Mona''
|{{N/A}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=Jannat Zubair flaunts new look before release of her song 'Babu Shona Mona'; PICS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/jannat-zubair-flaunts-new-look-before-release-of-her-song-babu-shona-mona-pics-1209669 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218065452/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/jannat-zubair-flaunts-new-look-before-release-of-her-song-babu-shona-mona-pics-1209669 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''Kayfa Haluka''
|{{N/A}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2023 |title=Jannat Zubair unveils her music video 'Kayfa Haluka' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/jannat-zubair-unveils-her-music-video-kayfa-haluka/articleshow/101194827.cms |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |agency=ANI |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Watan Yaad Rahega''
|{{N/A}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Independence Day Special: Watan Yaad Rahega sung by Jannat Zubair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/independence-day-special-enjoy-the-popular-hindi-music-video-for-watan-yaad-rahega-sung-by-jannat-zubair/videoshow/102728018.cms |access-date=22 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
!Result
! Ref.
|-
|2011
|[[Gold Awards]]
|Best Child Artiste (Female)
| rowspan="2" |''[[Phulwa]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=indiantelevisionawards |url=https://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=indiantelevisionawards |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408092834/https://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Child Artiste - Female|Best Child Artiste (Female)]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2011 Winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |publisher=Indian Television.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archive-date=2 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| [[Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Female)|Debut in a Lead Role (Female)]]
| ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|{{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| 2020
| [[Gold Glam and Style Awards]]
|Most Sought After Influencer (Female)
| {{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
|-
| 2023
| rowspan="2" | [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Digital Entertainer (Female)
| {{NA}}
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Hungama Style Icons 2023 Winners |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners-2023.php |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Most Stylish Digital Star of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Hungama Style Icons 2024: Nominations for Most Stylish Digital Star of the Year |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bollywood-hungama-style-icons-summit-awards-2024-nominations-stylish-digital-star-year-presented-macho-hint/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=24 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Jannat Zubair Rahmani}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahmani, Jannat Zubair}}

[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television child actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Kiranmala (folktale)

2026-03-20T15:22:22Z

Shumail: made stub

{{Short description|Bengali fairy tale}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = Kiranmala
|Image_Name = Kiranmala.jpg
|Image_Caption = Kiranmala braves the mountain of perils. Illustration by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumdar.
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping = ATU 707 (The Three Golden Children; The Three Golden Sons)
|AKA =
|Mythology =
|Region = [[Bengal]], [[Indian Subcontinent]]
|Published_In =
|Related = * [[The Story of Lalpila (Indian folktale)|The Story of Lalpila]]
* [[Saat Bhai Champa]]
* [[The Boy with the Moon on his Forehead]]
* [[The Real Mother (Indian folktale)|The Real Mother]]
* [[A Tale of a King (Tulu Nadu folktale)|A Tale of a King]]
}}

'''Kiranmala''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: কিরণমালা) is a [[Bengali folktale]] collected by author [[Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]] and published in the compilation '''''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]''''' ({{langx|bn|ঠাকুরমার ঝুলি}}; ''Grandmother's Bag [of tales]''), a collection of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] folk tales and fairy tales.

The tale is classified in the [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as tale type ATU 707, "[[The Three Golden Children (folklore)|The Three Golden Children]]", a cycle of stories a woman promises a king she will bear a child or children with wonderful attributes, but her jealous relatives or the king's wives plot against the babies and their mother.<ref>Espinosa, Aurelio M. “Comparative Notes on New-Mexican and Mexican Spanish Folk-Tales.” In: ''The Journal of American Folklore'' 27, no. 104 (1914): 230. https://doi.org/10.2307/534598.</ref> Many variants of the tale type are registered in the [[Indian Subcontinent]], although they comprise specific cycles in this country. In one of the cycles, the king's children are sent on dangerous quests to find marvellous items.

== Translations ==
The tale has been published as ''Kirunmala, or the Wreath of Light'', by author [[Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt]];<ref>Bradley-Birt, Francis Bradley; and [[Abanindranath Tagore]]. ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bengal_Fairy_Tales/Kirunmala,_or_the_Wreath_of_Light Bengal Fairy Tales]''. London: John Lane, 1920. pp. 162–167.</ref> as ''The Story of Kiranmala'' by Geeta Majumdar;<ref>Majumdar, Geeta. ''Folk Tales of Bengal''. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1960. pp. 35-51.</ref> as ''Kiranmala'' by [[Sayantani DasGupta]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Sayantani |last=DasGupta |title=The Demon Slayers and Other Stories: Bengali Folk Tales|publisher=[[Interlink Books]]|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56656-156-3 |pages=62–74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ6BAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> and as ''Arun, Barun, and Kiranmala''.<ref>Shankar. ''Treasury of Indian tales''. New Delhi: Children's Book Trust, 1993. pp. 115-125.</ref> Folklorist [[Sohinder Singh Wanjara Bedi]] republished the tale with the title ''The Golden Sparrow''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bedī |first=Sohindara Siṅgha Waṇajārā |title=Folk Tales of India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |date=1989 |pages=156–166 (text for tale nr. 24) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSTaAAAAMAAJ&q=arun+varun}}</ref>

== Summary ==
The king wanders the streets at night to listen to his subjects' opinion of him, and stops by a house where three sisters are talking to one another: the first wanting to marry the feeder of the king's horses, the second to the royal cook, and the third to the king himself. The king brings them all to his presence the next day and marries the youngest.

Time passes, and the young queen is ready to give birth, but asks to be nursed by her elder sisters, instead of stranger. Unbeknownst to her, her sisters have begun to nurture envy at their cadette's fortunate marriage, and seize the opportunity to bring harm to her. The first time, the queen gives birth to a young boy, whom the elder sister replaced with a cur and throw him in the river in an earthen pot. The second time, the queen gives birth to another boy, who is replaced by a kitten, and in the following year, a girl is born, but a doll is put in her place. Thinking his wife is an evil woman, the king banishes her from the palace to sit astride a donkey.

As for the children, the two siblings share the fate of their elder, and are abandoned in the river in an earthen pot. However, each time a Brahmin, who was making his devotions near the river, finds each pot and rescues them, then raises them as their own. The Brahmin names the boys Arun and Barun (Varun) and the girl Kirunmala. After he dies, the siblings meet the king after a heavy storm on the road, and decide to build a palace. One day, a fakir passes by their palace, compliments their fine abode, but suggests the girl to send her brothers for "a silver tree with flowers of gold, a tree of diamonds with birds of gold perched on it; and a canopy of a net made of pearls" (In Wanjara Bedi's printed version, a "golden sparrow, a tree of silver and a spring of jewels"). In this tale, the water is only used to disenchant Kirunmala's petrified brothers, and one of the birds of gold convinces them to invite the king to a banquet.<ref>Bradley-Birt, Francis Bradley; and [[Abanindranath Tagore]]. ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bengal_Fairy_Tales/Kirunmala,_or_the_Wreath_of_Light Bengal Fairy Tales]''. London: John Lane, 1920. pp. 162–167.</ref><ref>Basu, Subrata. “Kiranmala”. In: ''Indian Literature'' 51, no. 6 (242) (2007): 111–17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23347645.</ref><ref>Flora, Giuseppe. “On Fairy Tales, Intellectuals and Nationalism in Bengal (1880-1920)”. In: ''Rivista Degli Studi Orientali'' 75 (2002): 65–69. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41913063.</ref>

== Analysis ==
=== Tale type ===
The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |pages=95–96}}</ref><ref>Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. pp. 242–243.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uther |first1=Hans-Jörg |title=The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson |date=2004 |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica |isbn=978-951-41-0963-8 |pages=381–382 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Порожняков |first=Александр Ефремович |date=1990 |title=Сказки и легенды Бенгалии |trans-title=Tales and Legends from Bengali |location=Moskva |publisher=Наука |page=280 |language=RU |quote=По классификации Аарне — Томпсона сюжет сказки «Киранмала» относится к «типу» AT 707 ... |trans-quote=According to the Aarne-Thompson classification system tale "Kiranmala" belongs to type AT 707 ...}}</ref>

According to [[Stith Thompson]]' and Jonas Balys's index of Indian tales, the tale type ATU 707 shows 44 variants across Indian sources.<ref>Crowley, Daniel J. "Haring's Herring: Theoretical Implications of the "Malagasy Tale Index"." In: ''Journal of Folklore Research'' 23, no. 1 (1986): 46, 48. Accessed May 19, 2023. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3814480.</ref> In addition, researcher Noriko Mayeda and Indologist [[W. Norman Brown]] divided Indian variants of type 707 in five groups: (1) quest for wonderful items; (2) reincarnation into flowers; (3) use of wooden horses; (4) children sing a song; (5) miscellaneous.<ref>Mayeda, Noriko; Brown, W. Norman. ''Tawi Tales; Folk Tales From Jammu''. American Oriental Society New Haven, Connecticut, 1974. pp. 543-544.</ref>

Professor Ashutosh Bhattacharjya described that ''Kiranmala'' has a "distant similarity" to the Bengali tale ''[[Saat Bhai Champa]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Banglar Lok-sahitya |volume=4 |last=Bhattacharjya |first=Ashutosh |location=Calcutta |publisher=Sri Paresh Chandra Bhawal Printing Bharati Private Limited |date=1966 |page=650 |language=Bengali}}</ref>

=== Motifs ===
According to Giuseppe Flora, ''Kiran'' means 'ray, beam (of light)'. As for her brothers' names, ''Arun'' derives from [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruṇa]], a Hindu deity associated with the sunrise and whose name means 'the reddish one'.<ref>Flora, Giuseppe. “On Fairy Tales, Intellectuals and Nationalism in Bengal (1880-1920)”. In: ''Rivista Degli Studi Orientali'' 75 (2002): 66 (footnote nr. 208). http://www.jstor.org/stable/41913063.</ref> Also, in the original, the silver tree is called ''rūpār gācha'', the diamond tree is ''hīrār gācha'', and the bird of gold is ''sonār pākhī''.<ref>Flora, Giuseppe. “On Fairy Tales, Intellectuals and Nationalism in Bengal (1880-1920)”. In: ''Rivista Degli Studi Orientali'' 75 (2002): 67. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41913063.</ref>

== Variants ==
=== India ===
Indian author M. N. Venkataswami published an Indian tale titled ''The Two Princes and Their Sister'': a poor woman has three daughters. One day, a fairy, under the guise of an old woman, is welcomed by the youngest and kind third sister into their house. The fairy blesses their house and leaves. One night, the three sister talk to one another: the eldest promises she can weave a great sail for a vessel, if she maries a captain; the middle one promises to give birth to a boy if she marries a king; and the youngest promises to give birth to twins, a boy with a golden chain on his neck and a girl with two stars on the front if she marries a prince. Coincidentally, a ship's captain, a king and a prince just happen to pass by the house at the exact moment and overhear their conversation. The men take each of the sisters as their respective wives. Jealous of the luck of the younger ones, the eldest sister deceives her brothers-in-law by replacing the king's son for a block and the prince's children for animals, and casting the babies in the water. The babies are saved by a country merchant and looked after by the fairy that visited their biological mothers years ago. When they are grown up, their aunt, the ship's captain's wife, sends them after the dancing-water, the singing apple and the singing bird that sings songs from "all climes and nationalities".<ref>{{cite book |last=Venkataswami |first=M. N. |title=Folk Stories of the Land of India |location=Madras |publisher=Methodist Publishing House |date=1927 |pages=98–135 (Tale nr. 5)}}</ref> According to Venkataswami's preface, the tale was provided by a Tamil herbalist named R. J. Samuel, who heard it from a Tamil [[pandit]] in the early 1870s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Venkataswami |first=M. N. |title=Folk Stories of the Land of India |location=Madras |publisher=Methodist Publishing House |date=1927 |page=xviii}}</ref>

In an Indian tale collected by John W. Spellman with the title ''The King's True Children'', a king has six wives, and yet no children. One day, he finds himself a beautiful princess whom he makes his seventh wife. When the seventh queen is pregnant, they become jealous of her, and, after the king leaves on a hunt, the queen's first child, a son, is taken from her, cast in the river in a basket and replaced by a stone. The baby prince is rescued by an old fisherman, who takes the boy to raise with his wife. The next year, the seventh queen gives birth to a girl, who is also cast in the river by the jealous co-queens and replaced by another stone. Tricked by his co-wives, the king demotes his seventh spouse to shoo away crows in the garden. As for the children, the fisherman couple raises them until, on day, the boy has a dream about a yogi beckoning him on a pilgrimage towards a sacred stream. Deciding to chase the vision from his dream, the elder sibling departs and journeys beyond mountains until he finds the yogi near the sacred stream. The holy man gives him a catamaran, two water pots, and warns the boy to always look ahead while on the river, and to not look back. The boy follows the yogi's warnings and sails to the source of the river, deep into a cave, but demons in the deep darkness of the cave frighten and grab at his clothes, he turns his head to glance behind. Back at the fisherman's cottage, the female sibling realizes her elder brother is in danger and follows the same trail to the yogi. She meets the holy man and is given the same instructions: the girl sails on the catamaran and always looks straight ahead, until she reaches the source of the stream and fills the water pots with the liquid. The cave suddenly illuminates and she finds the unmoving figures of pilgrims and sprinkles the water on them, reverting their immobile state. She reunites with her elder brother and they return home. Later, the king learns of the girl's deed and pays the fisherman's cottage a visit with his six co-queens, the seventh their servant and fanning them. The fisherman tells the story of how he found the children floating in the river, and the seventh queen realizes the pair are her children. The king hears the queen's story, proving the injustice done to her, then banishes the elder co-queens to wander the forest, and reinstates his children and their mother.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The beautiful blue jay, and other tales of India |last1=Spellman |first1=John W. |last2=Pinkney |first2=Jerry |date=1967 |publisher=Little, Brown| location=Boston |pages=49–55 |oclc=304403}}</ref>

==== Simla ====
Author Alice Elizabeth Dracott collected a tale from [[Simla]] with the title ''The Enchanted Bird, Music and Stream''. In this tale, a prince likes to disguise himself as a poor man and mingle with his subjects. One day, while walking through a gulley, he overhears three sisters talking: the elder wants to marry a prince's servant, the middle one the prince's cook, and the youngest the prince himself. The next day, the prince sends for the three sisters and fulfills their marriage wishes. Some time later, the youngest sister, now the prince's wife, gives birth to a son. The elder sister, jealous of their cadette's fortunate marriage, replace the boy for a puppy and throw him in the stream in a box. The prince's gardener finds the boy and raises him as his own son. In the following years, the princess gives birth to two other children (a boy that is replaced by a kitten and a girl that is replaced by a rat), who are also cast in the river, but are saved by the gardener. The Prince, enraged at his wife, banishes her from the palace. As for the siblings, the gardener asks the Prince for a portion of land to live, and takes the children with him: the boys go hunting while the girl stays home. One day, an old woman pays the siblings' a visit, and says their house lacks a bird, music, and a stream of water. The girl tells her older brothers she wants the three things and they go on a quest for them. The elder brother fails in his quest and is turned to stone, and so does the middle brother. The girl ventures alone up a mountain and captures a talking bird in a cage. The bird then tells her to break a branch of a nearby tree and plant it on the ground, since it will produce music when the breeze blows through it; and to take some water from a stream. She also sprinkles the water on some stone and restores her brothers to life. At the end of the tale, the three siblings invite the Prince to their house and prepare a meal of [[kheer]] with a dish of pearls. The Prince remarks he cannot eat the pearls, and the bird replies to him that he believed his wife, the princess, gave birth to animals.<ref>Dracott, Alice Elizabeth. ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/58816/58816-h/58816-h.htm#ch51 Simla Village Tales, or Folk Tales from the Himalayas]''. England, London: John Murray. 1906. pp. 200–213.</ref>

==== Jammu ====
Noriko Mayeda and W. Norman Brown collected a tale from [[Jammu]] from an informant named Des Raj Chopra. In this tale, titled ''The Slandered Queen'', Khalifa [[Harun al-Rashid|Haroun-al-Rashid]] wanders the city streets at night and spies on three sisters talking: the elder wants to marry the king's cook; the middle one the king's butler; and the youngest the king himself, and bear him two sons and a daughter "of beautiful complexion". The king takes them to his court the next morning, and fulfills their marriage wishes. Jealous of their sister's good fortune, the queen's sisters replace the royal children (two golden-haired boys and a girl, born in consecutive years) for animals and throw them in the water. The children are saved by the king's gardener, and, years later, they are sent for a talking bird that knows the future, the golden coloured water and a tree that produces melodies when wind rustles its leaves.<ref>Mayeda, Noriko; Brown, W. Norman. ''Tawi Tales; Folk Tales From Jammu''. American Oriental Society New Haven, Connecticut, 1974. pp. 233-238, 544.</ref>

In another tale from Jammu, also collected by Mayeda and Brown as a variant of ''The Slandered Queen'', a king has three wives, and no son yet. One day, the oldest co-wife announces she is pregnant, to the jealousy of the other two, who conspire to take the child and son as they are born and cast them in the water. The child's two brothers, bron in the next years, are also cast in the water. All three are saved by a man who was fishing, and are raised by a wise man. Years later, they live a comfortable house with a beautiful garden. One day, the king passes by their garden and compliments it, but says it lacks the golden water and the celestial bird. The two brothers go on a quest for these two items, but fail and are turned into marble statues; their sister finishes the quest, saves them, and brings the objects home.<ref>Mayeda, Noriko; Brown, W. Norman. ''Tawi Tales; Folk Tales From Jammu''. American Oriental Society New Haven, Connecticut, 1974. pp. 239-241, 550-551.</ref>

Mayeda and Brown summarized a tale collected by Jit Kour: a king has seven wives and no son yet. He decides to travel around until he stops by a house where maidens are talking among themselves, and the most beautiful of them states an astrologer predicted her future: she is to bear "two handsome boys" and "a lovely daughter". The king takes her as his eighth wife, to the chagrin of the other seven wives, who conspire to degrade her: as soon as the children are born (in three consecutive pregnancies), the queens take the children and cast them in the river, replacing them for monkeys. The children are saved and raised by a fisherman. Years later, an old woman visits the siblings' house and tells them to seek a sparrow that can talk. The brothers fail, but their sister takes the bird and sprinkles holy water to restore them to life. The sparrow then reveals the truth to the king during a banquet.<ref>Mayeda, Noriko; Brown, W. Norman. ''Tawi Tales; Folk Tales From Jammu''. American Oriental Society New Haven, Connecticut, 1974. pp. 547-550.</ref>

==== Odisha ====

In an [[Orissa]]n tale titled ''Sunā Jharanā'' ('The Golden Shower'), collected in 1918 from a source in [[Nilagiri|Nilgiri]], near Balasore, a king has three children, two boys and a girl. Their mother dies, and the king remarries. At first, the stepmother likes the children, but after some time she begins to nurture hatred towards them. One day, she orders a maid to kill the children in the forest, while the king is told a lie that the siblings have travelled to visit their mother's people. The maid spares the children and only abandons them in the forest, while she reports to the queen she killed them. Back to the children, a rishi finds them and provides some magical help: he gives them a golden deer that can grant them anything they wish for, and a magical ring that signals whenever the elder brothers are in danger. Later, a foret ranger discovers the children and tells the queen. The queen then hires a witch to get rid of the children. The witch goes to the siblings' forest house and convinces them to search for a golden spring atop a mountain. The elder brother goes and meets a wise man on the path, who warns them the spring is inside a temple guarded by serpents and a bird that can petrify anyone that responds to it. Despite the warning, the elder brother fails. The younger brother goes to fetch himself the water and also fails. The sister, seeing the diamond ring has changed colour, goes to the temple and douses herself in the golden spring, all the while ignoring the bird. Soon after, the bird advises her to pluck a feather of its tail and touch the petrified brothers. They are restored and return home. At the end of the tale, the king, their father, finds his children in their forest house and bring them home, then executes his second wife.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Sukumar |last=Sen |author-link=Sukumar Sen (linguist) |chapter=A Folktale Complex and old Mythology |title=Hanjamana |editor=Subhadra Kumar Sen |publisher=Calcutta University |date=1989 |pages=86–88}}</ref>

==== Uttara Kannada ====
In a South Indian tale from [[Karavali]] [[Uttara Kannada]] with the title "ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ಗಿಳಿ ಚಿನ್ನದ ಬಾವಿ" ("The Talking Parrot of the Golden Well"), a king has two wives, and still no child, so he takes a third wife. The third wife becomes pregnant, to the co-wives' jealousy, who conspire to humiliate their rival: she gives birth to a son in the first pregnancy, who is replaced by a stone and cast in the water; a second son in the second pregnancy, who is also replaced for a stone and cast in the water, and a girl in the third pregnancy, who is replaced by a boom and cast in the water. The children are rescued each time by a farmer. Years later, the children are visited by a monk who tells the sister about a talking parrot and a well of golden water up a nearby hill. The elder brother offers to fetch them and tells her sister to watch out for the [[tulsi plant]]: if it withers, it means something bad has happened to him. The elder brother fails in his quest, so the middle brother goes after him. He also fails, and their younger sister goes up the hill. She goes up the hill and draws some water from the well, then sprinkles on some people to revive them, including her elder brothers. The talking parrot flies to them and they return home. Some time later, the king sees them during a hunt and invites them to their palace, but the brothers invite the monarch to their house. During the meal, the parrot utters that father and children are sitting together to eat. The next day, the king takes the children to the castle, when they notice their mother is not there, so the king sends for his third wife, who is bathed and dressed in a sari. Mother and children reunite, and the king orders his co-wives to be beheaded.<ref>{{cite book |title=Uttara Kannada Karavaliya Japanada Kategalu |trans-title=A Collection Stories of Karavali Uttara Kannada |editor=Shanthi Nayaka |location=Uttara Kannada (Dist) |publisher=Centre for Extension and Consultancy Karantaka, Janapada University Gotagodi |date=2014 |pages=23 (summary in the preface); 103–104 (text for tale nr. 44), 154 (source) |isbn=978-93-83149-18-6 |language=Kannada}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
The 1979 Indian Bengali-language film ''[[Arun Barun O Kiranmala]]'' was also based on this folktale.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Thakurmar Jhuli}}
{{The Three Golden Children}}

[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Asian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Bengali folklore]]
[[Category:ATU 700-749]]

Kamet

2026-03-17T10:13:04Z

Shumail: made details...

{{Short description|Second highest mountain in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{for-multi|Kemet|Ancient Egypt|the written [[Hebrew]] character vowel form markup|Romanization of Hebrew}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = कामेत पर्वत Kamet
| 
| photo = Kamet Closeup.jpg
| photo_caption = Kamet
| elevation_m = 7756
| elevation_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web|url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/karakoram.html|title=High Asia I: The Karakoram, Indian Himalaya and India Himalaya (north of india)|publisher=Peaklist.org|access-date=2014-05-28}}</ref> [[List of highest mountains|Ranked 29th]]
| prominence_m = 2825
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/> [[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 121st]]
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]] [[List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand|Mountains of Uttarakhand]]
| range = [[Garhwal Himalaya]]
| location = [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| map_size = 260
| map_image = {{OSM Himalaya|lat_d=30.9|long_d=79.6|zoom=7}}
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30|55|12|N|79|35|30|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/>
| first_ascent = 21 June 1931 by [[Frank Smythe]], [[Eric Shipton]], R.L. Holdsworth and Lewa Sherpa
| easiest_route = glacier/snow/ice climb
}}
'''Kamet''' ({{langx|hi|कामेत}}) is the second-highest [[mountain]] in the [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] region of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]], after [[Nanda Devi]]. It is the 29th highest mountain in the world. It lies in the [[Chamoli District]] of [[Uttarakhand]].
Its appearance resembles a giant pyramid topped by a flat summit area with two peaks.

==Climbing==
Due to its position near the [[Tibetan Plateau]], Kamet is very remote and not as accessible as some Himalayan peaks. It also receives a great deal of wind from the Plateau. However, by modern standards, it is a relatively straightforward ascent for such a high mountain. Early explorers of the region faced long approach marches of around {{convert|200|mi|km|1}} from [[Ranikhet]] through dense mountain forest; access is easier today.

While attempts to climb Kamet began in 1855, the first ascent was not made until 1931 by [[Frank Smythe]], [[Eric Shipton]], [[R.L. Holdsworth]], [[Raymond Greene]], the expedition's doctor, Bill Birnie and Lewa Sherpa, members of a British expedition.<ref name=aaj_1932>{{cite aaj|article_id=12193254003|title=Mt. Kamet|year=1932|volume=|issue=|access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> Kamet was the first peak over {{convert|25000|ft|m|-1|abbr=on}} to be climbed, and was the [[World altitude record (mountaineering)|highest summit reached]] until the first ascent of [[Nanda Devi]] five years later.<ref>{{cite book | title = Mountain World 1966/7 | date=1968| editor-first = Malcom | editor-last =Barnes | first = Anders| last=Bolinder |publisher =George Allen and Unwin Ltd |pages=228 | chapter= Height Records | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=02zwAAAAMAAJ | access-date = 10 February 2025 }}</ref> However, far higher non-summit altitudes had been reached on the north side of [[Mount Everest]] in the 1920s.

The standard route begins from the East Kamet (or Purbi Kamet) Glacier, ascending via Meade's Col (c. 7,100m/23,300 ft), the saddle between Kamet and its northern outlier [[Abi Gamin]]. From Meade's Col the route ascends the northeast edge of the north face. The ascent to Meade's col involves steep gullies, a rock wall, and several glacier climbs. Five camps are usually placed en route. The final ascent to the summit involves steep snow, possibly icy.

==Neighboring and subsidiary peaks==
[[File:Kamet with four others.jpg|thumb|Kamet (left), Mandir Parbat (second from left), Mana, Deoban, Nilgiri from Khullara Campsite]]
[[File:Kamet with four others 2.jpg|thumb|Kamet (left), Mandir Parbat (second from left), Mana, Deoban, Nilgiri from Kuari Top]]
Kamet is surrounded by three principal neighboring or subsidiary peaks:
* Mukut Parbat, 7,242 m (23,760 ft) [[List of highest mountains|Ranked 97th]], [[topographic prominence|prominence]] = 840 m, {{coord|30|57|08|N|79|34|13|E|type:mountain}}, northwest of Kamet. First ascent 1951 (see below). The lower of Mukut Parbat's twin summit has an elevation of 7,130 m (23,392 ft).
* [[Abi Gamin]], 7,355 m (24,130 ft), [[topographic prominence|prominence]] = 217 m {{coord|30|55|57|N|79|36|09|E|type:mountain}}, north-northeast of Kamet; connected to Kamet by Meade's Col. First ascent 1950.
* [[Mana Peak]], 7,272 m (23,858 ft) [[List of highest mountains|Ranked 92nd]], [[topographic prominence|prominence]] = 720 m, {{coord|30|52|52|N|79|36|57|E|type:mountain}}, south-southeast of Kamet. First ascent 1937.

Several adjoining peaks, such as Mana NW, 7,092 m, Point 6,977 m, Deoban, 6,855 m, and Bidhan Parbat, 6,519 m, also lie close to Kamet.<ref name = "sircar">[[Joydeep Sircar]], ''Himalayan handbook'', Calcutta 1979</ref>

==Nomenclature==
There are varying explanations of the name "Kamet." [[Charles Francis Meade|Charles Meade]] gives the pronunciation as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʌ|m|eɪ|t}}, and claims that it is known to Tibetans as ''Kangmen'', signifying "huge grandmother of a sacred snow chain". However, [[Frank Smythe]] writes in his book ''Kamet Conquered'' that the genesis of the name is from the Tibetan word ''Kangmed'' ("the lower snows", from ''kang'', "snow", and ''med'', "little"), as distinct from the "higher snows" of the Kailash range, 110 miles east of Kamet. This range is slightly lower than Kamet, its highest peak being [[Gurla Mandhata]], 7,728 m/25,355 ft; however it stands more fully on the high [[Tibetan Plateau]]. At dawn and dusk, "the copper colored rock of Mount Kamet reflecting the oblique rays of the sun on its hanging glaciers appears to set these glaciers aglow with crackling flames and bathes the mountain in a red burning glow". Hence the term "glacier fire" is also used as an allusion to the name Kamet.

==Partial timeline==

* 1848: [[Richard Strachey]] determines the height and location of Kamet, as well as the neighboring peaks [[Abi Gamin]], [[Mukut Parbat]], and Mana.
* 1855: German explorers and scientists [[Adolf Schlagintweit|Adolphe]] and [[Robert Schlagintweit]], invited by the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] to make surveys, travel into Tibet in disguise. After being discovered and arrested, they return, and attempt Abi Gamin from Tibet (via the Abi Gamin Glacier), believing it to be Kamet. (This mistake hampers expeditions until 1912.) They claim to reach a height of 6,785 m (22,260 ft), which is extraordinary for this date.
* 1877: I. S. Pocock of the [[Survey of India]], under E. C. Ryall, accurately surveys Kamet's position. However, he supports the inaccurate belief that Abi Gamin is a minor subpeak of Kamet and that a northern route to the summit is practical.
* 1907: [[Tom George Longstaff|Tom Longstaff]], [[Charles Granville Bruce|Charles Bruce]] and A. L. Mumm, with alpine guides Alexis and Henri Brocherel, make a preliminary reconnaissance of the eastern and western sides of Kamet. The highest point reached is 6,100 m (20,000 ft) above the East Kamet Glacier. Longstaff deems the East Kamet route as too dangerous due to avalanche risk.
* 1910–1911: [[Charles Francis Meade|Charles Meade]], with Alpine guides Alexis Brocherel and Pierre Blanc, and a separate expedition under [[Alexander Mitchell Kellas|Alexander Kellas]], make a preliminary reconnaissance of the western side of the peak; they explore Khaiam Pass and Glacier.
* 1911: Capt. A. M. Slingsby attempts Kamet on the western side from Ghastoli Glacier (or West Kamet Glacier) via the col on the ridge between Abi Gamin and Mukut Parbat (subsequently named as Slingsby's Col, 6,400 m/21,000 ft).
* 1912: Meade, with Alpine guides Franz Lochmatter of [[St. Niklaus]] in the canton Valais, Pierre Blanc, Justin Blanc and Jean Perrin, attempts Kamet by Slingsby's route, and also later explores the Raikhana glacier system to the east of Kamet. Meade concludes that the East Kamet Glacier is the only practicable route to Kamet's summit.
* 1913: Slingsby attempts the same route as in 1911 and reaches 7,000 m (23,000 ft). He later dies in battle in [[Mesopotamia]] in 1916.
* 1913: Meade, with Alpine guide Pierre Blanc, attempts Kamet from the eastern side and reaches Meade's Col, 7,138 m. (23,420 ft).
* 1914: Kellas makes another reconnaissance of which no records are available, and which is probably abandoned midway due to the commencement of [[World War I]].
* 1920: Kellas and [[Henry Morshead]] attempt Meade's 1913 route and reach a point slightly above Meade's Col.
* 1931: The first ascent of Kamet, detailed above.
* 1937: [[Frank Smythe]] returns to the Bhyundar Valley and makes the solo first ascent of Mana on 12 August, through its south ridge from the plateau at the head of the Uttari Naktoni glacier. His companion P.R. Oliver stopped exhausted at 23000'.<ref name="sircar"/><ref>[[Frank Smythe]], ''Valley of Flowers'', Hodder & Stoughton 1938</ref>
* 1950: An Anglo-Swiss expedition ascends Abi Gamin from its North East ridge.
* 1951: Mukut Parbat is climbed via the steep northwest ridge by a New Zealand team that included [[Earle Riddiford]] (leader), [[Edmund Hillary]], [[George Lowe (mountaineer)|George Lowe]], [[Edmund Cotter]] and Pasang Dawa Lama. Summiteers were Riddiford, Cotter and Pasang Dawa Lama.<ref>Himalayan Journal Vol.17, p.42</ref>
* 1955: An Indian expedition from the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in [[Darjeeling]] makes the second ascent of Kamet on 6 July. [[Nandu Jayal]] led the party; Jayal, [[Ang Tharkay]], Da Namgyal, Ang Temba, and Hlakpa Dorje comprised the summit team. Their route followed the ridge linking Abi Gamin and Kamet.<ref>Mountain World 1956/57, p.143</ref><ref name="aaj_1956">{{cite aaj | article_id=12195614201|title=Kamet and Abi Gamin|year=1956|page=142|access-date=2024-01-03|links=off}}</ref>
* 1966: Mana is climbed on 19 September by a new route, the NW ridge from Purbi Kamet glacier which had rebuffed Smythe in 1937, by Pranesh Chakraborty, Pasang Phutar, Tshering Lhakpa, Pasang Tshering from Camp 5(c.22500').<ref name="sircar"/>

* 1995: Mana Northwest is scaled by members of a joint [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]–[[Japan]]ese expedition after a tough technical wall climb.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* 2000: To mark the turn of century, Ruptaps Mountaineering Club from Asansol, West Bengal climbed Kamet on 3 October 2000. The summiteers were Leader Gautam Mukherjee and Jasjeet Singh.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* 2006: A commemorative 75th anniversary expedition by the Kolkata Section of the [[Himalayan Club]] puts ten climbers on the summit of Kamet.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/63/9/kamet-2006/ | journal = Himalayan Journal | date =2007 | volume =63 | title = Kamet, 2006: 75th Year Commemorative Expedition | first = AVM Apurba Kumar | last = Bhattacharyya | access-date =10 February 2025}}</ref> (First ascensionist Frank Smythe was a Himalayan Club member).
* 2008: The southeast face (6,000 ft) was climbed for the first time by two Japanese climbers, [[Kazuya Hiraide]] and Kei Taniguchi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.climbing.com/news/hotflashes/much-eyed_face_on_kamet_finally_climbed/ |title=Much-Eyed Face on Kamet Finally Climbed - Climbing magazine |access-date=27 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229061447/http://www.climbing.com/news/hotflashes/much-eyed_face_on_kamet_finally_climbed/ |archive-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2010: An avalanche kills Lt Col C. Poornachandra and Maj Manish Gusain. They were a part of a 41-member Indian army team led by Col Ajay Kothiyal.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/two-army-officers-buried-under-snow-avalanche/story-MhXu9YVm0E3x193AXU1tWN.html | work = Hindustan Times| access-date =10 February 2025| title = Two army officers buried under snow avalanche | date =21 September 2010 }}</ref> None of the 41-members summited the peak due to lack of technical skills.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* 2010: A 6-member team led by Herbert Wolf followed the traditional route to the summit via the Purbi Kamet glacier and the Meade's col. Four high camps were established and the attempt took place from the summit camp at an altitude of 7080 m. On 28 September 2010, the leader with Oliver Amann, Nicolas Touboul, Bernd Mayer and Roland Brand reached the summit. Erich Eisele could not go above 5620 m for health reasons.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indmount.org/IMF/exp2010 | title=Expeditions in 2010| publisher=Indian Mountaineering Foundation|access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref>
* 2012: Southwest face (2,000m) was climbed for the first time by French climbers, Sébastien Bohin, Didier Jourdan, Sébastien Moatti, and Sébastien Ratel, following a route that they called Spicy Game, and for which they won a 2013 [[Piolet d'Or]].<ref name=AL2013>{{cite web | magazine=[[Alpinist (magazine)|Alpinist]] | url=http://www.alpinist.com/doc/web13s/newswire-piolets-d-or-2013 | title=Piolets d'Or 2013: Six Nominees, Six Awards | first=Gwen | last=Cameron | date=12 April 2013 | access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> 2012: the team of Bengol, Bharat (Abdul Kalam Educational Society) Celebrated the 150th birthday of Swami Vivekananda. Summit by three sherpa (Lakpa Sherpa, Migma Sherpa and Dukkpa Sherpa) and three members (Md.Gazali Khan, Santu Biswash and Nandan Prasad Jaiswal " Nandu").
* 2014: An expedition to Mount Kamet in the Garhwal Himalayas faced a series of unforeseen challenges that ultimately led to its failure. The team from Kolkata led by Jyotsna seth from Nakelndaga Trekkers Association, comprising experienced mountaineers, had planned a carefully structured ascent. However, two critical factors—severe weather conditions and a shortage of rations—forced them to abandon the climb before reaching the summit. The expedition was hit by prolonged bad weather, including heavy snowfall and strong winds. Whiteout conditions made navigation difficult, and extreme cold slowed down the team's progress. The unexpected storms also delayed their movement between camps, increasing their dependence on available supplies. Due to extended delays caused by the weather, the team's food supplies started running dangerously low. The mountaineers had planned their rationing based on an estimated timeline, but prolonged bad weather meant they had to stay longer in higher camps without the ability to resupply. This led to exhaustion, dehydration, and reduced energy levels among the climbers. Safe return but unfinished goal.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indmount.org/IMF/exp2014 | title=Expeditions in 2014| publisher=Indian Mountaineering Foundation }}</ref>
* 2015: In August, a team of eight seasoned climbers from the Kolkata set out on an ambitious journey—to conquer Mt. Kamet (7,756 m), India's highest climbable peak. Led by Piyush Sinha, an experienced mountaineer with multiple Himalayan expeditions under his belt, At 8:45 AM on September 11, 2015, Tasi Sherpa, Stanbu Sherpa and Somenath Mondal stood on the summit of Mt. Kamet, marking the first successful Kolkata-based ascent of the peak. They hoisted the Indian flag and took photographs, and spent 15 minutes on the summit.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Glaciers and rivers==
The West (Pachmi or Paschimi) Kamet Glacier, the East (Purbi or Purva) Kamet Glacier and the Raikana Glacier systems surround Kamet. The branches of the West Kamet Glacier head on the western slopes of Kamet, Abi Gamin, and Mukut Parbat. The East Kamet Glacier flows from the eastern side of Kamet and Mana. The Raikhana glacier originates on the east side of Meade's Col saddle, flows east of Abi Gamin, and unites with the East Kamet Glacier. The West Kamet Glacier drains into the [[Saraswati River (Uttarakhand)|Saraswati River]] while the East Kamet Glacier feeds the [[Dhauliganga River]]; both rivers are tributaries of the [[Alaknanda River]], the major river of the Chamoli district.

==High altitude research==
[[Alexander Kellas]] and his companion [[Henry Morshead]] conducted scientific studies during their 1920 Kamet expedition focusing on the physiology of high altitude travel and acclimatization, and on the possibility of using supplemental oxygen. These studies eventually proved useful on expeditions to Mount Everest.

==See also==
* [[List of ultras of the Himalayas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Meher Mehta (Vice President, Himalayan Club), "The Lure of Kamet," in the ''Kamet Commemorative Souvenir'', Kolkata Section, Himalayan Club, 2006; 160 pages. (Commemorating 75 years after the first ascent; an exhaustive anthology of articles by famous mountaineers, plus maps, routes and rare historical photographs, including those taken by Frank Smythe.)
* {{Neate-High Asia}}
* H. Adams Carter, "Classification of the Himalaya," in the ''American Alpine Journal'', 1985.
* [http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/ The Himalayan Index]


{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Seven-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]

Anukoolakkobba Ganda

2026-03-16T19:58:47Z

Shumail: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anukoolakkobba Ganda
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[M. S. Rajashekar]]
| producer = S. A. Govindaraj
| writer = T. N. Narasimhan (story) [[Chi. Udayashankar]] (Dialogues)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] [[Sunitha (actress)|Vidhyashree]] [[Lokesh]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = V. K. Kannan
| editing = S. Manohar
| distributor = Nirupama Art Combines
| released = {{Film date|1990}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Anukoolakkobba Ganda''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[M. S. Rajashekar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/noted-kannada-filmmaker-ms-rajashekar-passes-away-784273|title=Noted Kannada filmmaker MS Rajashekar passes away|first=Nirmal|last=Narayanan|date=29 October 2018|work=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] and [[Sunitha (actress)|Vidhyashree]] in lead roles. The music of the film was composed by [[Upendra Kumar]]. The film is a remake of Hindi movie ''[[Joroo Ka Ghulam]]''. The film was a box office success.<ref>[http://www.viggy.com/english/current_pakkadmane_hudugi.asp Raghavendra Rajkumar back to acting]</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]
* [[Sunitha (actress)|Vidyashree]]
* [[Lokesh]]
* [[Girija Lokesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/girija-lokesh-dance-showed-me-the-way-in-acting-843354.html|title=Girija Lokesh: Dance showed me the way in acting|first=Nina C.|last=George|date=29 May 2020|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
* [[Prakash Rai]]
* [[Sudha Narasimharaju]]
* Sundarshree
* [[Rekha Das]]
* Sridevi
* Shyam Sunder
{{div col end}}

==Plot==
Raja (Raghavendra Rajkumar) is a poor car mechanic who lives in a caravan. Though his aunt lives in a house near his garage, he lives in a caravan. Radha (Vidhyasree) is a wealthy girl, and one day she accidentally collides with the car that Raja was driving. Raja and Radha argue. Later Radha’s car break is spoiled and Raja has to repair it. Raja falls in love with her. Raja uses his assistant and gets her car spoiled every day and he goes and repairs it, seeing her. One day Radha gets to know of this and is furious with Raja. Radha has a college function and on the day of that function, Raja puts lose motion tablet in a drink and gives it to Gopi, who is the one who is going to dance with Radha in a function.

Raja goes and dances with Radha, and annoyed Radha hits Raja and Raja falls down. Raja is taken to a hospital. Raja pretends like loosing his eyesight and gets close to her. Radha discerns this drama but by that time she has fallen in love with him. Radha’s cousins, who are competing amongst themselves to marry Radha, discern this and informs this to Radha’s parents (Lokesh and Girija Lokesh). Radha’s father writes a fake letter that he is sick and makes Radha come. Once Radha comes, she discerns all of this was a deceit to make her come so that she does not marry that car mechanic. Radha fools her cousins and escapes, and marries Raja, who are living happily in the caravan.

Raja convinces Radha to go to her parents' house to seek their blessings, though Radha does not want it. Radha asks Raja to wait outside and goes inside the house, but Radha’s father insults her husband and says that he looks only for her money and property. Radha gets angry and leaves with Raja. Raja’s aunt tells Radha to lie about Raja becoming rich, and there is nothing wrong in claiming richness with people who value money over emotions. Radha starts writing letters to mother saying things like Raja started doing business, and became rich and purchased car, bungalow etc. Radha becomes pregnant and becomes a mother of a boy. Radha’s father changes his mind and wants to see his grandson. He informs Radha through letter that he would arrive to see the child. Raja had gone to Delhi to attend some conference, and when he comes he is shocked to see his wife taking him to a bungalow. Radha then tells Raja about how she had written letter saying things like he had become rich by doing business etc. Raja does not agree to do this kind of drama as to cover one lie, they have to lie many lies. She asks what to do, and Raja tells to rent a husband for two days and leaves. Radha then makes one of her friend’s brother to act as her husband. Radha’s parents arrive and sees that things are chaotic and attribute it to the lack of domestic help. On the other side, Raja’s aunt tells Raja that Radha did not do anything wrong in fact she had only told Radha to tell lies. Raja changes his mind and returns and when he learns of this arrangements, he settles there as domestic help (Cook).

Now the comedy of errors ensues around the bungalow with Radha, Raja, and fake Radha’s husband who is about to marry one of Radha’s another friend. Things go normally till two days later, when Radha's parents announce that they want to continue the stay to spend more time with their grandson and make him their heir. Their landlord, and people who gave the car and furniture on rent come to retrieve them. Moreover, Radha's cousins who expected that they would inherit property becomes bitter and kidnaps the child. Radha tells the truth to her parents, and they accept it. Radha’s grandfather is ready to give 5 Lakhs to the kidnappers and he is taken by a car. Here the two cousins ask Radha’s father to write property in their name. Raja comes and saves his child and his father-in-law's money. Finally Radha's parents buy a house, a car and furniture and ask forgiveness for not understanding Raja's character before. Raja accepts their apology but does not accept the property and tells that he did not marry her for their property. Radha’s father says that he respects his son-in-law’s self esteem and has written the property in his grandson’s name.

==Soundtrack==
All songs are composed by [[Upendra Kumar]].<ref>[http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Anukoolakkobba-Ganda-songs-K0000303 Anukoolakkobba songs]</ref>

===Track list===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
| 1
| "Ho Kande Suriva Maleya"
| [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]
| [[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|-
| 2
| "Higgina Suggiyu"
| Raghavendra Rajkumar, [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| Sri Ranga
|-
| 3
| "Ayyo Oorella Ninna Huduki"
| Raghavendra Rajkumar
| Chi. Udayashankar
|-
| 4
| "Maleyinda Baanu Bhoomi"
| Raghavendra Rajkumar, Manjula Gururaj
| Chi. Udayashankar
|-
| 5
| "Kempu Deepa"
| Raghavendra Rajkumar, G. S. Srinath, Manjula Gururaj, Kusuma
| Chi. Udayashankar
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{M. S. Rajashekar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anukoolakkobba Ganda}}
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. S. Rajashekar]]
[[Category:1990 comedy films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Savita Singh

2026-03-16T00:29:51Z

Shumail: new biography

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer and film director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Savita Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =[[Hisar (city)|Hisar, Haryana]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Cinematographer|film director}}
}}

'''Savita Singh''' is an Indian cinematographer and film director. She gained recognition for her work as the cinematographer of the short film [[Sonsi]], which won the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=67th National Film Awards: Kangana Ranaut to Sushant Singh Rajput's Chhichhore, check complete list of winners |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/67th-national-film-awards-check-complete-list-of-winners-10024760 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> and was selected as India's entry for the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]] in the short film category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-01 |title=Savita Singh’s directorial debut Sonsi is India’s entry to the Oscar Shorts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/savita-singh-sonsi-is-india-entry-to-the-oscar-shorts-7602836/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Savita Singh was born and raised in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar, Haryana]], in a family of farmers. She was the first female graduate from her village, and her passion for visual storytelling led her to pursue a career in cinema. With the support of her father, who worked in a bank, Savita pursued her passion for filmmaking after a stint as a journalist in [[Delhi]]. She went on to study at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-10-03 |title=Five Female Bollywood Cinematographers We Should Know - SheThePeople TV |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/five-female-bollywood-cinematographers-know/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> where she collaborated with [[Amit Dutta]], a senior, on the experimental film Kramasha. This collaboration proved to be a turning point in her career, as the film received widespread acclaim and earned her a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]].''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2021-10-28 |title=Meet Savita Singh, the ‘camera ma’am’ |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-savita-singh-the-camera-maam/article37209398.ece |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>''

== Career ==
After completing her studies, Savita moved to [[Mumbai]] and began her career as a cinematographer. She worked on notable projects such as [[Phoonk]] directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and [[404 (film)|404]] directed by [[Prawaal Raman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-08 |title=Female cinematographers of India unite : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/female-cinematographers-india-unite/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Female Principals |work=www.outlookindia.com |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/female-principals/271989}}</ref> In 2019, Savita Singh made her directorial debut with the short film [[Sonsi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikas Kumar On ‘Sonsi’ Winning The National Film Award: I’m Thrilled And Extremely Grateful |work=www.outlookindia.com |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-vikas-kumar-on-sonsi-winning-the-national-film-award-im-thrilled-and-extremely-grateful/399098}}</ref> The film, which she also wrote, delves into a mystical and poetic narrative, following the journey of an eight-year-old girl named Nadi as she ventures into a deep and mysterious woods in search of her dream-etched shadow bird. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] and was chosen as India's entry for the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]] in the short film category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oscars 2022: Sonsi, Produced By Aarya Actor Vikas Kumar, Joins Short Film Race |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/oscars-2022-sonsi-produced-by-aarya-actor-vikas-kumar-joins-short-film-race-2606553 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>''<ref name=":0" />''

== Recognition and awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Awards and recognition
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!{{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2019
|''[[67th National Film Awards]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| rowspan="4" |''[[Sonsi]]''
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=67th National Film Awards: Kangana Ranaut, Sushant Singh Rajput's Chhichhore win. See complete list of winners here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/67th-national-film-awards-kangana-ranaut-sushant-singh-rajput-s-chhichhore-win-101616411773402.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Lady Filmmakers Festival''
|Best Film
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Bengaluru International Short Film Festival]]''
|Best Film
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonsi, Public Toilet, Newborn Poetry win top awards at Bengaluru International Short Film Festival |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/sep/6/31192/sonsi-public-toilet-newborn-poetry-win-top-awards-at-bengaluru-international-short-film-festival |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
|[[Academy Awards|''Oscars'']]
|Short film
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2007
|''[[55th National Film Awards]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| ''[[Kramasha]]''
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=National Awards 2007 Winners |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2007/108 |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=3114267}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Savita}}
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:People from Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Exim Bank of India

2026-03-12T05:06:08Z

Shumail: Adding some stub initial version

{{Short description|Financial institution in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}

{{Primary sources|date=May 2024}}{{Infobox company
| name = INDIA EXIM BANK
| logo = Exim Bank of India.png
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public limited company|Public]]
| traded_as =
| industry = Banking
| foundation = {{start date |df=yes|1982|01|01}} {{small|(introduced)}} 
{{start date |df=yes|1982|04|07}} {{small|(received assent of [[President of India]] for the Export-Import Bank of India Act, 1981)}}
| founder = Government of India
| location = Mumbai
| area_served = 9 branches in India (November 2022)
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Ms. Harsha Bangari Chairman-cum-Managing Director}}
| products =
| services = Banking Financial Services
| num_employees = 540 (2021)
| subsid = * EXIM FINSERVE IFSC<ref name=":11" />
* INDIA EXIM BANK, Asset Management Arm
* INDIA EXIM BANK, London Branch {{small|(2006)}}<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Export-Import Bank Of India/London – Company Profile and News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0059540Z:LN |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808142635/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0059540Z:LN |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Export-Import Bank of India, London Branch {{!}} Reports {{!}} Moody's |url=https://www.moodys.com/credit-ratings/Export-Import-Bank-of-India-London-Branch-credit-rating-822508267 |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.moodys.com |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329172924/https://www.moodys.com/credit-ratings/Export-Import-Bank-of-India-London-Branch-credit-rating-822508267 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| homepage = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes = <ref name="Exim_bank">{{cite web |title=EXIM Bank Board of Directors |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/organisation |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=EXIM Bank |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329152857/https://www.eximbankindia.in/organisation |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

The '''Export-Import Bank of India''' ('''INDIA EXIM BANK''') is a specialised financial institution in India that was established in 1982. The bank's primary function is to finance, facilitate and promote India's [[international trade]]. It is owned by the [[Government of India]] and operates as a statutory corporation. Its operations are governed by the Export-Import Bank of India Act, 1981.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Organisation – About Us – Exim Bank |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/organisation |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329152857/https://www.eximbankindia.in/organisation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank) {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/banking-divisions/Public-Sector-Financial-Institutions-and-others/export-import-bank-of-india |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=financialservices.gov.in |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205104613/https://financialservices.gov.in/banking-divisions/Public-Sector-Financial-Institutions-and-others/export-import-bank-of-india |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''INDIA EXIM BANK''' provides a wide range of financial services to Indian exporters and importers. These services include [[Export credit insurance|export credit]], pre-shipment credit, post-shipment credit, and overseas investment finance. The bank also provides a range of advisory and support services to Indian businesses looking to expand their international operations. In addition to its domestic operations, INDIA EXIM BANK has a strong presence in the international market. It has established partnerships and collaborations with other international development banks and financial institutions to support trade and investment flows between India and other countries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Exim Bank of India |url=http://www.iibf.org.in/documents/THE-EXPORT-IMPORT-Bank-of-India-IIBF.docx |website=iibf.org.in |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106145720/http://www.iibf.org.in/documents/THE-EXPORT-IMPORT-Bank-of-India-IIBF.docx |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The Export-Import Bank of India ('''INDIA EXIM BANK''') was founded by the Government of India under the Export-Import Bank of India Act, 1981, which was introduced in the Indian Parliament by the then Finance Minister, [[Shri Pranab Mukherjee]]. The act was passed by both houses of parliament and received the assent of the [[President of India]] on 07-April-1982. The first Chairman and Managing Director of INDIA EXIM BANK was Mr. R.S. Rathore.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Export Import Bank of India History |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/export-import-bank-of-india/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12285.cms |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329152856/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/export-import-bank-of-india/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12285.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Chronology ===

* 1982: INDIA EXIM BANK was established on 01-January-1982, under the Export-Import Bank of India Act, 1981, with the aim of promoting and financing India's international trade.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF INDIA ACT, 1981 |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1981-28.pdf |website=legislative.gov.in |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028111704/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1981-28.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1983: The first overseas representative office of INDIA EXIM BANK was established in [[London]], England.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Exim Bank's London branch kicks off – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/exim-bank-s-london-branch-kicks-off/698605/ |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=archive.indianexpress.com |archive-date=31 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062113/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/exim-bank-s-london-branch-kicks-off/698605 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1985: INDIA EXIM BANK started providing [[Line of credit|Lines of Credit]] to overseas governments, enabling them to import goods and services from India on favourable credit terms.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Business Line of Credit Loan {{!}} Overseas Financial Institutions |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/lines-of-credit |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170944/https://www.eximbankindia.in/lines-of-credit |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1991: INDIA EXIM BANK set up an Export Development Fund to support the export activities of [[small and medium-sized enterprises]] (SMEs) in India.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=K. Ram |date=9 December 2020 |title=Exim Bank, SIDBI to set up investment fund to provide loan support to SMEs |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/exim-bank-sidbi-to-set-up-investment-fund-to-provide-loan-support-to-smes/article33289432.ece |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170947/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/exim-bank-sidbi-to-set-up-investment-fund-to-provide-loan-support-to-smes/article33289432.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1992: INDIA EXIM BANK launched the [[Buyer's credit]] programme, which provides competitive financing to overseas buyers of Indian goods and services.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Buyer credit {{!}} Credit Facility Programme {{!}} Financing Solution |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/buyers-credit |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170947/https://www.eximbankindia.in/buyers-credit |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1994: INDIA EXIM BANK signed an agreement with the [[African Development Bank]] to set up the India-Africa Fund to support trade and investment between India and Africa.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Exim Bank's Financing Initiatives and Activities in Africa |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/blog/blog-content.aspx?BlogID=14&BlogTitle=Exim%20Bank |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170947/https://www.eximbankindia.in/blog/blog-content.aspx?BlogID=14&BlogTitle=Exim%20Bank |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1999: INDIA EXIM BANK established the India Development Fund to provide equity and quasi-equity support to Indian companies investing overseas.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Overseas Investment Finance – Financial Products – Exim Bank |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/overseas-investment-finance |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170948/https://www.eximbankindia.in/overseas-investment-finance |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2003: INDIA EXIM BANK launched the Rural Initiative for Supporting Entrepreneurship (RISE) programme to support rural entrepreneurs in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSME Scheme |url=https://msme.gov.in/sites/default/files/MSME_Schemes_English_0.pdf |website=msme.gov.in |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170947/https://msme.gov.in/sites/default/files/MSME_Schemes_English_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2007: INDIA EXIM BANK launched the India-Africa Trade and Investment Promotion Programme to promote trade and investment between India and Africa.<ref name=":8" />
* 2011: INDIA EXIM BANK launched the Project Development and Monitoring Facility to provide advisory services to Indian companies investing overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaflet – Exim Bank |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/assets/pdf/Leaflet-Website.pdf |website=www.eximbankindia.in |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170958/https://www.eximbankindia.in/assets/pdf/Leaflet-Website.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2015: INDIA EXIM BANK signed an agreement with the [[Development Bank of Southern Africa]] to set up the India-South Africa Development Partnership Fund to support development projects in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India Africa Trade: Indian Exim Bank inks pact with Southern Africa's leading bank to boost India-Africa trade |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/indian-exim-bank-inks-pact-with-southern-africas-leading-bank-to-boost-india-africa-trade/articleshow/95235406.cms |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=November 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170949/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/indian-exim-bank-inks-pact-with-southern-africas-leading-bank-to-boost-india-africa-trade/articleshow/95235406.cms |url-status=live |last1=Chaudhury |first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Exim Bank Inks Pact With Southern Africa's Leading Bank to Boost India-Africa Trade |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/indian-exim-bank-inks-pact-with-southern-africas-leading-bank-to-boost-india-africa-trade/ |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=currentaffairs.adda247.com |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170948/https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/indian-exim-bank-inks-pact-with-southern-africas-leading-bank-to-boost-india-africa-trade/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India- Africa Exim Bank |url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/a4t_e/global_review13prog_e/india_africa_report.pdf |website=[[World Trade Organization]] |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170946/https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/a4t_e/global_review13prog_e/india_africa_report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2020: INDIA EXIM BANK launched the Global Network Programme to expand its overseas footprint and provide enhanced support to Indian businesses operating overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Releases – News & Events – India Exim Bank |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/press-releases |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170953/https://www.eximbankindia.in/press-releases |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2024: INDIA EXIM BANK opened a representative office in [[Nairobi]], Kenya.<ref name="ExbR">{{cite web|date=3 June 2024 |
work=[[Business Daily Africa]] |access-date=3 June 2024 | url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/indian-bank-ups-kenya-lending-to-sh33bn-4644738 |title=Indian bank ups Kenya lending to Sh33bn as it opens Nairobi office |author=Vincent Owino |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref>

== Organisation Structure ==
The Export-Import Bank of India (INDIA EXIM BANK) has a well-defined [[organizational structure]] consisting of several departments and functional units that work together to achieve the bank's objectives.<ref name=":0" />

* Board of Directors: The Board of Directors is the highest decision-making body of INDIA EXIM BANK. It consists of a chairman and [[managing director]], [[Executive Directors of the United States Chess Federation|Executive Directors]], and [[Non-executive director|non-executive directors]], who are appointed by the Government of India.
* Senior Management: The Senior Management team consists of the chairman and managing director, [[Executive Director]]s, and [[General Manager]]s, who are responsible for the day-to-day operations of the bank.
* Business Divisions: INDIA EXIM BANK has several [[business division]]s, including [[Corporate banking]], [[Project finance]], [[Line of credit|Lines of Credit]], [[Small and Medium Enterprises]] (SME) Business, [[Export|Export Services]], [[Risk management]], and [[Treasury]].
* Support Functions: INDIA EXIM BANK also has several support functions, including [[Human resources]], [[Information technology]], Legal and Compliance, [[Audit]], and [[Internal control]].
* Regional Offices: INDIA EXIM BANK has 9 regional offices located in major Indian cities, which are responsible for providing financial and advisory services to Indian exporters and importers.
* Overseas Representative Offices: INDIA EXIM BANK has representative offices in Washington D.C., USA; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Yangon, Myanmar, which support the bank's operations and business development activities overseas.

=== Management ===
INDIA EXIM BANK's management:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Management – About Us – Exim Bank |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/management |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329152859/https://www.eximbankindia.in/management |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Designation
!Name
|-
|Managing Director
|Ms. Harsha Bangari
|-
|Deputy Managing Director
|Mr. Tarun Sharma
|-
|Chief General Managers
|Mukul Sarkar, David Sinate, Prahalathan Iyer, Rima Marphatia, Manjiri Bhalerao, Deepali Agrawal, Tarun Sharma, Gaurav Bhandari, Utpal Gokhale, Vikramaditya Ugra
|-
|[[General Manager]]s
|Meena Verma, Dharmendra Sachan, Shilpa Waghmare, Uday Shinde, Lokesh Kumar, Rikesh Chand, Nirmit Ved, Meghana Joglekar, Priti Thomas, Manish Joshi, Ambrish Bhandari
|}

== Loans and Investments ==
{{Expand section|date=August 2023}}
LOCs given by the INDIA EXIM BANK:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exim Bank Initiatives |url=https://commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-promotion-programmes-and-schemes/trade-promotion-programme-focus-cis/exim-bank-initiatives/ |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=Mcommerce |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329172450/https://commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-promotion-programmes-and-schemes/trade-promotion-programme-focus-cis/exim-bank-initiatives/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March-2008, the bank provided a credit of 100 million dollars to finance a road construction project and the construction of electrical infrastructure for the government of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=4090&Mode=0|title=Reserve Bank of India – Notifications|website=www.rbi.org.in|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126084456/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=4090&Mode=0|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February-2019, the bank provided a credit of 200 million dollars to finance a project in the field of housing and infrastructure to the government of [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eoi.gov.in/tashkent/?pdf7720%3F000|author=|title=EXIM INDIA EXTENDS A LINE OF CREDIT OF USD 200 MILLION|website=|date=6 February 2019|access-date=8 August 2023|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218211901/https://eoi.gov.in/tashkent/?pdf7720%3F000|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March-2019, the bank provided a credit of 83 million dollars to finance a project in the field of [[solar energy]] in the [[Democratic republic of Congo]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exim Bank gives $83 mn line of credit to Congo to finance 3 solar power projects|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/exim-bank-gives-83-mn-line-of-credit-to-congo-to-finance-3-solar-power-projects-119031900643_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=19 March 2019|access-date=18 January 2020|first=Press Trust of|last=India|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131052134/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/exim-bank-gives-83-mn-line-of-credit-to-congo-to-finance-3-solar-power-projects-119031900643_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March-2019, the bank provided a credit of 800 million dollars to finance projects in the [[Republic of Maldives]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/exim-bank-extends-800-mn-credit-to-maldives-for-developmental-projects/article26590737.ece|author=PTI|title=Exim Bank extends $800 mn credit to Maldives for developmental projects|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218211855/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/exim-bank-extends-800-mn-credit-to-maldives-for-developmental-projects/article26590737.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August-2019, the bank provided a credit of 38 million dollars for an industrial project, in the field of water systems, to the Republic of [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/NT2780EDA26384CD4B0692EE87B45681274D.PDF|author=|title=Exim Bank's of India supported Line of Credit of 38 million USD to the Government of the Republic of Mozambique|website=|date=1 August 2019|access-date=8 August 2023|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218211900/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/NT2780EDA26384CD4B0692EE87B45681274D.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October-2019, the bank provided a credit of 30 million dollars to the Republic of [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnnews.com/exim-bank-on-behalf-of-the-government-of-india-extends-a-line-of-credit-loc-of-usd-30-million-to-the-government-of-the-republic-of-sierra-leone/|title=Exim Bank, On Behalf Of The Government Of India, Extends A Line Of Credit [Loc] Of Usd 30 Million To The Government Of The Republic Of Sierra Leone|language=en|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218211858/https://www.apnnews.com/exim-bank-on-behalf-of-the-government-of-india-extends-a-line-of-credit-loc-of-usd-30-million-to-the-government-of-the-republic-of-sierra-leone/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://awokonewspaper.com/sierra-leone-news-sierra-leone-signs-30m-credit-line-with-india-exim-bank/|work=Awoko Newspaper|title=Sierra Leone News; Sierra Leone signs $30m credit line with India Exim bank|access-date=8 August 2023|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022114240/https://awokonewspaper.com/sierra-leone-news-sierra-leone-signs-30m-credit-line-with-india-exim-bank/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November-2019, the bank provided a credit of 30 million dollars for a project to improve the fresh water infrastructure in [[Ghana]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exim Bank gives USD 30 mn line of credit to Ghana|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/exim-bank-gives-usd-30-mn-line-of-credit-to-ghana-119110701526_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=7 November 2019|access-date=18 January 2020|first=Press Trust of|last=India|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126134201/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/exim-bank-gives-usd-30-mn-line-of-credit-to-ghana-119110701526_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/exim-bank-gives-30-million-line-of-credit-to-ghana-4617211.html|title=Exim Bank gives $30 million line of credit to Ghana|work=Moneycontrol|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208074432/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/exim-bank-gives-30-million-line-of-credit-to-ghana-4617211.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January-2020, the bank provided a credit of 75 million dollars to finance a project in the field of [[solar energy]] in Cuba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-extends-75-million-line-of-credit-for-solar-parks-in-cuba/1811902/|title=India extends $75 million line of credit for solar parks in Cuba|website=The Financial Express|date=3 January 2020|language=English|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913185212/https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-extends-75-million-line-of-credit-for-solar-parks-in-cuba/1811902/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Key people ==
Key people associated with the Export-Import Bank of India (INDIA EXIM BANK) and their roles:<ref name=":9" />
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |board of directors<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors – About Us – Exim Bank |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/board-of-directors |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329152859/https://www.eximbankindia.in/board-of-directors |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Chairman and Managing Director
|Ms. Harsha Bangari
|-
|Deputy Managing Director
|Mr. N. Ramesh
|-
|Secretary (ER), [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
|Mr. Dammu Ravi
|-
|Additional Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]
|Mr. Rajat Kumar Mishra
|-
|Additional Secretary, Department of Financial Services, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]
|Mr. Suchindra Misra
|-
|Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce, [[Ministry of Commerce & Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce & Industry]]
|Mr. Vipul Bansal
|-
|Executive Director, [[Reserve Bank of India]]
|Mr. R. Subramanian
|-
|Chairman-cum-Managing Director, ECGC Ltd.
|Mr. M. Senthilnathan
|-
|Managing Director & CEO, [[IDBI Bank Ltd]]
|Mr. Rakesh Sharma
|-
|Chairman, [[State Bank of India]]
|Mr. Dinesh Kumar Khara
|-
|Managing Director & CEO, Bank of Maharashtra
|Mr. A.S. Rajeev
|-
|Managing Director & CEO, [[Central Bank of India]]
|Mr. Matam Venkata Rao
|-
|Non-Official Director
|Mr. Ashok Kumar Gupta
|}

=== Past Chief Executives ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr. No.<ref name=":0" />
!Chief Executives of Exim Bank
!Tenure
|-
|1
|Mr. R.C. Shah
|1982–1985
|-
|2
|Mr. Kalyan Banerji
|1985–1993
|-
|3
|Ms. Tarjani Vakil
|1993–1996
|-
|4
|Mr. Y.B. Desai
|1997–2001
|-
|5
|Mr. T.C. Venkat Subramanian
|2001–2009
|-
|6
|Ms. Ravneet Kaur (additional charge)
|2009–2010
|-
|7
|Mr. T.C. A. Ranganathan
|2010–2013
|-
|8
|Mr. Anurag Jain (additional charge)
|2013–2014
|-
|9
|Mr. Yaduvendra Mathur
|2014–2017
|-
|10
|Mr. David Rasquinha
|2017–2021
|-
|11
|Ms. Harsha Bangari
|2021–present
|}

== Branches ==
The Export-Import Bank of India (INDIA EXIM BANK) has its headquarters in [[Mumbai]], India. Apart from the headquarters, INDIA EXIM BANK has several branches and overseas offices to cater to the needs of Indian exporters and importers. Here are the details of INDIA EXIM BANK's branches and offices:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=26 March 2016 |title=Exim bank plans to scale up presence with more branches |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/exim-bank-plans-to-scale-up-presence-with-more-branches/articleshow/51557169.cms |access-date=29 March 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170945/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/exim-bank-plans-to-scale-up-presence-with-more-branches/articleshow/51557169.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Get in touch – Exim Bank |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/get-in-touch |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329152856/https://www.eximbankindia.in/get-in-touch |url-status=live }}</ref>

# Domestic Branches: INDIA EXIM BANK has 9 domestic offices located in Mumbai, Delhi, [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Pune]], and [[Guwahati]].
# Overseas Offices: INDIA EXIM BANK has 8 overseas offices located in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]] (USA), London (UK), [[Johannesburg]] (South Africa), Singapore, Tokyo (Japan), Beijing (China), [[Dhaka]] (Bangladesh), and [[Yangon]] (Myanmar).
# Representative Offices: INDIA EXIM BANK also has representative offices in various countries to promote and facilitate India's trade relations with those countries. These representative offices are located in [[Abu Dhabi]] (UAE), [[Accra]] (Ghana), [[Addis Ababa]] (Ethiopia), [[Colombo]] (Sri Lanka), [[Dubai]] (UAE), [[Istanbul]] (Turkey) and [[Nairobi]] (Kenya).<ref name="ExbR"/>

== Subsidiaries ==
The Export-Import Bank of India (INDIA EXIM BANK) has two subsidiaries.<ref name=":5" />

# EXIM Bank Asset Management Company Ltd. (EBAMC): It was incorporated in 2015 and is headquartered in Mumbai, India. EBAMC is a wholly owned subsidiary of INDIA EXIM BANK and is registered with the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) as a Category II Alternative Investment Fund (AIF). The company manages funds in the areas of infrastructure, private equity, and other alternative asset classes.
# Export-Import Bank of India, London Branch: It is a subsidiary of INDIA EXIM BANK and operates as INDIA EXIM BANK's London branch. The London branch was established in 2006 and is located in London, UK. It provides a range of financial services to customers in the UK, Europe, and other countries. The services offered by Export-Import Bank of India, London Branch include trade finance, project finance, corporate lending, and advisory services.<ref name=":10" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/>
# INDIA EXIM FINSERVE IFSC Pvt Ltd.: It was incorporated in 2023 in [[GIFT International Financial Services Centre|International Financial Services Centre]], [[GIFT City]], Gujarat.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2023 |title=India Exim Bank launches subsidiary for trade financing in GIFT City |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/india-exim-bank-launches-subsidiary-for-trade-financing-in-gift-city-8882267/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808142633/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/india-exim-bank-launches-subsidiary-for-trade-financing-in-gift-city-8882267/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Functions ==
The Export-Import Bank of India (INDIA EXIM BANK) has been established with the aim of promoting and financing India's international trade. Here are the main functions and responsibilities of INDIA EXIM BANK:

* Financing: INDIA EXIM BANK provides financial assistance to Indian exporters and importers in the form of pre-shipment and post-shipment credit, buyer's credit, lines of credit, and project export finance.<ref name="auto2"/>
* [[Export marketing]]: INDIA EXIM BANK provides advisory services and support to Indian exporters in identifying new markets and expanding their international trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Export Advisory Service – Services – Exim Bank |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/export-advisory-services |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329171219/https://www.eximbankindia.in/export-advisory-services |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Export credit insurance]]: INDIA EXIM BANK provides export credit insurance to Indian exporters to protect them against the risks of non-payment by overseas buyers.<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Research and development]]: INDIA EXIM BANK conducts research and analysis on international trade and finance and provides information and intelligence to Indian businesses and policymakers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Export and Import {{!}} Data analysis in research |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/research-analysis |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170953/https://www.eximbankindia.in/research-analysis |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Collaboration]]: INDIA EXIM BANK collaborates with other institutions, both in India and overseas, to promote and facilitate India's international trade and investment.
* [[Policy advocacy]]: INDIA EXIM BANK represents the interests of Indian exporters and importers in international forums and advocates policies that promote India's international trade and investment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marketing Advisory Services {{!}} India's Foreign Trade Policy |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/marketing-advisory-services |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170945/https://www.eximbankindia.in/marketing-advisory-services |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Lines of Credit: INDIA EXIM BANK extends lines of credit to overseas entities, including governments, financial institutions, and commercial banks, to promote India's exports and support the development of infrastructure in recipient countries.<ref name=":6" />
* Project Finance: INDIA EXIM BANK provides project finance to Indian companies for executing overseas projects, especially in developing countries, to support India's international business interests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Export And Import Finance {{!}} Project Exports India |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/project-exports |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170955/https://www.eximbankindia.in/project-exports |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|SME Financing]]: INDIA EXIM BANK provides financing and advisory services to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in India to help them enter the international market and grow their businesses.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/Assets/Dynamic/PDF/Publication-Resources/ResearchPapers/OP/20file.pdfr|title=STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF MSMEs}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Capacity building]]: INDIA EXIM BANK conducts training and capacity-building programmes for Indian businesses and government officials to enhance their skills and knowledge related to international trade and finance.
* [[Corporate social responsibility]] (CSR): INDIA EXIM BANK has a CSR program that focuses on education, healthcare, environment, and community development. The bank supports various initiatives in India and overseas to promote sustainable development and social welfare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESG FRAMEWORK |url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/esg-framework-details.aspx |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=www.eximbankindia.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170950/https://www.eximbankindia.in/esg-framework-details.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Exim Bank (Bangladesh)]]
* [[Exim Bank (Djibouti)]]
* [[Exim Bank (Uganda)]]
* [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]
* [[Export–Import Bank of the United States]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Economy of India related topics}}
{{Banking in India}}
{{Indian currency}}
{{Financial services in India}}
}}
{{Portal bar|Companies|India|Business and economics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government-owned banks of India|India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1982]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Armaan Malik

2026-03-07T19:21:10Z

Shumail: enhance intro additionally

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (born 1995)}}
{{BLP refimprove|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Armaan Malik 2016.jpg
| caption = Armaan Malik in 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|22 July, 1995}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Playback Singer]]|[[Songwriter]]|[[Voice-over]]}}
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|Aashna Shroff|January 2025}}
| parents = [[Daboo Malik]], Jyoti Malik
| awards =
| website = http://armaanmalik.com/
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = Yes
| years_active = 2007{{ndash}}present
| instrument = {{hlist|[[Vocals]]}}
| label = {{hlist|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Filmi]]|[[Indian classical music]]|[[Indian pop]]}}
}}
}}
'''Armaan Malik''' (born 22 July, 1995)<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Anjali |title=Armaan Malik |url=https://www.theceo.in/blogs/armaan-malik-the-versatile-melody-maestro-making-waves-globally
|access-date=5 October 2025 |website=The CEO Magazine |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[playback singer]], songwriter, [[Voice acting|voice actor]], and actor. He started his career in 2007 as a child vocalist in [[Bollywood]], making his debut with the song "Bum Bum Bole" from the film ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''. Malik made his first on-screen appearance in the film ''[[Kaccha Limboo]]'' in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://starofmysore.com/yuva-dasara-young-singer-armaan-malik-drowns-crowd-in-soulful-melodies-amidst-rain/|title=
Yuva Dasara: Young Singer Armaan Malik Drowns Crowd In Soulful Melodies Amidst Rain|date= 15 October 2018|work= Star of Mysore}}</ref> He has been associated with [[Universal Music India]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2015 |title=T-Series exclusively signs Amaal Mallik, Armaan Mallik and Shrey Singhal |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/t-series-exclusively-signs-amaal-mallik-armaan-mallik-and-shrey-singhal/
|access-date=30 October 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
== Early life ==
''Armaan Malik'' was born in Mumbai to [[Daboo Malik]] and Jyoti Malik.<ref name=":19" /> He has an older brother, [[Amaal Mallik|Amaal Malik]], who is also a musician. Malik attended [[Jamnabai Narsee School]] in Mumbai, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2018 |title=Best way to handle trolls? Ignore them!: Social media star and singer Armaan Malik ups his game |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/my-mantra-to-handle-trolls-is-to-scrollthetroll-says-armaan-malik/story-psHvsnthvZ2qeMV4b6kTRK.html
|access-date=5 October 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Career beginnings (2006-2010) ===
Armaan Malik began his career in 2006 after appearing in the TV Singing Competition, [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L’il Champs]],where he finished eighth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=Armaan Malik Reveals Why Was He Dropped Out Of Singing Reality Show Sa Re Ga Pa Li'l Champs |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/armaan-malik-reveals-why-was-he-dropped-out-of-singing-reality-show-sa-re-ga-pa-lil-champs-article151164.htm
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722072500/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/armaan-malik-reveals-why-was-he-dropped-out-of-singing-reality-show-sa-re-ga-pa-lil-champs-article151164.htm
|archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=Desimartini |language=en}}</ref> Under the musical directions of the musical trio [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy|Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=22 July 2022 |title=Armaan Malik Drops Single 'Tu/You'; Top Indian Singer Reveals Musical Influences (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/armaan-malik-tu-you-1235322835/
|access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Step inside Armaan Malik's serene and gorgeous home as he give a video tour of all his favourite corners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/step-inside-armaan-malik-s-serene-and-gorgeous-home-as-he-give-a-video-tour-of-all-his-favourite-corners-101653473181712.html
|access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>, he made his debut as a child singer in 2007 with the song [[Taare Zameen Par (soundtrack)#Track listing|Bum Bum Bole]] from the film [[Taare Zameen Par]]. In 2010, he provided the voice for an English boy in [[My Name Is Khan]] and voiced the character Salim in the radio adaptation of [[Slumdog Millionaire]] for [[BBC Radio 1]].<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2020 |title=Armaan Malik: Prince of romance gets pop makeover |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-55320532
|work=BBC}}</ref>

=== Playback singing and first album (2014-2019) ===
In 2014, Malik made his playback singing debut with [[Jai Ho (film)#Music|Tumko Toh Aana Hi Tha]] in [[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jai Ho music review |url=http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/31-jai-ho-music-review.asp
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063231/http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/31-jai-ho-music-review.asp
|archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=31 December 2013 |publisher=Glamsham.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2020 |title=Armaan Malik: Prince of romance gets pop makeover |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-55320532
|access-date=25 July 2022 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> He also contributed to the film’s title track and [[Jai Ho (film)#Music|Love You Till the End]], appearing along side his brother Amaal Malik,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2014 |title=Jai Ho |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/jai-ho/articleshow/29254484.cms
|access-date=19 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> who composed the music.

Also in the year 2014, he sang the song [[Khoobsurat (2014 film)#Music|Naina]] for the drama film [[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|''Khoobsurat'']],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2015 |title=Armaan Malik: Salman bhai has been my pillar of strength |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Armaan-Malik-Salman-bhai-has-been-my-pillar-of-strength/articleshow/45717007.cms
|access-date=28 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and he also sang the song [[Ungli#Track listing|Auliya]] for the film ''[[Ungli]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armaan Malik Songs |url=https://genius.com/artists/Armaan-malik/songs
|access-date=7 October 2025 |website=Genius}}</ref> and released his debut album ''Armaan''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armaan Malik's self-titled debut album launched |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/node/29841
|access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.radioandmusic.com
|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2014 |title=Armaan Malik to sing for Salim – Sulaiman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/armaan-malik-to-sing-for-salim-sulaiman/
|access-date=28 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, he recorded songs for films including [[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]], [[Calendar Girls (2015 film)|Calendar Girls]], and [[Hate Story 3]]. His work that year included [[Hate Story 3#Soundtrack|Tumhe Apna Banane Ka]] and [[Hate Story 3#Soundtrack|Wajah Tum Ho]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Misra |first=Iti Shree |date=22 July 2021 |title=Birthday Special: Five facts about Indian music’s latest sensation Armaan Malik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/birthday-special-five-facts-about-indian-musics-latest-sensation-armaan-malik/articleshow/84638645.cms
|access-date=25 November 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref> He also released the single [[Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon]] and sang Yaar Indha Muyalkutti. That year, he received the [[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award]] for New Music Talent.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chakraborty |first=Riddhi |date=8 September 2020 |title=Cover Story: Armaan Malik — The Making of a Pop Star |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/cover-story-armaan-malik-the-making-of-a-pop-star/
|access-date=25 November 2025 |work=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>

Between 2016 and 2018, Malik recorded songs for films including ''[[Sanam Re]]'', ''[[Kapoor & Sons]]'', ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]'', ''[[Do Lafzon Ki Kahani (film)|Do Lafzon Ki Kahani]]'', and ''[[Baaghi (2016 film)|Baaghi]]'', the latter featuring the duet Sab Tera with [[Shraddha Kapoor]]. He collaborated with artists such as [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Jeet Gannguli]], and sang his first Bengali song, Dhitang Dhitang, for ''[[Love Express (2016 film)|Love Express]]''. He was the lead singer for the soundtrack of ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''. He also sang Sau Asmaan with Neeti Mohan for ''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]'' and Ishaara for ''[[Force 2]]''.

He sang Tum Jo Mille for ''[[Saansein]]'', Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas Reprise, and Dil Mein Chupa Lunga Remake for ''[[Wajah Tum Ho]]''. He released the single Pyaar Manga Hain, A Remake with Neeti Mohan and performed the title track of the Star Paarivar Awards 2016 with [[Palak Muchhal]] and [[Meet Bros]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/young-hitmaker-armaan-malik-on-his-first-public-concert-in-bengaluru/articleshow/66032345.cms|title=
Young hitmaker Armaan Malik on his first public concert in Bengaluru|date=2 October 2018|work= Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

In 2019, Malik sang Jab Se Mera Dil for ''[[Amavas]]'', Dil Me Ho Tum for ''[[Why Cheat India]]'', and Kyun Rabba for ''[[Badla (2019 film)|Badla]]''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byitAI7kkOM |title=Lyrical: Dil Mein Ho Tum{{!}} WHY CHEAT INDIA {{!}} Emraan H, Shreya D{{!}}Rochak K, Armaan M, Bappi L, Manoj M |date=2018-12-28 |last=T-Series |access-date=2026-01-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He also sang Chale Aana for ''[[De De Pyaar De]]''. That year, he voiced the lead character in the Hindi dubbed version of Disney’s live action film ''[[Aladdin (2019 film)|Aladdin]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Cirisano |first=Tatiana |date=12 March 2020 |title=Indian Singer-Songwriter Armaan Malik Signs With Arista Records For His First English Single: Exclusive |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/armaan-malik-signs-arista-records/
|access-date=1 January 2026 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Continued work (2020-present) ===
Malik has signed with [[Arista Records]] on 12 March 2020 and released his first English language single, Control, on 20 March 2020.<ref name=":0" /> The song won the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Indian Act|Best Indian Act]] award at the 2020 [[MTV Europe Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pawa |first=Anjana |date=14 January 2022 |title=Reintroducing Bollywood Balladeer Armaan Malik |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/reintroducing-armaan-malik-bollywood-balladeer-turned-global-star-interview
|access-date=1 January 2026 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2020, Malik became the first Indian artist to reach number one on the Triller Global [[Billboard charts]] twice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=24 December 2020 |title=Armaan Malik becomes the first artist to hit No. 1 on Billboard’s Top Triller Global chart twice |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/armaan-malik-becomes-first-artist-hit-no-1-billboards-top-triller-global-chart-twice/
|access-date=1 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> He later released his second English single, How Many.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Defoor |first=Emily |date=18 December 2020 |title=Interview: Armaan Malik Chats About 'How Many' & Breaking Out In Global Pop! |url=https://thehoneypop.com/2020/12/18/interview-armaan-malik-chats-about-how-many-breaking-out-in-global-pop/
|access-date=1 January 2026 |website=The Honey POP |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, he recorded songs for films including ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'', ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]'', ''[[Khuda Haafiz]]'', ''[[Saina (film)|Saina]]'', ''[[Koi Jaane Na]]'', ''[[99 Songs]]'', ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]'', ''[[Thalaivii]]'', ''[[Bhoot Police]]'', and ''[[Velle (film)|Velle]]''.

He was featured on the [[A. R. Rahman]] single Meri Pukaar Suno, released in June 2021, alongside [[K.S. Chithra]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Asees Kaur]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]], and [[Alka Yagnik]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2021 |title=AR Rahman, Gulzar collaborate with Bollywood’s star singers for Meri Pukaar Suno, an ode to Mother Earth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rahman-gulzar-meri-pukar-suno-an-ode-to-mother-earth-7377247/
|access-date=1 January 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In September 2021, Malik collaborated with Daboo Malik, Amaal Mallik, and [[Kunaal Vermaa]] on the single Barsaat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2021 |title=Armaan Malik collaborates with father Daboo Malik and brother Amaal Malik for Barsaat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/armaan-malik-collaborates-with-father-daboo-malik-and-brother-amaal-malik-for-latest-single-barsaat-7530246/
|access-date=1 January 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Malik released the English single You, which earned him the Best India Act award at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022|title=Armaan Malik wins his second MTV EMA for the song You|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/armaan-malik-wins-his-second-mtv-ema-for-the-song-you/cid/1898177|access-date=17 November 2022|website=Telegraph India|language=en}}</ref> He also provided vocals for the films ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]'', ''[[Major (film)|Major]]'', and ''[[Ardh]]'', released the Hindi singles Nakhrey Nakhrey and Rehna Tere Paas, and collaborated on a remix of [[Ed Sheeran]]’s song [[2step (song)|2step]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022 |title=Ed Sheeran collaborates with Armaan Malik for his next titled 2Step |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/ed-sheeran-collaborates-with-armaan-malik-for-his-next-titled-2step-7955739/
|access-date=8 June 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On 28 August 2023, Malik announced his engagement to Aashna Shroff. The couple got married on 2 January 2025 in [[Mahabaleshwar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armaan Malik gets engaged to Aashna Shroff, shares adorable photos: 'Our forever has...' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-armaan-malik-gets-engaged-to-aashna-shroff-shares-adorable-photos-our-forever-has-3057680
|access-date=28 August 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2 January 2025 |title=Armaan Malik-Aashna Shroff are now married, singer says 'Tu hi mera ghar' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/armaan-malik-aashna-shroff-are-now-married-2658519-2025-01-02
|access-date=2 January 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |title=Singer Armaan Malik gets married to social media influencer Aashna Shroff. See first photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/singer-armaan-malik-gets-married-to-social-media-influencer-aashna-shroff-see-first-photos-9756035/
|access-date=3 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Episode
!Role
|-
|2006
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]''
| -
|Contestant
|-
|2012
|''[[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]]''
|Season 1, episode 22
|Zafir Ali
|-
|2015
|''[[Indian Idol Junior 2]]''
| -
|Guest
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|Season 1, episode 15
|Guest
|-
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]''
| -
|Guest
|-
|2017
|''[[The Drama Company]]''
|Episode 23
|Guest
|-
|rowspan="4"|2019
|''No. 1 Yaari Jam''
|Episode 2
|Guest
|-
|''[[The Voice (Indian season 3)|The Voice]]''
|Season 3
|Judge
|-
|''By Invite Only''
|Episode 42
|Guest
|-
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|Season 2, episode 56
|Guest
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|''Jammin'''
|Season 3
|Guest
|-
|''The Love Laugh Live Show''
|Season 2
|Guest
|-
|2021
|''Unacademy Unwind'' with [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]]
| -
|Guest
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Armaan Malik
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| wins = 19
| nominations = 23
}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Award !! Song/Album !! Category !! Result
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[7th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]] || rowspan="2" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]] || "Naina" – ''[[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|Khoobsurat]]'' || [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]] || rowspan=2 {{nom}}
|-
| "Bas Is Pal Mein" || Indie Pop Song of the Year
|-
| [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
| Auliya – Ungli || Best Debutant Award – Film || {{won}}
|-
| [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
|''Armaan'' – Album || Jagjit Singh Award – Best Music Debut || {{won}}
|-
| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|Big Star Entertainment]]
| Tumhe Apna Banane Ka – ''Hate Story 3'' || Most Entertaining Singer – Male
|{{Won}}
|-
| [[Stardust Awards]]
| Main Hoon Hero Tera – Hero || Best Playback Singer – Male || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || [[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award]] || New Music Talent || RD Burman Award || {{won}}
|-
|[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
| Main Rahoon Ya Na |Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon
|Best Music Video
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| "[[Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon]]" || Indie Pop Song of the Year || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017|| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| "Sariyagi Nenapide" – ''[[Mungaru Male 2]]'' || Best Male Playback Singer Kannada || {{won}}
|-
|[[15th Santosham Film Awards]]
|"Emo Emo" - ''[[Katamarayudu]]''
|Best Male Playback Singer
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]|| [[Filmfare Awards South]]|| "Ondu Malebillu" – ''[[Chakravarthy (2017 film)|Chakravarthy]]''|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada]] || {{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| "Hello" – ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]] || {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award South]]
| "Ninnila Ninnila" – ''[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|Tholi Prema]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]|| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|"Pehla Pyaar"
|Listener's Choice - Album of the Year
| {{Won}}
|-
|[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=9 November 2020|title=MTV Europe Music Award 2020: Armaan Malik wins 'The Best India Act' for his single 'Control'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mtv-europe-music-award-2020-armaan-malik-wins-the-best-india-act-for-his-single-control-2855292|access-date=11 December 2020|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
|"Control"
|[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Indian Act|Best Indian Act]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|Not Mentioned
|Smule's Most Jammed Artist
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|"[[Butta Bomma]]"
|Viral Song Of The Decade (Telugu)
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Ninna Raja Naanu
|Best Playback Singer (Male) (Kannada)
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |"[[Butta Bomma]]"
| rowspan="2" |Best Playback Singer (Male) (Telugu)
|rowspan="2" {{Won}}
|-
|Cinegoers Association Awards
|-
|Lokmat Most Stylish Awards
|Special Award
|Lokmat Most Stylish Singer Award (Male)
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Mujhe Pyaar Pyaar Hai
|Best Singer
|{{Won}}
|-
|Indian Independent Music Awards
|Control
|Best Pop Song (Consumer Category)
|{{Won}}
|-
|Beautiful Indians
|Special Award
|The Voice Of A Generation
|{{Won}}
|-
|Star Maa Parivaar Award
|Special Award
|Iconic Singer Of The Decade
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Neenade Naa
|Best Playback Singer (Male)
|{{Won}}
|-
|The Clef Music Award
|Nakhrey Nakhrey
|Best Artist (Pop)
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]
|You
|[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Indian Act|Best Indian Act]]
|{{Won}}
|}
==Discography==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Armaan Malik}}

'''Studio Albums'''
* ''Armaan'' (2014)
* ''MTV Unplugged Season 7'' (2018)
* Only Just Begun (2023)

==Filmography==
* ''[[Kaccha Limboo]]'' (2011) as Armaan

* ''[[Aladdin (2019 film)|Aladdin]]'' (2019) as Aladdin (voice)
* ''[[A Minecraft Movie]]'' (2025) as Henry (voice in [[Hindi]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|1=https://shop.armaanmalik.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|3263017}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/armaanmalik/?hl=en Armaan Malik at Instagram]

{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs}}
{{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Indian Act}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Filmi singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participants]]
[[Category:Indian child singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Armaan}}
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Indian television personalities]]
[[Category:Universal Music Group artists]]
[[Category:MTV Europe Music Award winners]]

Baba Kalyani (film)

2026-03-03T21:34:24Z

Shumail: improved article

{{short description|2006 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baba Kalyani
| image = Baba Kalyani.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| producer = [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
| writer = [[S. N. Swami]]
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] [[Biju Menon]] [[Mamta Mohandas]] [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| music = [[Alex Paul]]
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]
| studio = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|12|15|}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Baba Kalyani''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action crime film]] directed by [[Shaji Kailas]], written by [[S. N. Swami]], and produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] through [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]] in the title role, and also features an ensemble cast featuring [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], and [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] in important roles. The film's music was composed by [[Alex Paul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14351824&ctid=5&cid=2428|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025021326/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14351824&ctid=5&cid=2428|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-10-25|title=Baba Kalyani| website=[[Sify]] |date=2009-09-12|accessdate=2009-09-12}}</ref>

''Baba Kalyani'' was released on 15 December 2006, where it became one of the top highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year.<ref name="boxoffice"/>

==Plot==
Following a tip from a small-time lodge owner, the [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|ATS]] conducts a search at the rooms where a group of suspicious youths stayed. Baba Kalyani [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], the head of ATS M3-division finds certain clues, which he wants to follow. With the permission from [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Bose Ninan, Baba Kalyani arrives in [[Kochi]], and is posted in the Law and order department with Thomas and a couple of ATS officers assisting him. All his men are newly inducted IPS officers. At Kochi, Kalyani clashes with [[Advocate|Adv.]] Ashokan and his daughter Madhumitha, who was his ex-girlfriend. A bundle of [[counterfeit currency]] is found at a local bank, which was transferred from the account of a charity organization run by Sait Issa Mohammed Haji, a respected businessman.

Baba Kalyani reaches the residence of Issa Mohammed on the same night, where Issa denies any knowledge about any [[hawala|hawala dealings]] in the state. The cash was transferred from the account by Issa Mohammed's son-in-law Babu, who is a college lecturer and a leader of a terror organization in the state. He is with a bunch of young men who had secretly undergone [[Jihad]] training in [[Pakistan]] and is planning a massive explosion. Unaware of this, Issa supports him thinking Babu is a normal college lecturer busy with his own life. One morning, Issa arrives at Baba Kalyani's residence, informing about a group of suspicious young men recently seen at the nearby [[mosque]]. He also adds that the Muslyar of the mosque has some doubts regarding their activities.

Along with Thomas and their group, Baba Kalyani conducts a raid at the house and gathers vital information. The house gets blown up, signing the storage of inflammable explosives. From the prints, maps and photographs, Baba Kalyani concludes that their next target is [[Palani]], a divine [[pilgrimage]] center in [[South India]]. He arrives at Palani along with his team, where he meets up [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Raghupathi. With the support of local cops, Baba seizes the trucks in which the explosives were stored, where he sends Issa Mohammed as a negotiator to Babu who was hiding along with the jihadis. Unwilling to give up the plan, Babu decides to shoot down Issa. The ATS team conducts a [[Commando Operation|commando operation]] and shoots down the jihadis, including Babu, thus aborting their plan. Baba patches up with Madhumitha, where they happily get married.

==Cast==
*[[Mohanlal]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Baba Kalyani [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|Assistant Commissioner]] of [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Anti Terrorist Squad]]
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Zaheer Ahmed / Babu
*[[Biju Menon]] as [[Circle Inspector#Kerala|CI]] Thomas, [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS]] officer
*[[Mamta Mohandas]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Madhumitha
*Ajay Jose as CI Firoze
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|DIG]] Raghupathi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Tamil Nadu Police]]
*[[Venu Nagavally]] as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|DIG]] Bose K. Ninan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Issa Mohammed Haji
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Arackal Ashokan
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as [[Sub Inspector#Kerala|SI]] Ramanan
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Meenakshiyamma
*Maya Moushmi as Ammini, Thomas's wife
*[[Reshmi Boban]] as Babu's wife
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Parandan Devassy
*[[Shammi Thilakan]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Dineshan
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as [[Sub Inspector#Kerala|SI]] Sundaram
*[[Saiju Kurup]] as Tahir, terrorist
*[[Anil Murali]] as Yousuf
*Kiran Raj as Khader, Terrorist
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Mayor
*[[Vineeth Kumar]] as Santhosh
*[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Murali, lodge owner
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Prabhakaran
*[[Prem Prakash]] as [[Director General of Police#India|DGP]] Sathyasheelan
*[[P. Sreekumar]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly#Kerala|MLA]] Jayakumar
*[[Chali Pala]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Shivasankaran
*[[Biju Pappan]] as [[Circle Inspector#Kerala|CI]] Sarath
*[[Narayanankutty]] as Mohan, police Constable
* [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#Kerala|DYSP]] Rajkumar Rajasekhar as [[Sub Inspector]]
*[[Ambika Mohan]] as Women's Commission member
*[[Ponnamma Babu]] as Women's Commission member
*Rema Devi as Women's Commission member
* Bindu Murali as Bose K. Ninan's wife
* [[Joju George]]
* [[Shivani Bhai]] as Suspect

==Production==
[[Shaji Kailas]] was supposed to direct another film with [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role. But due to several reasons, the film did not start production and he asked [[S. N. Swami]] to do a script on urgent basis. The only song was written by [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]] and was composed by [[Alex Paul]].

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Baba Kalyan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Alex Paul]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2006
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:50
| label = M.C. Audios & Videos
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack for this movie was composed by [[Alex Paul]] while the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma|Sharath Vayalar]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| total_length = 13:50
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Dhana Chananana (Bit)
| extra1 =
| title2 = Kai Niraye Vennatharam (M)
| extra2 = [[G Venugopal]]
| length2 = 4:45
| title3 = Kai Niraye Vennatharam (F)
| extra3 = [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
| length3 = 4:25
| title4 = Neelamizhi Peelikale
| extra4 = [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]], [[Vidhu Prathap]]
| length4 = 4:40
}}

==Box office==
The film was released in 61 screens in 48 stations in [[Kerala]]. It took a good opening and grossed {{INR Convert|1.08|c}} in three days, with a distributors share of {{INR Convert|54|l}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Kerala box-office!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-box-office-news-malayalam-kkfvgIghiafsi.html|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2 November 2016|date=19 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104005448/https://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-box-office-news-malayalam-kkfvgIghiafsi.html|archivedate=4 November 2016}}</ref> ''Baba Kalyani'' became one of the top ten highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year, in terms of the box office earnings and the cost of production.<ref name=BO>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=2006-A Flashback!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2006-a-flashback-news-malayalam-kkfvg4dfgiasi.html|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2 November 2016|date=1 January 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208185858/https://www.sify.com/movies/2006-a-flashback-news-malayalam-kkfvg4dfgiasi.html|archivedate=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="boxoffice">{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|title=Superstars continue their reign|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122900200100.htm|accessdate=25 July 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213257/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122900200100.htm|archivedate=3 January 2007}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0896909}}
* [http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3861 Malayala Chalachithram]

{{Aashirvad Cinemas}}
{{S. N. Swamy}}

[[Category:2006 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palani]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Aashirvad Cinemas films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]

Arike (film)

2026-03-03T20:47:13Z

Shumail: creating some stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arike
| image = Arike (movie poster).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Shyamaprasad]]
| producer = N. B. Vindhyan
| story = [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]
| screenplay = Shyamaprasad
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Samvrutha Sunil]] [[Mamta Mohandas]] [[Vineeth]] [[Ajmal Ameer]] [[Sreenath Bhasi]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = [[Alagappan N]]
| editing = [[Vinod Sukumaran]]
| studio = Picture Perfect
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|5|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Arike''''' (''So Close'') is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]] [[romantic drama]] film<ref name="The Hindu1"/><ref>[https://archive.today/20130629121923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-11/news-interviews/30266490_1_mamta-roles-character "Samvrutha in Arike"]. ''The Times of India''. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref> by [[Shyamaprasad]], starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Vineeth]], [[Ajmal Ameer]] and [[Sreenath Bhasi]] in Supporting roles. Based on a Bengali short story by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], the movie was produced under the banner of Picture Perfect and has a script by Shyamaprasad, cinematography by Alagappan, editing by Vinod Sukumaran, and music by [[Ouseppachan]].

The film, a [[romantic drama]], is about the shades of love that vary in a relationship woven around three individuals.

==Plot==
Kalpana's parents are against her marrying Shanthanu, and they try to bring proposals from their own ([[Brahmin]]) community. At one point, Kalpana's aunt tricks her into meeting a guy, Sanjay, whom they hope Kalpana will like and marry. While they travel with Sanjay in his car, they meet with an accident, causing some scars on Kalpana's face and giving her a disfigured toe. After the accident, Kalpana backs out from the relationship with Shanthanu and gives in to her parents' wishes to marry Sanjay. Anuradha feels bad for Shanthanu and tries to console him. It is then that Shanthanu realizes that Kalpana has actually not loved him at all. Though his actual love was near him, so close, he failed to recognise it (this is where the name of this film gets significance).

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Shanthanu, Kalpana's ex Love Interest
* [[Samvrutha Sunil]] as Kalpana
* [[Mamta Mohandas]] as Anuradha
* [[Vineeth]] as Balu, Anuradha's Love Interest
* [[Ajmal Ameer]] as Sanjay Shenoy, Kalpana's Husband
* [[Sreenath Bhasi]] as Anjan, Anuradha's friend, drug marcater
* [[Urmila Unni]] as Alaga Devi, Kalpana's mother
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Ananthanarayana Pai, Kalpana's father
* [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]] as Guruji
* [[Dinesh Panicker]] as Subramanya Pai
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Balu's mother
* [[Chithra Iyer]] as Sujatha
* [[Prakash Bare]] as Vinayan
* Chandramohan as Anuradha's father
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Krishnankutty, Balu's father
}}

==Production==
===Adaptation===
Shyamaprasad has adapted several classics on celluloid so far. ''Arike'' is the latest in that list and is based on a Bengali short story by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], whose novel was also the base for the director's ''[[Ore Kadal]]''.<ref name="The Hindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2717028.ece|title=Playing Cupid|author=P.K.Ajith Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 December 2011|accessdate=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524053013/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2717028.ece|archive-date=24 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Says the director, "I don't think adapting stories from other languages is an issue at all, because human emotions are universal and can be told without linguistic barriers. I am fond of adapting literature, since writing a story is not my forte and I do not believe in concocting a story for the sake of filmmaking."<ref name="Express1">{{cite news|url=http://expressbuzz.com/entertainment/interviews/heart-of-the-matter/347504.html |title=Heart of the matter |author=Parvathy Nambidi |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=3 January 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He also adds that [[Basu Chatterjee]], a [[Bollywood]] director who portrayed the middle-class in many films, proved to be his guiding force while making ''Arike''.<ref name="Express1"/>

===Themes===
Like all of Shyamaprasad's previous films, ''Arike'' too is about the quest for love.<ref name="The Hindu1"/> Talking about the theme of ''Arike'', the director says, "There is an obsessive quest for love in each one of us. We have illusions and inhibitions about love, yet we have an irrepressible thirst for it. We all want to find happiness in love. But whether we get that happiness is the question which I want to delve through this film."<ref name="Express1"/>

Compared to the dark themes he took up earlier, ''Arike'''s tone is relatively lighter. Shyamaprasad says, "In ''Ore Kadal'', the subject had a shadow of gloom and depression, ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]'' was about the aspirations and attitude of the young working population. ''Arike'' has a breezy feel, and the story is told in a lighthearted and realistic way. I have also taken efforts to avoid cliches such as rain, sea, train that are common motifs in romantic films."<ref name="Express1"/>

===Casting and filming===
The film has only a handful of characters. Shyamaprasad wanted to use live sound recording and hence, chose actors who could emote dialogues perfectly while shooting itself.<ref name="The Hindu1"/> Shyamaprasad says he selected Dileep to play the protagonist because he feels the actor has the look and feel of the character.<ref name="Express1"/> This is the first time Shyamaprasad has cast Dileep in a lead role, though the actor had earlier done a role in the director's 1998 film ''[[Kallu Kondoru Pennu]]''.<ref name="Screen1">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/shyamaprasads-arike-rolls/893475/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202063208/http://www.screenindia.com/news/shyamaprasads-arike-rolls/893475/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2013 |title=Shyamaprasad's Arike rolls |author=Unni R. Nair |magazine=Screen India |date=30 December 2011 |accessdate=3 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Screen2">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/arike-shyamaprasads-next/856658/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202131121/http://www.screenindia.com/news/arike-shyamaprasads-next/856658/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2013 |title=Arike: Shyamaprasad's next |author=Unni R. Nair |magazine=Screen India |date=7 October 2011 |accessdate=3 January 2012 }}</ref> The film's production started in late November 2011.<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/news-interviews/30428468_1_love-story-kozhikode-arike|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103163558/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/news-interviews/30428468_1_love-story-kozhikode-arike|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Arike is a love story with a touch of reality: Shyamaprasad|author=Anula Aboobacker|date=24 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=3 January 2012}}</ref> The director had given all the actors a copy of the script so that they could practice their parts well.<ref name="TOI1"/>

The film uses sync sound recording or live sound recording. Shyamaprasad brought in Sohel Sanwari from [[Bollywood]] to record the sound.<ref name="DC1">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/mollywood-goes-experimental-583|title=Mollywood goes experimental|author=Priya Sreekumar|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=30 December 2011|access-date=3 January 2012|archive-date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102150226/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/mollywood-goes-experimental-583|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-24/news-interviews/30554629_1_first-film-mobile-phones-sound|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103093555/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-24/news-interviews/30554629_1_first-film-mobile-phones-sound|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Arike is a very special film: Samvrita Sunil|author=Parvathy S Nayar|date=24 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=3 January 2012}}</ref>

The film was shot completely from [[Kozhikode]]. It was Shyamaprasad's first film to be filmed in the city. He says it was his emotional relationship with the city and its calm nature which helped live recording to a great extent, that inspired him to choose Kozhikode as the main locale.<ref name="Mathrubhumi1"/> Filming was completed in late December 2011.<ref name="TOI1"/> Cinematographer Alagappan says he experimented a lot with the film, and the film was made in a special "visual tone." It was shot using a Sony F3 Camera.<ref name="Mathrubhumi1">{{cite news|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/preview/241236/#storycontent|title=ശന്തനുവും അരികെ അനുരാധയും കല്പനയും|date=31 December 2011|accessdate=3 January 2012|work=[[Chithrabhumi]]|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|author=Baiju P. Sen|language=Malayalam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102141928/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/preview/241236/#storycontent|archive-date=2 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Sakhi Thomas]], who worked with Shyamaprasad in ''Ritu'' and ''[[Elektra (2010 film)|Elektra]]'', was the costume designer for this film.<ref name="Mathrubhumi1"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Arike
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released = 11 June 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 56:32 (inc. Karaoke)
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">[[Universal Music International]]</div>
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Kalikalam]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_lyrics = [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
| all_music = [[Ouseppachan]]

| title1 = Varavayi Thozhi Vadhuvayi
| extra1 = [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]
| length1 = {{Duration|5:15}}

| title2 = Shyam Hare
| extra2 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length2 = {{Duration|6:19}}

| title3 = Iravil Viriyum
| extra3 = [[Mamta Mohandas]]
| length3 = {{Duration|5:19}}

| title4 = Veyil Pole
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length4 = {{Duration|4:38}}

| title5 = Ee Vazhiyil
| extra5 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Sreenivas]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
| length5 = {{Duration|6:45}}

}}

==Awards and nominations==
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
*Nominated-[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam]]-[[Mamta Mohandas]]
;[[Asianet Film Awards]]
*[[Asianet Film Awards#Most Popular Actress|Asianet Most Popular Actress Award]] - [[Mamta Mohandas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2457548|Arike: So Close}}

===Reviews===
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/Arike-So-Close/movie-review/13315184.cms ''The Times of India''] ({{Rating|2|5}})
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120524075533/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/malayalam-review-arike--an-unsophisticated-watch/259692-71-212.html IBN Live]
* [http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-arike/20120521.htm Rediff.com] ({{Rating|3|5}})
* [http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/9542/malayalam/arike/3717/review.htm Nowrunning.com] ({{Rating|3|5}})
* [https://archive.today/20130628022655/http://www.sify.com/movies/arike-review-review-malayalam-14999075.html Sify.com] (Verdict: Average)
* [http://www.prathidhwani.org/cultural/movies/arike-review/ Prathidhwani.org] (Verdict: Above Average)

{{Shyamaprasad}}

[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shyamaprasad]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sunil Gangopadhyay]]

5 Sundarikal

2026-03-03T20:43:13Z

Shumail: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 5 Sundarikal
| image = 5 Sundarikal Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Shyju Khalid]] [[Sameer Thahir]] [[Aashiq Abu]] [[Amal Neerad]] [[Anwar Rasheed]]
| screenplay = [[Shyam Pushkaran]] Muneer Ali [[Siddharth Bharathan]] [[Sijoy Varghese]] Abhilash S. Kumar [[Unni R.]] [[Hashir Mohamed]]
| story = [[M. Mukundan]] [[Sijoy Varghese]] [[Amal Neerad]] [[Feng Jicai]] [[Hashir Mohamed]]
| producer = [[Amal Neerad]]
| starring = [[Anikha Surendran]] [[Chethan Jayalal]] [[Isha Sharvani]] [[Kavya Madhavan]] [[Reenu Mathews]] [[Asmita Sood]] [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Biju Menon]] [[Jayasurya]] Jinu Ben [[Dulquer Salmaan]] [[Fahadh Faasil]]
| cinematography = Alby [[Shyju Khalid]] [[Rajeev Ravi]] [[Renadive]] [[Amal Neerad]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]] Praveen Prabhakar
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]] [[Bijibal]] [[Prashant Pillai]] [[Neha Nair|Yakzan-Neha]]
| studio = [[Amal Neerad Productions]]
| distributor = August Cinema
| released = {{Film date|2013|06|21|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''5 Sundarikal''''' ({{langx|en|5 Beautiful Women}}) is a [[Malayalam]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[anthology film]]. It contains five short stories on love<ref>{{cite news|author=Liza George |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-bit-of-luck-and-destiny/article4385945.ece |title=A bit of luck and destiny |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2013-02-06 |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> about five types of women.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Biju-Menon-and-Kavya-Madhavan-in-Aashiq-Abus-next/articleshow/18072267.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521063553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-18/news-and-interviews/36414426_1_kavya-madhavan-biju-menon-aashiq-abu |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-05-21 |title=Biju Menon and Kavya Madhavan in Aashiq Abu's next|date=2013-01-18 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> The stories are directed by [[Shyju Khalid]], [[Sameer Thahir]], [[Aashiq Abu]], [[Amal Neerad]], and [[Anwar Rasheed]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anchu-sundharikal-an-anthology-of-love-stories/287938-71-210.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906134808/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anchu-sundharikal-an-anthology-of-love-stories/287938-71-210.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-06 |title=Anchu Sundharikal: An anthology of love stories |publisher=[[IBN Live]]|access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> and feature an [[ensemble cast]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/The-spotlight-is-on-women-in-Mollywood/articleshow/18849120.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312065418/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-08/news-and-interviews/37560847_1_women-centric-movies-film-industry-experimental-films |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-03-12 |title=The spotlight is on women in Mollywood|newspaper = [[The Times of India]] |publisher=Indiatimes.com|date=2013-03-08 |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> The film was produced by Amal Neerad Productions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/five-directors-team-up-for-anchu-sundarikal-news-malayalam-mjdkX5dadcj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906005545/http://www.sify.com/movies/five-directors-team-up-for-anchu-sundarikal-news-malayalam-mjdkX5dadcj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-06 |title=Five directors team up for 'Anchu Sundarikal' |website=[[Sify]] |date=2012-09-03 |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> The music directors were [[Gopi Sundar]], [[Bijibal]], [[Prashant Pillai]] and Yakzan Gary Pereira.<ref name="123musiq">{{cite web |url=http://123musiq.biz/movie-name-0/5-sundarikal-2013-malayalam-movie.html |title=5 Sundarikal 2013-malayalam movie - movie-name-0 - 123musiq.biz |website=123musiq.biz |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624230311/http://123musiq.biz/movie-name-0/5-sundarikal-2013-malayalam-movie.html |archive-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|author=Vijay George |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fab-5/article4765885.ece |title=Fab 5 |work=The Hindu|date=2013-05-30 |access-date=2013-09-04}}</ref> The film reached theatres on 21 June.<ref name="indiaglitz.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/94371.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609074905/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/94371.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2013 |title=5 sundarikal shifted from June 14 - Malayalam Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=2013-06-06 |access-date=2013-09-04}}</ref> A promo song by popular [[Kochi]]-based rock band Black Letters was also released.<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dh3OATVinL4 |title=Anchu sundarikal - black letters ost |publisher=YouTube |date=2013-06-21 |access-date=2013-09-04}}</ref>

The featurette ''Sethulakshmi'' is an adaptation of [[M. Mukundan]]'s short story "Photo" while ''Kullande Bharya'' is based on a Chinese story, "The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband", by [[Feng Jicai]]. It is narrated by [[Dulquer Salmaan]].

==List of short films==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Title!! Director !! Story !! Screenplay !! Cinematographer !! Music
|-
| ''Sethulakshmi'' || [[Shyju Khalid]] || [[M. Mukundan]] || Shyam Pushkaran Muneer Ali || Alby || Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| ''Isha'' || [[Sameer Thahir]] || [[Sijoy Varghese]] || [[Siddharth Bharathan]] Sijoy Varghese || Shyju Khalid || [[Prashant Pillai]]
|-
| ''Gauri'' || [[Aashiq Abu]] || [[Amal Neerad]] (story idea) || Abhilash Kumar ||Rajeev Ravi|| [[Bijibal]]
|-
| ''Kullante Bharya'' || [[Amal Neerad]] || [[Feng Jicai]] || [[Unni R.]] || [[Renu (renadive)]] || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
| ''Aami'' || [[Anwar Rasheed]] || [[Hashir Mohamed]] || [[Hashir Mohamed]] || [[Amal Neerad]] ||Yakzan Gary pereira
|}

==Plots==

=== ''Sethulakshmi'' ===
Sethulakshmi ([[Anikha|Baby Anikha]]), a schoolgirl, collects the photos of newly married couples from newspapers and pastes them in a notebook. Her close friend ([[Chethan Jayalal]]) learns about her interest in photography. They decide to go to a studio nearby to take their photos and this changes their destiny. They go to the photo studio and have their picture taken only to find out that it will cost them Rs. 25. They are asked to bring the money in two days. They come up with only Rs. 6.50 and two eggs (the two eggs brought by Sethulakshmi's close friend). The studio owner tells them that he will go to their school and get the balance from their teacher. Both the children state that it is a bad idea. This sends the studio owner into a rage demanding his money. After a moment, he calms down and asks Sethulakshmi to come into the film room to take a picture. While there he asks her to strip; she cries wanting to go home. Sethulakshmi has nightmares of that incident that night but does not disclose anything to her parents. She is taken to school by her father the next day as she exhibits feverish conditions. After school, as Sethulakshmi and her friend walk home, they see the scooter that belongs to the studio owner. He hands the picture to Sethulaksmi's friend but pulls Sethulakshmi aside and threatens her that he will put her picture on the school wall if she does not immediately accompany him. Sethulakhsmi's friend demands to know where the studio owner is taking her, but the studio owner tells him to go home. Sethulaskhmi's friend is left alone as he watches the studio owner and Sethulakskmi leave on his scooter.

=== ''Isha'' ===
This episode of love opens with a husband and wife preparing to leave for a party on New Year's Eve. While the man is non-chalant about it, the woman is concerned about leaving their daughter Theresa ([[Isha Sharvani]]) at home. She is concerned about her safety and her shenanigans. After the couple leaves, the daughter becomes aware of someone inside the house. By then, it is too late as she wakes up tied to a chair in her house. She then notices that the thief has on a mask and after a few attempts at trying to free herself, the thief asks her to calm down. After Theresa continues to struggle, it is revealed that she has [[asthma]] and asks the thief to get her the inhaler which is in her bag. While getting the inhaler, the thief ([[Nivin Pauly]]), inadvertently removes his mask. He threatens her to be quiet after she asks to be untied. As the thief begins to search drawers, Isha lets him know in which drawer the house valuables are. After taking all the jewels in the house, the thief is set to leave when Theresa proposes an idea. She tells the thief that if he were to spend New Year's Eve with her at home, she would show him more of the expensive stuff in the house (it is revealed here that Theresa's mother is really her step-mother and she harbours resentment against her). So, the thief releases Theresa. While she is excited about this stealing adventure, the thief is only interested in the valuables. As the night moves on, Theresa gets very comfortable with the thief, even seducing him. They celebrate the New Year on the terrace with some intimate moments. At this point, it is obvious that the thief is drunk from the wine that belonged to Theresa's father and Theresa uses this to her advantage and ties the thief to the very chair she was confined to. The true suspense is revealed to the audience after this as she is not the actual daughter. She is Isha, another thief who came before Nivin and tied up the actual daughter.

=== ''Gowri''===
The short film tells the love story of a married couple living in a hill station. After legalising their love affair through a registered marriage, Gauri ([[Kavya Madhavan]]) and Jonathan Antony ([[Biju Menon]]) choose the place to begin their married life. Jo is crazy about trekking while Gauri is a dancer and teaches art to her students. On their anniversary, Jo leaves home before sunrise and goes for trekking. Gauri wakes up hours later to find a note on their bedside table which seems to be a fun scavenger hunt set up by Jo to get rid of her boredom. She sets out to find the clues while doing her daily routine. As soon as she finds the third note, Jo's guide knocks on the door and lets her know that Jo has fallen from a cliff. Gauri is devastated and is in denial of Jo's death. Years later, a man comes to look at the same property and learns that Gauri had killed herself that night and the [[bungalow]] has been empty ever since.

=== ''Kullante Bharya'' ===
A newlywed couple comes to stay in an apartment. The husband (Jinu Ben), who is only 5 feet 1 inch while the wife ([[Reenu Mathews]]) is 6 feet tall. Their neighbours begin to gossip about them. As the couple lives happily, they expect their baby to add to the joy, but destiny has something else in store for them. The whole film is pictured from the point of view of a person who is bedridden after an accident (played by [[Dulquer Salmaan]]). It is reminiscent of the photographer in wheelchair observing his neighbours in [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''[[Rear Window]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timescity.com/mumbai-movie/anchu-sundarikal/3793 |title=Anchu Sundarikal Review |publisher=Timescity.com |access-date=2013-09-04}}</ref>

=== ''Aami'' ===
A businessman, Ajmal ([[Fahadh Faasil]]), faces a row of events during his journey from Malappuram to Kochi. His affectionate wife ([[Asmita Sood]]) tries to keep him awake during the drive by asking a few tricky questions. The nocturnal journey becomes eventful and changes the course of his life.

==Cast==

=== ''Sethulakshmi'' ===
* [[Anikha Surendran]] as Sethulakshmi
* [[Chethan Jayalal]] as Abhilash
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Photographer
* Gopalakrishnan as Achan
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as Amma
* [[Unnimaya Prasad]] as Teacher
* Baby Aavani as sister

=== ''Isha'' ===
* [[Isha Sharvani]] as Theresa
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as Jinu/Santa
* Deepak Sharaf as Teresa's father
* Sujatha as Teresa's mother
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Police Constable

=== ''Gauri'' ===
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Gauri
* [[Biju Menon]] as Jonathan Antony
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Servant
* [[Tini Tom]]
* [[Rimi Tomy]]
* [[Jayasurya]] as buyer

=== ''Kullante Bharya'' ===
* [[Reenu Mathews]] as Kullante Bharya
* Jinu Ben as Kullan
* [[Dulquer Salmaan|Dulquer Salman]] as Injured stuntman
* [[Dileesh Pothan|Dileesh Pothen]] as Security
* [[Soubin Shahir]]
* [[Muthumani]] as Sicily
* [[Pauly Valsan]] as Molly Chechi
* Mano Jose as Sugunan
* Shirly Somasundaran as Annamma Chacko
* [[Jayaraj]] as Chacko Mash
* Sankar T. K. as Sicily's husband
* Ajith Vijayan as Ambiswamy
* Shanthi Sunil as Ambiswamy's wife
* Karan Rahul as Schoolboy

=== ''Aami'' ===
* [[Asmita Sood]] as Aami
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Ajmal
* [[Honey Rose]] as Nancy
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Joshy
* [[Vinayakan]] as Chandran

==Production==
The first film ''Sethulakshmi'' was by cinematographer Shyju, debuting as a director.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sameer-Thahir |date=2013-05-22 |title=Unreeling spools of two-decade-old friendship |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Unreeling-spools-of-two-decade-old-friendship/2013/05/22/article1600313.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613182455/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Unreeling-spools-of-two-decade-old-friendship/2013/05/22/article1600313.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2013 |access-date=2013-09-04 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film was an adaptation of the story "Photo" by [[M. Mukundan]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/> Two child artists, [[Anikha|Baby Anikha]] and Chethan, played the lead in his segment.<ref name="sify.com">{{cite web|title='5 Sundarikal' to release on June 14!|website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/5-sundarikal-to-release-on-june-14-news-malayalam-nf5lt2gdfae.html |access-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915061544/http://www.sify.com/movies/5-sundarikal-to-release-on-june-14-news-malayalam-nf5lt2gdfae.html |archive-date=15 September 2015 }}</ref> Tamil theatre actor Somasundaram, who acted in ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'', was signed to play a photographer in the film, setting foot into Malayalam films.<ref>{{cite web|title=In pursuit of recognition|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130610/entertainment-mollywood/article/pursuit-recognition|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615164519/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130610/entertainment-mollywood/article/pursuit-recognition|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref>

[[Sameer Thahir]] cast [[Isha Sharvani]] opposite [[Nivin Pauly]] in his segment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Ive-proved-myself-as-an-actress-Isha-Sharvani/articleshow/17939181.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527061128/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/news-and-interviews/36217312_1_isha-sharvani-love-anthology-sameer-thahir |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-05-27 |title=I've proved myself as an actress: Isha Sharvani|date=2013-01-09 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> Isha, who made her Malayalam debut with this film, said that Sameer's story - written by Sijoy Varghese - explores the love between two strangers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Isha-is-all-praise-for-Nivin/articleshow/18073439.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521061407/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-18/news-interviews/36414441_1_isha-sharvani-mollywood-debut-nivin |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-05-21 |title=Isha is all praise for Nivin|date=2013-01-18 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> This segment was completed in January 2013.<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

[[Aashiq Abu]]'s featurette ''Gauri'' (earlier titled ''Naayika'') is a period film about a group of people going in search of a promised land.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130317/entertainment-mollywood/article/rimi-dazzle-silver-screen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104005817/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130317/entertainment-mollywood/article/rimi-dazzle-silver-screen |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2013 |title=Rimi to dazzle on silver screen |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2013-03-12 |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> [[Biju Menon]] and [[Kavya Madhavan]] were signed to play the lead. Singer [[Rimi Tomy]] stated that she would be acting opposite [[Tini Tom]], making her acting debut.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Rimi-Tomy-to-make-her-film-debut-with-Anju-Sundarikal/articleshow/19005596.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104165451/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-17/news-and-interviews/37786830_1_aashiq-abu-film-sameer-thahir |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-04 |title=Rimi Tomy to make her film debut with Anju Sundarikal|date=2013-03-17 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> In March 2013, [[Jayasurya]] was also signed up for a role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Jayasurya-in-Aashiq-Abus-Naayika/articleshow/18863416.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104004319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-09/news-and-interviews/37581015_1_kavya-madhavan-jayasurya-shyju-khalid |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-04 |title=Jayasurya in Aashiq Abu's Naayika |date=2013-03-09 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> The shoot of the portion was held in [[Munnar]] and other locales.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>

[[Amal Neerad]] cast [[Dulquer Salmaan]] and Reenu Mathews, who acted in [[Lal Jose]]'s ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]'', as the lead pair for his portion. Debutante Jinu Ben was given a prominent role. Neerad said that the story was loosely based on an ancient Chinese short story, "The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Dulquer-Reenu-in-Amal-Neerads-Anju-Sundarikal/articleshow/18399738.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928035205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-09/news-and-interviews/36993846_1_love-stories-amal-neerad-debutant |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-09-28 |title=Dulquer, Reenu in Amal Neerad's 'Anju Sundarikal'|date=2013-02-09 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref>

[[Fahadh Faasil]] stated that he and [[Rima Kallingal]] would pair up in [[Anwar Rasheed]]'s segment of the anthology.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Rima-Fahadh-in-Anwar-Rasheeds-love-anthology/articleshow/18445720.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104165453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news-and-interviews/37039894_1_fahadh-faasil-anthology-debutants |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-04 |title=Rima, Fahadh in Anwar Rasheed's love anthology|date=2013-02-12 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> Rima Kallingal was replaced, and [[Honey Rose]] and [[Asmita Sood]] played the lead female roles in this film. Anwar said that the story unfolds on an eventful night and can be called a road movie.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

The directors pitched in for each other as well. Anwar Rasheed's portion was filmed by Amal Neerad; Shyju Kahlid handled the camera for Sameer Thahir's film; Aashiq Abu's film was shot by [[Rajeev Ravi]]; Amal Neerad chose his assistant, Ranadive, to operate the camera.<ref>{{cite news|author=Athira M. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-cuts/article4336122.ece |title=Shot Cuts |newspaper=The Hindu|date=2013-01-23 |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = 5 Sundarikal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/nz/album/anju-sundarikal-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/892934997|title=Anju Sundarikal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Gopi Sundar|date=21 June 2014}}</ref>
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Gopi Sundar]], Yakzan Gary Pereira, [[Bijibal]], [[Prashant Pillai]]
| cover = blank
| released = 21 June 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:22
| label = Mathrubhumi Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = 5 Sundarikal
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:22
| title1 = Ekantham
| note1 = Title Song
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| music1 = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Sreya Raghav
| length1 = 5:29
| title2 = Manthara Kaatte
| note2 = Segment:Sethulakshmi
| lyrics2 = Rafeeq Ahammed
| music2 = Yakzan Gary Pereira
| extra2 = [[Neha Nair]]
| length2 = 2:30
| title3 = Mazhaneer
| note3 = Segment: Gauri
| lyrics3 = Sunil Raj Sathya
| music3 = [[Bijibal]]
| extra3 = [[Gayatri Asokan]]
| length3 = 3:16
| title4 = Theera Lahari
| note4 = Segment: Isha
| lyrics4 = [[Kavalam Narayana Panikkar]]
| music4 = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| extra4 = Preeti Pillai
| length4 = 2:21
| title5 = Amor Amor
| note5 = Segment: Kullante Bharya
| lyrics5 =
| music5 = Gopi Sunder
| extra5 = [[Anna Katharina Valayil]]|
| length5 = 2:33
| title6 = Thammil Thammil
| note6 = Segment: Isha
| lyrics6 = [[Kavalam Narayana Panikkar]]
| music6 = Prashant Pillai
| extra6 = Preeti Pillai
| length6 = 2:21
| title7 = Kaanadooram
| note7 = Segment: Aami
| lyrics7 = Neha Nair
| music7 = Yakzan Gary Pereira
| extra7 = Neha Nair
| length7 = 4:31
| title8 = You Say
| note8 = Promo Song
| lyrics8 = Black Letters
| music8 = Black Letters
| extra8 = Sharath Iyer
| length8 = 3:20
}}

== Awards ==
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]] - [[Anikha Surendran]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3005920}}
* [http://guftugu.in/index.php/2015/07/15/malayalam-fiction-special/ "An English translation of M. Mukundan's ''Photo''"] (appeared in Malayalam Fiction Special edition of ''Guftugu'')
* [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/five-star-experiment/article4833628.ece Five star experiment] (''The Hindu'')
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160204114519/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Stories-from-the-heart/2013/06/20/article1643498.ece Stories from the heart] (''The New Indian Express'')
* [https://archive.today/20130624230408/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14363315&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026 Review] (''Malayala Manorama'')
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130624231035/http://www.sify.com/movies/5-sundarikal-review-malayalam-15032382.html Review] (Sify.com)
* [http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-five-sundarikal-is-an-interesting-anthology/20130624.htm Review] (Rediff.com) ({{rating|3|5}})
* [http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11307/malayalam/anju-sundarikal/4290/review.htm Review] (Nowrunning.com) ({{rating|3|5}})
{{Navboxes
| title = 5 Sundarikal
| list =
{{Anwar Rasheed}}

{{Amal Neerad}}
{{Aashiq Abu}}
}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aashiq Abu]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Amal Neerad]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anwar Rasheed]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sameer Thahir]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Neha Nair]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yakzan Gary Pereira]]

Kannai Nambathey

2026-03-03T02:30:59Z

Shumail: small edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{No plot|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kannai Nambathey
| image = Kannai Nambathey.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Mu. Maran
| producer = V. N. Ranjith Kumar
| writer = Mu. Maran
| starring = {{Ubl | [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] | [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] | [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] | [[Aathmika]]|[[Bhumika Chawla|Bhumika]]}}
| music = [[Siddhu Kumar]]
| cinematography = Jalandhar Vasan
| editing = San Lokesh
| studio = Lipi Cine Crafts
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|3|17|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kannai Nambathey''''' ({{Translation|Don't trust your eyes}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by Mu. Maran. The film stars [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] in his penultimate acting credit, [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], and [[Aathmika]], while [[Bhumika Chawla|Bhumika]], [[Vasundhara Kashyap]], and [[Sathish]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Siddhu Kumar]] with cinematography by Jalandhar Vasan and editing by San Lokesh. The film released theatrically on 17 March 2023 and received mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
The film begins with a flashback: Some years ago, a woman runs an NGO that takes care of orphans. The woman's daughter, however, becomes jealous of those orphans for getting all of her mother's attention. Time has gradually built up her jealousy, so she added rat poison to their food one day, killing one and injuring several others. The woman is furious after finding out. She tries to call the police on her daughter, who then hits her with an iron rod on her head, killing her instantly. Police then arrive and arrest the daughter.

At present day, Arun, with help of his friend Jagan, is desperately searching for a rental house as he was just kicked out by his landlord who just found out his romantic relationship his daughter Divya. At the end of the day, Arun finds an apartment, which he has to share with a roommate Somu. After Arun moves in, Somu invites him and Jagan for a drink to celebrate Arun's new apartment.

While his friends are drinking, Arun steps outside the restaurant to answer a phone call, when he sees a car nearly has an accident and the driver appears too unwell to keep driving. He approaches the car to offer help, and the driver, whose name is Kavitha, requests him to drive her home. He agrees and does so. After Arun drops Kavitha off at her house, she offers him to keep using her car and return it to her the next day, as it is raining. Arun then drives back to the restaurant to pick up his friends. On their way home, Arun tells his friends what happened earlier. However, Somu then suggests a disturbing idea, which Arun dismisses.

Later in the night, Somu, who is high on drugs, steals Kavitha's car key from Arun's room and drives to her house to "satisfy his urge". He finds Kavitha's address from the car's registration paper. Kavitha's house is totally unlocked, so Somu enters and finds her in her room. He attempts to sexually assault her, but she resists. During the fight, Somu accidentally kills Kavitha. Fearing consequences, he escapes the scene.

The next day, Arun wakes up and is about to return the car to Kavitha, before being shocked to find Kavitha's body in the trunk. He calls Somu over to help him handle the situation. Arun suggests calling the police to let them investigate, but Somu discourages him from doing so, by telling him that he would land in trouble as his narrative sounds too implausible and has no proof. Arun then remembers seeing CCTV cameras outside Kavitha's house, so he decides to go back to her house to retrieve evidence and present it to the police, but to do that, he has to use a CCTV jammer to hide his entry; otherwise his evidence might be considered tampered. After Arun and Somu buy the jammer, the seller sends someone to follow them, in hope of finding some criminal activities to be used to blackmail them later.

At Kavitha's house, Arun tries to find the CCTV footage but fails as the CCTV's hard drive was removed by someone. Somu, who has cynophobia and is waiting for Arun outside Kavitha's house, is attacked by a dog. A scared Somu drives off fast to escape from the dog but then fatally hits a man on the road. Arun comes outside and sees this. A girl named Aparna at the scene tells him what happened: the man Somu ran over is the son of a police officer and had been stalking Aparna for some days. He just abducted her and shoved her into his car and was about to rape her, so Somu actually saved her. Fearing the dead man's police father's revenge, the three of them agree to keep the incident secret.

Arun and Somu then decide to throw the two dead bodies off from a viaduct onto moving cars to fake an accident. But after doing so, Kavitha's body goes missing, and they also find out that the dead man's father is Divya's uncle Azhagar. Later, police manages to identify Kavitha's car, which they suspect was involved. Police visit Kavitha's house only to find her dead body in her car trunk.

Via news report, Arun and Somu learn about Kavitha's dead body found in her own car again. Though confused, they decide to move on as they believe police have no way to find about their involvement. Later, they both receive a video from an unknown person of them dumping the two dead bodies. The person, who turns out to be a woman, then calls them to demand three million rupees, while threatening to give the videos to police if they do not comply.

Arun and Somu do not have that much money, nor can they afford the consequences, so they visit the spot where they dumped the dead bodies in hope to find clues about the person. In the footage of nearby CCTV cameras, they see why Kavitha's dead body disappeared: when they threw it onto a car, the driver thought he ran her over, so he put the body in his trunk and fled. Through their connections, they find out the identity of the man: Ilamaran, the CEO of a pharmacy company. They send the CCTV footage to Ilamaran and blackmail him. They intend to use the ransom from Ilamaran to pay their own blackmailer.

Ilamaran reveals he later put the dead body to Arun and Somu's car because he learned about their plan later, so he returned it to its original place. He follows their instructions and places the ransom money at their designated spot. Then, his own henchman Simon, whom he ordered to follow the money to grab the blackmailers, steals the money and escapes. Arun and Somu have no choice but to proceed to meeting their blackmailer without the ransom money.

In the meetup, the blackmailer, Vasundhara, turns out to be Somu's girlfriend. They admit that Somu killed Kavitha and then put her body into her car trunk, following Vasu's instructions. When the blackmailer from the CCTV jammer shop showed up to Somu to blackmail him, Somu persuaded him to let him be a partner so that they can blackmail Arun together. After confession, Somu and Vasu try to kill Arun but failed. They then escape the scene.

Arun calls Divya to tell her everything and asks her to tell it to her uncle, so that he can help. He then follows Ilamaran so that he can get Somu and Vasu again, knowing that they would try to blackmail again. While following Ilamaran, Arun is shocked to find that Kavitha is actually alive. She is running an operation with Ilamaran that looks human trafficking. After taking video evidence of their operation, Arun enters the premise to confront them. At gunpoint, Kavitha confesses everything.

"Kavitha" is actually her twin sister Savitha. She killed her mother when she was young (she is the girl shown at the beginning of the movie) and manipulated Kavitha into taking the blame for her. She then runs her mother's NGO. With the cooperation of Ilamaran, she has developed a new powerful stimulant that can pass all existing checking mechanisms, but the material comes from pregnant women's fetuses, so she keeps secretly impregnating the girls in her NGO and keeps extracting the materials before killing them. Health Minister Aalavanthaan is also involved in the operation by providing protection. After Kavitha was released from jail and saw their operation, Savitha killed her on the rainy night. The woman whom Somu tried to rape later that night was not Kavitha but Savitha, and Somu did not kill her but just knocked her out. She later woke up in the car trunk and escaped. She and Ilamaran then put Kavitha's dead body in the trunk.

Somu and Vasu arrive at the scene, and a fight breaks out. They beat Arun and are about to kill him. At this time, Azhagar arrives and shoots Somu. In the gunfight, Somu and Vasu are killed, while Azhagar is injured. Savitha and Ilamaran escape, so Arun chases them. Savitha and Ilaraman's car then crashes, then later explodes, killing them both.

In the final scene, it is revealed that Savitha and Ilaraman's car did not explode after the crash, but was lit by Arun, who realized that if they survive, Aalavanthaan will protect them.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] as Arun
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as Somu
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] as Ilamaran
* [[Aathmika]] as Divya
* [[Bhumika Chawla|Bhumika]] as Savita and Kavita (dual role)
* [[Vasundhara Kashyap]] as Vasundhara "Vasu"
* [[Sathish]] as Jagan
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Inspector Azhagar
* [[Pala. Karuppiah]] as Mu. Aalavanthaan, Health Minister
* [[Chithra Lakshmanan]] as Arun’s MD
* [[G. Gnanasambandam]] as Divya's father
* [[Subiksha Krishnan]] as Aparna
* [[Sendrayan]] as Simon
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Commissioner Rajendran
* Aadhira Pandilakshmi as Hemavathy
* Karate Karthi as the blackmailer
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Inspector Paranthaman
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as San Lokesh
* Bujji Babu as Raghu
* Leo Siva
* Tha. Muruganantham
* Madhesh
* [[Arulnithi]] as [[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal|Bharath]] (voice only)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=16 March 2023 |title=We need more socio-political films’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Mar/16/we-need-moresocio-political-films-2556345.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515135049/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/mar/16/we-need-moresocio-political-films-2556345.amp |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film announcement made in around early 2019 about the making of the film casting [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] titled ''Kannai Nambathey'' by director Mu. Maran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2019 |title=Udhay's next, a crime thriller titled Kannai Nambathey |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/feb/04/udhays-next-a-crime-thriller-titled-kannai-nambathey-1933858.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151855/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/feb/04/udhays-next-a-crime-thriller-titled-kannai-nambathey-1933858.html |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2019 |title=Udhay and Aathmika pair up for 'Kannai Nambathey' |url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/udhay-and-aathmika-pair-up-for-kannai-nambathey-news-tamil-tcfknJdagdadf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222044835/http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/udhay-and-aathmika-pair-up-for-kannai-nambathey-news-tamil-tcfknJdagdadf.html |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2019 |title=உதயநிதி நடிக்கும் 'கண்ணை நம்பாதே' |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/News/Cinema/2019/02/05094404/1024233/Udhayanidhi-Stalin-new--movie-Kannai-Nambathey.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222043637/https://www.thanthitv.com/News/Cinema/2019/02/05094404/1024233/Udhayanidhi-Stalin-new--movie-Kannai-Nambathey.vpf |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=ThanthiTV.com |language=ta}}</ref> The title of the film was taken from a song from the 1975 film ''[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=5 February 2019 |title=Aathmika bags solid role opposite Udhay |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050219/aathmika-bags-solid-role-opposite-udhay.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201112413/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050219/aathmika-bags-solid-role-opposite-udhay.html |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Maran announced that the film is set in the crime thriller genre, similar to his directorial debut ''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2019 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin's next is edge-of-the-seat thriller |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/02/05/udhayanidhi-stalins-next-is-edge-of-the-seat-thriller/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042122/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/02/05/udhayanidhi-stalins-next-is-edge-of-the-seat-thriller/ |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=[[News Today]]}}</ref> He wanted an actress with a [[girl next door]] image to be the lead actress on decided on [[Aathmika]], whose performance in ''[[Meesaya Murukku]]'' impressed him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=காந்தி |first=உ சுதர்சன் |date=25 August 2022 |title=நமக்குப் பெரிய பொறுப்பிருக்குன்னு உதயநிதி சொன்னார்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/director-m-maran-interview-about-kannai-nambathey-movie |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201115825/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/director-m-maran-interview-about-kannai-nambathey-movie |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced on 11 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=சஸ்பென்ஸ் நிறைந்த க்ரைம் திரைப்படம் "கண்ணை நம்பாதே" படப்பிடிப்பு தொடங்கியது….! |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/udhayanidhi-stalins-kannai-nambathey-shoot-kick-starts-1991595 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042157/http://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/udhayanidhi-stalins-kannai-nambathey-shoot-kick-starts-1991595 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=உதயநிதியின் கண்ணை நம்பாதே படப்பிடிப்பு இன்று துவக்கம் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2019/02/11094946/1227180/Udhayanidhi-Stalins-Kannai-Nambathe-Shoot-Begins-Today.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042015/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2019/02/11094946/1227180/Udhayanidhi-Stalins-Kannai-Nambathe-Shoot-Begins-Today.vpf |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film experienced production delays due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and Udhayanidhi's political aspirations,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=21 November 2022 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin: I wanted to stop acting after OKOK |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/nov/21/i-wanted-to-stop-acting-after-okok-36880.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216094530/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/nov/21/i-wanted-to-stop-acting-after-okok-36880.html |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> with actress [[Subiksha Krishnan]]'s portions only being completed by January 2022.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=CYqwtnZF9JB |user=subikshaoffl |title=Gratitude 🙏🏽🤍 Wrapped up my portion for the shooting of my next Tamil movie 'Kannai nambadhey' 👁❤️ Feeling so blessed to work with this team 💝 Thank you God 🙏🏽🌸 |author-link=Subiksha Krishnan |date=13 January 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/subikshaoffl/2750224763369017921_2750224758646074966}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kannai Nambathey
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Siddhu Kumar]]
| cover =
| released = 2023
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 8:20
| label = [[Saregama]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| producer = Siddhu Kumar
| studio =
| prev_title = [[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Theera Kaadhal]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc =
| audio1 =
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Siddhu Kumar]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Kaathiru
| lyrics1 = Kugai Ma Pugazhenthi
| extra1 = Lakshmikanth M
| length1 = 3:49
| title2 = Kuru Kuru
| lyrics2 = Vignesh Ramakrishna
| extra2 = [[Adithya RK]]
| length2 = 3:19
| title3 = Engu Pogirom
| lyrics3 = Vignesh Ramakrishna
| extra3 = [[Adithya RK]]
| length3 = 1:12
| extra_column = Singer(s)
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released theatrically on 17 March 2023,<ref name="hindu.2023.02.26">{{Cite news |date=26 February 2023 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin's 'Kannai Nambathey' trailer promises a gripping suspense thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/udhayanidhi-stalins-kannai-nambathey-trailer-promises-a-gripping-suspense-thriller/article66556396.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228040156/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/udhayanidhi-stalins-kannai-nambathey-trailer-promises-a-gripping-suspense-thriller/article66556396.ece |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> delayed from February.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthu |first=Vignesh |date=27 November 2022 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin's Kannai Nambathey set for February release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/27/udhayanidhi-stalins-kannai-nambathey-set-for-february-release-37088.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208034647/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/27/udhayanidhi-stalins-kannai-nambathey-set-for-february-release-37088.html |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Gopinath Rajendran, a critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'', wrote, "Like an onion, ''Kannai Nambathey'' is a collection of layers that, when unravelled, have nothing at its core, apart from leaving us teary-eyed. Probably that also explains the title."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=17 March 2023 |title='Kannai Nambathey' movie review: This convoluted thriller ends up being unintentionally funny |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannai-nambathey-movie-review-this-convoluted-thriller-ends-up-being-unintentionally-funny/article66631261.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321045539/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannai-nambathey-movie-review-this-convoluted-thriller-ends-up-being-unintentionally-funny/article66631261.ece |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave 3.25 rating out of 5 and stated that although there are some questions about the script, it does not seem like a big deal; the director has given the film so much that it is impossible to guess what the next scenes will be.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=17 March 2023 |title=Kannai Nambathey |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kannai-nambathey-25244 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151447/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kannai-nambathey-25244 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> Logesh Balachandran critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "with better lighting techniques and staging, and tighter writing in the second half, the film might have created a greater impact on us" and gave 2.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=17 March 2023 |title=Kannai Nambathey Movie Review : Kannai Nambathey falters despite a thrilling setup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kannai-nambathey/movie-review/98723417.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etmoviedetailshowtimes.cms?movieid=93208553&detailid=93208553&city_name=Mumbai&city_id=2 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A ''[[Dinamalar]]'' critic gave a 2.75 rating out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2023 |title=கண்ணை நம்பாதே |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3269 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151434/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3269 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref>

''[[Dinamani]]'' wrote that the cinematics of the climax scene are not enjoyable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=அடுத்தடுத்த திருப்பங்கள்.. வென்றாரா உதயநிதி? கண்ணை நம்பாதே – திரைவிமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/movie-reviews/2023/mar/16/kannai-nambathey-movie-review-4018050.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151444/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/movie-reviews/2023/mar/16/kannai-nambathey-movie-review-4018050.html |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> A ''[[Virakesari]]'' critic gave 3.5 out if 5 rating and stated that Srikanth as usual has lived up to the director's expectations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கண்ணை நம்பாதே – விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/150727 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151440/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/150727 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=[[Virakesari]] |language=ta}}</ref> Murugadoss C critic from ''[[News18]]'' stated that this film belongs to decent thriller category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2023 |title=உதயநிதி நடித்த 'கண்ணை நம்பாதே'.. படம் எப்படி? இதோ விமர்சனம்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/udhayanidhi-stalin-kannai-nambathey-movie-review-and-rating-911570.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151433/https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/udhayanidhi-stalin-kannai-nambathey-movie-review-and-rating-911570.html |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11467802}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Peddlers (film)

2026-03-02T09:25:43Z

Shumail: quick add formatting to improve readability and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Peddlers
| image = Peddlers (film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Vasan Bala]]
| producer = [[Anurag Kashyap]] [[Guneet Monga]] Shahnaab Alam
| screenplay = Vasan Bala
| starring = [[Gulshan Devaiah]] [[Nishikant Kamat]] [[Kriti Malhotra]] [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] [[Nimrat Kaur]]
| music = Karan Kulkarni
| cinematography = Siddharth Diwan
| editing = Prerna Saigal
| studio = [[Sikhya Entertainment]] Elle Driver [[AKFPL]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|5||[[2012 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]}}
| runtime = 116 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Peddlers''''' is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language [[crime film|crime]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Vasan Bala]]. The film stars [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Nishikant Kamat]], [[Kriti Malhotra]], [[Nimrat Kaur]] and [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]]. The film was screened as part of [[Critics' Week]] of [[2012 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.semainedelacritique.com/EN/films/2012/2012_selection.php|title=51e selection de la Semaine de la Critique - 2012|work=semainedelacritique.com|publisher=[[Critics' Week]]|accessdate=2012-04-23|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228100900/http://www.semainedelacritique.com/EN/films/2012/2012_selection.php|archivedate=28 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Film's producer, [[Guneet Monga]] raised nearly {{INR Convert|1|c}}, half of film's budget of {{INR Convert|2|c}} by posting the film's script on Facebook.<ref name=today>{{cite web|title=Parallel Queen: Guneet Monga, has managed to bridge the gap between Indian films and foreign buyers and distributors|author=Prachi Rege|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20121224-guneet-monga-helped-give-independent-cinema-a-facelift-761047-1999-11-29|date=14 December 2012|publisher=India Today|access-date=26 May 2013|archive-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617140902/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/guneet-monga-helped-give-independent-cinema-a-facelift/1/237745.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is set in Mumbai, and revolves around 20-year-old destitute boys who get trapped in the drug trade and a young cop, who tracks them.<ref name=hol/>

==Cast==
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]] as Ranjit D'souza
* [[Nishikant Kamat]]
* [[Nimrat Kaur]] as Kuljeet
* [[Kriti Malhotra]] as Bilkis
* [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Mennon]] as Mandar
* [[Mukesh Chhabra]]
* Zachary Coffin
* Murari Kumar as JJ
* Vijesh Rajan as Meth Cook

==Release==
The film was screened as part of [[Critics' Week]] of [[2012 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/cannes-2012/story/vasan-bala-peddlers-selected-for-cannes-critics-week-100109-2012-04-23|title=Vasan Bala's 'Peddlers' selected for Cannes Critics' Week|website=India Today|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129192733/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/cannes-2012/story/vasan-bala-peddlers-selected-for-cannes-critics-week-100109-2012-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Eros International]] acquired the Indian distribution rights in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/eros-picks-up-cannes-nominated-peddlers/story-QXnpTJY6HY4a8cRpK98G1K.html|title=Eros picks up Cannes-nominated Peddlers|date=2 May 2012|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219091049/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/eros-picks-up-cannes-nominated-peddlers/story-QXnpTJY6HY4a8cRpK98G1K.html|archive-date=19 December 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> However the film was not released theatrically after that, In April 2020 Vasan Bala and producer Guneet Monga took to Twitter to request Eros to release film on their streaming platform [[Eros Now]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hope-peddlers-finds-legitimacy-with-a-release-director-vasan-bala-6354279/|title=Hope Peddlers finds legitimacy with a release: Director Vasan Bala|date=9 April 2020|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=17 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417112257/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hope-peddlers-finds-legitimacy-with-a-release-director-vasan-bala-6354279/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2020, Eros Now announced a slate of 33 films to be released on their platform in 2021, including Peddlers,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/streaming/news/eros-stx-indian-streaming-slate-expansion-1234851556/|title=Eros STX Adds 46 Films and Series to Indian Streaming Platform|first1=Naman|last1=Ramachandran|date=11 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802153114/https://variety.com/2020/streaming/news/eros-stx-indian-streaming-slate-expansion-1234851556/|url-status=live}}</ref> but the film was not released in 2021.

==Reception==
Deborah Young of [[The Hollywood Reporter]] wrote "Though it takes a long time coming together, the Hindi-language film does finally succeed in its action-packed last half-hour, rewarding audiences who hang on for that long."<ref name=hol>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/peddlers-cannes-review-327285 |title=Peddlers: Cannes Review |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |date=2012-05-21 |accessdate=2013-05-26 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103224323/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/peddlers-cannes-review-327285 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jay Weissberg of [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] called Bala a "budding talent", he further wrote that Bala has written "compelling characters (though some take too long to reach that state), and his facility with dialogue outstrips many other indie subcontinentals."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117947622?refcatid=31 |title=Peddlers |publisher=Variety |date=2012-05-22 |accessdate=2013-05-26 |archive-date=27 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527064906/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117947622?refcatid=31 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2198101|Peddlers}}

{{Anurag Kashyap|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{crime-thriller-film-stub}}

W. Montgomery Watt

2026-03-02T03:33:47Z

Shumail: expanded content based on references and added references

{{short description|Scottish historian and orientalist (1909–2006)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend]]
| name = W. Montgomery Watt
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Abdolrashidi & prof watt.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Watt (right), being interviewed by [[Ali Akbar Abdolrashidi]].
| birth_name = William Montgomery Watt
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|3|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ceres, Fife|Ceres]], [[Fife]], Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|10|24|1909|3|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| death_cause =
| region =
| period =
| occupation =
| title = Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies
| boards = 
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children =
| era =
| language =
| discipline = [[Oriental studies]] and [[Religious studies]]
| sub_discipline = [[Arabic]] [[History of Islam]] [[Muhammad]] [[Islamic Philosophy]] [[Islamic theology]]
| movement = 

| education =
| alma_mater = 
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students = 
| main_interests =
| workplaces = [[Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem]] [[University of Edinburgh]]
| notable_works = ''[[Muhammad at Mecca]]'' (1953) ''[[Muhammad at Medina (book)|Muhammad at Medina]]'' (1956)
| notable_ideas =
| influences = 
| influenced = 
| awards = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''William Montgomery Watt''' (14 March 1909 – 24 October 2006) was a Scottish historian and orientalist. An [[Anglican ministry|Anglican priest]], Watt served as Professor of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Islamic Studies]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]] from 1964 to 1979 and was also a prominent contributor to the field of [[Quranic studies]].

Watt was one of the foremost non-Muslim interpreters of [[Islam]] in the West. Watt's comprehensive biography of the [[Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], ''[[Muhammad at Mecca]]'' (1953) and ''[[Muhammad at Medina (book)|Muhammad at Medina]]'' (1956), are considered to be classics in the field.

==Early life and education==
Watt was born on 14 March 1909 in [[Ceres, Fife|Ceres]], [[Fife]], Scotland.<ref name="obit - Guardian">{{cite news|last1=Holloway|first1=Richard|author1-link=Richard Holloway|title=William Montgomery Watt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/nov/14/guardianobituaries.highereducation|access-date=1 June 2016|work=The Guardian|date=14 November 2006}}</ref> His father, who died when he was only 14 months old, was a minister of the [[Church of Scotland]].<ref name="obit - Guardian" /><ref name="obit - Independent" /> He attended [[George Watson's College]], Edinburgh; he then completed studies in classics the University of Edinburgh<ref name="obit - Guardian" />, and [[Literae humaniores|the Greats]] and [[Bachelor of Letters|BLitt]] at Oxford.<ref name="obit - Guardian" />

==Career==
===Ordained ministry===
Watt was [[ordained]] in the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]] as a [[Deacon#Anglicanism|deacon]] in 1939 and as a [[Priest#Anglican or Episcopalian|priest]] in 1940.<ref name="Crockford entry">{{Crockford| surname = Watt | forenames = William Montgomery | id = 19778 | accessed = 1 June 2016}}</ref> He served his [[curacy]] at [[St Mary The Boltons]], [[West Brompton]], in the [[Diocese of London]] from 1939 to 1941.<ref name="Crockford entry" /> When St Mary's was damaged in [[The Blitz]], he moved to [[Old Saint Paul's, Edinburgh]] to continue his training.<ref name="Crockford entry" /> From 1943 to 1946, he served as an Arabic specialist to the [[Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem]].<ref name="obit - Guardian" />

After Watt returned to academia in 1946, he never again held a full-time religious appointment. He did, however, continue his ministry with part-time and honorary positions. From 1946 to 1960, he was an [[Curate#Anglican Communion|honorary curate]] at Old Saint Paul's, Edinburgh, an [[Anglo-Catholic]] church in Edinburgh.<ref name="Crockford entry" /> He became a member of the [[Ecumenism|ecumenical]] [[Iona Community]] in Scotland in 1960.<ref name="obit - Independent">{{cite news |last1=Hillenbrand |first1=Carole |author-link1=Carole Hillenbrand |title=Professor W. Montgomery Watt |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-w-montgomery-watt-423394.html |access-date=1 June 2016 |work=The Independent |date=8 November 2006}}</ref> From 1960 to 1967, he was an honorary curate at [[St Columba's-by-the-Castle]], near [[Edinburgh Castle]].<ref name="Crockford entry" /> Between 1980 and 1993, following his retirement from academia, he was an honorary curate at St Mary the Virgin, [[Dalkeith]] and at St Leonard's Church, [[Lasswade]].<ref name="Crockford entry" />

===Academic career===
Watt was Professor of Arabian and Islamic Studies at the University of Edinburgh from 1964 to 1979.

He has been called "The Last [[Orient|Orientalist]]".<ref name=al>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/2000_watt.htm|title=Interview with Profs. William Montgomery Watt|website=www.alastairmcintosh.com}}</ref>

Watt held [[visiting scholar|visiting professorships]] at the [[University of Toronto]], the [[Collège de France]] and [[Georgetown University]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}.

==Later life==
Watt died in [[Edinburgh]] on 24 October 2006 at the age of 97.<ref>The Herald, The Scotsman, The Times, 27 October 2006</ref> He had four daughters and a son with his wife Jean. The family went on holidays in [[Crail]], a Scottish village. On his death, the writer [[Richard Holloway]] wrote of Watt that "he spent his life battling against the tide of intolerance".<ref name="obit - Guardian" />

==Honours==
Watt received the American [[Giorgio Levi Della Vida]] Medal and won, as its first recipient, the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies award for outstanding scholarship.<ref name="obit - Independent" />

Watt received an [[honorary doctorate]] from [[Heriot-Watt University|Aberdeen University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/professor_carole_hillenbrand.pdf|title=Lecture by Professor Carole Hillenbrand in event: Islamic Studies in Scotland: Retrospect and Prospect|date=2016-12-13|website=University of Edinburgh, Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies|access-date=2017-03-25}}</ref>

==Assessment and legacy==
Watt's works are considered a classic in modern Western Islamic studies.<ref name="obit - Independent" /> Watt believed that the [[Qur'an]] was [[divinely inspired]] but not [[Infallibility|infallibly]] true.<ref name=al/>

[[Martin Forward]], a 21st-century [[Non-Muslim Islamic scholars|non-Muslim Islamic scholar]], states:
{{quote|His books have done much to emphasize the Prophet's commitment to social justice; Watt has described him as being like an [[Old Testament]] [[prophet]], who came to restore fair dealing and belief in [[tawhid|one God]] to the [[Arab]]s, for whom these were or had become irrelevant concepts. This would not be a sufficiently high estimate of his worth for most Muslims, but it's a start. Frankly, it's hard for Christians to say affirmative things about a religion like Islam that postdates their own, which they are brought up to believe contains all things necessary for [[salvation]]. And it's difficult for Muslims to face the fact that Christians aren't persuaded by the view that Christianity is only a stop on the way to Islam, the final religion."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aurora.edu/cfa/published/muhammad.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904192730/http://www.aurora.edu/cfa/published/muhammad.htm|url-status=dead|title=The Prophet Muhammad: A mercy to mankind|archivedate=4 September 2006}}</ref>}}

[[Carole Hillenbrand]], a professor of Islamic History at the University of Edinburgh, states:<ref name="obit - Independent" />

{{quote|He was not afraid to express rather radical [[Theology|theological]] opinions – controversial ones in some Christian [[Ecclesiology|ecclesiastical]] circles. He often pondered on the question of what influence his study of Islam had exerted on him in his own Christian faith. As a direct result, he came to argue that the Islamic emphasis on the uncompromising oneness of God had caused him to reconsider the Christian doctrine of the [[Trinity]], which is vigorously attacked in the Holy Qur'an as undermining true [[monotheism]]. Influenced by Islam, with its [[Names of God in the Qur'an|99 names of God]], each expressing special attributes of God, Watt returned to the Latin word "[[persona]]" – which meant a "face" or "mask", and not "individual", as it now means in English – and he formulated the view that a true interpretation of Trinity would not signify that God comprises three individuals. For him, Trinity represents three different "faces" of the one and the same God.}}

According to [[Carole Hillenbrand]] "an enormously influential scholar in the field of Islamic studies and a much-revered name for many [[Muslim]]s all over the world". His account of the origin of Islam met with criticism from other scholars such as [[John Wansbrough]] of the [[University of London]]'s [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], and [[Patricia Crone]] and [[Michael Cook (historian)|Michael Cook]], in their book ''[[Hagarism|Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (1977)]]'', and Crone's ''[[Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam]]''.<ref>Patricia Crone, ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', Princeton University Press. 1987 [http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/crone.asp]</ref> However, Both [[Patricia Crone]] and [[Michael Cook (historian)|Michael Cook]] have since said that the central thesis of the book "Hagarism" was mistaken because the evidence they had to support the thesis was not sufficient or internally consistent enough.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Ali|date=2005|title=Hagarism: The Story of a Book Written by Infidels for Infidels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.944295|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.944295|issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Pakistani]] academic, Zafar Ali Qureshi, in his book, ''Prophet Muhammad and His Western Critics: A Critique of W. Montgomery Watt and Others'' has criticized Watt as having incorrectly portrayed the life of Muhammad in his works. Qureshi's book was praised by Turkish academic [[İbrahim Kalın]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.ibrahimkalin.com/test/prophet-muhammad-and-his-western-critics-a-critique-of-w-montgomery-watt-and-others/|title=Prophet Muhammad and His Western Critics: A Critique of W. Montgomery Watt and Others|author=Ibrahim Kalin}}</ref>

French jurist [[Georges-Henri Bousquet]] has mocked Watt's book, ''Muhammad at Mecca'', describing it as "A Marxist interpretation of the [[History of Islam#Origins of Islam|origins of Islam]] by an Episcopal clergyman."<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/professor_fred_donner.pdf|page=4|title=The Study of Islam's Origins since W. Montgomery Watt's Publications|author=Fred M. Donner}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmVltof__ZUC&pg=PA92|title=Muslims as Actors|author=Jacques Waardenburg|date=13 February 2012|isbn=978-3-11-019142-4|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG}}</ref> Danish historian [[Patricia Crone]] took issue with Watt's approach of extracting "historical" information from mythical stories by simply excluding the miraculous elements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roggema |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOPYAAAAMAAJ |title=The Legend of Sergius Baḥīrā: Eastern Christian Apologetics and Apocalyptic in Response to Islam |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16730-8 |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* ''The faith and practice of al-Ghazālī'' (1953) {{ISBN|978-0-686-18610-6}}
* ''[[Muhammad at Mecca (book)|Muhammad at Mecca]]'' (1953) {{ISBN|978-0-19-577278-4}} ({{IA|WattMuhammadAtMecca|online|at=no}})
* ''[[Muhammad at Medina (book)|Muhammad at Medina]]'' (1956) {{ISBN|978-0-19-577307-1}} ({{IA|muhammadatmedina029655mbp|online|at=no}})
* ''Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman'' (1961) {{ISBN|978-0-19-881078-0}}, a summary of the above two major works ({{IA|muhammadpropheta013058mbp|online|at=no}})
* ''Islamic Philosophy and Theology'' (1962) {{ISBN|978-0-202-36272-4}}
* ''Islamic Political Thought'' (1968) {{ISBN|978-0-85224-403-6}}
* ''Islamic Surveys: The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe'' (1972) {{ISBN|978-0-85224-439-5}}
* ''The Majesty That Was Islam'' (1976) {{ISBN|978-0-275-51870-7}}
* ''What Is Islam?'' (1980) {{ISBN|978-0-582-78302-7}}
* ''Muhammad's Mecca'' (1988) {{ISBN|978-0-85224-565-1}}
* ''Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions'' (1991) {{ISBN|978-0-415-05411-9}}
* ''Early Islam'' (1991) {{ISBN|978-0-7486-0170-7}}
* ''Islamic Philosophy And Theology'' (1987) {{ISBN|978-0-7486-0749-5}}
* ''[[Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya|Islamic Creeds]]'' (1994) {{ISBN|978-0-7486-0513-2}}
* ''History of Islamic Spain'' (1996) {{ISBN|978-0-85224-332-9}}
* ''Islamic Political Thought'' (1998) {{ISBN|978-0-7486-1098-3}}
* ''Islam and the Integration of Society'' (1998) {{ISBN|978-0-8101-0240-8}}
* ''Islam: A Short History'' (1999) {{ISBN|978-1-85168-205-8}}
* ''A Christian Faith For Today'' (2002) {{ISBN|0-415-27703-5}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-w-montgomery-watt-423394.html Professor W. Montgomery Watt by Carole Hillenbrand]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/watt.html W. Montgomery Watt: Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528163602/http://abdurrahman.org/seerah/SeerahAndOrientalists-1.pdf "Sirat An-Nabi and the Orientalists"] Criticism of some of Watt's works by Muhammad Mohar Ali
* [http://emeronline.blogspot.com/search?q=montgomery+watt Obituary] by Charlotte Alfred. Edinburgh Middle East Report Online, a journal founded in Watt's former department. Winter 2006
* [http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/general/2005-montgomery-watt.htm Professor Watt's paper ''Women in the Earliest Islam'']
* [http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/2000_watt.htm Interview with Professor Watt on Islam/Christian relations]
* [http://www.lib.ed.ac.uk/about/bgallery/Gallery/records/nineteen2/montgomery.html William Montgomery Watt's picture]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watt, W. Montgomery}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:British Islamic studies scholars]]
[[Category:Scottish Arabists]]
[[Category:Scottish orientalists]]
[[Category:Christian scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish Episcopalian priests]]
[[Category:21st-century Scottish Episcopalian priests]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Iona Community members]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Fife]]

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South Andaman

2026-03-01T08:59:11Z

Shumail: corrected lead further and updated info

#REDIRECT [[List of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas]]

Gangauli Halt railway station

2026-02-24T10:31:13Z

Shumail:

{{short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Gangauli Halt
| native_name =
| other_name =
| type = [[Regional rail]], [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_caption = Gangauli Halt Railway Station
| address = Gangauli, Kerakat, [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| iso_region =
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| map_dot_label = Gangauli Halt
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.665981|N|82.866223|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|85|m|ft}}
| line = [[Aunrihar–Jaunpur line|Aunrihar–Kerakat–Jaunpur line]]
| other = Bus, Auto
| structure = At-grade ([[Indo-Gothic]])
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1904|3|21}}
| closed =
| rebuilt = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2010}}
| electrified =
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GNGL
| zone = [[North Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Varanasi}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone]]
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former = [[Bengal and North Western Railway]]
| passengers = 300
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=North Eastern Railway zone|left=Muftiganj|right=Kerakat|to-left=Jaunpur Junction|to-right=Aunrihar Junction|type=Aunrihar–Kerakat-Jaunpur line}}
}}

'''Gangauli Halt railway station''' (station code GNGL) is located in [[Kerakat]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur District]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/gangauli-gngl/8169</ref>

This station is part of [[North Eastern Railway Zone]]'s [[Varanasi railway division|Varanasi Division]] and the [[Aunrihar–Jaunpur line|Jaunpur–Kerakat–Aunrihar line]].

==Overview==

Gangauli Halt Railway station is a low-revenue station, serving over 300 passengers and 4 passenger train on daily basis.<ref>https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/8169?src=&dest=&locoClass=undefined&bedroll=undefined&</ref> It is under the administrative control of the [[North Eastern Railway zone]]'s [[Varanasi railway division]].<ref name="admn">{{cite web|title=Division at a Glance|url=http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,338,637|website=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Northern Railway zone]]|accessdate=22 July 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109151138/http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C338%2C637|archivedate=9 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It is one of the railway stations in [[Jaunpur district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated on the east side of the city about 23 km from [[Jaunpur Junction Railway Station]]. This station is under the [[Aunrihar–Jaunpur line|Jaunpur–Kerakat–Aunrihar line]].

==History==

Gangauli Halt railway station (GNGL) has a history spanning over 120 years, evolving from a small branch line stop into a modernized electrified halt.

'''Establishment and Early Era (1904)'''

*Opening: The station was officially opened on 21 March 1904.
*Original Operator: It was established by the Bengal and North Western Railway (BNWR) as part of the Aunrihar–Kerakat–Jaunpur route.
*Original Gauge: At its inception, it was a metre-gauge (1,000 mm) line intended to connect major trade hubs in Uttar Pradesh.
*Architecture: The station's structure type is described as At-grade (Indo-Gothic).

==Modernization and Upgrades (2010–2026)==

The station has undergone significant technical transformations in the 21st century:
*Gauge Conversion (2010–2011): The entire line was converted from metre-gauge to broad-gauge (1,676 mm). The station was essentially rebuilt during this period to accommodate the new infrastructure.
*Electrification (2019): The single-line section passing through Gangauli was electrified in 2019, allowing for more efficient electric locomotive-led trains.
*Doubling (2022): A new double electric line was constructed and completed by April 2022, significantly increasing the track capacity for the route.
*Platform Expansion: As of 2026, the station operates with 2 platforms, reflecting its growth from a single-track halt to a double-track station.

==See also ==
*[[North Eastern Railway Zone]]
*[[Jaunpur Junction]]
*[[Aunrihar Junction]]
*[[Varanasi Junction]]
*[[Aunrihar–Jaunpur line|Jaunpur–Kerakat–Aunrihar line]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|
url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/gangauli-gngl/8169| title=Arrivals at GNGL/Gangauli| website=India Rail Info}}
*{{cite web|
url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/gangauli-gngl/8169|title=Departures from GNGL/Gangauli| website=India Rail Info}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1904]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:Transport in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Varanasi railway division]]

Jack Gaud

2026-02-23T13:36:16Z

Shumail: basic correct structure additionally and updated info

{{short description|Indian actor (Born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jack Gaud
| image = Jack Gaudactor.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1958}}
| birth_place = [[Khetri]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|06|08|1958}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Film producer]]|[[Military personnel]]}}
| yearsactive = 1984–2000
| spouse =
| children =
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = 1977–1984
| rank = Captain
| unit =
}}}}

'''Jack Gaud''' (1958 {{endash}} 8 June 2000) was an Indian actor, film producer and military personnel known mostly for portrayal of negative roles in [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]]. He started acting after leaving the [[Indian Navy]].

Gaud did minor roles, especially as a [[Crime|criminal]] or the leading villain's [[henchman]] in several Hindi films. He is best known for [[Karan Arjun]], and [[Vaastav]]. His last film appearance was in ''[[One 2 Ka 4]]''.

== Personal life ==
Jack Gaud was born in Shimla Village, [[Khetri]] in [[Rajasthan]] in 1958. He joined the Indian Navy and was a professional [[Bodybuilding|body builder]], representing the Indian Navy in competitions. He also held the "Mr. Bombay" title (in either 82 or 83). He always wanted to become an actor. He joined the film industry in the year 1984 after he left the Indian Navy. He died of a [[heart attack]] at the age of 42 in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000608/nation.htm#9 |accessdate=2012-10-22 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215014/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000608/nation.htm#9 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! class="unsortable" | Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2010
|''[[Khuda Kasam]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/khuda-kasam-am240841/cast-crew |title=Khuda Kasam (2010) - K.C. Bokadia {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} AllMovie |language=en |access-date=2025-01-30 |via=www.allmovie.com |archive-date=27 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427145710/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/khuda-kasam-am240841/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Goon who abducts Hussain's ([[Sunny Deol]]) sister
|Posthumous release
|-
|2002
|''[[Hathyar (2002 film)|Hathyar ]]''
|Fracture Bandya
|Only Photo in Photo frame
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001
| ''[[ One 2 Ka 4 ]]''
| Terrorist at shopping mall
|  
|-
| ''Bhairav''
| gang
|  
|-
| ''[[Rupa Rani Ramkali]]''
|  
|  
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2000
| ''Kaali Ki Saugandh''
| as the late Jack Gaur
|  
|-
| ''[[Baaghi (2000 film)|Baaghi]]''
| Gogi Pathan
|  
|-
| ''[[Justice Chowdhary]]''
| Inspector Kadam
|  
|-
| ''[[Jwalamukhi (2000 film)|Jwalamukhi]]''
| Vinkantesh
|  
|-
| ''[[Sultaan]]''
| Jay Shankar
|  
|-
| ''The Revenge: Geeta Mera Naam''
| Vikram
|  
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1999
| ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''
| Fracture Bandya
|  
|-
| ''[[Kartoos]]''
| Jagat's assistant
|  
|-
| ''[[Lal Baadshah]]''
| Jabbar Singh
| special appearance
|-
|''[[Ganga Ki Kasam (1999 film)|Ganga Ki Kasam]]''
|Bhim singh
|
|-
| ''[[Dada (1999 film)|Dada]]''
| Ranjit
|
|-
|''[[Sultan (1999 film)|Sultan]]''
|Terrorist
|Telugu Movie
|-
| ''[[Kaala Samrajya]]''
| Kaalkeshwar's employee
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1998
|''Yuvarathna Rana''
|
|Telugu Movie
|-
| ''[[Ustadon Ke Ustad (1998 film)|Ustadon Ke Ustad]]''
| Mahadevan’s nephew
|
|-
| ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
| punk with mustache
|  
|-
| ''[[Yamraaj (film)|Yamraaj]]''
| Rampal
|  
|-
| ''[[Chandaal]]''
| Jack
|  
|-
| ''[[Phool Bane Patthar]]''
|Tiger
|
|-
| ''[[Sher Khan (1998 film)|Sher Khan]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Purani Kabar]]''
| Demon
|  
|-
| ''Do Numbri''
| Mera
|  
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1997
| ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Do Ankhen Barah Hath]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Koyla]]''
| Ranbir
|  
|-
| ''[[Judwaa]]''
| Tony
|  
|-
| Rowspan="5"|1996||''[[Ek Tha Raja]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Shastra (film)|Shastra]]''
| Sonia's Brother
|  
|-
| ''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]''
| Jack, a boxer
| as Jack {{proper name|Gaud}}
|-
| ''[[Zordaar]]''
| John
|  
|-
| ''Rangbaaz''
| Doga
|  
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1995
| ''[[Veergati]]''
| Jack Gulati
|  
|-
| ''[[Hum Dono (1995 film)|Hum Dono]]''
| Shobhraj, a hitman
|  
|-
| ''[[Janam Kundli]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Karan Arjun]]''
| Shamsher Singh
|  
|-
| ''[[Ravan Raaj: A True Story]]''
| Bhagat Dada
|  
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1994
|''[[Stuntman (1994 film)|Stuntman]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]''
| Rahi Bahadur's henchman
|  
|-
| ''[[Insaaf Apne Lahoo Se]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Khuddar]]''
| Kapali
|  
|-
| ''[[Pathreela Raasta]]''
|Amarkanth
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993
|''[[Yugandhar (1993 film)|Yugandhar]]''
|Lakhan
|
|-
| ''[[Phool Aur Angaar]]''
| Richard
|  
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1992
| ''[[Apradhi (1992 film)|Apradhi]]''
| Shakura
|  
|-
| ''[[Deedar (1992 film)|Deedar]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Tahalka]]''
| Dong's army Capt. Richard
|  
|-
| ''[[Kasak (1992 film)|Kasak]]''
| Police inspector
|  
|-
|''[[Beta (1992 film)|Beta]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1991
| ''[[Pyar Hua Chori Chori]]''
|  
|  
|-
| '' [[Nattukku Oru Nallavan|Shanti Kranti]]''
| Daddy's henchman
|  
|-
| ''[[Dharam Sankat]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Pratikar]]''
| Billa
|  
|-
| ''[[Inspector Dhanush]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Jungle Love (film)|Jungle Love]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]''
|  
| Telugu Movie
|-
|Rowspan="8"|1990
| ''[[Teri Talash Mein]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Pyar Ka Karz]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Taqdeer Ka Tamasha]]''
| George
|  
|-
| ''[[Izzatdaar]]''
| Chhagan
|  
|-
| ''[[Kroadh]]''
| Sikander
|  
|-
| ''[[Bandh Darwaza]]''
|  
|  
|-
| ''[[Jurm (1990 film)|Jurm]]''
| Anthony
|  
|-
|''[[Sheshnaag_(film)|Sheshnaag]]''
| Ganpat
|  
|-
| Rowspan="3"|1989
| ''[[Dost (1989 film)|Dost]]''
|  
|
|-
| ''[[Toofan (1989 film)|Toofan]]''
| Daku Jagga
|
|-
|''[[Shehzaade]]''
| Jai
| uncredited
|-
|Rowspan="5"|1988
| ''[[Pyaar Ka Mandir]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Waqt Ki Awaz]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maalamaal]]''
| Karan
|
|-
| ''[[Tezaab]]''
| Mukut Bihari
|
|-
| ''[[Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswathi]]''
| Bheema
| uncredited
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987
|''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kudrat Ka Kanoon]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986
| ''[[Sheela]]''
| Jack
|
|-
|''[[Duty (1986 film)]]''
|Jeeva
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[3D Saamri]]''
| Bhisham
| as Jack Gaur
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Insaaf Kaun Karega]]''
| Lal Singh
|  
|}

== Later life and death==
After a successful career in film industry, Jack Gaud died of a heart attack aged just 42 on 8 June 2000 at his home in [[Mumbai]]. He is survived by his wife and two sons. His son Amit Jack Gaud is also an actor.
 

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaud, Jack}}
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian Navy personnel]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Anti-Indian sentiment

2026-02-15T19:28:44Z

Shumail: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Prejudice against Indian people}}
{{About|text=This article is about prejudice and discrimination against Indian people from South Asia. For prejudice and discrimination against native Canadian and American populations commonly referred to as "[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indian]]", see [[Racism in Canada#Indigenous peoples|Racism against Indigenous peoples in Canada]] and [[Racism against Native Americans in the United States]]}}
{{Redirect|Indophobia|prejudice and discrimination against Indonesians|Anti-Indonesian sentiment}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2025}}

'''Anti-Indian sentiment''' ([[Anti-Hindu sentiment#Historical|historically known as Hinduphobia]]; also referred to as '''anti-Indianism''', '''Indophobia''') refers to prejudice, collective hatred, and discrimination which is directed at [[Indian people]] for any variety of reasons. According to Kenyan-American academic [[Ali Mazrui]], Indophobia is "a tendency to react negatively towards people of Indian extraction, against aspects of Indian culture and normative habits."<ref>[[Ali Mazrui]], "The De-Indianisation of Uganda: Does it require an Educational Revolution?" paper delivered to the East African Universities Social Science Council Conference, 19–23 December 1973, Nairobi, Kenya, p.3.</ref> As such, it is the opposite of [[Indomania]], which refers to a pronounced affinity for Indians and their culture, history, and country. Anti-Indian sentiment is frequently a manifestation of [[racism]], particularly in cases in which Indians are targeted alongside other [[Ethnic groups in South Asia|South Asians]]. Regardless of their motivation, Indophobic individuals often invoke [[stereotypes of Indians]] to justify their feelings or attitudes towards them.

<div style="font-size: 90%">
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;"
|+Results of [[Pew Research Center]] poll Views of India by country<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Pew Research Center Spring 2023 Global Attitudes Survey |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/08/PG_2023.08.29_views-of-india_topline.pdf |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How people in 24 countries view India - Spring 2025 survey |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/08/13/how-people-in-24-countries-view-india/ |access-date=August 13, 2025 |website=Pew Research Center |date=13 August 2025 }}</ref> (2023–2025) (rounded off, sorted by net, acscending)
|-
!Country polled !! Pos. !! Neg. !! Neutral !! Net
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|{{Percentage bar|25|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|56|hex=FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|18|hex=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|-31
|-
|{{Flag|Argentina}}
|{{Percentage bar|26|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|38|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|36|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|-12
|-
|{{Flag|Brazil}}
|{{Percentage bar|36|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|47|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|17|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|-11
|-
|{{Flag|Australia}}
|{{Percentage bar|45|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|54|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|1|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|-9
|-
|{{Flag|Mexico}}
|{{Percentage bar|36|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|42|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|22|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|-6
|-
|{{Flag|Spain}}
|{{Percentage bar|36|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|40|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|24|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|-4
|-
|{{Flag|South Africa}}
|{{Percentage bar|46|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|44|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|11|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|-2
|-
|{{Flag|Greece}}
|{{Percentage bar|35|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|36|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|29|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|-1
|-
|{{Flag|South Korea}}
|{{Percentage bar|42|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|43|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|15|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|-1
|-
|{{Flag|United States}}
|{{Percentage bar|49|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|48|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|4|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+1
|-
|{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|{{Percentage bar|46|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|40|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|13|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+6
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Percentage bar|47|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|39|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|13|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+8
|-
|{{Flag|Poland}}
|{{Percentage bar|35|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|23|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|42|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+12
|-
|{{Flag|Hungary}}
|{{Percentage bar|45|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|32|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|23|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+13
|-
|{{Flag|France}}
|{{Percentage bar|50|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|34|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|16|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+16
|-
|{{Flag|Sweden}}
|{{Percentage bar|52|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|35|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|13|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+17
|-
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}
|{{Percentage bar|57|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|39|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|5|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+18
|-
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|{{Percentage bar|58|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|38|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|5|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+20
|-
|{{Flag|Italy}}
|{{Percentage bar|54|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|34|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|12|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+20
|-
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|{{Percentage bar|57|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|31|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|12|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+26
|-
|{{Flag|Nigeria}}
|{{Percentage bar|57|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|30|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|13|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+27
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{Percentage bar|60|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|29|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|11|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+29
|-
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|{{Percentage bar|60|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|27|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|13|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+33
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|{{Percentage bar|65|c=#80FF80|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|27|c=#FF8080|width=50}}
|{{Percentage bar|8|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}}
|+38
|} </div>

== History ==
=== British India ===
The relationship between [[Indomania]] and Indophobia in the [[British Empire|British]] [[Indology]] during the [[Victoria era]] was discussed by American academic [[Thomas Trautmann]] who found that Indophobia had become a norm in the early-19th century British discourse on India as the result of a conscious agenda of [[evangelicalism]] and [[utilitarianism]], especially by [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]] and [[James Mill]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Aryans and British India|author=Thomas R. Trautmann|year=1997 }} {{Google books|jR_LPnEH3GsC|Aryans and British India}}</ref> Historians noted that during [[British Raj|British rule in India]], "evangelical influence drove British policy down a path that tended to minimize and denigrate the accomplishments of Indian civilization and to position itself as the negation of the earlier British Indomania that was nourished by belief in Indian wisdom."<ref>{{harv|Trautmann|1997|p=113}}</ref>

In Grant's highly controversial 1796 work ''Observations on the ... Asiatic subjects of Great Britain'',<ref>Grant, Charles. (1796) Observations on the state of society among the Asiatic subjects of Great Britain, particularly with respect to morals; and on the means of improving it, written chiefly in the year 1792.</ref> he criticised the Orientalists for being too respectful to Indian culture and religion. His work tried to determine the Hindus' "true place in the moral scale" and he alleged that the Hindus are "a people exceedingly depraved". Grant believed that Great Britain's duty was to civilise and Christianize the natives. This paper has often been cited as one of the foremost examples of [[Eurocentrism]] and the ideological foundation upon which colonialism was built, that is, the notion that the Western world had a duty to "civilize" the natives while they conveniently ignored the many evils like wars, rebellions, racism, class discrimination, religious persecution, a witchcraft hysteria and a widespread brutalisation of women that plagued their own societies in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discovery and Crisis in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries |url=https://webpages.cs.luc.edu/~dennis/106/106-Bkgr/14-Discov-Crisis.pdf |access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref> This problem was further exacerbated by the lack of a nuanced understanding of the natives' religion and culture and the perception of Christianity being the one true faith, which was not only widely used to justify colonialism but also to legitimise forced conversions and brutalisation of the masses - a phenomenon witnessed even today in parts of South Asia and Africa. {{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} Russian commentator Minaev once wrote that [[White British|white Britons]] in [[British Raj|British colonial India]] referred to Indians using the racial slur "[[nigger]]s," which he cited as evidence of racial hostility and distance between the British and their Indian subjects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morrison |first=Alexander |date=2006 |title=Russian Rule in Turkestan and the Example of British India, c. 1860-1917 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4214360 |journal=The Slavonic and East European Review |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages= 666–707|doi=10.1353/see.2006.0007 |jstor=4214360 |issn=0037-6795}}</ref>

[[Lord Macaulay]], serving on the Supreme [[Council of India]] between 1834 and 1838, was instrumental in creating the foundations of bilingual colonial India. He convinced the Governor-General to adopt [[English language|English]] as the medium of instruction in higher education from the sixth year of schooling onwards, rather than [[Sanskrit]] or [[Arabic]]. He claimed: "I have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native [[Indian literature|literature of India]]."<ref>{{cite web|title=Modern History Sourcebook: Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859): On Empire and Education|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1833macaulay-india.asp|work=Internet Modern History Sourcebook|publisher=Paul Halsall|access-date=27 May 2012|author=Thomas Babington Macaulay|date=July 1998|archive-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908042945/http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1833macaulay-india.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> He wrote that [[Unani|Arabic]] and [[Ayurveda|Sanskrit works on medicine]] contain "medical doctrines which would disgrace an English Farrier – [[Indian astronomy|Astronomy]], which would move laughter in girls at an English boarding school – [[History of India|History]], abounding with kings thirty feet high reigns thirty thousand years long – and [[Geography of India|Geography]] made up of seas of treacle and seas of butter".<ref>Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 1835:242–243, Minute on Indian education.</ref>

One of the most influential historians of India during the British Empire, [[James Mill]] was criticised for prejudice against Hindus.<ref>{{harv|Trautmann|1997|p=117}}</ref> [[H.H. Wilson|Horace Hayman Wilson]] wrote that the tendency of Mill's work was "evil".<ref>H.H. Wilson 1858 in James Mill 1858, The history of British India, Preface of the editor</ref> Mill claimed that both Indians and [[China|Chinese]] people are cowardly, unfeeling and mendacious. Both Mill and Grant attacked Orientalist scholarship that was too respectful of Indian culture: "It was unfortunate that a mind so pure, so warm in the pursuit of truth so devoted to oriental learning, as that of Sir [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]], should have adopted the hypothesis of a high state of civilization in the principal countries of Asia."<ref>Mill, James – 1858, 2:109, The history of British India.</ref>[[Dadabhai Naoroji]] spoke against such anti-India sentiment.<ref>"Essays, speeches, addresses and writings" by Dadabhai Naoroji</ref>

[[Stereotypes of South Asians|Stereotypes of Indians]] intensified during and after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], known as [[India's First War of Independence (term)|India's First War of Independence]] to the Indians and as the Sepoy Mutiny to the British, when Indian [[sepoy]]s rebelled against the British [[East India Company]]'s [[Company rule in India|rule in India]]. Allegations of [[war rape]] were used as [[propaganda]] by British [[Colonialism|colonialists]] in order to justify the colonisation of India. While incidents of rape committed by Indian rebels against British women and girls were virtually non-existent, this was exaggerated by the [[Media of the United Kingdom|British media]] to justify continued British intervention in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vanishing Women: Magic, Film Feminism|first=Karen Redrobe|last=Beckman|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=2003|isbn=0-8223-3074-1|pages=31–3}}</ref>

At the time, [[History of British newspapers|British newspapers]] had printed various apparent eyewitness accounts of British women and girls being raped by Indian rebels, but cited little physical evidence. It was later found that some were fictions created to paint the native people as savages who needed to be civilised, a mission sometimes known as "[[The White Man's Burden]]". One such account published by ''[[The Times]]'', regarding an incident where 48 British girls as young as 10–14 had been raped by Indian rebels in [[Delhi]], was criticised by [[Karl Marx]], who pointed out that the story was propaganda written by a clergyman in [[Bangalore]], far from the events.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vanishing Women: Magic, Film Feminism|first=Karen Redrobe|last=Beckman|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=2003|isbn=0-8223-3074-1|pages=33–4}}</ref> A wave of anti-Indian vandalism accompanied the rebellion. When Delhi fell to the British, the city was ransacked, the palaces looted and the mosques desecrated in what has been called "a deliberate act of unnecessary vandalism".<ref>[[John Keay|Keay, John]], India Discovered, The Recovery of a Lost Civilization, HarperCollins, London, 1981, {{ISBN|0-00-712300-0}}</ref>

Despite the questionable authenticity of colonial accounts regarding the rebellion, the stereotype of the Indian "dark-skinned rapist" occurred frequently in [[English literature]] of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The idea of protecting British "female chastity" from the "lustful creepy Indian male" had a significant influence on the [[British Raj]]'s policies outlawing [[miscegenation]] between Europeans and Indians. While some restrictive policies were imposed on white women in India to "protect" them from miscegenation, most were directed against Indians.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Converting Women|first=Eliza F.|last=Kent|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]US|year=2004|isbn=0-19-516507-1|pages=85–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review Essay: Colonial Figures and Postcolonial Reading|first=Suvir|last=Kaul|journal=[[Diacritics (journal)|Diacritics]]|volume=26|issue=1|year=1996|pages=74–89 [83–9]|doi=10.1353/dia.1996.0005|s2cid=144798987}}</ref> For example, the 1883 [[Ilbert Bill]], which would have granted Indian judges the right to judge offenders regardless of ethnicity, was opposed by many [[Anglo-Indian people]] on the grounds that Indian judges could not be trusted in cases alleging the rape of white women.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Sarah|last=Carter|title=Capturing Women: The Manipulation of Cultural Imagery in Canada's Prairie West|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]]|year=1997|isbn=0-7735-1656-5|page=17}}</ref>

[[Leo Amery]] wrote in his private diaries that upon learning [[Indian independence movement|Indian separatists]] were refusing to resist the Japanese and contribute to the war effort, [[Winston Churchill]], in private conversation, said out of frustration, he "hated Indians" and considered them "a beastly people with a beastly religion". According to Amery, during the [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal famine]], Churchill stated that any potential relief efforts sent to India would accomplish little to nothing, as Indians were "breeding like rabbits".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2015 |title=The darker side of Britain's most iconic wartime hero |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/winston-churchill-from-accusations-of-antisemitism-to-the-blunt-refusal-that-led-to-the-deaths-of-millions-9999181.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Leo Amery likened Churchill's understanding of India's problems to [[King George III]]'s apathy for the Americas. Amery wrote "on the subject of India, Winston is not quite sane" and that he did not "see much difference between [Churchill's] outlook and [[Nazism and race|Hitler]]'s".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mishra |first=Pankaj |date=6 August 2007 |title=Exit Wounds |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/08/13/exit-wounds |access-date=3 April 2024 |magazine=The New Yorker|issn=0028-792X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amery |first=Leo |title=The Leo Amery Diaries |date=1929–1945 |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=978-0-09-167290-4 |publication-date=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5yfAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==South Asia==
===Pakistan===
{{Further|Islamization in Pakistan}}
According to [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] and Jean-Luc Racine, Pakistan's nationalism is primarily anti-Indian, even though both were part of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] (before 1947). This, he argued, is part of the essence of the country's identity.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Jaffrelot |editor-first=Christophe |title=Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation |publisher=Zed Books |location=London |year=2002 |isbn=1842771175 |page=38}}</ref> However anti-Indian sentiments have waxed and waned in the country since its [[independence of Pakistan|independence]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Arsia Jawaid |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/278219/pakistans-non-anti-india-generation/ |title=Pakistan's non-'anti-India' generation |work=The Express Tribune |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717210620/https://tribune.com.pk/story/278219/pakistans-non-anti-india-generation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Vali Nasr">{{cite book |author=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr |author-link=Vali Nasr |title=The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jama'at-i Islami of Pakistan |publisher=University of California Press |year=1994 |isbn=0520083695 |pages=121–122}}
</ref> According to [[Tufts University]] professor [[Vali Nasr|Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr]], anti-India sentiment in Pakistan increased with the ascendancy of the [[Islamist]] [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] under [[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]].<ref name="Vali Nasr"/>

==== Two-Nation Theory and Partition of India ====
{{Main|Two-Nation Theory|Partition of India}}
{{See also|India (Herodotus)}}
Some [[British Indian]] Muslims feared the Hindu majority that would gain political ascendance after the abolition of the colonial system of following the end of British rule. This view was bolstered by religious riots in British India such as the [[1927 Nagpur riots]].<ref name="Basu1993">
{{cite book |author=Tapan Basu |title=Khaki shorts and saffron flags: a critique of the Hindu right |year=1993 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0-86311-383-3 |url= {{Google books |id=CimVTTVHtwQC |p=118 |plainurl=yes}} |pages=18–20}}
</ref> The [[Two-Nation Theory]] was enunciated by [[Allama Iqbal]],<ref name="winks2001">
{{Cite book | title=The Oxford history of the British Empire: Historiography |author=[[Robin Winks|Robin W. Winks]], Alaine M. Low | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-19-924680-9 |publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRB52ijcgMMC | quote=At the heart of the two-nation theory was the belief that the Indian Muslims' identity was defined by religion rather than language or ethnicity}}
</ref><ref name="khan1940">{{Cite book | title=Pakistan: The Heart of Asia | author=Liaquat Ali Khan | year=1940 | isbn=9781443726672 | publisher=Thacker & Co. Ltd. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swIYjzJOx5wC | quote=There is much in the Muslims which, if they wish, can roll them into a nation. But isn't there enough that is common to both Hindus and Muslims, which if developed, is capable of moulding them into one people? Nobody can deny that there are many modes, manners, rites and customs which are common to both. Nobody can deny that there are rites, customs and usages based on religion that do divide Hindus and Muslims. The question is, which of these should be emphasized | author-link=Liaquat Ali Khan | access-date=14 August 2015 | archive-date=1 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001201532/https://books.google.com/books?id=swIYjzJOx5wC | url-status=live }}</ref> which was supported by the [[All-India Muslim League]] and eventually culminated in the independence from [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] of both India and of Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="Pande">
{{cite web |url=http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/islam-in-the-national-story-of-pakistan |title=Islam in the National Story of Pakistan |last=Pande |first=Aparna |date=14 October 2011 |work=Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, Volume 12 |publisher=[[Hudson Institute]] |access-date=19 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420212038/http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/islam-in-the-national-story-of-pakistan |archive-date=20 April 2012 }}
</ref>

Violence at the time of the [[partition of British India]] and even prior led to communal tensions and enmity among Hindus and Muslims. In Pakistan, this contributed to Indophobia. In an interview with Indian news channel [[CNN-IBN]] Pakistani cricketer and politician [[Imran Khan]] said in 2011: "I grew up hating India because I grew up in [[Lahore]] and there were [[Partition of India|massacres of 1947]], so much bloodshed and anger. But as I started touring India, I got such love and friendship there that all this disappeared."<ref name="dawn2011114">{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/14/i-grew-up-hating-india-imran-khan.html |title=I grew up hating India: Imran Khan |date=14 November 2011 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|location=Pakistan |access-date=5 December 2011 |archive-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203191617/http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/14/i-grew-up-hating-india-imran-khan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Further|Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan}}
The [[Two-Nation Theory]] is predicated on the belief that at the time of Partition, the Indian Subcontinent was not a nation and in its extreme interpretation, it postulates the belief that Indian Hindus and Indian Muslims constituted nations that cannot co-exist "in a harmonious relationship".<ref name="epw1979r">
{{cite journal |last=Shakir |first=Moin |title=Always in the Mainstream |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=14 |number=33 |date=18 August 1979 |page=1424 |quote=Even after independence, the theory of 'Muslim betrayal' has not been abandoned; it is still used by influential Hindu organisations like the RSS and Jana Sangh in order to justify their belief that the Muslims are not Indians but foreigners or temporary guests – without any loyalty to the country or its cultural heritage – and should be driven out of the country}}
</ref><ref name="S. M. Hali">{{cite news |title=Logic of the Two Nation Theory |author=S. M. Hali |url=http://nation.com.pk/columns/18-Apr-2012/logic-of-the-two-nation-theory |newspaper=The Nation |date=18 April 2012 |quote=the venomous pronouncement of Hindu Mahasabha, President Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, and Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, the founder of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) that ... the Muslims are not Indians but foreigners or temporary guests-without any loyalty to the country or its cultural heritage-and should be driven out of the country |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723172037/http://nation.com.pk/columns/18-Apr-2012/logic-of-the-two-nation-theory |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="savarkar1989">{{Cite book | title=Savarkar commemoration volume | author=[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], Sudhakar Raje | year=1989 | publisher=Savarkar Darshan Pratishthan | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByFuAAAAMAAJ | quote=His historic warning against conversion and call for Shuddhi was condensed in the dictum 'Dharmantar is Rashtrantar' (to change one's religion is to change one's nationality) | access-date=14 August 2015 | archive-date=1 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001201533/https://books.google.com/books?id=ByFuAAAAMAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="chakravarty1990">
{{Cite journal | title=Mainstream | author=N. Chakravarty |year=1990 | journal=Mainstream |volume=28 |issue=32–52 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDLQAAAAMAAJ | quote='Dharmantar is Rashtrantar' is one of the old slogans of the VHP}}
</ref>

According to [[Husain Haqqani]], Pakistan faced multiple challenges to its survival after the partition. At the time Pakistan's secular leaders decided to use Islam as a rallying cry against perceived threats from predominantly Hindu India. Unsure of Pakistan's future, they deliberately promoted anti-Indian sentiment with "Islamic Pakistan" resisting a "Hindu India".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twq.com/05winter/docs/05winter_haqqani.pdf |title=The Role of Islam in Pakistan's Future |last=Haqqani |first=Husain |date=Winter 2004–05 |work=[[The Washington Quarterly]] |page=89 |access-date=26 November 2011 |archive-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113083416/http://twq.com/05winter/docs/05winter_haqqani.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Nasr, anti-Indian sentiments, coupled with [[anti-Hindu]] prejudices have existed in Pakistan since its formation.<ref name="Vali Nasr"/> With the ascendancy of the [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] under [[Abul A'la Maududi|Maududi]], Indophobia increased in Pakistan.<ref name="Vali Nasr"/><ref name="PIPS">
{{cite web |url=http://www.san-pips.com/download.php?f=25.pdf |title=The Arabist Shift from Indo-Persian Civilization & Genesis of Radicalization in Pakistan |last=Hashmi |first=Arshi |work=Pak Institute for Peace studies |access-date=23 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001224/http://www.san-pips.com/download.php?f=25.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=usurped }}
</ref>

Commenting on Indophobia in Pakistan in 2009, former [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] termed the [[India–Pakistan relations|Pakistan-India relationship]] as shadowed by Indophobia.<ref name="Hindu20090507">
{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200905050940.htm |title=Pak a fragile entity survival on anti-India sentiment: Rice |date=5 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=24 November 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}
</ref>

In his article "The future of Pakistan" published by [[Brookings Institution]] American South Asia expert [[Stephen P. Cohen]] describes the Pakistan-India relationship as a neverending spiral of sentiments against each other.<ref name="Cohen2011">
{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2011/01_pakistan_cohen/01_pakistan_cohen.pdf |quote=When it comes to its relations with its most important neighbor, India its most important international ally, the United States, its overarching narrative is that of victimhood. Pakistan's perception of itself as the victim of Hindu domination has led to the mother of all 'trust deficits,' a deficit that can never be eliminated because it stems from the deeply held belief that Indians are dominating, insincere, and untrustworthy. In this view, there is nothing that Pakistan can do to normalize the relationship because Indians/Hindus are essentially untrustworthy and have proven that to be true time and time again. My view is that if trust is a component of the problem, it is an eternal one. |title=The Future of Pakistan |last=Cohen |first=Stephen P. |date=January 2011 |work=[[Brookings Institution]] |access-date=25 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806124014/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2011/01_pakistan_cohen/01_pakistan_cohen.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2011 }}
</ref>

===== Falsified narratives in school textbooks =====
{{Main|Pakistani textbooks controversy}}

According to Sustainable Development Policy Institute since the 1970s Pakistani school textbooks have systematically inculcated hatred towards India and Hindus.<ref name=sdpi>
{{cite book |title=The subtle subversion: the state of curricula and textbooks in Pakistan – Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics |author1=A. H. Nayyar |author2=Ahmed Salim |publisher=Sustainable Development Policy Institute |year=2005}}
</ref><ref>Report of the project ''A Civil Society Initiative in Curricula and Textbooks Reform''. Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Islamabad.</ref> According to this report, "Associated with the insistence on the Ideology of Pakistan has been an essential component of hate against India and the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible".<ref name= sdpi/>

A 2005 report by the National Commission for Justice and Peace, a nonprofit organisation in Pakistan, found that [[Pakistan studies]] textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. "Vituperative animosities legitimize military and autocratic rule, nurturing a siege mentality. Pakistan Studies textbooks are an active site to represent India as a hostile neighbor", the report stated. "The story of Pakistan's past is intentionally written to be distinct from often in direct contrast with, interpretations of history found in India. From the government-issued textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious." Further, the report stated "Textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation. Today's students, citizens of Pakistan and its future leaders are the victims of these blatant lies."<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C04%5C25%5Cstory_25-4-2006_pg7_26 "Hate mongering worries minorities"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606143452/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C04%5C25%5Cstory_25-4-2006_pg7_26 |date=6 June 2011 }}, ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]'', 25 April 2006.</ref>

==== Kashmir dispute and India–Pakistan conflict ====
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Kashmir conflict}}


India and Pakistan have had numerous military conflicts which have caused anti-Indian sentiment, with the [[Kashmir conflict]] being the most prominent and important one.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iqbal|first1=Sajid|last2=Hossain|first2=Zoheb|last3=Mathur|first3=Shubh|date=29 September 2014|title=Reconciliation and truth in Kashmir: a case study|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306396814542917|journal=Race & Class|volume=56|issue=2|pages=51–65|doi=10.1177/0306396814542917|s2cid=147586397|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411111607/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306396814542917|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Kazi|first=Seema|title=Rape, Impunity and Justice in Kashmir|url=http://www.sociolegalreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Rape-Impunity-and-Justice-in-Kashmir.pdf|journal=Socio-Legal Review|volume=10|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224034/http://www.sociolegalreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Rape-Impunity-and-Justice-in-Kashmir.pdf|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=18 November 2016|pages=14–46|doi=10.55496/ZCWJ8096 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Kazi">{{Cite book|last=Kazi|first=Seema|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t343/e0165?_hi=0&_pos=1|title=Gender and Militarization in Kashmir|work=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=Sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is, it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done.|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213021623/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t343/e0165?_hi=0&_pos=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1971 rising political discontent in [[East Pakistan]], on the other side of India from West Pakistan, led to calls to secede from Pakistan, which were [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities|brutally suppressed]] by [[Pakistan Army]] leading to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. India intervened, triggering the brief [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war]] that culminated in Pakistan's defeat and the secession of East Pakistan which then became [[Bangladesh]]. According to [[Ardeshir Cowasjee]] in [[West Pakistan]] the region's political and military leadership whipped up the anti-Indian sentiment with the slogan "crush India", in an attempt to convince the people that the only issue in East Pakistan was India's support of a [[secession]]ist movement.<ref name="Dawn20111106">{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/06/pakistanis-do-not-learn-from-history.html |title=Pakistanis do not learn from history |last=Cowasjee |first=Ardeshir |date=6 November 2011 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|location=Pakistan |access-date=25 November 2011 |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128020816/http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/06/pakistanis-do-not-learn-from-history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Writing for [[Middle East Research and Information Project]] the Pakistani nuclear scientist [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]] stated that anti-Indian sentiment is instilled in Pakistani soldiers early in their training at [[Cadet College Hasan Abdal]] and [[Cadet College Petaro]]. He also claimed that in order to prosper, Pakistan needed to overcome its hatred of India.<ref name="MER20110712">{{cite web |url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero071211 |title=Pakistan, the Army and the Conflict Within |last=Hoodbhoy |first=Pervez |date=12 July 2011 |work=Middle East Report |publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]] |access-date=2 December 2011 |archive-date=21 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021072109/http://www.merip.org/mero/mero071211 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
{{See also|Indian influence in Bangladesh}}
[[File:July Revolution graffiti at Dhaka city 41.jpg|thumb|An anti-Indian [[graffiti]] drawn by the students at [[Dhaka University]] after the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]] in [[Bangladesh]], which writes in the background "[We] have broken the shakles of slavery of [[Rawalpindi|Pindi]] (Pakistan), [now we] won't tolerate the slavery of [[Delhi]] (India)" ({{lang|bn|পিন্ডির গোলামীর জিঞ্জির ছিন্ন করেছি, দিল্লির দাসত্ব মানি না মানবো না}}), a popular anti-Indian [[Anti-imperialism|imperialist]] quote attributed to [[Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]].]]
The [[Bangladesh–India relations|Indo-Bangladeshi]] relationship began to sour within a few years after the end of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. Political disputes such as [[Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border|border killings by Indian forces]], allocation of waters on the [[Padma River|Padma river]] from the [[Farakka Barrage]] and [[Teesta River|Teesta river]] from the Teesta Barrage in [[West Bengal]], alongside [[Illegal immigration to India|illegal infiltration]] along [[Indo-Bangladeshi barrier]] has created rifts between the two countries.<ref name="rediff2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/21bspec.htm |title=Why Bangladesh hates India |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229133606/https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/21bspec.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Indophobia in Bangladesh is coupled with [[Anti-Hindu sentiment]]s, which has led to accusations of [[dual loyalty]] among [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi Hindu minority]] by Islamists and right-wing nationalists within the [[Islam in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi Muslim majority]].{{sfn|Riaz|2012|p=64}}

These sentiments rose rapidly during the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|tenure]] of [[Narendra Modi]], leader of the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In 2019, the Modi government passed the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship (Amendment) Act]], easing the procedure for granting Indian citizenship to Bangladeshi Hindu immigrants, whom the BJP saw solely as refugees fleeing religious persecution. Previously Modi's Home Minister and BJP president [[Amit Shah]] had declared that passage of the CAA will be followed by a nationwide [[National Register of Citizens]] programme<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2019 |title=Everything you wanted to know about the CAA and NRC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-caa-and-nrc-1630771-2019-12-23 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> to specifically identify and deport Bangladeshi Muslim immigrants (whom the BJP branded as 'infiltrators') on lines of the [[National Register of Citizens for Assam|similar programme]] carried out in [[Assam]], another Indian state which shares borders with Bangladesh and has seen multiple ethnic clashes (see [[Bongal Kheda]] and [[Assam Movement|Assam movement]]) over uncontrolled immigration from Bangladesh. While campaigning during the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]], Shah raised the issue of demographic change in East and Northeast Indian states caused by infiltration of Bangladeshi Muslims and derogatorily called Bangladeshi Muslims as 'termites'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP chief terms Bangladeshi migrants 'termites' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/9/24/bjp-chief-slammed-for-calling-bangladeshi-migrants-termites |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Modi's 2021 state visit to Bangladesh sparked [[2021 Bangladesh anti-Modi protests|anti-Hindu violence]] in the country, perpetrated by Islamists protesting the [[2020 Delhi riots]] & CAA.

In the aftermath of the Modi government supporting the results of the [[2024 Bangladeshi general election|2024 Bangladeshi election]], a campaign was launched to boycott Indian goods in Bangladesh by [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]], the main opposition party which had boycotted the polls.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seli |first1=Yeshi |title=Six BNP members submit memorandum to IHC Dhaka, urges boycott of Indian goods |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Dec/08/six-bnp-members-submit-memorandum-to-ihc-dhaka-urges-boycott-of-indian-goods |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=8 December 2024}}</ref> Anti-Indian sentiment rose rapidly in the country after the [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|violent overthrow]] of the ruling [[Premiership of Sheikh Hasina|Awami League government]] following allegations of [[Students–People's uprising (Bangladesh)#Controversies|Indian involvement]] in suppressing [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|mass protests]] against [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s [[Criticism of Awami League|authoritarian]] government & the Modi government providing refuge to Hasina following her [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|resignation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Bangladesh Strains: Yunus Says Ties Intended to Be Strong, But 'Something Always Went Wrong' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/bangladesh-wanted-good-ties-with-india-but-something-always-went-wrong-yunus-3582360 |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

===Maldives===
Anti-India sentiments in the Maldives rose when the "India Out" hashtag started to trend on Twitter in the Maldives on 26 July 2021, the Maldives' Independence Day. Anti-India sentiments dates back when [[Abdulla Yameen]] was elected as the [[President of Maldives]] in 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Banka |first=Neha |date=20 July 2021 |title=Explained: What is behind the 'India Out' campaign in the Maldives? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-maldives-india-out-campaign-explained-7396314/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102033756/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-maldives-india-out-campaign-explained-7396314/ |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> During the government of [[Abdulla Yameen]], two Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters (ALF) helicopters based on [[Addu Atoll]] and Hanimaadhoo that were gifted by India to the Maldives coast guard were returned by the Yameen government<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaahunaz |first=Fathmath |date=4 April 2018 |title=Maldives to return India helicopter over local military exclusion |url=https://edition.mv/news/5660 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[The Edition]]}}</ref> citing military intervention and a threat to the sovereignty of Maldives.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, Yameen accused India of developing intentions of [[state capture]] during the internal political turmoil in the country when former Maldives President [[Mohammed Nasheed]] solicited Indian intervention.<ref name=":1" /> According to Ahmed Azaan of the Maldivian online news organisation Dhiyares, "...the "India Out" campaign is a call for the removal of the Indian military from the Maldives." Further, he tweeted that "..It is not a call to cut off diplomatic and trade relations with India" but the Maldives "should be able to forge ties with India without undermining our sovereignty."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Palanisamy |first=Balachander |date=26 July 2021 |title=The Maldives' 'India Out' Campaign |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/the-maldives-india-out-campaign/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222123650/https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/the-maldives-india-out-campaign/ |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> On 2 July 2021, the country's ruling party, the [[Maldivian Democratic Party]] (MDP), released an official statement citing "concern over the ill-founded and disparaging remarks against Indian diplomats".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2021 |title=Maldivian Democratic Party Expresses Concern Over the Ill- founded and Disparaging Remarks Against Indian Diplomats in the Maldives. |url=https://mdp.org.mv/archives/79841 |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[Maldivian Democratic Party]]}}</ref> The MDP alleged that local news outlet Dhiyares and its co-founder and writer Ahmed Azaan, had been involved in a "continuous barrage of anti-India vitriol" that "appears to be a well-funded, well-orchestrated and pre-meditated political campaign with the express purpose of whipping up hatred against the Maldives' closest ally, India."<ref name=":2" />

===Sri Lanka===
{{See also|Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism#Myths}}

Anti-Indian prejudice may be caused by the island nation's bad experience with Invasions by Tamil Dynasties (such as the [[Chola dynasty]]), their ethnic tensions with Sri Lanka's [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil minority]], who are accused of loyalty to India,<ref name="Cholan">{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/12-12_Indo-Lanka.php?uid=2113|title=Indo-Lanka Relationships|work=sangam.org|access-date=7 June 2010|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526185141/https://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/12-12_Indo-Lanka.php?uid=2113|url-status=live}}</ref> India's alleged support and training of the [[LTTE]]<ref>{{citation |last=Brewster |first=David |chapter=Maritime South Asia |title=India's Ocean: The Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dkYsAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-80698-1 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/7992855}}</ref> as well as massacres against Tamil Sri Lankan civilians committed by the Indian army denied by the Indians, such as the [[Jaffna hospital massacre]].<ref>Somasundaram, Daya; Jamunanantha, CS (2002). de Jong, Joop, ed. Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio-Cultural Context. Springer. p. 213. {{ISBN|978-0-30646709-7}}.</ref>

In the 10th century, during the defence against the invading [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Chola dynasty]], the [[Sinhalese Resistance]] killed scores of [[Hindu]] Tamils as a retaliation for invading Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRjBZ2AxxyMC&pg=PA64 | title=Charred Lullabies: Chapters in an Anthropography of Violence | author=E. Valentine Daniel | page=64 | isbn=1400822033 | date=11 November 1996 | publisher=Princeton University Press | access-date=18 August 2019 | archive-date=1 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001201553/https://books.google.com/books?id=fRjBZ2AxxyMC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War====
{{See also|Sinhala Only Act|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War}}

Despite India's alliance with the Sri Lankan government during the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]], anti-Indian views are fairly common among the ethnic [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]], escalated by [[Buddhist]] Nationalism and militancy. Attitudes towards [[Tamil people|Tamil]]s are associated with Indophobia and the Tamils were suspected of spying for the Indians. Indian traders and businessmen, patronised by the Tamil minority, have been shunned and attacked by the Sinhalese.<ref name="Cholan"/>

During the 1950s, discriminatory measures taken by the Sri Lankan government targeted Indian traders (typically from the Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]), forcing the traders out of Sri Lanka. Following this, trade with India was deliberately scuttled, as was the sale of Indian magazines.<ref name="Cholan"/>

The Indophobia of that era led the Sri Lankan government to go after the so-called Tamils of 'recent' Indian origin. These immigrant plantation workers were imported by the British more than a hundred years earlier and had already been stripped of citizenship by earlier legislation—the first Legislative Act of the newly independent country in 1948. Since then, these Tamils lived as 'stateless' persons and many returned to India.<ref name="Cholan"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/gandhi-statue-vandalised-in-sri-lanka-the-hindu/ |title=Gandhi Statue Vandalised in Sri Lanka – THE HINDU |work=Colombo Telegraph |date=7 April 2012 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411001530/http://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/gandhi-statue-vandalised-in-sri-lanka-the-hindu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The IPKF's involvement in Sri Lanka led to the rise of the anti-Indian [[Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya|Patriotic People's Front]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Paradise Poisoned: Learning about Conflict, Terrorism, and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars|isbn = 9789555800945|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIRxpjfd-EC|last1 = Richardson|first1 = John Martin|year = 2005|publisher = International Center for Ethnic Studies|access-date = 7 November 2020|archive-date = 1 October 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231001201535/https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIRxpjfd-EC|url-status = live}}</ref>

During the [[Black July]], rioters targeted Indian Tamils. During one instance, the [[Sri Lanka Transport Board|Sri Lankan Bus Employees]] brutally killed seven Tamils including six members of the Ramanathan family (father, young daughter, three sons, and their uncle) and their driver, some of whom were bludgeoned to death.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamilnation.org/indictment/genocide83/badulla.htm#a5 | title=Black July 1983: The Charge is Genocide – Badulla – case study of state terror | access-date=5 March 2022 | archive-date=1 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001201535/https://tamilnation.org/indictment/genocide83/badulla.htm#a5 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Middle East==
=== Israel ===
In April 2024, a video circulated online showing Indian travel vlogger Shubham Kumar, a YouTube blogger with over 2 million subscribers, apparently being denied entry to bars and nightclubs in Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2024 |title=What Israel Said On Claims Of Indian YouTuber Denied Entry In Its Nightclubs |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/what-israel-said-on-claims-of-indian-youtuber-shubham-kumar-denied-entry-in-its-nightclubs-5457422 |work=NDTV World}}</ref> The claim sparked widespread outrage and allegations of racial discrimination, challenging the supposed "[[India–Israel relations|Israeli-India]]" relationship. However, the news medias report that the [[Israeli Embassy]] denied the allegations, labelling the video as '''“'''fake news” and “propaganda.”<ref>{{Cite news |title='We love our Indian brothers and sisters': Israeli Embassy on claims of Indian YouTuber denied entry into its nightclubs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/we-love-our-indian-brothers-and-sisters-israeli-embassy-on-claims-of-indian-youtuber-denied-entry-into-its-nightclubs/articleshow/109354390.cms}}</ref>

Another incident in June 2025, an Indian-Hindu man was shown being kicked by an Israeli Rabbi while attempting to bow down during a prayer gathering.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Man Gets Kicked Joining Israeli Prayers |url=https://gallinews.com/mumbra-silphata/ |work=Gallinews India}}</ref>

==East and Southeast Asia==

=== China ===
{{see also|Sino-Indian border dispute}}
Indian police officers dispatched to [[Hong Kong]] and [[Shanghai]] during the British colonial era were often discriminated against by local Chinese and were called "red-headed A'san" (红头阿三) because of the [[Dastar|Sikh turban]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian vloggers in China with millions of followers pander to stereotypes about 'Asan' |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/eye-on-china/indian-vloggers-in-china-with-millions-of-followers-pander-to-stereotypes-about-asan/833205/ |website=theprint.in |date=16 February 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712225812/https://theprint.in/opinion/eye-on-china/indian-vloggers-in-china-with-millions-of-followers-pander-to-stereotypes-about-asan/833205/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Xenophobia during the COVID-19 pandemic ====
Chinese social media users are aggressive towards Indians,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ananth |first=Venkat |date=18 June 2020 |title=Chinese social media users insult India, show aggression |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/chinese-social-media-users-insult-india-show-aggression/articleshow/76452359.cms |access-date=3 March 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303013840/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/chinese-social-media-users-insult-india-show-aggression/articleshow/76452359.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and Chinese officials also use "[[Wolf warrior diplomacy]]" to mock the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] on [[Weibo Awards|Weibo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2021 |title=China's wolf warriors are undermining Beijing's empathetic messaging on India's Covid-19 crisis |url=https://qz.com/2004293/chinas-wolf-warriors-undermine-empathetic-messaging-to-india |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=Quartz|archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303013840/https://qz.com/2004293/chinas-wolf-warriors-undermine-empathetic-messaging-to-india |url-status=live }}</ref> A video that a Chinese ministry has posted on its official Weibo account showing Chinese dancers featuring blackface to depict Indians which draws sharp reaction from netizens in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Chinese ministry's post of blackface video draws sharp reaction from Indians |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3219998/chinese-ministrys-use-video-featuring-blackface-draws-sharp-reaction-indians |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=South China Morning Post|archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001201540/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.2b2d73daf636805223fb11d48f3e94f7.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China Targets India with Racist Social Media Video {{!}} Vantage with Palki Sharma |url=https://www.firstpost.com/vantage/china-targets-india-with-racist-social-media-video-vantage-with-palki-sharma-9142 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Firstpost|archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701183801/https://www.firstpost.com/vantage/china-targets-india-with-racist-social-media-video-vantage-with-palki-sharma-9142 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Malaysia===
On 28 June 1969, anti-Indian riots broke out in [[Sentul, Kuala Lumpur|Sentul]] where Malays attacked and killed 15 Indians.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Slimming |title=The Death of a Democracy |publisher= John Murray Publishers Ltd |year= 1969 |isbn=978-0719520457 |pages=64 }}</ref>

In March 2001, a 9-day period of communal violence known as the [[2001 Kampung Medan riots]] occurred between Indians and Malays cost the deaths of 6 people and injuring many more people. The severity of injuries ranges from head injuries to severed limbs. The riots no doubt caused anti-Indian feelings among Malays residing in [[Selangor]] and [[Klang Valley]].

The novel [[Interlok]] caused enormous controversial backlash for allegedly being anti-Indian as the book includes racist derogatory terms used to refer to the Indians such as "Pariah" and "black people". The novel also includes the usage of the term ''kasta pariah'' ("[[Outcast (person)|pariah]] caste"), which often refers to persons from the lowest caste in the [[Indian caste system]].<ref name="thestar">{{Cite news|title=Unlocking the 'Interlok' issue|work=The Star|date=9 January 2011|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/1/9/focus/7763036&sec=focus|access-date=28 January 2011|archive-date=15 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115041527/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/1/9/focus/7763036&sec=focus|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 November 2018, a riot was launched by several groups of people due to demolish purpose of 147-years-old Seafield Sri Mariamman Temple in [[Subang Jaya]] with the death of Malaysian firefighter, 24-years-old, Mohammad Adib Mohd Kassim erupted anti-Indian sentiment including several politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/434693/seafield-temple-riot-chaos-started-while-devotees-were-praying |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |title=Seafield temple riot: Chaos started while devotees were praying |first=Nurul Hidayah |last=Bahaudin |date=26 November 2018 |access-date=24 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413185232/https://www.nst.com.my/amp/news/nation/2018/11/434693/seafield-temple-riot-chaos-started-while-devotees-were-praying |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.malaysiakini.com/news/453915 |newspaper=Malaysiakini |title=Chronology of temple riots as explained by Muhyiddin in Parliament |date=29 November 2018 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407080828/https://m.malaysiakini.com/news/453915 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Myanmar===
Anti-Indian sentiment against the Indians during the [[British Raj]] began to rise in [[Myanmar|Burma]] after the [[World War I|First World War]] ended<ref>"The Muslims of Burma", p.32</ref> for a number of reasons. The country's ethnic Indian population was rapidly growing in Myanmar (almost half of Yangon's population was Indian by the [[World War II|Second World War]]<ref name="Encyclopedia of Modern Asia">{{citation| url =http://www.bookrags.com/research/yangon-ema-06/| title =Encyclopedia of Modern Asia| publisher =Charles Scribner's Sons| date =November 2002| access-date =3 September 2009| archive-date =10 January 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090110065533/http://www.bookrags.com/research/yangon-ema-06/| url-status =live}}</ref>). The Indians played a prominent role in both the [[British rule in Burma|provincial government of Burma]] and the central government of India and as a result, they began to be targeted for persecution by Burmese nationalists. Racial animosity towards [[South Indians]] because of their appearance also played a role.<ref name="sy">{{cite book|author=Shway Yoe (Sir [[James George Scott]]) 1882|title=The Burman – His Life and Notions|publisher=The Norton Library 1963|location=New York|pages=436, 249–251, 348, 450}}</ref> Meanwhile, the price of rice plummeted during the economic depression of the 1930s and the [[Chettiar]] from [[Tamil Nadu]], who were prominent moneylenders in the rice belt, began to foreclose on land held by native Burmese.<ref name="sy" /><ref name="ms">{{cite book|author=Martin Smith|year=1991|title=Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity|publisher=Zed Books|location=London, New Jersey|pages=43–44,98,56–57,176|isbn = 984-05-1499-7}}</ref>

After Burma achieved Independence, Burmese law treated a large percentage of the Indian community as "resident aliens". Though many had long ties to Burma or were born there, they were not considered citizens under the 1982 Burma citizenship law which restricted citizenship for groups immigrating before 1823.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burma Citizenship Law|publisher=United Nations Human Rights Commission|date=15 October 1982|access-date=9 October 2009|url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=3ae6b4f71b|archive-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429005350/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=3ae6b4f71b|url-status=live}}</ref>

After seizing power through a military coup in 1962, General [[Ne Win]] ordered a large-scale expulsion of Indians. Although many Indians had been living in Burma for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalisation of private ventures in 1964, led to the emigration of over 300,000 ethnic Indians from Burma.<ref name="ms" /> Indian-owned businesses were nationalised and their owners were given 175 kyat for their trip to India. This caused a significant deterioration in [[India–Myanmar relations|Indian-Burmese relations]] and the Indian government arranged ferries and aircraft to lift Burmese of Indian ethnicities out of Burma.<ref name="irrawaddy-1999">{{cite magazine |date=March 1999 |title=India and Burma: working on their relationship |url=http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=1170 |magazine=[[The Irrawaddy]] |volume=7 |issue=3 |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104013119/http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=1170 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Philippines===
{{see also|Indian Filipino}}Indians in the Philippines are frequently stereotyped with ''five-six'' [[loan shark]] schemes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-28 |title=Why Pinoys call Indians 'Bumbay'—and other Indian stereotypes |url=https://mattersindia.com/2018/01/why-pinoys-call-indians-bumbay-and-other-indian-stereotypes/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Matters India |language=en-US}}</ref> The term ''bumbay'' (after the older name of [[Mumbai]]) is often used as a slur against Indians.

===Singapore===
In 2020, numbers of discrimination occurred towards migrant workers of Indian origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://sudhirtv.com/2020/05/12/rising-anti-indian-sentiment-in-singapore/|title = Rising anti-Indian sentiment in Singapore|date = 12 May 2020|access-date = 20 February 2021|archive-date = 16 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210116232457/https://sudhirtv.com/2020/05/12/rising-anti-indian-sentiment-in-singapore/|url-status = live}}</ref> There are also a number of locals who passed racist comments about them on Facebook.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/temasek-slams-racist-facebook-posts-targeting-its-indian-employees |title=Temasek calls out racist Facebook posts targeting its Indian employees; observers say posts show real tensions that need to be fixed |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=15 August 2020 |last1=Gene |first1=Ng Keng |last2=Yong |first2=Clement |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222045414/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/temasek-slams-racist-facebook-posts-targeting-its-indian-employees |url-status=live }}</ref> The rental property market in Singapore presents a vivid display of how many landlords discriminate against Indian-origin tenants and reject their applications upfront. Many listing websites also have listings with 'no Indians' requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loh |first=Nyshka Chandran, Michelle |date=3 March 2017 |title=Even in weak market, racial bias trumps profit for many Singapore landlords |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/02/singapore-rental-racism-prc-and-indian-tenants-often-deemed-undesirable.html |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=CNBC}}</ref>

=== Taiwan ===
Racist online comments and a [[2023 Taiwanese anti-Indian migrant worker protest|protest]] were directed against Indians in Taiwan in 2023 when the Ministry of Labor signed a memorandum of understanding to allow Indian migrant workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notes from Central Taiwan: Heartbreaking racism towards Indians |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2023/11/20/2003809423 |website= Taipei Times| date=November 2023}}</ref> While some organisations stated that racist comments were [[Chinese information operations and information warfare|Chinese misinformation]],<ref name="IORG">{{cite news| title=「10 萬印度移工讓台灣變成性侵島」可判定為資訊操弄| work=台灣資訊環境研究中心 IORG| date=10 November 2023| url=https://iorg.tw/eval/21| language=zh-tw| accessdate=28 November 2023| archive-date=10 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210215120/https://iorg.tw/eval/21 }}</ref> some media indicated that negative depictions from [[mass media in Taiwan]], that depicts India as a dangerous place where [[Rape in India|sexual assault and murder are prevalent]], develop a racist perception against Indians among the people.<ref name="theinitium">{{cite news |author1=蕭函青 |title=右翼民粹能量暗湧，台灣反印度移工浪潮中的張力與微光 |url=https://theinitium.com/article/20231220-taiwan-oppose-indian-migrant-workers |accessdate=24 June 2025 |work=[[Initium Media]] |date=19 December 2023 |language=zh-hant |archive-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328020901/https://theinitium.com/article/20231220-taiwan-oppose-indian-migrant-workers }}</ref><ref name="twreporter">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2023|author1=許詩愷|title=暌違20年再開國門，歧視移工爭議風波如何因印度再現？|url=https://www.twreporter.org/a/oppose-introducing-indian-migrant-workers|access-date=25 June 2025|website=報導者|archive-date=25 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325082607/https://www.twreporter.org/a/oppose-introducing-indian-migrant-workers}}</ref>

===Thailand===
The behaviour of Indian tourists has drawn outrage and criticism within Thailand which centers around acts such as littering and urination in public open spaces. In January 2025 several Indian tourists were urinating openly on Pattaya Beach during a busy evening the act was caught on video by a concerned Thai tourist. This behaviour has drawn negative attention to Indian tourists in particular, leading to calls for improved enforcement of local laws and public awareness efforts to promote respectful behaviour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pattayamail.com/news/indian-tourists-under-scrutiny-for-public-urination-and-littering-on-pattaya-beach-487626 | title=Indian tourists under scrutiny for public urination and littering on Pattaya Beach | date=18 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/indian-tourists-urinating-on-pattaya-beach-this-is-what-actually-happened/articleshow/117454745.cms | title=Indian tourists urinating on Pattaya Beach: This is what actually happened | work=The Times of India | date=22 January 2025 }}</ref>

==Africa==

===Kenya===
Following the [[1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt]] to remove [[Daniel arap Moi|President Moi]], many Indian shops and businesses in Nairobi were attacked and pillaged whilst a number of Indian women were said to have been raped by the rioters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/01/world/a-fearful-reminder-lingers-for-asians-in-kenya.html|title=A fearful reminder lingers for Asians in Kenya|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 1982|last1=Cowell|first1=Alan|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220150318/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/01/world/a-fearful-reminder-lingers-for-asians-in-kenya.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===South Africa===
{{further|Indian South Africans}}
The first anti-Indian commotion that took place in [[South Africa]] was the [[Durban riots]] in 1949 which took place in [[Durban]], where angry Black South Africans attacked and killed 142 [[Indian South Africans|Indians]], destroyed and looted Indian property.<ref name="SAhistory">{{cite web | url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/70-durban-riots-1949 | title=The Durban riots, 1949 | publisher=South African History Online | access-date=23 October 2012 | archive-date=23 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004914/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/70-durban-riots-1949 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Another anti-Indian riot took place again in Durban in 1985.<ref>[http://www.theindianstar.com/index.php?uan=5786 Current Africa race riots like 1949 anti-Indian riots: minister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501143926/http://www.theindianstar.com/index.php?uan=5786 |date=1 May 2011 }}, TheIndianStar.com</ref>

The influential leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]] experienced anti-Indian racism when he was in South Africa, he was beaten up by a driver for travelling in first class coach.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_II/More_Hardships | title=Wikilivres – Coming Soon | access-date=19 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702044616/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_II/More_Hardships | archive-date=2 July 2012 | url-status=usurped }}</ref>
The Indians were not allowed to walk on public footpaths in South Africa and Gandhi was kicked by a police officer out of the footpath onto the street without warning.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_II/What_it_is_to_be_a_%27Coolie%27 | title=Wikilivres – Coming Soon | access-date=19 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411011314/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_II/What_it_is_to_be_a_%27Coolie%27 | archive-date=11 April 2016 | url-status=usurped }}</ref>

In 2015, Phumlani Mfeka, a KwaZulu-Natal businessman and the spokesman for the radical Mazibuye African Forum tweeted "A good Indian is a dead Indian".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/phumlanimfeka/status/643301512786104321|title=Phumlani ka Mfeka on Twitter|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308144949/https://twitter.com/phumlanimfeka/status/643301512786104321|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2015 |first1=Nathi |last1=Olifant |first2=Bongani |last2=Mthethwa |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times/20151025/281921656902545 |title=Anti-Indian crusader vows to defy court ban on inciting racial hatred |website=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]] |via=PressReader |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710050718/https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times/20151025/281921656902545 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://publiceyemaritzburg.co.za/23224/calls-for-racist-mfeka-to-be-punished/|title=Calls for racist Mfeka to be punished – Public Eye|date=30 October 2015}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He published a letter in the city press claiming that South Africans of Indian origin have no right to citizenship and property in South Africa. Mfeka also claimed there is a "ticking time bomb of a deadly confrontation" between Africans and Indians in KwaZulu-Natal. The South African court barred him from making anti-Indian remarks in Nov 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/south-african-court-bars-radical-leader-phumlani-mfeka-from-making-anti-indian-remarks/articleshow/49674198.cms|title=South African court bars radical leader Phumlani Mfeka from making anti-Indian remarks|date=5 November 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133036/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/south-african-court-bars-radical-leader-phumlani-mfeka-from-making-anti-indian-remarks/articleshow/49674198.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, EFF leader [[Julius Malema]] stated during a rally in KwaZulu-Natal "They are ill-treating our people. They are worse than Afrikaners were. This is not an anti-Indian statement, it's the truth. Indians who own shops don't pay our people, but they give them food parcels", and accused local politicians of being in the pockets of Indian businesspeople.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/effturns4-malema-attack-enrages-indians-10546442|title=#EFFTurns4: Malema attack enrages Indians|work=[[IOL News]]|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173702/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/effturns4-malema-attack-enrages-indians-10546442|url-status=live}}</ref> Malema also said that the success of Indian businesses in the province was due to their strategies of exploitation and monopolisation of the economy.<ref>{{cite news |title='Indians who own shops don't pay our people' – Malema's racial remarks condemned |work=[[TimesLIVE]] |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-07-31-indians-who-own-shops-dont-pay-our-people-malemas-racial-remarks-condemned/ |access-date=10 May 2018 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511081818/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-07-31-indians-who-own-shops-dont-pay-our-people-malemas-racial-remarks-condemned/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Malema also referred to Indians in 2011 as '[[coolie]]s' (which is considered a strongly offensive pejorative term in contemporary South Africa).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/malemas-remarks-on-indians-has-the-possibility-to-incite-racial-hatred-20170802|title=Malema's remarks on Indians 'has the possibility to incite racial hatred'|work=News24|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173459/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/malemas-remarks-on-indians-has-the-possibility-to-incite-racial-hatred-20170802|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, South African Indians were largely targeted during the [[2021 South African unrest]]. Many Indians in [[Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal]] have armed themselves to fight rioters in absences of police forces. [[Minister of Police (South Africa)|Police Minister]] [[Bheki Cele]] stated that the main motive behind the Phoenix riots was criminal and that racial issues were secondary. He confirmed that 20 people had died in the town in the unrest. He also warned people against falling for [[fake news]] designed to increase racial tensions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Kaveel|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/unrestsa-criminality-real-root-of-violence-in-phoenix-race-issues-second-bheki-cele-20210715|title=#UnrestSA: Criminality real root of violence in Phoenix, race issues second – Bheki Cele|work=News24|date=15 July 2021|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715154116/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/unrestsa-criminality-real-root-of-violence-in-phoenix-race-issues-second-bheki-cele-20210715|url-status=live}}</ref> The aftermath of the events saw influx of emigration of Indian communities from South Africa. The Beaver Canadian Immigration Consultants noted that immigration application for Indians has quadruple to 40 per cent mainly from South Africa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/emigration-enquiries-south-african-indians-violence-looting-1864550-2021-10-14 | title=Huge spike in emigration enquiries from South African Indians in wake of recent violence and looting | date=14 October 2021 | access-date=9 November 2021 | archive-date=17 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017044213/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/emigration-enquiries-south-african-indians-violence-looting-1864550-2021-10-14 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Uganda===

==== Expulsion of South Asians under Idi Amin ====
The most infamous case of Indophobia is the [[ethnic cleansing]] of Indians and other [[South Asian]]s (sometimes simply called "[[Asian people|Asian]]") in [[Uganda]] by [[Idi Amin]].<ref name="Amin-Indophobia">General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda
Hasu H. Patel, Issue: A Journal of Opinion, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Winter, 1972), pp. 12–22 {{doi|10.2307/1166488}}</ref> {{Crossreference|text=(see [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda]])}}

The Indian immigrants maintained strict racial [[endogamy]] and refused any inter-racial and inter-cultural relations, unions or marriages with the native [[Ugandan people]]. This resulted in strong racial [[envy]] by the African Ugandans, who were mostly [[Muslim]]s and [[Christian]]s, against the [[Hindu]] Indian expats.

According to H.H. Patel, many [[Indian diaspora in East Africa|Indians in East Africa]] and [[Uganda]] were [[tailors]] and [[bankers]], leading to [[stereotyping]].

Indophobia in Uganda also existed under [[Milton Obote]], before Amin's rise. The 1968 Committee on "Africanisation in Commerce and Industry" in Uganda made far-reaching Indophobic proposals.{{vague|date=April 2012}}

A system of work permits and trade licences was introduced in 1969 to Indians' [[economic]] and professional activities. Indians were [[Racial segregation|segregated]] and [[discriminated]] against in all walks of life. After Amin came to power, he exploited these divisions to spread [[propaganda]] against Indians.

Indians were stereotyped as "only traders" and thereby "[[inbred]]" to their profession. Indians were attacked as "dukawallas" (an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time). They were stereotyped as "greedy, conniving", without racial identity or loyalty, but "always cheating, conspiring and plotting" to subvert Uganda.

Amin used this to justify a campaign of "de-Indianisation", eventually resulting in the [[Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972|expulsion]] and [[ethnic cleansing]] of Uganda's Indian minority.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> Some 80,000 were expelled, leading about 25,000 to settle in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>About 10,000 Indian citizens plus some 5,000 British passport holders went to India. Canada took most of Uganda's citizens (about 40,000) and the rest were taken by other countries, e.g. the US, the Netherlands, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, etc.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/england/suffolk/article_1.shtml Uganda's loss, Britain's gain -BBC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914132916/http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/england/suffolk/article_1.shtml |date=14 September 2019 }}</ref>

===Zimbabwe===
In the months before the Zimbabwean election, amongst widespread economic mismanagement by the Zimbabwean government, Zimbabwean president [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] accused Zimbabwean Indians of hoarding basic goods, and threatened to seize their property.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 July 2023|title="Mnangagwa accuses Indian business people of hoarding basic goods, threatens to confiscate them"|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2023/07/mnangagwa-accuses-indian-business-people-of-hoarding-basic-goods-threatens-to-confiscate-them/|access-date=5 July 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705125500/https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2023/07/mnangagwa-accuses-indian-business-people-of-hoarding-basic-goods-threatens-to-confiscate-them/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Pacific Islands==

===Fiji===
In 2000, Anti-Indian riots broke out throughout [[Fiji]] amidst an attempted [[2000 Fijian coup d'état|coup]]. Protesters attacked Indian shops.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://independent.ie/world-news/looting-and-race-riots-follow-fiji-coup-attempt-26118488.html | title=Looting and race riots follow Fiji coup attempt | date=19 May 2000 | access-date=19 September 2022 | archive-date=21 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921205942/https://www.independent.ie/world-news/looting-and-race-riots-follow-fiji-coup-attempt-26118488.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Tonga===
During the [[2006 Nukuʻalofa riots]] in [[Tonga]], it was reported that dozens of Indian owned shops were being targeted by the rioters.

===New Zealand===
Indians are often at the receiving end of xenophobic rhetoric from politicians. Politicians from [[New Zealand First]] are known for making Indophobic comments.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/410815/new-zealand-first-mp-shane-jones-stands-by-indian-students-remark | title=New Zealand First MP Shane Jones stands by Indian students remark | website=[[Radio New Zealand]] | date=3 March 2020 | access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> Following the announcement of [[Nikhil Ravishankar]] as the [[Air New Zealand]]'s new CEO, social media article about the news were receiving a barrage of racist remarks forcing them to close the comment sections.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/568728/air-nz-s-ceo-appointment-stirs-racist-backlash | title=Air NZ's CEO appointment stirs racist backlash | website=[[Radio New Zealand]] | date=1 August 2025 | access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>

On 21 June 2025 in [[Auckland]], a Hindu Flag bearing the symbol of [[Om]] along with [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] and [[Islamic flag|Islamic Flag]] was torched by the locals as a stand against immigration. The protest was organised by the conservative Christian leader [[Brian Tamaki|Brain Tamaki]] to demonstrate the cultural disharmony and ill-effects of mass immigration.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why is multicultural New Zealand seeing a hate campaign against Hindus? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-plus/international/why-is-multicultural-new-zealand-seeing-a-hate-campaign-against-hindus/articleshow/122071339.cms |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Western world==
Contemporary Indophobia has risen in the western world, particularly in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and others, on account of millions of Indians immigrating to the West, the rise of the [[Indian American]] community and the increase in [[offshoring]] of [[White-collar worker|white-collar]] jobs to India by American multinational corporations.<ref name="IndFact">[https://www.columbia.edu/~ap2231/indophobia-facts-versus-fiction/ Indophobia: Facts versus Fiction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525134015/http://www.columbia.edu/~ap2231/ET/et80_July27-05.htm |date=25 May 2017 }}, [[Arvind Panagariya]], [[Columbia University]] archives of ''[[The Economic Times]]''</ref>

===Australia===
{{further| Violence against Indians in Australia controversy}}
In May and June 2009, [[2009 attacks on Indian students in Australia|racially motivated attacks against Indian international students]] and a perceived poor police response sparked protests. Rallies were held in both Melbourne and Sydney. Impromptu street protests were held in Harris Park, a suburb of western Sydney with a large Indian population. Representatives of the Indian government met with the Australian government to express concern and request that Indians be protected. Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] expressed regret and called for the attackers to be brought to justice. The United Nations termed these attacks "disturbing" and the human rights commissioner [[Navi Pillay]], herself a member of the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]], asked Australia to investigate the matters further.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_un-asks-australia-to-investigate-root-cause-of-attacks-on-indian_1355539|title=UN asks Australia to investigate 'root cause' of attacks on Indian|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=5 March 2010|access-date=14 April 2012|archive-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923155240/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_un-asks-australia-to-investigate-root-cause-of-attacks-on-indian_1355539|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some [[Facebook]] groups were set up with Indophobic leanings.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/facebook-urged-to-switch-off-hate-sites-20100123-mrow.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | first=Alex | last=McClintock | title=Facebook urged to switch off hate sites | date=24 January 2010 | access-date=20 February 2020 | archive-date=19 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019054031/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/facebook-urged-to-switch-off-hate-sites-20100123-mrow.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The Rudd Government set up a task force to address a proposal to make sending a text message encouraging the commission of a racial attack a federal offence. The group was headed by national security adviser Duncan Lewis. The proposed amendment would strengthen police powers to respond to attacks against Indian students.<ref>{{cite news|title=Race-hate messages may soon be illegal|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/racehate-messages-may-soon-be-illegal-20090619-cm56.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=18 June 2012|author=Cynthia Banham|date=19 June 2009|archive-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107060212/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/racehate-messages-may-soon-be-illegal-20090619-cm56.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Internet-based racist commentary was able to continue because of protection afforded by privacy laws. The current system allows the commission to investigate complaints of racial vilification and then attempt to resolve complaints through conciliation with [[Internet service provider]]s and site operators.<ref>{{cite web|title=More powers to nab net racists|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/more-powers-to-nab-net-racists-20100220-ompi.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=18 June 2012|author=Josh Gordon|date=21 February 2010|archive-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107060231/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/more-powers-to-nab-net-racists-20100220-ompi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Canada===
Anti-Asian animosity in the West was exacerbated in 1907 when riots against South & East Asian labourers in Bellingham, Washington, spread to Canada. Driven by bigotry and the dire status of the labour market, demonstrators flocked to Vancouver's streets, flooding them, attacking the targeted groups and demanding a "White Canada."<ref>{{cite web | last=Pallapothu | first=Sonya | title=The familiar rise of anti-Indian racism in Canada | website=Policy Options | date=13 November 2024 | url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/november-2024/anti-indian-racism-canada/#:~:text=Canada's%20history%20of%20anti-South%20Asian%20racism&text=They%20were%20turned%20away%20because,Asian%20sentiment%20in%20the%20West. | access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

As of 2024, there has been an uptick in anti-Indian sentiment in Canada directed against the influx of Indian [[International students in Canada|international students]]. Indian international students in Canada state that they have witnessed discriminatory comments on social media from Canadians opposed to immigration. Between 2019 and 2022, hate crimes against [[South Asian Canadians|South Asians]] increased by 143 per cent in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Josiah |first=Sinanan |date=22 June 2024 |title=South Asian newcomers to Canada say online hate is taking a toll |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/south-asian-newcomers-to-canada-say-online-hate-is-taking-a-toll-1.7243057 |website=CBC News}}</ref> Indian students also reported experiencing a spike in offline racism on the streets starting in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Prabhnoor |date=26 September 2024 |title='This is not the Canadian dream' — racism directed at Waterloo Region's international students on the rise |url=https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/this-is-not-the-canadian-dream-racism-directed-at-waterloo-regions-international-students-on-the/article_cb1c037f-0bdf-58cc-953f-d1ec06da9f2e.html |website=Waterloo Region Record}}</ref> Dated 20 September 2023, India's foreign ministry issued the advisory on growing anti-India activities and politically condoned hate crimes and criminal violence in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Meryl |date= 20 September 2023 |title= India warns citizens in Canada to be cautious |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66851960|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=YP |first=Rajest |date= 20 September 2023 |title= India tells citizens in Canada to exercise caution as relations worsen |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-opposition-congress-dismisses-canadas-suspicions-sikh-leaders-murder-2023-09-20/|website=Reuters}}</ref>

===Germany===
{{See also|Leipzig University internship controversy}}
In August 2007, a mob of over 50 persons attacked 8 Indians in [[Mügeln#M.C3.BCgeln mob attack|Mügeln]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/mob-rule-in-eastern-germany-indians-attacked-by-crowd-at-street-party-a-500879.html |title=Mob Rule in Eastern Germany: Indians Attacked by Crowd at Street Party |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=20 August 2007 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150557/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/mob-rule-in-eastern-germany-indians-attacked-by-crowd-at-street-party-a-500879.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6956374.stm |title=Germans probe assault on Indians |date=21 August 2007 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181410/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6956374.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-08-20-germany-attack_n.htm |title=German mob attacks 8 Indians at a fair |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006154658/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-08-20-germany-attack_n.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Shame, Shame, Shame!': Readers React to German Racist Attack|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/shame-shame-shame-readers-react-to-german-racist-attack-a-501654.html|work=Spiegel Online|date=23 August 2007|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=4 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004004408/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/shame-shame-shame-readers-react-to-german-racist-attack-a-501654.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, the German media outlet, [[Der Spiegel]], published a cartoon representing India's [[population growth]] surpassing China's. It showed a cartoon of a clean Chinese electric train being surpassed by a dirty crowded smokey Indian train. The cartoon was condemned by several Indian commentators deeming it as "racist" and "colonial."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-der-spiegel-racist-cartoon-population-b2327147.html | title='Racist' cartoon on India's population raises hackles: 'Colonial mindset' | website=[[Independent.co.uk]] | date=26 April 2023 }}</ref>

=== Ireland ===
As of 2025, Ireland has seen a spike in racially motivated attacks against the Indian community, including violent assaults and verbal abuse. Victims have reported slurs such as “Go back to India,” with incidents affecting both adults and children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |title=Why is this happening?': violent attacks terrify Ireland's immigrant community |work=The Guardian}}</ref> The Indian embassy has issued safety warnings and President Higgins and civil leaders have condemned the violence, issuing urgent action to protect immigrant communities.<ref>{{Cite news |title="Didn't decide to be brown", Indian Harassed at Bus Stop Bystanders Remain Silent. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/didnt-decide-to-be-born-brown-indian-harassed-at-bus-stop-in-ireland-bystanders-remain-silent/articleshow/123341551.cms}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===

During the mid-20th century, after India became independent from [[British Raj|British rule]], large waves of Indian migration to the UK occurred. Starting in the late 1960s, anti-Indian racism began to affect [[British Indians]] as they became victims of [[Racism|racist]] violence and other forms of [[racial discrimination]] at the hands supporters of far-right, anti-immigration and racist political parties such as the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] (NF) and the [[British National Party]] (BNP).<ref name="Puri">{{cite web |last=Puri |first=Kavita |date=20 December 2019 |title=They came from south Asia to help rebuild Britain. The racism they saw then is back |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/20/south-asia-racism-testimonies-hostility |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017032428/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/20/south-asia-racism-testimonies-hostility |archive-date=17 October 2020 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhary">{{cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Vivek |date=4 April 2018 |title=How London's Southall became 'Little Punjab' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/apr/04/how-london-southall-became-little-punjab- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327145438/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/apr/04/how-london-southall-became-little-punjab- |archive-date=27 March 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> This anti-Indian racism peaked during the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ashe |first1=Stephen |last2=Virdee |first2=Satnam |last3=Brown |first3=Laurence |title=Striking back against racist violence in the East End of London, 1968–1970 |journal=[[Race & Class]] |date=2016 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=34–54 |doi=10.1177/0306396816642997 |pmid=28479657 |pmc=5327924 |issn=0306-3968}}</ref><ref name="Puri"/><ref name="Chaudhary"/> The [[Indian Workers' Association]] was one of many political organisations in the UK which helped to oppose racist attacks against Indians. In 1976 the [[Rock Against Racism]] political and cultural movement was formed as a reaction to racist attacks that were happening on the streets of the United Kingdom, many of them targeting British Indians.<ref>{{cite book |author=Taylor |first=Stan |title=The National Front in English Politics |year=1982 |page=139}}</ref>

A notable example of anti-Indian sentiment in the UK is the 2007 [[Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy]] which received significant media coverage. Contestants [[Jade Goody]] (who was [[mixed race]]), [[Danielle Lloyd]] and [[Jo O'Meara]] were all seen to have been mocking Bollywood actress [[Shilpa Shetty]] because of her accent. They also persisted in making fun of general parts of Indian culture. [[Channel 4]] screened the arguments between the contestants, which received over 50,000 complaints. The controversy generated over 300 newspaper articles in Britain, 1,200 in [[English language]] newspapers around the globe, 3,900 foreign language news articles, and 22,000 blog postings on the internet.<ref>{{cite news|title=Racial Subplot on British 'Big Brother' Grabs Nation and Ratings|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/europe/21brother.html?ref=europe|author=Alan Cowell|work=The New York Times|date=21 January 2007|access-date=21 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416021847/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/europe/21brother.html?ref=europe|archive-date=16 April 2009}}</ref> In October 2018, it was reported that [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] candidate for the [[Mayor of London]] [[Shaun Bailey (London politician)|Shaun Bailey]] had written a pamphlet, entitled ''No Man's Land'', for the [[Centre for Policy Studies]]. In it, Bailey claimed that [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians]] "bring their culture, their country and any problems they might have, with them" and that this was not a problem within the [[Black British|Black community]] "because we've shared a religion and in many cases a language".<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2018|title=Tory London mayoral candidate claimed celebrating Hindu and Muslim festivals has turned Britain into 'cesspool of crime'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/conservative-london-candidate-mayor-shaun-bailey-hindu-muslim-festival-crime-a8566341.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/conservative-london-candidate-mayor-shaun-bailey-hindu-muslim-festival-crime-a8566341.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=12 January 2021|website=The Independent}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===United States===

[[Racism against Asians|Anti-Asian sentiment]] and [[xenophobia]] had already emerged in the [[United States]] in response to [[Chinese immigration to the United States|Chinese immigration]] and the cheap labour which it supplied, mostly for railroad construction in [[California]] and elsewhere on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese railroad labourers in North America during the mid-late nineteenth century|url=http://web.mac.com/matthew.annis/iWeb/Chinese%20railroad%20labourers/Introduction_files/Introduction.pdf|publisher=Matthew Annis|access-date=27 May 2012|author=Matthew Annis}} {{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the common [[jargon]] of the day, ordinary workers, newspapers and politicians opposed immigration from Asia. The common desire to remove [[Asian people|Asians]] from the workforce inspired the rise of the [[Asiatic Exclusion League]]. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Indian immigrants, mostly [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]i [[Sikhs]], settled in California, and American anti-Asian sentiments expanded to encompass immigrants from the Indian subcontinent.<ref>Chan Sucheng, Asian Americans: An Interpretive History, Twayne 1991</ref><ref>"Shut the gate to the Hindoo invasion", San Francisco examiner, 6 June 1910</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Closed Borders and Mass Deportations: The Lessons of the Barred Zone Act|url=http://www.ilaborate.org/resource/closed_borders_and_mass_deportations_the_lessons_of_the_barred_zone_act|publisher=Immigration Policy Center|access-date=27 May 2012|author=Alicia J. Campi|format=Scribd file|date=1 December 2005|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217222024/http://www.ilaborate.org/resource/closed_borders_and_mass_deportations_the_lessons_of_the_barred_zone_act|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Immigration from [[British Raj|India]] to the [[United States]] became more frequent between 1907 and 1920 because of Canada's Immigration Act<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feetham|first=R.|date=1921|title=The New Government of India act|jstor=753056|journal=Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law|volume=3|issue=1|pages=101–111}}</ref> in 1910 which restricted the number of Indians coming into the country. California was where most Indians migrated to and Indian immigrants had a negative stigma around them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYzwDVlBo1sC&pg=PR7|title=Desis in the House: Indian American Youth Culture in Nyc|last=Maira|first=Sunaina|date=20 June 2012|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=9781439906736|access-date=6 May 2020|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001202038/https://books.google.com/books?id=iYzwDVlBo1sC&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hatred of the Indians amongst Americans led to the [[Bellingham riots]] in 1907. In the late-1980s in [[New Jersey]], an anti-Indian hate group gang calling themselves the "[[Dotbusters]]" targeted, threatened and viciously beat Indians until they were in a coma and died or suffered brain damage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Time article – Racism or Storm in a Chai-Cup?|url=http://www.lassiwithlavina.com/thebuzz/time-article-racism-or-storm-in-a-chai-cup/html|work=Lassi With Lavina... A Billion Stories To Be Shared|publisher=Lavina Melwani|access-date=27 May 2012|author=Lavina Melwani|date=4 July 2010|archive-date=24 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524235029/http://www.lassiwithlavina.com/thebuzz/time-article-racism-or-storm-in-a-chai-cup/html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/blogs/tennant/using-lies-to-foster-anti-indian-sentiment/?cs=41165|title=Using Lies to Foster Anti-Indian Sentiment | Blogs|publisher=ITBusinessEdge.com|date=14 May 2010|access-date=14 April 2012|archive-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301022548/http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/blogs/tennant/using-lies-to-foster-anti-indian-sentiment/?cs=41165|url-status=live}}</ref> The former President [[Richard Nixon]] was found voicing disparaging remarks on Indians in newly declassified White House tapes, citing Indians as the "most sexless", "nothing" and "pathetic". He further remarks about Indian women as the "Undoubtedly the most unattractive women in the world are the Indian women. Undoubtedly."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/richard-nixons-remarks-against-indians-reflect-his-vulgarity-racism-say-former-diplomats/articleshow/77950037.cms | title=Richard Nixon's remarks against Indians reflect his 'vulgarity', 'racism', say former diplomats | newspaper=The Economic Times | access-date=22 December 2021 | archive-date=22 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222132216/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/richard-nixons-remarks-against-indians-reflect-his-vulgarity-racism-say-former-diplomats/articleshow/77950037.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/richard-nixon-india-hatred-tapes-6583701/ | title=New tapes show more of Nixon 'hatred' for India, Indians | date=5 September 2020 | access-date=22 December 2021 | archive-date=22 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222132215/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/richard-nixon-india-hatred-tapes-6583701/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Vamsee Juluri]], author and Professor of [[Media Studies]] at the [[University of San Francisco]], identifies Indophobia in certain sections of the US media as part of a racist [[postcolonial]]/[[neo-colonialism|neocolonial]] discourse used to attack and defame India and encourage racial prejudice against [[Indian Americans]],<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Steinfeldt, Jesse A |date=2010 |title=Racism in the electronic age: Role of online forums in expressing racial attitudes about American Indians |journal=Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=362–371 |doi=10.1037/a0018692 |pmid=20658879 }}</ref> particularly in light of India's recent economic progress, which some "old-school" colonialists find to be incompatible with their [[The Clash of Civilizations|Clash of Civilization]]s world view. Juluri identified numerous instances of bias and prejudice against Indians in US media, such as ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[Foreign Policy]]''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/vamsee-juluri/indophobia-the-real-eleph_b_415237.html | work=Huffington Post | first=Vamsee | last=Juluri | title=Indophobia: The Real Elephant in the Living Room | date=18 March 2010 | access-date=20 February 2020 | archive-date=20 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620045500/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/vamsee-juluri/indophobia-the-real-eleph_b_415237.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and attempts to erase and disparage the history of India in American school textbooks misrepresent the history of India during the [[California textbook controversy over Hindu history]] with the final verdict to retain the term "India" in Californian textbooks and to remove the disparaging contents from textbooks.

==Latin America and the Caribbean==
===Trinidad and Tobago===
There is occasional anti-Indian discrimination amongst the locals of the [[Caribbean islands]] especially [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guyana.org/features/conflicts_indiansandblacks.html |title=Conflict between East Indians and Blacks |publisher=Guyana.org |date=18 May 2000 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202013914/http://www.guyana.org/features/conflicts_indiansandblacks.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Guyana===
Anti-Indian sentiments in Guyana sometimes become violent. Anti-Indian riots of Guyana saw the black population burn businesses belonging to the Indians, many Indians and Africans have lost their lives rioting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crime and Racism|url=http://www.guyanaundersiege.com/Security/Crime%20and%20Racism.htm|work=Guyana Under Siege|publisher=Guyanaundersiege.com|access-date=27 May 2012|author=Rakesh Rampertab|date=15 December 2002|archive-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303004357/http://www.guyanaundersiege.com/Security/Crime%20and%20Racism.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Racism Does Influence Crime|url=http://www.guyanaundersiege.com/Security/Crime%20and%20Race%20are%20Linked.htm|work=Guyana Under Siege|publisher=Guyanaundersiege.com|access-date=27 May 2012|author=Rakesh Rampertab|date=10 April 2004|archive-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303004431/http://www.guyanaundersiege.com/Security/Crime%20and%20Race%20are%20Linked.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indocaribbeanheritage.com/content/view/24/45/ |title=Survival in the New World |publisher=Indo-Caribbean Heritage |date=25 July 2006 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429190911/http://www.indocaribbeanheritage.com/content/view/24/45/ |archive-date=29 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Incidents in mass media==

===Western media===
The [[Western media]] often propagates stereotypes against India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Noopur |date=1 July 2014 |title=Western Media's Dangerous Obsession |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2014/07/01/western-medias-dangerous-obsession |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2023 |title=Western media's hypocrisy in reporting on India and the Global South: A call for change |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/western-medias-hypocrisy-in-reporting-on-india-and-the-global-south-a-call-for-change-13545512.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Rahul |date=14 November 2022 |title=Western media's anti-India bias |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/western-medias-anti-india-bias-769088 |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=[Burning Issue] Western Media's Bias Against India - Civilsdaily |url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/burning-issue-western-medias-bias-india/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== BBC ====
Writing for the 2008 edition of the [[peer-reviewed]] ''[[Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television]]'', [[Alasdair Pinkerton]] analysed BBC Indian coverage from independence through 2008. Pinkerton suggested a tumultuous history involving allegations of Indophobic bias, particularly during the [[cold war]], and concludes that BBC coverage of [[South Asian]] geopolitics and economics shows pervasive Indophobic bias.<ref>{{Cite journal| author = Alasdair Pinkerton|date=October 2008| title = A new kind of imperialism? The BBC, cold war broadcasting and the contested geopolitics of south asia| journal = Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television| volume = 28| issue = 4| pages = 537–555| doi = 10.1080/01439680802310324|s2cid=192197510}}</ref>

In the journal of the [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]], media analyst Ajai K. Rai strongly criticised the BBC for Indophobic bias. He found a lack of depth and fairness in BBC reporting on conflict zones in South Asia and that the BBC had, on at least one occasion, fabricated photographs while reporting on the [[Kashmir conflict]] to make India look bad. He claimed that the network made false allegations that the [[Indian Army]] stormed a sacred [[Muslim]] shrine, the tomb of [[Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali|Sheikh Noor-u-din Noorani]] in [[Charari Sharief]], and only retracted the claim after strong criticism.<ref>{{Cite journal| author = Ajai K. Rai
|date=June 2000| title = Conflict Situations and the Media: A Critical Look| journal = Strategic Analysis| volume = 24| issue = 3| pages = 585–601| doi = 10.1080/09700160008455233| publisher = Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group)|s2cid=145094564}}</ref>

English journalist [[Christopher Booker]] has also criticised the BBC for its coverage of India-related matters. He concludes that the BBC's efforts to reinforce [[stereotypes of South Asians]] have been directly responsible for damaging the image of India and encouraging racist incidents against Indians, such as the [[Leipzig University internship controversy]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Booker|first1=Christopher|title=Why to blacken India on rape do they have to omit the facts?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/11472416/Why-to-blacken-India-on-rape-do-they-have-to-omit-the-facts.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/11472416/Why-to-blacken-India-on-rape-do-they-have-to-omit-the-facts.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2018|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|date=14 March 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== ''The New York Times'' ====
The newspaper's India coverage has been heavily criticised by scholars such as [[Sumit Ganguly]], a professor of [[political science]] at [[Indiana University]] and a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] as well the London-based [[The Institute of Strategic Studies|Institute of Strategic Studies]]. In a 2009 ''[[Forbes]]'' article, Ganguly faults ''The New York Times'' editorial board for its "hectoring" and "patronizing" tone towards India. He finds anti-India bias in coverage of the [[Kashmir conflict]], the [[Hyde Act]] and other India-related matters.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/21/new-york-times-india-clinton-climate-nuclear-opinions-contributors-sumit-ganguly.html Hillary, India And 'The New York Times'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413044042/https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/21/new-york-times-india-clinton-climate-nuclear-opinions-contributors-sumit-ganguly.html |date=13 April 2018 }}, [[Sumit Ganguly]], ''[[Forbes]]''.</ref>

In 2010, the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' charged that ''[[The New York Times]]'' is Indophobic and promotes neocolonialism with its slanted and negative coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/vamsee-juluri/indophobia-the-real-eleph_b_415237.html|title=Indophobia: The Real Elephant in the Living Room|work=Huffington Post|date=18 March 2010|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620045500/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/vamsee-juluri/indophobia-the-real-eleph_b_415237.html|url-status=live}}</ref> United States lawmaker [[Kumar P. Barve]] described a recent editorial on India as full of "blatant and unprofessional factual errors or omissions" having a "haughty, condescending, arrogant and patronizing" tone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indianamerican-lawmaker-blasts-nyt-for-antiindia-editorial/492140/|title=Indian-American lawmaker blasts NYT for anti-India editorial|date=21 July 2009|publisher=The Indian Express Limited|work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=23 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923125247/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indianamerican-lawmaker-blasts-nyt-for-antiindia-editorial/492140/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2014, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) successfully placed a spacecraft into orbit around the planet [[Mars]], thereby completing the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]]. CNN reported this as a "groundbreaking Mars mission", making India the first nation to arrive on its first attempt and the first Asian country to reach Mars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/23/world/asia/mars-india-orbiter/index.html|title=India's spacecraft reaches Mars orbit ... and history|first=Madison|last=Park|publisher=CNN|date=23 September 2014|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727143255/http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/23/world/asia/mars-india-orbiter/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A few days later, [[The New York Times]] published a cartoon on this event, showing a turban-wearing man with a cow knocking at the door of an "elite space club".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/29/opinion/heng-indias-budget-mission-to-mars.html|title=India's Budget Mission to Mars|date=28 September 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031142/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/29/opinion/heng-indias-budget-mission-to-mars.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Huffington Post'' said that the cartoon was in "poor taste" and "the racial, national and classist stereotyping is apparent".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2014 |title=The 'New York Times' Publishes Racist Comic About India's Space Mission |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-new-york-times-publis_b_5903118 |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' subsequently published an apology saying that a "large number of readers have complained" about the cartoon and that they "apologize to readers who were offended".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/controversial-india-cartoon-forces-new-york-times-apologize-n220296|title=Controversial India Cartoon Forces New York Times to Apologize|date=7 October 2014|publisher=NBC News|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406024441/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/controversial-india-cartoon-forces-new-york-times-apologize-n220296|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2016, ''The New York Times'' published an editorial opposing India's entry into the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/05/opinion/sunday/no-exceptions-for-a-nuclear-india.html|title=No Exceptions for a Nuclear India|last=The Editorial Board|date=4 June 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709123817/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/05/opinion/sunday/no-exceptions-for-a-nuclear-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time, the US administration led by President [[Barack Obama]] was actively supporting India's membership.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36476504|title=President Obama backs Indian entry to nuclear technology |publisher=BBC News|date=8 June 2016|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401140511/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36476504|url-status=live}}</ref> The paper said the membership was "not merited" and that India had "fallen far short" in assuming responsibilities of a nuclear nation. This view was criticised by several western and Indian experts on nuclear issues. Ramesh Thakur, Director of the Centre for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament at the [[Australian National University]], said ''The New York Times'' is "frequently chauvinistic" and that the editorial "reflects a deliberate bias".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thewire.in/41709/there-is-nothing-surprising-about-the-new-york-times-editorial-on-india-and-the-nsg/|title=The New York Times's Bias Should Not Surprise Us Anymore|last=Thakur|first=Ramesh|date=9 June 2016|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-date=20 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720183248/http://thewire.in/41709/there-is-nothing-surprising-about-the-new-york-times-editorial-on-india-and-the-nsg/|url-status=live}}</ref> Alyssa Ayres, a senior fellow for [[South Asia]] at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], rebutted the editorial, saying "the small community of India-watchers in Washington read these words in disbelief" and the paper "should ground its arguments in an appraisal of the complete facts".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2016/06/06/india-global-governance-and-the-nuclear-suppliers-group/|title=Asia Unbound » India, Global Governance, and the Nuclear Suppliers Group|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718200105/http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2016/06/06/india-global-governance-and-the-nuclear-suppliers-group/|archive-date=18 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November 2017, ''The New York Times'' published an article by Asgar Qadri attacking the Indian [[sari]] as a "conspiracy by Hindu Nationalists".<ref>{{cite news|last= Qadri|first= Asgar|date= 12 November 2017|title= In India, Fashion Has Become a Nationalist Cause|work= The New York Times|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/12/fashion/india-nationalism-sari.html?_r=0|access-date= 18 November 2017|archive-date= 11 August 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180811202400/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/12/fashion/india-nationalism-sari.html?_r=0|url-status= live}}</ref> The article was widely lambasted on social media for associating a common Indian dress with [[religious prejudice]] and [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]].<ref>{{cite news|last= Surendran|first= Vivek|date= 14 November 2017|title= Indian Twitter users roast New York Times for sari state of affairs|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/new-york-times-sari-narendra-modi-bjp-fashion-nationalist-cause-1085979-2017-11-14|access-date= 18 November 2017|archive-date= 18 December 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171218150532/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/new-york-times-sari-narendra-modi-bjp-fashion-nationalist-cause/1/1089062.html|url-status= live}}</ref> In addition, the article was heavily criticised by several Indian journalists, such as [[Barkha Dutt]],<ref>{{cite news |last= Dutt |first= Barkha |date= 17 November 2017 |title= The New York Times tried to explain sari fashion – and became the laughingstock of India |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/11/17/the-new-york-times-tried-to-explain-sari-fashion-and-became-the-laughingstock-of-india/ |access-date= 18 November 2017 |archive-date= 28 February 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180228162321/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/11/17/the-new-york-times-tried-to-explain-sari-fashion-and-became-the-laughingstock-of-india/ |url-status= live }}</ref> who called it "daft commentary" and a "gross misrepresentation of what the sari means to us", and the notion that the sari is exclusively a [[Hindu]] dress as "utter nonsense". Others criticised ''The New York Times'' for promoting [[Orientalism|colonial racist stereotypes]], and pointed out that the sari is also popular in Muslim-majority countries like [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gautam |first=Nishtha |title=Back Off NYT, I'm a Sari & I'm Not a Tool in the Hands of Hindutva |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/my-name-is-sari-and-im-not-a-tool-in-the-hands-of-hindutva |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224221049/https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/my-name-is-sari-and-im-not-a-tool-in-the-hands-of-hindutva |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= Kaur|first= Nehmat|date= 15 November 2017|title= The Sari Has Never Been About a 'Hindu' Identity|url= https://thewire.in/197262/sari-hindi-new-york-times/|access-date= 18 November 2017|archive-date= 7 January 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180107223559/https://thewire.in/197262/sari-hindi-new-york-times/|url-status= live}}</ref>

==== ''Slumdog Millionaire'' ====
{{Main|Reactions from India and the Indian diaspora to Slumdog Millionaire{{!}}Reactions from India and the Indian diaspora to ''Slumdog Millionaire''|Controversial issues surrounding Slumdog Millionaire{{!}}Controversial issues surrounding ''Slumdog Millionaire''}}

The Indo-British film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' was the subject of many controversies<ref name="Singh">{{cite magazine |author=Madhur Singh |date=26 January 2009 |title=''Slumdog Millionaire'', an Oscar Favorite, Is No Hit in India |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1873926,00.html?imw=Y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130064203/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1873926,00.html?imw=Y |archive-date=30 January 2009 |access-date=27 January 2009 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>Zakaria, Fareed. [http://www.newsweek.com/id/182341 "Slum Voyeurism?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811023330/http://www.newsweek.com/id/182341|date=11 August 2009}}, 30 January 2009</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2009 |title=Bihar deploys police after "Slumdog" protests |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-37676720090127 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203035116/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-37676720090127 |archive-date=3 February 2009 |access-date=27 January 2009 |work=Reuters}}</ref> in terms of its title, its depiction of Indian slums and its language use. The film's title was consistently challenged for having the word "dog" in it.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kinetz |first=Erica |date=22 January 2009 |title=Mumbai residents object to 'Slumdog' title |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2009-01-22-slugdog-mumbai-protest_N.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206104440/http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2009-01-22-slugdog-mumbai-protest_N.htm |archive-date=6 February 2009 |access-date=26 January 2009 |work=USA Today |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> A protest took place in [[Patna]] in which the sentence "I Am Not a Dog" was written on a signboard.<ref name="Singh" /> Activists stated that slum dwellers would continue to protest until the film's director deleted the word "dog" from the title.<ref name="morelawsuit">{{cite web |date=27 January 2009 |title=Slumdog Millionaire faces protests in India |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&Slug=Slumdog+faces+protests+in+India&Id=ENTEN20090081504&keywords=bollywood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131170905/http://movies.ndtv.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&Slug=Slumdog+faces+protests+in+India&Id=ENTEN20090081504&keywords=bollywood |archive-date=31 January 2009 |access-date=27 January 2009 |work=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

Co-director [[Loveleen Tandan]] was too criticised by producer [[Christian Colson]]. Colson defined her partnership with [[Danny Boyle]] as a mismatch. Colson noted that the title of "co-director (India)" given to Tandan was "strange but deserved" and was developed over "a Coca-Cola and a cup of tea" in order to identify her as "one of our key cultural bridges."<ref name="wsj">{{cite web |last=Jurgensen |first=John |date=9 January 2009 |title=The Co-Pilot of 'Slumdog'. ''The Wall Street Journal'' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123146019434866263?mod=googlenews_wsj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812212719/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123146019434866263?mod=googlenews_wsj |archive-date=12 August 2017 |access-date=23 October 2015 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> During the [[81st Academy Awards|2009 Oscar awards ceremony]], Tandan was ignored, and all credit for the film was taken by Boyle.

Some filmmakers and actors from Bollywood were also critical of ''Slumdog Millionaire'', including [[Aamir Khan]],<ref name="aamirkhan2">{{cite news |last=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=31 January 2009 |title=I don't make films for awards: Aamir Khan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=13a498e1-7e3a-447d-96f7-bede2011bbc5&MatchID1=4892&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=5&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1235&PrimaryID=4892&Headline=I+don%27t+make+films+for+awards%3a+Aamir+Khan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204101027/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=13a498e1-7e3a-447d-96f7-bede2011bbc5&MatchID1=4892&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=5&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1235&PrimaryID=4892&Headline=I+don%27t+make+films+for+awards%3A+Aamir+Khan |archive-date=4 February 2009 |access-date=31 January 2009 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="aamirkhan">{{cite news |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=31 January 2009 |title=No Obama-like leader in Indian politics: Aamir |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=31&task=view&id=26844&sectionid=67&Itemid=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001202040/https://www.indiatoday.in/?source=sin-prod-alb |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=31 January 2009 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Priyadarshan]]<ref name="priya">{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=1 February 2009 |title=Slumdog... is trashy: Priyadarshan |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=ENTEN20090082084 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204105830/http://movies.ndtv.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=ENTEN20090082084 |archive-date=4 February 2009 |access-date=1 February 2009 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> and music director [[Aadesh Shrivastava]].<ref>[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2009-2/ Aadesh Shrivastava outraged at Bachchan's portrayal in Slumdog Millionaire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927094801/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2009/11/12/13463/index.html|date=27 September 2012}}, bollywoodhungama.com</ref>

===Pakistani media===
Pakistani media commentators such as [[Zaid Hamid]] were accused by other Pakistanis of promoting Indophobia. In an editorial published in ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]'' Tayyab Shah accused him of acting at the behest of the Pakistani security establishment and condemned his views.<ref name="DT20100318">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C03%5C18%5Cstory_18-3-2010_pg3_6|title=Zaid Hamid and Ghuzwa-i-Hind|last=Shah|first=Tayyab|date=18 March 2010|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|access-date=19 November 2011|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001202043/https://dailytimes.com.pk/|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] he is one of the main proponents in present-day Pakistan of [[Ghazwatul Hind]], a battle where Muslims will conquer India and establish [[Sharia]] rule according to a [[Hadith]].<ref name="CTC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol2Iss3-Art5.pdf|title=Lashkar-i-Tayyiba Remains Committed to Jihad|last=Ali|first=Farhana|work=CTC Sentinel: March 2009, Vol 2|publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]]|access-date=19 November 2011|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020000745/https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol2Iss3-Art5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Talking to reporters after inaugurating an exhibition in [[Lahore]], [[Majid Nizami]], the chief editor of [[Nawa-i-Waqt]], stated "freedom is the greatest blessing of the Almighty, Who may save us from the dominance of Hindus, as our sworn enemy India is bent upon destroying Pakistan. However, if it did not refrain from committing aggression against us, then Pakistan is destined to defeat India because our horses in the form of atomic bombs and missiles are far better than Indian 'donkeys'."<ref name="Nation 20100311">{{cite web|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/11-Mar-2010/pakistan-destined-to-defeat-india-nizami|title=Pakistan destined to defeat India: Nizami|date=11 March 2010|work=[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]]|access-date=24 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316215315/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/11-Mar-2010/Pakistan-destined-to-defeat-India-Nizami/|archive-date=16 March 2010}}</ref>

==== Government involvement ====
Some of the anti-India propaganda is claimed to be driven by the Pakistani military.<ref name="AJE20101201">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2010/12/2010121014844808155.html|title=WikiLeaks hoax hits Pakistan media|date=10 December 2010|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224004717/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2010/12/2010121014844808155.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2010, many Pakistani newspapers published reports based on [[United States diplomatic cables leak]]s which portrayed India in a negative light.<ref name="BBC20101210">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11967664|title=Wikileaks: Pakistan hoaxed by bogus anti-India cables|date=10 December 2010|publisher=BBC News|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107033438/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11967664|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Guardian]] reported that none of the information reported by Pakistani media could be verified in its database of leaked cables.<ref name="Guardian20101210">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/09/pakistani-newspaper-fake-leaks-india|title=Pakistani media publish fake WikiLeaks cables attacking India|last=Walsh|first=Declan|date=9 December 2010|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 December 2011|location=London|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908204658/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/09/pakistani-newspaper-fake-leaks-india|url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter several newspapers apologised.<ref name="ET20101210">{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/88268/pakistani-media-fake-wikileaks-cables-attacking-india-published/|title=Pakistani media: Fake WikiLeaks cables attacking India published|date=10 December 2010|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-date=17 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217105419/http://tribune.com.pk/story/88268/pakistani-media-fake-wikileaks-cables-attacking-india-published/|url-status=live}}</ref> The fake cables were believed to have been planted by the Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence]].<ref name="BBC20101210"/>

==Anti-Indian sentiment on social media==
{{See also|Pajeet}}
In 2018–2019, the [[PewDiePie vs T-Series|PewDiePie vs. T-Series]] YouTube rivalry sparked a wave of anti-Indian sentiment online, fuelled by fan campaigns, xenophobic memes, and [[PewDiePie vs. T-Series (Epic Rap Battles of History)|''diss tracks'']] that framed the competition as a cultural clash.<ref>{{cite journal|title= PewDiePie, racism and Youtube's neoliberalist interpretation of freedom of speech|last=Hokka|first=Jenni|journal= Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies|year=2021|volume= 27|pages= 142–160|doi= 10.1177/1354856520938602|doi-access= free}}</ref> The rivalry was preceded by a similar incident in which PewDiePie, aiming to satirise [[Fiverr]], an Israeli online marketplace, paid individuals to display a sign reading “Death to all Jews,” unintentionally inciting antisemitic backlash.<ref>{{cite web|title= Disney Company Drops YouTube Star PewDiePie Over Anti-Semitic Jokes|url= https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/14/515184619/disney-company-drops-youtube-star-pewdiepie-over-anti-semitic-jokes|website=[[NPR]]|date=14 February 2017|last=Domonoske|first=Camila|access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

The 2020s have seen a surge of online anti-Indian rhetoric and hate speech, particularly in the Western world. Some attribute it to backlash from Arab–Muslims and [[National Socialist Movement (United States)|American National Socialist]] sympathizers opposed to India's ties with Israel and its support for Israeli expansion into the [[West Bank]] and Gaza—a war widely criticised by humanitarian groups as a [[Gaza genocide|genocide]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=India's shift from global South leader to Israel ally- risk to relations with Muslim world and Iran |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/international/Indias-shift-from-global-South-leader-to-Israel-ally-risk-to-relations-with-Muslim-world-and-Iran/107-313520 |work=Daily Mirror|date=7 July 2025}}</ref> Many [[Hindutva]] and right-wing groups in India also known for spreading [[Misinformation in the Gaza war|misinformation]] about the [[Gaza war]], with many of the posts focused on spreading [[anti-Palestinianism]] and [[Islamophobia]].<ref>{{cite web|date=24 October 2023|title= Why India is leading the pro-Israel disinformation campaign online|url= https://www.newarab.com/analysis/why-india-leading-pro-israel-disinformation-campaign|website=The New Arab|last=Hourany|first=Dana|access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 November 2023|title= Why is so much anti-Palestine disinformation coming from India?|url= https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/11/18/why-is-so-much-anti-palestine-disinformation-coming-from-india|work=Euronews|last=Khatsenkova|first=Sophia|access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

In aftermath of the [[Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse]] in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], Indian crews in the Singapore flagged [[MV Dali]] became a target of online racist abuses. Despite racist attacks, then US President [[Joe Biden]] and Maryland Governor [[Wes Moore]] praised the Indian crews for sending the mayday calls to the transport authorities before the bridge eventual collapse.<ref>{{cite web|title= Baltimore Bridge Collapse: Racist Posts Target Indian Crew On Social Media Following Collision|url= https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/baltimore-bridge-collapse-racist-posts-targets-indian-crew-on-social-media-following-collision|website=The Free Press Journal|date=27 March 2025|last=Sonawane|first=Vishakha|access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

A notable increase in anti-Indian sentiment was observed in late 2024 and early 2025. A study by [[Stop AAPI Hate]] found that online hate speech targeting South Asians, particularly Indians, surged by 75% following the [[2024 United States presidential election]], with spikes occurring after the appointments of [[Sriram Krishnan]] and [[Vivek Ramaswamy]] by the incoming [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Post-Election Surge in Hate: Online Extremism Targeting the AAPI Community |publisher=Stop AAPI Hate |date=20 February 2025 |url=https://stopaapihate.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/25-SAH-PostElectionAnalysis-F.pdf |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-South Asian online hate surged in extremist spaces after election, new report says |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/anti-south-asian-online-hate-surged-rcna193006 |date=20 February 2025 |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>

In Canada, social media platforms such as TikTok and Instagram have also played key roles in spreading anti-Indian sentiment. A 2024 report by the Canada-based [[Institute for Research on Public Policy]] noted that content pertaining to Indians or India is often met with mocking and xenophobic comments, including stereotypes and hate speech targeting Indian immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-Indian racism is Canada's blind spot |website=Policy Options |publisher=Institute for Research on Public Policy |date=13 November 2024 |url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/november-2024/anti-indian-racism-canada/ |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>

A barrage of online hate speech also emerged following the June 2025 crash of [[Air India Flight 171]], which killed over 240 people. Comment sections on platforms such as [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) were flooded with derogatory remarks mocking Indian victims, invoking tropes about Indian food, hygiene, and immigration status, with some even suggesting that the tragedy was "deserved" or a "net positive" due to fewer Indian immigrants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Social media flooded with racist comments after Air India crash, but Indians are speaking out |author=Angelica Silva |work=ABC News (Australia) |date=17 June 2025 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-06-17/air-india-plane-crash-indian-racism-social-media-comments/105420614 |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Pajeet]], an ethnic slur directed at Indians
* [[Anti-Pakistan sentiment]]
* [[Anti-Romani sentiment]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
; Sources
* {{citation |last=Riaz |first=Ali |author-link=Ali Riaz |title=Islamist Militancy in Bangladesh: A Complex Web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DaC5wJoKbEC&pg=PA63 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-05715-3}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Idi Amin]] & Indophobia: ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1166488 General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda]'' by Hasu H. Patel, ''[[African Studies Association|Issue: A Journal of Opinion]]'', Vol. 2, No. 4 (Winter, 1972), pp. 12–22. {{JSTOR|1166488}}
* {{cite book |last1=Trautmann |first1=Thomas R. |title=Aryans and British India |date=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20546-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcMkDQAAQBAJ&q=Aryans+and+British+India|chapter=British Indophobia}}
*K.K. Aziz. (2004) ''The Murder of History: A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan''. Vanguard. {{ISBN|969-402-126-X}}
*[[Abdul Hameed Nayyar|Nayyar, A. H.]] & Salim, Ahmad. (2003) ''The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Text-books in Pakistan – Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics''. Sustainable Development Policy Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20051109090607/http://www.sdpi.org/whats_new/reporton/State%20of%20Curr%26TextBooks.pdf The Subtle Subversion] (PDF).
*Rosser, Yvette Claire (2003). ''Islamization of Pakistani Social Studies Textbooks''. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. {{ISBN|81-291-0221-8}}.
*Rosser, Yvette Claire (2004). ''Indoctrinating Minds: Politics of Education in Bangladesh''. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. {{ISBN|8129104318}}.

== External links ==
{{wiktionary|Indophobia}}
{{externalvideo|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v8_73QCmEY A social contract protected Indians abroad as the ‘model minority’: Why it’s tearing now -The Print]}}
* [http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach3.pdf "Islamic Resurgence in Bangladesh: Genesis, Dynamics and Implications"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000901/http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach3.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}. by Taj I. Hashmi, [[Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150415162345/http://acdis.illinois.edu/assets/docs/257/TerrorsansFrontiersIslamicMilitancyinNorthEastIndia.pdf "Terror sans Frontiers: Islamic Militancy in North East India"]. by Jaideep Saikia, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]], July 2003.
* [http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/what-does-anti-indian-mean "What does 'anti-Indian' mean?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815034057/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/what-does-anti-indian-mean |date=15 August 2017 }}. by Zafar Sobhan, ''The Sunday Guardian''.
* [https://www.economist.com/asia/2009/06/18/regrettable-facts "Australia and anti-Indian violence"], ''[[The Economist]]'', 18 June 2009.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100514102710/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2010/gb20100513_405539.htm "America's New Anti-India Backlash"]. by David J. Karl, ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'', 13 May 2010.
* [http://www.newageislam.com/articledetails.aspx?ID=3861 "Religion and Anti-Indianism in Pakistan"] by [[Yoginder Sikand]], [[New Age Islam]], 31 December 2010.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101218061358/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers10/paper987.html "Bangladesh's anti-Indian gun running and insurgent havens persist"]}}. by Dr. Subhash Kapila, South Asia Analysis Group, 29 April 2004.
* [http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=98243 "Why are some Bangladeshis anti-Indian?"] by Habibul Haque Khondker, ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', 24 July 2009.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141222090433/http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=17877 "Rethinking anti-Indianism in Nepal"] by Trailokya Raj Aryal, ''[[MyRepublica]]'', 25 April 2010.
* [http://www.telegraphnepal.com/headline/2011-02-26/increasing-anti-indianism-in-nepal:-myth-or-reality.html "Increasing Anti-Indianism in Nepal: Myth or Reality"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114010/http://www.telegraphnepal.com/headline/2011-02-26/increasing-anti-indianism-in-nepal:-myth-or-reality.html |date=24 September 2015 }}. ''Telegraphnepal.com''.
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signature/s-prasannarajan/story/20101220-india-can-afford-antiindianism-745102-2010-12-09 "India can afford anti-Indianism"]. by S. Prasannarajan, ''[[India Today]]'', 10 December 2010.

{{Anti-national sentiment}}
{{Discrimination}}

[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment| ]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Indology]]
[[Category:Anti-national sentiment|Indian]]
[[Category:Anti–South Asian sentiment|India]]
[[Category:Asian-Australian issues]]

Executive (government)

2026-02-13T01:20:36Z

Shumail: updated page

{{Short description|Branch overseeing administration of the state}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2020}}
{{Executive}}
{{Politics sidebar}}
The '''executive''' is the part of the government that executes or enforces the law and policy of a government. It can be organised as a [[branch of government]], as in [[liberal democracy|liberal democracies]], or as an organ of the [[unified state apparatus]], as is the case in [[communist state]]s.

== Function ==
The scope of executive power varies greatly depending on the political context in which it emerges, and it can change over time in a given country. They are usually laid out in a [[constitution]] In democratic countries, the executive often exercises broad influence over national politics, though limitations are often applied to the executive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martinez |first=Jenny S. |date=2006 |title=Inherent Executive Power: A Comparative Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455703 |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=115 |issue=9 |pages=2480–2511 |doi=10.2307/20455703 |jstor=20455703 |issn=0044-0094 |access-date=2022-12-30 |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230180659/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455703 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In [[political system]]s based on the [[separation of powers]], government [[authority]] is distributed between several branches to prevent power from being concentrated in the hands of a single person or group. To achieve this, each branch is subject to checks by the other branches; in general, the executive or the [[legislature]] can propose laws, the legislature can pass or block laws, laws are then enforced by the executive, and interpreted by the [[judiciary]]. The executive can also be the source of certain types of law or law-derived rules, such as a [[decree]], [[executive order]], or [[delegated legislation]]. For example, the [[United States Congress|U.S. federal legislative branch]] frequently delegates [[rulemaking]] (creation of [[Code of Federal Regulations|regulations]]) to the [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|U.S. federal executive branch]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislative Branch |url=https://regulatorystudies.columbian.gwu.edu/legislative-branch |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Regulatory Studies Center, Columbian College of Arts & Sciences |publisher=The George Washington University |language=en}}</ref>

In those that have [[fusion of powers]], typically [[parliamentary system]]s, such as the [[United Kingdom]], the executive is often referred to as the 'government', and its members generally belong to the political party that controls the legislature. Since the executive requires the support and approval of the legislature, the two bodies are "fused" together, rather than being independent. The principle of [[parliamentary sovereignty]] means powers possessed by the executive are solely dependent on those granted by the legislature, which can also subject its actions to judicial review. However, the executive often has wide-ranging powers stemming from the control of the government [[bureaucracy]], especially in the areas of overall [[Economic policy|economic]] or [[foreign policy]].

== Political creation ==
[[File:Vanhasen II hallitus.JPG|thumb|[[Vanhanen II Cabinet]] in a session of the [[Parliament of Finland|Finnish Parliament]], 2007]]

In [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary systems]], the executive is [[Motion of no confidence|responsible]] to the elected legislature, and must maintain the confidence of the legislature, or one part of it, if bicameral. In certain circumstances (varying by state), the legislature can express its lack of confidence in the executive, which causes either a change in the governing party or group of parties or a general election.

Parliamentary systems have a head of government (who leads the executive, often called [[Minister (government)|ministers]]) normally distinct from the head of state (who continues through governmental and electoral changes). In the [[Westminster system|Westminster type of parliamentary system]], the principle of separation of powers is not as entrenched as in some others.

Members of the executive (ministers) are also members of the legislature, and hence play an important part in both the writing and enforcing of law. In [[presidential system]]s, the directly elected head of government appoints the ministers. Ministers can be directly elected by voters, such as in Switzerland at the cantonal (state) level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Buchs |first1=Aurélia |last2=Soguel |first2=Nils |date=2022-04-01 |title=Fiscal performance and the re-election of finance ministers–evidence from the Swiss cantons |journal=Public Choice |language=en |volume=191 |issue=1 |pages=31–49 |doi=10.1007/s11127-021-00949-z |s2cid=246371550 |issn=1573-7101|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Internal organization and personnel ==
In a [[presidential system]], the leader of the executive is both the head of state and government.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Executive Branch|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/|website=The White House|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120171257/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/|url-status=live}}</ref> In some cases, such as [[South Korea]], there is a Prime Minister who assists the President, but who is not the head of government but is the second in the chain.

In a [[parliamentary system]], a [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]] [[minister (government)|minister]] responsible to the [[legislature]] is the head of government, while the head of state is usually a largely ceremonial monarch or president.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Branch of Government in Canada|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/House/compendium/web-content/c_d_executivebranchgovernmentcanada-e.htm|website=Parliament of Canada|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502144022/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/House/compendium/web-content/c_d_executivebranchgovernmentcanada-e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The top leadership roles of the executive branch may include:
* [[head of government]] – often the [[prime minister]], overseeing the [[Administration (government)|administration]] of all affairs of state.
** [[defence minister]] – overseeing the [[armed forces]], determining military policy, and managing external safety.
** [[interior minister]] – overseeing the [[police forces]], enforcing the law, and managing internal control.
** [[foreign minister]] – overseeing the [[diplomatic service]], determining [[foreign policy]] and managing [[foreign relations]].
** [[finance minister]] – overseeing the treasury, determining [[fiscal policy]] and managing [[national budget]].
** [[justice minister]] – overseeing criminal prosecutions, corrections, enforcement of court orders.

==See also==
* [[Constitution]]
* [[Diarchy]]
* [[Legal reform]]
* [[Rule according to higher law]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Civil service}}
{{law}}
{{Separation of powers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Executive (Government)}}
[[Category:Constitutional law]]
[[Category:Separation of powers]]
[[Category:Public law]]
[[Category:Executive branches of government| ]]

Durga Krishna

2026-02-07T18:56:03Z

Shumail: Adding the info basic info

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Durga Krishna
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage|Arjun R|2021}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/actress-durga-krishna-enters-wedlock-movie-1.5571664 |title=Actress Durga Krishna enters wedlock |date=5 April 2021 |accessdate=20 April 2021 |work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>
| children =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2017–present
}}

'''Durga Krishna''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Malayalam]] films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anoop Menon helped me to step out of my comfort zone: Durga Krishna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anoop-menon-helped-me-to-step-out-of-my-comfort-zone-durga-krishna/articleshow/68481214.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Anjana George |date=29 March 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
She was born in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
On 5 April 2021, Krishna married Arjun Ravindran, producer of the film ''Confessions of a Cuckoo''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jab they met! Durga Krishna shares a throwback pic with husband Arjun - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jab-they-met-durga-krishna-shares-a-throwback-pic-with-husband-arjun/articleshow/82365784.cms |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=3 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wedding bells for actress Durga Krishna |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/wedding-bells-for-actress-durga-krishna-1.5535614 |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429024451/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/wedding-bells-for-actress-durga-krishna-1.5535614 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vimaanam]]'' || Janaki || ||<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Durga Krishna to romance Prithviraj in Vimanam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/durga-krishna-to-romance-prithviraj-in-vimanam/articleshow/57234679.cms |first=Anjana |last=George |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 February 2017 |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Pretham 2]]'' || Anu Thankam Paulose || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/durga-krishna-and-saniya-iyyappan-in-jayasuryas-pretham-2/articleshow/65668020.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Durga Krishna and Saniya Iyyapan in Jayasurya's Pretham 2 |access-date=20 April 2021 |first=Anjana |last=George |date=4 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Kuttymama]]'' || Anjaly Junior || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyan-sreenivasan-and-durga-krishnas-thorathe-song-from-kuttimama-released/articleshow/69174321.cms?from=mdr |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan and Durga Krishna's 'Thorathe' song from 'Kuttimama' released - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 May 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love Action Drama]]'' || Swathy || ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Durga Krishna to play cameo in 'Love Action Drama |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/durga-krishna-play-cameo-love-action-drama-98665 |publisher=The news minute |author=Digital Native |date=20 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Confessions of a Cuckoo]]'' || Sherin || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Confession of Cuckoos first look poster launched - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/confession-of-cuckoos-first-look-poster-launched/articleshow/68426852.cms |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=15 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Udal (film)|Udal]]'' || Shiny|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2022-05-21 |title=Actor Indrans can shoulder a film with ease, says Ratheesh Reghunandan, director of the Malayalam film 'Udal' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-indrans-can-shoulder-a-film-with-ease-says-ratheesh-reghunandan-director-of-the-malayalam-film-udal/article65441942.ece |access-date=2022-06-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Twenty One Hours]]'' || Madhuri Menon || Debut and only [[Kannada]] film till date ||<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/durga-krishna-rahul-madhav-and-sudev-nair-star-in-the-kannada-thriller-21-hours/articleshow/78694670.cms Durga Krishna, Rahul Madhav and Sudev Nair in the Kannada thriller 21 hours]</ref>
|-
| ''Kudukku 2025'' || Eve || ||<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210420135643/https://www.sify.com/movies/the-first-look-poster-of-kudukku-2025released-news-malayalam-veue8Ebcigjeb.html The first look poster of Kudukku 2025 released]</ref>
|-
| ''King Fish'' || Kalindhi Paul || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anoop-menons-king-fishcensored-with-clean-u-news-malayalam-vebeqofhdcccb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401100823/https://www.sify.com/movies/anoop-menons-king-fishcensored-with-clean-u-news-malayalam-vebeqofhdcccb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2021 |title=Anoop Menon's Kingfish censored with clean U |work=sify}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Anuragam (2023 film)|Anuragam]]'' || Neetha || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release plan announced for filmmaker Shahad's Anuragam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2022/sep/03/release-plan-announced-for-filmmaker-shahad39s-anuragam-34389.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2024 || ''[[Iyer In Arabia]]'' || Saira || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Makers Of Dhyan Sreenivasan-starrer Iyer In Arabia Lock Release Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/makers-of-dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-iyer-in-arabia-lock-release-date-8732420.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manorathangal]]'' || Nabeesa ||Anthology series Segment:''[[Olavum Theeravum (2024 film)|Olavum Theeravum]]'' Released on [[ZEE5]]||<ref>{{cite news |title=Manorathangal: MT Vasudevan Nair anthology gets a title, trailer launch to be held on this date?|newspaper=OTTPlay|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/manorathangal-mt-vasudevan-nair-anthology-gets-a-title-trailer-launch-to-be-held-on-this-date/802e082216404|date=14 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]'' || CI Soumya ||
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-a-satisfactory-watch-despite-its-longwound-storytelling-review-115092770|title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam: A Satisfactory Watch Despite Its Long-Wound Story-telling|date=November 8, 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thankamani (film)|Thankamani]]'' || Mercy Mani Peter || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-02-21 |title=Dileep-starrer Thankamani to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Feb/21/dileep-starrer-thankamani-to-release-on-this-date-52265.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| [[Ram (film)|Ram]]}} || Meera || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Durga Krishna to play Meera in Mohanlal's 'RAM' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/durga-krishna-to-play-meera-in-mohanlals-ram/articleshow/73379744.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2022-2023
|''Dancing Stars''
|Judge
|Asianet
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm9439930}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Durga}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Fiscal policy

2026-02-06T08:10:14Z

Shumail: added info

{{Short description|Use of government revenue collection and expenditure to influence a country's economy}}
{{Public finance}}
{{Macroeconomics sidebar}}

In [[economics]] and [[political science]], '''fiscal policy''' is the use of [[government revenue]] collection ([[tax]]es or [[tax cuts]]) and [[Government spending|expenditure]] to influence a country's economy. The use of government revenue expenditures to influence [[macroeconomic]] variables developed in reaction to the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s, when the previous [[laissez-faire]] approach to economic management became unworkable. Fiscal policy is based on the theories of the British economist [[John Maynard Keynes]], whose [[Keynesian economics]] theorised that government changes in the levels of taxation and government spending influence [[aggregate demand]] and the level of economic activity. Fiscal and [[monetary policy]] are the key strategies used by a country's government and [[central bank]] to advance its economic objectives. The combination of these policies enables these authorities to target inflation and to increase employment. In modern economies, inflation is conventionally considered "healthy" in the range of 2%–3%. Additionally, it is designed to try to keep [[GDP]] growth at 2%–3% and the unemployment rate near the [[Natural rate of unemployment|natural unemployment rate]] of 4%–5%.<ref name="Kramer">{{cite web |last1=Kramer |first1=Leslie |title=What Is Fiscal Policy? |url=https://www.investopedia.com/insights/what-is-fiscal-policy/ |website=Investopedia |publisher=Dotdash |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref> This implies that fiscal policy is used to stabilise the economy over the course of the [[business cycle]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=O'Sullivan|first1=Arthur|author-link=Arthur O'Sullivan (economist)|first2=Steven M.|last2=Sheffrin|title=Economics: Principles in Action|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|year=2003|location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |page=387|isbn=978-0-13-063085-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Horton |first1=Mark |last2=El-Ganainy |first2=Asmaa |title=Fiscal Policy: Taking and Giving Away |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/series/back-to-basics/fiscal-policy |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>

Changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending can affect macroeconomic variables, including:
* [[aggregate demand]] and the level of economic activity
* [[saving]] and [[investment (macroeconomics)|investment]]
* [[income distribution]]
* [[allocation of resources]].

Fiscal policy can be distinguished from [[monetary policy]], in that fiscal policy deals with taxation and government spending and is often administered by a government department; while monetary policy deals with the [[money supply]], [[interest rate]]s and is often administered by a country's [[central bank]]. Both fiscal and monetary policies influence a country's economic performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy, and how are they related? |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/money_12855.htm |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |language=en}}</ref>

== Monetary/fiscal debate ==
{{main|Monetary/fiscal debate}}

Since the 1970s, it became clear that monetary policy performance has some benefits over fiscal policy due to the fact that it reduces political influence, as it is set by the central bank (to have an expanding economy before the general election, politicians might cut the interest rates). Additionally, fiscal policy can potentially have more supply-side effects on the economy: to reduce inflation, the measures of increasing taxes and lowering spending would not be preferred, so the government might be reluctant to use these. Monetary policy is generally quicker to implement as interest rates can be set every month, while the decision to increase government spending might take time to figure out which area the money should be spent on.<ref name="Pettinger" />

The recession of the 2000s decade shows that monetary policy also has certain limitations. A [[liquidity trap]] occurs when interest rate cuts are insufficient as a demand booster as banks do not want to lend and the consumers are reluctant to increase spending due to negative expectations for the economy. Government spending is responsible for creating the demand in the economy and can provide a kick-start to get the economy out of the recession. When a deep recession takes place, it is not sufficient to rely just on monetary policy to restore the economic equilibrium.<ref name="Pettinger">{{cite web |last1=Pettinger |first1=Tejvan |title=Difference between monetary and fiscal policy |url=https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/1850/economics/difference-between-monetary-and-fiscal-policy/ |website=Economics.Help.org |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>
Each side of these two policies has its differences, therefore, combining aspects of both policies to deal with economic problems has become a solution that is now used by the US. These policies have limited effects; however, fiscal policy seems to have a greater effect over the long-run period, while monetary policy tends to have a short-run success.<ref name="Schmidt">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=Michael |title=A Look at Fiscal and Monetary Policy |url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/12/fiscal-or-monetary-policy.asp |website=Invetopedia |publisher=Dotdash |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>

In 2000, a survey of 298 members of the [[American Economic Association]] (AEA) found that while 84 percent generally agreed with the statement "Fiscal policy has a [[Stimulus (economics)|significant stimulative impact]] on a less than [[Full employment|fully employed]] economy", 71 percent also generally agreed with the statement "[[Procyclical and countercyclical variables#Economic policy making|Management]] of the [[business cycle]] should be left to the [[Federal Reserve]]; [[Discretionary policy|activist fiscal policy]] should be avoided."<ref name="Fuller & Geide-Stevenson 2003">{{cite journal|last1=Fuller|first1=Dan|last2=Geide-Stevenson|first2=Doris|title=Consensus Among Economists: Revisited|date=Fall 2003|journal=[[Journal of Economic Education|The Journal of Economic Education]]|volume=34|issue=4|pages=369–387|jstor=30042564|doi=10.1080/00220480309595230|s2cid=143617926 }}</ref> In 2011, a follow-up survey of 568 AEA members found that the previous consensus about the latter proposition had dissolved and was by then roughly evenly disputed.<ref name="Fuller & Geide-Stevenson 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Fuller|first1=Dan|last2=Geide-Stevenson|first2=Doris|title=Consensus Among Economists – An Update|year=2014|journal=[[Journal of Economic Education|The Journal of Economic Education]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=45|issue=2|pages=131–146|doi=10.1080/00220485.2014.889963|s2cid=143794347 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261884738}}</ref>

==Stances==
{{See also|Procyclical and countercyclical variables#Economic policy making}}

Depending on the state of the economy, fiscal policy may reach for different objectives: its focus can be to restrict economic growth by mediating inflation or, in turn, increase economic growth by decreasing [[tax]]es, encouraging spending on different projects that act as stimuli to economic growth and enabling borrowing and spending.
The three stances of fiscal policy are the following:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-12 |title=26.1: Introduction to Fiscal Policy |url=https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Economics/Introductory_Comprehensive_Economics/Economics_(Boundless)/26%3A__Fiscal_Policy/26.01%3A_Introduction_to_Fiscal_Policy |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Social Sci LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref>
* ''' Neutral fiscal policy''' is usually undertaken when an economy is in neither a [[recession]] nor an [[economic expansion|expansion]]. The amount of government [[deficit spending]] (the excess not financed by tax [[revenue]]) is roughly the same as it has been on average over time, so no changes to it are occurring that would have an effect on the level of [[economic activity]].
* '''Expansionary fiscal policy''' is used by the government when trying to balance the contraction phase in the [[business cycle]]. It involves government spending exceeding tax revenue by more than it has tended to, and is usually undertaken during recessions. Examples of expansionary fiscal policy measures include increased government spending on public works (e.g., building schools) and providing the residents of the economy with tax cuts to increase their purchasing power (in order to fix a decrease in the demand).
* '''Contractionary fiscal policy''', on the other hand, is a measure to increase tax rates and decrease government spending. It occurs when government deficit spending is lower than usual. This has the potential to slow economic growth if inflation, which was caused by a significant increase in aggregate demand and the supply of money, is excessive. By reducing the economy's amount of aggregate income, the available amount for consumers to spend is also reduced. So, contractionary fiscal policy measures are employed when unsustainable growth takes place, leading to inflation, high prices of investment, recession and unemployment above the "healthy" level of 3%–4%.

However, these definitions can be misleading because, even with no changes in spending or tax laws at all, [[Business cycle|cyclic fluctuations of the economy]] cause cyclic fluctuations of tax revenues and of some types of government spending, altering the deficit situation; these are not considered to be policy changes. Therefore, for purposes of the above definitions, "government spending" and "tax revenue" are normally replaced by "cyclically adjusted government spending" and "cyclically adjusted tax revenue".<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMF Pamphlet Series - No. 49 -Guidelines for Fiscal Adjustment - How Should the Fiscal Stance Be Assessed? |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/pam/pam49/pam4902.htm |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> Thus, for example, a government budget that is balanced over the course of the business cycle is considered to represent a neutral and effective fiscal policy stance.

==Methods of fiscal policy funding==
Governments [[government expenditure|spend money]] on a wide variety of things, from the military and police to services such as education and health care, as well as [[transfer payment]]s such as [[welfare spending|welfare]] benefits. This expenditure can be [[revenue|funded]] in a number of different ways:
* [[Taxation]]
* [[Seigniorage]], the benefit from printing [[money]]
* [[Debt|Borrowing]] money from the population or from abroad
* Dipping into fiscal reserves
* [[Sales|Sale]] of [[fixed asset]]s (e.g., [[Real estate|land]])
* Selling equity to the population

=== Borrowing ===
A fiscal deficit is often funded by issuing [[Government bond|bonds]] such as [[Treasury bills]] or and [[gilt-edged securities]] but can also be funded by issuing equity. Bonds pay interest, either for a fixed period or indefinitely that is funded by taxpayers as a whole. Equity offers returns on investment (interest) that can only be realized in discharging a future tax liability by an individual taxpayer. If available government revenue is insufficient to support the interest payments on bonds, a nation may [[Default (finance)|default]] on its debts, usually to foreign creditors. [[Government debt|Public debt]] or [[Government budget balance|borrowing]] refers to the government borrowing from the public. It is impossible for a government to "default" on its equity since the total returns available to all investors (taxpayers) are limited at any point by the total current year tax liability of all investors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britannica Money |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/government-budget/Economics-of-government-borrowing |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250711100927/https://www.britannica.com/money/government-budget/Economics-of-government-borrowing |archive-date=2025-07-11 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dipping into prior surpluses ===
A fiscal surplus is often saved for future use, and may be invested in either local currency or any [[financial instrument]] that may be traded later once resources are needed and the additional debt is not needed.

== Balanced budget amendment ==
The concept of a [[balanced budget amendment]] or fiscal straitjacket is a general economic principle that suggests strict constraints on government spending and public sector borrowing, to limit or regulate the budget deficit over a time period. Most US states have balanced budget rules that prevent them from running a deficit. The United States federal government technically has a [[United States debt ceiling|legal cap on the total amount of money it can borrow]], but it is not a meaningful constraint because the cap can be raised as easily as spending can be authorized, and the cap is almost always raised before the debt gets that high. A balanced budget amendment can include an adjustment for [[business cycle]]s.<ref name="w933">{{cite journal | last1=Salvi | first1=Michele | last2=Schaltegger | first2=Christoph A. | title=Tax more or spend less? Historical evidence from Switzerland's federal budget plans | journal=International Tax and Public Finance | volume=30 | issue=3 | date=2023 | issn=0927-5940 | doi=10.1007/s10797-021-09716-8 | pages=678–705 | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10797-021-09716-8 | access-date=7 June 2025| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Fiscal policy in developing economies ==
The impact of fiscal policy is primarily talked about in the context of developed economies. However, fiscal policy is utilized differently in [[Developing country|developing countries]]. Instead of maintaining [[economic growth]], it is used to generate additional economic growth through improving [[human capital]]. This can be done by investment in public expenditures such as infrastructure and education. When done successfully, it can result in long-term economic gains.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Role of Fiscal Policy in Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries|url=https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/the-role-of-fiscal-policy-in-economic-growth-a-comparative-analysis-of-developed-and-developing-countries/|website=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en-US|date=January 5, 2025|last1=Islam|first1=Md. Shahinul|last2=Al Amin|first2=Md.|last3=Hossain|first3=Md. Billal|last4=Al Imran|first4=SM|first5=Nusrat|last5=Jahan|first6=Fahad Bin|last6=Asad|first7=Abdullah|last7=Al Mamun}}</ref> Nevertheless, developing countries must still consider the impact fiscal policy will have on inflation and unemployment. For some developing countries, implementing fiscal policy that improves economic stability involves "re-orientation" towards fiscal discipline and reducing government influence and intervention to give the country's private sector the ability to grow and stabilize.<ref>{{Cite book |last=International Monetary Fund|title=World Economic Outlook, May 1996: Focus on Fiscal Policy|publisher=International Monetary Fund|others=International Monetary Fund|isbn=978-1-55775-567-4|location=Washington, D.C|year=1996|pages=63–76}}</ref>

One of the key issues developing economies are more likely to face is an inability to fund fiscal policy. The tax revenue collected by developed countries is almost twice that of developing countries in terms of percentage of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crawford.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/2025-03/wp2007_01.pdf|title=Fiscal Policy in Developing Countries: A Synoptic View|date=January 2017|access-date=November 30, 2015|website=ASARC|last=Jha|first=Raghbendra}}</ref> In addition, there is a growing debt crisis in developing countries that has reached $11.4 trillion, fueled partly by development projects.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Debt crisis: Developing countries' external debt hits record $11.4 trillion|url=https://unctad.org/news/debt-crisis-developing-countries-external-debt-hits-record-114-trillion|website=UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)|access-date=2025-11-30|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251005012803/https://unctad.org/news/debt-crisis-developing-countries-external-debt-hits-record-114-trillion|archive-date=2025-10-05|language=en}}</ref> This has led to governments prioritizing repaying debt over funding public essential services.<ref name=":0" /> Many developing countries have been left unable to continue implementing appropriate fiscal policy due to a lack of resources.

==Economic effects==
{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}{{See also|Gross fixed capital formation#Economic analysis}}

Governments use fiscal policy to influence the level of aggregate demand in the economy, so that certain economic goals can be achieved:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=What is fiscal policy and how does it affect the economy? |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/fiscal-policy |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Britannica Money |language=en}}</ref>
*Price stability;
*Full employment;
*Economic growth.

The [[Keynesian]] view of economics suggests that increasing government spending and decreasing the rate of taxes are the best ways to have an influence on [[aggregate demand]], stimulate it, while decreasing spending and increasing taxes after the economic expansion has already taken place. Additionally, Keynesians argue that expansionary fiscal policy should be used in times of [[recession]] or low economic activity as an essential tool for building the framework for strong economic growth and working towards [[full employment]]. In theory, the resulting deficits would be paid for by an expanded economy during the expansion that would follow; this was the reasoning behind the [[New Deal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jahan |first1=Sarwat |last2=Mahmud |first2=Ahmen Saber |last3=Papageorgiou |first3=Chris |date=September 2014 |title=What Is Keynesian Economics? - Back to Basics - Finance & Development, September 2014 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2014/09/basics.htm |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref>

[[File:Islm.png|alt=ISLM model graph|thumb|217x217px|The IS curve shifts to the right, increasing real interest rates (r) and expansion in the "real" economy (real GDP, or Y).]]
The [[IS–LM model|IS-LM model]] is another way of understanding the effects of fiscal expansion. As the government increases spending, there will be a shift in the IS curve up and to the right. In the [[Short-run|short run]], this increases the [[real interest rate]], which then reduces [[Private investment in public equity|private investment]] and increases aggregate demand, placing upward pressure on supply. To meet the short-run increase in aggregate demand, firms increase [[Full employment|full-employment]] output. The increase in short-run [[price level]]s reduces the [[money supply]], which shifts the LM curve back, and thus, returning the general [[Economic equilibrium|equilibrium]] to the original full employment (FE) level. Therefore, the IS-LM model shows that there will be an overall increase in the price level and real interest rates in the [[Long run and short run|long run]] due to fiscal expansion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acemoglu|first=Daron |title=Macroeconomics |date=2018 |author2=David I. Laibson |author3=John A. List |isbn=978-0-13-449205-6 |edition=Second |location=New York |oclc=956396690 |publisher=Pearson }}</ref>

Governments can use a [[budget surplus]] to do two things:
*to slow the pace of strong economic growth;
*to stabilise prices when inflation is too high.
Keynesian theory posits that removing spending from the economy will reduce levels of aggregate demand and contract the economy, thus stabilizing prices. Another model commonly used to understand the impacts of fiscal policy is the Aggregate Demand - Aggregate Supply ([[AD–AS model|AD-AS) model]]. It is similar to the IS-LM model but allows for the price level to vary, making it the superior model for a long-run analysis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karlwhelan.com/MAMacroSem1/IS-LM-Summary.pdf|title=Summary of the IS-LM and AS-AD|date=September 19, 2014|access-date=November 30, 2025|last=Whelan|first=Karl}}</ref> [[Economist]]s still debate the effectiveness of [[fiscal stimulus]]. The argument mostly centers on [[crowding out (economics)|crowding out]]: whether government borrowing leads to higher [[interest rate]]s that may offset the stimulative impact of spending. When the government runs a budget deficit, funds will need to come from public borrowing (the issue of government bonds), overseas borrowing, or [[Monetizing debt|monetizing]] the debt. When governments fund a deficit with the issuing of government bonds, interest rates can increase across the market, because government borrowing creates higher demand for credit in the financial markets. This decreases aggregate demand for goods and services, either partially or entirely offsetting the direct expansionary impact of the deficit spending, thus diminishing or eliminating the achievement of the objective of a fiscal stimulus. [[Neoclassical economics|Neoclassical]] economists generally emphasize crowding out while Keynesians argue that fiscal policy can still be effective, especially in a [[liquidity trap]] where, they argue, crowding out is minimal.<ref name="Cliff Notes, Economic Effecs of Fiscal Policy">{{cite web|url=http://m.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Fiscal-Policy.topicArticleId-9789,articleId-9749.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410171108/http://m.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Fiscal-Policy.topicArticleId-9789,articleId-9749.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2013|title=Cliff Notes, Economic Effecs of Fiscal Policy|access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref>

In the [[Classical economics|classical]] view, expansionary fiscal policy also decreases net exports, which has a mitigating effect on national output and income. When government borrowing increases interest rates it attracts foreign capital from foreign investors. This is because, all other things being equal, the [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] issued from a country executing expansionary fiscal policy now offer a higher rate of return. In other words, companies wanting to finance projects must compete with their government for capital so they offer higher rates of return. To purchase bonds originating from a certain country, foreign investors must obtain that country's currency. Therefore, when foreign [[capital flows]] into the country undergoing fiscal expansion, demand for that country's [[currency]] increases. The increased demand, in turn, causes the currency to appreciate, reducing the cost of imports and making exports from that country more expensive to foreigners. Consequently, [[export]]s decrease and [[import]]s increase, reducing demand from [[net export]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Net Export Effect {{!}} Higher Rock Education|url=https://www.higherrockeducation.org/glossary-of-terms/net-export-effect|website=www.higherrockeducation.org|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>

Some economists oppose the [[discretionary policy|discretionary]] use of fiscal stimulus because of the [[inside lag]] (the time lag involved in implementing it), which is almost inevitably long because of the substantial legislative effort involved. Further, the [[outside lag]] between the time of implementation and the time that most of the effects of the stimulus are felt could mean that the stimulus hits an already-recovering economy and [[Overheating (economics)|overheats]] the ensuing [[Economic expansion|h]] rather than stimulating the economy when it needs it.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Stabilization policy and lags|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030440682400003X|journal=Journal of Mathematical Economics|date=2024-04-01|issn=0304-4068|article-number=102941|volume=111|doi=10.1016/j.jmateco.2024.102941|first=Olivier|last=Loisel|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Some economists are also concerned about potential inflationary effects driven by increased demand engendered by a fiscal stimulus. In theory, fiscal stimulus does not cause inflation when it uses resources that would have otherwise been idle. For instance, if a fiscal stimulus employs a worker who otherwise would have been [[Unemployment|unemployed]], there is no inflationary effect; however, if the stimulus employs a worker who otherwise would have had a job, the stimulus is increasing [[labor demand]] while [[Labour supply|labor supply]] remains fixed, leading to [[wage inflation]] and therefore [[Price Inflation|price inflation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=What Caused the US Pandemic-Era Inflation?|url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/mac.20230195|journal=American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics|date=July 2025|issn=1945-7707|pages=1–35|volume=17|issue=3|doi=10.1257/mac.20230195|language=en|first1=Ben|last1=Bernanke|first2=Olivier|last2=Blanchard}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Econometrics]]
* [[Fiscal Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[Fiscal policy of the United States]]
* [[Fiscal union]]
* [[Functional finance]]
* [[Monetary policy]]
* [[National fiscal policy response to the late 2000s recession]]
* [[Policy mix]]
* [[Tax policy]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Simonsen, M.H. The Econometrics and The State Brasilia University Editor, 1960–1964.
* Heyne, P. T., Boettke, P. J., Prychitko, D. L. (2002). The Economic Way of Thinking (10th ed). Prentice Hall.
* Larch, M. and J. Nogueira Martins (2009). Fiscal Policy Making in the European Union: An Assessment of Current Practice and Challenges. Routledge.
* [[:ru:Хансен, Бент|Hansen, Bent]] (2003). The Economic Theory of Fiscal Policy, Volume 3. Routledge.
* Anderson, J. E. (2005). [http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40186/wp800.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y Fiscal Reform and its Firm-Level Effects in Eastern Europe and Central Asia], Working Papers Series wp800, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
* D. Harries. Roger Fenton and the Crimean War
* Schmidt, M (2018). "A Look at Fiscal and Monetary Policy", Dotdash
* Pettinger, T. (2017). "Difference between monetary and fiscal policy", EconomicsHelp.org
* Amadeo, K. (2018). "Fiscal Policy Types, Objectives, and Tools", Dotdash
* Kramer, L. (2019). "What Is Fiscal Policy?", Dotdash
* Macek, R; Janků, J. (2015) "The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth Depending on Institutional Conditions"

==External links==
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Fiscal policy }}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/fiscal-policy Fiscal Policy topic page] from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
{{Economics}}
{{Public policy}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fiscal policy| ]]

Chennai Egmore–Mangaluru Central Express

2026-02-06T07:26:32Z

Shumail: Adding first details added tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width =
| name = '''Chennai Egmore – Mangaluru Central Express'''
| logo_width =
| image = CHENNAI MANGALURU EXPRESS.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Chennai Egmore - Mangaluru Central Express at {{rws|Kodumudi}}
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] & [[Karnataka]]
| predecessor =
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2003|7|1}}
| last =
| successor =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| formeroperator = [[Indian Railways]]
| ridership = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| ridership2 = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| website = www.indianrailways.gov.in
| start = {{rws|Chennai Egmore}} '''(MS)'''
| stops = 46
| end = {{rws|Mangalore Central}} '''(MAQ)'''
| distance = {{convert|986|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 19h 50m
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 16159{{\}}16160
| line_used = * MS - TPJ ➡ Chord Line
* TPJ - ED ➡ Main Line
* ED - MAQ ➡ Coimbatore - Shornur ➡ Madgaon Line
| class = * SLRD - 2 Coaches
* UR/GS - 2 Coaches
* D (CC) - Non A/C Chair Car 3 Coaches
* B - 2 Third A/C III Tire Coaches
* SL - 11 Sleeper Coaches
* A - 1 A/C Two Tier Coach
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = [[Open coach]] {{small|(Reserved)}} [[Corridor coach]] {{small|(Unreserved)}}
| sleeping = [[Couchette car]]
| autorack = No
| catering = E-Catering (Mangaluru to Tiruchchirappalli)
| observation = Large Windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Overhead racks Baggage carriage
| otherfacilities =
| stock = * MAQ - TPJ : [[WAP-4]] Locomotive From ERODE or ARAKKONAM Electric Loco Shed's
* TPJ - MS : [[WAP-4]] Locomotive From ERODE or ARAKKONAM Electric Loco Shed's , [[WAP - 7]] Locomotive from Erode or Royapuram Electric Loco Shed.
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25 kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] (High Voltage Overhead Electric Traction)
| speed = {{convert|52|km/h}}
| trainlength = 20 Coaches (Utkrisht)
| sharing = Dedicated Two Rakes
| maintenance = [[Chennai Egmore]]
| owners = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| routenumber = 21{{\}}21A{{\}}86{{\}}86A
| map = [[File:Chennai Egmore - Mangalore Central Express Route map.jpg|230px]]
| map_state = show
}}

The 16159 / 16160 '''Chennai Egmore–Mangaluru Central Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to the [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between the city [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]] of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].

== Overview ==

This train was introduced during the 2003–2004 Railway Budget as a new daily train between [[Chennai Egmore]] and [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]] via [[Tiruchirappalli Junction]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name=intro>{{cite news|title=50 new trains to introduced, increase frequency of 13|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/50-new-trains-to-introduced-increase-frequency-of-13/articleshow/38660667.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=4 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 February 2013|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> Later in the 2005–2006 Railway Budget, the train (No.6607{{\}}6608) was extended up to [[Coimbatore]],<ref name=extn>{{cite web|title=Speech: Railway Budget 2005-06|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=7351|work=[[Ministry of Railways (India)]]|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=4 March 2014|date=26 February 2005}}</ref> citing large number of [[Melmaruvathur]] bound pilgrims, leaving the people of [[Karur]] in despair, who were largely benefitted of this train fearing decrease in reservation quotas.<ref name=pilgrims>{{cite news|title=Karur public resent move to extend train up to Mangalore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/karur-public-resent-move-to-extend-train-up-to-mangalore/article1776981.ece|accessdate=4 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 January 2007|location=[[Karur]]}}</ref> The train was again extended to [[Mangaluru]] in 2007, a move which forced the authorities to cancel the Tiruchirapalli–Mangaluru Express (No.6867{{\}}6868), with revised timings.<ref name=again>{{cite news|title=Train services to be extended|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/train-services-to-be-extended/article1777111.ece|accessdate=4 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 January 2007|location=[[Tiruchi]]}}</ref><ref name=train>{{cite news|title=Train service between Karur, Chennai sought|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/train-service-between-karur-chennai-sought/article762663.ece|accessdate=4 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 May 2010|location=[[Karur]]}}</ref> The number of train was changed from the initial 6607{{\}}6608 to 6107{{\}}6108,<ref name=number>{{cite news|title=Train timings revised|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/02/stories/2008070250320300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705083826/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/02/stories/2008070250320300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2008|accessdate=4 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 July 2008|location=[[Coimbatore]]}}</ref> and from 6107{{\}}6108 to 16107{{\}}16108 since December 2010 onwards as a part of train management system over the entire Indian Railways network.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railways to Switch to ‘Five’ – Digit System for Numbering all its Passenger Carrying Trains from December 2010|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=65917|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=23 September 2010|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways migrate to 5-digit number scheme to monitor trains|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Railways-migrate-to-5-digit-number-scheme-to-monitor-trains/articleshow/7132909.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 December 2010|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref> Again, the number of the train was changed to 16159{{\}} 16160. From 9 September 2024, this train is short terminated at [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]] and now running as Tambaram–Mangaluru Central-Tambaram Express.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |date=2025-05-20 |title=Diversion, additional stoppage for several express trains in Salem division announced, Check details |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/diversion-additional-stoppage-for-several-express-trains-in-salem-division-announced-check-details-834282 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> From 9 September 2024, this train was short-terminated at [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]] and operated as the Tambaram–Mangaluru Central–Tambaram Express due to operational adjustments in the Salem division.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |date=2025-05-20 |title=Diversion, additional stoppage for several express trains in Salem division announced, Check details|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/diversion-additional-stoppage-for-several-express-trains-in-salem-division-announced-check-details-834282|access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.dtnext.in|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, effective from 18 September 2025, the train was re-extended to Chennai Egmore, restoring its original terminal. With this extension, it is now officially running as the Mangalore Express between Chennai Egmore and Mangaluru Central, bearing train numbers 16159/16160, thereby improving long-distance connectivity between Tamil Nadu and coastal Karnataka.

== Routes and halts ==
The Important Halts of the train are :

● '''[[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]]'''

● [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]]

● [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu Junction]]

● [[Villupuram Junction railway station|Villuppuram Junction]]

● [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]]

● [[Karur Junction railway station|Karur Junction]]

● [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]]

● [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]]

● [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction]]

● [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur Junction]]

● [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode]]

● [[Kannur]]

● [[Kasaragod railway station|Kasargod]]

● '''[[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]]'''

== Rakes ==
The train has 20
Compressing Three AC 3-Tier (3A), Eleven Second Class [[Couchette car|Sleepers]], Two Second Seating (2S), Two General compartments (Unreserved) and Two Luggage rakes.{{efn|The coach composition is subject to change.}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#e8a317;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#6c2dc7;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#6c2dc7;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#e8a317;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 20
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|24px]] || SLRD||UR||S11||S10||S9||S8||S7||S6||S5||S4||S3||S2||S1||B3||B2||B1||D2||D1||UR||SLRD
|}

==Schedule==
Some of the prominent stoppages include {{rws|Chengalpattu Junction}}, {{rws|Viluppuram Junction}}, {{rws|Vriddhachalam Junction}}, {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}, {{rws|Karur Junction}}, {{rws|Erode Junction}}, {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}}, {{rws|Palakkad Junction}}, {{rws|Shoranur Junction}}.<ref name=again/> This daily [[express train]] departs {{rws|Tambaram}} as Train No.16159, arrives at {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Junction}} the next morning,<ref name="MS-TPJ (Via. Chord Line)">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for MS-MAQ (Via. Chord Line)|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2019-20/21.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|accessdate=29 March 2020|page=2|format=PDF}}</ref> reverses the loco and leaves for {{rws|Mangalore Central}} and arrives the destination after dusk of same day.<ref name="TPJ-MAQ (Via. Other lines)">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for MS-MAQ (Via. Other lines)|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2019-20/86.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|accessdate=29 March 2020|page=3|format=PDF}}</ref> On the return journey, the train departs {{rws|Mangalore Central}} as Train No.16160 just after dawn, arrives {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Junction}} same night,<ref name="MAQ-TPJ (Via. Other lines)">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for MAQ-MS (Via. Other lines)|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2019-20/86A.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|accessdate=29 March 2020|page=3|format=PDF}}</ref> reverses the loco and leaves for {{rws|Tambaram}}, and arrives the destination next morning.<ref name="TPJ-MS (Via. Chord Line)">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for MAQ-MS (Via. Chord Line)|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2019-20/21A.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|accessdate=29 March 2020|page=1|format=PDF}}</ref>{{efn|The schedule and routes are subject to change for administrative reasons.}}

• 16159 - 11:10 PM (Daily) [Chennai Egmore]

• 16160 - 6:45 AM (Daily) [Mangaluru Central]

==Accident==
On 04 September 2015, 5 coaches including 3 AC coaches and an Unreserved coach along with SLR of 16859 Chennai Egmore - Mangalore Express (Then terminated at [[Chennai Egmore]] with Number 16859) derailed near Puvanur railway station, Villupuram - Vridhachalam section of [[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Chord line]]. 39 passengers were reported injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-04 |title=39 injured as Mangalore Express derails |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/39-injured-as-mangalore-express-derails/article7617099.ece |access-date=2023-02-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mangalore Mail]]
* [[Mangala Lakshadweep Express]]
* [[Pearl City (Muthunagar) Superfast Express]]
* [[Nellai Superfast Express]]
* [[Kanniyakumari Superfast Express]]
* [[Pothigai Superfast Express]]
* [[Pandian Superfast Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/ Southern Railway - Official Website]

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tambaram - Mangalore Central Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2003]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]

Kudlu Gate metro station

2026-02-05T04:31:49Z

Shumail: minor edit

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Yellow Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kudlu Gate
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Kudlu Gate metro station (Apr '24).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Final stages of this metro station as of April 2024
| address = Hosur Rd, Kudlu Gate, Industrial Layout, Singasandra, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560068
| coordinates = {{coord|12.88992|77.63929|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road}} Platform-2 → [[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Two-Wheeler Parking only
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|10 August 2025|df=y}}
| opening =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational and Staffed
| code = MSRN
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = ITD - ITD Cementation India [[Joint Venture|JV]]
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Yellow|left=Hongasandra|to-left=Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road|right=Singasandra|to-right=Delta Electronics Bommasandra}}
| route_map = {{BMR Yellow Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kudlu Gate''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India.

== History ==
In December 2016, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) issued a call for bids to construct the Kudlu Gate metro station along the 6.385 km Reach 5 – Package 2 section (Hosa Road - Bommanahalli) of the 18.825 km Yellow Line of Namma Metro. On 25 April 2017, ITD-ITD Cementation [[Joint venture|JV]] was selected as the lowest bidder for this stretch, with their bid closely aligning with the original cost estimates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-25 |title=ITD-ITD Cem JV Lowest Bidder for B'lore Metro's Hosa Rd - HSR Layout |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2017/04/25/itd-itd-cem-jv-lowest-bidder-for-blore-metros-hosa-rd-hsr-layout/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> Consequently, the contract was successfully awarded to the company, which then commenced construction of the metro station in accordance with the agreements.

The [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] began operations from 10 August 2025 and has been officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], with four trainsets which are ready for operations after arriving from [[Titagarh Rail Systems]] in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Anupriya |date=2025-08-10 |title=As PM Narendra Modi Inaugurates Namma Metro Yellow Line, Here’s All About This New Route |url=https://curlytales.com/india/ct-scoop/as-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-namma-metro-yellow-line-heres-all-about-this-new-route/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-03 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Bengaluru metro Yellow Line, launch Phase-3 expansion on August 10 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pm-modi-inaugurate-bengaluru-metro-yellow-line-august-10-10166672/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Yellow Line Updates, Metro Delay Bengaluru: Yellow Line Launch Pushed to July-End Amid Snags {{!}} Bengaluru Metro News |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/yellow-line-delayed-again-won-t-open-before-july-end-3558406 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=Bengaluru's Yellow Line Metro faces further delay, unlikely to open before July-end: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengalurus-yellow-line-metro-faces-further-delay-unlikely-to-open-before-july-end-report-101748327183616.html |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-06 |title=Bengaluru Namma Metro Update: Yellow Line Operations To Start In June {{!}} Check Status, Key Stations |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/bengaluru-namma-metro-update-yellow-line-operations-to-start-in-june-check-status-key-stations-10228542 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=Bengaluru Metro Yellow Line: Operations To Start By June? Check Current Status & Key Stations |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bangalore-metro-yellow-line-operations-to-start-in-june-check-current-status-and-key-stations-article-151355237 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parangi |first=Shankrappa |date=2025-04-06 |title=Namma Metro Yellow line: ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ಅಂತ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ 3ನೇ ರೈಲು, ಹಳದಿ ಮಾರ್ಗ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಚರಣೆ ಅಪ್ಡೇಟ್ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-yellow-line-to-be-open-by-june-july-2025-407879.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=kannada.oneindia.com |language=kn}}</ref> The opening was delayed from May 2025 as previously announced by the [[Namma Metro]] Managing Director, Maheshwar Rao.<ref name=":522">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Bengaluru Metro Yellow Line To Become Operational By May 2025, Pink Line To Be Ready For Public Use By... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bangalore-metro-news-namma-metro-yello-line-and-pink-line-to-open-by-this-month-see-namma-metro-line-opening-news-article-118870216 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro Yellow Line From RV Road To Bommasandra, Connecting Electronics City, Set To Open By May 2025 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/bengaluru-namma-metro-yellow-line-rv-road-to-bommasandra-connecting-electronics-city-set-to-open-by-may-2025-10222975 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro plans to open yellow line in April with 4 trains, 30-min headway |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-plans-to-open-yellow-line-in-april-with-4-trains-30-min-headway-3343856 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Kudlu Gate track layout
| title color = black
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Hongasandra}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Singasandra}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Singasandra}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Hongasandra}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

== Gallery ==
Here are some of the metro station captures shown below:-<gallery class="center" mode="packed-hover" heights="120" widths="195">
File:Kudlu Gate metro station (Sept '23).jpg|This metro station on {{Abbr|U/C|Under Construction}} as of September 2023
File:Kudlu Gate metro station.jpg|This metro station as of September 2024
File:Kudlu Gate metro station 3.jpg|This metro station as of September 2024
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Namma Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bangalore}}
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Namma Metro|yellow line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Besharmi Morcha

2026-02-04T20:50:00Z

Shumail: basic refine section for accuracy also and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Indian transnational movement}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
'''Besharmi Morcha''', also known as "Slutwalk arthaat Besharmi Morcha", is the Indian equivalent of [[SlutWalk]]. This was an organization started in 2011 by Canadian women who protested Toronto's police public statements suggesting that women could avoid rape and sexual assault by the way they dressed.<ref name="Sarah Bell uk-13739876">{{cite news| last= Bell| first= Sarah| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13739876| title= Slutwalk London: 'Yes means yes and no means no'| work= [[BBC News]]| date= 11 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="SlutWalk homepage">{{cite web| url= http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/| title= homepage| publisher= SlutWalk Toronto| access-date = 8 May 2011}}</ref> They have conducted events across the world for education about this issue.

The first Besharmi Morcha took place in [[Bhopal]] on 17 July 2011,<ref name="Bhopal001">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Bhopal-Besharmi-Morcha-gets-lukewarm-response/Article1-722532.aspx |title=Bhopal Besharmi Morcha gets lukewarm response |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 July 2011 |agency=HT Media Limited |author=Pereira, Aaron |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426072333/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Bhopal-Besharmi-Morcha-gets-lukewarm-response/Article1-722532.aspx |archivedate=26 April 2012}}</ref> followed by Besharmi Morcha [[Delhi]] on 31 July 2011.<ref name="BBCHindi">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/india/2011/07/110731_slutwalk_delhi_vk.shtml |title=दिल्ली में निकला बेशर्मी मोर्चा – Shamelessly out front in Delhi |work=BBC हिंदी – BBC Hindi |date=31 July 2011 |agency=BBC |author=विनीत खरे – Vineet Khare |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702013744/http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/india/2011/07/110731_slutwalk_delhi_vk.shtml |archivedate=2 July 2012}}</ref> Besharmi Morcha [[Lucknow]] took place on 21 August 2011.<ref name="Lucknow001">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2380885.ece |title=After Delhi, Bhopal, Slutwalk makes its Lucknow debut |work=The Hindu |date=22 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805114828/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2380885.ece |archivedate=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lucknow002">{{cite web |url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/2011/worldnews-52108.html |title=Slutwalk in Lucknow |publisher=NKDC Media Solutions |work=NewKerala.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905013725/http://www.newkerala.com/news/2011/worldnews-52108.html |archivedate=5 September 2021}}</ref>

Besharmi Morcha [[Bangalore]], coordinated to coincide with similar events in [[Singapore]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Hong Kong]] on 4 December 2011, was cancelled by police after they received objections.<ref name="BangalorePolice001">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/karnataka/why-bangalore-cops-cancelled-permission-for-slutwalk-155371 |title=Why Bangalore cops cancelled permission for SlutWalk |work=NDTV.com |date=9 December 2011 |agency=NDTV Convergence Limited |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301004820/http://www.ndtv.com/article/karnataka/why-bangalore-cops-cancelled-permission-for-slutwalk-155371 |archivedate=1 March 2012}}</ref> A police spokesperson said that groups opposing Besharmi Morcha had "threatened to hold a 'violent protest'".<ref name="BangalorePolice2">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_slutwalk-cancelled-as-they-had-it-coming_1621500 |title=SlutWalk cancelled as they had it coming |work=DNA Daily News And Analysis |date=5 December 2011 |agency=DNA |location=Bangalore |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122041500/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_slutwalk-cancelled-as-they-had-it-coming_1621500 |archivedate=22 January 2012}}</ref> Dhillan Mowli, one of the organisers, reported that she had been told that the event was "not part of Indian culture".<ref name="TrustLaw001">{{cite web |url=http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/news/bangalore-slutwalk-cancelled-as-not-part-of-indian-culture-report |title=Bangalore SlutWalk cancelled as not "part of Indian culture" – Report |publisher=TrustLaw – Thomson Reuters Foundation |access-date=5 December 2011 |author=Bhalla, Nita |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240526005029/https://www.webcitation.org/68FAjimzm?url=http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/news/bangalore-slutwalk-cancelled-as-not-part-of-indian-culture-report |archivedate=26 May 2024}}</ref> Mowli also said, "The vice-president of a women's organisation called me and said that if any women were seen in skimpy clothing during the Slutwalk, they would be beaten with brooms."<ref name="TrustLaw001" />

Christie Thompson, writing for ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms Magazine]],'' observed "...women aren’t marching for the right to walk down the street dressed in barely-there clothes, as critics suggest. They’re fighting for the right to walk down the street. Period."<ref name="MsMag001">{{cite news |url=http://msmagazine.com/blog/blog/2011/07/06/slutwalk-delhi-starts-immodest-discussion-in-india/ |title=SlutWalk Delhi Starts "Immodest" Discussion in India |work=Ms Magazine |date=6 July 2011 |author=Thompson, Christie |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409155705/http://msmagazine.com/blog/blog/2011/07/06/slutwalk-delhi-starts-immodest-discussion-in-india/ |archivedate=9 April 2012}}</ref>

==Translation==

Besharmi Morcha ({{langx|hi|बेशर्मी मोर्चा}}) is most often translated into English as "shameless protest" or "shameless front". It has also been translated as "March of the Shameless"<ref name="Reuters001">{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-58547420110731 |title=Hundreds protest rape in conservative India's toned down "SlutWalk" |via=Reuters|date=31 July 2011 |agency=TrustLaw – Thomson Reuters Foundation |author=Bhalla, Nita |location=Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220230456/http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/07/31/idINIndia-58547420110731 |archive-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> and "Shameless Campaign".<ref name="SouthAsiaDaily001">{{cite web |url=http://southasia.typepad.com/south_asia_daily/2011/07/the-not-at-all-slutty-slut-walk-of-bhopal.html |title=The not-at-all slutty Slut Walk of Bhopal |publisher=[[Mayank Chhaya]] |work=Blog: South Asia Daily |date=21 July 2011 |author=Chhaya, Mayank |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312043344/http://southasia.typepad.com/south_asia_daily/2011/07/the-not-at-all-slutty-slut-walk-of-bhopal.html |archivedate=12 March 2017}}</ref> Besharmi Morcha was chosen as the name in India to address its diverse cultural aspects and languages.<ref name="NameChange001">{{cite web |url=http://www.rememberoursisterseverywhere.com/events/slutwalk-new-delhi |title=Besharmi Morcha, "Shameless Protest" |publisher=rememberoursisterseverywhere.com |date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312041251/http://www.rememberoursisterseverywhere.com/events/slutwalk-new-delhi |archivedate=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="NameChange002">{{cite news | url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/06/18/no-slutwalk-in-delhi-as-besharmi-morcha-takes-over-aid0120.html | title=No 'SlutWalk' in Delhi as 'Besharmi Morcha' takes over | work=OneIndia News | agency=Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd.}}</ref>

The word "[[slut]]" does not translate directly or equivalently into Indian languages such as Hindi. The nearest equivalent direct translation of slut is ''ranɖii'' ({{langx|hi|रंडी}})<ref name="RandiTrans">{{cite web |url=http://en.bab.la/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80 |title=Hindi-English translation for "रंडी" |publisher=bab.la |work=bab.la Dictionary |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220115014/http://en.bab.la/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80 |archivedate=20 December 2012}}</ref> meaning "prostitute".<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/world/asia/15iht-letter15.html?_r=1 |title=Ready or Not, New Delhi Gets a Women's Street Protest |work=The New York Times|date=14 June 2011 |agency=The New York Times Company |author=NILANJANA S. ROY |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911191232/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/world/asia/15iht-letter15.html?_r=1 |archivedate=11 September 2011}}</ref> Organizers worried that observers would believe that protesters were identifying as prostitutes, or seeking the right to be prostitutes, rather than protesting to protect women's safety and achieve freedom from sexual violence.

Besharmi ({{langx|hi|बेशर्मी}}) translates as shamelessly, brazenly and even boldly. It may imply a quality of obscenity or obscenely.<ref name="BesharmiTrans001">{{cite web |url=http://dict.hinkhoj.com/shabdkosh.php?word=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80 |title=Get Meaning of besharmi in English. बेशर्मी का मतलब अंग्रेजी में जानिए |publisher=HinKhoj InfoLabs LLP |work=hinkhoj.com Hindi to English dictionary |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221110223/http://dict.hinkhoj.com/shabdkosh.php?word=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80 |archivedate=21 December 2016}}</ref>

Morcha ({{langx|hi|मोर्चा}}) is closely linked to the idea of protest and action. It often indicates political protest and has military overtones.<ref name="MorchaDictionary">{{cite web |url=http://dict.hinkhoj.com/words/meaning-of-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE-in-english.html |title=Get Meaning of morcha in English. मोर्चा का मतलब अंग्रेजी में जानिए |publisher=HinKhoj InfoLabs LLP |work=hinkhoj.com Hindi to English dictionary |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121102917/http://dict.hinkhoj.com/words/meaning-of-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE-in-english.html |archivedate=21 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="MorchaDictionary2">{{cite web |url=http://en.bab.la/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE |title=Hindi-English translation for "मोर्चा" |publisher=bab.la |work=bab.la Dictionary |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401000452/http://en.bab.la/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE |archivedate=1 April 2015}}</ref>

Besharmi Morcha has multiple meanings that are not readily translated into English. It is generally summed up as meaning "shamelessly and boldly protesting in a united way that others may see as wrong or even obscene".

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Sexual abuse}}
{{Rape in India}}

[[Category:Feminist theory]]
[[Category:Cultural studies]]
[[Category:Misogyny]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Feminist protests]]
[[Category:Protest marches in India]]
[[Category:2011 protests]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Asia]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Sexual harassment in India]]
[[Category:Feminism in India]]
[[Category:History of women in India]]

Anirvan

2026-01-31T21:13:46Z

Shumail: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Short description|Indian Hindu monk, writer and philosopher}}
{{About|the Hindu scholar|other people with this name|Anirban}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Sri Anirvan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1896|7|8}}
| birth_place = [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1978|5|31|1896|7|8}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = Monk, philosopher, scholar, writer
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Sanskrit]]
| awards = [[Rabindra Puraskar]]
| nationality = Indian
| notableworks = ''Veda Mimamsa'', ''Gayatri Mandala of the Rig Veda''
| period = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
| website = {{URL|www.haimavati-anirvan.org}}
}}

[[Sri]] ''' Anirvan''' (8 July 1896 – 31 May 1978), born ''' Narendra Chandra Dhar''', was an Indian [[Hindu]] [[sannyasa|monk]], writer and philosopher.<ref name="Buddhiyoga">''Buddhiyoga of the Gita and other Essays''. by Anirvan. Samata Books, 1984 (paperback 1991). {{ISBN|978-0-8364-1120-1}}. [http://www.bagchee.com/books.php?id=41833 at Bagchee.com, accessed 1 June 2008] and {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209050942/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDH620/ |date=9 February 2011 |title=''Buddhiyoga'' jacket copy, accessed June 1, 2008 }}</ref> Widely known as a scholar,<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/><ref name="Reymond">''To Live Within: A Woman's Spiritual Pilgrimage in a Himalayan Hermitage''. By Lizelle Reymond. (Translated from the French original ''La Vie dans la vie'' by Nancy Pearson and Stanley Spiegelberg.) Morning Light Press, 2007. {{ISBN|1-59675-016-2}}. [http://www.gurdjieff-internet.com/book_details.php?BID=101&authID=21&lang=English Gurdjieff-internet.com, accessed 1 June 2008]</ref> his principal works were a Bengali translation of [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s [[Collected Works of Sri Aurobindo|''The Life Divine'']]<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> and the three-volume treatise ''Veda Mimamsa''.<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/>

==Early life and sannyas==

Sri Anirvan was born on 8 July 1896 in the town of [[Mymensingh]], then a part of [[British Raj|British India]] and now in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> His birth name was Narendrachandra Dhar. He was the son of Rajchandra Dhar, a doctor, and Sushila Devi.<ref name="Antaryoga">''Antaryoga'' ({{langx|bn| অন্তর্যোগ}}). Kolkata: Sri Goutam Dharmapal, Haimavati Prakashani, 1997 (Bengali year 1404), 3rd edition.</ref> He was a spiritually and intellectually inclined child, who by age 11 had memorised the ''Astadhyayi'' of [[Pāṇini]] and the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> He was named '''Baroda Brahmachari''' after going through the [[sacred thread]] ceremony. He also won a state scholarship as a teen and completed university IA and BA degrees at the [[University of Dhaka]] and an [[Master of Arts|MA]] from the [[Sanskrit College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/>

At 16, he joined the [[Shanti Ashram|Assam Bangiya Saraswata Math]] (the ''[[ashram]]''), located in the village of Kokilamukh near [[Jorhat]] in Assam.<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> He was a disciple of the ashram's founder, [[Swami Nigamananda|Paramahansa Srimat Swami Nigamananda Saraswati Dev]], who initiated him into [[Sannyasa|sannyas]]. Anirvan's new monastic name was '''Nirvanananda Saraswati'''.<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> He taught at the ashram school and edited its monthly magazine ''Aryyadarpan''.

==Scholar and writer==

Some time after 1930, Nirvanananda changed his name to '''Anirvan''' and ceased to wear the ochre [[swami]]'s robes.<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> He travelled widely in North India,<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> eventually returning to Assam and establishing an ashram in [[Kamakhya Temple|Kamakhya]] near [[Guwahati]].<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> However, he continued to travel. In the 1940s, he lived in [[Lohaghat]] and [[Almora]]. Madame Lizelle Reymond documented some of this period in ''My Life with a Brahmin Family'' (1958) and ''To Live Within'' (1971).<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/><ref name="Reymond"/> During this time, Sri Anirvan translated [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s [[Collected Works of Sri Aurobindo|''The Life Divine'']] into [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (as ''Divya Jeevan Prasanga''); this book, his first, was published in two volumes between 1948 and 1951.<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/>

In 1953, Sri Anirvan moved to [[Shillong]] in Assam.<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> His reputation as a [[Vedas|Vedic]] scholar grew;<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/><ref name="Reymond"/> and he wrote both in Bengali (chiefly) and in English (he was also fluent in French) on various aspects of [[Hindu philosophy]] (particularly [[Samkhya]], the [[Upanishad]]s, the [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]] and [[Vedanta]]) and the parallels between [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]], [[Puranas|Puranic]], [[Tantra|Tantric]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] thought.<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/><ref name="Reymond"/> His [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]], ''Veda Mimamsa'', was published in three volumes in 1961, 1965 and 1970.<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> This work won him the [[Rabindra Puraskar|Rabindra award]].

Though Sri Anirvan was initiated as a monk, he studied subjects such as [[Marxism]] {{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} and gardening; yet he called himself a simple [[baul]] {{Citation needed | reason=citation known to exist, but not in English | date=November 2017}}.

Sri Anirvan made his final move, to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], in 1965.<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/> He died on 31 May 1978, after a six-year illness.<ref name="Buddhiyoga"/><ref name="Reymond"/>

==Works==
# Aditi (Bengali: অন্তর্যোগ). Kolkata: Sri Gautam Dharmapal, Haimavati Prakashani Trust.
# Anirvan Aloya Patanjala Yoga-Prasanga; Edited & Translated by Sudipta Munsi; Calcutta: Prachi Publications. (Bengali). Published 2006.
# Antaryoga (Bengali: অন্তর্যোগ). Kolkata: Haimavati Prakashani Trust, 1997 (Bengali year 1404), 3rd edition.
# Aranyak (Bengali: অারণ্যক). Writings as Editor of Nagamananda Ashram magazine. Halishar: Assam Bangyiya Saraswat Math.
# Bichitra (Bengali: বিচিত্রা). Kolkata: Smt Ramaa Choudhury, Haimavati-Anirban Trust, 1993.
# Buddhi Yoga Of The Gita And Other essays.(Original in English.) Biblia Impex Pvt. Ltd. 1991, Madras, Samata Books.
# Dakshinamurti (Bengali: দক্ষিণামূর্তি). 1969. Sreerampore, Hooghly: Sri Rabindranath Bandyopadhyay,.
# Divya Jeevan (Translation Into Bengali Of "The Life Divine" by Sri Aurobindo. দিব্য জীবন প্রসঙ্গ).Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram (Originally published 1948–51).
# Divya Jeevan Prasanga (Bengali: দিব্য জীবন প্রসঙ্গ). Kolkata: Sri Aurobindo Pathamandir, 2000 (fourth edition). (Originally published 1958).
# Gayatri Mandala Volumes 1–6. (Bengali). Undated.
# Gitanuvachan (Bengali: গীতানুবচন). Vol I – 1968, Vol II – 1969, Vol III – 1970. Sreerampore, Hooghly: Sri Rabindranath Bandyopadhyay.
# Inner Yoga (English) Translated by Simanta Narayan Chatterjee from "Antar Yoga." New Delhi: Voice of India.
# Kaveri (Collection Of Poems) (Bengali: কাবেরী).1976. Kolkata: Sri Aurobindo Pathamandir
# Lecture On the Immortality Of the Body in Sri Aurobindo's Yoga (Bengali:).1970. Kolkata: Sri Aurobindo Pathamandir
# Letters From A Baul, Life Within Life. (original in English). 1983. Kolkata: Sri Aurobindo Pathamandir.
# Pather Katha (Bengali). Published 2008.
# Pather Sathi (Bengali: পথের সাথী). Halishar: Srimat Swami Jnananada Saraswati, Assam Bangyiya Saraswat Math, 1980. (Three volumes). Kolkata: Haimavati Anirvan Trust.
# Patralekha (Bengali: পত্রলেখা). Vol I – 1968, Vol II – 1969, Sreerampore, Hooghly: Ritambhara. Vol III – 1980, Kolkata: Haimavati Anirvan Trust.
# Patram Pushpam. 1982. Kolkata: Haimavati Prakashani Trust.
# Prashnottari (Bengali: প্রশ্নোত্তরী). 1973. Sreerampore, Hooghly: Sri Rabindranath Bandyopadhyay. Halishar: Srimat Swami Jnananada Saraswati, Assam Bangyiya Saraswat Math, 2001 (Bengali year 1408), 2nd edition.
# Pravachan (Bengali: প্রবচন). Vol I – 1962, Vol II – 1963, Vol III – 1966, Vol I – 1961, Vol IV – 1973. Sreerampore, Hooghly: Sri Rabindranath Bandyopadhyay. Later – Halishar: Srimat Swami Jnananada Saraswati, Assam Bangyiya Saraswat Math, 2002 (Bengali year 1409).
# Pururava (Bengali). Published 1989.
# Sahitya Prasanga (Bengali: সাহিত্য প্রসঙ্গ). 1980. Kolkata: Haimavati Prakashani Trust
# Shiksha (Bengali: শিক্ষা). Vol I – 1962, Vol II – 1974. Assam Bangyiya Saraswat Math.
# Snehashish (Bengali: স্নেহাশীষ). Vol I – 1971, Vol II – 1971, Vol III – 1972. Sreerampore, Hooghly: Ritambhara.
# Upanishad Prasanga – Commentary on Aitareya Upanishad (Bengali: উপনিষৎ প্রসঙ্গ : ঐতরেয় উপনিষদ্). 1969. Burdwan University.
# Upanishad Prasanga – Commentary on Ishopanishad (Bengali: উপনিষৎ প্রসঙ্গ : ঈশোপনিষদ্). 1967. Burdwan University.
# Upanishad Prasanga – Commentary on Katha Upanishad — (Bengali: উপনিষৎ প্রসঙ্গ : কেনোপনিষদ্). 2009. Kolkata:
# Upanishad Prasanga – Commentary on Kaushitaki Upanishad — (Bengali: উপনিষৎ প্রসঙ্গ : কেনোপনিষদ্). 2009. Kolkata:
# Upanishad Prasanga – Commentary on Kenopanishad — (Bengali: উপনিষৎ প্রসঙ্গ : কেনোপনিষদ্). 1969. Kolkata: Haimavati Prakashani Trust
# Upanishad Prasanga – Commentary on Mandukya Upanishad — (Bengali: উপনিষৎ প্রসঙ্গ : কেনোপনিষদ্). 2009. Kolkata:
# Upanishad Prasanga – Commentary on Taittireya Upanishad — (Bengali: উপনিষৎ প্রসঙ্গ : কেনোপনিষদ্). 2009. Kolkata:
# Uttarayan (Bengali: উত্তরায়ন). Kolkata: Smt Ramaa Choudhury, Haimavati-Anirban Trust, 1995.
# Vedamimamsa (Bengali: বেদ মীমাংসা). Vol I – 1961, Vol II – 1965, Vol III – 1970. Winner of Rabindra Puraskar award. Kolkata: Government Sanskrit College.
# Vedanta Jijnasa (Bengali: বেদান্ত জিজ্ঞাসা). Sreerampore, Hooghly: Sri Rabindranath Bandyopadhyay, 1965 (Bengali year 1372).
# Yogasamanvaya Prasanga (Bengali: যোগসমন্বয় প্রসঙ্গ). 1967. Kolkata: Sri Aurobindo Pathamandir.

==Biographies==

# Section on Sri Anirvan in "Adhyatmavada Samskritite Acarya Satyananda" by Prof. Gita Haldar in Bengali. Undated.
# Kathaprasange Sri Anirvan by Ayacaka in Bengali. Undated.
# Mahajana Samvada by Prof. Govindagopal Mukherjee in Bengali. Undated.
# Rishi Anirvan, biography of Sri Anirvan by Prof. Gita Haldar in Bengali. Published 2008.
5. Smriticarane Mahayogi Anirvan by Dilip Kumar Roy in Bengali. Undated.

==Books on Sri Anirvan and his philosophy==

# Akasabrahma by Ayacaka in Bengali. Undated.
# My Life In A Brahmin Family by Lizelle Reymond. Translated from the French by Lucy Norton. Rider and Co. London. 1958.
# To Live Within by Sri Anirvan and Lizelle Reymond, introduction by Jacob Needleman. Morninglight Press. 2007.

== See also ==
* [[Hindu idealism]]
* [[Hindu philosophy]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite book |last=Banik |first=Nandadulal |year=2012 |chapter=Anirvan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Anirvan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* [http://absmath.org Assam Bangiya Saraswat Matha]
* ''J.L. Mehta on Heidegger, Hermeneutics, and Indian Tradition''. By Jarava Lal Mehta, William J. Jackson (editor). Brill Academic Publishers, 1992. {{ISBN|978-90-04-09488-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=967eWDvaKRIC&dq=%22Translated+The+Life+Divine+into+Bengali%22&pg=PA166 Google books version, accessed 1 June 2008]
* Sri Anirvan Rachanavali ( Complete Works ) : http://www.haimavati-anirvan.org. Online e-library (Bengali) including most important works : Veda Mimamsa, Rig-Veda Samhita, Upanishad Prasanga
* Sri Anirvan Rachanavali ( Internet Archive Community texts ) : https://archive.org/details/@shri_anirvan_rachanavali

{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anirvan, Sri}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu yogis]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:The Sanskrit College and University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Mymensingh District]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]

Italian concentration camps in Libya

2026-01-11T15:35:08Z

Shumail: slightly reworked structure for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{Update|date=June 2024|reason=contains no information about concentration camps for Jews in WWII}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Italian concentration camps in Libya
| partof = [[Second Italo-Senussi War]], [[Libyan genocide (1929–1934)|Libyan genocide]], and [[The Holocaust in Libya]]
| image = Al-Magroon Concentration Camp.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Inmates at the [[Sid Ahmed el Maghrun concentration camp]]
| alt =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| motive = [[Colonialism]], suppression of [[Senussis|Senussi]] resistance
| location = [[Libya]]
| target = [[Libyans]]
| coordinates =
| date = 1929 – 1934
| time =
| timezone =
| type = [[internment]]
| fatalities = 50,000 to 70,000<ref name="Ali Abdullatif">{{Cite book |last=Ahmida |first=Ali Abdullatif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YujyDwAAQBAJ |title=Genocide in Libya: Shar, a Hidden Colonial History |date=2020-08-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-16936-2 |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref>
| victims = 100,000 to 110,000 deported to concentration camps<ref name=":5"/>
| perps = [[Fascist Italy]]
| susperps =
| susperp =
| weapons =
| numparts =
| numpart =
| dfens =
| dfen =
}}
During the [[Italian colonization of Libya]] (1911-1943) the [[Kingdom of Italy]] (1861-1946) established [[Concentration camp|concentration camps]] in the areas of modern [[Libya]] under its control in order to better subjugate the [[Demographics of Libya|local population]] and to more effectively [[Counterinsurgency|suppress]] [[Resistance movement|resistance]] to Italian [[Colonialism|colonial rule]].

== Background: the beginning of Italian colonization in Libya ==
{{Main|Italian colonization of Libya}}
The [[Italian colonization of Libya]] began in 1911, when Libya was [[Ottoman Tripolitania|part]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and ended in 1943. Following the 1911-1912 [[Italo-Turkish War]] in [[Libya]], the [[Kingdom of Italy]] seized the territory and established the colonies of [[Italian Tripolitania]] and [[Italian Cyrenaica]]. In 1934, these two colonies were unified into [[Italian Libya]]. Colonial [[oppression]] intensified following unification of the colonies and the onset of Italy's participation in [[World War II]]. In 1940, under [[Fascist Italy|Fascist rule]], Italy joined [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Empire of Japan]] as an [[Axis powers|Axis power]]. In 1943, Italian rule in Libya effectively ended with the government's [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|military defeat by Allied forces]] and the subsequent onset of [[Allied administration of Libya|Allied occupation]]. The [[Italy|modern]] [[Succession of states|successor state]] to the Kingdom of Italy, however, only formally relinquished all claims to Libya with the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|1947 Paris Peace Treaty]].

The conquest of Libya took place in two phases; the first began on the 4th of October 1911 under [[Giovanni Giolitti]]’s command. The expansionism would have ensured raw materials and a new land to migrate for Italians. Additionally, Italy would have benefited economically from the conquest because it could gain control of the [[Sahara]] trade. However, the most determinant argument to conquer Libya was the [[southern question]] ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''questione meridionale'') that took place in Italy during the 1890s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Aruffo |first=Alessandro |title=Storia del Colonialismo Italiano: da Crispi a Mussolini |publisher=DATANEWS Editrice |year=2007 |isbn=978-88-7981-315-0 |location=Rome |pages=48–65}}</ref>

The landless and sharecropping peasants in the south were putting pressure on the Italian ruling elites claiming land and voting rights. Following a series of riots and rebellions in the south, the ruling classes attempted to find a solution to this problem by relocating Italian peasants in colonies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ahmida |first=Ali Abdullatif |title=The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, 1830-1832 |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-7914-1762-X |location=Albania |pages=104–106}}</ref>

[[Giolitti]] assumed that since Libyans had resented Ottoman rule from 1551 until 1911, Italians would be welcomed by the local population, however, this was not the case. Libyans for a long time placed a strong resistance against the occupation and fought anti-colonial resistance with an army of volunteers from 1911 to 1915, then they managed to defeat the Italian army that in 1916 made a truce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Genocide, Historical Amnesia and Italian Settler Colonialism in Libya—An Interview with Ali Abdullatif Ahmida |url=https://merip.org/2022/05/genocide-historical-amnesia-and-italian-settler-colonialism-in-libya-an-interview-with-ali-abdullatif-ahmida/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=MERIP |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Mussolini Regime and the integration of Fascism ===
The second phase started with the arrival of Benito [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]], an Italian politician, leader and founder of the [[National Fascist Party]]. He rose to power as Prime Minister of Italy from March 1922 until his deposition in 1943. With his arrival, he took control over the colonization expenditure and the scale of the occupation escalated.<ref name=":2">{{cite podcast |host= |title=Genocide in Libya: Shar, a Hidden Colonial History |website=Status |publisher=Spotify |date=August 2020 |url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/0rwhtaEN6ifm6J7VD1tkIU?si=3178d0bdee1045db |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>

He referred to Libya as the "[[Fourth Shore]]" because it represented the fourth side of the national quadrilateral completed by the three coasts of the Adriatic where there are [[Trieste]], [[Bari]] and [[Durrës|Durazzo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Martin |title=Fourth Shore: Italy's mass colonization of Libya |publisher=Routledge |year=1940 |location=London |pages=129–135}}</ref> Deadly instruments of war were used because it was clear that in order to empty the land, the native population had to be defeated.

The motive behind this colonization was that fascists dreamed of settling 500,000 to 1 million Italians in the “fourth shore”.

The state financed and officially organized a mass migration of peasant-farming families on the African coast of the Mediterranean. Amongst the 6,000 families who were admitted “to plead” only 1,800 of them were selected. The requirements were clear, working units - which did not include friends or relations but only close family members - had to be composed of at least 10 members, all healthy and loyal. Additionally, the family had to be experienced in the field of agriculture.<ref name=":2"/>

The settlers desired to migrate as [[Italy]] was becoming over-crowded and there was a strong urge to “own land”. These farms were ready in seven months; the colonists walked into efficiently constructed white farmhouses with irrigating aqueducts, asphalt roads and private lands that averaged thirty-seven acres.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Salerno |first=Eric |title=Genocidio in Libia: le Atrocità nascoste dell'Avventura Coloniale Italiana |publisher=Manifestolibri |year=2005 |isbn=88-7285-389-3 |location=Rome |pages=83–84}}</ref>

Families were also allowed to visit their village centres, which included churches, cinemas, sports and co-operatives.

Italy was enthusiastic about this project because the country wished to achieve self-sufficiency in the production of corn and oil and furthermore because they had estimated that by 1943 the national population living in Libya would reach 100,000 of which an approximate 40,000 men representing a strong military reserve in a strategic corner of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]].<ref name=":3"/>

=== Popular resistance ===
[[File:Omar al-Mukhtar photo.jpg|thumb|171x171px|Omar al-Mukthar]]
However, the Italians had underestimated the resistance of the Ottoman army and in particular of the Libyan population. In fact, even if the government of the country was apparently weak, the society was used to self administrate itself based on religious or sectarian organizations. Once arrived in Libya, the fascists faced a poor yet organized and stubborn resistance that they had to fight for 20 years.<ref name=":5">{{cite podcast |host=Jeff Bachman |title=Ali Abdullatif Ahmida, "Genocide in Libya: Shar, a Hidden Colonial History" |website=Middle Eastern Studies |publisher=Spotify |date=December 2020 |url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/0goI0WVh9k2LkP6N2sexK2?si=b03d9dd62c894f9c |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>

The face of the armed Arab opposition mainly happened in [[Cyrenaica]] under the leadership of [[Omar Mukhtar]], where Italian forces under the Generals [[Pietro Badoglio]] and [[Rodolfo Graziani]] waged punitive pacification campaigns which turned into brutal and bloody acts of [[Political repression|repression]].<ref name=":0"/>

However, with the arrival of [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]], the generals were given the command to stop compromising with the resistance and to defeat it with violence at whatever cost in order to free the land for settlement.<ref name=":0"/>

The [[Frontier Wire (Libya)|Frontier Wire]], a barbed wire fence was built from the Mediterranean to the oasis of [[Jaghbub|Al-Jaghbub]] to sever lines critical to the resistance. Soon afterwards, the colonial administration began the wholesale deportation of the people from the mountains of [[Jebel Akhdar (Libya)|Jebel Akhdar]], to deny the rebels the support of the local population.<ref name=":2"/>

=== Mass deportation ===
[[File: Deportation of Nomadic Tribes in Cyrenaica.jpg|thumb|Members of the nomadic tribes of Cyrenaica with their herds during their forceful transfer to the Italian concentration camps.]]
[[Italian Fascism|Fascist Italy]] maintained several [[concentration camps]] in [[Cyrenaica]] (Eastern Libya) during the later phase of its occupation of that country. In order to win against the resistance in Libya, the Italian troops were ordered to isolate the native troops.<ref name=":6">Ali Ahmida - The Forgotten Genocide in Libya on the UNE Center for Global Humanities channel on [[YouTube]]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1VYp548TOA</ref>

Furthermore, Italy felt that they had the right to colonize the whole Mediterranean because they are the successors of the Roman empire. Mussolini desired to transplant a new Roman and Fascist civilization within the African land.

Firstly a fence along 300 kilometres of the Egyptian border was built in order to cut the supply of primary resources. Shortly after between 100,000 and 110,000 children, women, and elderly people and 600,000 animals were moved to the [[Sirte Basin|Sirte desert]] in concentration camps in [[Suluq]], [[El Magrun]], [[Abyar, Libya|Abyar]] and [[El Agheila]] where 16 concentration camps had been built and tens of thousands died in squalid conditions.<ref name=":5"/>

[[Fascist Italy]] maintained several [[concentration camps]] in [[Cyrenaica]] (Eastern Libya) during the later phase of its occupation of that country. After the initial invasion in 1911, the Italian control over much of the country remained ineffective.

This destructive period went on from 1929 until 1934. The local population died of starvation, untreated diseases and overall deprivation of support and aid. In addition to starvation and disease, people in the camps were traumatized by the continuous public executions of prisoners and by “'''marad'''”. This word describes the physical and psychological trauma caused by the separation of the herds from the seminomad population. In their culture, animal/human unity was essential and seeing that their herds were being left to die of hunger was unbearable.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Ahmida |first=Ali Abdullatif |title=Genocide in Libya: Shar, a Hidden Colonial History |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-367-46889-7 |location=New York |pages=99–120}}</ref> Almost 168,000 animals were captured and killed.<ref name=":4"/>

The Libyan population used the word “'''shar'''” to describe the horror of the genocide in the death camps. This word comes from the religious book of the [[Quran|Qur’an]] and it means evil, the opposite of good.

The survivors released in 1934 were less than 40,000. They were free but stayed under surveillance for 2 years as they could not go back to their houses because they were occupied by Italians.<ref name=":1"/>

=== Estimates of deaths in concentration camps ===
[[File:Karte Libyen italienische Konzentrationslager.svg|thumb|Italian concentration camps in Libya 1930–1933]]
By the end it was estimated that a total number of 60,000 to 70,000 people died. The total number of Libyans who died either through combat or mainly due to starvation and disease is unclear, however, in 1910 the Libyan population was made up of around 1.5 million people while in 1943 it had significantly decreased to 800,000.<ref name=":6"/> [[Ilan Pappé]] estimates that between 1928 and 1932 the Italian military "killed half the Bedouin population (directly or through disease and starvation in camps)."<ref>[[Ilan Pappé]], ''The Modern Middle East.'' Routledge, 2005, {{ISBN|0-415-21409-2}}, p. 26.</ref> Italian historian [[Emilio Gentile]] estimates 50,000 deaths resulting from the [[Pacification of Libya|suppression]] of resistance.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2011 |title=Un patriota della Cirenaica |url=http://retedue.rsi.ch/home/networks/retedue/oggilastoria/2011/03/01/patriota-cirenaica.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094034/http://retedue.rsi.ch/home/networks/retedue/oggilastoria/2011/03/01/patriota-cirenaica.html |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=24 March 2011 |publisher=retedue.rsi.ch |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Genocide recognition ===
Since the first phase of colonization, Italian media reported a distorted narrative of the conflict. The Italians were depicted as liberators from Ottoman rule, and the repression campaigns, such as the ones following the battle of [[Sciara Sciat]], were hidden from the population. On the other side, the Arabs were described as 'beasts' that needed to be civilized by the Europeans.<ref name=":1"/>

For this reason, it was difficult to convince the Italian population of the genocidal nature of the National Fascist colonization campaign in Libya. This part of colonial history is almost an erased memory. Internationally, the Italian people are recognised as people of culture, arts, and beauty, and hence they are thought to be incapable of committing such crimes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmida |first=Ali Abdullatif |title=Forgotten Voices: Power and Agency in Colonial and Postcolonial Libya |publisher=Routledge Taylor and Francis Group |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-94987-4 |location=New York |pages= 36–39}}</ref>

Italian [[Fascism]] is still today considered moderate in comparison to the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] party in [[Germany]], when the truth is that the latter took inspiration from Italian concentration camps and methods of repression.

However, the Libyan colonization can be considered genocide because the population was killed intentionally and the cultural, biological and economic basis of the community was completely destroyed and replaced.<ref name=":6"/>

=== 2008 Cooperation Treaty ===
On 30 August 2008, Gaddafi and [[Italy|Italian]] [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]] [[Silvio Berlusconi]] signed a historic Friendship, Partnership and [[Cooperation]] [[treaty]] in [[Benghazi]] Under its terms, Italy will pay $5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former military occupation. In exchange, Libya will take measures to combat [[illegal immigration]] coming from its shores and boost [[investment]]s in Italian companies. The treaty was ratified by Italy on 6 February 2009, and by Libya on 2 March, during a visit to [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] by Berlusconi.<ref>{{cite news |date=2009-03-02 |title=Libya agrees pact with Italy to boost investment |publisher=Alarab Online |url=http://www.alarabonline.org/english/display.asp?fname=2009%5C03%5C03-02%5Czbusinessz%5C988.htm&dismode=x&ts=02/03/2009%2004:42:49%20ã |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618080801/http://www.alarabonline.org/english/display.asp?fname=2009%5C03%5C03-02%5Czbusinessz%5C988.htm&dismode=x&ts=02/03/2009%2004:42:49%20%C3%A3 |archive-date=2009-06-18}}</ref>

The intent was therefore, to put an end to the disputes related to colonialism, but contemporarily, create an advantageous economic condition for Italy.

== Camps for Libyan natives in World War II ==
Fascist Italy, aligned with Nazi Germany during World War II, operated a number of concentration camps and labor camps for Libyan natives. Among them are [[Giado concentration camp|Giado]], [[Buq Buq labor camp|Buq Buq]], and [[Sidi Azaz labor camp|Sidi Azaz]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.campifascisti.it/elenco_tipo_campi.php?id_tipo=1 Campo di Concentramento] at I Campi Fascisti

{{Italian Libya}}

{{coord missing|Libya}}

[[Category:Italian concentration camps in Libya| ]]
[[Category:Italian Cyrenaica]]
[[Category:World War II sites in Libya]]
[[Category:Italy–Libya relations]]
[[Category:Italian war crimes in Libya]]

Kaviyoor Renuka

2026-01-04T19:40:45Z

Shumail: made a details...

{{Short description|Malayalam film actress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Sources exist|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kaviyoor Renuka
| native_name = കവിയൂർ രേണുക
| native_name_lang = [[Malayalam]]
| image = Kaviyoor_Renuka,_Malayalam_actress.webp
| death_date = 2 August 2004
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 1979–2004
| relatives = [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
}}

'''Kaviyoor Renuka''' was a Malayalam film and television actress, best known for being the sister of veteran actress [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaviyoor Renuka Movies {{!}} New and Upcoming Movies Of Kaviyoor Renuka (2025, 2026) |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/kaviyoor-renuka/upcoming-movies.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=FilmiBeat |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
She started her career at 1979 with the film ''[[Thuramukham]]'' directed by [[Jeassy]], and acted in a number of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]] and TV serials. Some of her notable film credits include [[Sammanam (1997 film)|''Sammanam'']], in which she played Subhadramma. She also appeared in ''[[American Ammayi]]'' as the mother of Sridevi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaviyoor Renuka Movies List {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/kaviyoor_renuka |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Renuka died on 2 August 2004, reportedly from [[pneumonia]]. She had a daughter named Nidhi, whom Ponnamma helped raise.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ചെക്കപ്പുകളിൽ അസുഖം ഉള്ളതായൊന്നും കണ്ടെത്തിയില്ല, പക്ഷേ 4 മാസമൊക്കെ പുള്ളിക്കാരി ആഹാരം കഴിക്കാതിരുന്നു, മരിക്കുന്നതിൻറെ തലേന്നിൻ്റെ തലേന്ന് അവളെ കണ്ട് കുറെ ചീത്തയൊക്കെ വിളിച്ചിട്ടാണ് ഞാൻ പോയത്'; അനിയത്തിയെ കുറിച്ച് തുറന്ന് പറഞ്ഞ് കവിയൂർ പൊന്നമ്മ! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/kaviyoor-ponnamma-on-the-impact-of-her-sister-kaviyoor-renukas-death-on-her/articleshow/93345254.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandran |first=Abhinand |date=2024-09-20 |title=അന്ന് വഴക്ക് പറയേണ്ടി വന്നു, പിന്നീടറിഞ്ഞത് മരണ വാർത്ത; അനുജത്തിയുടെ മകളെ സ്വന്തം മകളായി വളർത്തിയ 'പൊന്നമ്മ' |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/kaviyoor-ponnama-demise-when-the-actress-shared-what-happened-to-her-sister-kaviyoor-renuka-119521.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Filmibeat |language=ml}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
Renukha acted around 24 films in her career<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Malayalam Movies acted by Kaviyoor Renuka |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?a=5629 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Director
|-
|1979
|''[[Thuramukham]]''
|
|[[Jeassy]]
|-
|1980
|''Ivar''
|
|I. V. Shashi
|-
|1980
|''Palattu Kunjikannan''
|Peeli
|Boban Kunchacko
|-
|1986
|''Vishwasichalum Illenkilum''
|
|Allapy Ashraf
|-
|1997
|''Lelam''
|Kochutresha
|Joshiy
|-
|1997
|''Suvarna Simhasanam''
|Savithri
|P. G. Viswambharan
|-
|1997
|''Sammanam''
|Subhadramma
|Sundar Das
|-
|1998
|''Manthrikumaran''
|Janaki
|Thulasidas
|-
|1998
|''American Ammayi''
|Mother of Sridevi
|G. K. Gauthaman
|-
|1998
|''Harthaal''
|Paappachan's wife
|Kallayam Krishnadas
|-
|1999
|''Pallaavoor Devanarayanan''
|
|V. M. Vinu
|-
|1999
|''Rishivamsham''
|Indu's mother
|Rajeev Anchal
|-
|1999
|''Jananayakan''
|Raj Mohan's mother
|Nissar
|-
|1999
|''Vaazhunnor''
|Chechi / Sister
|Joshiy
|-
|1999
|''Deepasthambham Mahascharyam''
|Madhavi
|K. B. Madhu
|-
|1999
|''Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu''
|Sarojini Amma
|T. K. Rajeev Kumar
|-
|2000
|''Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam''
|Saji's mother
|M. Shankar
|-
|2000
|''Ayyappantamma Neyyappam Chuttu''
|Nun
|Mathew Paul
|-
|2000
|''Dreams''
|Ammachi
|Shajoon Kariyal
|-

|2001
|''Nariman''
|Ramani
|K. Madhu
|-
|2001
|''Ee Naadu Innale Vare''
|Savithriyamma
|
|-
|2001
|''Nalacharitham Naalam Divasam''
|Narayani
|Mohankrishnan
|-
|2002
|''Jagathi Jagathish in Town''
|Devakiyamma
|
|-
|2003
|''Sahodaran Sahadevan''
|Aravindan and Mukundan's mother
|Sunil (director)
|-
|2003
|''Thillana Thillana''
|Saroja Menon
|T. S. Saji
|-
|2004
|''Kottaram Vaidyan''
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Kalyanakurimanam''
|Chandramathi
|
|-
|}

== TV Serials ==
* Sindoorakkuruvi (1999-2000)
* Oppol
* Angadippaattu

== Dramas==
* Mudiyanaya Puthran
* Bhagavan Kaalu Maarunnu
* Puthiya Aakasham Puthiya Bhoomi

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=1956160}}

[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]

Arthur Lothian

2025-12-29T03:18:42Z

Shumail: creating basic data from scratch

{{Short description|Member of the Indian Civil Service}}
'''Sir Arthur Cunningham Lothian''', KCIE, CSI (1887 – 16 November 1962) was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] and of the [[Indian Political Service]]. He was [[Rajputana Agency|Resident for Rajputana]] and [[Chief Commissioner of Ajmer-Merwara]] from 1937 to 1942 and Resident at Hyderabad from 1942 to 1946.

Educated in Aberdeen, at [[Christ Church, Oxford]], and the [[University of London]], Lothian joined the Indian Civil Service in 1911 and served in Bengal until 1905, when he joined the Political Department of the Government of India.

== References ==

* "Sir Arthur Lothian", ''The Times'', 17 November 1962, p. 10
* https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-48128
* {{Cite journal |date=1963 |title=Obituary |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03068376308731811 |journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society |volume=50 |issue=1|pages=94–98 |doi=10.1080/03068376308731811 |url-access=subscription }}

== External links ==

* {{NPG name|102702|Sir Arthur Cunningham Lothian}}

[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]

Baliyan (surname)

2025-11-02T11:17:09Z

Shumail:

'''Baliyan''' is an Indian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* [[Naresh Balyan]], Indian politician from Delhi
* [[Naresh Kumar Baliyan]] (1935–2013), Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh
* [[Sanjeev Balyan]], Indian politician
* [[Gourav Baliyan]], Indian wrestler
* [[Vidisha Baliyan]], Indian deaf model and Miss Deaf World 2019
* Sahil Singh Baliyan, Founder of Jatchiefs website [https://jatchiefs.com/], It contains information on more than 350 Jat families, details of over 1,000 personalities, and more than 7,000 pictures on their website — along with the complete history of the Jats up to the present day. Currently, they are working on their new project, the book “The Houses of Jats.”

{{surname|Baliyan}}
[[Category:Hindustani-language surnames]]

Swarupji Thakor

2025-10-28T04:59:50Z

Shumail:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder

| office = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Vav Assembly constituency|Vav]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Geniben Thakor]]
| office1 = [[Minister of State]], [[Government of Gujarat]]
| term_start1 = 17 October 2025
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Swarupji Thakor''' is an Indian politician from Gujarat.<ref name=":N18"/> He is a [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Vav Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party ]].<ref name=":N18">{{cite web |title=Vav Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Thakor Swarup Ji Sardarji of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/vav-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130406.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP clinches Vav, breaks Congress’s 10-year streak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/bjp-breaks-congresss-decade-long-hold-in-vav-assembly-byelection/articleshow/115608459.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat bypoll: BJP wrests Vav assembly seat from Congress in close contest - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gujarat-bypoll-bjp-wrests-vav-assembly-seat-from-congress-in-close-contest/articleshow/115599996.cms?from=mdr |website=m.economictimes.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners">{{cite news |last1=CNBCTV18 |date=23 November 2024 |title=Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125160816/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He is Minister of State, Khadi, Cottage and Rural Industries in Government of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers, Government of Gujarat |url=https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/personnel/council-of-ministers-new.htm}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Gujarat]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakor, Swarupji}}

[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Banaskantha district]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mark Anthony

2025-10-24T04:03:40Z

Shumail: Added A Details!

'''Mark''' or '''Marc Anthony''' or '''Antony''' may refer to:

{{TOC right}}
==People==

===Romans===
* [[Marcus Antonius (orator)]] (died 87 BC), celebrated orator, who was consul in 99 BC, and grandfather of the triumvir
* [[Marcus Antonius Creticus]] (died c. 70 BC), father of the triumvir; as praetor in 74 BC he was defeated by the Cretans, earning the surname ''Creticus''
* [[Mark Antony]] (83–30 BC), one of Caesar's generals, famous for his eulogy of Julius Caesar and his romance with Cleopatra, formed the "second triumvirate" with Octavian and Lepidus
* [[Marcus Antonius Antyllus]] (47–30 BC), son of the triumvir, who nicknamed him ''Antyllus''; he was put to death by Octavian after the battle of Actium

===Modern people===
* [[Mark Anthony (Royal Navy officer)]] (1786–1867), sailor present at Battle of Trafalgar
* Mark Anthony, a member of the 1980s rock band [[Chameleon (American band)|Chameleon]]
* [[Marc Anthony Donais]] (born 1966), better known as Ryan Idol, a gay pornographic and general theater actor
* [[Mark Anthony (writer)]] (born 1966), American author
* [[Marc Anthony]] (born 1968), American singer-songwriter
** [[Marc Anthony (album)|''Marc Anthony'' (album)]]
*[[Prince Markie Dee|Mark Anthony Morales]] (1968–2021), American rapper using the stage name Prince Markie Dee
* [[Mark Anthony (DJ)]], Canadian DJ and music producer
* [[Marc Anthony (footballer)]] (born 1978), Scottish association football player
* [[Mark Anthony (judoka)]] (born 1989), Australian judoka

==Characters==
* [[Mark Antony (Rome character)|Mark Antony (''Rome'' character)]], a fictional version of the historical Marcus Antonius
* [[Marc Antony and Pussyfoot]], animated cartoon characters

==Other==
* [[Mark Antony (2000 film)|''Mark Antony'' (2000 film)]], a Malayalam-language film
* [[Mark Antony (2023 film)|''Mark Antony'' (2023 film)]], a Tamil-language film

==See also==
* [[Marc Antoine (disambiguation)]]
* [[Marcus Antonius (disambiguation)]]
* [[Marco Antônio (disambiguation)]]
* [[Henry Mark Anthony]] (1817–1886), Victorian landscape painter
* [[Mark-Anthony Middleton]], American politician

{{disambiguation}}
[[Category:Human name disambiguation pages|Anthony, Mark]]

List of Karnataka literature

2025-10-17T08:36:54Z

Shumail: slightly improved page per standard format further

{{Short description|None}}
{{Confusing|date=August 2021}}
{{Dynamic list|multiple=no}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
This is a list of historical and modern '''Karnataka literature''', arranged in chronological order of the historical [[polity]] or era from which the works originated. Karnataka literature originates from the Karnataka region of [[South India]], which roughly corresponds to the modern state of [[Karnataka]].

This list includes, but is not limited to, works written in the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada script|Kannada]] languages. Where information is available, the author or authors of the text are listed, followed by the title of the text and the language or languages in which the text is written. Multiple works by the same author are listed separately.

==[[Western Ganga Dynasty]] (350–1000)==

* [[Pujyapada|Pūjyapāda]] – ''[[Sarvārthasiddhi]]'' (Sanskrit)
* [[Jinasena|Jinasena II]] – ''[[Ādi purāṇa|Ādipurāṇa]]'' (Sanskrit)
* Madhava II – ''Dattaka Sutrain'' (Sanskrit)
* [[Sripurusha]] – ''Gajasastra''
* [[Shivamara II]] – ''Gajashtaka'' (Kannada)
*Shivamara II – ''Sethubandha'' ([[Prakrit]])
* Hemasena or Vidya Dhananjaya – ''Raghavpandaviya''
* Vidhibhasimha – ''Gadyachintamani''
*Vidhibhasimha – ''Kshatrachudamani''
* Guru Nemichandra – ''Gommatasara''
* [[Chavundaraya]] – ''Chavundaraya Purana'' (Kannada)
*Chavundaraya – ''Charitrasara'' (Kannada)
*Chavundaraya – ''Trishashti Laksan Puran'' (Kannada)
* [[Nagavarma I]] – ''Chandombhudhi''
* Jinasena I – ''Harivamsha'' (Sanskrit)

==[[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] (753–982)==

* Trivikrama – ''Nalachampu'' (Sanskrit)
* Halayudha – ''Kavirahasya''
*Halayudha – ''Mritasanjivini''
* Somadevasuri – ''Nitikavyamrita''
* Mahaviracharya – ''Ganita-Sara-Samgraha''
* Virasenacharya – ''Jayadhavala-Tika''
* Jinasenacharya – ''Parsvabhyudaya'' ''Mahapurana''
*Jinasenacharya – ''Dhavala''
* Gunabhadra – ''Uttarapurana'' (Sanskrit)
* [[Asaga]] – ''Vardhamana Purana'' (Kannada)
* [[Amoghavarsha|Amoghavarsha I]] – ''Prashottara Ratnamakike'' (Kannada)
*Amoghavarsha I – ''Kavirajamarga'' (Kannada)
* [[Sri Ponna]] – ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya'' (Kannada)
*Sri Ponna – ''Santipurana'' (Kannada)
*Sri Ponna – ''Jinaksaramale'' (Kannada)
* [[Adikavi Pampa]] – ''Adipurana'' (Kannada)
*Adikavi Pampa – ''[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya]]'' (Kannada)
* [[Shivakotiacharya]] – ''[[Vaddaradhane]]'' (Kannada)

==[[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna (Yadava) Dynasty]] (860–1317)==

* Kamalabhava – ''Santhishwarapurana'' (Kannada)
* Achanna – ''Varadhamanapurana'' (Kannada)
* Chundarasa of Pandharapura – ''Dashakumara Charite'' (Kannada)

==[[Western Chalukya Empire]] (973–1189)==

* [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] – ''Ajitapurana'' (Kannada)
*Ranna – ''Sahasabhimavijaya'' (Kannada)
*Ranna – ''Gadayuddha'' (Kannada)
*Ranna – ''Rannakanda'' (Kannada)
* Chavundaraya II – ''Lokopakara'' (Kannada)
* Chandraraja – ''Madanatilaka'' (Kannada)
* Shridharacharya – ''Jatakatilaka'' (Kannada)
* Kirtivarma – ''Govaidya'' (Kannada)
* Durgasimha – ''Panchatantra'' (Kannada)
* Nagavarma – ''Kavyavalokana'' (Kannada)
* Brahmashiva – ''Samayaparikshe'' (Kannada)
* Vadiraja – ''Yashodharacharitam'' (Sanskrit)
*Vadiraja – ''Parshvanatha Charitam'' (Sanskrit)
* Bilhana – ''Vikramankadeva Charitha'' (Sanskrit)
* Vijananeshvara – ''Mitakshara'' (Sanskrit)
* [[Someshvara III|Someshwara III]] – ''Abhilashithartha Chinthamani'' or ''Manasollasa'' (Sanskrit)
*Someshwara III – ''Chandraprabhacharite'' (Sanskrit)
* Jagadekamalla – ''Sangithachudamani'' (Sanskrit)
* Jagaddala Somanatha – ''Karnataka Kalyanakaraka'' (Kannada)
* Karnaparya – ''Neminatha Purana'' (Kannada)
* Nayasena – ''Dharmamrita'' (Kannada)
* Brahmasiva – ''Samayaparikshe'' (Kannada)
* Shantiraja – ''Sukumaracharita'' (Kannada)
* Vritta Vilasa – Translation of Sanskrit text ''Dharama Parikshe'' (Kannada)
* [[Nagavarma II]] – ''Kavyavalokana'' (Kannada)
*Nagavarma II – ''Bhashabhushana'' (Kannada)
*Nagavarma II – ''Abhidana Vastukosha'' (Kannada)

==[[Hoysala Empire]] (950–1343)==

* [[Madhvacharya]] – ''[[List of works by Madhvacharya|Sarvamula Granthas]]'' (Sanskrit)
* Vidyatirtha – ''Rudraprashnabhashya'' (Sanskrit)
* [[Nagachandra]] – ''Ramachandra Charitapurana'' (Kannada)
*Nagachandra – ''Mallinathapurana'' (Kannada)
* Harihara – ''Girija Kalyana'' (Kannada)
*Harihara – ''Basavarajadevara Ragale'' (Kannada)
* [[Raghavanka]] – ''Harischandra Kavya'' (Kannada)
*Raghavanka – ''Siddhara Chanitra'' (Kannada)
*Raghavanka – ''Veeresha Charite'' (Kannada)
*Raghavanka – ''Sharabha Charitre'' (Kannada)
*Raghavanka – ''Somanathacharita'' (Kannada)
*Raghavanka – ''Harihara Mahatwa'' (Kannada)
* [[Janna]] – ''Yashodhara Charite'' (Kannada)
*Janna – ''Ananthanatha Purana'' (Kannada)
* [[Nemichandra]] – ''Leelavati'' (Kannada)
*Nemichandra – ''Neminatha Purana'' (Kannada)
* Achanna – ''Vardhamana Purana''
* [[Rudrabhatta]] – ''Jagannatha Vijaya'' (Kannada)
* Mallikarjuna – ''Sukti'' (Kannada)
*Mallikarjuna – ''Sudharnava'' (Kannada)
* [[Kesiraja]] – ''[[Shabdamanidarpana]]'' (Kannada)
* Hastimalla – ''Adipurana'' (Kannada)
* Andayya – ''Vardhamana Purana'' (Kannada)
*Andayya – ''Kabbigarakava ''(Kannada)
* Choundarasa – ''Abhinava Dasha Kumara Charitha'' (Kannada)
*Choundarasa – ''Nala Champu'' (Kannada)
* Rajaditya – ''Kshetraganita'' (Kannada)
*Rajaditya – ''Vyavaharaganita'' (Kannada)
*Rajaditya – ''Lilavati'' (Kannada)
* Ratta Kavi – ''Rata-Mata'' (Kannada)
* Bandhuvarma – ''Neminatha Purana'' (Kannada)
*Bandhuvarma – ''Harivamsha'' (Kannada)
* Mahabalakavi – ''Neminatha Purana'' (Kannada)
* Padmarasa – ''Dikshabodhe'' (Kannada)
* Hastimalla – ''Adipurana''
* Trivikrama – ''Ushaharana'' (Sanskrit)
* Narayana Pandita – ''Madhwavijaya'' (Sanskrit)
*Narayana Pandita – ''Manimanjari'' (Sanskrit)
*Narayana Pandita – ''Parijataharana'' (Sanskrit)
* Vidyacharkarvartin II – ''Rukminikalyana'' (Sanskrit)

==[[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri dynasty]] (1164–1181), [[Virashaiva]] Saints and [[Vachana]]karas==

* [[Basavanna]] (known as ''Basaveshvara'' wrote the spiritual lyrics ''[[vachanas]]'' – Kannada)
* Madivala Machayya (''vachanakara'' – Kannada)
* Madara Channayya (''vachanakara'' – Kannada)
* Sakalesha Madarasa (''vachanakara'' – Kannada)
* Ramanna (''vachanakara'' – Kannada)
* Sujikayakada Ramitande (''vachanakara'' – Kannada)
* Medara Ketayya (''vachanakara'' – Kannada)
* Kayakada Basappa (''vachanakara'' – Kannada)
* Virupaksha Pandita – (''Chennabasavapurana'' – Kannada)
* Dharani Pandita – (''Bijjalarayacharite'' – Kannada)
* Chandrasagara Varni (''Bijjalarayapurana'' – Kannada)

==[[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336–1646), Kannada Haridasa Sahitya==

* [[Kumara Vyasa]] (1430 AD) (''Gadugina Bharata'' or ''Karnataka Bharata KathaManjari'' a Kannada adaptation of Mahabharata and ''Airavata''. His title was ''Rupaka Samrajya Chakravarti'' (Emperor of the World of Metaphors).)
* Narahri or Kumara Valmiki (1500 AD) (''Torave Ramayana'' in Kannada & ''Smriti Kaustubha'' in Sanskrit)
* Vittalanatha (''Bhagavatha'') – Kannada
* Ratnakarvarni (16th century) (''Bharatesha Vaibhava'', Triloka Sataka, ''Someswara Sataka'') – Kannada
* Nanjunda – ''Kumara Rama Charita'' (16th century) – Kannada
* BhimaKavi – ''Basavapurana''(1369 AD) – Kannada
* Padmanaka – Kannada
* Kereya Padmarasa – ''Padmaraja Purana'' (1385 AD) – Kannada
* Lakkana Dandesa ''Shivatatwa Chintamani'' (1428 AD) – Kannada
* Gubbi Mallanacharya – ''Veerasaivamrita'' (1513 AD) – Kannada
* Singiraja – Kannada
* [[Chamarasa]] (''Prabhulinga Leele'') – Kannada
* Akalanka (16th century), Jain scholar – Kannada
* Bhattakalaka (16th century) – Kannada grammarian
* Mangaraja (1360 AD) (''Khagendra-Mani-Darpana'', work on poisons and antidotes) – Kannada
* Sayana (''Vedartha Prakasha'', ''Yajnatantra Sudhanidhi'', ''Prayaschitra Sudhanidhi'' and ''Purushartha Sudhanidhi'') – Sanskrit
* [[Vidyaranya|Madhava Vidyaranya]] (''Parasara – Madhaviya'', ''Sarva-darshana-samgraha'') – Sanskrit
* Devanna Bhatta (''Smriti Chandrika'') – Sanskrit
* [[Gangadevi]] (Poet, ''Madhura Vijayam'') – Sanskrit
* [[Tirumalamba]] Devi (Poet, ''Varadambika Parinayam'') – Sanskrit
* [[Krishnadevaraya]] (''Madalasa Charita'', ''Satyavadu Parinaya''& ''Rasamanjari'' – Sanskrit
* Ramaraja (''Bakhair'' – Battle of Talikota – Persian??)
* Timmanna Kavi, patronised by king Krishnadevaraya, Kannada
* Kereya Padmarasa, ''Padmaraja Purana'' – Kannada
* Linganna, Keladinripavijayam – Kannada
* Unknown author, ''Krishnadevarayana Dinachari'' is a recent discovery in Kannada.
* Chatu Vithalanatha, Kannada
* Madhura, Kannada
* Salva
* Mallanarya, Veerasaivamrita – Kannada
* Lakkana Dandesa, ''Shivatatwa Chintamani'' – Kannada
* Shivagna Prasadi Mahadevayya and Halageyadeva, ''Shunya Sampadane'' – Kannada
* Kallumathada Prabhuva – Kannada
* Jakkanna – Kannada
* Maggeya Mayideva – Kannada
* Tontada Siddalingayati – Kannada

'''[[Haridasa]]'''
* [[Purandaradasa]] (1484–1564 AD) (Father of Carnatic music. Composed 475,000 songs in Kannada. His titles were''DasaShreshta'' ''Purandaropanishat'', ''Sangitapitamaha'')
* [[Kanakadasa]] (1509–1607 AD) (''Padas and Keertans''
''RamadhyanaCharite'', ''Haribhakthisara'', ''Kalacharithre'',
''Mohana Tarangini'', ''Nalacharitre'' – Kannada)
* Narahari Thirtha
* Padmanabha Thirtha
* Akshobhya Thirtha
* [[Jayatirtha]] – ''Nyaya sudha'', ''Tattva prakashika'', ''Prameya deepika'', ''Nyaya deepika'' [http://www.dvaita.org/scholars/jayatirtha/ Important works]
* [[Sripadaraya]] of Mulbagal (1500 AD)
* [[Vyasatirtha]] (1447 – 1539 AD) – Guru of [[Purandaradasa]], [[Kanakadasa]] and [[Krishnadevaraya]] wrote ''Nyayamritam'', ''Tarkatandava'', Tatparya Chandrika [http://www.dvaita.org/scholars/vyasaraja/ Important Works]
* Sri Vadirajaswami

===Later Haridasa===

* Guru [[Raghavendra Swami]] (1600–1671 AD) the great Sage of Manthralaya.[http://www.dvaita.org/scholars/raghavendra/raghav5.shtml Important works]
* Vijaya Dasa (1687–1755 AD)
* Mohana Dasa
* Gopala Dasa (1721–1762 AD)
* Helavanakatte Giriyamma
* Jagannatha Dasa (1728–1809 AD) (''Harikathamrithasara'', ''Uga Bhogas'', ''Keerthanas'' and ''Tathva Suvalis''– Kannada)

==Kannada literature from [[Mysore Kingdom]], [[Keladi Nayaka]] kingdom==

* Basappanayaka (''Shivatatwa Ratnakara'' – History Keladi Kings)
* Linganna (''Keladi Napra Vijaya''– History of Keladi Kings)
* [[Chikkupadhyaya]], Minister and teacher of His Highness Sri Chikkadevaraja [[Wodeyar]] (1670 AD) – more than 30 works in [[Kannada]]
* Tirumalaraya (1680 CE) (''Chikkadevaraja Vijayam'', ''Chikkadevaraja Vamshaavali'' – History of Mysore Kings)
* Govinda Vaidya (1648 CE) (''Narasaraja Vijaya'' – History of Mysore Kings)
* Bhattakalanka Deva (1604 AD) (''Karnataka Shabdaushasana'' on grammar)
* Sakdakshara Deva (1657 AD) (''Rajshekhara Vilasa'' – romantic champu)
* Noorondayya (1740 AD) (''Soundara Kavya'')
* [[Nijaguna Yogi]] (1650 AD) (''Viveka Chintamani'' – Shaiva work)
* Nanja Raja (1760 AD) (''Shiva Bhakti Mahatmya'' and ''Hari Vamsa'' – Puranic works)
* Brahma Kavi (''Samaya Pariksha'')
* [[Sarvajna]] (1650 AD) (''tripadis'' or ''vachanas'' pithy three lined poems in Kannada)

== Kannada literature from old Bangalore (18th century – 20th century) ==

'''18th-century Kannada'''
* Guru Nanjesh (''Jayastuti'')
* Ekambara Dikshit (''Veerabhdra Vijaya'')
* Jayaram Pande (''Radha Madhava Vilasa'')
* Mudduveeraswamy (1700 AD) (''Vachanakara'')
* Sarpabhooshana Shivayogi (1795–1839 AD) (''Vachanakara'')
* Mahant Desika (''Vachanakara'')
* Jeerage Basavalingacharya (''Vachanakara'')

'''19th-century Kannada''' (topics: grammar, linguistics, Jain and Virashaiva philosophy, geology, agriculture, politics)
* Siddhanti Velanada
* Subramanya Shastri
* Siddhanti Shivakumara Shastri
* Srinivasa
* Nagasharma
* Dakshinamurthy Shastri
* Padmaraja Bhramasuri
* Ramanathapuram Raguraya
* S. N. Narasimhaiah
* Doddabele Narayana Shastri – commentary on ''Jaimini Bharatha'', ''Sundarakhanda'', translations of Kalidasa works

'''20th-century Kannada'''
* Bidare Ashwatha Narayana shastri (''Dhammapada'')
* B. Puttiah (printing technology)
* Panyam Sudarashastri (a translation of ''Bhasa Dharma'')
* S.K. Nasasimhaiya (biography of Magadi Kempe Gowda)
* Toppulu Raghavacharya (translation of commentary on ''Gita'')
* Mahant desika (''Yakshagana'' composition)
* Balasaraswati (first detective novel)
* Mahadevaswamy (nicknamed ''Abhinava Allama'')
* Pt. Shivakumar Swamy
* Siddalingaswamy of Beli Matha
* Nanjundaswamy of Guruvanna Matha
* Pt. B. Shivamurty Shastri

'''20th-century Sanskrit Keerthanakaras'''
* Singeri NarasimhaShastri
* M. Lakshminarasimha Shastri
* Varada Desikachar
* [[Jaggu Vakulabhushana]]
* Rariapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma
* Motaganahalli Subramanya Shastri

''' 20th-century harikathe dasaru'''
* [[Gururajulu Naidu]]
* Sant Keshava Das
* Bhadragiri Achuth Das
* Malur Sonnappa
* Muiratnam Mudaliar

==Modern Kannada poets, scholars and writers==

'''Sahitya Academy Awardees'''
* 1955 [[Kuvempu]] (K. V. Puttappa) ''Sri Ramayana Darsanam'' (epic)
* 1956 [[R. S. Mugali]] ''Kannada Sahitya Charitre'' (history of literature)
* 1958 D. R. [[Bendre]] ''Aralu-Maralu'' (poetry)
* 1959 [[K. Shivaram Karanth]] ''Yakshagana Bayalata'' (a treatise on folk-drama)
* 1960 'Vinayaka' ([[V. K. Gokak]]) ''Dyava-Prithvi'' (poetry)
* 1961 [[A. R. Krishnashastry]] ''Bengali Kadambarikara Bankim Chandra'' (a critical study)
* 1962 [[Devudu Narasimha Sastri]] ''Mahakshatriya'' (novel)
* 1964 [[B. Puttaswamayya]] ''Kranti-Kalyana'' (novel)
* 1965 [[S. V. Ranganna]] ''Ranga Binnapa'' (philosophical reflections)
* 1966 [[P. T. Narasimhachar]] ''Hamsa Damayanti Mattu Itara Rupakagalu'' (musical plays)
* 1967 [[D. V. Gundappa]] ''Shrimad Bhagavadgita Tatparya Athava Jivanandharmayoga'' (philosophical expositions)
* 1968 'Srinivasa' ([[Masti Venkatesha Iyengar]]) ''Sannakathegalu'' (12–13) (short stories)
* 1969 [[H. Tipperudraswamy]] ''Karnataka Samskriti Sameekshe'' (cultural study)
* 1970 [[Shamba Joshi|S. B. Joshi]] ''Karnataka Samskritiya Poorva Peethike'' (cultural study)
* 1971 [[Adya Rangacharya]] ''Kalidasa'' (literary criticism)
* 1972 [[S. S. Bhoosnurmath]] ''Shoonyasampadaneya Paramarshe'' (commentary)
* 1973 [[M. V. Seetharamiah|V. Sitaramiah]] ''Aralu Baralu'' (poetry)
* 1974 [[Gopalakrishna Adiga]] ''Vardhamaana'' (poetry)
* 1975 [[S. L. Bhyrappa]] ''Daatu'' (novel)
* 1975 [[L. Gundappa]] Translations from Tamil, Sanskrit to Kannada
* 1976 [[M. Shivaram]] ''Mana Manthana'' (psychiatric studies)
* 1977 [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]] ''Tereda Baagilu'' (poetry)
* 1978 [[B. G. L. Swamy]] ''Hasuru Honnu'' (travelogue)
* 1979 [[A. N. Murthy Rao]] ''Chitragalu Patragalu''
* 1980 [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]] ''Americadalli Goruru'' (travelogue)
* 1981 [[Chennaveera Kanavi]] ''Jeewa Dhwani'' (poetry)
* 1982 [[Chanduranga]] ''Vyshakha'' (novel)
* 1983 [[Yashwant Chittal]] ''Katheyaadalu Hudugi'' (short stories)
* 1984 [[G. S. Shivarudrappa]] ''Kavyartha Chintana'' (literary criticism)
* 1985 [[T. R. Subba Rao]] ''Durgaasthamaana'' (novel)
* 1986 [[Vyasaraya Ballal]] ''Bandaaya'' (novel)
* 1987 [[Poornachandra Tejaswi|K.P. Poornachandra Tejaswi]] ''Chidambara Rahasya'' (novel)
* 1988 [[Shankar Mokashi Punekar]] ''Avadheshwari'' (novel)
* 1989 [[H. M. Nayak]] ''Samprati'' (belles lettres)
* 1990 [[Devanur Mahadeva]] ''Kusuma Bale'' (novel)
* 1991 [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]] ''Sirisampige'' (play)
* 1992 [[Subbanna Ekkundi]] ''Bakulada Hoovugalu'' (poetry)
* 1993 [[P. Lankesh]] ''Kallu Karaguva Samaya'' (short stories)
* 1994 [[Girish Raghunath Karnad]] ''Tale Danda'' (play)
* 1995 [[Kirtinath Kurtkoti]] ''Uriya Nalage'' (criticism)
* 1996 [[G. S. Amur]] ''Bhuvanada Bhagya'' (literary criticism)
* 1997 [[M. Chidananda Murthy]] ''Hosatu Hosatu'' (criticism)
* 1998 [[B. C. Ramchandra Sharma|B.C. Ramchandra Sharma]] ''Sapthapadi'' (poetry)
* 1999 [[D. R. Nagaraj]] ''Sahitya Kathana'' (essays)
* 2000 [[Shantinath Kuberappa Desai]] ''Om Namo'' (novel)
* 2001 [[L. S. Sheshagiri Rao]] ''English Sahitya Charitre'' (literary history)
* 2002 Sujana ([[S. Narayana Shetty]]) ''Yugasandhya'' (epic)
* 2003 [[K. V. Subbanna]] ''Kaviraja Marga Mattu Kannada'', ''Jagattu'' (essays)
* 2004 [[Geetha Nagabhushana]] ''Baduku'' (novel)
* 2005 [[Raghavendra Patil]] ''Teru'' (novel)

'''Kendra Sahitya Academy Awardees (translation)'''

*2005 Dr. Panchakshari Hiremath, Urdu to Kannada
*[[Saraswati Samman]] Awardee
*[[S. L. Bhyrappa]]

'''Other eminent writers'''

* [[Panje Mangesh Rao]]
* De. Javare Gowda
* Annadanayya Puranik – Vachanas, Law, Shiva Sharana literature
* Siddayya Puranik – Vachanas, Shiva Sharana literature
* Chandrika Puranik – Shiva Sharana literature
* Udaya Shankar Puranik – science and technology, columnist
* Haldoderi Sudhindra – columnist
* Pandit Kallinath Shastri Puranik – 12 Puranas and Ayurveda
* Basavaraj Puranik – Shiva Sharana literature
* Samethanahalli Rama Rao (Raasa)
* Anupama Niranjana
* B. M. Srikanthaiah (B. M. Sri)
* Dr. A. N. Krishna Rao (Anakru)
* [[G. P. Rajarathnam]]
* G. B. Joshi (JadaBharata)
* M Govinda Pai
* M. V. Seetaramiah
* Nisar Ahmed K. S.
* P. Lankesh
* Dr. [[Panchakshari Hiremath]]
* [[SAADHANE-RajguruGuruswamiKalikeri]] (Poetry, research, legends, biographies and lyrics)
* S. V. Parameshwara Bhatta
* T. P. Kailasam – drama
* Tha. Ra. Subbarao
* Thee. Nam. Shree
* R. K. Narayan, author
* R. K. Laxman, cartoonist & humorist
* Kamala Markhandaya
* Triveni (''Sharapanjara''), novelist
* G. P. Rajaratnam (''Ratnana Padagalu'')
* [[Beechi]] – humorist
* Dr M.Shivaram, Rashi – humorist
* [[T. Sunandamma]] – humorist
* H. L. Nage Gowda – folklorist
* Go Ru Chennabsappa (Go Ru Cha) – Janapada Saahithya & Sharana Saahithya
* Anakaru – novelist
* M. Ramamurthy
* [[K. V. Iyer]]
* Devudu
* Niranjana
* Na. Kasturi
* [[Navaratna Rama Rao]]
* T. T. Sharma – journalism
* VeeraKesari
* Siddavanahalli Krishna Sharma
*[[Hariharapriya]]
* R. Kalyanamma
* Tirumale Rajamma
* Ambabai
* H. V. Savitramma
* H. S. Parvathi
* Chi. Na. Mangala
* H. R. Indira
* M. K. Indira
* [[P. V. Acharya]] Poet, Editor and writer
* M. V. Kanakamma
* Nirupama
* N. Pankaja
* Usha Navaratna Ram
* Kakolu Saroja Rao
* Anupama Niranjana
* Vi. Seetharamiah, poet, critic
* Basavaraja Kattimani
* Nanjanagudu Tirumalamba (author)
* Sundar V. Nadkarni, fiction writer and poet
* Ta. Raa.Subba Rao, novelist
* Veenaa Shantheshvara, short story writer
* [[Vaidehi (Kannada writer)|Vaidehi]], short story writer
* [[Sumangala (Kannada writer)|Sumangala]], short story writer
* Dr [[K. R. Sandhya Reddy]], poet, story writer, folk literature
* T. K. Venkatesh Prabhu – novelist & poet
* [[A. N. Prahlada Rao]] Kannada crossword writer
* [[Pratibha Nandakumar]], poet
* D. R. Nagraj, critic
* K. V. Narayana, literary critic and linguist
* B. C. Ramachandra Sharma, poet and fictionist
* [[D.V.Guruprasad]], Former police officer, columnist and writer.
* Shanhinatha Desai, novelist, story writer
* Kum. Veerabhadrappa, novelist, story writer
* Gowri Lankesh, columnist
* Vishweswara Bhat, columnist
* Abdul Raheem Teekay, Writer<ref>[https://www.mangalorean.com/mangaluru-release-of-2nd-impression-of-rasavadi-kannada-translation-of-the-alchemist-by-ar-teekay/ 'Rasavadi' Kannada Translation of 'The Alchemist'.]</ref>
* Ravi Hanj, columnist
* B. V. Veerabhadrappa, columnist
* Dr. N. Someswara, health writer
* N. Narasimhaiah – detective novelist
* [[A. N. Murthy Rao]]
*[[S. R. Ramaswamy|Dr. S. R. Ramaswamy]], journalist
*[[Ba. Na. Sundara Rao]], author and journalist
* Shivarudraprasad, poet and columnist

'''Literature originating from Christian missionaries'''
* Rev. John Garet (translated Bible, Bhagavadgita, Panchatantra, Shabda Manidarpana to Kannada)
* [[Daniel Sanderson]] (translated Jaimini Bharata to English)
* [[Thomas Hodson]]
* Ellis Robert
* Rev. B. L Rice
* Edward Peter Rice

==See also==
*[[Kannada language]]
*[[Kannada literature]]
*[[Karnataka]]
*[[Jnanpith Award]]

==References==
<references />
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, ''A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present'', Jupiter Books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002), {{OCLC|7796041}}
* Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}
* R. Narasimhacharya, ''History of Kannada Literature'', 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988, {{ISBN|81-206-0303-6}}.
* Ramachandra Sidenur, ''Karmanye Vadhi Karaste'', 2004, Dharwad.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm History of Karnataka, Arthikaje]
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history2.htm History of Kannada Literature, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090228045107/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm Literature from old Bangalore]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615005224/http://www.dvaita.org/scholars/index.shtml Dvaita saints]

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karnataka literature}}
[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]
[[Category:Indian literature-related lists]]
[[Category:Karnataka-related lists|literature]]

Thanesar Pathar Mosque

2025-09-11T12:29:34Z

Shumail: small expand details based on references further and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Former mosque in Haryana, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{about|the former mosque in Haryana, India|the mosque in Jammu and Kashmir|Pathar Mosque}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name =
| image = Pathar Masjid.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = Partial ruins of the mosque, in 2008
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| status = {{ubl|[[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}}|{{nowrap|Historical monument}}}}
| functional_status = '''Abandoned''' {{small|(partial ruinous state)}}
| location = [[Thanesar]], [[Haryana]]
| geo = {{coord|29.9759144|76.8255395|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Haryana
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[Haryana]]
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture]]
| year_completed = 17th century
| materials = Red [[sandstone]]
| minaret_quantity = Two {{small|(maybe more)}} {{small|(Now in partial ruins)}}
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Thanesar Pathar Mosque | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-HR-57 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Thanesar Pathar Mosque''', also known as the '''Pathar Masjid''', is a former [[mosque]] and now historical monument, located in [[Thanesar]], in the state of [[Haryana]], [[India]]. Believed to be built in 17th century, the mosque is located in the [[Kurukshetra district]] and is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/pathar-masjid |title=Pathar Masjid: Places of Interest: Kurukshetra |publisher=Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited |date=n.d. |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/-Haryana/Pathar-Masjid-14594.htm |title=Pathar Masjid in Thanesar India |website=www.india9.com |language=en |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>

== History ==
The mosque was completed in the 17th century, during the reign of [[Jahangir]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Monuments and Sites in Haryana|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|year=2009|isbn=|location=|pages=21}}</ref> It is a small building made out of red [[sandstone]]<ref name=":0" /> in the [[Mughal architecture]] style. The fluted minarets are attached to the back walls. The ceiling that rests on pillars is decorated by carved floral designs. It is situated near the [[Sheikh Chilli's Tomb|tomb of Sheikh Chilli]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritagesitesofindia.in/haryana/kurukshetra/national-list-heritage-sites-kurukshetra/ |title=National List of Heritage Sites: Kurukshetra |website=Heritage Sites of India |language=en |access-date=2019-09-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons cat-inline|Pathar Masjid, Thanesar}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
[[Category:Mosques in Haryana]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kurukshetra district]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Jacob Chandy

2025-07-17T17:02:38Z

Shumail: made new entry...

{{Short description|Indian neurosurgeon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Jacob Chandy
|image = Dr. Jacob Chandy (1960).jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Dr. Jacob Chandy in 1960
|birth_date = 23 January 1910
|birth_place = India
|death_date = {{death date and age|2007|6|23|1910|1|23|df=y}}
|occupation = [[Neurosurgeon]], professor
|spouse = Accamma
|children = Mathew Jacob, Varghese Jacob, Accamma
|awards = [[Padmabhushan]] [[Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital|MNI]] Fellow Medal of Honour by the World Congress of Neurological Surgeons Professor Emiratus of the [[Government of Kerala]]
}}
'''Jacob Chandy''' (23 January 1910 – 23 June 2007){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} was an Indian [[neurosurgeon]] and teacher of medical sciences. As the first neurosurgeon in India,<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mni.mcgill.ca/media/stories/sept_2007_chandy/ |title=Montreal Neuro Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006112656/http://www.mni.mcgill.ca/media/stories/sept_2007_chandy/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> he is widely regarded as the father of modern neurosurgery in India.<ref name="CMC">{{cite web | url=http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/jacob.pdf | title=CMC | access-date=18 July 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084748/http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/jacob.pdf | archive-date=6 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="National Medical Journal of India">{{cite web|url=http://nmji.in/archives/Volume_20/Number_4/Obituaries/Obituaries_Jacob.htm |title=National Medical Journal of India |access-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503103429/http://www.nmji.in/archives/Volume_20/Number_4/Obituaries/Obituaries_Jacob.htm |archive-date= 3 May 2008 }}</ref> In 1964, the Government of India honoured him with their third highest civilian award, [[Padmabhushan]], for his services in the fields of [[neurosurgery]] and [[medical education]].<ref name="National Medical Journal of India" />

==Biography==
{{quotebox|align = left|width=24em|"To free your teachers to teach", [[Alan Gregg (medical doctor)|Alan Gregg]], the renowned medical educationist<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" /><ref name="Gregg">{{cite web | url=https://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/fs | title=Alan Gregg | access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref> advised Jacob Chandy, "to free your students to learn, to create opportunities for your researchers to solve the medical problems of India, and above all to consider the needs of the near and oncoming future"<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" />}}
[[File:Dr. Jacob Chandy with Indira Gandhi (1958).jpg|thumb|Dr. Jacob Chandy with Indira Gandhi (later Prime Minister of India), on her visit to C.M.C, Vellore, in 1958]]
Jacob Chandy was born on 23 January 1910, in [[Kottayam]], in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to an [[Saint Thomas Anglicans|Anglican Syrian Christian]] family.<ref name="Bio 1" /> After his early education in Kottayam, he secured his graduate degree, an MBBS in medicine, from [[Madras Medical College]] in 1936. He kickstarted his career in 1939 by joining the Mission Hospital in [[Bahrain]], a missionary hospital run by the [[American Reformed Church]], where he stayed until 1944, when he took a hiatus from his practice to complete his MD at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]; while there he learned surgery under the guidance of Jonathan Rhoads.<ref name="Rhoades">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/08/us/jonathan-rhoads-94-medical-innovator-dies.html | title=Rhoads | work=The New York Times | date=8 February 2002 | access-date=19 July 2014 | last1=Saxon | first1=Wolfgang }}</ref> In 1945, he received a fellowship from the [[Montreal Neurological Institute]] (MNI) and continued to practice surgery till 1948.<ref name="Bio 1" /><ref name="Society of Neuro surgeons">{{cite web | url=http://neurosurgery.org/society/bio.aspx?MemberID=14638 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726163048/http://neurosurgery.org/society/bio.aspx?MemberID=14638 | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 July 2014 | title=Society of Neuro surgeons | access-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>

After obtaining a fellowship from the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Canada|Royal College of Surgeons, Canada]] (FRCS), also in 1948, Chandy moved to Chicago to take up duties as the chief resident at the [[University of Chicago]]. It was during this time that Chandy was invited by Robert Greenhill Cochrane, medical missionary and [[Leprology|Leprologist]],<ref name="Cochrane">{{cite web | url=http://www.leprosyhistory.org/cgi-bin/showdetails.pl?ID=4&type=person | title=Cochrane | access-date=19 July 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613162458/http://www.leprosyhistory.org/cgi-bin/showdetails.pl?ID=4&type=person | archive-date=13 June 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> to join the [[Christian Medical College, Vellore]] (CMC), a fledgling medical college at that time.<ref name="Society of Neuro surgeons" />

Chandy started the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery at CMC, the first of its kind in the country,<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" /> in 1949. Eight years later, in 1958, CMC started the first training program in India for neurosurgery, followed by a program in neurology in 1962, under Chandy's guidance. Over the years, Chandy helped develop the neurology program into one of the most sought after courses in India.<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" /><ref name="Society of Neuro surgeons" /><ref name="Neuro course">{{cite web | url=https://www.srcf.ucam.org/cns/Docs/Michael.pdf | title=Neuro course | access-date=19 July 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808115101/https://www.srcf.ucam.org/cns/Docs/Michael.pdf | archive-date=8 August 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> During his association with CMC, Chandy held various posts such as the professor of neurology and neurosurgery and the medical superintendent; he was the principal when he retired in 1970.<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" /><ref name="Society of Neuro surgeons" /><ref name="US National Library of Medicine">{{cite journal | title= Jacob Chandy: pioneering neurosurgeon of India| pmid=20647965 | doi=10.1227/01.NEU.0000374769.83712.E1 | volume=67 | journal=Neurosurgery | pages=567-75; discussion 575-6 | last1 = Abraham | first1 = J | last2 = Mathai | first2 = KV | last3 = Rajshekhar | first3 = V | last4 = Narayan | first4 = RK| year=2010 | issue=3 }}</ref>

Chandy died on 23 June 2007, leaving behind his wife, Accamma, a daughter, also named Accamma, and two sons, Mathew and Varghese, the former a neurosurgeon and MNI fellow, and the latter, a chemical engineer.<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" /><ref name="Society of Neuro surgeons" />

==Legacy==
Chandy's legacy lives through the numerous practitioners of neurosurgery who have contributed their services to the development of neurosurgery in India.<ref name="Bio 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/20647965/Jacob-Chandy:-pioneering-neurosurgeon-of-India. | title=Bio 1 | access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> He assisted many medical practitioners to get advanced training at the Montreal Neurological Institute, such as J. C. Jacob and G. M. Taori in neurology, Sushil Chandi in neuropathology, and Elizabeth Mammen and S. Sarojini in neurosurgical nursing.<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" /> He was instrumental in promoting the biochemist, [[Bimal Kumar Bachhawat]],<ref name="Bachawat 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jbiosci/11/1-6.pdf | title=Bachawat 2 | access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Bachawat 1">{{cite web | url=https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=16896 | title=Bachawat 1 | access-date=19 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728124130/https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=16896 | archive-date=28 July 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> who founded the neurochemistry laboratory, which identified the [[enzymopathy]] of metachromatic [[leucodystrophy]], in collaboration with [[James H. Austin]].<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" />

Chandy was the first of the first generation of neurologists, neurosurgeons and neuroscientists.<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" /><ref name="Neurology India">{{cite web | url=http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2007;volume=55;issue=3;spage=315;epage=316;aulast=Mathai | title=Neurology India | access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> He founded the [[Neurological Society of India]] in 1951, along with [[B. Ramamurthi]], [[Baldev Singh (neurologist)|Baldev Singh]] and [[S. T. Narasimhan]].<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" /><ref name="Neurological Society of India (NSI)">{{cite web|url=http://www.nmji.in/archives/Volume-26/Issue-6/10-26-6-Corres-(12-7-14).pdf |title=Neurological Society of India (NSI) |access-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811080451/http://www.nmji.in/archives/Volume-26/Issue-6/10-26-6-Corres-%2812-7-14%29.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref> He was the first surgeon in India to perform an [[epilepsy]] surgery on 25 August 1952, on a patient suffering from right infantile [[hemiplegia]] and medially refractory seizures.<ref name="First epilepsy surgery">{{cite web | url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?ni09003 | title=First epilepsy surgery | access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Chandy was honoured by several institutions, organisations, and governmental bodies during his career.
* Professor emeritus of the [[Government of Kerala]] – 1970<ref name="Society of Neuro surgeons" />
* [[Padmabhushan]] – 1964<ref name="Society of Neuro surgeons" />
* Medal of Honour by the World Congress of Neurological Surgeons – 1989<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" /><ref name="Society of Neuro surgeons" />
* Founder and president of the Neurological Society of India<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" />
* Member – Medical Education Committee of the Ministry of Health, the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" />
* Member – Medical Education Committee of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" />
* [[Montreal Neurological Institute]] (MNI) Fellow<ref name="Montreal Neuro Institute" />
* He was also the founding member of many neurology related societies in India.<ref name="Society of Neuro surgeons" />

==Autobiography==
After his retirement from active practice, Chandy wrote his autobiography in 1988, titled ''Reminiscences and Reflections'', with several anecdotes from his professional and personal life.<ref name="Autobiography">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Reminiscences-reflections-Memoirs-Jacob-Chandy/dp/B0007C9840 | title=Reminiscences and Reflections | publisher=CMD Press | author=Chandy, Jacob | year=1998 | location=Kerala | asin=B0007C9840}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| url = https://www.amazon.co.uk/Reminiscences-reflections-Memoirs-Jacob-Chandy/dp/B0007C9840
| title = Reminiscences and Reflections
| author = Jacob Chandy
| year = 1988
| publisher = CMS Press
| asin = B0007C9840
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.bioline.org.br/request?ni07099
| title = Neurology India
| author = Mathai M.V.
| year = 2007
| publisher = Medknow Publications on behalf of the Neurological Society of India
| issn = 0028-3886
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kottayammedicalcollege.org/department_more.php?flcou=1&dptnm=Neuro%20Surgery Reference on Kottayam Medical College site]
* [http://talent-kerala.net/previous/2003/jun/27.htm Interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140923191203/http://drakabraham.com/curriculum.html Reference by Dr.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503103429/http://www.nmji.in/archives/Volume_20/Number_4/Obituaries/Obituaries_Jacob.htm Obituary on National Medical Journal of India]
* [http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2007;volume=55;issue=3;spage=315;epage=316;aulast=Mathai Neurology India]
* [http://www.cwwiebemedical.ca/medicalprofessionals/jacob-chandy/ Profile on CWWIEB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728014403/http://www.cwwiebemedical.ca/medicalprofessionals/jacob-chandy/ |date=28 July 2014 }}
* [https://archive.today/20140726163048/http://neurosurgery.org/society/bio.aspx?MemberID=14638 on Neurosurgery.org]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Health in India}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandy, Jacob}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Madras Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:CMS College Kottayam alumni]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]

New Bongaigaon

2025-06-08T17:39:22Z

Shumail:

#REDIRECT [[Bongaigaon]]

Mrigendra Pratap Singh

2025-05-23T10:52:34Z

Shumail:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
'''Mrigendra Pratap Singh''' was an Indian politician who served as [[List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] and Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jamshedpur West Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=विधानसभा के अध्यक्ष {{!}} झारखण्ड विधानसभा-झारखंड की सरकार, भारत |url=https://jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7 |access-date= |website=jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and Minister of Finance in [[Cabinet of Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ei-OAAAAMAAJ&q=Mrigendra+Pratap+Singh+speaker |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=2001 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was the child of [[Harihar Singh]] and elder brother of [[Amrendra Pratap Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-20 |title=Swinging electoral fortunes of Azad brothers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/swinging-electoral-fortunes-of-azad-brothers/story-U3MCClYMMH2ZX5o0o0iLVM.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amrendra Pratap Singh elected deputy speaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/amrendra-pratap-singh-elected-deputy-speaker/articleshow/15398490.cms |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He died on 24 March 2005, at [[Tata Main Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=State mourns demise of Speaker |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/state-mourns-demise-of-speaker/cid/670900 |access-date=2023-04-10 |newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India | date=27 March 2005 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]