https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=ShubhaBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-02T20:46:52ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._N._S._Rajasekaran&diff=499461G. N. S. Rajasekaran2026-05-07T07:35:43Z<p>Shubha: created new data w/ sources - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = G. N. S. Rajasekaran<br />
| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]]<br />
| predecessor = P. R. Siva<br />
| term_start = 2026<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
}}<br />
'''G. N. S. Rajasekaran''' is an Indian politician from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. He is a member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. Rajasekaran(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- THIRUNALLAR(KARAIKAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=296 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=G.N.S. RAJASEKARAN |url=https://pyinfo.in/candidates/g-n-s-rajasekaran/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Pondicherry Information Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== Political career ==<br />
Rajasekaran won the [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]] seat in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He received 16,829 votes and defeated R. Kamalakannan of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 9,526 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=G.N.S. Rajasekaran (BJP) Candidate from THIRUNALLAR Constituency, G.N.S. Rajasekaran Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/puducherry/candidate-g-n-s-rajasekaran-6288 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasekaran, G. N. S.}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2026–2031]]<br />
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{{India-politician-stub}}</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaisingh_Desar_Kaliyan&diff=505316Jaisingh Desar Kaliyan2026-05-01T23:55:41Z<p>Shubha: started new biography.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Jaisingh Desar Kaliyan<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| map_caption = Jaisingh Desar Kaliyan (India)<br />
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.8295|N|73.6096|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]<br />
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_total_km2 = 12.06<br />
| population_total = 664<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref><br />
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 334802<br />
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
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'''Jaisingh Desar Kaliyan''' is a small village located in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of Bikaner District, Rajasthan, India.<br />
<br />
The village is agricultural.<br />
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==Demographics==<br />
According to the 2011 Census conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 664, out of which 339 were males and 325 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Jaisingh Desar Kaliyan village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69586-jaisingh-desar-kaliyan-rajasthan.html |access-date= 18 November 2024}}</ref><br />
The literacy rate was 51.09%.<br />
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Inhabitants of the village follow Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref><br />
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{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Jaisingh Desar Kaliyan village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}<br />
|caption=Distribution of religions in Jaisingh Desar Kaliyan Village}}<br />
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[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language there. <br />
[[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and English are used officially.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Jaisingh Desar Kaliyan village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref><br />
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{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=97.5|value2=1|value3=1.5|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Jaisingh Desar Kaliyan village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Jasrasar]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]<br />
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{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neryosang_Dhaval&diff=521702Neryosang Dhaval2026-04-27T05:47:52Z<p>Shubha: Made A Stub With Sources</p>
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<div>'''Neryosang Dhaval''' was a [[Zoroastrian]] ([[Parsi]]) priest from [[Sanjan, Gujarat|Sanjan]] in [[Gujarat]] who is known for translating prominent Zoroastrian works in [[Middle Persian]] into [[Sanskrit]]. Neryosang has been assigned by [[Mary Boyce]] to the late 11th-early 12th century AD while [[M. N. Dhalla]] assigns him to the 13th century AD. Boyce remarks that "his work shows him to have had an admirable extensive knowledge of both Sanskrit and Middle Persian" and that it "marked one of the peaks of Parsi scholarship".<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{cite book|title=Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|first=Mary|last=Boyce|authorlink=Mary Boyce|year=1979|pages=168-169|publisher=Routledge & Keegan Paul}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Zoroastrian priests]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khandu_Wangchuk_Bhutia&diff=509571Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia2026-04-25T17:56:56Z<p>Shubha: started new data.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian thangka painter}}<br />
{{tone|date=January 2024}}<br />
'''Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia''' is an India [[thangka]] painter from the [[Sikkim]], known for his exquisite creative works in the [[Thangka]] style of painting. Thangka is a [[Tibetan Buddhist]] painting on [[cotton]], [[silk]] [[appliqué]], usually depicting a [[Buddhist]] deity, scene, or [[mandala]]. Thangkas are traditionally kept unframed and rolled up when not on display, mounted on a textile backing somewhat in the style of Chinese scroll paintings, with a further silk cover on the front. Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia hails from Sakyong in West Sikkim and had his formal education from Government Senior Secondary School in [[Pelling]] and at Senior Secondary School at [[Namchi]]. After his formal education, he was ordained into monastic life at the [[Pemayangtse Monastery]]. In the monastery, he took up Thangka painting as a profession. He trained in Thangka painting under several renowned thangka painters like Dungzin Rimpoche, late Jigme Wangchuk Lama, late Phuntsok Sangpo and late Zapa Acho.<br />
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Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia was born as the son of late Jigme Wangchuk Lama who built the Sangdopalri structure at Pemayangtse Monastery in Sikkim.<br />
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Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia has participated in several national and international seminars and exhibitions including India International Trade Fair, Delhi India (2004), Surajkand Mela in Haryana (2006), Made In NorthEast India Fair, Bangkok Thailand (2010), and Jeddah International Trade Fair, Jeddah in Saudi Arabia (EPCH) in 2014.<br />
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==Notable works==<br />
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Khandu's notable works include Buddhist wall murals at<br />
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*[[Pemayangtse Monastery]] ([[Pelling]])<br />
*Boomtar Tamang Gumpa ([[Namchi]]) <br />
*Gnadak Monastery Old (Namchi) <br />
*Gnadak Monastery New (Namchi) <br />
*Allay Gumpa ([[Ravangla]])<br />
*Tashi Choeling Monastery (Khechupalri).<br />
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==Recognition: Padma Shri==<br />
In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia for his distinguished service in the field of art.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as an "Eminent Thangka painter from Sikkim specialising in traditional Buddhist paintings on cotton and silk".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><br />
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==Other recognitions==<br />
Some of awards conferred on Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia include:<ref>{{cite web |last1=NorthEast Live Team |title=Sikkim's Thanka artist Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia to be conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/thanka-artist-khandu-padma-shri/ |website=NorthEastLIveTV |date=26 January 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
*National Award (Handicrafts) in Thangka painting (1981)<br />
*Bharat Excellence Award as part of the Friendship Forum of India (2001)<br />
*Kala Nidhi Award at the Surajkund Fair in Haryana (2006)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*[http://www.handicrafts.nic.in/CmsUpload/01452016104506Study Report- Thanka Painting.pdf Study Report on Thanka Painting]<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Kush Hang Leewang |title=Khandu Wangchuk fears Thanka art from may disappear due to lack of interests |url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/khandu-wangchuk-fears-thanka-art-from-may-disappear-due-to-lack-of-interests |website=Sikkim Express |access-date=18 February 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhutia, Khandu Wangchuk}}<br />
[[Category:Artists from Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[category:Thangkas]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajesh_Kumar_(born_1969)&diff=528598Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)2026-04-23T08:48:08Z<p>Shubha: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image =<br />
| office = [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]]<br />
| term_start = 18 March 2025<br />
| predecessor = [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]<br />
| office2 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 8 November 2015<br />
| constituency2 = [[Kutumba Assembly constituency|Kutumba]]<br />
| term_end2 = 14 November 2025<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Lalan Ram|Lallan Ram]]<br />
| successor2 = Lallan Ram<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|1|5|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rajesh Kumar''' (born 5 January 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]] and current [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]] president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress appoints Rajesh Kumar as Bihar unit chief ahead of polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-bihar-rajesh-kumar-replace-akhilesh-prasad-singh-state-unit-president-election-2695440-2025-03-18|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 Mar 2025 |access-date=18 Mar 2025 }}</ref> He was a member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Kutumba Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Kutumba Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Rajesh Kumar of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kutumba-election-result-2020-live-updates-kutumba-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061592.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kutumba Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kutumba-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He lost his seat in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kutumba">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kutumba |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04222.htm |access-date=28 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128170812/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04222.htm |archive-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Kumar is from Obra, Aurangabad district, Bihar. He is the son of Dilkeshwar Ram. He completed his graduation in 1989 at Saint Columbus College, [[Hazaribagh]], which is affiliated with [[Ranchi University]]. He runs his own business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Kumar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KUTUMBA (SC)(AURANGABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9913 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Kumar became an MLA for the first time winning from Kutumba Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Kutumba Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Rajesh Kumar of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kutumba-election-result-2020-live-updates-kutumba-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061592.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, he polled 51,303 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Santosh Suman Manjhi]] of [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]], by a margin of 10,098 votes.<ref name=":0" /> He retained the seat winning the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] where he polled 50,822 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Shravan Bhuyan of [[Hindustani Awam Morcha|Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]], by a margin of 16,653 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-27 |title=Bihar assembly election 2020: A 2nd term for Congress's Rajesh Kumar or a new MLA for Kutumba constituency? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-a-2nd-term-for-congress-s-rajesh-kumar-or-a-new-mla-for-kutumba-constituency/story-WI7pO5mrB6b1cd41BTgwXM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115214708/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-a-2nd-term-for-congress-s-rajesh-kumar-or-a-new-mla-for-kutumba-constituency/story-WI7pO5mrB6b1cd41BTgwXM.html |archive-date=15 January 2022 |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kutumba-sc Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Kutumba-sc Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/bihar-election/live-election-result-bihar-kutumba-sc-assembly-election-result-2020-222.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He lost his seat in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] where he polled 63,202 votes and was defeated by 21,525 votes by HAM candidate Lallan Ram.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kutumba">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kutumba|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04222.htm|access-date=28 November 2025|work=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=14 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128170812/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04222.htm|archive-date=28 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kutumba Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Kutumba Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kutumba|access-date=28 November 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=14 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128170812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kutumba|archive-date=28 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== President of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee===<br />
On 18 March 2025, he was appointed as the president of [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]] by AICC president [[Mallikarjun Kharge]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Kumar Appointed Bihar Congress Chief Ahead Of State Assembly Polls|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajesh-kumar-appointed-bihar-congress-chief-ahead-of-state-assembly-polls-7954134|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 Mar 2025 |access-date=18 Mar 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-18 |title=In election year, Cong appoints Rajesh Kumar as its Bihar chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/in-election-year-cong-appoints-rajesh-kumar-as-its-bihar-chief/articleshow/119173329.cms |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajesh, Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]<br />
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Presidents of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meghwal_(surname)&diff=517280Meghwal (surname)2026-04-19T16:35:37Z<p>Shubha: Starting A Data!</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox surname|name=Meghwal|image=|caption=|pronunciation=|meaning=|region=Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh|origin=Indian subcontinent|language=Hindi, Rajasthani, Gujarati, Sanskrit|variant=Meghvar, Meghwanshi}}<br />
<br />
'''Meghwal''' (Hindi: मेघवाल) is an Indian surname primarily associated with the [[Meghwal]] community, a historically [[marginalised]] community found mainly in the Indian states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The community is traditionally linked with occupations such as [[weaving]], [[agriculture]], and village services.<ref name="GovernmentSC">{{cite web |title=Scheduled Castes List |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in |access-date=25 January 2026 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The term ''Meghwal'' is believed to be derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Megha'' ([[cloud]]), symbolically associated with rain, fertility, and agriculture. Another interpretation connects the name with the community’s historical association with weaving and village-based occupations in arid regions, where rain and clouds held special cultural significance.<ref name="GovernmentSC" /><ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Caste-wise Distribution |url=https://censusindia.gov.in |access-date=25 January 2026 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Meghwal is a surname used by the [[Meghwal]]<ref name="Census2011" /> community and people from Rajasthan. Notable individuals with this surname are listed below.<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
* [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]] - Indian politician, serving as the 34th [[Minister of Law and Justice|Minister of law and justice]].<br />
* [[Aduram Meghwal]] – MLA from the [[Chohtan Assembly constituency|Chohtan]] in [[Barmer district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chohtan Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Adu Ram Meghwal Wins From Chohtan |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chohtan-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647154 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Amrita Meghwal]] – Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Jalore]] Constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghwal's biodata on Rajasthan BJP official website |url=http://rajbjp.com/home/mantri/amrita |work=rajbjp.com/}}</ref> <br />
* Babu Lal Meghwal – Indian politician and former Member of Parliament.<br />
* [[Bharat Ram Meghwal]] – Indian politician and former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from the [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ganganagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in |access-date=2026-03-09 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat}}</ref><br />
* [[Bhanwarlal Meghwal]] – Former Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Rajasthan]], 5-times Ex-MLA from the [[Sujangarh Assembly constituency|Sujangarh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Time for reforms to improve quality of education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/time-for-reforms-to-improve-quality-of-education/article2067423.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
* [[Goparam Meghwal]] – Indian politician and former MLA from the [[Siwana Assembly constituency|Siwana]]. <br />
* [[Govind Ram Meghwal]] - Former Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Rajasthan]].<br />
* [[Panachand Meghwal|Pana Chand Meghwal]] – Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Baran-Atru (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Baran-Atru]] Constituency.<br />
* [[Kamsa Meghwal]] – Indian politician and former MLA from the [[Bikaner East Assembly constituency|Bikaner East constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bikaner East Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.eci.gov.in |access-date=2026-03-09 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
* [[Kailash Chandra Meghwal]] – Former [[Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] and MLA from the [[Shahpura, Bhilwara Assembly constituency|Shahpura]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Rajasthan Assembly Speaker Kailash Meghwal passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-assembly-speaker-kailash-meghwal-passes-away/article35755344.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
* [[Kaluram Meghwal]] – MLA from the [[Dag Assembly constituency|Dag]] constituency.<br />
* [[Laxmanram Meghwal]] – Indian politician and former MLA from the [[Bikaner East Assembly constituency|Bikaner East constituency]] in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bikaner East Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.eci.gov.in |access-date=2026-03-09 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
* [[Manju Meghwal]] - Indian politician, elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jayal Assembly constituency|Jayal constituency]].<br />
* Madan Lal Meghwal – Ex–MLA from the [[Jayal Assembly constituency|Jayal]] Assembly constituency.<br />
* [[Manoj Meghwal]] – Indian politician and MLA from the [[Sujangarh Assembly constituency|Sujangarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sujangarh Assembly Election Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in |access-date=2026-03-09 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
* [[Padma Ram|Padma Ram Meghwal]] – Indian politician and Ex-MLA from the [[Chohtan Assembly constituency|Chohtan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chohtan Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.eci.gov.in |access-date=2026-03-09 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
* [[Rampal Meghwal]] – Indian politician and former MLA from the [[Bikaner West Assembly constituency|Bikaner West]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bikaner West Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.eci.gov.in |access-date=2026-03-09 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
* [[Manju Meghwal]] – Ex–MLA from the [[Jayal Assembly constituency|Jayal]] Assembly constituency.<br />
* [[Vishwanath Meghwal]] – 3rd-Term MLA from the [[Khajuwala Assembly constituency|Khajuwala constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khajuwala, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Khajuwala में Dr Vishwanath Meghwal ने 17374 मतों सेहासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/khajuwala-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830387-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Meghwal]]<br />
* [[Scheduled Castes]]<br />
* [[Caste system in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.indiaculture.gov.in Ministry of Culture, Government of India]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pie_(monetary_subunit)&diff=525488Pie (monetary subunit)2026-04-18T14:24:33Z<p>Shubha: Made First Article With Sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}<br />
[[File:Bhopal Govt Postage - One Anna Three Pies.png|thumb|right|A [[Bhopal State]] postage stamp worth 1 anna and three pies]]<br />
A '''pie''' (abbreviated as '''Ps''') was a unit of [[currency]] in [[British Raj|British India]] (now the independent nations of [[India]], [[Burma]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) until 1947. It was the smallest currency unit, equal to {{frac|3}} of a [[paisa|pice]], {{frac|12}} of an [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]] or {{frac|192}} of a [[rupee]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Pakistan paper money catalogue and Pakistani currency history<br />
|website=World Paper Money Catalog and History<br />
|url=https://atsnotes.com/catalog/banknotes/pakistan.html<br />
|publisher=ATS Notes<br />
|language=en<br />
|access-date=9 January 2026<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laughlin|first=J. Laurence|date=September 1893|title=Indian Monetary History|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=1|issue=4|pages=593–596|doi=10.1086/250171|s2cid=153692183 |issn=0022-3808|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1727485}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Unit <br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Value in pies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 rupee <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 192<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 anna <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 12<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 paisa <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 3<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Shell currency had been used before coins became widespread, during the mid-nineteenth century, one pie was equivalent to about 12 [[Shell money|cowry]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=India, Cowry Shell Money, 18th–19th Century<br />
|website=Alvin – Platform for Digital Collections and Digitized Cultural Heritage<br />
|publisher=Uppsala University Library<br />
|url=https://cerl.epc.ub.uu.se/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record%3A572317&dswid=1885<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110135049/https://cerl.epc.ub.uu.se/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record%3A572317&dswid=1885<br />
|archive-date=10 January 2026<br />
|language=en<br />
|access-date=11 January 2026<br />
}}</ref> The pie had been minted at [[Alipore|Alipur]], Calcutta but minting of the pie ended in 1942 the year before the Mint was shifted to Lahore,<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=History – Pakistan Mint<br />
|website=Pakistan Mint<br />
|publisher=Government of Pakistan<br />
|url=https://pakistanmint.gov.pk/Detail/NWQ3YzE5YjEtNTk4Yi00MmE1LTgzOWItOGNkNGNmN2UwM2Ey<br />
|language=en<br />
|access-date=10 January 2026<br />
}}</ref> though it remained in circulation for a further five years. The pie was demonetized in 1947 as it had become practically worthless due to [[inflation]] during WW2.<ref name="value" group="note">Until 1966, India was a member of the [[sterling area]], with the rupee pegged to the British [[pound sterling]] and having a value of 1s&nbsp;6d, or 18 (old) pence; a pie was therefore worth 0.09 old [[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|pence]] or {{frac|3|8}} of a [[Farthing (British coin)|farthing]] in 1947. In 1947, however, a single old penny had an estimated purchasing power of 14 new pence (in 2014 values). Therefore, a pie had a value of 1.3 pence in 2014. (Schedule of Par Values, Currencies of Metropolitan Areas, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg xxiii, Macmillan & Co.; measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/)</ref><br />
<br />
Pakistan, however, resumed minting the pie from 1951–1957, coins from 1951 were stuck in the name of [[King George VI]], coins produced between 1952 and 1955 were struck in the name of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] while coins from 1956 and 1957 were struck in the name of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=1 Pie<br />
|website=Numista<br />
|url=https://en.numista.com/4860<br />
|publisher=Numista<br />
|language=en<br />
|access-date=9 January 2026<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Catalogue of all Circulating Coins of Pakistan<br />
|website=Pakistan Mint<br />
|publisher=Government of Pakistan<br />
|url=https://pakistanmint.gov.pk/Detail/MTNhNTdlZWItN2Y4Mi00NGVhLThhYWYtOWIzNTIxYjc4Y2Vj<br />
|language=en<br />
|access-date=10 January 2026<br />
}}</ref> Pakistan's resumption of the pie was in part because the Pakistani rupee was valued higher than the Indian rupee from 1949 onwards, when India devalued its currency to maintain the exchange rate with the Pound Sterling. The pie was noted in official documents and legalisation during this time - for instance the Finance Act of 1957 notes the [[Excise#Tobacco, alcohol and_gasoline|excise]] for motor spirit (i.e. petrol) being "One rupee, eight annas and nine pies Per Imperial gallon" - this was to be the rate until March 1958.<ref>{{cite report<br />
|title=A Collection of the Central Acts and Ordinances for the Year 1957<br />
|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice<br />
|website=Government of Pakistan<br />
|url=https://molaw.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/Collections/1957.pdf<br />
|year=1957<br />
|page=8<br />
|language=en<br />
|access-date=11 January 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Postage===<br />
[[File:Bahawalpur 1949 Mi 26 stamp (75th anniversary of the UPU. UPU Monument, Bern, Switzerland) 1200dpi.jpg|right|thumb|A 1949 stamp worth 9 pies from the Princely State of [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]]]]<br />
In 1854 postage stamps were introduced to British India, for a letter weighing {{frac|6}} of a [[Tola (unit)|tola]] or less the cost was 6 pies,<ref>{{cite report<br />
|title=The Post Office of India and Its Story<br />
|author=Geoffrey Clarke<br />
|publisher=Government of India<br />
|website=Irrigation Department, Government of Sindh<br />
|url=https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//170.pdf<br />
|language=en<br />
|page=32 (43)<br />
|access-date=11 January 2026<br />
}}</ref> In 1866 postal rates were reduced (although not the minimum cost) so a letter weighing {{frac|4}} of a tola or less cost 6 pies.<ref>{{cite report<br />
|title=The Post Office of India and Its Story<br />
|author=Geoffrey Clarke<br />
|publisher=Government of India<br />
|website=Irrigation Department, Government of Sindh<br />
|url=https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//170.pdf<br />
|language=en<br />
|page=38 (49)<br />
|access-date=11 January 2026<br />
}}</ref> In 1869 a letter weighing {{frac|2}} of a tola or less cost 6 pies.<ref>{{cite report<br />
|title=The Post Office of India and Its Story<br />
|author=Geoffrey Clarke<br />
|publisher=Government of India<br />
|website=Irrigation Department, Government of Sindh<br />
|url=https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//170.pdf<br />
|language=en<br />
|page=39 (50)<br />
|access-date=11 January 2026<br />
}}</ref> Equivalent stamps were used in Princely States.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Coat of Arms – Inscribed "BHOPAL STATE POSTAGE" Overprinted SERVICE (1937)<br />
|website=StampWorld<br />
|url=https://www.stampworld.com/stamps/Bhopal/Official%20stamps/g0032<br />
|publisher=StampWorld<br />
|language=en<br />
|access-date=11 January 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notation==<br />
Under the old currency system, each subunit of the Rupee was separated with a slash, the first number is the number of rupees, the second is the number of annas ({{frac|1|16}}), the third is the number of pices ({{frac|1|64}}), and the fourth is the number of pies ({{frac|1|192}}). The table below shows four examples of currency notation and their decimal value:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Conversion of currency notation to Decimal Rupees<br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Notation <br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Rupees <br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Annas <br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Pices <br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Pies <br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Decimal value (Rs)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | Rs 1/15/3/2 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 15 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 3 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 2 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.9947<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | Rs 1/8/3<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 8 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 3 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | — <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.546<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | Rs 1/4<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 4 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | — <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | — <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.25<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | Rs 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | — <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | — <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | — <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.00<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Portal|Money}}<br />
{{Reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian currency}}<br />
{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}<br />
{{Rupee}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Pie}}<br />
[[Category:Coins of India|Pie]]<br />
[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Rupee]]<br />
[[Category:Currencies of Pakistan]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Money-unit-stub}}<br />
{{India-hist-stub}}<br />
{{Pakistan-hist-stub}}</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Komen&diff=495084Cyclone Komen2026-04-17T06:42:12Z<p>Shubha: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|North Indian cyclone in 2015}}<br />
{{good article}}<br />
{{Infobox weather event<br />
| name = Cyclonic Storm Komen<br />
| image = Komen 2015-07-30 0658Z.jpg<br />
| caption = Komen approaching the Bangladesh coast on July 30<br />
| formed = July 26, 2015<br />
| dissipated = August 2, 2015<br />
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD<br />
| winds = 40<br />
| pressure = 986<br />
}}{{Infobox weather event/SSHWS<br />
| category = monsoondepression<br />
| agency = [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center|JTWC]]<br />
| winds = 45<br />
| pressure = 989<br />
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects<br />
| year = 2015<br />
| fatalities = 167&ndash;260 (including [[2015 Myanmar floods|unrelated flooding]])<br />
| damage = 2055000000<br />
| areas = [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]], India<br />
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer<br />
| season = [[2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Cyclonic Storm Komen'''{{efn|The name ''Komen'' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: โกเมน, [[Help:IPA/Thai|[koː˧ meːn˧]]]) was contributed by [[Thailand]] and means "garnet" in [[Thai language|Thai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Rith |date=July 31, 2015 |title=Rain sting in Komen tail |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/rain-sting-in-komen-tail/cid/1494537 |access-date=July 31, 2015 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>}} was an unusual [[tropical cyclone]] that originated near the southern coast of [[Bangladesh]] and later struck the same country while drifting over the northern [[Bay of Bengal]]. The second [[tropical cyclone naming|named storm]] of the [[2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2015 season]], Komen brought several days of heavy rainfall to [[Myanmar]], Bangladesh, and India. It formed as a depression on July&nbsp;26 over the [[Ganges delta]] and moved in a circular motion around the northern Bay of Bengal. Komen intensified into a {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|cyclonic storm]] and moved ashore southeastern Bangladesh on July&nbsp;30. The system turned westward over land and was last noted over eastern India on August&nbsp;2.<br />
<br />
Across its path, Komen dropped torrential rainfall, primarily in northwestern Myanmar where the precipitation totaled at {{convert|840|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[Paletwa]]. The rains compounded [[2015 Myanmar floods|ongoing flooding]] and contributed to the worst flooding in the country in a century. About 1.7&nbsp;million people were forced to evacuate as flood waters inundated houses to their rooftops. About 510,000&nbsp;houses in the country were damaged or destroyed, and many residents lost their source of income as {{convert|667,221|acre|ha|abbr=off}} of crop fields were damaged. The floods killed 132&nbsp;people, with at least 39 fatalities directly related to Komen. [[Government of Myanmar|The government]] requested assistance from the international community to cope with the disaster, considered the worst in the country since [[Cyclone Nargis]] in 2008. Elsewhere, the storm's flooding damaged 88,900&nbsp;houses in Bangladesh and covered crop fields for a week; Komen killed 45&nbsp;people in the country, some of them due to illnesses spread following the storm. Later, floodwaters affected southeastern India, killing 103&nbsp;people and damaging or destroying 476,046&nbsp;houses.<br />
<br />
==Meteorological history==<br />
{{Storm path|Komen 2015 track.png}}<br />
The [[monsoon]] spawned a [[low-pressure area]] on July&nbsp;25 over the extreme northern [[Bay of Bengal]] and along the southern coast of [[Bangladesh]]. With low [[wind shear]] and abundant [[convection (meteorology)|convection]] south of a developing circulation, the system quickly organized. At 03:00&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on July&nbsp;26, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) classified the system as a depression, while the circulation was nearly stationary near the southern coast of Bangladesh. Land interaction and an unfavorable phase of the [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] prevented further strengthening, despite warm [[sea surface temperature|water temperatures]] of {{convert|31|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="komen">{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|title=Cyclonic Storm (CS) Komen over the Bay of Bengal (26 July-02 August 2015)|date=August 2015|access-date=February 23, 2016|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/KOM.pdf|archive-date=23 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423034834/http://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/KOM.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Early on July&nbsp;27, the American-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) began monitoring the depression after the convection organized further, amplified by good [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory |date=July 27, 2015 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201507270000.htm |access-date=February 23, 2016 |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522025144/https://www.webcitation.org/6aKtn5Ybk?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201507270000.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Still embedded within the monsoon, the depression remained nearly stationary for two days over southern Bangladesh.<ref name="komen"/> The JTWC issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] late on July&nbsp;28, due to the increasingly defined circulation.<ref name="tcfa">{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert |date=July 28, 2015 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO21-PGTW_201507281930.htm |access-date=February 23, 2016 |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522025226/https://www.webcitation.org/6aPWGlyta?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO21-PGTW_201507281930.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On July&nbsp;28, the system began moving more to the south and southeast, although its movement was very slow, possibly affected by another monsoon depression over western India. The IMD described the track as "unique", taking a "semi-circular path over the northeast [[Bay of Bengal]]." At 00:00&nbsp;UTC on the next day, the IMD upgraded the depression to a deep depression,<ref name="komen"/> and three hours later the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 02B, located {{convert|135|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh. A [[tropical upper tropospheric trough]] to the northeast imparted dry air, but otherwise, conditions were generally favorable.<ref name="d1">{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Two) Warning NR 001 |access-date=February 23, 2016 |date=July 29, 2015 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201507290300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522025506/https://www.webcitation.org/6aPWMZXJC?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201507290300.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> A [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] over [[Myanmar]] turned the system to the north on July&nbsp;29.<ref name="komen"/> During that day, the circulation was somewhat elongated and exposed from the convection, while the thunderstorms in the southern periphery organized into spiral [[rainband]]s.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Two) Warning NR 002 |access-date=February 23, 2016 |date=July 29, 2015 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201507290300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522025506/https://www.webcitation.org/6aPWMZXJC?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201507290300.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> At 18:00&nbsp;UTC on July&nbsp;29, the IMD upgraded the system to Cyclonic Storm Komen, one of only four storms of such intensity in July since 1965; typically, low-pressure areas that form in the month are in the extreme northern periphery of the Bay of Bengal, allowing little time to develop over waters, and usually impeded by wind shear.<ref name="komen"/><br />
<br />
Late on July&nbsp;29, the JTWC estimated that Komen attained peak 1&nbsp;minute [[maximum sustained wind|sustained winds]] of {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, based on estimates from satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Two) Warning NR 004 |access-date=February 24, 2016 |date=July 29, 2015 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201507292100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522025424/https://www.webcitation.org/6aPWLYDMY?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201507292100.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> As the storm approached Bangladesh, the circulation remained very broad with most of the convection in the southern periphery,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Two) Warning NR 005 |access-date=February 24, 2016 |date=July 30, 2015 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201507300300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522025346/https://www.webcitation.org/6aPWLCq5g?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201507300300.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> although radar imagery from the coast indicated there was a formative [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] in the storm's center. At 06:00&nbsp;UTC on July&nbsp;30, the IMD estimated peak 3&nbsp;minute winds of {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. Between 14:00&ndash;15:00&nbsp;UTC that day, Komen made [[landfall]] on Bangladesh just west of Chittagong,<ref name="komen"/> and the JTWC discontinued advisories once the storm was ashore.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Two) Warning NR 006 |access-date=February 24, 2016 |date=July 30, 2015 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201507300900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522025306/https://www.webcitation.org/6aPWKsImP?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201507300900.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Komen quickly weakened as it turned to the northwest through Bangladesh, steered by a ridge over [[Tibet]] to the north. On July&nbsp;31, the system crossed into the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] as a weakened depression. The track shifted to the west-southwest until Komen weakened into a remnant low on August&nbsp;2 over [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="komen"/><br />
<br />
==Preparations==<br />
[[File:Komen Aug 2 2015.jpg|right|thumb|Komen over land on August 2]]<br />
During the duration of Komen's existence, the IMD issued warnings on the storm that were relayed to the governments of the countries affected. In southeastern India, government officials issued various warnings for fishermen and for the potential of disruptive rainfall.<ref name="komen"/> The widespread flooding forced 1.2&nbsp;million people to evacuate their homes,<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=August 4, 2015|title=Myanmar admits 'weak' flood response as disaster spreads|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 14, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-admits-weak-flood-response-disaster-spreads|archive-date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405192646/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-admits-weak-flood-response-disaster-spreads|url-status=live}}</ref> with 1,537&nbsp;shelters opened to house 214,306 of the evacuees.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Press Trust of India|title=Heavy rains trigger floods in Gujarat, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Odisha; 81 dead|date=August 2, 2015|access-date=March 25, 2016|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/heavy-rains-trigger-floods-in-gujarat-rajasthan-west-bengal-odisha-81-dead-1029240.html|archive-date=March 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314022052/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/heavy-rains-trigger-floods-in-gujarat-rajasthan-west-bengal-odisha-81-dead-1029240.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|West Bengal Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] canceled an overseas trip to London to coordinate relief activities related to the storm.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=NDTV|title=Cyclone Komen Makes Landfall in Bangladesh. Bengal, Odisha Brace For Impact|author=Anindita Sanyal|date=July 31, 2015|access-date=March 23, 2016|url=http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/as-landfall-nears-bengal-odisha-brace-for-cyclone-komen-1202214|archive-date=April 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416035153/http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/as-landfall-nears-bengal-odisha-brace-for-cyclone-komen-1202214|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Bangladeshi government evacuated 331,120&nbsp;people to 766&nbsp;storm shelters, mostly in low-lying areas of [[Cox's Bazar District]].<ref>{{cite report|work=Government of Bangladesh|date=July 31, 2015|access-date=February 29, 2016|title=DMIC Situation Report on Cyclonic Storm (Komen) situation, Friday, July 31, 2015|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/dmic-situation-report-cyclonic-storm-komen-situation-friday-july-31-2015|archive-date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405210308/http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/dmic-situation-report-cyclonic-storm-komen-situation-friday-july-31-2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Impact==<br />
For several days, Komen dropped heavy rainfall across the northern Bay of Bengal and onto the adjacent coastlines of northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and eastern India. The southeast quadrant produced the heavy rainfall, resulting in a peak rainfall of {{convert|840|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[Paletwa]], Myanmar;<ref name="komen"/> the country experienced record rainfall totals during July and August 2015 in some locations.<ref name="fao">{{cite report|work=Food and Agriculture Organization|title=FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to Myanmar|date=March 16, 2016|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 22, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FAO-WFP%20Crop%20and%20Food%20Security%20Assessment%20Mission%20to%20Myanmar.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405172826/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FAO-WFP%20Crop%20and%20Food%20Security%20Assessment%20Mission%20to%20Myanmar.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bangladesh===<br />
Moving ashore Bangladesh, Komen was accompanied by a storm surge of {{convert|1|to|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} that affected Chittagong,<ref name="komen"/> while flooding rains caused landslides.gladesh, a station at [[Teknaf Upazila]] briefly recorded winds of {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} on July&nbsp;30.<ref name="komen"/> Chittagong in southeastern Bangladesh recorded over {{convert|800|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall over three days, and over {{convert|1000|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[Cox's Bazar]] over ten days.<ref name="twc"/><ref name="miz"/> Rough seas killed two people off [[Cox's Bazar]] when a boat capsized. Rain-induced landslides killed five people in Cox's Bazar, and two others died in the town due to flooding.<ref name="twc"/> The storm damaged 88,900&nbsp;houses across Bangladesh,<ref name="komen"/> including hundreds of fishermen huts. Trees knocked onto houses killed at least three people in separate instances.<ref name="afp730">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=July 30, 2015|access-date=February 29, 2016|publisher=ReliefWeb|title=Thousands evacuated as cyclone set to hit Bangladesh|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/thousands-evacuated-cyclone-set-hit-bangladesh|archive-date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405212648/http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/thousands-evacuated-cyclone-set-hit-bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref> Flooding submerged at least {{convert|145000|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of crops for at least a week after Komen struck the country.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office|date=August 7, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|title=Bangladesh and Myanmar/Burma - Floods (ECHO, Government of Bangladesh, Government of Myanmar) (ECHO Daily Flash of 7 August 2015)|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/bangladesh-and-myanmarburma-floods-echo-government-bangladesh-government-myanmar|archive-date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203431/http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/bangladesh-and-myanmarburma-floods-echo-government-bangladesh-government-myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> Komen killed 45&nbsp;people in Bangladesh{{EM-DAT}} &ndash; 21 in Cox's Bazar and 7 in [[Bandarban District]]<ref name="twc"/> &ndash; some of whom due to illnesses spread by the storm.<ref name="miz"/> About 220,000&nbsp;residencies required some form of assistance after the storm, primarily to cover lack of food.<ref>{{cite report|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=August 29, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2016|title=Asia and the Pacific: Weekly Regional Humanitarian Snapshot (18-24 August 2015)|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/asia-and-pacific-weekly-regional-humanitarian-snapshot-18-24-august-2015|archive-date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405181415/http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/asia-and-pacific-weekly-regional-humanitarian-snapshot-18-24-august-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Damage in [[Chittagong]] exceeds [[Bangladeshi taka|৳]]1.41&nbsp;billion (US$18.1&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite news|author=Nur Uddin Alamgir|date=August 22, 2015|access-date=February 29, 2016|work=Daily Sun|title=Rainfall causes severe damage to embankments in Ctg|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/69137/Rainfall-causes-severe-damage-to-embankments-in-Ctg/2015-08-22|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709234852/https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/69137/Rainfall-causes-severe-damage-to-embankments-in-Ctg/2015-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===India===<br />
India, rainfall peaked at {{convert|520|mm|in|abbr=on}} in Harinkhola, West Bengal, after the storm moved inland and tracked westward.<ref name="komen"/><br />
Komen's rainfall in India compounded upon previous floods; heavy rainfall from the storm occurred while rivers and dams were overflowing.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|title=At least 180 dead, a million displaced in India floods|access-date=February 29, 2016|date=August 4, 2015|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/least-180-dead-million-displaced-india-floods|archive-date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234555/http://reliefweb.int/report/india/least-180-dead-million-displaced-india-floods|url-status=live}}</ref> Rainfall produced a landslide in [[Manipur]] state in extreme eastern India, killing 20&nbsp;people.<ref name="twc">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-komen-bangladesh-myanmar-floods-landslides|title=Floods, Landslides in Myanmar, India and Other Asian Countries Leave At Least 493 Dead|date=August 5, 2015|publisher=Weather.com|access-date=April 5, 2016|author=Nick Wiltgen|archive-date=April 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419035901/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-komen-bangladesh-myanmar-floods-landslides|url-status=live}}</ref> As the storm moved into West Bengal, it killed 10,088&nbsp;livestock while affecting millions of residents. Komen damaged 368,238&nbsp;houses and destroyed another 107,808. Across the state, the storm killed 83&nbsp;people,<ref name="komen"/> some related to lightning and snakebites.<ref name="twc"/> Flooding covered a portion of [[National Highway 60 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 60]] in neighboring [[Odisha]] state.<ref name="komen"/> The Indian government utilized 121&nbsp;rescue boats to assist stranded residents.<ref>{{cite web|work=International Business Times|author=Tim Marcin|title=Floods In India Leave At Least 81 Dead Following Cyclone Komen: Report|access-date=March 23, 2016|date=August 2, 2015|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/floods-india-leave-least-81-dead-following-cyclone-komen-report-2035182|archive-date=April 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404151234/http://www.ibtimes.com/floods-india-leave-least-81-dead-following-cyclone-komen-report-2035182|url-status=live}}</ref> Overall damage in West Bengal were up to [[Indian rupee|₹]]30&nbsp;billion (US$467&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sphere India|title=Joint Needs Assessment Report: West Bengal Floods 2015|access-date=March 23, 2016|date=August 30, 2015|url=https://sphereindiablog.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/west-bengal-jna-report-august-2015_30-08-2015.pdf|archive-date=May 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508103554/https://sphereindiablog.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/west-bengal-jna-report-august-2015_30-08-2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Myanmar===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| width = 250<br />
| footer = Before and after image of a landslide in Chin State<br />
| image1 = Myanmar Landslide 2015 (before).jpg<br />
| image2 = Myanmar Landslide 2015 (after).jpg<br />
}}<br />
{{main|2015 Myanmar floods}}<br />
Across northwestern Myanmar, Komen brought additional rainfall after weeks of monsoonal flooding.<ref>{{cite report|title=Cyclone Komen weakens, heavy rainfall continues across Myanmar|work=New Light of Myanmar|date=July 31, 2015|access-date=February 29, 2016|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/cyclone-komen-weakens-heavy-rainfall-continues-across-myanmar|archive-date=December 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218120236/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/cyclone-komen-weakens-heavy-rainfall-continues-across-myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> In extreme northwestern Myanmar, [[Maungdaw]] recorded winds of {{convert|124|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, possibly during a passing squall. Nearby [[Sittwe]] recorded winds of {{convert|107|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Torrential rainfall, reaching {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} per hour, caused flooding and landslides. In [[Chin State]] northeast of [[Tonzang]], Komen resulted in three landslides, including one along a mountain slope that moved 395&nbsp;million tons of ground at a speed of up to {{convert|180|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}; the landslide was {{convert|5.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} in length, one of the largest worldwide in a decade that was unrelated to an earthquake, and a much faster moving landslide than normal.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|author=Adam Voiland|title=Satellite Spots Massive Tonzang Landslide|date=November 8, 2015|access-date=March 22, 2016|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86924#|archive-date=May 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531024737/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86924|url-status=live}}</ref> The flooding after Komen's passage were considered the worst disaster in Myanmar since [[Cyclone Nargis]] in 2008,<ref>{{cite report|title=Myanmar floods: Families lose everything|date=August 17, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|work=CARE|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-floods-families-lose-everything|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603004153/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-floods-families-lose-everything|url-status=live}}</ref> and according to the government, possibly the worst flooding in a century.<ref>{{cite report|title=Caritas provides aid to victims of worst floods in Myanmar|date=September 28, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|work=Caritas|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/caritas-provides-aid-victims-worst-floods-myanmar|archive-date=January 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107132654/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/caritas-provides-aid-victims-worst-floods-myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> About 1.7&nbsp;million people had to temporarily evacuate.<ref name="ocha114"/><br />
<br />
Water levels reached the top of buildings,<ref name="afp83"/> which displaced residents and restricted travel to just by boat and helicopter.<ref name="afp83"/><ref name="unhcr"/> Floods from Komen caused further damage to houses and roads.<ref name="echo2">{{cite report|title=Humanitarian Implementation Plan (HIP) South East Asia and the Pacific (ECHO/-XA/BUD/2015/91000) Last update: 06/08/2015 Version: 2|work=European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office|date=August 7, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/humanitarian-implementation-plan-hip-south-east-asia-and-pacific-echo-xabud20159100-0|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603002951/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/humanitarian-implementation-plan-hip-south-east-asia-and-pacific-echo-xabud20159100-0|url-status=live}}</ref> The floods covered crop fields with mud and silt, particularly in valleys.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|title=Emergency appeal operations update Myanmar: Floods|date=August 29, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2016|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRMM006%20OU1.pdf|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603002331/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRMM006%20OU1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of July 2015, over {{convert|1400000|acre|ha|abbr=on}} of farmlands were inundated,<ref>{{cite report|work=Food and Agriculture Organization|date=September 3, 2015|title=Myanmar floods deal major blow to country's agriculture|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 21, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-floods-deal-major-blow-country-s-agriculture|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603002823/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-floods-deal-major-blow-country-s-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> of which {{convert|667,221|acre|ha|abbr=off}} of planted crops were damaged, mainly to the rice paddy.<ref>{{cite report|work=Food and Agriculture Organization|date=August 31, 2015|title=Asia Pacific Food Price and Policy Monitor, August 2015 - Issue 24|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 21, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/world/asia-pacific-food-price-and-policy-monitor-august-2015-issue-24|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003111/http://reliefweb.int/report/world/asia-pacific-food-price-and-policy-monitor-august-2015-issue-24|url-status=live}}</ref> About 236,000&nbsp;chickens were killed, and there were lower losses to other livestock.<ref name="fao"/> In Sittwe, flooding and winds damaged six shelters and camps, where about 100,000&nbsp;people were residing during the storm.<ref name="ocha81"/><ref>{{cite report|work=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|date=August 4, 2015|title=UNHCR assists flood victims in Myanmar's Rakhine and Kachin states|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=February 29, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/unhcr-assists-flood-victims-myanmars-rakhine-and-kachin-states|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425225028/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/unhcr-assists-flood-victims-myanmars-rakhine-and-kachin-states|url-status=live}}</ref> The shelters sustained damage to latrines and learning centers, necessitating the use of tarps to ride out the floods.<ref name="ifrc85"/> The town of [[Kalay]] was isolated by floods and only reachable by air travel.<ref name="ocha81"/><br />
<br />
Flooding from Komen was worst in [[Rakhine State]],<ref name="dvb"/> where water distribution was contaminated,<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|author=Kelly MacNamara|title=Myanmar villagers fight floods with just sand bags and hope|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 6, 2015|access-date=March 14, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/flood-hit-burma-appeals-international-aid|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003303/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/flood-hit-burma-appeals-international-aid|url-status=live}}</ref> and entire towns were largely destroyed.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=[[Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation e.V.]]|title=IHH sends emergency aid to flood stricken Arakan|via=ReliefWeb|date=August 10, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/ihh-sends-emergency-aid-flood-stricken-arakan|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003922/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/ihh-sends-emergency-aid-flood-stricken-arakan|url-status=live}}</ref> Waters started to recede by August&nbsp;4,<ref name="dvb">{{cite report|work=Democratic Voice of Burma|title=Flood-hit Burma appeals for international aid|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 4, 2015|access-date=February 29, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/flood-hit-burma-appeals-international-aid|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003303/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/flood-hit-burma-appeals-international-aid|url-status=live}}</ref> allowing residents to return home;<ref name="arc">{{cite report|publisher=Australian Red Cross|date=August 4, 2015|access-date=March 14, 2016|title=Red Cross responds to Myanmar flood emergency|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/red-cross-responds-myanmar-flood-emergency|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603004037/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/red-cross-responds-myanmar-flood-emergency|url-status=live}}</ref> by September 2015, most of the displaced residents nationwide had returned home.<ref name="ocha114">{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=November 4, 2015|access-date=March 22, 2016|title=Revised Flood Response Plan For Myanmar (August to December 2015)|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/revised-flood-response-plan-myanmar-august-december-2015|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003326/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/revised-flood-response-plan-myanmar-august-december-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> High winds in Lailenpi within Chin State damaged a school and a training center for [[community health worker]]s.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=HART|date=August 6, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|title=Flooding Crisis in Burma (Myanmar): An urgent appeal from Dr Sasa|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/flooding-crisis-burma-myanmar-urgent-appeal-dr-sasa|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003315/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/flooding-crisis-burma-myanmar-urgent-appeal-dr-sasa|url-status=live}}</ref> Four schools were damaged nationwide by Komen alone.<ref name="komen"/> The storm and the preceding floods damaged 490,000&nbsp;houses and destroyed another 21,000,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office|date=September 11, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2016|title=Myanmar/Burma - Floods - ECHO Daily Map 11/9/2015|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/map/myanmar/myanmarburma-floods-echo-daily-map-1192015|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003803/http://reliefweb.int/map/myanmar/myanmarburma-floods-echo-daily-map-1192015|url-status=live}}</ref> causing 132&nbsp;deaths,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|date=November 15, 2015|access-date=March 22, 2016|title=Update on Myanmar Flood Response - 15 November 2015|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/update-myanmar-flood-response-15-november-2015|archive-date=March 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324083702/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/update-myanmar-flood-response-15-november-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> at least 55 of whom in Rakhine State.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Radio Free Asia|date=August 6, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|title=At Least 55 Dead From Floods in Western Myanmar|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/least-55-dead-floods-western-myanmar|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003934/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/least-55-dead-floods-western-myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> Komen was directly responsible for at least 39&nbsp;deaths in the country.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|date=March 10, 2016|access-date=March 22, 2016|title=Disasters in Asia and the Pacific: 2015 Year in Review|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2015_Year%20in%20Review_final_PDF_0.pdf|archive-date=April 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408195221/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2015_Year%20in%20Review_final_PDF_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Total estimated loss of the flooding were at [[Burmese kyat|K]]1.942&nbsp;trillion (US$1.57&nbsp;billion).<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Government of the Union of Myanmar|date=November 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|title=Myanmar: Post-disaster needs assessment of floods and landslides July - September 2015|via=World Bank|url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/646661467990966084/pdf/103631-WP-P157276-PUBLIC-PFLNA-Report-2016.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
On July&nbsp;31, [[President of Myanmar]] [[Thein Sein]] declared disaster areas for Chin and Rakhine states and for [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing]] and [[Magway Region|Magway]] regions.<ref name="ocha81">{{cite report|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=August 1, 2015|access-date=February 29, 2016|title=OCHA Flash Update No 1: Myanmar Floods Emergency, 01 August 2015|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/ocha-flash-update-no-1-myanmar-floods-emergency-01-august-2015|archive-date=March 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315033346/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/ocha-flash-update-no-1-myanmar-floods-emergency-01-august-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On August&nbsp;4, the government issued an appeal to the international community for assistance.<ref>{{cite report|work=Democratic Voice of Burma|title=Flood-hit Burma appeals for international aid|date=August 4, 2015|access-date=March 14, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/flood-hit-burma-appeals-international-aid|publisher=ReliefWeb|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003303/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/flood-hit-burma-appeals-international-aid|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the government of Australia provided [[Australian dollar|A$]]3&nbsp;million (US$2.19&nbsp;million),<ref>{{cite report|work=Government of Australia|date=August 7, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|title=Additional humanitarian assistance to Myanmar|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/additional-humanitarian-assistance-myanmar|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003524/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/additional-humanitarian-assistance-myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[United States Agency for International Development]] sent US$600,000.<ref>{{cite report|work=United States Agency for International Development|date=August 6, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|title=USAID announces humanitarian assistance for flood-affected people in Burma|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/usaid-announces-humanitarian-assistance-flood-affected-people-burma|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603002622/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/usaid-announces-humanitarian-assistance-flood-affected-people-burma|url-status=live}}</ref> Neighboring Bangladesh donated $800,000 worth of medicine, water kits, and other supplies. Assistance from other countries included $775,000 from the United Kingdom, $142,202 from nearby Thailand, $100,000 from the Singapore Red Cross, and $300,000 from China.<ref name="miz">{{cite report|work=Mizzima News|date=August 7, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|title=Love thy neighbor: Bangladesh donates US$800,000 for flood effort|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/love-thy-neighbor-bangladesh-donates-us800000-flood-effort|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003100/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/love-thy-neighbor-bangladesh-donates-us800000-flood-effort|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
After Myanmar's government failed to respond to the devastating effects of [[Cyclone Nargis]] in 2008, officials responded more quickly to the floods and the effects from Komen.<ref name="afp83">{{cite news|date=August 3, 2015|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=February 29, 2016|title=Hundreds dead, millions displaced as monsoon rains heap misery on Asia|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-rescuers-race-flood-zones-toll-mounts|archive-date=April 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423231424/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-rescuers-race-flood-zones-toll-mounts|url-status=live}}</ref> Relief supplies were airdropped to marooned villages, assisting the [[Rohingya people]] in Rakhine.<ref name="dvb"/> The government allocated US$1.2&nbsp;million toward supplying farmers with rice paddy seeds to regrow damaged crops.<ref>{{cite news|agency=IRIN|date=August 19, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2016|title=Farm debt rises as Myanmar floodwaters recede|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/farm-debt-rises-myanmar-floodwaters-recede|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425220920/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/farm-debt-rises-myanmar-floodwaters-recede|url-status=live}}</ref> About half of the damaged crop was replanted by November 2015,<ref name="ocha114"/> and in most areas, the grounds remained fertile for future growing.<ref name="fao"/> Local businesses donated [[Burmese kyat|K]]2.06&nbsp;billion toward buying supplies,<ref>{{cite report|work=New Light of Myanmar|date=August 6, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|title=President pledges livelihood assistance for Rakhine flood victims|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/president-pledges-livelihood-assistance-rakhine-flood-victims|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425221245/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/president-pledges-livelihood-assistance-rakhine-flood-victims|url-status=live}}</ref> and businessman [[Aung Ko Win]] donated US$3.6&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite report|work=Irrawaddy|date=August 9, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|title=Aung Ko Win's KBZ Charity Tops $3.6m in Flood Aid|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/aung-ko-win-s-kbz-charity-tops-36m-flood-aid|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425215349/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/aung-ko-win-s-kbz-charity-tops-36m-flood-aid|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Myanmar Red Cross Society|Myanmar Red Cross]], which was already responding to the ongoing flooding, provided additional supplies and assisted with evacuations.<ref name="arc"/> The [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] assisted in these efforts by providing rice and blankets.<ref name="ifrc85">{{cite report|date=August 5, 2015|work=International Committee of the Red Cross|title=Myanmar floods: ICRC joins relief efforts in Rakhine|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 14, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-floods-icrc-joins-relief-efforts-rakhine|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425215338/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-floods-icrc-joins-relief-efforts-rakhine|url-status=live}}</ref> Volunteers distributed sleeping mats, mosquito nets, medical supplies, and tarps.<ref>{{cite report|date=September 7, 2015|work=International Committee of the Red Cross|title=Myanmar: Recovery work begins to support flood-affected communities|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 14, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-recovery-work-begins-support-flood-affected-communities|archive-date=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008121333/https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-recovery-work-begins-support-flood-affected-communities|url-status=live}}</ref> Various United Nations agencies assisted the residents in displaced camps that were affected further by Komen.<ref name="unhcr">{{cite report|work=United Nations High Commission for Refugees|date=August 4, 2015|title=UNHCR assists flood victims in Myanmar's Rakhine and Kachin states|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 14, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/unhcr-assists-flood-victims-myanmars-rakhine-and-kachin-states|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425225028/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/unhcr-assists-flood-victims-myanmars-rakhine-and-kachin-states|url-status=live}}</ref> Within a month of the storm, the [[World Food Programme]] had provided meals to over 450,000&nbsp;people.<ref>{{cite report|work=World Food Programme|date=September 15, 2015|title=What's Happening in Myanmar One Month Onward|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 21, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/whats-happening-myanmar-one-month-onward|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425224815/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/whats-happening-myanmar-one-month-onward|url-status=live}}</ref> Food and oil prices rose in the weeks after the floods,<ref>{{cite report|work=Kaladan Press Network|date=August 12, 2015|title=Prices of commodities shoot up in Maungdaw|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 15, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/prices-commodities-shoot-maungdaw|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425215042/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/prices-commodities-shoot-maungdaw|url-status=live}}</ref> and the price of rice reached record levels in the country in August and September 2015. The cost gradually declined after the next rice harvest.<ref name="fao"/> To help unemployed farm workers, the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] financed a program to pay storm victims to rebuild damaged embankments and restore clean water access.<ref>{{cite report|work=International Rescue Committee|date=October 13, 2015|title=LIFT, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation alleviate livelihood loss in Rakhine State|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 21, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/lift-and-bill-and-melinda-gates-foundation-alleviate-livelihood-loss-rakhine-state|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425223722/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/lift-and-bill-and-melinda-gates-foundation-alleviate-livelihood-loss-rakhine-state|url-status=live}}</ref> An assessment by the United Nations, the [[World Bank]], and the Myanmar government found that women and children were the worst affected group during and after the disaster, due to the stresses of the damaged houses, and insufficient food and assistance in the subsequent months.<ref>{{cite report|work=UN Women|date=December 17, 2015|title=Post-disaster assessment in Myanmar highlights disproportionate impact on women|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=March 22, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/post-disaster-assessment-myanmar-highlights-disproportionate-impact-women|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425223021/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/post-disaster-assessment-myanmar-highlights-disproportionate-impact-women|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}<br />
{{Commons category|Cyclone Komen (2015)}}<br />
*[[2004 Myanmar cyclone]] – powerful and damaging storm that struck northwestern Myanmar<br />
*[[Cyclone Akash]] – affected Myanmar and Bangladesh in May 2007.<br />
*[[Cyclone Sidr]] – a tropical cyclone in November 2007 that resulted in one of the worst natural disasters in Bangladesh.<br />
*[[Cyclone Yemyin]] – slow-moving storm in June 2007 that caused damaging floods across India and Pakistan<br />
*[[Cyclone Nargis]] – powerful and the costliest storm in the Indian Ocean in April/May 2008<br />
*[[Cyclone Mora]] – a strong tropical cyclone in May 2017 that resulted in one of the worst floods in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and India<br />
*[[Cyclone Aila]] – a tropical cyclone in May 2009 which devastated Bangladesh and west Bengal<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Komen}}<br />
[[Category:Cyclonic storms]]<br />
[[Category:2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]<br />
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]<br />
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2015]]<br />
[[Category:July 2015]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giridih_Assembly_constituency&diff=500551Giridih Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:25:19Z<p>Shubha: created first entry w/ sources - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in the Indian state of Jharkhand}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = Sudivya Kumar Sonu.jpg<br />
| name = Giridih<br />
| map_image = Giridih constituency map.svg<br />
| state = [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| district = [[Giridih district|Giridih]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| mla = [[Sudivya Kumar]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:264814}}<br />
| constituency_no = 32<br />
}}<br />
'''Giridih Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Giridih cum Dumri constituency''}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Kamakhya Narain Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party |rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|Hemlal Pragnait<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Raghunandan Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || rowspan="3" | Chaturanan Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India |rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Urmila Debi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Om Lal Azad || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Jyotindra Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2" | Chandra Mohan Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party |rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Munna Lal || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | Nirbhay Kumar Shahabadi || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]|| rowspan=2 |[[Sudivya Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Giridih<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sudivya Kumar]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=94,042 |percentage=45.28% |change={{decrease}}2.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirbhay Kumar Shahabadi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=90,204 |percentage=43.43% |change={{increase}}4.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navin Anand |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=10,787 |percentage=5.19% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunaina Pathak |party=Independent politician |votes=2,635 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar Dusadh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,163 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajeet Ray |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=1,540 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,004 |percentage=0.96% |change={{decrease}}0.69 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,838 |percentage=1.85% |change= {{decrease}}7.62 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,07,682 |percentage=68.12% |change= {{increase}}4.74 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,04,898 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.14 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}2.91 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly election 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Giridih<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sudivya Kumar]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=80,871 |percentage=48.19% |change={{increase}}16.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirbhay Kumar Shahabadi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=64,987 |percentage=38.72% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chunnu Kant |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=6,903 |percentage=4.11% |change={{decrease}}13.68 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Lallu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,493 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upendra Kumar Sharma |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=2,026 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Prasad Barnwal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,533 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sikandar Ali |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,272 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.87 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,773 |percentage=1.65% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,884 |percentage=9.46% |change= {{increase}}2.84 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,67,822 |percentage=63.37% |change= {{decrease}}0.52 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,64,814 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.91 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.85 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly election 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Giridih<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirbhay Kumar Shahabadi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=57,450 |percentage=38.34% |change={{increase}}21.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sudivya Kumar]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=47,517 |percentage=31.71% |change={{increase}}24.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Lal Marandi |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=26,665 |percentage=17.79% |change={{decrease}}8.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ruma Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,998 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nageshwar Das |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,436 |percentage=1.63% |change={{decrease}}7.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tribhuwan Dayal |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,050 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Kumar Yadav |party=Marxist Co-Ordination |votes=1,930 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,457 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,933 |percentage=6.63% |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,49,846 |percentage=63.89% |change= {{increase}}10.55 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,34,535 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.11 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |swing= {{increase}}12.10 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly election 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Giridih<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirbhay Kumar Shahabadi |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=28,771 |percentage=26.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munna Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=21,669 |percentage=19.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Mohan Prasad |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,283 |percentage=16.68% |change={{decrease}}6.83 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=11,737 |percentage=10.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar Sahu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=10,267 |percentage=9.37% |change={{increase}}1.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sudivya Kumar]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=8,272 |percentage=7.55% |change={{decrease}}22.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivakar Pandey |party=Independent politician |votes=2,443 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,102 |percentage=6.48% |change= {{decrease}}0.10 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,09,629 |percentage=53.34% |change= {{increase}}2.36 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,05,538 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.17 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}3.84 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly election 2005===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Giridih<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Munna Lal |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=31,895 |percentage=30.08% |change={{increase}}16.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Mohan Prasad |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,920 |percentage=23.50% |change={{decrease}}4.20 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirbhay Kumar Shahabadi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=21,029 |percentage=19.83% |change={{decrease}}6.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar Sahu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,214 |percentage=7.75% |change={{increase}}6.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotindra Prasad |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=4,392 |percentage=4.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jageshwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,168 |percentage=2.99% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Kasim Noshad Ali |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,771 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,975 |percentage=6.58% |change= {{increase}}5.43 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,06,024 |percentage=50.98% |change= {{increase}}2.44 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,07,962 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.13 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.38 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly election 2000===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Giridih<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Mohan Prasad |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,722 |percentage=27.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirbhay Kumar Shahabadi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=23,697 |percentage=26.56% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotindra Prasad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,804 |percentage=16.59% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irshad Ahmad |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=12,069 |percentage=13.53% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jageshwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,409 |percentage=6.06% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Omi Lal Azad |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,197 |percentage=3.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shunil Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,506 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,025 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=89,230 |percentage=49.19% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,83,826 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]<br />
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{coord|24.190|86.304|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Giridih district]]<br />
[[Category:Giridih]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pathans_of_Kashmir&diff=524742Pathans of Kashmir2026-04-04T05:14:24Z<p>Shubha: Created redirect page</p>
<hr />
<div>#Redirect [[Sudhan]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thokchom_Chandrasekhar_Singh&diff=541060Thokchom Chandrasekhar Singh2026-03-31T05:41:41Z<p>Shubha: biography!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1925)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Thokchom Chandrasekhar Singh<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|03|02|df=y}}<br />
| order = Member of the<br />
| office = Manipur Territorial Council<br />
| term_start = 1957<br />
| term_end = 1963<br />
| order2 = Member of the<br />
| office2 = Manipur Legislative Assembly<br />
| term_start2 = 1963<br />
| term_end2 = 1967<br />
| constituency = [[Singjamei Assembly constituency|Singjamei]]<br />
| constituency2 = [[Singjamei Assembly constituency|Singjamei]]<br />
| successor2 = A. Biramangol<br />
| party = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Congress Socialist Party]] (1946–1948)<br />
* [[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]] (1948–1952)<br />
* [[Praja Socialist Party]] (1952–1955)<br />
* [[Socialist Party of India (1955)|Socialist Party]] (1955–1964)<br />
* [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] (1964–)<br />
* [[Janata Party]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Meitei name|first=Thokchom|second=Chandrasekhar|suffix=Singh}}<br />
<br />
'''Thokchom Chandrasekhar Singh''' was an [[India]]n socialist politician from [[Manipur]]. As a young man he became a leading figure in the socialist movement in Manipur, and was imprisoned for his role in protest movements. He represented the [[Singjamei Assembly constituency|Singjamei]] (of [[Imphal]]) in the Manipur Territorial Council and, later, the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] for a decade. He again contested the Singjamei seat in all Legislative Assembly elections from 1967 to 1984.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Thokchom Chandrasekhar Singh was born on 2 March 1925. He was the son of Thokchom Achoubi Singh. He went to school at the [[Johnstone Higher Secondary School, Imphal]] and at the Bishop Westcott Institute Senior Cambridge in [[Allahabad]].<ref name=whowho1964/> Thokchom joined the [[Congress Socialist Party]] in 1946. He became the Manipur Joint Secretary of the [[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]] in 1948, and would remain in this role until 1958 (in the [[Praja Socialist Party]] 1952–1955, and then in [[Ram Manohar Lohia]]'s [[Socialist Party of India (1955)|Socialist Party]]).<ref name=whowho1964/><br />
<br />
Thokchom took part in the Socialist Party-led protest campaign against the dissolution of the Manipur State Legislative Assembly, and was jailed for his role in the protest movement.<ref name=whowho1964/> In 1954 he was included in the Legislative Demand Movement Council of Action.<ref name=whowho1964/> He was detained at Imphal Jail along with Lohia for three months.<ref name=whowho1964/> When the Praja Socialist Party split in 1955, Thokchom sided with Lohia's new Socialist Party. He was elected to the Manipur Territorial Council from the Singjamei constituency in the 1957 and 1962 elections.<ref name=whowho1964/><ref name=toi1957>''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126085/page/n1011/mode/2up?q=paolen The Times Of India Directory And Year Book Including Who's Who 1957-58]''. p. 973</ref> The Singjamei constituency in the Manipur Territorial Council covered the Circle II (Part II) of Imphal pana of Imphal West tahsil.<ref name=gaz1957>''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125722/page/n293/mode/2up Manipur Gazette]''. 11 January 1957. pp. 2-4</ref> He served as general secretary of Lohia's Socialist Party between 1959 and 1961.<ref name=whowho1964/> In 1960 he was again jailed for his role in the protest movements demanding the revival of the Manipur State Legislative Assembly, and would spend twelve months at Imphal Jail and Nowgong Special Jail.<ref name=whowho1964/><br />
<br />
Once the Union Territories Act, 1963 came into force, Thokchom became a member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly.<ref name=whowho1964/> In the Manipur Legislative Assembly he was a member of the Rules Committee.<ref name=whowho1964/> He became a member of the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]], as Lohia's Socialist Party merged with the remnants of the Praja Socialist Party.<br />
<br />
Thokchom lost the [[Singjamei Assembly constituency]] seat in the [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]. He stood as a Samyukta Socialist Party candidate, finishing in third place with 2,896 votes (21.23%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509125247/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Manipur%201967.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MANIPUR]''</ref> He would again contest the Singjamei seat in the [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], contesting as an independent and finishing in fourth place with 1,471 votes (17.59%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141008104443/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MANIPUR]''</ref> He again finished in fourth place in Singjamei in the [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], standing as an independent candidate and obtained 1,821 votes (21.80%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150424181848/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/StatisticalReport%201974%20Manipur.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1974 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MANIPUR]''</ref><br />
<br />
He contested Singjamei seat as the [[Janata Party]] candidate in the [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] and the [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]. He finished in second place in both occasions, obtaining 1,766 votes (17.99%) in 1980 and 3,278 votes (28.86%) in 1984.<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150424210528/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Manipur.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MANIPUR]''</ref><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150424172632/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/Statistical%20Report%201984%20Manipur.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1984 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MANIPUR]''</ref><br />
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He lived at Singjamei Mathak Thokchom Leikai, Imphal.<ref name=whowho1964>''[https://books.google.com.py/books?id=2t80YdG7RwAC Who's who in the Manipur Legislative Assembly]''. Manipur Legislative Assembly Secretariat., 1964. p. 10</ref> Thokchom was married to L. Binodini Devi. The couple had one daughter.<ref name=whowho1964/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thokchom, Chandrasekhar}}<br />
[[Category:1925 births]]<br />
[[Category:Possibly living people]]<br />
[[Category:Socialist Party of India (1955) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1963–1967]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal_Transport_Corporation&diff=545657West Bengal Transport Corporation2026-03-26T08:44:04Z<p>Shubha: made!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Public transport operator in Kolkata, India}}<br />
{{For|reading about previous operators|Calcutta State Transport Corporation|Calcutta Tramways Company}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date = June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = West Bengal Transport Corporation<br />
| logo = Logo-WBTCBig.png<br />
| logo_size = 150px<br />
| logo_caption = Logo of WBTC<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| native_name_lang = bn<br />
| former_name = <br />
| type = Public transport<br />
| predecessor = *STS (1948–1960)<br />
*CSTC (1960–2017)<br />
*CTC (1880–2017)<br />
*WBSTC (1991–2017)<br />
| successor = <br />
| founded = {{start date|2016|06|8|df=yes}}<br />
| location = Paribahan Bhavan – I, 12, R.N. Mukherjee Road<br />
| location_city = Kolkata, West Bengal 700001<br />
| location_country = India<br />
| area_served = [[Kolkata]]<br>[[West Bengal]]<br />
| services = * Bus Service<br />
* Tram Service<br />
* Ferry Service<br />
| owner = [[Ministry of Transport (West Bengal)|Ministry of Transport]], [[Government of West Bengal]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://wbtconline.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''West Bengal Transport Corporation''' ('''WBTC''')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbtconline.in/about-us|title=West Bengal Transport Corporation|publisher=WBTC|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> is a [[West Bengal]] [[state government]] [[Public Sector Undertaking|undertaken]] [[corporation]] which plies buses, trams and ferries in the state. It was formed by merging existing state transport agencies, namely the [[Calcutta State Transport Corporation]] (CSTC), the [[Calcutta Tramways Company]] (CTC) and the West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation (WBSTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/wb-govt-merges-three-transport-corporations/articleshow/52660416.cms|title=WB govt merges three transport corporations|publisher=The Times of India|date=8 June 2016|access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-transport-gets-biswa-bangla-stamp/articleshow/55861803.cms|title=West Bengal transport gets Biswa Bangla stamp|publisher=The Times of India|date=8 December 2016|access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Bus services in [[Kolkata]] (then known as Calcutta) started in the year 1920 but were unorganised. The organized road transport in the public sector was given shape on 31 July 1948 with the creation of State Transport Services under the Directorate of Transportation, Government of West Bengal. It started operations on 6 intracity routes, with a fleet of 25 buses. The diesel era started with the addition of two double-decker buses in 1949–50. Then the STS became self-sustainable with the establishment of depots and terminals. Gradually, the structure of State Transport Services turned into a full-fledged organization with spreading its network of operation to the entire city (mainly covering Calcutta Improvement Trust area). After about 12 years, State Transport Services became [[Calcutta State Transport Corporation|CSTC (Calcutta State Transport Corporation)]] on 15 June 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/calcutta-state-transport-corporation-completes-75-years/cid/1956111|title=Kolkata's CSTC celebrates 75 historic years with decorated fleet|publisher=The Telegraph|date=2 August 2023|access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> This was the start of a new era for the public transport system in the city and state. Up to 1966–67, CSTC nationalized about 90% of the city's routes. After that CSTC could not sustain the increased passenger demands in the city mainly due to financial constraints. Since then the Government decided to allow private buses to operate on CSTC routes and areas. It also started operating on long-distance routes, starting with Calcutta{{En dash}}Digha in 1968. Over the years, with rapid expansions of long-distance operations, CSTC connected remote rural areas of the state with Kolkata. Soon, it covered almost the whole state and connected the district headquarter towns. In 1989, a new body was formed, named West Bengal Inland Water Transport Corporation Limited, for the operation of vessel services. It started with ferry services on the [[Hooghly River]] and the [[Muri Ganga River|Muri Ganga]] rivers. Later this was merged into West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation, which provided bus services in Kolkata and different areas of South 24-Parganas, along with the CSTC. In June 2016, WBSTC, CTC and CSTC were merged into one with operational name WBTC. Till the merger, WBSTC had a fleet of 233 (Volvo AC, TATA Marco Polo AC and non-AC) buses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transport.wb.gov.in/about-us/department-at-a-glance/corporation/wbtc/wbstc/|title=transport dept. wb|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620123858/http://transport.wb.gov.in/about-us/department-at-a-glance/corporation/wbtc/wbstc/|archive-date=20 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Operations==<br />
===Fleet===<br />
WBTC has a fleet of 1337 buses as of 2019.<ref name=TI1>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatans-ditch-cars-warm-to-ac-bus-fleet/articleshow/69919831.cms | title=Kolkatans ditch cars, warm to AC bus fleet | first=Krishnendu | last=Bandyopadhyay | date=24 June 2019 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=20 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802154747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatans-ditch-cars-warm-to-ac-bus-fleet/articleshow/69919831.cms | archive-date=2 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> and 20 vessels for Passenger Ferry Service. Right now its fleet consists of 400 AC buses. These were brought under the visionary of the central [[JNNURM]] scheme. The buses are in blue and white livery of [[Volvo]], [[Tata Marcopolo]], [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] and [[JanBus]] models from [[Ashok Leyland]], the first low floor front entry public buses in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/City-gets-bus-fleet-the-world-is-waiting-for/articleshow/39255119.cms|title=City gets bus fleet the world is waiting for|date=30 July 2014|access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> WBTC is rapidly modernizing its fleet in 2026, focusing on eco-friendly and premium options. Key updates include a new 200-bus fleet of [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] AC CNG buses (120 semi-deluxe, 50 deluxe, 30 midi) and new PMI Foton electric buses. This initiative aims to enhance commuter comfort and reduce pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-gets-25-ac-cng-buses-new-green-routes/articleshow/127949222.cms|title=Kolkata gets 25 AC CNG buses, new green routes|publisher=Times of India|access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsdrum.in/national/bengal-inducts-25-ac-cng-buses-plans-200-by-march-end-11101042|title=Bengal inducts 25 AC CNG buses; plans 200 by March-end|publisher=|access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/air-conditioned-cng-buses-into-city-fleet-just-before-summer-mamata-banerjee-kolkata-bengal_642814.html|title=New AC CNG Buses: গরম শুরু হওয়ার আগেই কলকাতায় বাসযাত্রীদের জন্য সুখবর! এবার এসি বাসে চেপেই নিত্যদিন...|publisher=Zee 24 Ghanta|access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Division===<br />
Previously, the depots were separately administered by '''[[Calcutta State Transport Corporation|<br />
CSTC]]''', '''[[Calcutta Tramways Company|CTC]]''', '''[[West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation|WBSTC]]'''. But after the merger, all have come under the purview of '''WBTC'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transport.wb.gov.in/infrastructure/bus-depots-terminals/|title=Bus Depots & Terminals|website=Transport Department, Government of West Bengal|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620123606/http://transport.wb.gov.in/infrastructure/bus-depots-terminals/|archive-date=20 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Depots===<br />
WBTC Depots are used for parking and repairing buses and trams. The following depots are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://transport.wb.gov.in/infrastructure/bus-depots-terminals/|title=Bus Depots & Terminals|publisher=Transport Department, Govt. of WB|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nilganj|Nilgunge]] Depot (ND)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Belghoria]] Depot (BD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Garia]] Depot (GD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Howrah]] Depot (HD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]] Depot (KD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lake Gardens|Lake]] Depot (LD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maniktala]] Depot (MD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Paikpara]] Depot (PD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] Depot (SLD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Taratala]] Depot (TD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thakurpukur]] Depot (TPD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Belgachia]] Depot (BL)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tollygunge]] Depot (TG)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khidirpur]] Depot (KP)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gariahat Road|Gariahat]] Depot (GH)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Park Circus]] Depot (PC)<br />
|-<br />
|[[New Town, Kolkata|Pride Plaza]] Depot (PRD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] Depot (RB)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Beniapukur|Nonapukur]] Depot (NP)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ultadanga]] Depot (UD)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] Depot (JK)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalighat]] Depot (KG)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Barasat]] Depot (BS)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Salkia|Ghasbagan]] Depot (GB)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Habra]] Depot (HB)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Services==<br />
<br />
=== Bus services ===<br />
{{See also|Calcutta State Transport Corporation}}<br />
Buses are operated on many routes across Kolkata and its suburban areas providing express bus service with limited stops.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbtconline.in/wbtc-city-bus-routes|title=WBTC City Bus routes|publisher=WBTC|access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:City Bus - Dorina Crossing - Esplanade - Kolkata 2016-06-23 5194.JPG|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
===Late night services===<br />
This was introduced to provide late night transportation service to the city. Buses ply on several important routes across the city connecting northern & southern parts of the city with [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Station]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata Airport]], [[Salt Lake, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] and [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]. These routes are AC-39, AC-24/AC-24A, AC-12D, AC-5, AC-47, AC-50A, S-10A, E-1, E-32, AC-54, EB-14, S-22, S-24, S-7, S-12, S-12D, S-3A, S-30, S-31 and AC-37.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apacnewsnetwork.com/2025/03/kolkata-to-resume-night-bus-services-in-20-routes-after-7-years/|title=Kolkata to Resume Night Bus Services in 20 Routes after 7 Years|publisher=|access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/wb-govt-staring-late-night-bus-service-in-kolkata/|title=রাত ১১টার পরও মিলবে বাস পরিষেবা, যাত্রীদের সুবিধায় শহরে সরকারি বাসের 'লেট নাইট সার্ভিস' চালু|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|date=4 March 2025|access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Banglashree Express AC Bus services===<br />
<br />
This service was introduced to connect district Headquarters towns of the state with the state capital with express bus service, so that people can travel overnight to reach Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aitcofficial.org/aitc/bengal-cm-set-to-flag-off-banglashree-express-buses-today/|title=Bengal CM flags off Banglashree Express buses|publisher=AITC|access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
The bus route number starts with '''BE'''.<br />
<br />
===Tram services===<br />
{{For|more detail|Trams in Kolkata}}<br />
The tram operations came under WBTC from CTC, after the merge. In 2019 air-conditioned Trams were introduced in the network.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/west-bengal-transport-corporation-gets-award-for-reforms-in-kolkata-tramways/cid/1934713|title=West Bengal Transport Corporation gets award for reforms in Kolkata tramways|publisher=The Telegraph|date=6 May 2023|access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Ferry services===<br />
WBTC also operates ferry routes across Hooghly river. One can avail the services using daily tickets, and few routes using season ticket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wbtc.co.in/ferry-service/|title=Ferry Service – WBTC-West Bengal Transport Corporation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115160656/https://wbtc.co.in/ferry-service/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Special Bus services===<br />
<br />
Some special bus services are also provided on some occasions like<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wbtc.co.in/special-services/|title=Special Services – WBTC-West Bengal Transport Corporation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-27|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511162301/https://wbtc.co.in/special-services/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Gangasagar Mela<br />
* Durga Puja Parikrama <br />
* Durga Puja Shopping <br />
* International Kolkata Book Fair<br />
* Winter Weekend Special<br />
* Eco Park Operation<br />
* Christmas Carnival<br />
* Haj Pilgrims<br />
<br />
==Public initiatives==<br />
*Kolkata Tram Library: WBTC launched India's first Tram library on 24 September 2020, in presence of MD, WBTC, Rajanvir Singh Kapur IAS<br />
*Kolkata Heritage River Cruise: launched by WBTC on 1 October 2020.<br />
*Kolkata Tyre Park: launched on 13 November 2020, made using scrap tyres in presence of Chairman Rachpal Singh, Vice Chairman Saha and MD Rajanvir Singh Kapur IAS.<br />
*Paat Rani: A tram with jute items made by inmates of Presidency and Dum Dum Correctional Homes was launched on 13 November 2020.<br />
*On 14 November 2020, WBTC launched world's first children library named Kolkata Young Readers’ Tramcar. Launched by MD WBTC Rajanvir Singh Kapur and Director Apeejay.<ref>{{cite web |title=World's First Tramcar For Young Readers in Kolkata |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/worlds-first-tramcar-for-young-readers-in-kolkata-4211215/ |website=India.com |language=en |date=15 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kuruvilla |first1=Elizabeth |title=Business Lounge with Priti Paul |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/hLmCe3jo5Z8ebW06Dt8RoL/Business-Lounge-with-Priti-Paul.html |website=mint |language=en |date=8 May 2015}}</ref><br />
* Road Safety Campaign called 'Safe Drive Save Life'.<br />
* Environment Protection campaign through the Green Movement campaign<br />
*On the 140th Anniversary of registration of the Calcutta Tramways Company in London, on 22 December 2020; WBTC launched Tram World Kolkata (TWK). TWK was planned to convert a junkyard in Gariahat Tram depot. The entire effort took 41 days.<br />
In 41 days the area was converted into a paradise for tram lovers, with stamps, tickets, coins, old tram documents and vintage photos. Food, music and art will be added in due course to make it an international tourist destination for tram lovers.<br />
<br />
Launched by MD Rajanvir Singh Kapur IAS in presence of Chairman Rachpal Singh IPS Retd.<br />
<br />
==Other utilities==<br />
<br />
===Intelligent Transport System===<br />
To cope up with the increasing demand of public transport in the city, some innovative measures were taken up, with a cost of ₹ 9,39,89,926, except fleet management. This also includes the Yatri Sathi app.<br />
<br />
* On-Bus Intelligent Transport System (OBITS)<br />
* Automatic Fare collection system (AFCS) with Smart Card ticketing system '''(West Bengal Transport Card)'''<br />
* Passenger Information system including Mobile Application on the basis of Vehicle Tracking System<br />
* Fleet Management System<br />
* Integration Services for UBS-II complied Buses<br />
* Passenger friendly on-board destination display<br />
* Removal of additional switch for ITS to enable tracking whenever the ignition is on<br />
* Zero cost on commuter to use these facilities – info available on their smart phones and publicly displayed LEDs<br />
* A unique application (Driver's app) has been introduced to track non-BS-IV vehicles too<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Transport in Kolkata]]<br />
* [[Trams in Kolkata]]<br />
* [[Calcutta State Transport Corporation]]<br />
* [[Calcutta Tramways Company]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}{{West Bengal transit}}{{State owned road transport companies in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:State road transport corporations of India]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Trams in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1989]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1989]]<br />
[[Category:1989 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aks_(2001_film)&diff=472583Aks (2001 film)2026-03-24T01:22:05Z<p>Shubha: updated details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2001 film by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aks<br />
| image = AksPoster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]<br />
| producer = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<br />[[Jhamu Sughand]]<br />
| writer = [[Rensil D'Silva]]<br />Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra<br />[[Kamlesh Pandey]]<br />
| narrator = Manoj Bajpayee<br />
| starring = Amitabh Bachchan<br />[[Raveena Tandon]]<br />[[Manoj Bajpayee]]<br />[[Nandita Das]]<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br>[[Anu Malik]]<br>'''Score:'''<br>[[Ranjit Barot]]<br />
| editing = P. S. Bharathi<br />
| cinematography = Kiran Deohans<br />
| studio = [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation]]<br>Flicks Motion Pictures<br />
| released = {{Film date|2001|07|13|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 184 mins<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| budget = {{INR}}110 million<br />
| gross = {{INR}}143 million<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aks''''' ({{Translation|Reflection}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Supernatural film|supernatural]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]], starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Raveena Tandon]], and [[Manoj Bajpayee]] in leading roles. The music was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics and being a box office flop, it won three awards at the [[47th Filmfare Awards]]: [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor — Critics]] (Bachchan), [[Filmfare Special Award|Special Award Performance]] (Tandon), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]] (Ranjan). Bachchan and Bajpayee were nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] at the same ceremony as well.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
Aks is a supernatural thriller centering on two characters― a cop named Manu Verma and a shadowy killer named Raghavan. During a conference in [[Budapest]], the defence minister is found murdered. Manu Verma investigates the case and discovers that the culprit is Raghavan Ghatge, a sociopathic serial killer who works as a hitman.<br />
<br />
Raghavan is caught. As he is about to be executed by hanging, his spirit goes into Manu's body and starts to manipulate the cop into performing acts that Raghavan wanted to perform. But he couldn't save himself. He goes to another town but is not able to find peace.<br />
<br />
Eventually, Raghavan's spirit leaves Manu's body. Everything seems to be normal. Manu and his family go on vacation. Unfortunately, Raghavan's spirit is still alive and possesses Raghavan's brother.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Inspector Manu Verma<br />
*[[Raveena Tandon]] as Neeta<br />
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Raghavan Ghatge<br />
*[[Nandita Das]] as Supriya Verma<br />
*[[K.K. Raina]] as Mahadevan Ghatge<br />
*[[Tanvi Azmi]] as Madhu Pradhan<br />
*[[Vineet Kumar]] as Narang<br />
*[[Pramod Moutho]] as Justice Balwant Chaudhry<br />
*[[Salim Ghouse]] as Blind Guru<br />
*[[Veerendra Saxena]] as Hanif Kasai<br />
*[[Vijay Raaz]] as Yeda Yakub<br />
*[[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as RAW Officer 1 Ramesh<br />
*[[Gajraj Rao (actor)|Gajraj Rao]] as RAW Officer 2 Chakradhari<br />
*[[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]] as PM's Aide Pathak<br />
*[[Amol Palekar]] as Defence Minister Alok Patel<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Aks'' is the directorial debut of [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]. Amitabh Bachchan sported a [[Van Dyke beard|French beard]] to portray his character.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Amitabh-Bachchan-Aks-gave-me-my-French-beard-permanently/articleshow/48069815.cms|title=Amitabh Bachchan: 'Aks' gave me my French beard permanently|date=14 July 2015|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Aks<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2001||}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/aks-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1338729219 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716000039/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/aks-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1338729219 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2018 |title=Aks (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref><br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 45:55<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| label = [[Saregama]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[A. R. Rahman]] was initially approached to compose original score and songs for the film. Rahman initially agreed and then opted out for reasons unknown. Rahman would later compose for Mehra's ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' and ''[[Delhi 6]]''. After Rahman walked out of the project, the background score was composed by Rahman's associate [[Ranjit Barot]] while the songs were composed by [[Anu Malik]] with lyrics penned by [[Gulzar]]. Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff]] appreciated the album saying that Aks is a "captivating album with funky, experimental, new age music".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/may/26aks.htm |title=Music Review – Aks – A Haunting Melody |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 45:55<br />
<br />
| title1 = Yeh Raat<br />
| extra1 = [[Annupamaa|Anupama]]<br />
| length1 = 6:06<br />
<br />
| title2 = Raat Aati Hain<br />
| extra2 = [[Shubha Mudgal]]<br />
| length2 = 6:20<br />
<br />
| title3 = Aaja Gufaon Mein Aa<br />
| extra3 = [[KK (singer)|KK]] & [[Vasundhara Das]]<br />
| length3 = 5:23<br />
<br />
| title4 = Hum Bhool Gaye<br />
| note4 = Male Vocals<br />
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br />
| length4 = 5:23<br />
<br />
| title5 = Hum Bhool Gaye<br />
| note5 = Female Vocals<br />
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]<br />
| length5 = 5:09<br />
<br />
| title6 = Banda Bindas<br />
| extra6 = KK, [[Clinton Cerejo]] & [[Kunal Ganjawala]]<br />
| length6 = 3:36<br />
<br />
| title7 = Bhala Bura<br />
| note7 = Composed by Indrajeet Sharma<br />
| extra7 = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<br />
| length7 = 3:47<br />
<br />
| title8 = Ramleela<br />
| note8 = Arranged by Rajat Dholakia<br />
| extra8 = Amitabh Bachchan, [[Nandita Das]] & Kavita Mundra<br />
| length8 = 5:20<br />
<br />
| title9 = Rabba Rabba<br />
| extra9 = Vasundhara Das & Sukhwinder Singh<br />
| length9 = 4:51<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the cinematography and music of the film along with the acting performances of all actors, specially Amitabh Bachchan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200223.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203081458/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-02-03 |title=Film Review: Aks |date=2001-07-20 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film two out of five, praising the visuals and music of the film but criticized the film for being too complicated and slow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aks/critic-review/aks-movie-review/ |title=Aks Review by Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 July 2001 }}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Ceremony !! Category !! Recipient !! Result<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6" align="center"|[[47th Filmfare Awards]]<br />
|align="center"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
|rowspan="2" align="center"| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]<br />
|rowspan="4" {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| [[Filmfare Special Award|Special Award]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Raveena Tandon]]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]<br />
|align="center"|Ranjit Ranjan<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Ranjit Barot]]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]<br />
|align="center"|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0289845|title=Aks}}<br />
<br />
{{Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2001 films]]<br />
[[Category:2001 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s supernatural horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]<br />
[[Category:2001 directorial debut films]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishakha_Subhedar&diff=544892Vishakha Subhedar2026-03-15T08:51:39Z<p>Shubha: new!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vishakha Subhedar<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1976|03|22}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Comedy queen Vishakha Subhedar turns a year older, co-stars Prasad Khandekar, Gaurav More, and others send out best wishes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/comedy-queen-vishakha-subhedar-turns-a-year-older-co-stars-prasad-khandekar-gaurav-more-and-others-send-out-best-wishes/articleshow/81630438.cms?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=16870745905381&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/comedy-queen-vishakha-subhedar-turns-a-year-older-co-stars-prasad-khandekar-gaurav-more-and-others-send-out-best-wishes/articleshow/81630438.cms |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| children = 1<br />
| occupation = {{flatlist|<br />
*Actor<br />
*comedian<br />
}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox comedian<br />
|embed=yes<br />
| medium = television, film<br />
| genre = {{flatlist|<br />
*[[character comedy]]<br />
*[[Satire]]<br />
}}<br />
| subject = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[Bollywood]]<br />
* [[Marathi cinema]]<br />
* [[everyday life]]<br />
* [[Indian culture]]<br />
* [[popular culture]]<br />
* Marathi television<br />
}}<br />
| notable_work = <br />
}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Mahesh Subhedar|1998}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Vishakha Subhedar''' (born 22 March 1976)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishakha Subhedar turns a year old today |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-marathi-actress-vishakha-subhedar-celebrated-her-birthday-today-5281392-pho.html}}</ref> is a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] television and film actress. She is known as a [[comedian]], particularly when working in commercial [[Marathi cinema]] and [[Drama (film and television)|drama]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-04 |title=Vishakha Subhedar confirms not joining Maharashtrachi Hasya Jatra |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/vishakha-subhedar-confirms-not-joining-maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra/articleshow/98407963.cms |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She began her acting career in 2004, when she started acting in dramas. She is well known for her roles in ''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]'' & ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=आताही महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रात दिसणार नाही विशाखा सुभेदार, अभिनेत्रीनेच सांगितलं यामागचं कारण |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/comedy-queen-vishakha-subhedar-wont-be-a-part-of-maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-anymore/articleshow/93336887.cms |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Subhedar was originally from [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]]. She went into New English High School, [[Thane]].<br />
<br />
Before finding success as an actress, she worked several other small jobs to support her early career. She was a dance teacher, as well as saleswoman for items such as dress material, nail paint, lipstick, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ट्रेनमध्ये लिपस्टिक, नेलपेंट विकायची मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील ही प्रसिद्ध अभिनेत्री |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/marathi-comedy-actress-vishakha-subhedar-share-her-mumbai-local-memories-in-bus-bai-bus/articleshow/94453172.cms |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
She is married to Mahesh Subhedar since 1998, who is an engineer, dubbing artist as well as actor. They meet during the filming of the natak - ''[[Kaksparsh]].'' They also have a son named, Abhinay. For now, she lives in [[Mulund]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=know about Marathi comedy queen vishakha subhedar personal life facts {{!}} ठाण्याची लेक ते अंबरनाथची सून...! कॉमेडी स्टार विशाखा सुभेदार हिचा पती देखील आहे अभिनेता {{!}} Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/know-about-marathi-comedy-queen-vishakha-subhedar-personal-life-facts-a590/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|''Premat Sarech Kahi Maaf''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''Bhagam Bhaag''<br />
|Madam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]''<br />
|Prostitute's mother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2011<br />
|''[[Guldasta (2011 film)|Guldasta]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Fakta Ladh Mhana]]''<br />
|Brothel Madam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Mast Challay Amcha''<br />
|Seema<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mast Challay Aamcha (2011) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mast-challay-aamcha-21145/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618070946/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mast-challay-aamcha-21145/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=18 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2012<br />
|''[[Yedyanchi Jatra]]''<br />
|Anna Patil's wife<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[4 Idiots]]''<br />
|Shevanta<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2013<br />
|''Sasubai Gelya Chorila''<br />
|Ashatai Deodhar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Are Avaaj Konacha]]''<br />
|Tai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Balak-Palak]]''<br />
|Pednekar Kaku<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Zapatlela 2]]''<br />
|Champabai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Thenga''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|''[[Super Nani]]''<br />
|Ratna<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title="रेखाजींनी माझा हात हातात घेतला आणि म्हणाल्या..." विशाखा सुभेदारने सांगितला 'तो' अनुभव {{!}} marathi actress vishakha subhedar share interesting story about actress rekha during Super Nani movie shooting nrp 97 |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-actress-vishakha-subhedar-share-interesting-story-about-actress-rekha-during-super-nani-movie-shooting-nrp-97-3151553/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2015<br />
|''Dagadabaichi Chawl''<br />
|Dagadabai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sasu Cha Swayamwar|Sasu Cha Swayamvar]]''<br />
|Lalitabai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2016<br />
|''1234''<br />
|Swati Joshi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Madhu Ithe Ani Chandra Tithe''<br />
|Madhu's mother<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhu Ithe An Chandra Tithe set to release on TV not on Cinema theaters |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-madhu-ithe-an-chandra-tithe-first-marathi-movie-release-on-zee-talkies-5344100-pho.html}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''[[Hrudayantar]]''<br />
|Mrs. Aaglawe<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2018<br />
|''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa]]''<br />
|Ranjana<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-11 |title=Ye re Ye re Paisa cast revealed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ye-re-ye-re-paisa-cast-revealed/articleshow/60024853.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Maska''<br />
|Special appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2019<br />
|''66 Sadashiv''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 2]]''<br />
|Ranjana<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-08-06 |title=Hemant Dhome Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 2 Interview |url=https://marathistars.com/interviews/hemant-dhome-ye-re-ye-re-paisa-2-interview-theres-no-formula-for-a-successful-marathi-film/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=MarathiStars |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2022<br />
|''Garam Kitali''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-12 |title=मराठी चित्रपटामध्ये झळकणार दया ... |url=https://www.lokshahi.com/lokshahi-ent/dayanand-shetty-to-star-in-marathi-film |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Lokshahi Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Eka Kaleche Mani''<br />
| Kale's neighbour<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Actor Vishakha Subhedar to Work With CID Fame Dayanand Shetty in Marathi Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-vishakha-subhedar-to-work-with-cid-fame-dayanand-shetty-in-marathi-film-5051281.html |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='एका काळेचे मणी', आंबट गोड नात्यांची कहाणी; महेश मांजरेकरांनी केली निर्मिती |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/eka-kaleche-mani-new-web-series-of-mahesh-manjrekar-1093838 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=ABP Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Ekda Yeun Tar Bagha]]''<br />
|Magru<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=लेदरचं जॅकेट, हातात बंदूक अन्...; विशाखा सुभेदार पुन्हा झळकणार बेधडक अंदाजात, फोटो पाहिलात का? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/marathi-actress-vishakha-subhedar-ekda-yeun-tar-bagha-new-movie-new-role-share-first-poster-nrp-97-3996938/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''Panipuri''<br />
|<br />
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Patil |first1=Kiran |title=PaniPuri Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} पाणीपुरी {{!}} PaniPuri Marathi Movie {{!}} Exclusive 2024 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/panipuri-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=19 January 2025 |date=17 November 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2025<br />
|[[Hardik Shubhechha (film)|''Hardik Shubhechha'']]<br />
|Madhav's mother<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=मराठी सिनेमात होतायंत हटके प्रयोग; पुष्कर जोग घेऊन येतोय लैंगिक सुसंगततेवर भाष्य करणारा चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/pushkar-jog-upcoming-movie-hardik-shubheccha-starring-hemal-ingale-releasing-on-21st-march/articleshow/117900897.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 3]]''<br />
|Ranjana<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Yere Yere Paisa 3 Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 3 {{!}} येरे येरे पैसा ३ {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/yere-yere-paisa-3-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=16 May 2024 |date=16 May 2024}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]''<br />
|Contestant<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishakha Subhedar reveals she had performed on Sridevi's popular song 'Morni Baga Ma' when she participated in Boogie Woogie |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/vishakha-subhedar-reveals-she-had-performed-on-sridevis-popular-song-morni-baga-ma-when-she-participated-in-boogie-woogie/articleshow/100394152.cms |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2009-2010<br />
|''[[Man Udhan Varyache]]''<br />
|Manorama<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2010-2014<br />
|''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" |Contestant<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-15 |title=Fu Bai Fu Naya Hai Yeh Zee Marathi Comedy Show Contestants Cast Host Judges |url=https://marathistars.com/tv-serial/fu-bai-fu-naya-hai-yeh-season-8/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Marathi Stars}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''[[Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur]]''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012-2014 <br />
|''Ambat Goad''<br />
|Daya Vidhwans<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2013-2014<br />
|''[[Shejari Shejari Pakke Shejari]]''<br />
|Lajwanti (Lajjo)<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Mah-UP battle made into fun Marathi sitcom |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mah-up-battle-made-into-fun-marathi-sitcom/articleshow/18690428.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2014-2016<br />
|''[[Ka Re Durava]]''<br />
|Nandini<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-22 |title=Ka Re Durava turns one |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/ka-re-durava-turns-one/articleshow/48586503.cms |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2016-2017<br />
|''[[Comedy Express|Comedychi Bullet Train]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" |Contestant<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018-2022<br />
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Comedy queen Vishakha Subhedar won't be a part of Maharashtrachi Hasya Jatra anymore |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-comedy-queen-vishakha-subhedar-wont-be-a-part-of-maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-anymore/articleshow/93319184.cms |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2018-2019<br />
|''[[Saare Tujhyachsathi]]''<br />
|Shruti's aunt<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2020<br />
|''Aathashe Khidkya Naushe Dare''<br />
|Mrs. Saave<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maharashtra's Best Dancer]]''<br />
|Cameo appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Bus Bai Bas]]''<br />
|Herself<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Actress and Comedian Vishakha Subhedar Talk About On How Anchor Weight In Bus Bai Bus dp |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/marathi-actress-and-comedian-vishakha-subhedar-talk-about-on-how-anchor-weight-in-bus-bai-bus-dp/654236/amp |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Zee News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023–present<br />
|''[[Shubhvivah]]''<br />
|Ragini Patwardhan <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title=वर्षभराच्या ब्रेकनंतर विशाखा सुभेदार करणार मालिकेत पुनरागमन, प्रोमो समोर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/actress-vishakha-subhedar-comeback-in-marathi-serial-shubh-vivah-promo-viral-nrp-97-3335627/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Stage works ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|''Shantecha Karta Chalu Ahe''<br />
|Shanta<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''Yancha Karaycha Kay''<br />
|Mangal Jadhav<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''[[Kurrr]]''<br />
|Vandana<ref>{{Cite web |title=कुर्रर्रर्रर्र – १०० नाही तर १००० टक्के मनोरंजन करणारं नाटक - Mumbai Tak - kurrrrrrrr not 100 but 1000 entertaining drama - MumbaiTAK |url=https://www.mumbaitak.in/entertainment/kurrrrrrrr-not-100-but-1000-entertaining-drama/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.mumbaitak.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
| ''[[The Damyanti Damle]]''<br />
| Damyanti Damle<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|4147653}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Subhedar, Vishakha}}<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1come_de_Olivares&diff=465991Jácome de Olivares2026-03-11T20:12:36Z<p>Shubha: reworked content additionally per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|16th-century Portuguese–Jewish merchant and informant for the Ottoman Empire}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Jácome de Olivares<br />
| birth_date = [[Floruit|fl.]] 1540<br />
| birth_place = [[Setúbal]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]<br />
| death_date = [[Floruit|fl.]] 1571<br />
| death_place = [[Ottoman Empire]] ?<br />
| occupation = [[Merchant]], [[Espionage|spy]]<br />
| parents = Violante Lopes<br/>António de Olivares<br />
| spouse = Maria Nunes<br />
| opponents = Rodrigo Àlvares<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 4516, fol. 60.</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jácome de Olivares''' ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1540 – [[Floruit|fl.]] 1571) was a [[Cochin Jews|Cochin Jew]] who converted to [[Catholicity|Catholicism]] in [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] ([[converso]]). He later re-converted to [[Judaism]] after fleeing to the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1571. Olivares was mostly active as a merchant, and spied for the Ottoman Sultan [[Selim II]] in [[Kochi]], [[Portuguese India]]. He was part of [[Joseph Nasi]]'s worldwide network of spies for the Ottoman Empire.<br />
<br />
== Family ==<br />
Olivares was a native of [[Setúbal]] and was a [[Sephardic Jew]]. His mother was a [[New Christian]] by the name of Violante Lopes. His father, António de Olivares, was an [[Old Christian]] who was an important figure in town as he was squire of the household of the [[Order of Santiago|Grand Master of the Order of Santiago]].{{sfn|Cunha|1995|pp= 137–138}}<br />
<br />
In 1550, Olivares married into a New Christian family. His wife's name was Maria Nunes, daughter of Leonor Dias, who died in 1552.<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 6369, fol. 69v.</ref> Leonor and her husband had moved to Kochi from Lisbon, where they had been baptised. They were forcibly converted, and thus were [[Marranos]].<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 6369, fol. 5.</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and career ==<br />
Olivares was baptised in his native city of Setúbal in the [[Igreja de São Julião (Setúbal)|church of São Julião]]. He was said to be an ardent Christian, and served the Grand Master of Santiago, [[João de Lencastre, 1st Duke of Aveiro]], and his son, [[George of Lencastre, 2nd Duke of Aveiro]].<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 5265, fols. 5, 16, 39.</ref> Olivares left for India on the ''Sāo Filipe'' in 1540.<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 5265, fol. 49.</ref> He lived in Kochi for nine years, with most of his time being spent at sea.<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 5265, fol. 3.</ref> Olivares served Governors of Portuguese India [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)|Estêvão da Gama]] and [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]],<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 5265, fols. 16v, 20, 35.</ref> as did his brother-in-law, Diogo Vaz.<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 4656, fol. 21.</ref><br />
<br />
Olivares was imprisoned in [[Malacca City|Malacca]] in 1557 on suspicion of being a practicing Jew. He claimed that it was his enemy, Rodrigo Àlvares, nephew of his brother-in-law, who convinced authorities to imprison him.<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 4516, fol. 54.</ref> Olivares was an extremely successful and rich trader at the time,<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 5265, fol. 79.</ref> with extensive ties across India and beyond. He was also a slave owner, having owned multiple. Olivares was transferred to [[Goa]] for an interrogation between 1558 and 1559.{{sfn|Cunha|1995|p= 136}} It was noted from his interrogations that Olivares 'knows how to write very well and is very crafty'<br />
<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 5265, fols. 8, 16, 20, 35, 46.</ref> This would have been seen as a threat since widespread literacy was believed by many before the modern age to have inspired dissatisfaction and produced insurrection and rebellion, such as with slaves in [[Southern United States]].<ref>{{cite book<br />
|title=An Inquiry Into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization, and American Anti-slavery Societies<br />
|author-link=William Jay (jurist)|first=William|last=Jay|year=1835|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=[[Dudley Leavitt (publisher)|Leavitt, Lord & Co.]]|<br />
page=136|url=https://archive.org/details/aninquiryintoch05jaygoog/page/n6/mode/2up}}</ref> Olivares was then sent to [[Lisbon]] alongside other New Christians, some of whom were members of his family.<ref name=":1">[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 5265, fol. 123.</ref> He was handed over to the bailiff of the prison of the Inquisition in Lisbon on 12 August 1560. He would be interrogated there from December 1560 to 16 March 1561, where he was sentenced to [[auto-da-fé]].<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 5265, fols. 120r–121r.</ref><br />
<br />
Oliveras tried to prove his innocence by stating that he was a zealous Christian, which is evidenced by his experiences in Kochi. [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] [[friar]] Diogo do Monte Olivete from Kochi said the following in his testimony in court regarding Oliveras:<br />
{{Blockquote|"And thus he knows him to have always been well behaved, and very regular in the houses of the monasteries, principally in this monastery (Santo António), where he, the accused, came many times to play the organ at vespers and masses."{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1998|p=99}}}} <br />
<br />
However, this was all an attempt of Olivares to convince people that he was a Christian. Olivares was in fact a [[Marrano]], practicing Judaism secretly while espousing Christian ideals in public. This is especially evident with Olivares actively participating in [[Purim]] with the Jews of Kochi, in which the figure of [[Jesus]] was reviled.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1998|p=112}}<br />
<br />
Olivares was imprisoned for four years by now, and had lost his fortune.<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 5265, fol. 125.</ref> He had also lost a few of his children while imprisoned.<ref name=":1" /> On 16 March 1561, Olivares was sentenced to life imprisonment, alongside his wife.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Both of them were forced to attend mass and engage in Christian gatherings.<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 5265, fol. 124.</ref><ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 6369, fol. 84.</ref><br />
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== Life in the Ottoman Empire ==<br />
It is not known how, but in 1571, Olivares escaped to [[Istanbul]] in order to flee Portuguese persecution, much like Simão Correia, who was also a Jew in India who fled to the Ottoman Empire, later serving as a court physician.<ref>[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 10096, fol. 11v.</ref> There, Olivares would re-convert to [[Judaism]]. Olivares acted as a spy for the [[Ottoman Empire]] in India, informing [[Sultan]] [[Selim II]] of developments in Portugal and their plans in India.<ref name=":0">[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]. Inquisição de Lisboa. proc. 10906, fol. 11.</ref> He regularly reported his findings to [[Joseph Nasi]],<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |first=Jóse Alberto Rodrigues da Silva |last=Tavim|title=Sephardic Intermediaries in the Ottoman Empire|journal=Oriente Moderno|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ormo/93/2/article-p454_5.xml?language=en |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |date=2013 |volume=93 |issue=2 |page=469|doi=10.1163/22138617-12340026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> a fabulously rich Ottoman–Jewish businessman who was a loyal servant of the [[Sublime Porte]].<br />
<br />
Olivares was an invaluable asset for the Ottomans since Ottoman–Portuguese relations were at an all-time low during this period due to competition over territories such as [[East Africa]],<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Mehmet |last1=Özkan |first2=Birol | last2=Akgün |title=Turkey's opening to Africa|journal=[[Journal of Modern African Studies]]|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1977545_code1305905.pdf?abstractid=1977545&mirid=1 |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=December 2010 |volume=48 |issue=4 |page=530|doi=10.1017/S0022278X10000595 |url-access= }}</ref> [[Aceh]], [[Aden]] (and thus the [[Red Sea]]),<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Göksoy|first=İsmail Hakkı |date=2011 |editor1-first=R. Michael |editor1-last=Feener|editor2-first=Patrick |editor2-last=Daly|editor3-first=Anthony |editor3-last=Reed|title=Mapping the Acehnese Past|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |page=67 |chapter=Chapter 4: Ottoman-Aceh relations as documented in Turkish sources|url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004253599/B9789004253599-s005.xml|isbn=9789004253599|series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=268|location=[[Leiden]]}}</ref> and the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name=":2" /> Therefore, any intelligence gathered on the country would have been pivotal for the Sultan.<br />
<br />
== Citations ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book|last=Cunha|first=Ana Cannas da|title=A Inquisição no estado da India: origens (1539-1560)|location=[[Lisbon]]|publisher=[[Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo]]|date=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BG2AAAACAAJ |language=Portuguese|isbn=9728107145}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Sinners and Saints: The Successors of Vasco Da Gama|editor-first=Sanjay |editor-last=Subrahmanyam|editor-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|location=[[Oxford]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=1998|isbn=978-0-19-564426-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orE8Qsd0AKUC}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Olivares, Jacome de}}<br />
[[Category:People from Setúbal]]<br />
[[Category:Cochin Jews]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Ottoman Empire]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese Jews]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century spies]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&diff=450817Khandoba2026-03-11T14:41:34Z<p>Shubha: </p>
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<div>{{Redirect|Mallanna|the 2009 Telugu film|Kanthaswamy}}<br />
{{Redirect|Malhari|the 2015 song|Bajirao Mastani (soundtrack)}}<br />
{{short description|Hindu god}}<br />
{{Infobox deity<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology--><br />
| type = Hindu<br />
| image = Khandoba.jpg<br />
| caption = Khandoba and [[Mhalsa]] killing demons Mani-Malla&nbsp;— a popular [[oleograph]], c.1880.<br />
| name = Khandoba<br />
| script_name = [[Devanagari]]<br />
| script = खंडोबा<br />
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Khaṇḍobā<br />
| affiliation = [[Avatar]] of [[Shiva]]<br />
| god_of =<br />
| abode = [[Jejuri]]<br />
| mantra = Om Shri Martanda Bhairavaya Namah<br />
| weapon = [[Trishula]], Sword<br />
| consort = [[Mahalasa|Mhalsa]] and [[Banai (goddess)|Banai]] (chief consorts)<br />
| mount = Horse<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Khandoba''' ([[IAST]]: Khaṇḍobā), also known as '''Martanda Bhairava''' and '''Malhari''', is a [[Hindu]] deity worshiped generally as a manifestation of [[Shiva]] mainly in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]] of [[India]], especially in the state of [[Maharashtra]] and [[North Karnataka]]. He is the most popular [[Kuladevata]] (family deity) in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name = "A">Singh p.ix</ref> He is also the patron deity of some [[Maratha (caste)|Kshatriya Marathas]] (warriors), farming castes, shepherd community and [[Brahmin]] (priestly) [[castes]] as well as several of the hunter/gatherer tribes that are native to the hills and forests of this region. <br />
<br />
The sect of Khandoba has linkages with [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Jain]] traditions, and also assimilates all communities irrespective of [[caste]], including [[Muslim]]s. The sect of Khandoba as a folk deity dates at least to 12th century. Khandoba emerged as a composite god possessing the attributes of Shiva, [[Bhairava]], [[Surya]] and [[Kartikeya]] (Skanda). Khandoba is sometimes identified with '''Mallanna''' of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] and '''Mailara''' of [[Karnataka]]. <br />
<br />
Khandoba is depicted either in the form of a [[linga]], or as an image of a warrior riding on a horse. The foremost centre of Khandoba worship is [[Khandoba Temple, Jejuri|the Khandoba temple]] of [[Jejuri]] in Maharashtra. The legends of Khandoba, found in the text ''Malhari Mahatmya'' and also narrated in folk songs, revolve around his victory over demons Mani-malla and his marriages.<br />
<br />
==Etymology and other names==<br />
The name ''Khandoba'' comes from the words ''[[khadga]]'' (sword), the weapon used by Khandoba to kill the demons, and the suffix ''ba'' (father). Another name ''Khanderaya'' means "king Khandoba". Another variant is ''Khanderao'', where the suffix ''[[Rai (title)|rao]]'' (king) is used. In [[Sanskrit]] texts, Khandoba is known as Martanda Bhairava, a combination of ''[[Martanda]]'' (an epithet of the solar deity [[Surya]]) and Shiva's fierce form [[Bhairava]]. The name ''Mallari'' or ''Malhari'' is split as ''Malla'' and ''ari'' (enemy), thus meaning "enemy of the demon Malla". The ''Malhari Mahatmya'' records Martanda Bhairava, pleased with the bravery of Malla, takes the name "Mallari" (the enemy of Malla).<ref>Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.314</ref> Other variants include ''Malanna'' (''Mallanna'') and ''Mailara'' (''Mailar''). Other names include ''Khandu Gavda'', ''Mhalsa-kant'' ("husband of Mhalsa") and ''Jejurica Vani''.<ref>Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.115</ref><br />
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==Iconography==<br />
<br />
[[File:Kadepathar temple sanctum.jpg|thumb|The sanctum of Khandoba's older temple Kadepathar, Jejuri. Khandoba is worshipped in three forms: stone icon with the consorts (top), metal icon with Mhalsa (mid, covered with garlands) and two ''linga''s, symbolizing him and Mhalsa.]]<br />
<br />
In a popular [[oleograph]] representation of Khandoba,<ref name="Stanley284">Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.284</ref> Mhalsa is seated in front of Khandoba on his white horse. Mhalsa is piercing a demon's chest with a spear, while a dog is biting his thigh and the horse is hitting his head. The other demon is grabbing the reins of the horse and attacking Khandoba with a club as Khandoba is dismounting the horse and attacking the demon with his sword. In other representations, Khandoba is seen seated on a horse with the heads of demons trod under the horse's hooves or their heads under Khandoba's knees.<ref>Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.288</ref><br />
<br />
In [[murti]]s (icons), Khandoba or Mailara is depicted as having four arms, carrying a ''[[damaru]]'' (drum), [[Trishula|t''rishula'']] (trident), ''bhandara-patra'' (turmeric powder-filled bowl) and ''khadga'' (sword). Khandoba's images are often dressed as a [[Maratha]] [[sardar]],<ref name="SontheimerH303">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.303</ref> or a Muslim [[pashtun people|pathan]].<ref>Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.323</ref> Often, Khandoba is depicted as a warrior seated on horseback with one or both of his wives and accompanied with one or more dogs.<ref name="Stanley32">Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 32</ref> He is also worshipped as the aniconic [[linga]], the symbol of Shiva.<ref>For worship of Khandoba in the form of a lingam and possible identification with Shiva based on that, see: Mate, p. 176.</ref> Often in Khandoba temples, both representations of Khandoba&nbsp;— the aniconic linga and the anthropomorphic horseback form.<ref name="Stanley32" /><br />
<br />
==Legends==<br />
Legends of Khandoba generally narrate about the battle between the deity and demons Malla and Mani. The principle written source of the legend is ''Malhari Mahatmya'' (''Mallari Mahatmya''), which claims to be from the chapter ''Kshetra-kanda'' of the [[Sanskrit]] text ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', but is not included in standard editions of the Purana.<ref>Sontheimer in Bakker p.103</ref> [[R.C. Dhere]] and Sontheimer suggests that the Sanskrit ''Mahatmya'' was composed around 1460–1510 AD, mostly by a [[Deshastha Brahmin]], to whom Khandoba is the family deity.<ref>Sontheimer in Bakker pp.105–6</ref> A version is also available in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] by Siddhapal Kesasri (1585).<ref name="SontheimerB105">Sontheimer in Bakker p.105</ref> Other sources include the later texts of ''Jayadri Mahatmya'' and ''Martanda Vijaya'' by Gangadhara (1821)<ref name="Sontheimer330">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.330</ref> and the oral stories of the Vaghyas, bards of the god.<ref>Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp. 272,293</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Jejuri khandoba.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Mani is worshipped in the Jejuri temple of Khandoba]]<br />
<br />
The legend recounts that the demon Malla and his younger brother Mani, who had gained the boon of invincibility from the god [[Brahma]], create chaos on the earth and torment the sages. When the [[Saptarsi|seven sages]] approach Shiva for protection, Shiva assumes the form ([[avatar]]) of Martanda Bhairava (as the ''Mahatmya'' calls Khandoba) on Chaitra Shuddha Poornima at Adimailar, Mailapura near [[Bidar]]. He rides the [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] bull, leading an army of the gods. Martanda Bhairava is described as shining like gold and the Sun, covered in turmeric (''Haridra''), three-eyed and with a crescent moon on his forehead.<ref>Sontheimer in Bakker p.118</ref> The demon army is slaughtered by the gods; finally Khandoba kills Malla and Mani. While dying, Mani offers his white horse to Khandoba as an act of repentance and asks for a boon. The boon is that he be present in every shrine of Khandoba, that human-kind is bettered and that he be given an offering of goat flesh. The boon is granted, and thus he transforms a [[demigod]]. Malla, when offered a boon, asks for the destruction of the world and human-flesh. Angered by the demon's request, Khandoba decapitates him, and his head falls at the temple stairs where it is trampled by the devotees feet. The legend further describes how two [[Lingam|Lingas]] appeared at Prempuri, the place where the demons were killed.<ref>Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp.272–77</ref><ref>For a detailed synopsis of Malhari Mahtmya, see Sontheimer in Bakker pp.116–26</ref><br />
<br />
Oral stories continue the process of ''[[Sanskritization]]'' of Khandoba&nbsp;— his elevation from a folk deity to Shiva, a deity of the classical Hindu pantheon&nbsp;— that was initiated by the texts. Khandoba's wives Mhalsa and Banai are also identified with Shiva's classical Hindu wife, [[Parvati]], and [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] respectively. Hegadi Pradhan, the minister and brother-in-law of Khandoba and brother of Lingavat Vani Mhalsa,<ref>Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.328</ref> the faithful dog that helps Khandoba kill the demons, the horse given by Mani and the demon brothers are considered avatars of [[Vishnu]], Nandi and the demons [[Madhu-Kaitabh]]a respectively. Other myth variants narrate that Khandoba defeats a single demon named Manimalla, who offers his white horse, sometimes called Mani, to the god.<ref>Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.278</ref> Other legends depict Mhalsa (or Parvati) and Banai or Banu (or Ganga) as futilely helping Khandoba in the battle to collect the blood of Mani, every drop of which creates a new demon. Finally, the dog of Khandoba swallows all the blood. Sometimes, Mhalsa, or rarely Banai, is described as seated behind Khandoba on the horse and fighting with a sword or spear.<ref>Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp.280–4</ref><br />
<br />
The legends portray Khandoba as a king who rules from his fortress of Jejuri and holds court where he distributes gold. Also, king Khandoba goes on hunting expeditions, which often turn into "erotic adventures", and subsequent marriages.<ref name="SontheimerF116">Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.116</ref><br />
<br />
==Wives==<br />
[[File:Khandoba Mhalsa Banai.jpg|thumb|Khandoba with his two chief wives: Mhalsa and Banai.]]<br />
<br />
Khandoba has several wives from different communities, who serve as cultural links between the god and the communities; [[Mahalasa|Mhalsa]] and [[Banai (goddess)|Banai]] (Banu, Banubai) being the most important.<ref name="SontheimerF116" /> While Khandoba's first wife Mhalsa is from the [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] merchant (Vani) community, his second wife Banai is a [[Dhangar]] (shepherd caste). Mhalsa has had a regular ritualistic marriage with Khandoba. Banai, on the other hand, has a love marriage by capture with the god. Mhalsa is described as jealous and a good cook; Banai is erotic, resolute, but does not even know how to cook. Often folk songs tell of their quarrels. Mhalsa represents "culture" and Banai "nature". The god king Khandoba stands between them.<ref>Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.117-8</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- Mhalsa is believed to be a combined avatar of [[Parvati]]. Mhalsa was born as the daughter of a rich merchant in Newase called Tirmarsheth. On the divine orders of Khandoba in a dream to Tirmarsheth, she was married to Khandoba on [[Pausha]] Pournima (the full moon day of Hindu calendar month of Paush) in Pali (Pembar). Two shivlingas appeared on this occasion. An annual festival marking this event is celebrated in Pali every Paush Pournima.<br />
<br />
Banai is believed to be the daughter of [[Brahma]], the creator, incarnation of [[Goddess Ganga]]. Banai was found by Dhangar shepherd. When Banai grew up, it was predicted that she would get her match at [[Jejuri]]. There, she fell in love with the god Khandoba. Khandoba also fell in love with her. Khandoba accepted a self-exile for 12 years by intentionally losing a game of chess (Saripat) to his wife Mhalsa. He took disguise as a shepherd and started serving Banai's father. One day, Khandoba killed all the sheep and goats of Banai's father and promised to make them alive again if he was married to Banai. The reluctant Banai was married to Khandoba, the shepherd in disguise at Naldurg. Khandoba revealed his real form to Banai on their way back to Jejuri.<br />
<br />
On reaching Jejuri, Khandoba was greeted by Mhalsa's fury and her strong protest of his second marriage. To avoid the quarrels of his wives, Khandoba gave the upper half of the hill to Mhalsa and the lower half to Banai. The idol of Mhalsa is placed with Khandoba in the main shrine at top of the hill at Jejuri. A separate shrine to Banai is situated halfway down the hill. --><br />
Khandoba's third wife, Rambhai Shimpin, is a tailor woman who was a heavenly nymph or ''[[apsara|devangana]]'' and is sometimes identified with Banai. She is a prototype of the Muralis — the girls "married" to Khandoba. Rambhai is worshipped as a goddess whom Khandoba visits after his hunt. She is also localised, being said to come from the village from Dhalewadi, near Jejuri. The fourth wife Phulai Malin, from the gardener or [[Mali caste]], She was a particular Murali and is thus a deified devotee of Khandoba. She is visited by him at "Davna Mal" (field of [[southernwood]], a herb said to be dear to Khandoba). The fifth wife, Candai Bhagavin, is a [[Teli]]n, a member of the oilpresser caste. She is recognized as a Muslim by the Muslims. Apart from these, Muralis — girls offered to Khandoba — are considered as wives or concubines of the god.<ref>Sontheimer in Feldhaus p. 118</ref><ref name="stanley33">Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 33</ref><br />
<br />
==Other associations and identifications==<br />
[[File:Khandoba Poona painting 1800-05.jpg|325px|thumb|A painting depicts Khandoba riding a white horse with Mhalsa, accompanied with a dog and attendants including a Waghya dancing before him.]]<br />
<br />
Mallana (Mallikaarjuna) of Andhra Pradesh and Mailara of Karnataka are sometimes identified with Khandoba (Mallari, Malhari, Mairala). Khandoba is also associated with [[Bhairava]], who is connected with [[Brāhmanahatya]] (murder of a Brahmin).<ref name="Sontheimerin">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p. 300</ref> Devotees emphasize that Khandoba is a full avatar of Shiva, and not a partial avatar like Bhairava or [[Virabhadra]]. He accepts the attributes of the demon king&nbsp;— his horse, weapons and royal insignia.<ref>Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.332</ref><br />
<br />
Sontheimer stresses the association of Khandoba with clay and [[termite]] mounds. Oral legends tell of Khandoba's ''murti''s being found in termite mounds or "made of earth".<ref>Sontheimer in Bakker p.110</ref> According to Sontheimer, Martanda Bhairava (Khandoba) is a combination of the sun god [[Surya]] and Shiva, who is associated with the moon. Martanda ("blazing orb") is a name of Surya, while Bhairava is a form of Shiva.<ref name="stanley33">Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 33</ref><ref name="Bakker113" /> Sundays, gold and turmeric, which are culturally associated with the sun, form an important part of the rituals of Khandoba.<ref name="stanley33" /><ref name="Bakker113" /> Sontheimer associates the worship of the Sun as termite mounds for fertility and his role as a healer to Khandoba's role as granter of fertility in marriages and to the healing powers of turmeric, which the latter holds.<ref name="Bakker113">Sontheimer in Bakker p.113</ref><br />
<br />
Another theory identifies [[Kartikeya]] (Skanda) with Khandoba.<ref>For use of the name Khandoba as a name for Karttikeya in Maharashtra, Gupta ''Preface'', and p. 40.</ref> The hypotheses of the theory rests upon the similarities between Skanda and Khandoba, namely their association with mountains and war, similarity of their names and weapons (the lance of Skanda and the sword of Khandoba) and both having two principal wives.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|first= Mohan|last= Khokar|title= In recognition of valour|work= The Hindu|date= June 25, 2000|access-date= 2008-10-13|url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/06/25/stories/1325063k.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090203223214/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/06/25/stories/1325063k.htm|archive-date= February 3, 2009|url-status= usurped}}</ref> Also the festivals for both deities, Champa Sashthi and Skanda Sashthi respectively for Khandoba and Skanda fall on the same day.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pillai|first=S Devadas|title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary|year=1997|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-7154-807-5|pages=190–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&q=khandoba+%252&pg=PA192}}</ref> Other symbols associated with Khandoba are the dog and horse.<ref name="SontheimerB114">Sontheimer in Bakker p.114</ref><br />
<br />
==Worship==<br />
[[File:Khandoba in a household shrine.JPG|thumb|Khandoba (centre icon on a horse and with Mhalsa) in a household shrine (devghar) of a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family]]<br />
Though Shiva is worshipped across Maharashtra in his original form, some Maharashtrian communities prefer to worship him in form of his avatars, Khandoba being the most popular.<ref name="stanley31">Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 31</ref> He is the most popular [[Kuladevata]] (family deity) in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="A" /> One of the most widely worshipped gods of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] plateau, Khandoba is considered as "the premier god of ''Sakama bhakti'' (wish-granting devotion) and one of the most powerful deities responsive to vows (''navas'')".<ref name="stanley31" /> He is worshipped by the vast majority of Marathi Hindu people from all strata of that society. He is the patron deity of warrior, farming, herding as well as some [[Brahmin]] (priest) [[castes]], the hunters and gatherers of the hills and forests, merchants and kings. The devotees of Khandoba in the Deccan principally consists of [[Maratha]]s (kshatriyas) and [[Kunabi]]s, shepherd [[Dhangar]]s, village guards and watchmen [[Ramoshi]]s&nbsp;— a "[[Denotified tribes of India|Denotified tribe]]",<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
|last=Rathod<br />
|first=Motiraj<br />
|title=Denotified and Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra<br />
|journal=The Denotified and Nomatic Tribes Rights Action Group Newsletter<br />
|publisher=DNT Rights Action Group<br />
|issue=April–June and July–September, 2000<br />
|date=November 2000<br />
|url=http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/india_tribes.html<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205032326/http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/india_tribes.html<br />
|archive-date=2009-02-05<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=K S|title=People of India: Maharashtra|year=2004|publisher= Popular Prakashan and [[Anthropological Survey of India]]|page=1768}}</ref> the former "[[untouchability|untouchable]]" [[Mahar]]s and [[Mang (caste)|Mang]]s, fisher-folk [[Koli caste|Kolis]], ''[[Bara Balutedar|balutedar]]'' castes like gardeners (''Mali'') and tailors (''Shimpi''), though it also includes of a few [[Brahmin]]s and even some [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="Stanley271">Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.271</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ahmednagar.nic.in/gazetteer/people_castes.html|title=Ahmadnagar District Gazetteer: People|year=2006|publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetteer|access-date=11 September 2010|orig-year = 1976}}</ref> Although Brahmin presence is nominal in his sect, [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s,<ref name="Chindhade1996">{{cite book|author=Shirish Chindhade|title=Five Indian English Poets: Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, R. Parthasarathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qx5x_0VQuZoC&pg=PA91|year=1996|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-585-6|page=107}}</ref><ref name="Sontheimerin" /><ref name="gom1" /> as well as the [[Kokanastha]] Brahmins - in Nashik and Satara - do worship Khandoba, some imitating the Deshastha Brahmins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Nasik/population_brahmans.html#1|title=Nashik District: Population|year=2006|publisher=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|access-date=11 September 2010|orig-year = 1883}}</ref> The Deshastha Brahmins, [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]s,<ref name="gom1">{{cite web|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ratnagiri and Savantvadi|url=http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/BombayPresidency/ratnagiri/pop1_race.html|author=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=August 26, 2010}}</ref> as well as the royal families like [[Gaikwad]]s and [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s worship Khandoba as their Kuladevata. He is also worshipped by [[Jain]]s and [[Lingayat]]s. He is viewed as a "king" of his followers.<ref>Sontheimer in Bakker p.104</ref><br />
<br />
===Rituals and modes of worship===<br />
<br />
Khandoba is believed to be a ''kadak'' (fierce) deity, who causes troubles if not propitiated properly as per the family duties.<ref name=Sontheimer3323>Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp.332–3</ref> Khandoba is worshipped with [[Turmeric]] (''Bhandār''), [[Aegle marmelos|Bel]] fruit-leaves, onions and other vegetables.<ref name = "Underhill">Underhill p.111</ref> The deity is offered ''[[puran poli]]'' – a sweet or a simpler dish called ''bharit rodga'' of onion and brinjal.<ref>Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.296</ref> A strict vegetarian ''naivedya'' (offering of food) is offered to Khandoba in the temples, although he is regarded by many devotees as a non-vegetarian.<ref name=Stanley284/> Goat flesh is also offered to the deity, although this is done outside the temple as meat is forbidden inside the temple.<ref name=Stanley284/><br />
<br />
An important part of the Khandoba-sect is ''navas'', a vow to perform service to the god in return for a boon of good harvest, male child, financial success etc. On fulfilment of the ''navas'', Khandoba was offered children or some devotees would afflict pain by hook-swinging or fire-walking.<ref name=Stanley293>Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.293</ref><!-- Need to add other ways to fulfil navas using RS --> This type of worship using ''navas'' is called ''Sakama Bhakti'' – worship done with an expectation of return and is considered "to be of a lower esteem".<ref name = "Burman1227">Burman p.1227</ref> But the most faithful ''bhakta''s (devotees) are considered to be greedy only for the company of their Lord, Khandoba is also called ''bhukela'' – hungry for such true ''bhakta''s in the ''Martanda Vijaya''.<ref name=Sontheimer313>Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.313</ref><br />
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[[File:Vaghya.jpg|thumb|left|A ''Vaghya'', the bard of Khandoba]]<br />
Boys called ''Vāghyā'' (or ''Waghya'', literally "tigers") and girls called ''Muraḹi'' were formerly dedicated to Khandoba, but now the practice of marrying girls to Khandoba is illegal.<ref name = "Underhill"/> The Vaghyas act as the [[bard]]s of Khandoba and identify themselves with the dogs of Khandoba, while Muralis act as his courtesans (''[[apsara|devangana]]''s — nymphs or [[devadasi]]s). The Vaghyas and their female counterparts Muralis sing and dance in honour of Khandoba and narrate his stories on [[Jagarana|''jagaran''s]] — all night song-festivals, which are sometimes held after ''navas'' fulfilment.<ref name=Stanley293/> Another custom was ritual-suicide by ''Vira''s (heroes) in the cult.<ref name="Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.308">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.308</ref> According to legend, an "untouchable" Mang (Matanga) sacrificed himself for the foundation of the temple at Jejuri to persuade Khandoba to stay at Jejuri forever.<ref name=Sontheimer313/> Other practices in the cult include the belief that Khandoba possesses the body of a Vaghya or ''devrsi'' (shaman).<ref>Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.302</ref><ref>See Stanley in Zelliot pp. 40–53: for details of possession beliefs: ''Angat Yene:Possession by the Divine''</ref> Another ritual in the cult is an act of chain-breaking in fulfilment of a vow or an annual family rite; the chain is identified with the snake around Shiva's neck, which was cut by the demons in the fight.<ref name=SontheimerB114/> Another rite associated with the family duties to please Khandoba is the ''tali bharne'', which is to be performed every full moon day. A ''tali'' (dish) is filled with coconuts, fruits, betel nuts, saffron, turmeric (''Bhandar'') and Bel leaves. Then, a coconut is placed on a pot filled with water and the pot is worshipped as an embodiment of Khandoba. Then, five persons lift the ''tali'', place it repeatedly on the pot thrice, saying "Elkot" or "Khande rayaca Elkot". Then the coconut in the ''tali'' is broken and mixed with sugar or jaggery and given to friends and relatives. A ''[[Gondhali|gondhal]]'' is performed along with the ''tali bharne''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/GOM/people_religions.html|title=Ratnagiri District Gazetteer : People: RELIGIOUS BELIEFS|year = 1962|publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetteer|access-date=11 September 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
Khandoba is considered as the giver of fertility. Maharashtrian Hindu couples are expected to visit a Khandoba temple to obtain Khandoba's blessing on consummation of marriage. Traditional Maharashtrian families also organize a ''jagaran'' as part of the marriage ceremony, inviting the god to the marriage.<ref name = "Stanley32"/> The Sanskrit ''Malhari Mahatmya'' suggests offerings of incense, lights, betel and animals to Khandoba. The Marathi version mentions offerings of meat and the worship by ''chedapatadi'' – "causing themselves to be cut", hook-swinging and self-mortification by ''vira''s. Marathi version calls this form of [[bhakti]] (devotion) as ''ugra'' (violent, demonic) ''bhakti''. The ''Martanda vijaya'' narrates about ''[[Rakshasha|Rakshashi]] bhakti'' (demonic worship) by animal sacrifice and self&nbsp;— torture. Possession by Khandoba, in form of a wind, is lower demonic worship (''pishachi worship''). [[Sattva|Sattvic]] worship, the purest form of worship, is believed to be feeding Khandoba in form of a Brahmin.<ref name=Sontheimer330/><br />
<br />
===Muslim veneration===<br />
Khandoba is also a figure of respect and worship to [[Muslims]], and this affiliation is visible in the style of his temples. He is called ''Mallu'' or ''Ajmat Khan (Rautray)'' by Muslim devotees, and is many times portrayed as being a Muslim himself in this context.<ref name = "Sontheimer325ff"/> The latter title is believed to conferred upon by the Mughal invader king [[Aurangzeb]], who was forced to flee from Jejuri by Khandoba's power.<ref name = "Burman1227"/> Some of these distinguishing Muslim features include his usual appearance as that of a [[Pashtuns|pathan]] on horseback, one of his wives being a Muslim, and that his horse-keeper is a Muslim in Jejuri. The ''Martaṇḍa Vijaya'' expressly states that his devotees are mainly Muslims. The worship of Khandoba had received royal patronage by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II|Ibrahim II]], which consisted of the reinstatement of the annual [[Zatra|jatra]] (fair) and the right of pilgrims to perform rituals at the Naldurg temple.<ref name = "Sontheimer325ff">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp. 325–7 <!-- and Waghorne, Joanne p. 452 --></ref> The ''Malhari Mahatmya'' even records Muslims (''[[mleccha]]'') as the god's bhaktas (devotees), who call him as ''Malluka Pathan'' or ''Mallu Khan''.<ref name=SontheimerB116>Sontheimer in Bakker p.116</ref> In Jejuri, a Muslim family traditionally looks after the horses of the god.<ref name = "Burman1227"/><br />
<br />
===Temples===<br />
[[File:Khandoba temple Pune.jpg|thumb|Khandoba's newer Temple in [[Jejuri]]. Notice devotees showering turmeric powder (bhandara) on each other, in a temple festival.]]<br />
[[Image:Mylara 1.jpg|thumb|Mylara Lingeshwara Temple at Mylara, [[Bellary District]], Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
There are over 600 temples dedicated to Khandoba in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref name = "stanley31"/> His temples stretch from [[Nasik]], [[Maharashtra]] in the north to [[Davangere]], [[Karnataka]] in the south, [[Konkan]], Maharashtra in the west to western [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the east. The eleven principal centres of worship of Khandoba or ''jagrut [[kshetra]]s'', where the deity is to be called awake or "jagrut", are recognized; six of them in Maharashtra and the rest in northern Karnataka.<ref name = "stanley31"/><ref name=Stanley271/> Khandoba's temples resemble forts, the capital of his kingdom being Jejuri. The priests here are [[Gurav]]s, not Brahmins.<ref name=SontheimerH303/> His most important temples are:<br />
# [[Jejuri]]: The foremost center of worship of Khandoba.<ref>For Jejuri as the foremost center of worship see: Mate, p. 162.</ref> It is situated 48&nbsp;km from [[Pune]], Maharashtra. There are two temples: the first is an ancient temple known as ''Kadepathar''. Kadepathar is difficult to climb. The second one is the newer and more famous [[Khandoba Temple, Jejuri|''Gad-kot'' temple]], which is easy to climb. <!-- and is built by [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] in 1762. --> This temple has about 450 steps, 18 ''Kamani'' (arches) and 350 ''Dipmalas'' (lamp-pillars). Both temples are fort-like structures.<ref>{{cite web|year=2006|title=Jejuri|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Poona%20District/places_j.html#.|publisher=Maharashtra Gazetteer|orig-year=1885}}</ref><br />
# [[Pal, India|Pali]] (Rajapur) or Pali-Pember, [[Satara district]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/places_Pal.html |title=PAL OR RAJAPUR |publisher=Satara District Gazetteer |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418072440/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/places_Pal.html |archive-date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><br />
# [[Mailar Mallanna Temple|Adi-mailar or Khanapur]] (Pember or Mailkarpur) near [[Bidar]], Karnataka<br />
# [[Naldurg]], [[Osmanabad district]], Maharashtra.<br />
# Mailara Linga, [[Dharwad district]], Karnataka.<br />
# [[Mangasuli]], [[Belgaum district]], Karnataka.<br />
# Maltesh or Mailara temple at [[Devaragudda]], [[Ranebennur]] Taluk, [[Haveri district]], Karnataka.<br />
# [[Mylara Lingeshwara Temple|Mannamailar or Mailar]] (Mylara), [[Bellary]], Karnataka.<br />
# Nimgaon Dawadi, [[Pune district]], Maharashtra.<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_n.html#. Nimgaon]</ref><br />
# Shegud, [[Ahmednagar district]], Maharashtra.<br />
# [[Komrelly Mallanna Temple|Komuravelli]], [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]] district, Telangana.<br />
# Satare, [[Aurangabad District, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]], Maharashtra.<br />
# Malegaon, [[Nanded district]], Maharashtra.<br />
# Mailapur Mailarlingeshwara Temple, [[Mailapura, Yadgir]], Yadgiri District, Karnataka<br />
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===Festivals===<br />
[[File:Khanderao with Mhalsa.jpg|thumb|Khandoba with Mhalsa, a [[company style]] painting from [[Tiruchirappalli]]. Khandoba is depicted with the traditional attributes of Shiva like the Trishula, damaru and the deer.]]<br />
A six-day festival, from the first to sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of [[Margashirsha]], in honour of Khandoba is celebrated at Jejuri, to commemorate the fight with demons Mani-Malla. On the sixth day (Champa-Shashthi), Khandoba is believed to have slew the demons.<ref name = "Underhill"/> A ''[[Jatra (Maharashtra)|jatra]]'' (temple festival and fair) is held in Pember on Champa-shasthi; the festival continues until the new moon.<ref>Sontheimer in Bakker p.108</ref> Deshastha Brahmans and Marathas also observe the annual Champa-Shashthi festival. The images of Khandoba and Malla are cleaned and worshipped. For six days, a fast is observed. On the seventh day, the devotees break their fast by a feast known as ''Champasashtliiche parne''. An invitation to this feast is regarded as an invitation from Khandoba himself and is harder to refuse.<ref>[A HISTORY OF THE MARATHA PEOPLE, C A. KINCAID, CV.O., I.CS. AND Rao Bahadur D. B. PARASNIS, VOL II, page 314, HUMPHREY MILFORD, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS, 1922]</ref><br />
<br />
Another festival [[Somvati Amavasya]], which is a [[Amavasya|new-moon day]] that falls on a Monday, is celebrated in Jejuri. A ''[[palakhi]]'' (palanquin) procession of the images of Khandoba and Mhalsa is carried from the Gad-kot temple to the Karha river, where the images are ritually bathed.<ref>Sontheimer in Bakker p.127</ref><ref>See Stanley (Nov. 1977) pp. 34–38 for a detailed description</ref><br />
<br />
In Pali-Pember, the ritual of the marriage of Khandoba with Mhalsa is annually performed. Turmeric is offered to the deities.<ref name="Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.308"/> Two festivals are celebrated in honour of Mailara, as Khandoba is known in Karnataka. These are the [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]] festival at Devaragudda, and an eleven-day festival in [[Maagha|Magha]] month (February–March) in Mailar, Bellary district. Both festivals have enactments of the battle between Mailar and the demons Mani-Malla.<ref>Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.314</ref> [[Chaitra]] Purnima (full-moon day) is also considered auspicious.<ref>See Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 39</ref> <br />
<br />
In general, Sundays, associated with the Sun, are considered auspicious for Khandoba worship.<ref>Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 30</ref><br />
<br />
==Development of the sect==<br />
[[File:Mailar Mallanna Khanapur.JPG|thumb|Khandoba with his wives at Mailar Mallanna temple, Khanapur near Bidar, Karnataka.]]<br />
The sect of Khandoba, a [[Folk Hinduism|folk religion]], reflects the effect of Vedic [[Rudra]], the Puranic Shiva worshipped as Linga in [[Brahmanical Hinduism]] and [[Nath]] and [[Lingayat]] sects.<ref name=Sontheimer3323/> Khandoba may be a product of the Vedic Rudra, who like Khandoba was associated with robbers, horses and dogs.<ref>Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp.301–2</ref> The 14th-century commentator [[Sayana]] traces the name ''Malhari'' to the ''[[Taittiriya Samhita]]'', Malhari is explained as enemy (ari) of Malha ([[Prajapati]]) – an epithet of Rudra, who is considered a rival of the deity Prajapati.<ref name = "Bakker106ff"/> According to Stanley, Khandoba originated as a mountain-top god, solar deity and a regional guardian and then assimilated into himself gods of various regions and communities.<ref name = "stanley31"/> According to Stanley, Khandoba inherits traits from both the sun-god Surya as well as Shiva, who is identified with the moon. Stanley describes Khandoba as "a moon god, who has become a sun god", emphasizing on how the moon imagery of Shiva transforms into the solar iconography of Khandoba in the ''Malhari Mahatmya''.<ref name = "stanley33"/><br />
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As per R. C. Dhere, two stone inscriptions in 1063 C.E. and 1148 C.E mentioning the folk deities Mailara and his consort Malavva which suggests that Mailara gained popularity in Karnataka in this period. Soon, royals of this region started erecting temples to this folk deity, upsetting the elite class of established religion who vilified Mailara. Initially exalted as an incarnation of Shiva, Mailara was denounced by [[Basava]], the founder of the Shiva-worshipping Lingayat sect – who would later promote the deity. [[Chakradhar Swami|Chakradhara]] (c.1270, founder of [[Mahanubhava]] sect), [[Vidyaranya]] (1296–1391) and [[Sheikh Muhammad]] (1560–1650) criticized the god.<ref name="dherechap1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcdhere.com/RCD_Khandoba/khandoba_2.html|title=FOLK GOD OF THE SOUTH: KHANDOBA – Chapter 1: "Mailar', that is Khandoba|last=Dhere|first=R. C.|year=2009|publisher=official site of R C Dhere|access-date=12 July 2011}}</ref> The [[Varkari]] poet-saint [[Eknath]] also wrote "disparagingly" about Khandoba's cult worship,<ref name = "Burman1227"/> but after him, the "open" criticism of Khandoba stopped, but the "barbaric" practices of his cult were still targeted.<ref name="dherechap1"/><br />
<br />
Sontheimer suggests that Khandoba was primarily a god of herdsmen,<ref name="Sontheimer_Pastoral">{{cite book |last1=Sontheimer |first1=Günther-Dietz |title=Pastoral deities in western India |date=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> and that the cult of Khandoba is at least older than 12th century, which can be determined by references in Jain and Lingayat texts and inscriptions. A 12th-century Jain author Brahmashiva claims that a Jain, who died in battle after a display of his valour, was later named as Mailara. By the 13th century, wide worship of Malhari or Mailara is observed by kings, Brahmins, simple folk and warriors. With the rise of the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim empire]], classical Hindu temples fell into ruin, giving rise to the folk religion such as of Khandoba. Chakradhara remarked in his biography [[Leela Charitra|''Lilacharitra'']] - "by the end of the [[Kali Yuga]], temples of Vishnu and Shiva will be destroyed, but those of Mairala will stay". A 1369 AD inscription at [[Inavolu]] near [[Warangal]] tells an account of Mallari different from the ''Malhari Mahatmya''&nbsp;— Shiva helped the epic hero [[Arjuna]] kill the demon Malla, thus acquiring the title of Mallari. Mailara was the family deity of the [[Kakatiya]] dynasty (1083–1323 AD); a text from their rule records the self-torture rituals of Mailara-devotees and describes the deity. Throughout his development, Mailara is looked upon as a lower manifestation of [[Ishvara]] (God) by Lingayat and Maharashtrian [[bhakti]] saints.<ref name = "Bakker106ff">Sontheimer in Bakker pp. 106–7</ref> By the 18th century, Khandoba had become the clan deity of the [[Maratha Empire]]. In 1752, the Maratha dowager queen [[Tarabai]] chose Khandoba's Jejuri temple to seal her pact with the [[Peshwa]] ruler, [[Balaji Bajirao]], in the deity's presence.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baviskar|first1=B.S.|last2=Attwood|first2=D.W.|title=Inside-outside : two views of social change in rural India|date=2013|publisher=SAGE|location=Los Angeles|isbn=9788132113508|page=250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&q=peshwa+tarabai+khandoba&pg=PA250|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Malhari Mahatmya'' states that Khandoba first appeared on Champa-Shashthi, which was a Sunday, at Premapur, which identified as [[Pember]] (Adimailar, Mailarapur) near [[Bidar]]. Marathi traditions tell that Khandoba came originally from Premapuri, now Pember in [[Karnataka]], then went to Naldurg, Pali and finally to Jejuri.<ref name=SontheimerB105/> Sontheimer suggests that the cult of Mailara may have originated in Pember and then spread to Maharashtra, merging with the cult of Khandaka&nbsp;— the patron [[yaksha]] (demi-god) of [[Paithan]] giving it its distinct Maharashtrain characteristics. Maharashtrains call the god – ''Kanadya Khanderaya'', the god from Karnataka. The cult possibly was spread by Lingayat, Jain and other merchants, associated with Mailara-Khandoba, to other parts of the Deccan. Besides Mailara, Khandoba is identified with other deities of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, and is called as Mallanna, Mairala, and Mallu Khan.<ref>Sontheimer in Bakker pp.108–9</ref> Other traditions like [[Shakta]] sects of folk goddesses were assimilated into the Khandoba sect, identifying the goddesses with Khandoba's wives Mhalsa or Banai.<ref name=SontheimerB116>Sontheimer in Bakker p.116</ref><br />
<br />
Marathi literature has a mixed reaction to the sect of Khandoba. Naranjanamadhva (1790) in [[stotra]] (hymn) dedicated to Khandoba calls him "an illustrious king with rich clothes and a horse with a saddle studded with jewels", who was once "an ascetic beggar who rode an old bull and carried an ant-bitten club ([[khatvanga]])" – a humorous take on the Puranic Shiva. In another instance (1855), he is called a ghost by a [[Christians|Christian]] missionary and a [[Chitpavan|Koknastha Brahmin]] in a debate against a [[Deshastha Brahmin]].<ref name=Sontheimer3323/> Another Brahmin remarks with scorn about the impurity of the Khandoba temple, visited by [[Shudra]]s and whose priests are non-Brahmin Guravs.<ref name=Sontheimer3323/> The Marathi term "khel-khandoba", which is taken to mean "devastation" in general usage, refers to the possession of devotee by the god in his sect.<ref name=Sontheimer3323/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite journal|last = Burman|first = J. J. Roy|jstor = 4410485|journal = [[Economic and Political Weekly]]|title = Shivaji's Myth and Maharashtra's Syncretic Traditions|volume = 36|date = Apr 14–20, 2001|pages = 1226–1234|issue = 14/15}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Shakti M.|title=Karttikeya: The Son of Shiva|year=1988 |publisher=Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd.|location=Bombay |isbn=81-7039-186-5 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Mate |first=M. S. |title=Temples and Legends of Maharashtra |year=1988 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay }}<br />
* {{cite book|title = People of India| first = Kumar Suresh| last = Singh|author2=B. V. Bhanu |publisher = Anthropological Survey of India|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=Khandoba+god&pg=PR59 | isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|year = 2004}}<br />
* {{cite book |title= Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism|last= Sontheimer|first= Günther-Dietz|year= 1989|publisher= [[State University of New York|SUNY]] Press|isbn= 0-88706-981-9|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CLmuJhU3wC8C&q=Between+Ghost+and+God+Sontheimer&pg=PA299|editor = Alf Hiltebeitel|editor-link=Alf Hiltebeitel|chapter = Between Ghost and God: Folk Deity of the Deccan}}<br />
* {{cite book |title= The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature|last= Sontheimer|first= Günther-Dietz|year= 1990|publisher= BRILL|isbn= 90-04-09318-4|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ&q=khandoba&pg=PA129|editor = Hans Bakker|chapter = God as King for All: The Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya and its context}}<br />
* {{cite book |title= Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion|last= Sontheimer|first= Günther-Dietz|year= 1996|publisher = [[State University of New York|SUNY]] Press|isbn= 0-7914-2837-0|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=khandoba&pg=PA115 |chapter = All the God's wives|editor = Anne Feldhaus}}<br />
* {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2053326|last=Stanley|first=John M.|date=Nov 1977|title=Special Time, Special Power: The Fluidity of Power in a Popular Hindu Festival|jstor=2053326|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|volume=37|issue=1|pages=27–43}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=The Experience of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/experienceofhind00zell|url-access=registration|last= Stanley|first= John. M. |year= 1988|editor = Eleanor Zelliot, Maxine Berntsen|chapter = Gods, Ghosts and Possession}}<br />
* {{cite book |title= Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism|last= Stanley|first= John. M. |year= 1989|publisher= [[State University of New York|SUNY]] Press|isbn= 0-88706-981-9|editor = Alf Hiltebeitel|editor-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |chapter = The Captulation of Mani: A Conversion Myth in the Cult of Khandoba}}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Underhill | first = Muriel Marion | title = The Hindu Religious Year | publisher = [[Asian Educational Services]] | year = 1991 | isbn = 81-206-0523-3}}<br />
<!-- * {{cite book |title= King of Hunters, Warriors and shepherds and essays on Khandoba|last= Sontheimer|first= Gunther-Dietz|authorlink= |year= 1997|publisher= Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-7304-018-4|url= |editor = ANNE FELDHAUS, ADITYA MALAIK, HEIDRUN BRUCKNER|page= 353}} --><br />
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==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Khandoba}}<br />
* [http://jejuri.in Website with full information about Lord Khandoba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123220000/http://jejuri.in/ |date=2018-11-23 }}<br />
* [http://mallana-temple.blogspot.com Khandoba temples of Maharashtra, Karnatak & Andhra Pradesh]<br />
{{HinduMythology}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]<br />
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filmfare_Critics_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Tamil&diff=499097Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil2026-03-10T14:26:13Z<p>Shubha: created some data from scratch - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
| name = Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil<br />
| awarded_for = Best performance by an actor in Tamil films<br />
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''<br />
| country = India<br />
| year = [[59th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]<br />
| holder = [[Arvind Swamy]] for ''[[Meiyazhagan]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])<br />
| website = <br />
| image = Aravind Swamy at 63rd Filmfare Awards 2016 (South) Press Meet.jpg<br />
| caption = The 2024 recipient: [[Arvind Swamy]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil''' is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for Tamil films. The award is given by a chosen jury of critics.<br />
<br />
==Winners==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"<br />
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year<br />
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actress<br />
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role<br />
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film<br />
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"|{{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[59th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]<br />
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]<br />
| Krishna<br />
| ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]''<br />
|style="text-align:center" |<ref name="Critics Award for Best Actor & Actress 2011">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2012 |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]] |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506172745/https://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[61st Filmfare Awards South|2013]]<br />
| [[Dhanush]]<br />
| Maryan Vijayan Joseph<br />
| ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]''<br />
|style="text-align:center" |<ref name="Critics Award for Best Actor & Actress 2013">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=Winners list: 61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/38287405.cms |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417021558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/38287405.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]]<br />
| [[Karthi]]<br />
| Kaali<br />
| ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''<br />
|style="text-align:center" |<ref name="Critics Award for Best Actor & Actress 2014">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2015 |title=Winners of the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=Filmfare |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506152856/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]<br />
| [[Jayam Ravi]]<br />
| Mithran<br />
| ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''<br />
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]<br />
| [[Suriya]] <br />
| Manikandan / Athreya / Sethuraman<br />
| ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''<br />
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113129/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]<br />
| [[Karthi]]<br />
| Theeran Thirumaran<br />
| ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015312/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[R. Madhavan]] <br />
|Vikram<br />
|''[[Vikram Vedha]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]<br />
| [[Arvind Swamy]]<br />
| Varadharajan "Varadhan" Senapathi<br />
| ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020–2021]]<br />
|[[Arvind Swamy]]<br />
|[[M. G. Ramachandran|M. J. Ramachandran]]<br />
|''[[Thalaivii]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 full winners list Telugu: 'Pushpa' bags 7 titles, Sai Pallavi wins Black Lady for 'Love Story'; 'Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo' shines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024012859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]<br />
|Kabilan Munirathnam<br />
|''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]<br />
|[[Dhanush]]<br />
|Thiruchitrambalam Jr.<br />
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam|Thiruchithrambalam]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South ( Tamil ) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-2023_-67193.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720154220/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-2023_-67193.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[R. Madhavan]]<br />
|[[Nambi Narayanan]]<br />
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]<br />
| [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]<br />
| Eeswaran<br />
| ''[[Chithha]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 full winners list: Nani's Dasara, Siddharth's Chithha win big |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806070023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]<br />
| [[Arvind Swamy]]<br />
| Arulmozhi Varman<br />
| ''[[Meiyazhagan]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2022 |title=Winners List : 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010211808/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Superlatives ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Superlative<br />
!Recipients<br />
!Record<br />
|-<br />
|Most wins<br />
|[[Arvind Swamy]]<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor - Tamil}}<br />
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Awards established in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Tamil)]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darshan_Singh_(spiritual_master)&diff=495647Darshan Singh (spiritual master)2026-03-10T13:31:07Z<p>Shubha: created first bio w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian spiritual advisor (1921–1989)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| name = Darshan Singh<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = Darshan Singh.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| sanskrit = <br />
| kunya = <br />
| religion = [[Sant Mat]] ([[non-denominational]])<br />
| denomination = <br />
| school = <br />
| lineage = [[Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission]]<br />
| sect = <br />
| subsect = <br />
| temple = <br />
| order = <br />
| institute = Science of Spirituality/Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission<br />
| church = <!-- or: |churches = --><br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| other_names = <!-- or: <br />
| other_name = --><br />
| dharma_names = <!-- or: <br />
|dharma_name = --><br />
| monastic_name = <br />
| pen_name = <br />
| posthumous_name = <br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| home_town = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 14 September 1921<br />
| birth_place = British India<br />
| death_date = 30 May 1989<br />
| death_place = Delhi<br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|latitude|longitude|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| spouse = Harbhajan Kaur<br />
| children = Rajinder Singh<br />
| parents = Kirpal Singh<br />
| location = <br />
| title = [[Satguru|Sant]]<br />
| period = <br />
| consecration = <br />
| predecessor = [[Kirpal Singh]]<br />
| successor = [[Rajinder Singh (Sant Mat)|Rajinder Singh]]<br />
| reason = <br />
| rank = <br />
| teacher = <!-- or | guru = --><br />
| reincarnation_of = <br />
| students = <!-- or | disciples = --><br />
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| initiator = <br />
| profession = <br />
| previous_post = <br />
| present_post = <br />
| post = <br />
| website = <br />
| signature = <br />
| background = #FFA500<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Darshan Singh''' (1921–1989), also known as '''Sant Darshan Singh Ji Maharaj''', was the founder and head of Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission / Science of Spirituality from 1974 until his death in 1989. The spiritual successor of [[Kirpal Singh]], Singh was also widely recognized as one of India's leading poet-[[Saint|saints]], writing in the [[Urdu language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darshan Singh Poetry - Darshan Singh Shayari, Urdu Ghazal, Nazam Collection |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/poetry/darshan-singh.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=UrduPoint |language=en}}</ref> Upon his sudden death on 30 May 1989, he was succeeded by [[Rajinder Singh (Sant Mat)|Rajinder Singh]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Born in India on September 14, 1921, Singh was the son of [[Kirpal Singh]]. In 1926, at age of 5, Darshan Singh was initiated by and received instructions on the meditation on the inner Light and Sound of God from [[Sawan Singh|Baba Sawan Singh Ji Maharaj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://darshanacademy.org/biographyofsantdarshansinghjimaharaj.aspx|title=Sant Darshan Singh Ji Maharaj|last=About Spiritual Education|website=Darshan Academy|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182123/http://darshanacademy.org/biographyofsantdarshansinghjimaharaj.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> (successor of Baba [[Jaimal Singh]] of [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-24 |title=Punjab News In Hindi : an historical development story of Radha Soami Satsang, Guru Purnima |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/an-historical-development-story-of-radha-soami-satsang-guru-purnima-01595689.html |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724063049/https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/an-historical-development-story-of-radha-soami-satsang-guru-purnima-01595689.html |archive-date=24 July 2019 }}</ref> For the next 22 years, Singh selflessly served the mission of Hazur, and continued to do so throughout the spiritual ministry of Kirpal Singh from 1948 to 1974.<br />
<br />
He was educated at the Government College, Punjab University ([[Lahore]]). He went on to have a 37-year career in government services, retiring in 1979 as Deputy Secretary of the Finance Ministry. In 1943, he married Harbhajan Kaur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://santdarshansingh.org/About.html|title=Sant Darshan Singh|last=About Sant Darshan Singh Ji Maharaj|website=Sant Darshan Singh|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Darshan Singh was a Spiritual Master who taught meditation on the inner Light and Sound, and was the founder of Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission / Science of Spirituality, a spiritual organization with international headquarters in Delhi, India and Chicago, Illinois (USA).<br />
<br />
During his 15-year spiritual ministry, he founded Kirpal Ashram in Delhi, and established over 550 meditation centers in forty countries. He presided over the Sixth Conference of the World Fellowship of Religions (1981), the Asian Conference of Religions and Peace (1981), and the Fifteenth International Human Unity Conference, held in Delhi, India., in 1988. On July 27, 1980, he instituted “Master’s Day” to be celebrated on the fourth Sunday of July each year, in which people of all backgrounds can sit together to honor the saints and spiritual Masters of their traditions. In addition, he was acclaimed as one of India's greatest poet-saints {{citation needed|date=April 2020}}. His collections of poems, won him four Academy Awards for poetry {{citation needed|date=April 2020}}.<br />
<br />
His Urdu Pharsi poems are published in five collections viz. Talash-e-Noor, Manzil-e-Noor, Mata-e-Noor, Jada-e-Noor and Mauj-e-Noor. He was awarded by Urdu Academy, Delhi and Urdu Academy, Uttar Pradesh for his books Manzil-e-Noor (1972) and Mata-e-Noor (1989).<br />
<br />
Some of his English publications include ''Portrait of Perfection: A Pictorial Biography of Sant Kirpal Singh'' (1981), ''Spiritual Awakening'' (1983), ''A Tear and a Star'' (1986), and ''The Wonders of Inner Space'' (1988). He also published hundreds of articles and poems on spiritual topics in various periodicals. His writings have been translated into fifty languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://santdarshansingh.org/books.html|title=Sant Darshan Singh|last=Books By Darshan Singh Ji|website=Sant Darshan Singh|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
During Darshan Singh's four world tours, he was presented with the keys to many cities and was honored by the Colombian parliament with its Medal of Congress and by the Congress of the United States with citations of merit. In 1986, Darshan Singh was invited to the United Nations on the invitation of Dr. Robert Muller, former Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations, to expound on the subject of inner and outer peace. During his visit, Darshan Singh held a prayer for world peace in the Security Council of the United Nations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ambassadors of Peace, a Dialogue At the United Nations Between Dr. Robert Muller & Sant Darshan Singh|publisher=University for Peace|year=1991|isbn=978-8185380117}}</ref><br />
<br />
Darshan Singh died on May 30, 1989, a few days before leaving for a tour of conferences in the West for 3 months, already all reserved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirpalsingh-falsesuccessors.org/Doc/eng/03-False%20successors.pdf |title= OFICIAL DARSHAN SINGH'S TOUR CANCELLED FOR HIS DEATH ON MAY 30th 1989 |author=Ruhani Satsang Europe |author-link=Ruhani Satsang Europe |date= 1989}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the sudden death of Darshan, his biological son, [[Rajinder Singh (Sant Mat)|Rajinder Singh]] (b. 1946), succeeded him.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Darshan}}<br />
[[Category:1921 births]]<br />
[[Category:1989 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Punjab, India]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadapuram_Road_railway_station&diff=470647Nadapuram Road railway station2026-03-08T19:56:20Z<p>Shubha: improved article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Nadapuram Road<br />
| type = [[Regional rail]], [[Light rail]] & [[Commuter rail]] station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = [[Chorode]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11.63929|75.575522|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br />
| map_type = India#India Kerala<br />
| elevation =<br />
| line = [[Shoranur–Mangalore line]]<br />
| other =<br />
| structure = At–grade<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| parking = Available<br />
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1904}}<br />
| closed =<br />
| rebuilt =<br />
| electrified = No<br />
| accessible = <!---{{Access icon|20px}}---><br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = NAU<br />
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Palakkad}}<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]<br />
| status = Functioning<br />
| former =<br />
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| passengers =<br />
| pass_year =<br />
| pass_percent =<br />
| annual passenger earnings = <br />
| pass_system =<br />
| map_locator =<br />
| route_map = <br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nadapuram Road railway station''' is a [[railway station]], in the Southern Railways zone, in the [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]]. The station code is NAU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadapuram Road (NAU) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/nadapuram-road-nau |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
It falls under the [[Palakkad railway division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]], [[Indian Railways]]. It has two platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=brandonbuffard |title=Nadapuram Road Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/nadapuram-road-nau/4450 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> Works on the platform have been taken up in 2018 with the MPLAD funds of Rs.50 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-04 |title=നാദാപുരംറോഡ് റെയില്വെസ്റ്റേഷന് നവീകരണം, മുല്ലപ്പള്ളി രാമചന്ദ്രന് എംപി അരക്കോടി രൂപ അനുവദിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kozhikode/kozhikode-local-news-railway-station-206813.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=One India Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1904]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Kozhikode district]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
{{Kerala-railstation-stub}}</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samskaravantha&diff=532386Samskaravantha2026-03-04T07:30:25Z<p>Shubha: stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Short description|2009 Indian drama film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Samskaravantha<br />
| image = Samskaravantha.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = K. Parthasarathi<br />
| producer = Raghunath<ref name=":BM1" /><br />
| screenplay = K. Parthasarathi<br />
| story = K. Parthasarathi<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = J. M. Prahlad<br />
}} <br />
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Sanketh Kashi]]<br />
* [[Padma Vasanthi]]<br />
}} <br />
| music = Sadguna Raj<br />
| cinematography = Elukoti Chandru<br />
| editing = B. S. Kemparaju<br />
| studio = Sarathi-Nath Creators<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{film date|2009|2|13|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 105 minutes<ref name=":TOIR" /><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Samskaravantha''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language drama film written and directed by K. Parthasarathi. The film stars [[Sanketh Kashi]] and [[Padma Vasanthi]].<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]<br />
* [[Padma Vasanthi]]<br />
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]<br />
* Ninasam Ashwath<br />
* Ragini Rao<br />
* Rajeshwari<br />
* M. P. Venkat Rao<br />
* Venu<br />
* Goa Datthu<br />
* B. K. Shankar<br />
* Preethi<br />
* Keerthika Tharan<br />
* C. R. Narasimhamurthy<br />
* Rajkumar C. Kamble<br />
* Pipeline Ramesh<br />
* Manju<br />
* Master Hemanth Rajkumar<br />
* Baby Suchithra<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The story of the film is based on the life of [[Trivikrama Mahadeva]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trust continues work of Mahadeva, who laid to rest orphaned bodies |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/trust-continues-work-of-mahadeva-who-laid-to-rest-orphaned-bodies-1128275.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=19 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130210234/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/trust-continues-work-of-mahadeva-who-laid-to-rest-orphaned-bodies-1128275.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ammembala |first1=Naveen |title=Trivikrama Mahadeva: Bengaluru's 'burial man' is battling a hard life |url=https://thefederal.com/amp/states/south/karnataka/trivikrama-mahadeva-bengalurus-burial-man-is-battling-cancer/ |work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai|The Federal]] |date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Babu |first1=Olivia Debroy & Blessy |title=Trivikrama Mahadeva: The mortician of the orphaned corpses in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/trivikrama-mahadeva-the-mortician-of-the-orphaned-corpses-in-bengaluru/article65670901.ece/amp/ |work=The Hindu |date=1 August 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809140853/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/trivikrama-mahadeva-the-mortician-of-the-orphaned-corpses-in-bengaluru/article65670901.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The filmmakers obtained permission to use Mahadeva's life story, which includes his experiences as a mortician of unclaimed bodies. The filmmakers reportedly agreed to pay Mahadeva a fee in exchange for the right to use his story in ''Samskaravantha''. However, Mahadeva claims that he was not paid by the producers of either ''Samskaravantha'' or ''[[KA-99 B-333]]'', despite being promised compensation at the time the filmmakers obtained permission to use his story. Raghunath, the producer, stated that he had intended to provide compensation to Mahadeva. However, the amount Mahadeva requested was equivalent to half of the film's production cost, which was deemed excessive for a low-budget tribute film. Mahadeva has reportedly expressed indifference to the films, citing his dissatisfaction with the lack of compensation he received and stating that he has no interest in watching them.<ref name=":BM1">{{cite news |title=No joy in biopic for man who takes care of unclaimed bodies |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/no-joy-in-biopic-for-man-who-takes-care-of-unclaimed-bodies/articleshow/22218747.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=13 February 2009 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The film has songs composed by Sadguna Raj.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samskaaravantha Songs, Download Samskaaravantha Movie Songs For Free Online at Saavn.com |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/samskaaravantha/,pksjEHAmn0_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=27 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Samskaaravantha Songs Download: Play & Listen Samskaaravantha Kannada MP3 Song by Sadgunaraj @Gaana |url=https://gaana.com/album/samskaaravantha |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=12 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Jakkanaka Jakkanaka<br />
| length1 = 2:48<br />
| all_lyrics = J. M. Prahlad.<br />
| extra1 = Pradeep<br />
| title2 = Hakki Haritho<br />
| length2 = 4:10<br />
| extra2 = Ajay Warrior<br />
| total_length = 6:58<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "While Kashi has done an excellent job, Padma Vasanthi is impressive and Suchendra Prasad is superb. Elukoti Chandru has done a good job as cameraman."<ref name=":TOIR">{{cite news |title=Samskaravantha Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/samskaravantha/movie-review/4120301.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "The quality of production is shoddy in places and the background music becomes noise most times. Many bizarre incidents are dwelt with in just dialogues to cut down on costs. Even still the film comes across as a unique attempt at telling an unusual story. A good first time attempt by the director."<ref>{{cite news |title=Samskaravantha: An unusual life |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/samskaravantha-an-unusual-life/articleshow/22217796.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=14 February 2009 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2009 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hush_Hush_(TV_series)&diff=503314Hush Hush (TV series)2026-03-04T00:42:21Z<p>Shubha: started stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian thriller television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Hush Hush.jpeg<br />
| genre = [[Drama]]<br />
| creator = Tanuja Chandra<br />
| developer = <br />
| screenplay = Ashish Mehta<br />
| story = Shikhaa Sharma<br>Juhi Chaturvedi<br />
| director = Ashish Pandey<br />Kopal Naithani<br />Tanuja Chandra<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| starring = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Juhi Chawla]] <br />
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]] <br />
* [[Karishma Tanna]] <br />
* [[Kritika Kamra]] <br />
* [[Shahana Goswami]] <br />
* [[Soha Ali Khan]] <br />
* [[Gaurav Dwivedi]]<br />
}}<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| opentheme = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| composer = Hrishi Giridhar<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 7 ([[Hush Hush (TV series)#Episodes|list of episodes]])<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = Shikhaa Sharma<br />Tanuja Chandra<br />Vikram Malhotra<br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = Shaz Mohammed<br />
| editor = [[Chandan Arora]]<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 30-50 minutes<br />
| company = Abundantia Entertainment<br />
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|22}}<br />
| last_aired = <br />
| related = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Hush Hush''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama television series created and directed by Tanuja Chandra. The series stars [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Ayesha Jhulka]], [[Karishma Tanna]], [[Kritika Kamra]], [[Shahana Goswami]] and [[Soha Ali Khan]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-soha-ali-khan-kritika-kamra-and-shahana-goswami-on-their-layered-characters-in-hush-hush-55512.html|title=Exclusive: Soha Ali Khan, Kritika Kamra and Shahana Goswami on their layered characters in Hush Hush|website=filmfare.com}}</ref> It was produced under the banner of Abundantia Entertainment, and premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 22 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/juhi-chawla-ayesha-jhulka-s-amazon-prime-show-hush-hush-s-first-look-revealed-101662536524781.html|title=Juhi Chawla, Ayesha Jhulka's Amazon Prime show Hush Hush's first look, release date revealed|date=7 September 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as Isha 'Ishi' Sangamitra, Meera, Saiba, Zair, and Dolly's best friend<br />
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]] as Meera Yadav <br />
* [[Karishma Tanna]] as [[Inspector]] Geeta Tehlan<br />
* [[Kritika Kamra]] as Dolly Dalal, Aditya's wife<br />
* [[Shahana Goswami]] as Zaira Sheikh<br />
* [[Soha Ali Khan]] as Saiba<br />
* Nisha Jindal as Rekha<br />
* [[Benjamin Gilani]] as Baldev Dalal, Aditya's father<br />
* [[Bharti Sharma]] as Manjit Dalal, Aditya's mother<br />
* Kumkum Jain as Veena<br />
* Nitish Kapoor as Aditya Dalal, Dolly's husband<br />
* Jamini Pathak as Kashi<br />
* [[Vibha Chibber]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Madhu<br />
* Abhijeet Singh as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Karan Singh <br />
* Vedant Chibber as Zayn, Saiba and Ranveer's son<br />
* [[Chaitanya Choudhry]] as Ranveer, Saiba's husband<br />
* Gaurav Dwivedi as Vinayak Sethi<br />
* [[Kavya Trehan]] as Meher<br />
* Ariana Dogra<br />
* [[Jaaved Jaaferi]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer Shantanu<br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
=== Series overview ===<br />
{{Series overview<br />
| color1 = #3C5792<br />
| link1 = #Season 1 (2022)<br />
| episodes1 = 7<br />
| released1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|09|22}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14478162/episodes?season=1|title=Hush Hush (2022– ) - IMDb|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Season 1 (2022) ===<br />
{{Episode table |background=#3C5792 |overall= |season=|title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Hush-Hush/0RY1H8MI9HFWKQ4CJH78WTICRL|title=Hush Hush – Season 1 - Prime Video |via=primevideo.com}}</ref> |episodes=<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br />
| Title = What Lies Beneath <br />
| DirectedBy = {{ubl|Tanuja Chandra}}<br />
| WrittenBy = {{ubl|Shikhaa Sharma}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|09|22}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
| LineColor = 3CB371<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br />
| Title = What Can’t Be Said <br />
| DirectedBy = {{ubl|Tanuja Chandra}}<br />
| WrittenBy = {{ubl|Shikhaa Sharma}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|09|23}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
| LineColor = 3CB371<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br />
| Title = What Can’t Be Killed<br />
| DirectedBy = {{ubl|Tanuja Chandra}}<br />
| WrittenBy = {{ubl|Shikhaa Sharma}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|09|23}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
| LineColor = 3CB371<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br />
| Title = What The Past Holds<br />
| DirectedBy = {{ubl|Tanuja Chandra}}<br />
| WrittenBy = {{ubl|Shikhaa Sharma}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|09|23}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
| LineColor = 3CB371<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br />
| Title = What Keeps Us Awake<br />
| DirectedBy = {{ubl|Tanuja Chandra}}<br />
| WrittenBy = {{ubl|Shikhaa Sharma}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|09|23}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
| LineColor = 3CB371<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br />
| Title = What Remains Unseen <br />
| DirectedBy = {{ubl|Tanuja Chandra}}<br />
| WrittenBy = {{ubl|Shikhaa Sharma}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|09|23}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
| LineColor = 3CB371<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 7<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7<br />
| Title = What Is To Be Known <br />
| DirectedBy = {{ubl|Tanuja Chandra}}<br />
| WrittenBy = {{ubl|Shikhaa Sharma}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|09|23}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
| LineColor = 3CB371<br />
}}<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Development===<br />
The announcement of the series was made by [[Amazon Prime]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hush-hush-amazon-prime-announces-new-series-led-by-an-all-women-cast-and-crew/article34017596.ece|title='Hush Hush': Amazon Prime announces new series led by an all-women cast and crew|author=The Hindu Net Desk|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 March 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> in the first week of March 2021 to be directed by [[Tanuja Chandra]], starring [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Ayesha Jhulka]], [[Soha Ali Khan]], [[Karishma Tanna]], [[Kritika Kamra]] and [[Shahana Goswami]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/hush-hush-juhi-chawla-ayesha-jhulka-to-make-digital-debut-with-amazon-prime-series-7219305/|title=Hush Hush: Juhi Chawla, Ayesha Jhulka to make digital debut in Amazon Prime series|date=8 March 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[principal photography]] of the film started in mid-September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tanuja-chandra-resumes-shoot-hush-hush-juhi-chawla-soha-ali-khan-others/|title=Tanuja Chandra resumes shoot of Hush Hush with Juhi Chawla, Soha Ali Khan, and others : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 September 2021}}</ref> Filming took place in [[New Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/soha-ali-khan-says-inaaya-asks-her-to-send-nanny-for-shoot-and-stay-home-herself-101664178030191.html|title=Soha Ali Khan says Inaaya asks her to send nanny for shoot and stay home herself: 'Didn't even know what to say'|date=26 September 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Gurgaon]],<ref name=print>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/juhi-chawla-to-soha-ali-khan-hush-hush-has-a-stellar-cast-but-a-sketchy-murder-plot/1138741/|title=Juhi Chawla to Soha Ali Khan, 'Hush Hush' has a stellar cast. But a sketchy murder plot|first=Tina|last=Das|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=22 September 2022}}</ref> and [[Mumbai]], before wrapping up in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-soha-ali-khan-on-acting-during-the-ongoing-coronavirus-pandemic-it-is-pretty-challenging/408478|title=Soha Ali Khan On Acting During The Ongoing Coronavirus Pandemic: It Is Pretty Challenging|date=6 January 2022|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Release===<br />
The trailer of the series was released on 13 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/hush-hush-trailer-juhi-chawla-and-her-gang-of-rich-ladies-hide-big-little-lies-101663057868719.html|title=Hush Hush trailer: Juhi Chawla, Soha Ali Khan and their gang of rich ladies give max Big Little Lies vibes|date=13 September 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The series consisting of seven episodes premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 22 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ex-stream-benefits-from-jogi-to-hush-hush-the-best-on-ott-in-september-11375491.html|title=Ex Stream Benefits &#124; From Jogi to Hush Hush, the best on OTT in September|date=3 October 2022|website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
''[[ThePrint]]''{{'}}s Tina Das rated the series three out of five stars, writing that ''Hush Hush'' "loses steam" after the first four episodes.<ref name=print/> The entertainment website [[123telugu.com]] gave the series 2.75 stars out of five, concluding that despite "decent twists and splendid performances," the series was let down by "uneven execution, abrupt ending, and the palling mid-portions."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-juhi-chawlas-hush-hush-hindi-series-on-amazon-prime.html|title=OTT Review : Juhi Chawla's Hush Hush – Hindi series on Amazon Prime|work=[[123telugu.com]]|date=24 September 2022|access-date=24 October 2022|author=123telugu Team}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Amazon India originals]]<br />
* [[List of Amazon Prime Video original programming#Hindi|List of Amazon Prime Video original programming]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0RY1H8MI9HFWKQ4CJH78WTICRL/ ''Hush Hush''] on [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]]<br />
<br />
{{Amazon Video original series}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyaar_Ka_Saaya&diff=467945Pyaar Ka Saaya2026-03-03T23:41:30Z<p>Shubha: quick update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pyaar Ka Saaya<br />
| image = Pyaar Ka Saaya.jpg<br />
| caption = Vinyl Record Cover<br />
| director = Vinod Verma<br />
| producer = [[Babbar Subhash]]<br />
| writer = Mushtaq Merchant (screenplay)<br /> [[Dr. Rahi Masoom Reza]] (dialogue)<br />
| starring = [[Rahul Roy]]<br />[[Sheeba Akashdeep Sabir|Sheeba]]<br />[[Amrita Singh]]<br />
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]<br />
| cinematography = Aloke Dasgupta<br />
| editing = Mangesh Chavan<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{film date|1991|12|06|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pyaar Ka Saaya''' (English: The Shadow of love) is a 1991 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] film directed by Vinod Verma and starring [[Rahul Roy]], [[Sheeba Akashdeep Sabir|Sheeba]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Saaya Movie Review|url=http://www.gomolo.com/pyaar-ka-saaya-movie/6726|access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> It is an uncredited remake of the 1990 American movie, ''[[Ghost (1990 film)|Ghost]]''.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Avinash Saxena lives with his uncle and cousin, Vimal. His grandfather passes away, leaving the estate to him, as he is aware that Vimal is a wastrel and alcoholic. Nevertheless, the two cousins get along quite well. When Avinash goes to visit one of his houses in the country side, he finds out that his servant, Ram Prasad, had let his bedroom to a young woman, Gloria, without his permission. After he meets Gloria both of them fall in love with each other and get married in a simple temple ceremony. They then return to the city, where Gloria, who is now Pooja, is introduced to Vimal. Then one night while returning home from a late night movie, the couple are attacked and Avinash is killed, leaving Pooja widowed and devastated. Then a few months later, Pooja is approached by a fortune-teller, Maya Gangadhami, who informs her that Avinash has been in touch with her and would like to console her as well as warn her that the man who killed him is also going to kill her also. Pooja ridicules this, and tells Vimal about this. What Pooja does not know is that Vimal himself was responsible for hiring the killer to kill Avinash so that he could inherit the estate and wealth as the sole surviving relative, and with no proof available of Pooja's marriage, all he has to do is arrange her "death" at the hands of the same killer.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Rahul Roy]] as Avinash Saxena "Avi" / Rakesh Saxena (Double Role) <br />
* [[Sheeba Akashdeep Sabir|Sheeba]] as Pooja Saxena / Gloria<br />
* [[Amrita Singh]] as Maya Saxena / Gangadhami<br />
* [[Mohnish Behl]] as Vimal Saxena <br />
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Raghav <br />
* Brij Gopal as Robert <br />
* [[Anant Mahadevan]]<br />
* Babbanlal Yadav as Ram Prasad <br />
* Ghanshyam Rohera as Maya's Client <br />
* Ramesh Goyal as Corrupt Inspector<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Pyaar Ka Saaya<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 1991<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = Bombay<br />
| studio = Sunny Super Sound<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 37:59<br />
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]<br />
| producer = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Phool Aur Kaante]]<br />
| prev_year = 1991<br />
| next_title = [[Sadak]]<br />
| next_year = 1991<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack of the movie was composed by the duo [[Nadeem-Shravan]]. The lyrics were written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. The soundtrack was released in 1991 by Venus Records & Tapes and Melody International Limited, which consists of 7 songs. Most popular songs in album "Teri Dosti Se" etc. Songs are sung by [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Vijay Benedict]], [[Alisha Chinoy]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arunachalam |first1=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991 - 2000 |date=2020 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vbyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 }}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:92%;"<br />
!#<br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
| "Teri Dosti Se"<br />
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
|2.<br />
| "Aaja Aaja Aa Bhi Jaa"<br />
| Kumar Sanu, Alisha Chinoy<br />
|-<br />
|3.<br />
| "Pyaar Ka Saaya" (Duet)<br />
| Kumar Sanu, Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
|4.<br />
| "Ek Phool Sa Chehra Hai"<br />
| Vijay Benedict<br />
|-<br />
|5.<br />
| "Pyaar Ka Saaya" (Male)<br />
| Kumar Sanu<br />
|-<br />
|6.<br />
| "Tu Chahat Hai"<br />
| [[Vijay Benedict]], [[Alisha Chinoy]]<br />
|-<br />
|7.<br />
| "Tumse Thoda Sa"<br />
| Kumar Sanu, Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The film was said to be an uncredited remake of the Hollywood film ''[[Ghost (1990 film)|Ghost]]'' (1990).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Diptakirti |title=Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-799-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0399530}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1991 films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Member_Rameshan_9aam_Ward&diff=517398Member Rameshan 9aam Ward2026-03-03T09:41:58Z<p>Shubha: Starting Pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2022 Malayalam film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Member Rameshan 9aam Ward<br />
| image = Member Rameshan 9aam Ward.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Anto Jose Pereira <br/> Aby Treesa Paul<br />
| writer = Anto Jose Pereira <br/> Aby Treesa Paul<br />
| producer = Anto Jose Pereira <br/> Aby Treesa Paul<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Arjun Ashokan]]<br />
* [[Gayathri Ashok]]<br />
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]]<br />
* [[Indrans]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Eldo Issac<br />
| editing = Deepu Joseph<br />
| music = Kailas<br />
| studio = Boban and Moly Entertainments<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2022|02|25|[[India]]|df=yes}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''Member Rameshan 9aam Ward''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2022|2022]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language film directed by Anto Jose Pereira and Aby Treesa Paul and produced by Boban and Moly under the banners of Boban and Moly entertainments. The movie features [[Arjun Ashokan]], Gayathri Ashok, [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Indrans]], Mareena Michael Kurishinkal. The film was released on 25 February 2022.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
* [[Arjun Ashokan]]<br />
* [[Gayathri Ashok]]<br />
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]]<br />
* [[Indrans]]<br />
* [[Mareena_Michael_Kurisingal|Mareena Michael Kurishinkal]]<br />
* [[Anup Pandalam]]<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
A poster of the film was released on the birthday of actor [[Arjun Ashokan]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjun Ashokan's 'Member Rameshan 9th Ward' poster hints at fun-filled drama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/08/26/arjun-ashokan-member-rameshan-9th-ward-malayalam-movie-poster.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=OnManorama |date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402183737/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/08/26/arjun-ashokan-member-rameshan-9th-ward-malayalam-movie-poster.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and another poster was released during the election period in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Posters of 'Member Rameshan 9am Ward' lift up election fever |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/12/01/posters-member-rameshan-9am-ward-election-fever.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402183734/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/12/01/posters-member-rameshan-9am-ward-election-fever.html |url-status=live }}</ref>[[Kailas Menon]] onboarded composer for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |title=Kailas Menon gives a glimpse into his song for 'Member Rameshan 9aam Ward' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/kailas-menon-gives-a-glimpse-into-his-song-for-member-rameshan-9aam-ward/articleshow/76850100.cms |access-date=2023-04-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402183733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/kailas-menon-gives-a-glimpse-into-his-song-for-member-rameshan-9aam-ward/articleshow/76850100.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Deepa Soman a critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote that "The movie might interest those who like [[Arjun Ashokan]] and films set in true-blue [[Kerala]] villages".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Member Rameshan 9aam Ward Movie Review : The tale of a youngster thrust into a political position |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/member-rameshan-9aam-ward/movie-review/89824470.cms |access-date=2023-04-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402183823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/member-rameshan-9aam-ward/movie-review/89824470.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "A script that fails to inspire".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-02-26 |title=Member Rameshan 9am Ward: a script that fails to inspire |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/a-script-that-fails-to-inspire/article65087144.ece |access-date=2023-04-02 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401090229/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/a-script-that-fails-to-inspire/article65087144.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Sanjith Sidhardhan critic of ''[[OTT Play]]'' stated that "''Member Rameshan 9aam Ward''’s plot is all too familiar for [[Malayalis|Malayali]] audience, who have watched the plethora of political satires that the industry has to offer. Even as old wine in a new bottle, this Arjun Ashokan-starrer feels like a lost opportunity.".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Rameshan 9aam Ward movie review: Arjun Ashokan's political satire feels like a lost opportunity |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/member-rameshan-9aam-ward-movie-review-arjun-ashokans-political-satire-feels-like-a-lost-opportunity/66a6b5be3b919 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402182052/https://www.ottplay.com/review/member-rameshan-9aam-ward-movie-review-arjun-ashokans-political-satire-feels-like-a-lost-opportunity/66a6b5be3b919 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
A critic of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote that "Though the cult classic can in no way be compared with ''Member Rameshan 9aam Ward'', it promises a great cinematic experience dwelling on comedy, romance and emotional drama."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Member Rameshan 9aam ward' movie review: a novice's tryst with politics |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/02/24/arjun-ashokan-member-rameshan-9aam-ward-review.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401090231/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/02/24/arjun-ashokan-member-rameshan-9aam-ward-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|11558628}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manathil_Urudhi_Vendum&diff=515708Manathil Urudhi Vendum2026-03-03T05:14:25Z<p>Shubha: Starting A Details!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1987 film by K. Balachander}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Manathil Urudhi Vendum.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[K. Balachander]]<br />
| writer = K. Balachander<br />
| producer = Rajam Balachander<br />Pushpa Kandaswamy<br />
| starring = [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]<br />
| cinematography = R. Raghunatha Reddy<br />
| editing = Ganesh–Kumar<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]<br />
| released = {{film date|1987|10|21|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 147 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Manathil Urudhi Vendum''''' ({{translation|The mind should be resolute}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. The film stars [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], with [[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]] and Chandrakanth in supporting roles. It was released on 21 October 1987.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=July 2021}}<br />
Nandini, a nurse, is the sole breadwinner of her family with seven siblings where she has an elder sister and six younger siblings. Nandhini is a dedicated and caring nurse whom everyone is fond of. Once on her way back, she shares an auto with Sundari, and they later become friends and share the house on a half-and-half basis. In the hospital, she saves a woman attempting suicide and brings her home and later finds out that she is fond of movies. Later, a thief tries to steal something from their house, but he gets caught red-handed, and she gives a lecture of earning and self-worth and gives him some money and asks him to work hard. She manages her house through letter communication.<br />
<br />
One day, Nandini's siblings, Ramesh and Vivek, go to Chennai to give a visit to her. They later learn that she divorced her husband, and she asks them not to say anything to their parents and other siblings. A reporter writes an article which portrays nurses in a bad light, and Nandhini along with other nurses, confront him. Nandhini and the reporter have a heated argument, and Nandhini leaves his house. The person to whom Nandhini gave money and asked to earn and becomes successful step by step and accidentally meets Nandhini at every stage. Nandhini thinks of marrying her sister to him, but much to her dismay her sister elopes with a former tenant of their home. Ramesh and another sibling have a fight regarding a political leader whom Ramesh is fond of and thinks of as his God, and during the fight the other sibling gets hurt, which infuriates Nandhini, who lashes out at Ramesh and asks him to earn on his own which makes him responsible. Ramesh pays his exam fees by selling old newspapers.<br />
<br />
In a twist of events, Nandhini's divorce comes to light and her father dies of heart attack. It is also revealed that Sundari was serving as a mistress to a rich man as she is the sole breadwinner of her family. Nandhini stands as a pillar of support for Sundari. She matches her maid with the former thief, and they are seen to be happily accepting the proposal. Meanwhile, the politician who Ramesh had revered is imprisoned and self-immolates. Even then, Nandhini does not lose hope and continues her job and supports the family. The writer becomes fond of Nandhini and wishes to marry her. After some struggle, love blossoms between the two, and Nandhini meets Surya's parents. Sundari's master dies suddenly, and she is deprived of a job. She then finds a similar job for a high-profile celebrity at Delhi, and Nandhini continues to morally support her.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Nandhini's ex-husband suffers from kidney failure, and Nandhini is his only match. She decides to donate her kidney to him in order to let him live for his current wife and child. This ruptures Nandhini's relationship with Surya as he accuses her of still having feelings for her ex-husband. After the kidney transplant is done, Dilip offers Nandhini a blank cheque with which she fills the earlier amount that she loaned from Dilip's father to help her sister free her husband from jail. She declares herself debt-free. Surya, seeing her genuine nature, reconciles with her and she is happy. It is found that Nandhini's boss Dr. Arthanari has committed himself 24/7 for doctor service and lied about being married for the past seventeen years. This inspires Nandhini to indulge herself completely into nursing service 24/7. Arthanari informs her that Surya was more worried about their sexual life after her kidney donation and does not appreciate her act of kindness like she earlier thought. She meets Surya and expresses her disinterest in marrying him and says she will always be a nurse, serving society. The film ends with Nandhini resuming her job and remaining the family's breadwinner.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Nandhini<br />
* [[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]] as Surya<br />
* Chandrakanth<br />
* [[Ramesh Aravind|Aravind]] as Ramesh (Elango)<br />
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Vivek<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=17 April 2021 |title=Actor Vivekh, Best Friend To Millions, Passes Away |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/vivek-tamil-actor-dies-in-chennai-hospital-following-cardiac-arrest-not-linked-to-covid-19-vaccination/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417053737/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/vivek-tamil-actor-dies-in-chennai-hospital-following-cardiac-arrest-not-linked-to-covid-19-vaccination/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><br />
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Dr. Arthanari<br />
* [[Ravikanth (actor)|Ravikanth]] as Hospital ward boy<br />
* [[Lalitha Kumari]] as Vasu<br />
* [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]] as Gnanasundari, Nandhini's sister<br />
* [[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as Jaya, Nurse<br />
* [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as Chitra<br />
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan|Krishnan]] as Gothandam<br />
* [[Vasanth]] as Reporter (guest appearance)<br />
* [[Charle]] as Patient (guest appearance)<br />
}}<br />
[[Rajinikanth]], [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Sathyaraj]] appear in the song "Vangaala Kadale".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=தீபாவளி ரிலீஸ்! |trans-title=Diwali release! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9746&id1=40&issue=20191025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712134127/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9746&id1=40&issue=20191025 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<!-- https://archive.today/20230318060003/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/kollywood/manathil-urudhi-vendum-analyzing-this-suhasini-starrer-balachander-directorial-movie --><br />
''Manathil Urudhi Vendum'' is [[K. Balachander]]'s third film where "the daughter has to make sacrifices and take care of her family", following ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]'' (1973) and ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' (1974).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=26 November 2013 |title=Meiyyazhagi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/meiyyazhagi/movie-review/26412335.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701085520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/meiyyazhagi/movie-review/26412335.cms |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=20 October 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> While assisting with the script for the film in 1987, Balachander offered [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] an acting role in the film, which he decided to pursue thus made his acting debut in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2011 |title=Vivek, comedy artiste |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/nov/28/vivek-comedy-artiste-314824.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423131604/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/nov/28/vivek-comedy-artiste-314824.html |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Vivek recalling his experience on his first day of shooting: "I was asked to come running down the stairs. I did the shot to his satisfaction. But in doing so I hurt my toes. But I did not want to show it to him. But after a few minutes the blood was oozing from the wound. KB sir saw it and asked me immediately to attend to it".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=15 September 2005 |title=I am basically serious but outwardly humorous: Vivek |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/i-am-basically-serious-but-outwardly-humorous-vivek/article27468033.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107043217/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/i-am-basically-serious-but-outwardly-humorous-vivek/article27468033.ece |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> This was the acting debut of [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vargese |first=Rebecca |date=25 September 2020 |title=SP Balasubramanyam: A look at the legend's life through his movies |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/sep/25/sp-balasubramanyam-a-look-at-the-legends-life-through-his-movies-28410.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126175904/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/sep/25/sp-balasubramanyam-a-look-at-the-legends-life-through-his-movies-28410.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref> Balachander initially recommended [[Ramesh Aravind]] to leave the film since his role was not substantial, and work on a venture with [[K. Bhagyaraj]] instead, to mark his debut in a leading role. Bhagyaraj's proposed film was later shelved, and Aravind returned to ''Manathil Uruthi Vendum''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2014 |title=Interview with Ramesh Aravind&nbsp;– the director of Uttama Villain |url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/interview-ramesh-aravind-director-uttama-villain/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908181705/http://www.onlykollywood.com/interview-ramesh-aravind-director-uttama-villain/ |archive-date=8 September 2014 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=Only Kollywood}}</ref> [[Vasanth]] worked as an assistant director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=25 September 2020 |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam: The actor behind the singer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2020/sep/25/sp-balasubrahmanyamthe-actor-behind-the-singer-20463.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128150736/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2020/sep/25/sp-balasubrahmanyamthe-actor-behind-the-singer-20463.html |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> [[Vijayakanth]] made a special appearance, and charged no remuneration for doing so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=8 February 2024 |title=கேப்டன் விஜயகாந்த் சம்பளமே வாங்காமல் நடித்துக் கொடுத்த படங்கள்!.. அட இவ்வளவு இருக்கா?.. |url=https://cinereporters.com/captain-vijayakanth-acted-the-movies-without-salary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214053830/https://cinereporters.com/captain-vijayakanth-acted-the-movies-without-salary/ |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with the lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manathil Uruthi Vendum Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/manathil-uruthi-vendum-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020065120/https://mossymart.com/product/manathil-uruthi-vendum-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manathil Uruthi Vendum |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/manathil-uruthi-vendum/xCooTUdSecg_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020065116/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/manathil-uruthi-vendum/xCooTUdSecg_ |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> For the dubbed [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version ''Sister Nandini'', all lyrics were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref name="Sister Nandini">{{Cite web |title=Sister Nandini |url=https://indiancine.ma/BFJQ/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230202104319/https://indiancine.ma/BFJQ/info |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The song "Kannaa Varuvaayaa" is set in [[Patdeep]], a [[Hindustani raga]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 March 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– Godly Gowrimanohari |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/godly-gowrimanohari/article5271861.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508163516/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/godly-gowrimanohari/article5271861.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and "Kannin Maniye" is set to [[Mayamalavagowla]], a [[Carnatic raga]].<ref>{{cite web |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஜி. |date=1 June 2018 |title=ராக யாத்திரை 07: மாரியம்மனும் மரிக்கொழுந்தும் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/131917-07-4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227154206/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/131917-07.html |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Tamil<br />
| all_music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]]<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Manathil Urudhi Vendum<br />
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br />
| length1 = 4:19<br />
| title2 = Kannin Maniyae<br />
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length2 = 4:49<br />
| title3 = Kannaa Varuvaayaa<br />
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra<br />
| length3 = 5:33<br />
| title4 = Aachchi Aachchi<br />
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra<br />
| length4 = 3:06<br />
| title5 = Sangathamizh Kaviye<br />
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra<br />
| length5 = 4:31<br />
| title6 = Vangaala Kadale<br />
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas<br />
| length6 = 2:52<br />
| total_length = 25:10<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Telugu<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Vayyari Chilaka<br />
| extra1 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length1 = 2:52<br />
| title2 = Inthe Inthe<br />
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length2 = 4:49<br />
| title3 = Krishna Raavela<br />
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela & Chorus<br />
| length3 = 5:33<br />
| title4 = Addari Needi<br />
| extra4 = [[S. P. Sailaja]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length4 = 3:06<br />
| title5 = Aathma Balam Penchuko<br />
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length5 = 4:19<br />
| title6 = Chandaname Neeve<br />
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length6 = 4:31<br />
| total_length = 25:10<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Manathil Urudhi Vendum'' was released on 21 October 1987,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 1987 |title=மனதில் உருதி வேண்டும் |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19871021&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=26 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |language=ta |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and ''Sister Nandini'' on 31 March 1988.<ref name="Sister Nandini" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Manadhil Urudhi Vendum'' comes over like a badly written stage play. It is a hodgepodge of elements from several earlier films made by K. Balachander".<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 1987 |title=Patch-up |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19871023&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', however, reviewed the film more positively, comparing it favourably to Balachander's earlier films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=8 November 1987 |title=மனதில் உருதி வேண்டும் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/nov/08-11-1987/p37.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220730034312/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/nov/08-11-1987/p37.jpg |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=20 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=37 |language=ta}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting of the star cast, music and cinematography and concluded saying this film is well-crafted to prove Balachander's determination.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=25 October 1987 |title=மனதில் உறுதி வேண்டும் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_12_8/4.jp2/full/1000%2C1370/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508005453/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_12_8/4.jp2/full/1000,1370/0/default.jpg |archive-date=8 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{K. Balachander}}<br />
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1980s feminist films]]<br />
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1987 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1987 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]<br />
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rendu_Pondatti_Kaavalkaaran&diff=530309Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran2026-03-03T04:58:11Z<p>Shubha: Made Initial Entry Added Tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran<br />
| image = Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran.JPG<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]<br />
| writer = Relangi Narasimha Rao<br />B. Shankar <small>(dialogues)</small><br />
| producer = P. Balaraman<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Anand Babu]]|[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]|Vaidehi|Devipriya}}<br />
| cinematography = Sarath<br />
| editing = Murali-Ramaiah<br />
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]<br />
| studio = Sree Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|02|07}}<br />
| runtime = 130 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran''''' ({{translation|The policeman with two wives}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]. The film stars [[Anand Babu]] in a [[dual role]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], Vaidehi and Devipriya. It is a remake of the director's own Telugu film ''[[Iddaru Pellala Muddula Police]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=R. Jagadeeswara |date=25 July 2009 |title=Comedy is his forte |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/comedy-is-his-forte/article639179.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144652/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/comedy-is-his-forte/article639179.ece |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=9 April 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was released on 7 February 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 1992 |title=Rendu Pondatti Kavalkaran |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920207&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
<br />
Krishnan is an honest police constable who has two wives Rukmini and Satyabhama. However, his two wives hate each other. Krishnan is transferred to another city because of his honesty and the fact that he often refuses to do his superiors drudgery.<br />
<br />
In the past, Krishnan married Rukmini who thought that he was a [[Sub-inspector]] of police. When she realised what his real job was, she left him. In the meantime, Krishnan and his neighbour Satyabhama fell in love and had sexual intercourse. Then Satyabhama begged Rukmini to help her and Satyabhama married Krishnan.<br />
<br />
Fed up with the transfers, Krishnan throws away his police uniform and becomes a pickpocket. Anand, Krishnan's look-alike, takes his identity and becomes a police constable. Soon, Anand must juggle between Krishnan's two wives while Krishnan must manage Anand's girlfriend Lalitha.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Anand Babu]] as Krishnan and Anand<br />
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Rukmini<br />
*Vaidehi as Satyabhama<br />
*Devipriya as Lalitha<br />
*[[Janagaraj]] as Muthusamy<br />
*[[Senthil]]<br />
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Mangalam<br />
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actor)|Sri Lakshmi]]<br />
*[[Loose Mohan]]<br />
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]]<br />
*[[Typist Gopu]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Raj–Koti]], with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2022 |title=Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaran - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rendu-pondatti-kaavalkaran-ep/1643896855 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240212103802/https://music.apple.com/us/album/rendu-pondatti-kaavalkaran-ep/1643896855 |archive-date=12 February 2024 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| "Ennikko" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Minmini]]|| 4:40<br />
|-<br />
| "Kanna Kanna" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Minmini || 4:45<br />
|-<br />
| "Police Police Police Mama" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Minmini, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:55<br />
|-<br />
| "Sundakkai Kuzhambu" || K. S. Chithra, Minmini || 4:50<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Sundarji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that viewers could enjoy the film if they forget logic.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சுந்தர்ஜி |date=1 March 1992 |title=ரெண்டு பொண்டாட்டி காவல்காரன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-03-01/page/n49/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240212103908/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-03-01/page/n49/mode/2up |archive-date=12 February 2024 |access-date=13 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=48 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
{{Relangi Narasimha Rao}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Relangi Narasimha Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=10_Endrathukulla&diff=45481510 Endrathukulla2026-03-03T02:55:23Z<p>Shubha: expanded layout and improved wording per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Vijay Milton}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = 10 Endrathukulla<br />
| image = 10 Endrathukulla.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = [[Vijay Milton]]<br />
| producer = [[AR Murugadoss]]<br />
| writer = Vijay Milton<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]<br />
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />[[D. Imman]]<br />'''Background score:'''<br />[[Anoop Seelin]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2015 |title=Anoop does the background score for Vikram's next in Kollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Anoop-does-the-background-score-for-Vikrams-next-in-Kollywood/articleshow/49437970.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205105253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Anoop-does-the-background-score-for-Vikrams-next-in-Kollywood/articleshow/49437970.cms |archive-date=5 February 2019 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
| cinematography = [[Bhaskaran K.M]]<br />
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]<br />
| studio = AR Murugadoss Productions<br />
| distributor = [[Fox Star Studios]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|10|21}}<br />
| runtime = 144 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 143:57--><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2015 |title=''10 ENRADHUKULLA'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/10-enradhukulla-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092702/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/10-enradhukulla-film |archive-date=29 January 2016 |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = {{INR}}40 crore<ref name="10E1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140623135045/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-samantha-shoot-in-chennai-news-tamil-ogxo1cdbcjijd.html "Vikram & Samantha shoot in Chennai"]. ''[[Sify]]''. 23 June 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.</ref><br />
| gross = <!--Do not remove-->{{Estimation}} <!--per discussion at WP:ICTF]]--> {{INR}}28 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Endrathukulla collects 50 crore in 9 days |url=http://newznew.com/10-endrathukulla-9th-day-2nd-thursday-total-worldwide-box-office-collections-income-earning/ |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=newznew.com}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''10 Endrathukulla''''' ({{translation|Before counting to 10}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[road film|road]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[Vijay Milton]] and produced by [[AR Murugadoss|A. R. Murugadoss]] under the banner A. R. Murugadoss Productions and [[Fox Star Studios]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140717165135/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-samantha-starrer-officially-titled-news-tamil-ohrjVhgcjiffd.html Vikram-Samantha starrer officially titled]. ''[[Sify]]''. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ar-murugadoss-to-produce-of-vikrams-next-with-vijay-milton.html AR Murugadoss is an important part of Vikram's next] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513021854/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ar-murugadoss-to-produce-of-vikrams-next-with-vijay-milton.html |date=13 May 2014 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], alongside [[Pasupathy]], [[Rahul Dev]] and [[Abhimanyu Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=24 August 2015 |title=I wanted to quit films, says Samantha |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-wanted-to-quit-films-says-samantha-2117860 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123104/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-wanted-to-quit-films-says-samantha-2117860 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram is Hassle-Free, Says his 10 Enradhukulla Co-Star – NDTV Movies |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/regional/vikram-is-hassle-free-says-his-10-enradhukulla-co-star-727248 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091008/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/vikram-is-hassle-free-says-his-10-enradhukulla-co-star-727248 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Made on a budget of ₹40 crore, principal photography and filming took place in February 2014. The film was slated for a January 2015 release, but was postponed, due to the release of [[I (2015 film)|''I'']] (2015). ''10 Endrathukulla'' was released on 21 October 2015, coinciding with the [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]] festival. The film received mixed reviews. This film was a [[Box-office bomb|box office bomb]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
A [[Crime scene getaway|getaway driver]] who refers to himself by various names (such as "[[James Bond]]," "[[Mani Ratnam]]," "[[Sunil Gavaskar]]," and "[[Sachin Tendulkar]]) but never reveals his actual name is assigned by a local criminal named Das to deliver a woman named Shakeela to Pooran Singh in [[Mussoorie]]. Shakeela is an orphan who has failed her driving test 14 times. The driver is constantly irritated by Shakeela's antics during the journey to Mussoorie but soon falls in love with her. At Mussoorie, he kills Pooran and learns that Shakeela will be delivered to Daksha Bhai, an upper-caste landlord from an [[Uttarakhand]] village.<br />
<br />
The driver delivers Shakeela to Daksha and is invited to stay at his ancestral mansion for a festival. During the stay, he finds out why Shakeela has been delivered to Daksha: Shakeela is the [[doppelgänger]] of Daksha Bhai's sister Gadgi Moi, a cruel, merciless upper-caste leader who has been sentenced to death for orchestrating a massacre against the lower-caste people. Daksha Bhai plans to send Shakeela to jail in place of Gadgi, who has been released on [[parole]], to perform the last rites of her dead grandmother. The plan backfires as Shakeela escapes from the police.<br />
<br />
In the chaos that ensues, Gadgi breaks her cover and kidnaps Shakeela, planning to kill her on a moving train, but the driver arrives to save Shakeela and defeats Gadgi. He kills Gadgi by throwing her off the train and in anger Daksha kills Shakeela. Later, Daksha realizes that he had killed Gadgi and the driver had thrown Shakeela into his car. Distraught at Gadgi's death, Daksha commits suicide by jumping off the train with her corpse. Ultimately, the driver and Shakeela, who are now in a relationship, happily drive back to [[Chennai]]. During the journey, the driver whispers his real name in Shakeela's ear, to which she acts repulsed<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as an unnamed getaway driver with several pseudonyms such as James Bond<br />
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] in dual role as Shakeela and Gadgi Moi<br />
* [[Pasupathy]] as Das<br />
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Daksha Bhai<br />
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Pooran Singh<br />
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Krish Mehta<br />
* [[Sunil Thapa]] as Lawyer<br />
* [[Ramdoss]] as Driving Instructor's boss<br />
* [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]] as Das's henchman<br />
* [[Saravana Subbiah]] as Police Officer<br />
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as a gang leader in [[Telangana]]<br />
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as Ezhil<br />
* [[Manobala]] as Manikandan<br />
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Annachi<br />
* [[Sangili Murugan]] as Rajalingam<br />
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Doctor<br />
* [[Sreethu Krishnan]] as the driver's sister<br />
* Billy as Billy<br />
* Seetha as ATM<br />
* Pandi as ATM's boyfriend<br />
* Shanthi Mani<br />
* Jay Andhana as a doctor<br />
* [[Charmy Kaur]] as item number "Gaana Gaana"<br />
* [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] in a special appearance in the song "Vroom Vroom"<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Development===<br />
[[Vijay Milton]] collaborated with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] for his next film. Director [[AR Murugadoss]] was confirmed to be bankrolling the film along with [[Fox Star Studios]]. Initially titled ''Idam Maari Irangiyavan'', the film was later renamed as ''10 Endrathukulla''. [[D. Imman]] was signed on as composer for this film,<ref name="10E2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140503234934/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-vijay-milton-to-join-hands-news-tamil-ofdmUGiiffj.html Vikram & Vijay Milton to join hands]. ''[[Sify]]''. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> which the composer confirmed through his official Twitter handle.<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ar-murugadoss-announces-vikram-samantha-project.html Vijay Milton signs Vikram-Samantha-Murugadoss for his next film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527012056/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ar-murugadoss-announces-vikram-samantha-project.html |date=27 May 2014 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> The film is supposed to be a road movie, which Behindwoods states was a relatively fresh genre for the Tamil audience.<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ar-murugadoss-to-produce-of-vikrams-next-with-vijay-milton.html AR Murugadoss is an important part of Vikram's next] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513021854/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ar-murugadoss-to-produce-of-vikrams-next-with-vijay-milton.html |date=13 May 2014 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
Samantha was selected to play a lead role, marking her first collaboration with Vikram.<ref name="10E2" /> [[Pasupathy]] has been roped in to play an important role in the film.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150501053931/http://www.indiaglitz.com/pasupathys-third-with-vikram-telugu-news-107165 Pasupathy's third with Vikram]. ''Indiaglitz''. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140701074003/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/109665.html] ''Indiaglitz''. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</ref> In August 2014, Ramdoss of ''[[Mundasupatti]]'' (2014) fame was added to the cast.<ref>Karthik, Janani (12 August 2014). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Tamil/Movies/News/Mundasupatti-character-linked-in-Vijay-Milton-Vikram-film/articleshow/40062201.cms 'Mundasupatti' character linked in Vijay Milton-Vikram film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205727/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Mundasupatti-character-linked-in-Vijay-Milton-Vikram-film/articleshow/40062201.cms |date=12 August 2014 }}. ''[[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 12 August 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
Scenes involving Vikram and Samantha were shot in Chennai for a week's time, and the team was spotted filming in the MRC Nagar area of [[Chennai]]. The film began its first schedule on 26 May 2014.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vikram-Samantha-start-romancing-today/articleshow/35615164.cms Vikram, Samantha start romancing today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527025320/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vikram-Samantha-start-romancing-today/articleshow/35615164.cms |date=27 May 2014 }}. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref><ref>Seshagiri, Sangeetha (27 May 2014). [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kollywood-news-vijays-kaththi-first-look-confirmed-22-june-vikram-samantha-film-titled-601072 "Kollywood News: Vijay's 'Kaththi' First Look Confirmed for 22 June; Vikram-Samantha Film Titled 'Paththu Endrathukullaye'?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703121610/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/exciting-details-about-vijays-kaththi.html |date=3 July 2014 }}. ''[[International Business Times]]''. Retrieved 27 August 2014.</ref> The film's first schedule ran for 7 days covering [[Hyderabad]], [[Ladakh]], Sikkim and many major North Indian cities. A major portion of filming is also done in Nepal, whose location are mainly Bhaktapur. The crew reported that they would shoot in many exotic locations across the globe, but also strictly adhere to a 6 months time frame, when the project will be completed. Furthermore, the team also promised a surprise Hollywood crew in the movie.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140924224124/http://www.indiaglitz.com/-nbsp-nbsp-read-full-story-raquo--telugu-news-108049 When and where of Vikram's shoot]. ''Indiaglitz''. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> The second schedule began on 23 June 2014.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Samanthas-next-film-Schedule-from-June-23/articleshow/36211219.cms? Samantha's next film Schedule from June 23] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128142549/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Samanthas-next-film-Schedule-from-June-23/articleshow/36211219.cms |date=28 November 2015 }}. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 7 June 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.</ref> On 23 July 2014, the second schedule was completed, and the next schedule began subsequently.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Vinoth |date=5 June 2014 |title=Vikram's '10 Enradhukulla' Movie shooting in progress |url=http://www.cinepepper.com/2014/07/vikrams-paththu-ennarathukulla-movie-247104.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728195330/http://www.cinepepper.com/2014/07/vikrams-paththu-ennarathukulla-movie-247104.html |archive-date=28 July 2014 |website=Cinepepper}}</ref> A song sequence featuring the lead pair was shot in a set erected near DMI College of Engineering near Sriperumbudur in August 2014.<ref>M. K. Surendhar (24 August 2014). [http://www.onlykollywood.com/10-enradhukulla-update-song-featuring-vikram-samantha-shot/ 10 Enradhukulla update: Song featuring Vikram and Samantha shot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113256/http://www.onlykollywood.com/10-enradhukulla-update-song-featuring-vikram-samantha-shot/ |date=26 August 2014 }}. ''Onlykollywood''. Retrieved 25 August 2014.</ref> In late August 2014, about 3 schedules in were completed in Chennai, In One of the 3 schedules, a scene featuring the lead actress Samantha, actor Vikram in a duck farm near Madha Engg. College was shot, and the fourth schedule was planned to be shot in [[Pune]] for close to 20 days, with the schedule including a song sequence as well.<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/chiyaan-vikram-in-a-diligent-shooting-spree.html Vikram on a diligent shooting spree ...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830224538/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/chiyaan-vikram-in-a-diligent-shooting-spree.html |date=30 August 2014 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</ref> The climax of the film was shot in Nepal and the train sequence [[Cappadocia]], Turkey.<ref>K. R. Manigandan (1 May 2014). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vikram-Samantha-will-head-to-Turkey/articleshow/34428910.cms Vikram, Samantha will head to Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025134759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vikram-Samantha-will-head-to-Turkey/articleshow/34428910.cms |date=25 October 2019 }}. ''[[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
In October, [[Charmme Kaur]] shot for a nine-minute-long song, which was said to have been designed like a play, with Charmme appearing as a character throughout the song. A set for about two-and-a-half crore rupees had been erected in Pune for the shoot.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Charmme-in-a-song-for-Vikram-Samantha-film/articleshow/44707256.cms Charmme in a song] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009185609/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Charmme-in-a-song-for-Vikram-Samantha-film/articleshow/44707256.cms |date=9 October 2014 }}. ''[[Indiatimes]]''. Retrieved 9 October 2014.</ref> In September, 80% of the film was complete.<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/chiyaan-vikram-samanthas-10-ennarathukulle-spanned-across-india.html Vikram, Samantha movie on fast track] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022123648/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/chiyaan-vikram-samanthas-10-ennarathukulle-spanned-across-india.html |date=22 October 2014 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.</ref> One song scene was shot in Sikkim mountains on 29 October 2014. The shoot was done in Sikkim, Bagdogra, Jaipur and Delhi. The film team roped Racer [[Narain Karthikeyan]] for the action sequences with the racing car.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2014 |title=Narain Karthikeyan to help in action scene in '10 Enradhukulla' |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/narain-karthikeyan-to-help-in-action-scene-in-10-enradhukulla-114112000551_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152727/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/narain-karthikeyan-to-help-in-action-scene-in-10-enradhukulla-114112000551_1.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |work=Business Standard India |publisher=business-standard.com}}</ref> Samantha said that the film was the toughest character she has played so far, she had also been trained to smoke as part of a scene.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2015 |title=Samantha finds 10 Endradukulla, toughest !! |url=http://www.vuin.net/news/samantha-finds-10-endradukulla-toughest |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150406090102/http://www.vuin.net/news/samantha-finds-10-endradukulla-toughest |archive-date=6 April 2015 |publisher=vuin.net}}</ref> On 8 April 2015, the filming part ended at Nepal and post production started. Lee Whittaker was the action director in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram's '10 Enradhukulla' wrapped |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vikrams-10-Enradhukulla-wrapped/articleshow/45488867.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922072021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vikrams-10-Enradhukulla-wrapped/articleshow/45488867.cms |archive-date=22 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
<br />
{{quote box<br />
| width = 42em<br />
| align = right<br />
| quote = "10 Endrathukulla is a commercially packed script. It's Vijay Milton's second movie, after this year's super hit Goli Soda, and has an interesting line. Since it's a road movie, it gives me an opportunity to explore racy music"<ref>{{Cite web |title=An exclusive interview with Music Composer D Imman |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-director/d-imman/an-exclusive-interview-with-music-composer-d-imman.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927210037/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-director/d-imman/an-exclusive-interview-with-music-composer-d-imman.html |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref><br />
| source = – Music composer D. Imman about working for ''10 Endrathukulla''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[D. Imman]] composed the soundtrack, while [[Anoop Seelin]] has composed the background score for the film. On an interview with ''Behindwoods'', about working for ''10 Endrathukulla'', which is a high-octane racy thriller film, Imman said that it gave the opportunity for him to explore racy music since the film was a road thriller.<ref>Mithun; Venkat (28 September 2014). [http://behindwoods.com/tamil-music-director/d-imman/an-exclusive-interview-with-music-composer-d-imman.html PLACES FOR PIZZAS AND BURGERS ARE APLENTY. BUT FOR AUTHENTIC RASAM SADHAM OR PULI SORU THERE AREN'T MANY.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930055438/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-director/d-imman/an-exclusive-interview-with-music-composer-d-imman.html |date=30 September 2014 }}. ''Behindwoods''. Retrieved 29 September 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
The soundtrack album features 8 songs composed by D. Imman, featuring a piece of theme music, male and female version of the title track and two [[karaoke]] versions of the songs. While all the song lyrics were written by [[Madhan Karky]], Mani Amudhavan penned both the male and female versions of the title track "10 Endrathukulla". [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]] acquired the audio rights of the film and subsequently for legal purchase as a soundtrack on digital music platform, [[iTunes]].<br />
<br />
The first track, "Vroom Vroom," is penned by Madhan Karky, and rendered by Santhosh Hariharan, with backing vocals by D. Imman. The song is termed as a racy bike ride with this eerie number supported well by thumping rhythm and amazing bass guitar. The vocal renders the tune with supreme confidence and mastery. Here is a James Bond from Tamil Nadu musically presented in style by Imman-which happened never before! One will be surprised to find Indian musical instruments like Sitar and Mrudangam effortlessly fusing in this mélange.<br />
<br />
The male version of the title track "10 Endrathukulla" is rendered by [[Vishal Dadlani]], with rap portions by Emcee Jesz. Experimentation gets a new dimension further when the sequencing sounds like a motorcycle ride in a convincing manner. Vishal Dadlani's urbane voice is a perfect fit for this contemporary chase genre composition. The live drumming and freaky electric guitars are like a detour to Classic Rock of the 80s, but just when that is assumed, a layer of Hip-Hop chorus arrives from nowhere! Watch out for the mesmerizing electric guitar solo in the first interlude- which defines the soul of the album.<br />
<br />
The female version of "10 Endrathukulla" is performed by [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]. The raciest track of the album gets a different treatment from the season's favorite vocalist Vaikom Vijayalakshmi. While the first version focused on Classic Rock, this version gives its tribute to Hip-Hop beats, addictive Trance and House mix riffs. A totally new perspective of a trendy track is a brilliant treat for the ears!<br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = 10 Enradhukulla<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[D. Imman]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 17 September 2015<br />
| recorded = 2014–2015<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 36:52<br />
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]<br />
| producer = [[D. Imman]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]<br />
| prev_year = 2015<br />
| next_title = [[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]<br />
| next_year = 2018<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = 10 Endrathukulla<br />
| type = soundtrack <br />
| single1 = Vroom Vroom <br />
| single1date = 28 August 2015<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The song "Vroom Vroom" was released as a single on 28 August 2015. The tracklist of the film was unveiled on 15 September 2015, through the official [[Twitter]] handle of [[Sony Music India|Sony Music South]] and the entire album was released on 17 September 2015, at the [[Suryan FM 93.5|Suryan FM Radio Station]], [[Chennai]]. The makers also made to launch the jukebox in all streaming platforms on the same day.<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 36:52<br />
| title1 = Vroom Vroom<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]<br />
| extra1 = Santosh Hariharan, [[D. Imman]]<br />
| length1 = 4:41<br />
| title2 = Aanalum Indha Mayakkam<br />
| lyrics2 = Madhan Karky<br />
| extra2 = Sathya Prakash, Vandhana Srinivasan ( Female Backing Vocal)<br />
| length2 = 5:00<br />
| title3 = Pathu Endrathukulla<br />
| lyrics3 = Mani Amudhavan<br />
| extra3 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]<br />
| length3 = 3:30<br />
| title4 = Gaana Gaana<br />
| lyrics4 = Madhan Karky<br />
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Anand Aravindakshan]]<br />
| length4 = 6:22<br />
| title5 = Pathu Endrathukulla<br />
| lyrics5 = Mani Amudhavan<br />
| extra5 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], Emcee Jesz<br />
| length5 = 4:11<br />
| title6 = Mysterious Travel<br />
| lyrics6 = <br />
| extra6 = [[D. Imman]]<br />
| length6 = 3:29<br />
| title7 = Aanalum Indha Mayakkam<br />
| lyrics7 = <br />
| extra7 = <br />
| length7 = 4:59<br />
| title8 = Vroom Vroom<br />
| lyrics8 = <br />
| extra8 = <br />
| length8 = 4:42<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| title9 = <br />
| length9 = <br />
| title10 = <br />
| length10 = <br />
| note3 = Female Version<br />
| note5 = Male Version<br />
| note6 = Theme<br />
| note7 = Karaoke Version<br />
| note8 = Karaoke Version<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film was initially expected to be released by January 2015,{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} but citing the release of the Vikram's other film ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'', ''10 Enradhukulla'''s release was pushed to April, which further moved to 21 October 2015, to coincide with the [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]] festival.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vikram-Samantha-count-up-to-10/articleshow/38533235.cms Vikram, Samantha count up to 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718111838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vikram-Samantha-count-up-to-10/articleshow/38533235.cms |date=18 July 2014 }}. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
Anupama Subramaniam of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "''10 Endrathukulla'' is a good pathology of current Tamil cinema: you have the decision makers of the filming world deciding that it is best to forego artistic ingenuity in favour of safe and predictable entertainment."<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2015 |title=Movie review '10 Endrathukulla': A predictable entertainment |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151022/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-10-endrathukulla-predictable-entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314034047/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151022/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-10-endrathukulla-predictable-entertainment |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "The film lacks the liveliness of a masala entertainer."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=10 Endrathukulla Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/10-Endrathukulla/movie-review/49490501.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025024924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/10-Endrathukulla/movie-review/49490501.cms |archive-date=25 October 2015 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "10 Endrathukulla is a tedious road film marred by overzealous performances, ordinary music, tacky CGI and poor execution."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=Review: 10 Endrathukulla is a tedious watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-10-endrathukulla-is-a-tedious-watch/20151021.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329213206/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-10-endrathukulla-is-a-tedious-watch/20151021.htm |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=Rediff}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "It's high time Vikram really rethinks his script choices. This movie is strictly for Vikram fans."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title='10 Endrathukulla' film review: Strictly for Vikram fans! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-10-endrathukulla-film-review-strictly-for-vikram-fans-2137163 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117151104/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-10-endrathukulla-film-review-strictly-for-vikram-fans-2137163 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=dnaindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "With 10 Enradhukulla, Milton has made exactly the kind of movie for which ''[[Goli Soda]]'' appeared an antidote. The writing is shockingly scattershot, right from the scene that's supposed to set up the story."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baradwaj Rangan |date=21 October 2015 |title=10 Enradhukulla: A slipshod road movie |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/10-enradhukulla-a-slipshod-road-movie/article7790285.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505013158/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/10-enradhukulla-a-slipshod-road-movie/article7790285.ece |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "10 Enradhukulla is an average film which can be watched once for the chase scenes and performance of Vikram."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : 10 Enradhukulla |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/10-enradhukulla-review-tamil-pkvqS2bcfcaid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021234419/http://www.sify.com/movies/10-enradhukulla-review-tamil-pkvqS2bcfcaid.html |archive-date=21 October 2015 |access-date=2 April 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
''10 Endrathukulla'' was reported to have collected ₹6.5 [[crore]] in India on its first day and almost ₹5 crore in South India alone.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://10endrathukulla.com/}}<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{Vijay Milton}}<br />
{{AR Murugadoss}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s road movies]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by S. D. Vijay Milton]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bhaktapur]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Turkey]]<br />
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian road movies]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_National_Rally_Championship&diff=450508Indian National Rally Championship2026-03-02T19:18:37Z<p>Shubha: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|India's top rallying series}}<br />
{{redirect|INRC|the Israeli National Roads Company|National Roads Company of Israel}}<br />
{{morefootnotes|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox motorsport championship<br />
| logo = Indian National Rally Championship.svg<br />
| pixels = 290px<br />
| caption =INRC <br />
| category = National Rally Championship<br />
| country/region = [[India]]<br />
| inaugural = 1988<br />
| folded = <br />
| drivers = <br />
| teams = <br />
| tyres = JK Tyres, MRF, Yokohama, Birla Tyres<br />
| champion driver = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karna Kadur]] (2024)<br />
| champion codriver = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Musa Sherif]] (2024)<br />
| current_season = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.bluebandsports.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Indian National Rally Championship''' ('''INRC''') is a [[rallying]] National Championship in different classes with a series of rounds, organised under the aegis of the [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India]] (FMSCI), which is the Governing Body or ASN of India recognised by [[FIA]] culminating with National Champion Driver and Co-Driver. The driver and co-drivers's championship are based on a point system. The championship first received its National Championship title status in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=6 of the best rally championships in India |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/best-rally-championships-india |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Red Bull |language=en}}</ref> Karna Kadur and co-driver Musa Sherif became the 2024 National champions after winning the Overall title at Tumakuru on 15 December 2024. He drives for Team Arka Motorsports in a Volkswagen Polo R2 (FIA Rally4). The 2024 National Championship began in Chennai from 15 March 2024 with the South India Rally (SIR) which is also a round of the APRC Asia Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 APRC Calendar |url=https://fiaaprc.com/2024-aprc-calendar/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=FIA APRC |language=en-AU}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rally formats==<br />
Prior to the inception of INRC,<ref>{{Cite web |title=INRC - 2019 Indian National Rally Championship |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/go/inrc |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.sportskeeda.com}}</ref> Motor Rally in India was run on [[Regularity rally|TSD]] (Time, Speed, and Distance) format. During 70's and 80's the TSD events ran into several states with distances covering several days and distances exceeded over 1000 miles.<ref>{{Citation |title=Castrol K1000 Rally 1998 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1qpT9rdmzQ |access-date=2023-12-23 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===TSD endurance format===<br />
Up till 1988, the TSD format was modeled on endurance format with Popular Rally starting in [[Cochin]] would have a re-group in [[Coimbatore]] or [[Ooty]], covering a few days and close to 1000&nbsp;km. Same for South India Rally (Chennai), [[K1000 rally|K1000]] or Karnataka 1000 (Bangalore), Scissors Action Rally (Coimbatore) all had routes cris-crossing into each other cities and covered two or more states. Overnight re-grouping was done at different locations and a fresh starting order was issued in a re-group start. Routes were mostly dirt and off-road conditions as well as ghat sections.<br />
<br />
===Stage rally===<br />
Since 1988, [[FMSCI]] introduced the Stage rally format for the INRC which was then known as the FMSCI Indian Rally Drivers Championship (FIRDC), which usually covered between {{convert|300|and|400|km|abbr=on}} and Rallies were conducted in low traffic areas in country side. Some events were Day Rallies; others ran in Night only while some had a mix of Day and Night.<br />
<br />
Over a period, the Stage Distance became shorter and overall Rally was conducted in a few closed stages, closed to traffic. Since 2000 under [[Motorsports Association of India|MAI]], the Rally ran as per FIA regulations in a format of a one Day Recce, Two Day Rally and the results were announced by the end of the day. Also stage Marshall Training was conducted by hiring FIA nominated personals by both FMSCI and MAI. Spectator and competitor safety became prime factor in event management.<br />
Also during the MAI years night rallies were stopped as well as Two Wheeler rallying.<br />
<br />
===Event equipments and communication===<br />
<br />
Computers were used since 1988 rallies for tabulating penalty points, while [[Amateur radio|HAM radio]] was the principal form of communication by Rally Headquarters between Time Controls and [[Racing marshall|Marshall]]s while the teams operated between the drivers and their crews in a different frequency as allotted by the INRC and Ham Clubs.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ham Radio in INRC| publisher = Zee News India| year = 2011 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/motorsports/indian-national-rally-championship-from-july-23_720746.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Support of Coimbatore Amateur Radio Club and Kodaikanal Amateur Radio Society| year = 2011 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/racing/Indian-National-Rally-championship-from-July-23/articleshow/9285568.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405092318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/racing/29789926_1_kms-national-rally-championship-special-stages| url-status=live| work = [[The Times of India]]| archive-date=2012-04-05}}</ref> By 2001, standardized electronic Timing equipments were used by all clubs. Also INRC awarded trophies to the clubs for safety and administration, based on a point system audit by FIA and MAI observers. At times a bad event management attracted termination of hosting the INRC round the following year.<br />
<br />
==Teams==<br />
The ITC sponsored Scissors Action Rally Team, based out of Coimbatore having strong links to the Coimbatore Auto Sports Club, was the first in establishing a professional rally team in late 80's, eventually winning the inaugural rally in the INRC year 1988. This team had several top title contenders like L. Gopalakrishnan, DPF Krishnakumar and the two were leading the championship points at times during the 88 and 89 seasons.<br />
<br />
[[MRF Tyres]] were one of the major sponsors for some of the leading drivers and two wheelers riders since early 80's, fielding some of the leading as well as new talents in both Four Wheelers and Two Wheelers. Though the team concept was non-existent then, MRF sponsored competitors had their own tuners. It was not until 1989 J. Anand and a year later [[N. Leelakrishnan]] would establish the MRF rally units. The Cochin-based Popular Automobiles had the Popular Rally Team and Kirloskar, Veedol Oil and Raymonds used to sponsor drivers from Maharashtra. There were other local Teams like Team Kadur too. Most of these those teams were competing or sponsoring drivers since early eighties. MRF Tyres would also eventually establish a Motorsport division with Anthony Rodricks as its head.<br />
<br />
After the introduction of INRC championship title format, several new teams entered into Rallying. The notable entry was by JK Tyres, who in 1992 signed an agreement with S. Karivardhan for Motor Rallying as well as Racing activities. JK Motorsports since then managed by Sanjay Sharma had been in Motor Rallying and Track racing in a major way by sponsoring drivers to international competitions. In 1993 another new team emerged from Irinjalakuda, named Team Paarel which also won the 1993 Karnataka-1000 driven by Vinil Varghese. In 1995 Chetinnad Cements sponsored Chettinad Motorsports started competing in the stock Group N category. So did other Teams like Kari Sports, Kumci Sports etc.<br />
<br />
There were other private entrants who mostly filled the rest half of the field.<br />
<br />
The MRF rally team continued to flourish under the leadership of Antony Rodrigues and Soman Joseph and several of their drivers set many records during the period. The main drivers and navigators where; Naren Kumar/D Ram Kumar, Karandip Singh/Jaidas Menon, [[Arjun Balu]]/Kumar ramswami, Lohit Urs/Chandramouli. Meanwhile, [[Gaurav Gill]] of JK tyres joined MRF Tyres co-navigated by Musa Sherif and won many titles.<br />
<br />
In recent years, Red Rooster Racing, a new Team based out of Bangalore entered the INRC in 2008 with N. Leelakrishnan as their Technical Director and went on to win the Championship in their debut year. This triggered a fierce battle between Red Rooster Racing and Team MRF Tyres for the next two years and was the highlight of the INRC in recent years. Red Rooster Racing however closed down at the end of 2010 due to financial difficulties but by then, they had won the championship 2 out of the 3 years they entered the INRC.<br />
<br />
Two of the Team Drivers, Amittrajit Ghosh & Karna Kadur left to be part of another new outfit, Team RRPM with support from MRF Tyres and went on to win the Group N championship in 2011 and the INRC in 2012 & 2013.<br />
<br />
In 2012, another new Team called Slideways Industries joined the INRC with the support of VW and JK Tyres with drivers like [[Karamjit Singh]] and Vikram Mathias.<br />
<br />
In 2016, Team [[Karna Kadur]] (Driver) and [[Nikhil Pai]] (Co-driver) became the INRC Champions.<br />
<br />
In 2017 and 2018, Gaurav Gill (Driver) and [[Musa Sherif]] (Co-driver) of Team Mahindra Adventure won back-to-back INRC Championships.<br />
<br />
In 2019, brothers Chetan Shivram (Driver) and Dilip Sharan (Co-driver) from Team Akshara won the INRC championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiainf1.com/borthers-chetan-shivram-and-dilip-sharan-conquer-inrc-2019-national-champions-gaurav-gill-musa-sherif-wins-popular-rally/|title=Borthers [sic] Chetan Shivram and Dilip Sharan, 2019 INRC National Champs; Gill, Musa win Popular Rally|date=2019-12-22|website=INDIA in F1|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Four wheelers==<br />
[[Hindustan Motors|Ambassador]]s and [[Premier Padmini]]s dominated the rallying scene till early '80s. The Group A(II) IND Premier Padminis continued in the INRC years till late '90s. [[Sipani]] [[Reliant Kitten|Dolphins]] was a preferred choice for Vicky Chandhok and others who were dominant between 85 and 88 years. [[Hindustan Contessa]] Classic and Premier 118NE made brief appearances of which the later was driven by K. D. Madan and Kamlesh Patel, winning the 1987 Karnataka K-1000 Rally.<br />
[[File:Farad Bathena and Raj Bagri in MRF Maruti Gypsy in 1989 South India Rally.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Farad Bathena and Raj Bagri in MRF Maruti Gypsy in 1989 South India Rally]]<br />
[[Maruti 800]] also had a significant presence as they were already competing in the Sholavaram 800CC class. The INRC's inaugural rally in 1988, Scissors Master Action Rally in Coimbatore was won by L. Gopalakrishnan and Mahendran, driving a Group A(II)IND Maruti 800 for the Scissors Action Rally Team.<br />
<br />
===Maruti Gypsy era===<br />
<br />
[[File:Castrol South India Rally 1993 (N. Leela Krishnan).jpg|thumb|right|210px|N. Leelakrishnan and Farooq Ahmed in a Group A(II) IND Maruti Gypsy during the 1993 Castrol South India Rally]]<br />
Post INRC, most top drivers switched to the [[Maruti Gypsy]] for its off-road and [[Four-wheel drive]] capabilities. The highly modified Group A (II) IND category allowed tuners the flexibility to choose between a wide range of cam shafts, tuned exhausts and heavily modified cylinder heads. Till 1992, MRF was the principal choice of tyres for most Maruti Gypsys and twin [[Weber carburetor]]s were the preferred choice for the fully modified class. For the 1994 season [[S. Karivardhan]] opted for computer programmable [[Electronic Fuel Injection]] for Hari Singh's Team JK Gypsy and they were dominant during that period, prompting N. Leelakrishnan to follow suit in EFI systems for his Rally cars. Alarmed at the high budgets and top speeds of the top runners, [[FMSCI]] for 1996 season finally outlawed the Group A (II) IND category and reverted to Group A (I) IND category which restricted engine modifications and the regular stock Group N category. The loud intake and screaming exhaust note with crackling backfire were missed by many rally fans.<br />
[[File:Castrol South India Rally 1993 - Hari Singh (Group A II-IND)).jpg|thumb|right|210px|Hari Singh in a Team JK Tyres Maruti Gypsy in the 1993 Castrol South India Rally in Kodaikanal stages.))]]<br />
<br />
===Maruti Esteem era===<br />
In 1996 [[Maruti Esteem]], became the preferred choice for all top teams and was confined to Group A (I) IND category. The Maruti Esteem also had a high power weight ratio compared to other cars in India. The Rally terrain was split in two formats, Dirt or Tarmac for the entire event. Events like K-1000, South India Rally and Coimbatore rallies mostly ran in Dirt format, while Popular Rally and Rally D’ Endurance opted for tarmac rallies. Hence the choice of tyres and suspension setup for the saloon cars were done well before the rally. Also with restricted engine power and more Tarmac rallies for saloon cars meant suspension tuning for handling by tuners became the deciding factor for a cars performance.<br />
<br />
===Maruti Baleno and Honda City era===<br />
[[File:Naren Kumar.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Naren Kumar and Ramkumar in a Group N [[Maruti Baleno]] [[Rally Car]] in [[Mysore]] Safari Rally in 2005.]]<br />
By 2000, with the launch of [[Honda City]] [[VTEC]] and [[Maruti Baleno]]s Team JK and MRF opted for these two cars of which the less powerful Maruti Baleno's were given for the mid-field contenders. Still [[Maruti Esteem]] remained the favorite among the privateers and novices in the group N category. Also [[Honda City]] cars were more reliable and suspension tuning became the deciding factor for vehicle performance. A few mid-runners opted for the new 16 Valve MPFI Maruti Esteem's for its low running costs.<br />
<br />
====Rally Star Cup====<br />
MAI launched a new "Rally Star Cup" for novices as a "Pay and Drive" package deal with service as per MAI's arrangement with a few teams. The cars were the older carburrated Maruti Esteems. This new programme was to encourage new and young drivers into rallying without the burden of spending huge money for cars and service crew.<br />
<br />
===Mitsubishi Cedia===<br />
With the introduction of the much powerful Group N & N+ [[Mitsubishi Lancer|Mitsubishi Cedia]] with a power over 230 BHP in Group N+ trim, most top runners switched to it.<br />
<br />
The Maruti Gypsy again made appearances in [[INRC]] events as a new Gypsy class was created by FMSCI in 2008.<br />
<br />
Currently Mitsubishi Cedia is the most powerful car dominating the Indian Rally Scene. In 2013, the [[Volkswagen Polo]] made its debut and is making its presence felt in the INRC as a strong contender for being the most dominant car.<br />
<br />
The FMSCI has in the recent past since 2012 made quite a few changes to the INRC. It stopped the highly modified Group N+ category and followed the FIA Group N regulations for all its classes. The Junior Indian National Rally Championship (JINRC) to promote young talent was also introduced thereby stopping the Rally Star Cup.<br />
<br />
The other class that it created is the Indian Rally Championship which is open to foreign nationals as well as Indians in imported cars conforming to the FIA Group N category. With this, Indian rally fans have been able to see cars like the [[Mitsubishi Evo X]] and [[Subaru Impreza]] on Indian rally stages.<br />
<br />
In 2012, the Gypsy class was stopped and in 2013, the FMSCI created a SUV class running as per the FIA T1 & T2 regulations. The [[Mahindra XUV 500]] has come out to be the vehicle to beat in this class. It has won the National Championship title first in 2014 with Gaurav Gill and co-driver [[Musa Sherif]] winning the Nationals and the duo went on to win in a Mahindra Vehicle in 2017, 2018 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Motorsports|first=Indian|date=1 February 2021|title=Indian National Rally Championship|url=https://indiainf1.com/gaurav-gill-joins-exclusive-club-in-inrc-hall-of-fame-musa-sherif-first-navigator-to-do-293-rallies/|access-date=1 February 2021|website=www.INDIAinF1.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==FMSCI years==<br />
FMSCI was the governing body from 1988 till 1999. During this period Two Wheelers were also included in the Championship. It was then known as FIRDC Championship and was sponsored by [[Castrol]]. The international sports governing body FIA reverted the governing and sanctioning rights to FMSCI in October 2008, and since 2009 season INRC is governed by FMSCI.<br />
<br />
==MAI years==<br />
Between the years 2000 and 2008 MAI (Motorsports Authority Of India) was approved by FIA to administer and govern the National Championship. In 2008, the sanctioning and governing authority was reverted to FMSCI.<ref>{{cite web| title = FMSCI gets upper hand in the power struggle| publisher = DNA Newspaper| year = 2008| url = http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/2012/oct_6.aspx| access-date = 2012-10-22| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130101143856/http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/2012/oct_6.aspx| archive-date = 2013-01-01| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:GVL Gopal, Scissors Action Team - RallyD'Endurance , 1991 Tumkur stage.jpg|thumb|right|210px|[[ITC Limited|ITC]]'s Scissors Action Team, based in [[Coimbatore]] won the maiden Rally in 1988. Here GVL Gopal, at 1991 RallyD'Endurance]]<br />
<br />
==Champions==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Season<br />
! Driver<br />
! Co-Driver <br />
! Team<br />
! Car<br />
! Tuner<br />
! Governing body<br />
|-<br />
! 1988<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Farad Bathena<br />
| Raj Bagri<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| [[Maruti Gypsy]] Group II (A)* (IND)<br />
| Mohinder Lalwani<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1989<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Farad Bathena<br />
| Raj Bagri<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Maruti Gypsy Group II (A)* (IND)<br />
| J.Anand<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1990<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| C V Jaykumar<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Maruti Gypsy Group II (A)* (IND)<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1991<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| N Mahindran<br />
| Team MRF <br />
| Maruti Gypsy Group II (A)* (IND)<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1992<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Leelakrishnan]] *<br />
| N Mahindran <br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Maruti Gypsy Group II (A)* (IND)<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]] <br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1993<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| N Mahindran<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Maruti Gypsy Group II (A)** (IND)<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1994<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Hari Singh<br />
| Gurinder Singh Mann<br />
| JK Rally Team<br />
| Maruti Gypsy Group A-1-A (IND)<br />
| [[S.Karivardhan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1995<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Hari Singh<br />
| Gurinder Singh Mann<br />
| JK Rally Team<br />
| Maruti Gypsy Group A-1-A (IND)<br />
| [[S.Karivardhan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1996<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Hari Singh<br />
| Gurinder Singh Mann<br />
| JK Rally Team<br />
| [[Maruti Esteem]] Group A-1-A (IND)<br />
| PNR Satish<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1997<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Hari Singh<br />
| Gurinder Singh Mann<br />
| JK Rally Team<br />
| Maruti Esteem Group A-1-A (IND)<br />
| WSRF<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1998<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| Farooq Ahmed<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Maruti Esteem Group A-1-A (IND)<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 1999<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[V. R. Naren Kumar]]<br />
| Farooq Ahmed<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Maruti Esteem Group A <br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2000<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[V. R. Naren Kumar]]<br />
| D Ram Kumar<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Maruti Baleno Group A<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[Motorsports Association of India|MAI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2001<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| Farooq Ahmed<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| [[Honda City]] Group A<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[Motorsports Association of India|MAI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2002<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[V. R. Naren Kumar]]<br />
| D Ram Kumar<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Honda City Group A <br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[Motorsports Association of India|MAI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2003<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[V. R. Naren Kumar]]<br />
| D Ram Kumar<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Honda City Group A<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[Motorsports Association of India|MAI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2004<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Vikram Mathias<br />
| Sujith Kumar<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Honda City Group A<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[Motorsports Association of India|MAI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[V. R. Naren Kumar]]<br />
| D Ram Kumar<br />
| JK Rally Team<br />
| [[Maruti Baleno]] Group N<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[Motorsports Association of India|MAI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2006<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[V. R. Naren Kumar]]<br />
| D Ram Kumar<br />
| JK Rally Team<br />
| Maruti Baleno Group N<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[Motorsports Association of India|MAI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2007<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Gill]]<br />
| [[Musa Sherif]]<br />
| Team MRF <br />
| [[Mitsubishi Cedia]] Group N <br />
| J.Anand<br />
| [[Motorsports Association of India|MAI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2008<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Vikram Mathias<br />
| PVS Murthy<br />
| Red Rooster Racing<br />
| Mitsubishi Cedia Group N+ <br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[Motorsports Association of India|MAI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2009<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Gill]]<br />
| [[Musa Sherif]]<br />
| Team MRF<br />
| Mitsubishi Cedia Group N+<br />
| J.Anand<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2010<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[V. R. Naren Kumar]]<br />
| D Ram Kumar<br />
| Red Rooster Racing<br />
| Mitsubishi Cedia Group N+ <br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2011<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Gill]]<br />
| [[Musa Sherif]]<br />
| MRF<br />
| Mitsubishi Cedia Group N+ <br />
| J.Anand<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2012<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Amittrajit Ghosh<br />
| Ashwin Naik<br />
| RRPM<br />
| Mitsubishi Cedia Group N <br />
| B.Rajan<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2013<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Amittrajit Ghosh<br />
| Ashwin Naik<br />
| RRPM<br />
| Mitsubishi Cedia Group N <br />
| B.Rajan<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2014<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Gill]]<br />
| [[Musa Sherif]]<br />
| Mahindra Adventure<br />
| XUV 500<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
|[[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2015<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Lohith V Urs<br />
| Srikanth GM<br />
| MRU Motor Sport<br />
| Mitsubishi Cedia Evo8<br />
| Mohamed Rafiq Udaya<br />
|[[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2016<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karna Kadur]]<br />
| [[Nikhil Pai]]<br />
| Team Yokohama India<br />
| [[Volkswagen Polo]] Group N <br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2017<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Gill]]<br />
| [[Musa Sherif]]<br />
| Mahindra Adventure <br />
| Mahindra XUV 500<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2018<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Gill]]<br />
| [[Musa Sherif]]<br />
| Mahindra Adventure <br />
| Mahindra XUV 500<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2019<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Chetan Shivram<br />
| Dilip Sharan<br />
| Akshara Racing <br />
| Volkswagen Polo<br />
| Fazil Khan, FRK Racing<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2020<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Gill]]<br />
| [[Musa Sherif]]<br />
| JK Tyre Racing <br />
| Mahindra XUV 300<br />
| [[N. Leelakrishnan|N Leelakrishnan]]<br />
| [[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
!2021<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aditya Thakur<br />
|Virender Kashyap<br />
|Chettinad Sporting<br />
|Volkswagen Polo<br />
|R Thiagarajan<br />
|[[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
!2022<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Karna Kadur]]<br />
|[[Nikhil Pai]]<br />
|Arka Motorsports<br />
|Volkswagen Polo<br />
|[[N. Leelakrishnan|N Leelakrishnan]]<br />
|[[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
!2023<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aroor Arjun Rao<br />
|Satish Rajagopal<br />
|Mandovi Racing<br />
|Maruti Baleno<br />
|Mohan, Falcon Motorsports <br />
|[[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
!2024<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Karna Kadur]]<br />
|[[Musa Sherif]]<br />
|Arka Motorsports<br />
|Volkswagen Polo<br />
|[[N. Leelakrishnan|N Leelakrishnan]]<br />
|[[FMSCI]]<br />
|-<br />
!2025<br />
|Dean Mascarenhas<br />
|Gagan Karumbaiah<br />
|Team Sidvin India (TSI) nRacing<br />
|Peugeot 280<br />
|[[PH Sport]]<br />
|[[FMSCI]]<br />
|}<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Denotes Vehicle Class Group II (A)IND. This class has unrestricted Vehicle Modifications. Extreme Engine Porting, Multiple Carburetors (Twin SU's or Webber's), etc. This class was outclassed/Banned by the end of 1993 season.<br><br />
<nowiki>**</nowiki> Denotes Vehicle Class Group II (A)IND. In this year the winners car has Rally tuned Electronic Fuel Injection. As were its rival car.<br><br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 1992 Four Wheeler Title – N. Leela Krishnan and N. Mahindran won the tie beaker and the title was awarded to them against Farad Bathena and Farook Comsariat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rally.co.in/rally-f2/indian-rally-hall-fame-t2207-15.html |title=INDIAN RALLY HALL OF FAME : The Super Special Stage - Page 2 &#124; Rally India - the Home of Indian Rallying |access-date=2012-10-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108065311/http://www.rally.co.in/rally-f2/indian-rally-hall-fame-t2207-15.html |archive-date=2013-01-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Four wheelers drivers ===<br />
*[[Gaurav Gill]] – [[New Delhi]] – 7 time champion.<br />
*[[V. R. Naren Kumar]] – [[Coimbatore]] – 7 time champion.<br />
*[[N. Leelakrishnan]] – [[Coimbatore]] – 6 time champion.<br />
*Hari Singh – [[Chandigarh]] – 4 time champion.<br />
*[[Karna Kadur]] – [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] – 3 time champion.<br />
*Farad Bathena – [[Mumbai]] – 2 time champion.<br />
*Vikram Mathias – [[Bengaluru]]/[[Masinagudi]] – 2 time champion.<br />
*Amittrajit Ghosh – [[Kolkata]] – 2 time champion.<br />
*Lohith V Urs – [[Mysore]] – 1 time champion.<br />
*Chetan Shivram – [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] – 1 time champion.<br />
*Aditya Thakur - [[Solan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] - 1 time champion.<br />
*Aroor Arjun Rao - [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]] - 1-time champion.<br />
*Dean Mascarenhas - Mangaluru, Karnataka - 1-time champion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Aditya–Virender win Highlands Rally; Dean–Gagan clinch maiden INRC title - www.lokmattimes.com|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/other-sports/aditya-virender-win-highlands-rally-dean-gagan-clinch-maiden-inrc-title/|website=Lokmat Times|date=2026-02-01|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|last=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aditya, Virender win Highlands Rally; Dean, Gagan clinch maiden INRC title|url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/sports/aditya-virender-win-highlands-rally-dean-gagan-clinch-maiden-inrc-title/3333109|website=www.ptinews.com|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|last=PTI|date=1 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Four wheelers Co-drivers ===<br />
*[[Musa Sherif]] – [[Karnataka]] – 8 time champion.<br />
*Ram Kumar – [[Coimbatore]] – 6 time champion.<br />
*Gurinder Singh Mann – [[Punjab]] – 4 time champion.<br />
*N. Mahindran – [[Coimbatore]] – 3 time champion.<br />
*Farooq Ahmed – [[Chikmagalur]] – 3 time champion.<br />
*Raj Bagri – [[Bombay]] – 2 time champion.<br />
*Ashwin Naik – [[Mangalore]] – 2 time champion.<br />
*[[Nikhil Pai]] – [[Bangalore]] – 2 time champion.<br />
*Gagan Karumbaiah - Kodagu - 1-time champion.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Formula Manipal]]<br />
*[[Madras Motor Sports Club]]<br />
*[[Kari Motor Speedway]]<br />
*[[Force India]]<br />
*[[Buddh International Circuit]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.inrc.in/ INRC Official site]<br />
<br />
{{Indian motorsports}}<br />
{{Rally championships}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rallying series]]<br />
[[Category:Auto racing series in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rally competitions in India]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bareilly_International_University&diff=450744Bareilly International University2026-03-01T18:19:24Z<p>Shubha: Revised and enhanced article content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|University in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Primary sources|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Third-party|date=September 2019}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
|name = Bareilly International University<br />
|image = Bareilly International University Gate 01.jpg<br />
|motto = Philanthropy is the fruit of Knowledge<br />
|established = 2016<br />
|type = [[Private university|Private]]<br />
|endowment = <br />
|chancellor = Keshav Kumar Agrawal <br />
|chairman = Keshav Kumar, Ashok Agarwal<br />
|vice_chancellor = Lata Agarwal<br />
|city = [[Bareilly]]<br />
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|country = India<br />
|coor = {{coord|28.3806|79.4622|display=inline,title}}<br />
|publictransit = <br />
|undergrad = <br />
|postgrad = <br />
|staff = <br />
|campus = Urban<br />
|other_name = BIU<br />
|affiliations = <br />
|website = {{url|http://www.biu.edu.in/}}<br />
|footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Bareilly International University''' is a private university in [[Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow/naik-cleared-eight-bills.html |title=NAIK CLEARED EIGHT BILLS |publisher=The Pioneer |date=16 September 2016 |accessdate=13 September 2017}}</ref> It was granted university status by the Government of Uttar Pradesh in September 2016. The university is fostered by the Rohilkhand Charitable Educational Trust and is functional with its medical and non-medical courses from the 2016-2017 semester.<br />
<br />
==Constituent Colleges==<br />
The university has the following constituent colleges:<br />
*Rohilkhand Medical College & Hospital.<br />
*Rohilkhand Institute of Dental Sciences.<br />
*Rohilkhand College of Nursing.<br />
*Rohilkhand School of Nursing.<br />
*Rohilkhand College of Paramedical Sciences.<br />
*Rohilkhand College of Pharmacy.<br />
*Rohilkhand College of Applied Sciences & Technology.<br />
*Rohilkhand College of Management.<br />
*Rohilkhand College of Humanities and Journalism.<br />
<br />
==Campus==<br />
The university occupies a campus of about 44.5 [[acre]]s. It has academic, hospital, and residential blocks, including gardens, with a rain-water harvesting and recycling system.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official website|http://www.biu.edu.in/}}<br />
{{Education in Bareilly}}<br />
{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Private universities in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Education in Bareilly]]<br />
[[Category:2016 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]<br />
[[Category:Rohilkhand]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arati_Kumar-Rao&diff=487281Arati Kumar-Rao2026-02-26T04:54:46Z<p>Shubha: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian photographer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=December 2023}}<br />
'''Arati Kumar-Rao''' is an Indian author and photographer. In 2023, she released her book ''Marginlands: Indian landscapes on the Brink'' and was added to the BBC's [[100_Women_(BBC)#2023|100 Women]] list.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Arati Kumar-Rao was born in [[Bengaluru]]. She studied for an [[MBA]] at the [[Thunderbird School of Global Management]], a [[Master of Education]] at [[Arizona State University]] and an [[Master of Science|MSc]] in Physics at the [[University of Pune]], then worked at [[Intel]].<ref name="AA">{{cite news |last1=Prabbhan |first1=Pooja |title='Rao'sing cry to save our eco system |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/261117/raosing-cry-to-save-our-eco-system.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=The Asian Age |date=26 November 2017}}</ref> She decided in 2013 to leave her job and write about landscapes.<ref name="ML">{{cite news |last1=Sreedhar |first1=Nitin |title=World Environment Day: Arati Kumar-Rao wants you to listen to the land |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/world-environment-day-arati-kumar-rao-marginlands-book-interview-111685694484372.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=Mint Lounge |date=3 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On her [[Tumblr]] blog, River Diaries: Brahmaputra, she profiled the [[Brahmaputra River]].<ref name="TBI">{{cite news |last1=Manu |first1=Gayatri |title=Six Photojournalists Who Will Open Your Eyes to Unseen Parts of India Through Instagram |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/74121/indian-photojournalists-list-instagram/ |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=The Better India |date=8 November 2016}}</ref> She walked with writer [[Paul Salopek]] through the [[Indian states]] of Punjab and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="TH">{{cite news |last1=Gandhi |first1=Divya |title=Surviving the shadowlands: Interview with Arati Kumar-Rao, artist and author of Marginlands |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/surviving-the-shadowlands-interview-with-arati-kumar-rao-artist-and-author-of-marginlands/article66946073.ece |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=13 June 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 2023, she released her book ''Marginlands: Indian landscapes on the Brink'' and was added to the BBC's [[100_Women_(BBC)#2023|100 Women]] list.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=BBC 100 Women 2023: Who is on the list this year? – BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-02d9060e-15dc-426c-bfe0-86a6437e5234 |website=BBC |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="F">{{cite news |last1=Dutt |first1=Bahar |title=Teetering on the edge: Review of 'Marginlands' by Arati Kumar-Rao |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/book-review-marginlands-by-arati-kumar-rao-tells-the-story-of-bengals-tiger-widows-and-failed-government-schemes/article67079539.ece |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=Frontline |date=27 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sriram |first1=Shobha (9 May 2024) |title=The Lands Are Neglected, We Need to Preserve Habitats |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/books/the-lands-are-neglected-we-need-to-preserve-habitats/amp?utm=relatedarticles |website=The Wire. |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected works==<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Kumar-Rao |first1=Arati |title=Marginlands: Indian Landscapes on the Brink |date=2023 |publisher=Picador |location=India |isbn=978-9395624435}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar-Rao, Arati}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:Thunderbird School of Global Management alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Arizona State University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Tumblr]]<br />
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Antonio_Da_Silva_High_School_and_Junior_College_of_Commerce&diff=445805Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School and Junior College of Commerce2026-02-21T05:04:18Z<p>Shubha: small fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School and Junior College of Commerce<br />
| image = Dr Antoni Da Silva High School and Jr College of Commerce Shield.jpg<br />
| size =<br />
| alt = School shield and crest<br />
| motto = "Scientiae Luce, Caritate Duce"<br />
| motto_translation = ''In the light of science, under the leadership of charity''<br />
| song = ''God bless the Antonians''<br />
| established = {{start date and age|1851}}<br />
| founder = Dr Antonio Da Silva<br />
| patron = Reb. John Braz Fernandees<br />
| chairperson = Adrian Da Silva<br />
| address = S.K. Bole Road<br />
| city = Mumbai<br />
| state = Maharashtra<br />
| postal_code = 400028<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.019945|N|72.840011|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br />
| sister_school = Dr. Antonio Da Silva Technical High School and Jr. College of Science.<br />
| school_board = Dr. Antonio Da Silva Institute Council(ADSIC)<br />
| authority = Dr. Antonio Da Silva Institute Council Management(ADISCM)<br />
| religious_affiliation = <br />
| denomination = <br />
| oversight = <br />
| affiliation = [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]<br />
| trustee = Adrian Da Silva, Lila D’souza<br />
| principal = Susana Gomes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/oct/091009-Don-Ashwin-Naik-Dr-Antonio-Da-Silva-school-Mary-Narona-leaving-certificate.htm |title= Principal Mary Narona, said, "Several former students come to collect their leaving certificates like Don Ashwin Naik. I don't want to comment further" |publisher= [[Mid-Day]] |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref><br />
| staff = 500<br />
| USNWR_ranking = <br />
| faculty = <br />
| age_range = 3 to 18<br />
| gender = Boys' School<br />
| language = English<br />
| grades = Kindergarten–12<br />
| status = Active<br />
| teaching_staff = 300<br />
| enrollment = 6,000<br />
| classrooms = 90<br />
| avg_class_size = 75<br />
| ratio = 20:1<br />
| schooltype = Semi Public Private School<br />
| fundingtype = trustee, Government<br />
| houses = {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Mars, {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} Jupiter, {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Venus, {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} Saturn<br />
| location = Dr. S.k Bole Road, Kabutar Khana [[Dadar]] (West), [[Mumbai]]-400028, [[India]]<br />
| system = Trustee, Government Aided<br />
| fees = Free of Cost Education<br />
| revenue = {{INRConvert|300|m}}<br />
| budget = {{INRConvert|300|m}}<br />
| enrolment = <br />
| products = <br />
| campus = <br />
| campus_size = approximately {{convert|10|acre|m2}}<br />
| campus_type = Urban<br />
| hours_in_day = 6 to 1, 1 to 6<br />
| athletics = <br />
| accreditation = <br />
| sports = <br />
| team_name = <br />
| nickname = Antonians, A.D.H.S.<br />
| colours = White, Blue, Yellow, {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|Blue|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|Yellow|border=darkgray}}<br />
| free_label1 = Former pupils<br />
| free_text1 = Antonians<br />
| free_label = Founder's day<br />
| free_text = 27 June<br />
| publication = The Antonians Weekly, The Antonians Alumnus.<br />
| website = {{URL|drantoniodasilva.com|Official Website}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School''' (A.D.H.S) and '''Jr. College of Commerce''' (A.D.H.S.J.C.C) (Popularly known as '''A.D.H.S.''' or nicknamed '''Antonians''') is a semi-private Government, [[boys' school|Boys]], [[day school]] located at [[Dadar]] in Mumbai, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/search.htm |title= Dr Antonio Da Silva |publisher= [[Mid-Day]] |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://latlong.in/listing/mumbai/330000082 |title= Location of the Dr Antonio Da Silva High School and Jr. College of Commerce |publisher= latlong |access-date= 20 March 2013 |archive-date= 3 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131003082657/http://latlong.in/listing/mumbai/330000082 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The institution was established in 1851 by Dr Antonio Da Silva and Reverend John Braz Fernandees under the name St. Johna high school. The school caters to pupils from [[kindergarten]] up to class 12. The medium of instruction is English. The school houses more than 6,000 pupils aged 3 to 18.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dasilvatechedu.com/ |title= Dr Antonio Da Silva high school |publisher= Dr Antonio Da Silva |access-date= 19 March 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130529014725/http://dasilvatechedu.com/ |archive-date= 29 May 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Times of India 1940 p. ">{{cite book | title=The Times of India Directory of Bombay (city & Province): Including Karachi and Hyderabad Sstate | publisher=Times of India | year=1940 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmfc_dmTkcsC | access-date=8 Jul 2023 | page=148}}</ref><ref name="St. Paul Publications 1960 p. ">{{cite book | title=Catholic Directory of the Archdiocese of Bombay | publisher=St. Paul Publications | year=1960 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBczAAAAMAAJ | access-date=8 Jul 2023 | page=}}</ref><br />
<br />
The school is affiliated to the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]], [[Pune]], which conducts the SSC examinations at the close of class 10 and the HSC examinations at the close of class 12.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dasilvatechedu.com/schoolintroduction.php |title= Dr Antonio Da Silva high school:- About us |publisher= Dr Antonio Da Silva |access-date= 19 March 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130609234637/http://dasilvatechedu.com/schoolintroduction.php |archive-date= 9 June 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getit.in/listing/dr-antonio-da-silva-high-school/3991615/2519926/ |title=About Dr Antonio Da Silva high school |publisher=getit |access-date=20 March 2013 |archive-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205025823/http://www.getit.in/listing/dr-antonio-da-silva-high-school/3991615/2519926/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Alumni are commonly known as Antonians Alumnus. They include India politicians, government officials and business leaders. The [[Sister school]] of A.D.H.S Dr. Antonio da Silva Technical High School and Junior College of Science located at the [[Shivaji Park Residential Zone|Shivaji Park]] was established in June 1963.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Institution was founded in 1851 at [[Dadar]] in [[Bombay]], [[British India]] by Dr. Antonio Da Silva and John Braz Fernandees under the name St. Johna high school. In 1875, Da Silva left the bulk of his estate for the extension of the high school, when the school came to its present name.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dasilvatechedu.com/schoolintroduction.php |title= Dr Antonio Da Silva high school:- About us Foundation of Dr Antonio Da silve High School |publisher= Dr Antonio Da Silva |access-date= 19 March 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130609234637/http://dasilvatechedu.com/schoolintroduction.php |archive-date= 9 June 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The school started a technical Stream from Standard VII in June 1963. It became a full-fledged independent Technical High School on 13 June 1971. The Junior College of both the Commerce and Technical schools, started in 1975, offering Science (Biology) and Vocational streams. Vocational streams offer three options: Electrical Maintenance, Scooter Servicing and Mechanical Maintenance.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dasilvatechedu.com/schoolintroduction.php |title= Dr Antonio Da Silva high school:- About us Foundation of Dr Antonio Da silve Technical High School |publisher= Dr Antonio Da Silva |access-date= 19 March 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130609234637/http://dasilvatechedu.com/schoolintroduction.php |archive-date= 9 June 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
During that time the Institution was recognised and aided by the Directors of Vocational Education and Training (Maharashtra State). The institution prepares pupils for the Secondary School Certificate Examination (with technical subjects) and Higher Secondary Certificate (with science/vocational science subjects) of the Maharashtra State Board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eduraft.com/school/Mumbai/Dadar-W/Dr.%20Antonio%20Da%20Silva%20Technical%20High%20School%20And%20Junior%20College/20149/map |title= Map of Dr Antonio Da Silva High school Sister School Dr Antonio Da Silva high Technical school |publisher= eduraft |access-date=20 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Campus site and layout ==<br />
<br />
[[File:This is the Heritage Old Building of the Dr. Antonio da Silva High School and Jr. College of Commerce.jpg|thumb|right|250 px|The Heritage building Block of the Dr. Antonio da Silva High School]]<br />
<br />
Buildings include the Office Heritage Block, Heritage Block, Center Block, South Block, Antonians hall and sports complex and grounds.<br />
<br />
=== Facilities ===<br />
<br />
The school has a large library with over 20,000 books and digital books that are accessible to the students during school hours. Separate science laboratories for [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Biology]] are available. The science laboratories are used by 6–12 class students to carry out practical work. The school has three computer laboratories where students from [[kindergarten]] through class 12 study computing. The school has a mini-theatre for educational and entertainment purposes and also has a television room. The school has two drawing rooms that are used for drawing and arts. Four Gardens including two play parks, one botanical garden and one tracking garden are on the grounds.<br />
<br />
The school has three halls: Antonians hall Old Little Hall and the Alumnus Hall. A [[cafeteria]] is run by the Interact club for use by both faculty and students. The school has various indoor and outdoor sports facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eduraft.com/school/Mumbai/Dadar-W/Dr.%20Antonio%20Da%20Silva%20Technical%20High%20School%20And%20Junior%20College/20149/infrastructure |title= The infrastructure of the Dr Antonio Da Silva high school |publisher= eduraft |access-date=20 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Academics ==<br />
<br />
=== Admissions ===<br />
<br />
The admission notice for kindergarten and junior kindergarten is put up in January. For senior kindergarten to class 8 and for class 11 of Jr. College of Commerce the notice is put up in April.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dasilvatechedu.com/admission.php|title=Admissions|year=2009|publisher=dasilvatechedu|access-date=20 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401091348/http://dasilvatechedu.com/admission.php|archive-date=1 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the admission procedure, preference is given to siblings of former students, Protestant Christians and relatives of teachers. An interview of each candidate is conducted as a part of the admission process.<br />
<br />
=== Curriculum ===<br />
<br />
The school follows the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (SSC) & (HSC) syllabus. [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]] and French are taught as second languages. English, Marathi and Hindi are taught from class 1 to class 12.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://padakoo.in/list-of-colleges.html?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=2&sobi2Id=37|title=Curriculum of Dr Antonio da Silva High School and Jr. College of Commerce|publisher=padakoo|access-date=20 March 2013|archive-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928045728/http://padakoo.in/list-of-colleges.html?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=2&sobi2Id=37|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The academic year commences in June and concludes in April, consisting of two terms. The first term is from June until November and the second term is from November to April. Tests are conducted periodically and examinations are held at the end of every term.<br />
<br />
== Academic life ==<br />
<br />
Pupils are known as "Antonians". The Antonians and press often call alumni ''Antonians Almuns'', or simply [[Old Boys]]. The vast majority of alumni are Indians, but a dwindling number of Englishmen from before the 1948 Batches studied there.<br />
<br />
The school is a cosmopolitan school. The Christmas concert is a three-day event. A sports meet and a farewell party for new graduates are also held annually. Inter-house competitions are held in elocution, drama, song, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eduraft.com/school/Mumbai/Dadar-W/Dr.%20Antonio%20Da%20Silva%20Technical%20High%20School%20And%20Junior%20College/20149/teacherstudent |title= The Culture's of the Dr Antonio Da Silva high school |publisher= eduraft |access-date=20 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== School activities ==<br />
<br />
Extracurricular activities include student-led clubs on campus, including the Nature Club, Interact Club, Science Club, Scouts and Guides, and Scottish Junior Rifle Club. Inter-house [[debate]]s, [[elocution]], [[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]] presentation competitions, essay writing competitions, [[dramatics]] and sporting competitions engage older students. Sports activities at the high school include [[association football|football]], [[cricket]], basketball, swimming, [[throwball]] and [[roller skating]].<br />
<br />
=== Sports ===<br />
<br />
Sports are compulsory. The school has over approximately {{convert|7|acre|m2}} of playing fields, the largest of which are Football Ground Field (FGF) and the Main Field. Cricket, hockey, athletics, boxing and association football are played seasonally. Tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash and gymnastics tournaments are held. Sport is dominated by football, cricket, basketball, hockey, volleyball and handball during the spring term and by football, athletics and boxing in the autumn term. Inter-house matches are played in cricket, hockey and football.<br />
<br />
Sports facilities include a multi-purpose hall with a gymnasium and other indoor sports. [[Artificial turf]] cricket pitches, outdoor basketball courts, four [[Badminton|badminton courts]], two Tennis courts, four squash courts, and a ground that can be converted into a 400-metre athletics tracks. The school has a large sports field at the rear, and a separate playground for the students of junior school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eduraft.com/school/Mumbai/Dadar-W/Dr.%20Antonio%20Da%20Silva%20Technical%20High%20School%20And%20Junior%20College/20149/infrastructure |title= The infrastructure of the Dr Antonio Da Silva high school |publisher= eduraft |access-date=20 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The school has a long tradition of winning major matches and [[tournaments]] in football, cricket, volleyball, handball, badminton and several other sports. The school lost the final to NSS Hill Spring Boys Under 17 Subroto Cup Football Tournaments in 2011 it has lost the Final match of the Tournaments by 0–10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pifa.co.in/team.php?page_id=129 |title= Antonians lost to NSS Hill Spring 2011 Boys Under 17 Subroto Cup |publisher= pifa |access-date=20 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Clubs and societies ===<br />
<br />
Extracurricular activities are also a compulsory element of school life. Some 27 clubs and societies exist, covering politics, drama, photography, [[aeromodeling]], first-aid, dramatics, painting, sculpture, carpentry, amateur radio, music, senior and junior English debating societies, [[Model United Nations]], chess and astronomy. In many societies pupils come together to discuss a particular topic or subject, presided over by a schoolmaster and often including a guest speaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asklaila.com/listing/Mumbai/Dadar+West/Dr.+Antonio+Da+Silva+High+School/17ZiKpWt/ |title= the Dr Antonio Da Silva High School and Jr. College of Commerce extracurricular activities are able to get appreciation from the management. |publisher= asklaila |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Theatre and music ===<br />
<br />
A multi-purpose theatre space known as The Antonians hall was built in 1965 seating over 1,200. It was inaugurated in April 1965 as a venue with modular seating and staging units. The facility is equipped with state-of-the-art stagecraft and engineering systems and has been the setting for numerous Shakespeare and other classic productions of western theatre, as well as musical performances and speeches during school ceremonies such as Founder's Day. The multi-purpose Old Little Hall venue is the old theatre that was built in 1851. It can accommodate approximately 400 people. Plays are regularly staged in English, [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and Hindi, with 11–12 productions each year, including 2 major productions as part of Founder's Day celebrations. The Inter House Once-Act Play competition is held each year, alternatively in English and Hindi. Many of the plays historically have been joint productions with its sister school.<br />
<br />
The Alumnus Hall seats over 200 is the more modern multi-purpose theatre built in 1990 as a black box theatre with modular seating and staging units and is normally used to explore new directions in performance art. In 1999 a new music facility was built, housing a [[music library]], a [[concert hall]] and several practice and teaching rooms where students learn western and Indian instruments.<br />
<br />
== Affiliations ==<br />
<br />
The school's [[sister school]] is Dr. Antonio da Silva Technical High School and Junior College of Science, located at the [[Shivaji Park Residential Zone|Shivaji Park]] area of Mumbai. The school also has ties with Our lady of Convent Girls High School, [[Our Lady of Salvation High School]] and many other schools.<br />
<br />
=== Sister school ===<br />
<br />
The school started a technical stream from Standard VII in June 1963. It became a full-fledged independent Technical High School on 13 June 1971 and is at present housed at S. Veer Savarkar Road (also known as Cadell road) in [[Shivaji Park Residential Zone|Shivaji Park]]. In 1970 the Institution was registered as Dr Antonio da Silva Technical High School [[feeder school]]. The Junior College of Commerce at Dr Antonio da Silva High School and Jr. College of Science at Dr Antonio da Silva Technical High School, started in 1975, offers Science (Biology) and Vocational streams. Vocational streams offer three options: Electrical Maintenance, Scooter Servicing and Mechanical Maintenance. That same year the name of the Technical Institution was renamed as Dr Antonio da Silva Technical High School and Jr. College of Science.<br />
<br />
=== Memberships ===<br />
<br />
The Dr. Antonio da Silva High School and Junior College of Commerce is a member of the Rotary International's Interact Club, [[International Boys' School Coalition|International Boys' Schools Coalition]] (IBSC), [[Rashtriya Life Saving Society (India)]].<br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
<br />
On 14 March 2013, the police and trustees of the Dr Antonio Da Silva High School were investigating allegations that a six-year-old Class I student was handcuffed with a cycle-lock chain, paraded before students of various classrooms and made to clean a toilet room. The father of the boy lodged a complaint with [[Shivaji Park]] police station against a teacher and the headmistress. The teacher allegedly handcuffed and paraded the boy, while the headmistress took no action following the parent's complaint. That month the matter was pending at the Maharashtra State Commission for Protection of Child Rights (MSCPCR).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=2013031920130319022752109ad2748cc |title=Child punishment horror: Teacher, headmistress held, out on bail of the Dr. Antonio Da High Silva School. |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702222607/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article |archive-date=2 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_teachers-held-released-on-bail_1812833 |title= Child punishment horror: Teacher, headmistress held, out on bail |work= [[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-school-denies-6-year-old-was-cuffed-paraded/articleshow/19012056.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094202/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-17/mumbai/37786474_1_police-complaint-parent-and-child-juvenile-justice |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title= Mumbai school denies 6-year-old was cuffed, paraded |work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/search.htm |title= Dr Antonio Da Silva |publisher= [[Mid-Day]] |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dadar-students-abuse-case-Now-parents-file-NC/articleshow/20580904.cms |title= Controversy Regarding ADHS is still pending.|work= [[The Times of India]]|date= 14 June 2013|access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Incidents ==<br />
<br />
[[File:This is the picture of the Dr antoni da silve high school.jpg|thumb|right|The day after the [[2011 Mumbai bombings]] plot happened in the front of the Dr Antonio Da Silva High School and Jr. College of Commerce.]]<br />
<br />
Thirty-five years after leaving school in Std VII, gangster Ashwin Naik (49) went back to the school on 9 November 2009 to collect his leaving certificate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/oct/091009-Don-Ashwin-Naik-Dr-Antonio-Da-Silva-school-Mary-Narona-leaving-certificate.htm |title= Don Ashwin Naik goes back to school Dr Antonio Da Silva High school |publisher= [[Mid-Day]] |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 13 July 2011 at 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (UTC+05:30), a bomb exploded outside the school. It was the third explosive device of the [[2011 Mumbai bombings]]. The device was placed on an electric pole at the bus stand near Kabutar Khana. At least 50 people were injured in the blast. No one from the school was injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/three-explosions-in-mumbai/20110713.htm |title=Three blasts go off in Mumbai, 50 injured|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=13 July 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/179318/20110713/india-western-city-mumbai-three-serial-blast-zaveri-bazaar-dadar-west-opera-house-nia.htm |title=Serial Blasts in Mumbai, at Least 10 Killed |work=International Business Times|date=13 July 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/167789/mumbai-blasts-narrow-escape-for-dadar-school-kids.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717163338/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/167789/mumbai-blasts-narrow-escape-for-dadar-school-kids.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2011 |title= Mumbai blasts: narrow escape for Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School and Jr. College of Commerce school kids |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=13 July 2011 |access-date=21 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/news/current-affairs/we-thought-it-was-a-prank-19728006-in-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718105834/http://www.in.com/news/current-affairs/we-thought-it-was-a-prank-19728006-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2011 |title= Mumbai blasts: We Thought It Was a Prank|publisher=[[In.com]]|date=14 July 2011 <!-- at 12:50 pm --> |access-date=21 March 2013 }}</ref> If the bomb had exploded five minutes earlier, thousands of students may have been injured. The school remained closed the next day.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Schools|India|Education}}<br />
<br />
*[[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]<br />
*[[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]<br />
*[[List of the oldest schools in the world]]<br />
*[[Dadar]]<br />
*[[2011 Mumbai bombings]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Mumbai topics}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]<br />
[[Category:Junior colleges in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1851]]<br />
[[Category:1851 establishments in India]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophia_College_for_Women&diff=445929Sophia College for Women2026-02-10T00:29:48Z<p>Shubha: page fix</p>
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<div>{{Short description|College in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Sophia College for Women<br />
| image_name = <br />
| image_size = 150px<br />
| motto = ''Urdhva Mula'' <br />
| mottoeng = Roots Upwards<br />
| type = Public<br />
| established = {{start date and age|1940}}<br />
| academic_affiliation = [[Society of the Sacred Heart|Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]]<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]<br />
| affiliations = [[University of Mumbai]]<br />
| principal = Dr. Anagha Tendulkar ''(I/C)''<br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| city = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coor = {{Coord|18|58|11|N|72|48|26|E|type:edu_source:Googlemaps|display=inline,title}}<br />
| website = {{URL|sophiacollegemumbai.com}}<br />
| logo = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sophia College (Autonomous)''' is an undergraduate [[Women's colleges|women's college]] established in 1941 by [[Society of the Sacred Heart|Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]]. It is affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges/as.pdf|title=University of Mumbai Affiliated Colleges:Arts and Science|publisher=[[University of Mumbai]] website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613165936/http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges/as.pdf|archivedate=13 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The governing body of The Society for the Higher Education of Women in India runs the college. The Religious Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and lay staff form the staff of the college. [[Sophia (wisdom)|Sophia]], as the name suggests, stands for Wisdom in Greek Σοφία.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sophiacollegemumbai.com/aboutus.htm|title=About us|publisher=Sophia college website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125064715/http://sophiacollegemumbai.com/aboutus.htm|archivedate=25 January 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050406/asp/careergraph/story_4577283.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406154033/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050406/asp/careergraph/story_4577283.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2005|title=Sophia College for Women, Mumbai|date=6 April 2005|work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990128/02851275.html|title=Sophia College co-founder turns 100|date=28 January 1999|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Society of the Sacred Heart]], a [[Roman Catholic]] religious order was founded in [[France]] in 1800, by St. [[Madeleine Sophie Barat]], a young Frenchwoman. Mother Catherine Andersson from [[South Shields]] brought the Society to India in 1939.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sacred Heart High School Closure|url=http://www.sacredhearthigh.org.uk/sacred-heart-high-school-closure/|website=www.sacredhearthigh.org.uk|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Sophia College campus area and the land in the vicinity belonged to the [[British East India Company]], and was later subdivided and sold. The property changed several hands before it was acquired by the Society of the [[Sacred Heart]] in 1940 from the Maharaja of [[Bhavnagar]].<br />
A part of the property was given to the Parsi family of Ashburner in the early 19th century. The bungalow which is now the main building was named Somerset House after Sir [[Henry Somerset (Commander-in-chief of Bombay)|Henry Somerset]], one of the commanders-in-chief of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. In 1882, the property was acquired by the Honourable Badruddin Tyabi. He built Somerset Annexe, the nucleus of the present science building. In 1917, Hormusji Nosherwanjee Vakeel bought the property and added the east-west wing. In 1923, the house was occupied by the Maharaja of Indore before the Maharaja of Bhavnagar bought the house in 1937. In 1939, Archbishop [[Thomas Roberts (bishop)|Thomas Roberts]] S. J. of [[Bombay]] invited the Sacred Heart nuns to start a women's college in [[Bombay]] and in 1940, The Society bought the property. The Home and Social Culture centre was formally opened by Archbishop Roberts and the name adopted; Mother Andersson became the first principal.<br />
<br />
In 1941, the Arts Faculty was started. The University of Bombay granted temporary affiliation to the college for first year and intermediate classes. In 1942 the extension of affiliation was granted for Bachelor of Arts classes. In 1945, the Sophia motto, crest and colours were adopted. In 1950, the University of Bombay granted permanent affiliation to the college. In 1952, the Science Faculty was started with classes up to the Intermediate Science level. [[Karuna Mary Braganza]], who would later receive the Indian civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], took over as the Principal of the college in 1965.<ref name="A Nun Named Compassion">{{cite web | url=http://www.sparrowonline.org/downloads/SNL_14.pdf | title=A Nun Named Compassion | publisher=Sparrow Online | date=April 2008 | accessdate=February 1, 2016}}</ref> In 1966, the Intermediate Science course was extended into a Bachelor of Science degree. In 1970, Sophia Polytechnic was introduced. In 1975, the Junior college was introduced. In 1978, the postgraduate Diploma Course in Clinical Analysis was started.<br />
In 1993, the post graduate diploma course in Quality Assurance in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries was introduced. At the start of the 21st century, the Sophia Centre for Women's Studies and Development and Sophia Andersson Annexe was inaugurated. Later in 2003, the Bachelor of Mass Media was introduced.<br />
<br />
In July 2018, the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) granted autonomy to Sophia College for Women.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mitaksh Jain|date=Jul 21, 2018|title=Autonomous status granted to Sophia, BK Birla colleges|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/autonomous-status-granted-to-sophia-bk-birla-colleges/articleshow/65076912.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sophia Polytechnic==<br />
''Sophia Polytechnic'' is a further education college in [[Mumbai]], India. It is predominantly a women’s polytechnic, but male students are admitted to the courses of the Hospitality Studies (HAFT) Department as well as in the Social Communications Media (SCM) course.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sophia Polytechnic Official Website|url=http://www.sophiapolytechnic.com|accessdate=4 Nov 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Departments===<br />
Departments include Hospitality Studies (HAFT), Art and Design, Dress Designing and Garment Manufacturing, and Social Communications Media.<br />
<br />
=== Hospitality Studies HAFT ===<br />
<br />
===Art & Design===<br />
The Department of Art and Design, which is recognised by the Directorate of Art, Government of Maharashtra, conducts the following courses: Foundation Art, Diploma in Applied Art, and Diploma in Textile Designing<br />
<ref name="sophiapolytechnic.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.sophiapolytechnic.com/index.html |title = Welcome to Sophia Polytechnic}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://art.sophiapolytechnic.com |title = My title}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Department of Dress Designing and Garment Manufacturing ===<br />
<br />
===Social Communications Media===<br />
The Social Communications Media Department (SCM Sophia), conducts a one-year, full-time, integrated post-graduate diploma course in social communications media that is open to forty bright young women and men. The course is affiliated to the University of Mumbai’s Garware Institute of Career Education and Development. The course offers documentary film production,<ref name="Indian Television">{{cite news|title=TV18, Sophia Polytechnic hosts award for docu film making|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/feb/feb282.htm|accessdate=4 Nov 2012|newspaper=Indiantelevision.com|date=22 February 2007}}</ref> photography,<ref>{{cite news|last=Chaturvedi|first=Megha|title=Sophia Girls Sweep Honours|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_sophia-girls-sweep-honours_1081547|accessdate=4 Nov 2012|date=22 February 2007}}</ref> journalism, corporate communication and advertising.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yadav|first=K P|title=International Encyclopedia of Educational Planning and Development Vol 3|year=1999|publisher=Sarup & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSq4Gz4sJLYC&q=International+Ency.+Of+Educat.+Plan.+%26+Dev.%284+Vol%29,+Volume+1|isbn=9788176250689}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
<br />
* [[Karuna Mary Braganza|Padma Shri Karuna Mary Braganza]], [[Padma Shri]] for social contributions<br />
* [[Karisma Kapoor]], actress (dropout)<br />
* [[Dhruvi Acharya]], Indian Painter / Artist<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhruvi Acharya Biography – Dhruvi Acharya on artnet|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/dhruvi-acharya/biography|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><br />
* [[Anita Rau Badami]], writer<br />
* [[Rashmi Bansal]], Author<br />
*[[Venita Coelho|Vinita Coelho]], Indian Writer, Director and Artist<br />
*[[Richa Chadda]], Indian actress<ref name=al/><br />
*[[Priyamvada Kant]], Indian actress<br />
* [[Priya Dutt]], politician<ref name=al>{{Cite web|title=Do you know Priya Dutt, Richa Chadha are alumni of this famous college?|url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/do-you-know-what-vasundhara-raje-priya-dutt-richa-chadda-and-karisma-kapoor-have-in-common/58503|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><br />
* [[Reema Kagti]], Indian film director<br />
* [[Shahana Goswami]], Indian actress <br />
*[[Rasika Dugal]], [[Bollywood]] [[Actress]]<br />
* [[Smriti Morarka]] Awarded Woman Power Award for championing craft workers<ref name=another15minsoffame>{{Cite web|title=Smriti G Morarka - trustee|url=https://www.manotsav.com/team/smriti-g-morarka/|language=en-US|work=Monotsav.com|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref><br />
*[[Nishita Nirmal Mhatre]], Acting chief justice of High Court<br />
* [[Manjiri Prabhu]], Indian author<br />
* [[Kartika Rane]], Indian television<br />
* [[Rana Ayyub]] Journalist<br />
* [[Vasundhara Raje]], 13th Chief Minister of Rajasthan<br />
* [[Amrita Rao]], [[Bollywood]] [[Actress]] <br />
* [[Kiran Rao]], Filmmaker<br />
* [[Preetika Rao]], Indian model, actress<br />
* [[Shweta Salve]], Indian television actress<br />
*[[Hebah Patel]], Indian film actress<br />
* [[Leela Samson]]<ref name=alumni>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/sophia-at-75-its-legacy-how-it-always-brought-our-dreams-to-life-say-alumni/story-XnocpprcS0QeDFcyVz5NFL_amp.html |title=Sophia at 75: Its legacy? How it always brought our dreams to life, say alumni |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=20 June 2017}}</ref> <br />
* [[Priyamvada Singh]], TV exec and fort restorer<ref>{{Cite web|title=She Quit Showbiz to Live in an Old Fort for a Curious Reason|url=https://eshe.in/2018/03/03/priyamvada-singh-meja-fort-restoration/|last=Kapoor|first=Aekta|date=2018-03-03|website=eShe|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><br />
* [[Shraddha Shashidhar]], [[Miss Diva - 2017]]<br />
*[[Vimi]], [[Bollywood]] [[actress]] of 1960 - 70s<br />
<br />
==See also ==<br />
* [[:Category:Sophia College, Mumbai alumni|Sophia College, Mumbai alumni]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.sophiacollegemumbai.com/ Sophia College for Women, Mumbai, website]<br />
* [https://sophia.college/ Sophia Girl's College (Autonomous), Ajmer, website]<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sacred Heart universities and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1941]]<br />
[[Category:1941 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women in Mumbai]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojaswi_Aroraa&diff=522808Ojaswi Aroraa2026-02-09T04:59:48Z<p>Shubha: Made Basic Info Initial Version</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian television actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ojaswi Aroraa<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = Arora in 2016<br />
| birth_name = Ojaswi Oberoi<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|08|06}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-tv-celebs|title=Happy birthday TV celebs}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = [[Actress]]<br />
| years_active = 2010–present<br />
| known for = ''[[Kya Hal, Mister Panchal]]''<br />
| height = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ojaswi Aroraa''' (née Oberoi; born 6 August 1985)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-tv-celebs|title=Happy birthday TV celebs}}</ref> is an Indian television [[actress]] who has appeared in many Indian television series. She debuted on the small screen with ''[[Behenein]]'' on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.punjabijunktion.co.in/f122/ojaswi-oberoi-aka-anokhi-star-plus-behnein-shares-her-dancing-capabilities-150803/|title=Ojaswi Aroraa aka Anokhi of Star Plus' Behnein shares her dancing capabilities|work=Punjabi Junction|date=25 March 2011|accessdate=9 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414155653/http://forum.punjabijunktion.co.in/f122/ojaswi-oberoi-aka-anokhi-star-plus-behnein-shares-her-dancing-capabilities-150803/|archive-date=14 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has also acted in ''[[Aasman Se Aage]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ojaswi-Oberoi-of-Aasman-Se-speaks-up-for-the-1st-time/articleshow/14179293.cms|title=Ojaswi Oberoi of Aasman Se speaks up for the 1st time!|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 June 2012|accessdate=9 April 2015}}</ref> ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'', ''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2013/05/10/Ojaswi_Oberoi_to_play_super_villain_in_Shapath/|title=Ojaswi Oberoi to play super villain in Shapath|work=World News|date=10 May 2013|accessdate=9 April 2015}}</ref> and ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/telly-buzz/sony-tv-s-aahat-to-feature-kunal-bakshi-and-ojaswi-oberoi/23013|title=Sony Tv's Aahat to feature Kunal Bakshi and Ojaswi Oberoi|work=Bollywood Helpline|date=23 March 2015|accessdate=9 April 2015|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923084641/http://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/telly-buzz/sony-tv-s-aahat-to-feature-kunal-bakshi-and-ojaswi-oberoi/23013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Aroraa completed her graduation from Punjab University (1999–2003) before taking acting classes and settling as a TV artist.<br />
<br />
She has been practicing [[Kathak dance]] for over 15 years and has performed in many stage shows (including STAR Parivaar Awards in 2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianaddivas.com/our-ojaswi/|title=Our Ojaswi|work=Indian Ad Divas|date=8 May 2013|accessdate=9 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415171448/http://www.indianaddivas.com/our-ojaswi/|archive-date=15 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
* ''[[Behenein]]'' as Anokhi<br />
* ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Har Yug Mein Aayega Ek - Arjun]]'' (cameo)<br />
* ''[[Aasman Se Aage]]'' as Meenakshi<br />
* ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'' as Mohini (cameo)<br />
* ''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]'' as Meghna (cameo)<br />
* ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' Meghna Verma (cameo)<br />
* ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' (Episode 1225 - Satara Mein CID) as Deepika (cameo)<br />
* ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' as Neha (cameo)<br />
* ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]'' as Meera (episodic)<br />
* ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' as Shikha (episodic role)<br />
* ''[[Adaalat (season 2)|Adaalat]]'' as Renuka Jhukla (episodic)<br />
* ''[[Brahmarakshas]]'' as Naina Yug Srivastav <br />
* ''[[Badho Bahu]]'' as Kareena Sangwan<br />
* ''[[Kya Hal, Mister Panchal (TV Series)|Kya Hal, Mister Panchal]]'' as Pari Panchal<br />
* ''[[Comedy Circus]]'' as herself<br />
* ''[[Tera Kya Hoga Alia]]'' as Sonia<br />
*''[[Kuch Smiles Ho Jayein... With Alia]] as Sonia''<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]<br />
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aroraa, Ojaswi}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1985 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anil_Kumar_Bhatt&diff=469284Anil Kumar Bhatt2026-01-31T06:41:42Z<p>Shubha: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former military secretary of the Indian Army}}{{Infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]<br />
| name = Anil Kumar Bhatt<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]<br />
| image = File:Anil Kumar Bhatt XV Corps.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| birth_date =<br />
| death_date =<br />
| birth_place = Khatwar, [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<br />
| death_place = <br />
| allegiance = {{IND}}<br />
| branch = {{Army| India}}<br />
| serviceyears = 1981 – 2020<br />
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]<br />
| servicenumber = IC-40022F<br />
| unit = <br />
[[9 Gorkha Rifles]]<br />
| commands = [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]<br>21 Mountain Division<br />
| awards = [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]<br>[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] <br> [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]] <br> [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Anil Kumar Bhatt''', [[PVSM]], [[UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] was the [[Military Secretary (India)|Military Secretary]] of the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/president-awards-gallantry-awards-to-armed-forces-personnel/articleshow/68483657.cms|title=President awards gallantry awards to armed forces personnel &#124; India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Prior to this, he served as the 47th Commander, [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] of the [[Indian Army]] between 1 February 2018 and 7 February 2019. Prior to this he was the [[Director General of Military Operations (India)|Director General of Military operations]] for one year including during the [[2017 China–India border standoff|Doklam crisis]] in 2017. During his tenure as Corps Commander maximum terrorists were neutralized in comparison to the last one decade.<ref name="India 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-ak-bhatt-takes-charge-of-chinar-corps-118020101677_1.html|title=Lt. Gen. AK Bhatt takes charge of Chinar Corps|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-02-01|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/military-appoints-lt-gen-a-k-bhatt-as-new-director-general-of-military-ops/story-68lBl62ztnPPZFdNyNgJAI.html|title=Military appoints Lt Gen AK Bhatt as new director general of military ops|date=2016-11-28|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lt-gen-ak-bhatt-takes-charge-as-goc-15-corps/|title=Lt Gen AK Bhatt takes charge as GOC 15 Corps|date=2018-02-01|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Bhatt was born in Khatwaad village of [[Tehri Garhwal district]], in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|title=Top positions in country's security establishments helmed by men from Uttarakhand - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221184712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> He is alumnus of [[St. George's College, Mussoorie|St. George's College]], [[Mussoorie]]; [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]] and [[Staff College, Camberley]], United Kingdom.<ref name="India 2018" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Mussoorie-school-alumnus-is-new-DGMO/articleshow/55692324.cms|title=Mussoorie school alumnus is new DGMO - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Bhatt was commissioned into [[9 Gorkha Rifles]] (Chindits) in 1981. He has served three times in Jammu and Kashmir. He has held several important posts including Commander of 21 Mountain Division ([[Rangiya]]); [[Director General of Military Operations (India)|Director General of Military Operations]] (DGMO); Additional Director General of CAB (Complaint and Advisory Board) at Army HQ and an instructor at Commando School, Belgaum. He is also the Colonel of the Regiment for 9 Gorkha Rifles and has represented India as the deputy Force Provost Marshal in Lebanon.<ref name="India 2018" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indian-army-promotions-gorkha-rifles-lt-general-commando-2766094/|title=14 officers approved for rank of Lt General, 5 from Gorkha Rifles|date=2016-04-22|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2017/nov01-17/h11.htm|title=h11|website=sainiksamachar.nic.in|access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lt-General-AK-Bhatt-appointed-as-new-DGMO/articleshow/55672482.cms|title=Lt General AK Bhatt appointed as new DGMO - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
During his career of 36 years, he has been awarded the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] in 2019 for many successful operations, including elimination of the highest number of militants — 259 — in a year over a decade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-dhillon-is-15-corps-goc/726341.html|title=Lt Gen Dhillon is 15 Corps GOC }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1561454 |website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2015), [[Sena Medal]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] for his service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2015PR188|title=Press Information Bureau: Government of India news site, PIB Mumbai website, PIB Mumbai, Press Information Bureau, PIB, India's Official media agency, Government of India press releases, PIB photographs, PIB photos, Press Conferences in Mumbai, Union Minister Press Conference, Marathi press releases, PIB features, Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, Public Information Campaign, Bharat Nirman Campaign, Public Information Campaign, Indian Government press releases, PIB Western Region|website=pibmumbai.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was made the first Director General of [[Indian Space Association]] inaugurated on October 11, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 11, 2021|title=PM Modi launches Indian Space Association, says India to ensure space unites the world|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/indian-space-association-isro-narendra-modi-k-sivan-1863409-2021-10-11|access-date=2021-10-11|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Honours and decorations ==<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|<br />
|[[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=105}} <br />
|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=105}} <br />
|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|width=105}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]<br />
|[[File:UNIFIL ribbon bar.svg|105x105px]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|colspan="2"|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]<br />
|colspan="2"|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sena Medal]]<br />
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[UNIFIL]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references />{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| title = General Officer Commanding [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]<br />
| years = 1 February 2018 - 07 February 2019<br />
| before = Jaswinder Singh Sandhu<br />
| after = [[Kanwal Jeet Singh Dhillon]]<br />
}}{{Succession box<br />
| title = Director General of Military Operations<br />
| years = 28 November 2016 - 30 January 2018<br />
| before = [[Ranbir Singh (general)|Ranbir Singh]]<br />
| after = [[Anil Chauhan]]<br />
}}{{Succession box<br />
| title = General Officer Commanding 21 Mountain Division<br />
| years = <br />
| before = <br />
| after = <br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Anil Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian generals]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian alumni of Staff College, Camberley]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhadrambhadra&diff=490624Bhadrambhadra2026-01-24T05:52:47Z<p>Shubha: new a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1900 Gujarati humorous novel by Ramanbhai Neelkanth}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| italic title = <br />
| name = Bhadrambhadra<br />
| image = Bhadrambhadra book cover.jpeg<br />
| caption = Book cover<br />
| author = [[Ramanbhai Neelkanth]]<br />
| title_orig = ભદ્રંભદ્ર<br />
| orig_lang_code = gu<br />
| title_working = <br />
| translator = <br />
| illustrator = <br />
| cover_artist = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
| release_number = <br />
| subject = <br />
| genre = [[Comic novel|Humorous novel]]<br />
| set_in = <br />
| publisher = <br />
| publisher2 = <br />
| pub_date = <br />
| published = 1900<br />
| pages = <br />
| awards = <br />
| isbn = <br />
| isbn_note = <br />
| oclc = 26376533<br />
| dewey = 891.477<br />
| congress = <br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| followed_by = <br />
| native_wikisource = ભદ્રંભદ્ર<br />
}}<br />
'''''Bhadrambhadra''''' ({{IPA|gu|bʰə.drəm.bʰə.drə|pron|Gu-Bhadrambhadra.ogg}}) is a 1900 [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] [[satirical]] novel by [[Ramanbhai Neelkanth]]. It is regarded as the first humorous novel in [[Gujarati literature]] and as the first Gujarati novel written in the [[first person narrative]]. Ramanbhai used the novel to illustrate the ridiculousness of a highly orthodox view of Gujarati society and as a vehicle for social reform.<br />
<br />
Although criticised for a lack of character development and a repetitiveness of situations, the novel has remained popular to this day. It has been republished numerous times and is currently in print in several languages. It is still common to nickname highly orthodox Sanskrit-accented Gujaratis after the eponymous protagonist.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
[[File:Ramanbhai Neelkanth.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ramanbhai Neelkanth|left]]<br />
''Bhadrambhadra'' is a 1900 Gujarati language satirical novel by Ramanbhai Neelkanth.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3841|access-date=11 May 2018|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=3841}}</ref> It is regarded as the first humorous novel in [[Gujarati literature]].<ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978">{{cite book|author=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|author-link=Mansukhlal Jhaveri|title=History of Gujarati Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=116}}</ref><ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA128|access-date=11 May 2018|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=128}}</ref> The novel is influenced by ''[[The Pickwick Papers]]'' and ''[[Don Quixote]]''. Ramanlal had a long running controversy with [[Manilal Dwivedi]] on numerous topics related to religion, philosophy, social reform, education and literature.<ref name="Thaker1983">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3kYHAAACAAJ|title=Manilal Dwivedi|last=Thaker|first=Dhirubhai|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1983|series=Makers of Indian Literature|location=New Delhi|pages=14–16, 35–36, 51|oclc=10532609|author-link=Dhirubhai Thaker}}</ref> Ramanlal was a liberal who was open to western influences while Manilal was an orthodox who opposed the western influences. Ramanbhai showed up the rigidity, pettiness, vanity and hypocrisy of these opponents of social reform in the book.<ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=કેટલાક સાહિત્યિક વિવાદો|last=Thaker|first=Dhirubhai|date=May 2011|publisher=Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|edition=1st|location=Ahmedabad|pages=60|trans-title=A Few Literary Controversies|chapter=11. દ્વૈત-અદ્વૈત-વિવાદ|trans-chapter=Dualism-Nondualism controversy|author-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|oclc=741752210}}</ref> Ramanbhai Neelkanth's enthusiasm for social reform was strongly influenced by his father, [[Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth]], an educationist and social reformer.<ref name="NBT1997">{{cite book|editor=K. M. George|title=Masterpieces of Indian literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXFOAAAAYAAJ|access-date=5 March 2018|volume=1|year=1997|publisher=National Book Trust|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-237-1978-8|page=351}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Bhadrambhadra'' was serialized from 1892 to 1900 in ''[[Jnanasudha]]'', the organ of Ahmedabad [[Prarthana Samaj]] edited by Ramanbhai himself,<ref name="NBT1997"/> and then published as a book in 1900 with further amendments. Ramanbhai wanted to publish the first edition with paintings but was unable to. In 1918 the third edition of the novel was published with illustrations by [[Ravishankar Raval]]. The 7th edition, published in 1953 with a preface by [[Jyotindra Dave]], did not have illustrations; only photographs of Ramanbhai and Ambalal, the publisher, were included in it. Further editions were published without illustrations or photographs.<ref name="Gujarati Vishwakosh">{{cite book |last1=Borisagar |first1= Ratilal |last2=Daru |first2=Manoj |title=Gujarati Vishwakosh (Gujarati Encyclopedia) |volume=14 |year=2001 |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust]] |page=309}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
[[File:Bhdrambhadra play.jpg|thumb|Performance of ''Bhadrambhadra'' at H. K Arts College, [[Ahmedabad]]; 1 September 2018]]<br />
<br />
The novel is named after its protagonist, Bhadrambhadra. It is narrated in the [[First-person narrative|first person]] by Ambaram Kevalram Modakiya, a pupil of Bhadrambhadra.<ref name="Gujarati Vishwakosh"/> It is the first Gujarati novel to be written in the first person narrative.<ref name="GSP">{{cite web | title=સવિશેષ પરિચય: રમણભાઈ નીલકંઠ, ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય પરિષદ | website=Gujarati Sahitya Parishad | url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Ramanbhai-Nilkanth.html | language=gu | access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhadrambhadra is an orthodox Hindu Brahmin and an [[Idiosyncrasy|idiosyncratic]] person, who is opposed to anything that is non-traditional, non-Hindu, non-Sanskrit, non-[[Aryan]] or that is different from his traditional way of life or pattern of thoughts. Because of this, he changed his name from Daulat Shankar to Bhadrambhadra (lit. Good Good), as the word ''Daulat'' is non-Sanskrit, non-Indian and so, he felt, irreligious in origin.<ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978"/> In the novel Bhadrambhadra speaks highly [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritised]] Gujarati and therefore is not able to make himself understood, which creates humorous situations.<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA418|access-date=8 May 2018|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|page=418}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception and criticism==<br />
''Bhadrambhadra'' is considered a classic of Gujarati literature and it was received well by readers and a number of critics.<ref name="Gujarati Vishwakosh"/> However, the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]'' states that there is no development of character, and because of a lack of variety of situations and of behavior by the protagonist, the humour is not sustained throughout and the latter half of the book becomes uninteresting.<ref name="Datta1987"/> [[K. M. Munshi]] gave a mixed review. He noted in ''Gujarat and Its Literature'': <blockquote>The story is poorly told in places and lacks organic unity. The work is rendered enjoyable by absurd situations and still funnier Samskritised Gujarati. Bhadrambhadra, the pretentious fool with his holy enthusiasm to secure the ever-rising glorious triumph of eternal ''Arya Dharma'', is an immortal figure in Gujarati fiction.<ref name="Jhaveri1956">{{cite book|last=Munshi|first=Kanaiyalal Maneklal |author-link=Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi |title=Gujarat and Its Literature|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.61361/2015.61361.Gujarata-And-Its-Literaure#page/n308/mode/1up/search/Bhadram|year=1935|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd.|location=Calcutta|pages=281–282}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
[[Anandshankar Dhruv]] strongly criticized the novel and called it 'a barrier in social reform activities'.<ref name=Thaker2016>{{cite book|last=Thaker|first=Dhirubhai|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યની વિકાસરેખા: સાક્ષરયુગ|trans-title=An Outline of the Development of Modern Gujarati Literature: Scholar Era|volume=3|year=2016|publisher=Gurjar Grantharatna Karyalaya|location=Ahmedabad|page=69|isbn=978-93-5162-325-0}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
During Ramanbhai's life, the character Bhadrambhadra became very popular and anybody who spoke Sanskritised Gujarati was nicknamed Bhadrambhadra. It is still a common nickname for any highly orthodox person.<ref name="George1992"/><ref name="Datta1987"/><br />
<br />
In 1994, Gujarati humourist [[Ratilal Borisagar]] published a novel ''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge'' in which he represented Bhadrambahdra in contemporary milieu with light criticism of [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] project. In 2014, he published another humorous novel ''Bhadrambhadra Amar Chhe'' focusing on [[gender equality]].<ref name="gg">{{cite book|title=ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ: 8 (ખંડ 1) સ્વાતંત્રયોત્તર યુગ - 2|last=Mehta|first=Hasit|date=November 2018|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|isbn=((978-81-93884-9-4))|editor1-last=Chaudhari|editor1-first=Raghuveer|series=8|volume=2|location=Ahmedabad|pages=308–313|language=gu|trans-title=History of Gujarati Literature : 8 (Khand : 1) Post-independence Era - 2|editor2-last=Desai|editor2-first=Parul Kandarp}}</ref> Gujarati writer Viththal Pandya wrote a short story "Bhadrambhadra Ane Hu" which brings Bhadrambhadra with him in contemporary milieu of 20th century in which they visit cinema and hotels in new sociopolitical climate.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Topiwala|editor1-first=Chandrakant|editor1-link=Chandrakant Topiwala|editor2-last=Dave|editor2-first=Ramesh R.|script-title=gu:ગુજરાતી ટૂંકી વાર્તાકોશ|trans-title=Gujarati Short Story Encyclopedia|date=June 2008|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|location=Ahmedabad|pages=64|oclc=24870863}}</ref> Gujarati columnist Urvish Kothari wrote a short novel titled "Bhadrambhadra" which is based on Bhadrambhadra's adventures in the [[Patidar reservation agitation]] of 2015.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{wikisourcelang-inline|gu|ભદ્રંભદ્ર}}<br />
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1900 novels]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati-language novels]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:Novels set in the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:Indian humour]]<br />
[[Category:Indian autobiographical novels]]<br />
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]<br />
[[Category:First-person narrative novels]]<br />
[[Category:Works originally published in Indian magazines]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singh_Kaur&diff=457615Singh Kaur2026-01-23T15:14:45Z<p>Shubha: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Singh Kaur<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --><br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name = Laura Drew<br />
| alias = Lorellei<br />
| birth_date = 1955<br />
| birth_place =<br />
| origin =<br />
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1998|1955}}<br />
| death_place = [[Maui]], [[Hawaii]]<br />
| genre = [[New-age music|New-age]]<br />
| occupation = Composer, vocalist, instrumentalist<br />
| instrument = Guitar<br />
| years_active = 1978–1998<br />
| label = Invincible Records, Soundings of the Planet, Sequoia Records<br />
| past_member_of = [[Kim Robertson (musician)|Kim Robertson]], [[Dean Evenson]], [[Gary Stadler]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://soundings.com/pages/singh-kaur-lorellei}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Laura Drew''', a.k.a. '''Singh Kaur''' or '''Lorellei''' (1955–1998) was a [[new-age music]] composer, vocalist and instrumentalist, who had a prolific career that lasted from the early 1970s to the late 1990s, releasing 23 albums. With her angelic voice and haunting melodies, Singh Kaur was a pioneer in the growing genre of Western interpretations of Indian chanting music.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2023}}<br />
Singh Kaur initially lived at the Tucson [[ashram]], and it was there she began to flower as a musician. Although she had arrived with 'St. Francis' already complete, she was exposed to the eclectic musicians of the [[3HO]] community and a new, spiritually-focused, way of living.<br />
<br />
She later moved to the [[Española, New Mexico]] 3HO community, where her musical talents expanded and she found her footing as a composer and singer of inspiring devotional songs. There, she met, and later married, Gurucharan Singh. Not long after their marriage, they moved to Denver to open a health food restaurant. From there, they moved to St. Louis for the purpose of opening a [[yoga]] ashram. During their years in St. Louis, Gurucharan and Singh Kaur had two children, Guru Shabd and Guru Ardas.<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2023}}<br />
In the early years of her musical life, Singh Kaur collaborated with the yogi musicians of 3HO. [[Yogi Bhajan]], her spiritual guide, commissioned Singh Kaur to record a series of eight mantras, six of which she was able to complete. These were to be the highly popular Crimson Series on Invincible Records, with Kim Robertson (harp, synthesizer), and produced by Liv Singh Khalsa. These recordings remain Singh Kaur's most popular, and are frequently played in hospitals, birthing centers, holistic spas, and other sites where healing music is helpful.<br />
<br />
At one point in her musical journey Singh Kaur collaborated with Amar Singh Khalsa. He recounted her effortless creativity: "We were sitting in the [[St. Louis]] airport with Yogi Bhajan, who was waiting for a connecting flight to [[New York City]]. He asked Singh Kaur to put Rakhe Rakhan Har (a Sikh verse) to music. I was sitting next to her as Yogi Bhajan tapped out the heartbeat rhythm on an empty Styrofoam cup. I wrote the rhythm down, and when we got home, we put the rhythm into Singh Kaur's drum machine. This is the beat heard on the final recording. The next day I went off to work. When I came home that evening, I asked Singh Kaur about it, and she played a rough recording – basically the finished piece. She had sat down in the morning and the music just flowed through her. I was always amazed and awed by her ability to put the perfect music to any words that came her way – English or [[Gurmukhi]]."<ref>Sat Kartar Kaur Khalsa, "Remembering Singh Kaur", ''Aquarian Times Magazine'', 4:4, Winter 2005, p. 72</ref> Amar Singh Khalsa and his wife, Sahib-Amar Khalsa, continued to maintain a friendship with Singh Kaur and played keyboards and viola, respectively, on subsequent recordings.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
<br />
Singh Kaur's biggest commercial success was her album "Instruments of Peace" (later retitled "Imagine Peace") which made the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' New Age Music listing in 1988. This album was produced during Singh Kaur's long-time association with Dean and Dudley Evenson, with whom she stayed and toured over a two-year period. She released two other CDs on the Evenson's 'Soundings of the Planet' label: "What Child Is This", and "Spiritus: Breath of Life" (recorded under the name of Lorellei which she co-produced with [[Dean Evenson]]). It was with the album "Spiritus" that she poured out her heart, writing songs in English (rather than the mantras of her previous ashram life).<br />
<br />
==Later years==<br />
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2023}}<br />
Owing to an increasingly stressful home life, Singh Kaur left her husband and children in the late 1980s; and this crisis impacted on her state of health and the quality of her work. Singer Wah was called in to double the vocal track on Blessings, the seventh recording in the Crimson Series. However, Singh Kaur soon regained her voice — although her health was beginning to decline — and continued to make recordings. It was after she left St. Louis and moved back to Tucson that she met Dean and Dudley Evenson of Soundings of the Planet, who befriended her and who subsequently produced 3 albums with her.<br />
<br />
In the early 1990s, after listening to some [[Joni Mitchell]] recordings, Singh Kaur contacted her former producer, Liv Singh Khalsa of Invincible Music. She wanted to do another recording, and 'Wings of Love' was recorded in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], at the Invincible studios.<br />
<br />
Responding to the invitation of a friend, Singh Kaur moved to [[Maui]], [[Hawaii]]. Although she never ceased being a Sikh, she abandoned the turban, and took to wearing conventional clothing. She continued to write songs, sang in a rock band, and began to enjoy her new freedom. It was during this period that she met her future husband, Keith Drew. He knew nothing of her musical past or talents, but saw her as a feisty and gorgeous redhead. While on Maui, Singh Kaur met a kindred musical spirit, Jaiia Earthschild, and they co-created, and recorded, many songs, which remain in Earthschild's personal collection.<br />
<br />
Singh Kaur returned to the U.S. mainland in 1998, ill with [[ovarian cancer]], to work with [[Gary Stadler]] on "Fairy NightSongs".<ref name=sequoia>{{cite web|url=http://www.sequoiarecords.com/bio-singh-kaur.html |title=About Singh Kaur|publisher=Sequoia Records |accessdate=August 9, 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
Singh Kaur also recorded the tracks for "This Universe", which was released posthumously.<ref name=sequoia/> She gave two farewell performances, one on [[Maui Island]] with her children, Guru Shabd and Guru Ardas Khalsa present, and one at the 3HO Ashram in [[Los Angeles]]. Before she returned to Hawaii, she gave her beloved Guild 12-string guitar and personal cassette and CD collection to Gary Stadler. Due to her illness, she relocated to Caroline Graham Muir's house as it was more easily accessible than the 3-story house that she and Keith shared.<br />
<br />
Despite her illness, she recorded several vocal tracks for Daniel Paul (tabla musician); she would get out of bed long enough to sing, and then lay down again. Upon her death she was dressed in her favorite green velvet dress. Later, after her cremation, her friends chartered a boat; and, with "Guru Ram Das" playing over the boat's sound system, her ashes were cast into the sea.<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
<br />
*<br />
* Songs of the Lord's Love, (Invincible Music, 1978) with Sat Nam Singh<br />
* Sukhmani, Ashtpadi 6 (1979)<br />
* Peace Lagoon (1979)<br />
* Peace Lagoon II (1983) with Sahib-Amar Kaur Khalsa and Amar Singh Khalsa<br />
* Joyful Vision (1983)<br />
* Mera Man Lochai (1985)<br />
* Aap Sahaee Hoaa (1986) with Amar Singh Khalsa<br />
* Sadhana Suite (1986) with Amar Singh Khalsa<br />
* Rakhe Rakhanhar (1986)<br />
* Guru Ram Dass, Crimson Series 1 (Invincible Music, 1986) with Kim Robertson<br />
* Mool Mantra, Crimson Series 2 (Invincible Music, 1986) with Kim Robertson<br />
* Sat Nam Wahe Guru, Crimson Series 3 (Invincible Music, 1987) with Kim Robertson<br />
* Har Har Mukande, Crimson Series 4 (Invincible Music 1988) with Kim Robertson<br />
* Mender of Hearts, Crimson Series 5 (Invincible Music 1988) with Kim Robertson<br />
* Imagine Peace, (Soundings of the Planet, 1988) with Dean Evenson (inspired by famous John Lennon's song, "[[Imagine (John Lennon song)|Imagine]]")<br />
* Ardas, Crimson Series 6 (Invincible Music 1989) with Kim Robertson<br />
* Blessings, Crimson Series 7 (Invincible Music 1990) with Wah<br />
* Wings of Love (Invincible Music, 1992)<br />
* What Child is This (Soundings of the Planet, 1993) with Dean Evenson<br />
* Spiritus: Breath of Life (Soundings of the Planet, 1996) recorded as "Lorellei"<br />
* Fairy NightSongs (Sequoia Records, 1998) with Gary Stadler, Sahib-Amar Kaur Khalsa<br />
* This Universe (released posthumously by Sequoia Records, 2005) with Gary Stadler<br />
* Remember Him (released posthumously by Invincible Music 2017) with Amar Singh Khalsa<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* "Interview", Beads of Truth Magazine, II:17, Summer 1986, pp.&nbsp;24–25.<br />
* Gurudass Singh, "A Joyful Noise: Gurudass Singh explores 35 years of music in 3HO", Aquarian Times Magazine, 4:4, Winter 2005, pp.&nbsp;66–71.<br />
* Sat Kartar Kaur Khalsa, "Remembering Singh Kaur", Aquarian Times Magazine, 4:4, Winter 2005, p . 72.<br />
* Gurubanda Singh Khalsa, "Music: The Companion that Soothes Us and Moves Us", The Man Called Siri Singh Sahib, eds. Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa, Sat Kirpal Kaur Khalsa, Los Angeles, Sikh Dharma, 1979, pp.&nbsp;306–11.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.soundings.com Singh Kaur's Soundings of the Planet label]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000017RB Singh Kaur's Spiritus album on amazon.com]<br />
* [http://www.sequoiarecords.com/bio-singh-kaur.html Singh Kaur's Bio and Discography on Sequoia Records]<br />
* [http://www.invinciblemusic.com/singh-kaur Singh Kaur's Discography on Invincible Records]<br />
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p2779}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Singh}}<br />
[[Category:New-age musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Converts to Sikhism]]<br />
[[Category:American Sikhs]]<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]<br />
[[Category:1998 deaths]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moole_Shankareshvara_Temple,_Turuvekere&diff=518415Moole Shankareshvara Temple, Turuvekere2026-01-22T17:47:12Z<p>Shubha: Starting New Place!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Moola Shankareshvara Temple<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Hindu temple<br />
| image_skyline = Moole Shankara temple at Turuvekere.jpg <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Moole Shankareshvara temple (1260 A.D.) at Turuvekere in [[Tumkur district]]<br />
| pushpin_map = <!--India Karnataka--><br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tumkur District]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Shankareshvara temple''' (also spelt "Shankareshwara" or "Sankaresvara"), dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]] is located in [[Turuvekere]], a small town in the [[Tumkur district]], Karnataka state, India.<ref name="tumkuru">{{cite web |url= http://tumkur.nic.in/|title= General Information-Tumkur District Tourist Places|author= |date=|work= Deputy Commissioners Office |publisher= National Informatics Center|accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref> Turuvekere, founded as an [[Agraharam]] town (a place of learning) in the 13th century is located about 77&nbsp;miles from the state capital [[Bangalore]]. The temple was built around 1260 A.D. during the rule of the [[Hoysala Empire]] King [[Narasimha III]].<ref name="built">Hardy (1995), p347</ref> This temple is a protected monument under the Karnataka state division of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_karnataka.asp|title=Protected Monuments in Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Temple plan==<br />
[[File:Profile of Moole Shankara temple at Turuvekere.jpg|thumb|left|Moole Shankara temple at Turuvekere]]<br />
According to the art historian Adam Hardy, the temple plan is a ''[[Bhumija]] Nagara'' style (north Indian) on a semi-stellate base (called ''mula-prasada''). The building material is the standard [[Soap stone]] and the hall (''[[mantapa]]'') is a closed one.<ref name="built"/><br />
<br />
The temple has all the basic elements of a standard [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala temple]] and comprises a sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') which is connected to a closed hall by a square [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] (''sukhanasi''). The entrance into the hall from the outside is through a [[porch]] (''mukhamantapa''). Typically, a closed hall in a Hoysala temple has no windows. The porch consists of an [[awning]] supported by two decorative half pillars with two [[parapet]]s on both sides. The shrine has a tower (''[[shikhara]]''). The vestibule has its own tower (also called ''sukhanasi'') which appears like a low extension of the main tower over the shrine. For its appearance, art critic Gerard Foekema calls it the "nose" of the main tower. From the outside, the walls of the vestibule are inconspicuous and appear like a short extension of the shrine wall.<ref name="super">Foekema (1996), p21</ref><ref name="nose">Foekema (1996), p22</ref><ref name="decor">Foekema (1996), p24</ref> The ceiling of the closed hall is supported by four lathe turned pillars. This is a norm in all Hoysala temples. These pillars divide the ceiling into nine highly decorated bays. The porch with its half pillars also serves the purpose of an open hall with a single bay ceiling.<ref name="nose"/> The outer wall of the hall and shrine are articulated with full pilasters. Between full pilasters, [[Turret (architecture)|turrets]] and miniature towers on half-pilasters ([[aedicula]]) provide a decorative look. Below these, forming the base of the temple, are the six horizontal [[molding (architecture)|molding]]s.<ref name="mini">Foekema (1996), p28</ref><br />
<br />
==Other prominent Examples of Bhumija architecture==<br />
*[[Shiv Mandir, Ambarnath]]<br />
*[[Ramappa]] Temple, Telangana<br />
*[[Arang Jain temples]]<br />
*[[Galateshwar Temple]], Gujarat (rare ''Bhumija'' temple with Gujarati [[Chaulukya]] influence)<br />
*[[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Tryambakeshwar Temple]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|1}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |orig-date=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}<br />
*Adam Hardy, Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, Abhinav, 1995, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-7017-312-4}}.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tumakuru district]]<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deoria_district&diff=463414Deoria district2026-01-10T17:48:16Z<p>Shubha: cleaned up intro for consistency and added references to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Deoria, Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{more citations needed |date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Deoria district<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| total_type = Total<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image_skyline = ShyamMandirDeoria.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Shyam Mandir in a [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]]<br />
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Deoria.svg<br />
| map_caption = Location of Deoria district in Uttar Pradesh<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| coor_pinpoint = Deoria, Uttar Pradesh<br />
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gorakhpur Division|Gorakhpur]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = 1952<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| p1 = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 2,500<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 3,100,946<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_urban = 316803<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Demographics<br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = 73.53%<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br />
| demographics1_info2 = M:F 1000:1013<br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name = <br />
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]], [[Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salempur]], [[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bansgaon]]<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]<br />
| leader_name2 = Deoria, [[Rampur Karkhana]], Barhaj, [[Rudrapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur]], [[Bhatpar Rani]], [[Salempur Assembly constituency|Salempur]], Pathardeva.<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| registration_plate = UP-52<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = NH28, NH 221A, NH 441A<br />
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation<br />
| blank_info_sec2 = 864.38 mm<br />
| website = {{URL|https://deoria.nic.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Deoria district''', one of the districts of eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] has its headquarters located at [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]].Deoria is located in eastern Uttar Pradesh and is a part of [[Gorakhpur division]]. It came into existence on 16 March 1946 from [[Gorakhpur district]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Ancient===<br />
{{Unreferencedsect|date=July 2023}}<br />
The area now known as the Deoria District was once a part of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] Kingdom - a prime centre of ancient [[Aryan]] culture surrounded by the Himalayas in the north, the Syandika river in the south and the [[Pañcāla|Panchala]] Kingdom in the west. Apart from the many legends told about this area, archaeological remains, such as statues, coins, bricks, Temples. Most of the People using surname Rao belong to the Kshatriya caste in Deoria Dist,.<br />
<br />
The ancient history of the district is related with the [[Ramayana]] times when the Lord of Kosala, [[Rama|Ram]], appointed his elder son [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] the king of [[Kushwati]], which is present-day [[Kushinagar]]. Before the [[Mahabharata]] era, this area had been related with Chakravorty Samrat Mahasudtsan Malla and his kingdom. Kushinagar was well developed and prosperous. Close to the border of his kingdom was the thick forested area called the Mahavan. This area was under the control of the Maurya rulers, the Gupta rulers, the Bihar rulers, and then the Garhwal ruler Govinda Chandra from 1114 AD until 1154 AD.<br />
<br />
===Modern===<br />
The Deoria district came into existence on 16 March 1946, being separated from the [[Gorakhpur District]]. It is believed that the name Deoria is derived from Devaranya or possibly Devpuria. According to official [[gazetteers]], the district was named "Deoria" after its headquarters in Deoria, and the term Deoria generally means a place where there are temples. The name Deoria probably developed because of the existence of important temples in the area. The famous temples & places in Deoria to see are Devraha baba ashram and Dugdheswarnath Mandir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Places of Interest {{!}} District Deoria, Government Of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://deoria.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |access-date=2021-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> During British rule the district was under the control of Majhauli Royal family and prominent landlords of [[Kayastha]] community,<ref>{{cite web|first1= |title=Railways |url=https://rlda.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Gorakhpur.pdf}}</ref> with their descendants still owning major chunks of land ([https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2017/vol3issue8/PartG/3-8-57-296.pdf Munshi Gorakhnath]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elected Wing Paden Sadashya |url=http://nppdeoria.in/elected-wing/index.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=nppdeoria.in}}</ref> Some other families had their impact on various part of the district in which Dubey's of Badkagaon are quite famous. During Freedom struggle of India the district joined struggle under the leadership of Pandit Bibhuti Mani Tripathi of village Dehrauli, [[Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh|Rudrapur]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Deoria district is located between 26 ° 6' and 26° 48' north latitude to 83° 23' and 84° 16' east longitude. It is surrounded by [[Kushinagar district]] in the north, [[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj]] and [[Siwan district|Siwan]] districts of [[Bihar]] in the east, [[Mau district|Mau]] and [[Ballia district|Ballia]] districts in the south and [[Gorakhpur district]] in the west.<ref name =deoria>{{cite web| url = http://deoria.nic.in/ | title = Deoria | publisher =Deoria district administration |access-date = 2010-08-05 }}</ref> The district has two Nagar Palika Parishad- Deoria and Gaura Barhaj . It has eleven Nagar Panchayats which are tarkulwa, Baitalpur, Hetimpur, Rudrapur, Rampur Karkhana, Bariyarpur, Bhatni Bazar, Bhatpar Rani, Gauri Bazar, Lar, Majhauli Raj and Salempur patherdeva.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipalities {{!}} District Deoria, Government Of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://deoria.nic.in/public-utility-category/municipality/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Hetimpur]] is a newly created nagar panchayat located at the banks of Chhoti Gandak river near the NH 27.<ref>{{Cite web |title=नगर पालिका देवरिया सीमा का विस्तार, हेतिमपुर को नगर पंचायत का दर्जा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/deoria/nagar-palika-area-spread-deoria-news-gkp4496259147 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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[[Ghaghara River|Ghaghara]], [[West Rapti River|Rapti]], and Chhoti Gandak are the main rivers in the district.<ref name =deoria/><br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Deoria District<br />
|North = [[Kushinagar district]]<br />
|Northeast = [[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj district]], [[Bihar]]<br />
|East = [[Siwan district]], Bihar<br />
|Southeast = <br />
|South = [[Ballia district]]<br />
|Southwest = [[Mau district]]<br />
|West = [[Gorakhpur district]]<br />
|Northwest = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=7,49,486|13=1911|14=8,16,191|15=1921|16=8,33,199|17=1931|18=8,89,726|19=1941|20=9,92,352|21=1951|22=10,59,208|23=1961|24=11,90,803|25=1971|26=14,10,868|27=1981|28=17,49,946|29=1991|30=21,84,904|31=2001|32=27,14,179|33=2011|34=31,00,946|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Deoria district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.07}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|11.56}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.37}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Deoria district has a population of 3,100,946.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Deoria|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1198/download/3806/DH_2011_0959_PART_A_DCHB_DEORIA.pdf|access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 114th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1220|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.23%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Deoria has a [[sex ratio]] of 1013 females for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 73.53%. 10.22% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 15.11% and 3.54% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/><br />
<br />
===Languages===<br />
<br />
{{pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Languages in Deoria district (2011)<ref name="languages"/><br />
|label1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value1 = 85.80 |color1 = gold<br />
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 12.67 |color2 = orange<br />
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 1.40 |color3 = green<br />
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.13 |color4 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 85.80% of the population in the district spoke [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 12.67% [[Hindi]] and 1.40% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is the native language of Deoria.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Bhojpuri: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bho | access-date = 2011-09-30 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref> The Bhojpuri variant of [[Kaithi]] is the indigenous script of Bhojpuri language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |url=http://archive.org/details/handbooktokayath00grie |title=A handbook to the Kayathi character. |date=1881 |publisher=Calcutta, Thacker, Spink, and co. |others=The Library of Congress}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
* [[Awadhesh Pratap Mall]], Former ruler of Majhauli Raj before 1947. <br />
* [[Lal Khadag Bahadur Malla]], Bhojpuri Author. <br />
* [[Moti BA]], Bhojpuri Poet, lyricist and Musician.<br />
* [[Noori Mian]], Former Bhatni Sugar Mill owner<br />
* [[Nripendra Misra]] - Former [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]<br />
* [[Prakash Mani Tripathi]] - former member of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]] parliamentary constituency.<br />
* [[Surya Pratap Shahi]] - Member of 9th, 11th, 13th and 17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh. Currently, he is serving as Cabinet Minister in Uttar Pradesh Government with the portfolio of Agriculture, Agriculture Education, and Agriculture Research.<br />
*[[Shalabh Mani Tripathi]] Member of 17th legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh.<br />
<br />
==Colleges==<br />
<br />
* [[GIC Deoria|Government Inter College]]<br />
* Deoraha Baba Medical College<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*{{official website}}<br />
<br />
{{Deoria district}}<br />
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{Gorakhpur division topics}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|26|30|36|N|83|46|48|E|region:IN-UP_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Deoria district| ]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansika%27s_Love_Shaadi_Drama&diff=501987Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama2025-12-22T14:47:41Z<p>Shubha: started new article.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Reality TV show}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama.jpg<br />
| caption = Release poster<br />
| genre = [[Reality television|reality TV show]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| screenplay =<br />
| writer = <br />
| director = <br />
| starring = [[Hansika Motwani]]<br />
| open_theme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = English<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 6<br />
| list_episodes =<br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = <br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editor =<br />
| runtime = <br />
| company = {{Ubl|Happy Unicorn | Hotstar Specials }}<br />
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
| released = <br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|02|10|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama''''' ({{Translation|Hansika's love marriage drama}}) is a 2023 Indian English-language [[Reality television|reality TV show]] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama teaser: Hansika Motwani addresses husband Sohael Kathuria's past in this rollercoaster ride |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansika-motwani-love-shaadi-drama-wedding-reality-show-8413746/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227065704/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansika-motwani-love-shaadi-drama-wedding-reality-show-8413746/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that covers the wedding of Indian actor [[Hansika Motwani]] and Sohael Kathuriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hansika Motwani's 'Love Shaadi Drama' review: Scripted or real? |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/hansika-motwani-s-love-shaadi-drama-first-episode-review-rc1038724 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Jagran TV |language=en}}</ref> Produced under the banner of Happy Unicorn and Hotstar Specials, the series was released on 10 February 2023 and also dubbed in other languages like Tamil, and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama Web Series (2023) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/hansikas-love-shaadi-drama-web-series-115728 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220091426/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/hansikas-love-shaadi-drama-web-series-115728 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama teaser: Hansika Motwani addresses husband Sohael Kathuria's past in this rollercoaster ride |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansika-motwani-love-shaadi-drama-wedding-reality-show-8413746/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227065704/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansika-motwani-love-shaadi-drama-wedding-reality-show-8413746/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Hansika Motwani]] as herself (Bride)<br />
* Sohael Kathuriya as himself (Groom)<br />
* Mona Motwani as herself (Mother of Bride)<br />
* Prashant Motwani as himself ([[cameo appearance]]) (Brother of Bride)<br />
* [[Sriya Reddy]] as herself (Best friend of bride)<br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
The first season of the series has six episodes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hotstar.com/ca/tv/hansikas-love-shaadi-drama/1260129246/a-twist-in-the-tale/1260130422 | title=Watch Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama Season 1 Episode 1 Online - A Twist in the Tale on Hotstar CA | access-date=5 August 2024 | archive-date=5 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805132240/https://www.hotstar.com/ca/tv/hansikas-love-shaadi-drama/1260129246/a-twist-in-the-tale/1260130422 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Series overview<br />
<br />
| color1 = <br />
| link1 = #Season 1 (2023)<br />
| episodes1 = 6<br />
| released1 = {{Start date|2023|02|10|df=yes}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Season 1 (2023)===<br />
{{Episode table|background=|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = A Twist in the Tale<br />
|DirectedBy = <br />
|WrittenBy = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|10|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = <br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = If Wishes Were Horses<br />
|DirectedBy = <br />
|WrittenBy = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|17|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = <br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = My Daughter Stays Mine<br />
|DirectedBy = <br />
|WrittenBy = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|24|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = <br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = No Horsing Around!<br />
|DirectedBy = <br />
|WrittenBy = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|03|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = <br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|Title = Face the Music<br />
|DirectedBy = <br />
|WrittenBy = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|10|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = <br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
|Title = The Fairy Tale Wedding<br />
|DirectedBy = <br />
|WrittenBy = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|17|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Archika Khurana at ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 2/5, stating "In a nutshell, Motwani is brave for taking control of her wedding narrative, but this docuseries is nothing more than a showcase of celebrity wedding shenanigans. So, if you're a fan of Hansika and want to watch the glam wedding, the show will pique your interest and keep you glued to your screen every Friday for the next episode. Others should look for what they are most interested in."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama Season 1 Review : All drama, wedding preps…strictly for Hansika's fans! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/hansikas-love-shaadi-drama/season-1/seasonreview/97640802.cms |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220091425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/hansikas-love-shaadi-drama/season-1/seasonreview/97640802.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Namrata Thakkar of [[Rediff.com]] gave 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "All in all, the first episode of ''Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama'' is decent with a bit of drama and glam. Hopefully, the next episodes will be more dramatic to keep us hooked."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakker |first=Namrata |title=Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama Review: Scripted Reality Show |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/hansikas-love-shaadi-drama-review/20230213.htm |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sunidhi Prajapat of [[HT Media|''OTT Play'']] in her review stated "Hansika's ''Love Shaadi Drama'' is definitely a gorgeous fairytale with indeed a gigantic amount of drama."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hansika's Love Shaadi Drama Episode 1 review: A gorgeous fairytale with drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/hansikas-love-shaadi-drama-episode-1-review-a-gorgeous-fairytale-with-a-gigantic-amount-of-drama/ab07660820243 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227071350/https://www.ottplay.com/review/hansikas-love-shaadi-drama-episode-1-review-a-gorgeous-fairytale-with-a-gigantic-amount-of-drama/ab07660820243 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Criticism ==<br />
[[Hansika Motwani]] was heavily criticized for turning her wedding into a web series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=Hansika Motwani on getting criticism for turning wedding into web series Love Shaadi Drama, says husband Sohael Kathuriya is brother's best friend |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/hansika-motwani-sohael-khaturiya-brother-best-friend-criticism-wedding-love-shaadi-drama-8435186/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=26344873}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian web series]]<br />
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suravaram_Sudhakar_Reddy&diff=475823Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy2025-11-18T10:58:15Z<p>Shubha: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1942–2025)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy<br />
| image = SUDAKAR REDDY DSC 0686.JPG<br />
| website = http://suravaram.com/<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|03|25|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = Kondravpally, Kodair mandal, [[Mahbubnagar]], Hyderabad State, India<br/> (now [[Telangana]], India)<br />
| residence = Hyderabad, India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|08|22|1942|03|25|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India<br />
| office = [[General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan]]<br />
| successor = [[D. Raja]]<br />
| term_start = 31 March 2012<br />
| term_end = 21 July 2019<br />
| office2 = [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] <br />
| constituency2 = [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Nalgonda]]<br />
| term_start2 = 16 May 2004<br />
| term_end2 = 16 May 2009<br />
| constituency3 = [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Nalgonda]]<br />
| term_start3 = 28 February 1998<br />
| term_end3 = 6 October 1999<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Bommagani Dharma Bhiksham]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]<br />
| party =[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] <br />
| spouse = Dr. B.V. Vijaya Lakshmi<br />
| children = 2 sons<br />
|father = S. Venkatrami Reddy<br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
|alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]<br />
|relatives = [[Suravaram Pratapa Reddy|Suravaram Pratap Reddy]] (Uncle)<br />
| date = 26 September |<br />
| year = 2006 |<br />
| source = <ref name="Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/3908?from=members |access-date=23 August 2025 |publisher=Digital Sansad |date=23 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823041327/https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/3908?from=members |archive-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy''' (25 March 1942 – 22 August 2025) was an Indian politician, who was the General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) from 2012 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title= Sudhakar Reddy steps into Bardhan's shoes as CPI general secretary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-steps-into-bardhans-shoes-as-cpi-general-secretary/article3266136.ece|website=thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Sudhakar Reddy is CPI general secretary again|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-is-cpi-general-secretary-again/article7046445.ece|website= thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Sudhakar Reddy unanimously re-elected CPI general secretary|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhakar-reddy-unanimously-re-elected-cpi-general-secretary-118042900492_1.html |website= business-standard.com|language=en}}</ref> He was a member of the [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]] and [[14th Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]. He represented the [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Nalgonda]] constituency of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3908.htm|title=Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3908&lastls=14|title=Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Reddy was born on 25 March 1942 in Kondravpally, [[Mahbubnagar]], he was educated in the Municipal High School and Coles Memorial High School in Kurnool.<br />
<br />
He did his BA in History from Osmania College, Kurnool, in 1964 and LLB from Osmania University Law College in Hyderabad in the year 1967.<br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Reddy began his political career by joining in the All India Students’ Federation (AISF) in 1960, the student wing of the CPI, and became its all-India president in 1970. He was elected to the national council in 1971. He unsuccessfully contested the Assembly elections twice from [[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur constituency]] in 1985, 1990 and once from [[Dhone Assembly constituency|Dhone constituency]] in 1994 where he was defeated by [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]].<br />
<br />
When he was 15, he became a crucial figure in an agitation seeking blackboards, chalk and books for his school in [[Kurnool]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The movement spread and schools across [[Kurnool]] started raising similar demands. Reddy was later elected twice from the [[Nalgonda]] parliamentary constituency to [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]] and [[14th Lok Sabha]]. Leader of several [[mass movement (politics)|mass struggles]], and widely admired within the party and outside.<br />
<br />
He was elected to serve as General Secretary of Communist Party of India (CPI), on 31 March 2012 in the 21st Party Congress. He had previously served as the Chairman of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour, while being a member of the parliament.<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Reddy died in [[Hyderabad]] on 22 August 2025, at the age of 83.<ref name="CPI leader Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy passes away">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=CPI leader Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cpi-leader-suravaram-sudhakar-reddy-passes-away/article69966160.ece |access-date=23 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=22 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823035651/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cpi-leader-suravaram-sudhakar-reddy-passes-away/article69966160.ece |archive-date=23 August 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He was survived by wife Vijayalakshmi and two sons Nikhil and Kapil.<ref name="Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy, who took charge of CPI after Bardhan, passes away at 83">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy, who took charge of CPI after Bardhan, passes away at 83 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Aug/23/suravaram-sudhakar-reddy-who-took-charge-of-cpi-after-bardhan-passes-away-at-83 |access-date=23 August 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Veteran CPI leader Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy passes away at 83">{{cite news |title=Veteran CPI leader Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy passes away at 83 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/veteran-cpi-leader-suravaram-sudhakar-reddy-passes-away-at-83-101755918999707.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=23 August 2025 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CPI Leader Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy, A Two-Time MP, Dies At 83">{{cite news |title=CPI Leader Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy, A Two-Time MP, Dies At 83 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cpi-leader-suravaram-sudhakar-reddy-a-two-time-mp-dies-at-83-9143025 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |date=23 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823041144/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cpi-leader-suravaram-sudhakar-reddy-a-two-time-mp-dies-at-83-9143025 |archive-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
As per his wishes, his body will be donated to [[Gandhi Medical College and Hospital|Gandhi Medical College]] for medical research and eyes were donated to the [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute|LV Prasad Eye Hospital]].<ref name="CPI leader Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy passes away at 83">{{cite news |title=CPI leader Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy passes away at 83 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/telangana/cpi-leader-suravaram-sudhakar-reddy-passes-away-at-83-3693666|access-date=23 August 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=23 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823041713/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/telangana/cpi-leader-suravaram-sudhakar-reddy-passes-away-at-83-3693666 |archive-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
{{Commons category|Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Communist Party of India}}<br />
{{14th_Lok_Sabha_Members_from_Andhra_Pradesh}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Suravaram Sudhakar}}<br />
[[Category:1942 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mahbubnagar district]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]<br />
<br />
{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}<br />
{{AndhraPradesh-politician-stub}}</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jain_rituals&diff=505280Jain rituals2025-11-18T05:33:41Z<p>Shubha: started new entry.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Rituals and festivals in Jainism}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{cleanup reorganize|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
'''Jain rituals''' play an everyday part in [[Jainism]]. [[Ritual]]s take place daily or more often. Rituals include obligations followed by Jains and various forms of idol worship.<br />
<br />
Jains rituals can be separated broadly in two parts: ''Karyn'' (obligations which are followed) and ''Kriya'' (worships which are performed).<ref name=nook>{{harv|Shah|1998|pp=169}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Six essential duties==<br />
In Jainism, six essential duties (''avashyakas'') are prescribed for ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|śrāvakas]]'' (householders).<ref name=psja>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|pp=188–191}}</ref><ref name=nsom>{{harvnb|Shah|1998|pp=171–173}}</ref> The six duties are:<ref>{{citation|last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|title=Acharya Umasvami's Tattvārthsūtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC|year=2011|publisher=Vikalp Printers|isbn=978-81-903639-2-1|quote=Non-Copyright|page=v}}</ref>{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}}<br />
#Worship of ''[[Pañca-Parameṣṭhi]]'' (five supreme beings){{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}}<br />
#Following the preachings of Jain saints.{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}}<br />
#Study of [[Jain scriptures]]{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}}<br />
#''[[Samayika]]'': practising serenity and meditation{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}}<br />
#Following discipline in their daily engagement{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}}<br />
#Charity (''dāna'') of four kinds:{{sfn|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008|pp=82-83}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Sangave|first=Vilas Adinath|title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC|year=2001|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-839-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC&pg=PA157 157]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}}<br />
##''Ahara-dāna''- donation of food<br />
##''Ausadha-dāna''- donation of medicine<br />
##''Jnana-dāna''- donation of knowledge<br />
##''Abhaya-dāna''- saving the life of a living being or giving of protection to someone under threat<br />
<br />
These duties became fundamental ritual activities of a [[Jain]] householder. Such as spreading the [[grain]] for the [[birds]] in the morning, and [[filter (water)|filtering]] or [[boiling]] the water for the next few hours' use became ritual acts of [[Charity (virtue)|charity]] and [[non-violence]].<ref name=psja/> ''Samayika'' was used as a word for all spiritual activity including icon worship during medieval times.<ref name=psja/><br />
<br />
===Samayika===<br />
<br />
Samayika is the practice of [[equanimity]], translating to [[meditation]]. It is a ritual act undertaken early in the morning and perhaps also at noon and night. It lasts for forty-eight minutes (Two [[Hindu units of measurement|Ghadi]]s) and usually involves not only quiet recollection but also usually the repetition of routine [[prayers]].<br />
The ritual is chanting and also praying about the good things.<ref name=psja/><br />
<br />
===Pratikramana===<br />
<br />
Pratikramana is performed in the night for the [[repentance]] of [[violence]] committed during the night, and in the evening for the violence during the day and additionally on certain days of the year. During this, the Jain expresses remorse for the harm caused, or wrongdoing, or the duties left undone.<ref name=psja/><ref>{{harvnb|Shah|1998|pp=174}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Annual and lifetime obligations==<br />
There are eleven annual obligations for a year and some obligations for once in a life which should be completed by Jain lay person individually or in a group. They are prescribed by ''Shravak Pragyapti''.<ref name=nsoo>{{harvnb|Shah|1998|pp=173–175}}</ref><br />
<br />
===11 annual obligations===<br />
They are following:<ref name="nsoo" /><br />
# ''Deva dravya'' : Fundraising for temples<br />
# ''Mahapuja'' : Elaborate ritual in which temples and icons decorated and sacred texts recited <br />
# ''Ratri-jagarana'' : singing hymns and religious observance throughout night<br />
# ''Sadharmik Bhakti'': Deep respect to fellow follower of [[Jainism]]<br />
# ''Sangha-puja'': service to [[Sangha (Jainism)|Sangha]]<br />
# ''Shuddhi'' : confession of faults<br />
# ''Snatra puja'' : a ritual related to [[Panch Kalyanaka|Janma Kalyanaka]]<br />
# ''Sutra-puja'' : veneration of scriptures<br />
# ''Tirth prabhavana'' : promotion of Jainism. by celebrating important occasion<br />
# ''Udyapana'' : displaying objects of worship and participant at end of religious activities<br />
# ''Yatratnika'' or ''Yatratrik'' : Participation in religious festivals and pilgrimage to three sites<br />
<br />
===Obligations performed at least once in a lifetime===<br />
They are the following:<ref name="nsoo"/><br />
# Build a temple<br />
# Celebrate renunciation of a family member<br />
# Donate a [[Tirthankara]] icon to a temple<br />
# Participate in [[Panch-kalyanak Pratishtha]]<br />
<br />
==Worship==<br />
<br />
''Devapuja'' means worship of [[tirthankara]]s. It is usually done in front of images of any liberated soul ([[Siddha#Siddha#Siddha in Jainism|Siddha]]) such as Tirthankara, or [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]]. In Jainism, the [[Tirthankara]]s represent the true goal of all human beings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zimmer|first1=Heinrich|title=Philosophies Of India |year=1953|editor=Joseph Campbell|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-8120807396|page=[https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer/page/n196 182]}}</ref> Their qualities are worshipped by the Jains.<br />
<br />
[[Sthanakavasi]] oppose idol worship. They believe in meditation and silent prayers.<ref name=psjb>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|pp=191–196}}</ref> Jain idols are seen as a personification of ideal state which one should attain.<ref name=psjb/><br />
<br />
During medieval period, worship of some [[Yaksha#Yaksha and Yakshini in Jainism|Yaksha and Yakshini]], [[God in Jainism#Heavenly Beings|heavenly beings]] who are not liberated souls, started. They are believed to help a person by removing obstacles in life.<ref name=psjb/><br />
<br />
Elaborate forms of ritual usually done in the temple. Jains wear clean three clothes for many rituals and enter temple with words related to respect for [[Tirthankara]]. He bows down to Tirthankara at main shrine and will circumambulate him three times.<ref name=psjb/><br />
<br />
Jain form of worship is also called ''Jain Puja''. The worship is done in two ways:<ref name=nsap>{{harvnb|Shah|1998|pp=177–179}}</ref><br />
* ''Dravya puja'' (worship with materials)<br />
* ''Bhava puja'' (Psychic worship, no need of materials)<br />
<br />
Jains worship the God, the scripture and the saint.{{sfn|Jain|1926|p=1}}<br />
<br />
===Dravya Puja===<br />
''Dravya puja'' (worship with articles) includes ''Ashtaprakari Puja''(means ''eight worships'') which is done by paying homage with eight articles in prescribed way.{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=241}} It is also called ''archana'':<ref name=nsap/><ref name=psjc>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|pp=196–203}}</ref> The following articles are used, in the Jaina Puja:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Puja !! Material used !! Purpose<br />
|-<br />
| ''Jala''{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=241}} || Pure water || Get rid of cycle of life and death, i.e., Moksha<br />
|-<br />
| ''Chandana''{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=241}} || Sandalwood diluted in water || Get rid of (metamorphic) heat of this life i.e., Moksha<br />
|-<br />
| ''Akshata''{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}} || Uncooked rice || To get something which doesn't decay i.e., Moksha<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pushpa''{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=241}} || Colored uncooked rice representing flowers or real flowers in some beliefs || Freedom from passions and worldly desires i.e., Moksha<br />
|-<br />
| ''Naivedhya''{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}} || Dry coconut shell or sweets in some beliefs || Freedom from greed.<br />
|-<br />
| ''Deepak''{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}} || Colored coconut shell or Lamp in some beliefs || Omniscience, to destroy the darkness of delusions.<br />
|-<br />
| ''Dhupa''{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=241}} || cloves, sandalwood powder or Incense stick || To get rid of karmas i.e., Moksha<br />
|-<br />
| ''Fala''{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=242}} || Fruits like dry complete almond, cloves, cardamom or even green fruits in some beliefs || Liberation of soul i.e., Moksha<br />
|-<br />
| ''Arghya'' || Mixture of all of the above || Moksha<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The combination of all the eight articles is called ''arghya''. Of these, rice and coconut bits and almonds are to be washed and then all the articles are to be placed in a plate side by side, excepting water which is to be kept in a small pot separately. There should be provided a bowl for the pouring of water, another for the burning of incense, and a receptacle for lighting camphor.{{sfn|Jain|1926|p=Introduction}}<br />
<br />
After that some Jains also use ''Chamara'' (Whisk), ''Darpana'' (Mirror) and a ''Pankho'' ([[Hand fan]]) also for worship.<ref name=nsap/><br />
<br />
===Bhava Puja===<br />
[[File:Aarti close up.jpg|thumb|An aarti plate.]]<br />
''Bhava puja''(means Psychic worship) is done by ritual called ''Chaitya Vandana''. It includes number of prayers and rituals done in prescribed manner and positions.<ref>{{harvnb|Shah|1998|p=179}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Aarti and Mangal Deevo===<br />
''[[Aarti]]'' and ''Mangal Deevo'' is a lamp ritual waving it in rotational manner in front of icons same as [[Hindu]] traditions. Lamps represent knowledge. It is performed everynight at all [[Jain temple]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Shah|1998|p=181}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other forms===<br />
Many other forms of worships are mainly performed on special occasions.<ref name=nsdg>{{harvnb|Shah|1998|pp=181–185}}</ref><br />
Some forms of worships have close relationship with these five auspicious life events of [[Tirthankara]] called [[Panch Kalyanaka]].<ref name=psjc/><br />
# '''Anjana Shalaka''': It is a ceremony to install new [[Tirthankara]] icon. An [[Acharya#In Jainism|Acharya]] recite ''mantra''s related to [[Panch Kalyanaka]] followed by applying special paste to eyes of [[Tirthankara]] icon. After this an icon becomes object of worship.<br />
# '''[[Panch-kalyanak Pratishtha|Panch Kalyanak Pratishtha Mahotsava]]:''' When a new [[Jain Temple]] is erected, these Five Auspicious Life Events are celebrated known as ''Panch Kalyanak Pratishtha Mahotsava''. After these an icons of [[Tirthankara]] gets a status of real [[Tirthankara]] which can be worshipped by Jains.<ref name=psjc/><br />
# '''Panch Kalyanak Puja''':This ritual solemnizes all five Kalyanaka. It was narrated by Pandit Virvijay.<ref name=psjc/><br />
# '''Snatra Puja''': Snatra Puja is a ritual related to birth of [[Tirthankara]] are bathed symbolising [[Indra#In Buddhism, Jainism, Taoism and Bali|Indra]] doing [[Abhisheka]] on [[Tirthankara]] on [[Mount Meru]] after birth of [[Tirthankara]]. It performed before many other rituals and before starting of new enterprises, birthdays.<ref name=psjc/><br />
<br />
Others are:<ref name=nsdg/><br />
# '''Adhara Abhisheka'''(18 [[Abhisheka]]: It is temple purification ceremony. 18 urns of different pure water, herbs etc. used to clean all icons for purification. It is performed periodically.<br />
[[File:Preparation for Adhara Abhisheka.jpg|thumb|Preparation for Adhara Abhisheka in a [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain Temple]]<br />
# '''Antaraya Karma Puja''': It comprises a series of prayers to remove those [[karmas]] which obstruct the spiritual uplifting power of the soul.<br />
# '''Arihanta Mahapujan''': paying respect to the [[Arihant (Jainism)|arihants]].<br />
# '''Aththai Mahotsava''': It is religious celebration in which various religious activities are performed including some ''pujan''s for eight days.<br />
# '''Shanti Snatra Puja''': It is performed in intention of universal peace. It is related to Tirthankara [[Shantinath]].<br />
# '''[[Siddha-chakra]] Puja''':It is a ritual focused on the [[Siddha-chakra]], a lotus-shaped disc bearing representations of the arhat, the liberated [[soul]], [[religious]] [[teacher]], religious leader and the [[monk]] (the five praiseworthy beings), as well as the four qualities namely perception, knowledge, conduct and [[austerity]] to uplift the [[soul]].<br />
<br />
==Observances==<br />
Both the [[Digambara]] and [[Śvetāmbara]] celebrates eight-day observance (''ashtahnika'') thrice every year.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=85}} It takes place every four months, from the eighth of bright half of the months of Ashadha (June–July), Karttika (October–November), and Phalguna (February–March) through the full moon and is in direct imitation of the eight day celebrations of ''Nandishvara Dvipa'' by the god.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=85-86}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[God in Jainism]]<br />
* [[Kshamavani]]<br />
* [[Jain cosmology]]<br />
* [[History of Jainism]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist|20em}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF2CAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2010 |orig-year=1953 |isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }}<br />
* {{citation|last1=Jain|first1=Champat Rai|author-link=Champat Rai Jain|title=The Jaina Puja|date=1926|publisher=The Vira Office| url=https://archive.org/details/JainPuja|location=[[Bijnor]]}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C |date=1998 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-1578-5 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |volume=1 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=9781898723301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmVzvUzbwegC&pg=PA169 |date=1998 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Ram Bhushan Prasad |title=Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka |url={{Google books|JtWGm4E4qZIC|plainurl=yes}} |year=2008 |orig-year=1975 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-3323-4 |ref={{sfnref|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008}} }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Jainism topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Religious rituals]]<br />
[[Category:Jain practices|Rituals]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand_Public_Service_Commission&diff=506196Jharkhand Public Service Commission2025-11-10T12:55:15Z<p>Shubha: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|State government agency}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = Jharkhand Public Service Commission<br />झारखंड लोक सेवा आयोग<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_a = JPSC<br />
| native_name_r = <br />
| type = [[Constitutional body]]<br />
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| preceding1 = <br />
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| superseding1 = <br />
| superseding2 = <br />
| jurisdiction = [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| headquarters = Circular Rd, Deputy Para, Ahirtoli, [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand<br />
| coordinates = <br />
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The '''Jharkhand Public Service Commission''' ('''JPSC''')<ref name="UPSC 2017">{{cite web | title=State Public Service Commissions | website=UPSC | date=2017-06-29 | url=https://www.upsc.gov.in/external-links/state-public-service-commissions | access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref> is a [[government agency]] of the state of [[Jharkhand]] constituted to recruit candidates for various government jobs under the [[Government of Jharkhand]] through [[competitive examination]]s.<ref name="Ss">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpsc.gov.in/Board.php|title=Board}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History ==<br />
The history of JPSC started with the merging of 18 districts of [[Bihar]] to form Jharkhand state, accompanied by its state commission under Article 315 of the [[Constitution of India]]. It came into existence in 15 November 2000.<ref name="Ss"/><ref name="Jagranjosh.com 2019">{{cite web | title=Power and Functions of Union Public Service Commission | website=Jagranjosh.com | date=2019-03-29 | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/union-public-service-commission-1438322718-1 | access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><ref name="Indian Kanoon">{{cite web | title=Article 315 in The Constitution Of India 1949 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1431095/ | access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
The core purpose of JPSC has been to handle recruitment for government positions within the state. This involves conducting written exams and interviews to select qualified candidates for the government jobs and other positions under the JPSC's jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JPSC Chairman, Amitabh Chaudhary completed the appointment process in a record 251 days. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/as-jpsc-president-amitabh-chaudhary-completed-the-appointment-process-in-a-record-251-days-rgj |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Functions and responsibilities==<br />
The commission is permitted to function in accordance with the constitution of India and [[Union Public Service Commission]] which provides it the state public service commission amendments.<ref name="Indian Kanoon1">{{cite web | title=Article 320(1) in The Constitution Of India 1949 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1168774/ | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><br />
*Making recruitments to state organizations and departmental posts.<ref name="Scroll.in 2019">{{cite web | title=JPSC 2018 Civil Judge Main exam result declared; check at jpsc.gov.in | website=Scroll.in | date=2019-11-22 | url=https://scroll.in/announcements/944535/jpsc-2018-civil-judge-main-exam-result-declared-check-at-jpsc-gov-in | access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><br />
*Conducting competitive examinations in the state.<ref name="pagalguy.com">{{cite web | title=JPSC Assistant Engineer PT Admit Card 2020 Released at jpsc.gov.in, Steps How to Download – PaGaLGuY | website=pagalguy.com | url=https://www.pagalguy.com/articles/jpsc-assistant-engineer-pt-admit-card-2020-released-at-jpsc-gov-in-steps-how-to-download/amp | access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><br />
*Conducting interviews, screening tests, and written test.<br />
*Advising to state government on the suitability of officers for their appointment on promotion.<br />
*Transferring the personnel from one service to another.<br />
*Heading disciplinary cases under its jurisdiction.<ref name="Indian Kanoon2">{{cite web | title=Article 320 in The Constitution Of India 1949 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1723820/ | access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Commission profile==<br />
The Commission is supervised under the state governor and headed by commission's Chairman and members for their specific roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpsc.gov.in/Address.php|title=Administration}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Designation <br />
! Current office holder <br />
|-<br />
| Chairman<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jpsc.gov.in/Address.php|title=JHARKHAND Public Service Commission}}</ref><br />
| L. Khiangte<br />
|-<br />
| Secretary <br />
| Himanshu Mohan <br />
|-<br />
| Deputy Secretary <br />
| Niraj Kumari <br />
|-<br />
| Deputy Secretary <br />
| Manisha Joseph Tigga <br />
|-<br />
| Controller of Examination <br />
| Moinuddin Khan <br />
|-<br />
| Deputy Controller of Examination <br />
| Gyan Prakash Minz <br />
|-<br />
| Member<br />
| Smt. Ajita Bhattacharya <br />
|-<br />
| Member<br />
| Dr. Anima Hansda <br />
|-<br />
| Member<br />
| Dr. Jamal Ahmad <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]<br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Standardized tests in India}}<br />
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}<br />
{{Public Services of India}}<br />
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}<br />
{{Government of India |state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government of Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2000]]<br />
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bankhandhi_Mishra&diff=489617Bankhandhi Mishra2025-10-16T17:16:17Z<p>Shubha: new a details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian journalist (born 1933)}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''Bankhandhi Mishra''' (born 18 October 1933) is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-lanuguage]] journalist, former proprietor-cum editor of ''Dainik Chunauti'', a daily newspaper in Hindi, he published from [[Dhanbad]]. He is an author of many books on the history of [[Dhanbad]] and [[Jharia]]. For example: Baisakhi Nahi Chahiye (1972), ''Ateet Ke Jharokhe Se'' (2023), and Bhartiya Koyla Udyog ke agrani purush ''Ramjash Agarwala'' (2018). He has been awarded in 2021 by Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Research Foundation for his research on [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] with whom he had worked in his young age. He is a resident of [[Jharia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran journalist turns author |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/veteran-journalist-turns-author/cid/1360106 |access-date=17 December 2023 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=3 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bankhandi Mishra: A profile in courage |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820930-bankhandi-mishra-a-profile-in-courage-772203-2013-08-02 |access-date=17 December 2023 |work=India Today |date=2 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=धनबाद के वरिष्ठ पत्रकार बनखंडी मिश्र व डॉ. नीलम होंगे गोवा में सम्मानित Dhanbad News - Dhanbad senior journalists Bankhandi Mishra and Dr Neelam will be honored in Goa |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-dhanbad-senior-journalists-bankhandi-mishra-and-dr-neelam-will-be-honored-in-goa-21251203.html |access-date=17 December 2023 |work=Jagran |date=8 January 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=धनबाद का अनसुना इतिहास बताएगा बनखंडी मिश्र की किताब "अतीत के झरोखे से" : तीसरा संस्करण का किया गया विमोचन |url=https://mirrormedia.co.in/the-third-edition-of-bankhandi-mishras-book-from-the-window-of-the-past-was-released-to-tell-the-unheard-history-of-dhanbad/ |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref> He is founder Secretary Of Law College, Dhanbad and Coalfield College, Jharia. He is also Founder Principal of DAV High School, Patherdih. He served as an officer at The Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) in Dhanbad, which is under Ministry Of Labour, Government Of India. He worked there from 1967-1981. <ref>{{cite news |title=Bankhandi Mishra: A profile in courage |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820930-bankhandi-mishra-a-profile-in-courage-772203-2013-08-02 |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=India Today |date=2 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Bankhandhi}}<br />
[[Category:1933 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian editors]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jharia]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dhanbad]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mayors_of_Salem,_Tamil_Nadu&diff=513075List of mayors of Salem, Tamil Nadu2025-09-30T05:36:46Z<p>Shubha: Starting A Entry!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Political post<br />
| post = Mayor<br />
| body = Salem<br />
| incumbent = [[A. Ramachandran (politician)|A. Ramachandran]]<br />
| appointer = Electorate of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]<br />
| termlength = 5 years<br />
| residence = <br />
| formation = 1996<br />
| website = [http://salemcorporation.gov.in/who_mayor.php Mayor of Salem]<br />
| image =<br />
| imagecaption = <br />
| alt = <br />
| flagcaption = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]<br />
| status = Active<br />
| inaugural = G. Soodamani<br />
| insigniacaption = <br />
| acting = No<br />
| seat = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Brett's road, Salem]]<br />
| incumbentsince = 4 March 2022<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Mayor of Salem''' is the first citizen of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], a metropolitan city in the State of [[Tamil Nadu]], southern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-03-04 |title=Ramachandran takes charge as Salem Mayor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/ramachandran-takes-charge-as-salem-mayor/article65190153.ece |access-date=2022-03-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The mayor is an elected officeholder who, along with 60 councillors of the [[Salem City Municipal Corporation]] is the chief administrator of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=இளங்கோவன்,க .தனசேகரன் |first=நவீன் |title=உள்ளாட்சி ரேஸ்: அனல் பறக்கும் 'எடப்பாடி vs கே.என் நேரு'... சேலம் மாநகராட்சியை கைப்பற்றுமா திமுக?! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/election/salem-corporation-local-body-election-status-updates |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=Vikatan.com |date=17 February 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Mar 5, 2022 |title=ramachandran: Ramachandran Sworn-in As Salem Mayor {{!}} Coimbatore News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/ramachandran-sworn-in-as-salem-mayor/articleshow/90004037.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The mayor is elected directly by the electorate. This was temporarily scrapped in 2006 in favour of an indirect election among the councillors. The process of direct elections was brought back in 2011 on the recommendation of the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name="nextdirect">{{cite news |date=21 July 2011 |title=In next local poll, mayors will be elected directly by people |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Chennai |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/chennai/29799406_1_mayor-election-local-body-direct-elections |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202164702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/chennai/29799406_1_mayor-election-local-body-direct-elections |archive-date=2 February 2014 |accessdate=2014-01-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
The office of Mayor of Salem, like all other mayors in Tamil Nadu, was vacant from 25 October 2016 to 4 March 2022 due to repeated delays in holding civic polls in the State. Following the [[2022 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections|2022 urban polls]], [[A. Ramachandran (politician)|A. Ramachandran]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) was sworn in as the sixth Mayor of Salem on 4 March 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=சேலம் மேயராக ஆ.ராமச்சந்திரன் தேர்வு |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2022/mar/04/local-body-election-salem-mayor-a-ramachandran-3802125.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Dinamani |date=4 March 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
==List of mayors==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |S.{{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|name="no1"|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}<br />
! rowspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" |Name<br />
! rowspan="2" |Elected Ward<br />
! rowspan="2" |Political Party{{efn|name=party|This column only names the mayor's party. The corporation the mayor heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of Office<br />
! rowspan="2" |Corporation Election<br />
|-<br />
!From<br />
!To<br />
!Days in office<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''1'''<br />
|<br />
|G. Soodamani<br />
|<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|25 October 1996{{efn|name="no3"|G. Soodamani was serving as Chairman of Salem Municipality at the time of its upgradation into a Corporation. He automatically became Mayor and was officially elected in the 1996 civic polls.}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nārāyaṇan̲ |first=Ka Ilakkumi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sypuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mayor%22+%22G.+Soodamani%22 |title=Salem City: An Ethnohistory (1792-1992) |date=1999 |publisher=Vysya college |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=குமார் |first=சதீஷ் |date=2022-02-16 |title=Salem corporation election 2022 {{!}} சேலம் மேயருக்கு ஸ்கெட்ச் போடும் திமுக, அதிமுக நிர்வாகிகள்...! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/elections/salem-municipality-election-2022-who-knows-the-fifth-mayor-of-salem-corporation-40272 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta}}</ref><br />
|2001<br />
|1st<br />
<br />
({{Age in years and days|25 October 1996|24 October 2001}})<br />
|1st<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''2'''<br />
|<br />
|R. Suresh Kumar<br />
|Directly elected<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|2001<br />
|2006<br />
|1st<br />
<br />
(5 years)<br />
| rowspan="2" |2nd<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''3'''<br />
|<br />
|[[S. Soundappan]]<br />
|<br />
|2006<br />
|27 October<br />
2006<br />
|1st<br />
<br />
(210 days)<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''4'''<br />
|<br />
|J. Rekha Priyadharshini<br />
| rowspan="2" |Directly elected<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|28 October <br />
2006<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goutham |first=P |date=28 October 2006 |title=J. Rekha Priyadarshini TAKING the OATH of office for assuming office as Salem Mayor on October 28, 2006 |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=10059284&highlights=TAKING%20OATH |website=The Hindu Images}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandrajit Mitra |date=2020-12-27 |title=Before Kerala, TN had the record for the youngest mayor in the country |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/14-years-ago-tamil-nadu-had-appointed-its-youngest-woman-mayor/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|24 October 2011<br />
|1st<br />
<br />
({{Age in years and days|28 October 2006|27 October 2011}})<br />
|3rd<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''5'''<br />
|<br />
|[[S. Soundappan]]<br />
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|25 October<br />
2011<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siva |date=2011-10-25 |title=10 புதிய மேயர்கள் பதவியேற்றனர்: சைதை துரைசாமி பதவியேற்பை நேரில் வந்து வாழ்த்தினார் ஜெ. |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2011/10/25/10-mayors-take-oath-today-assembly-aid0128.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=tamil.oneindia.com |language=ta}}</ref><br />
|24 October 2016<br />
|2nd<br />
({{Age in years and days|25 October 2011|24 October 2016}})<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu local body elections, 2011|4th]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |Corporation / Mayoralty suspended (25 October 2016 - 2 March 2022)<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''6'''<br />
| <br />
|[[A. Ramachandran (politician)|A. Ramachandran]] <br />
|6<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|4 March 2022<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|1st<br />
<br />
({{Age in years and days|2022|03|04}})<br />
|[[2022 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections|5th]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links==<br />
* [http://salemcorporation.gov.in/who_mayor.php Mayor of Salem]<br />
<br />
{{Salem district}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayors of Salem, Tamil Nadu}}<br />
[[Category:People from Salem, Tamil Nadu|*Mayor]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of mayors of places in Tamil Nadu|Salem, Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Salem| ]]<br />
[[Category:Government of Salem, Tamil Nadu|Mayor]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of people from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Salem, Tamil Nadu-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politics-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:Salem City Municipal Corporation]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watlab&diff=545589Watlab2025-09-09T09:04:37Z<p>Shubha: stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Kashmir, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Watlab<br />
| official_name = <br />
| other_name = Genuine Kashmir<br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| nickname = Apple Village<br />
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|34.30|N|74.47|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sopore]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --> Founded<br />
| established_date = 880CE<br />
| established_title1 = Incorporated as Town<br />
| established_date1 = 1883<br />
| founder = [[Utpala dynasty]]<br />
| named_for = Suyya (Sun)<br />
| government_type = Democratic (Sarpanch)<br />
| governing_body = The Sopore Municipal Council<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox}}<br />
<br />
'''Watlab''' is a village located in the Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Situated in the Kashmir Valley. Watlab is situated on the Sopore-Bandipore road, about 56&nbsp;km from Srinagar and 8&nbsp;km from Sopore in Jammu and Kashmir .<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
'''Ancient and Medieval Periods''':<br />
<br />
The Kashmir Valley, including the region around Watlab, has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. The valley was a part of the great Mauryan Empire.,<ref>{{Citation |last=Ray |first=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Mauryan Empire |date=2021-03-03 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0007 |work=The Oxford World History of Empire |pages=198–217 |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0007 |isbn=978-0-19-753276-8 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ruled by Emperor Ashoka <ref>{{Citation |title=Appendix: The Inscriptions of Ashoka |date=2015-12-31 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/9780674915237-018 |work=Ashoka in Ancient India |pages=308–317 |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=Harvard University Press|doi=10.4159/9780674915237-018 |isbn=9780674915237 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> in the 3rd century BCE. It subsequently came under the control of various dynasties, including the Kushans,<ref>{{Citation |last=Kuwayama |first=Shoshin |title=The Kushans, viz. the Dà Yuèzhī |date=2022-08-24 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429244582-13 |work=The World of the Ancient Silk Road |pages=190–202 |access-date=2023-06-12 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780429244582-13 |isbn=978-0-429-24458-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Guptas, and the early medieval period saw the advent of Islamic rule with the arrival of Muslim rulers from Central Asia.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jeyaraj |first=Daniel |chapter=Christianity in South and Central Asia |date=2019-07-01 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0002 |pages=15–40 |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0002 |isbn=9781474439824 }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Mughal Era'''<br />
<br />
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Mughal Empire,<ref>{{Citation |title=Emperor Akbar Makes Himself The Center of the Mughal Empire |date=2016 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755604913.ch-004 |work=A Short History of the Mughal Empire |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=I.B.Tauris|doi=10.5040/9780755604913.ch-004 |isbn=978-1-84885-872-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> under Emperor Akbar and his successors, extended its control over the Kashmir region. The Mughals had a significant impact on the art, architecture, and culture of the region. It is likely that Watlab and its surrounding areas were part of the Mughal administration during this time.<br />
<br />
'''Sikh and Dogra Rule'''<br />
<br />
In the early 19th century, the [[Sikh Empire]], under Maharaja Ranjit Singh,<ref>{{Citation |title=Postscript: Maharaja Duleep Singh |date=2017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350986220.0008 |work=Emperor of the Five Rivers |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=I.B.Tauris|doi=10.5040/9781350986220.0008 |isbn=978-1-78673-095-4 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> annexed Kashmir and brought the region under Sikh rule. However, the Sikhs lost control of Kashmir in 1846 after the signing of the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Furneaux |first=Rupert |title=Flare up in Amritsar |date=2022-07-11 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003319665-4 |work=Massacre at Amritsar |pages=48–68 |access-date=2023-06-12 |place=London |publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781003319665-4 |isbn=9781003319665 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> which transferred the region to the [[Dogra dynasty]]. The Dogra rulers, who were Hindu, continued to govern Kashmir until the partition of India in 1947.<ref>{{Citation |title=Partition and migration: refugees in West Bengal, 1947–1967 |date=2007-11-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511497384.008 |work=The Spoils of Partition |pages=105–158 |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511497384.008 |isbn=9780521875363 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Post-Independence and Conflict'''<br />
<br />
Following India's independence from British colonial rule in 1947, the princely states were given the option to join either India or Pakistan. The then ruler of Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, initially chose to remain independent. However, due to a series of events, including an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen, the ruler acceded to India, leading to the Indo-Pakistani conflict over Kashmir.<br />
<br />
The region of Watlab, like many other parts of Kashmir, has been affected by the ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan over the territorial dispute. The area has witnessed occasional unrest and has been subject to security concerns.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Watlab is on the [[Jhelum River]], at its highest point. Watlab town is stretched from Kehnoosa Village in North and Hardusho village in South .There are few Bridges on Jhelum in Watlab and good connectivity roads.Watlab is located at 34.40° N 74.41° E . It has an average elevation of 1,600 meters (5,250 feet) above sea level.<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
Watlab has a humid subtropical climate, with cold, snowy winters and hot summers.{{Weather box<br />
| width = auto<br />
| location = Watlab (1971–1986)<br />
| metric first = Y<br />
| single line = Y<br />
| Jan high C = 7.0<br />
| Feb high C = 8.2<br />
| Mar high C = 14.1<br />
| Apr high C = 20.5<br />
| May high C = 24.5<br />
| Jun high C = 29.6<br />
| Jul high C = 30.1<br />
| Aug high C = 29.6<br />
| Sep high C = 27.4<br />
| Oct high C = 22.4<br />
| Nov high C = 15.1<br />
| Dec high C = 8.2<br />
| year high C = 19.7<br />
| Jan low C = −2.0<br />
| Feb low C = −0.7<br />
| Mar low C = 3.4<br />
| Apr low C = 7.9<br />
| May low C = 10.8<br />
| Jun low C = 14.9<br />
| Jul low C = 18.1<br />
| Aug low C = 17.5<br />
| Sep low C = 12.1<br />
| Oct low C = 5.8<br />
| Nov low C = 0.9<br />
| Dec low C = −1.5<br />
| year low C = 7.3<br />
| precipitation colour = green<br />
| Jan precipitation mm = 48<br />
| Feb precipitation mm = 68<br />
| Mar precipitation mm = 121<br />
| Apr precipitation mm = 85<br />
| May precipitation mm = 68<br />
| Jun precipitation mm = 39<br />
| Jul precipitation mm = 62<br />
| Aug precipitation mm = 76<br />
| Sep precipitation mm = 28<br />
| Oct precipitation mm = 33<br />
| Nov precipitation mm = 28<br />
| Dec precipitation mm = 54<br />
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm<br />
| Jan precipitation days = 6.6<br />
| Feb precipitation days = 7.3<br />
| Mar precipitation days = 10.2<br />
| Apr precipitation days = 8.8<br />
| May precipitation days = 8.1<br />
| Jun precipitation days = 5.7<br />
| Jul precipitation days = 7.9<br />
| Aug precipitation days = 6.8<br />
| Sep precipitation days = 3.5<br />
| Oct precipitation days = 2.8<br />
| Nov precipitation days = 2.8<br />
| Dec precipitation days = 5.1<br />
| source = HKO<ref name = HKO>{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/srinagar_e.htm<br />
| title = Climatological Information for Srinigar, India<br />
| publisher = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<br />
| access-date = 2 May 2011}}</ref><br />
| date = November 2010<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Baramulla district]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papnash_Shiva_Temple&diff=524305Papnash Shiva Temple2025-08-31T08:47:33Z<p>Shubha: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|12th-century temple in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Papnash Shiva Temple<br />
| native_name = ಪಾಪನಾಶ ಶಿವ ದೇವಾಲಯ<br />
| image = File:Papnash temple , bidar.jpg<br />
| caption = Papnash Shiva Temple<br />
| map_type = India Karnataka<br />
| map_caption = Location in Bidar district<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.9286|N|77.4918|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Bidar district|Bidar]]<br />
| deity = [[Shiva]]<br />
| architecture = Chalukyan with later Bahmani influences<br />
| year_completed = 12th century<br />
| website = [https://bidar.nic.in/tourist-place/papnash-shiva-temple/ District Tourism Listing]<br />
| festivals = [[Maha Shivratri]]<br />
| governing_body =[[Government of Karnataka]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Papnash Shiva Temple''' (also transliterated as '''Papnash'''; {{lang|kn|ಪಾಪನಾಶ ಶಿವ ದೇವಾಲಯ}}) is a 12th-century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in [[Bidar]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The temple is recognized for its historical significance and blend of architectural styles.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The temple's origins date to the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Kalyana Chalukya period]] (12th century), as documented in the ''Karnataka District Gazetteer: Bidar''.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |title=Karnataka District Gazetteer: Bidar |chapter=Chapter 17: Temples and Monuments |publisher=Government of Karnataka |year=1980 |page=24 |url=https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Bidar%20DG%20Chapter-17.pdf |access-date=2024-06-20 |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530185455/https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Bidar%20DG%20Chapter-17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It underwent modifications during the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] era, evident in its blended architectural features.<ref>{{cite book |last=Michell |first=George |title=Temples of Karnataka |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |page=112<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Architecture ==<br />
The temple complex features:<br />
* A ''trikuta'' (three-shrine) layout characteristic of Chalukyan design<ref name="Gazetteer"/><br />
* Later additions including local/regional-style arches and motifs<ref>{{cite news |title=The forgotten history of Paapnaash Temple |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2016-03-12 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/the-forgotten-history-of-paapnaash-temple/article8325695.ece |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref><br />
* An ancient stepped tank (''kalyani'') still in ritual use<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bidarcity.mrc.gov.in/en/city-tour |title=Bidar City Tour |publisher=Bidar Municipal Corporation |access-date=2024-06-20 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Festivals ==<br />
The temple is renowned for its [[Maha Shivaratri]] celebrations:<br />
* Over 25,000 devotees attended in 2023, performing synchronized prayers called the "Papnash Pose"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/bidar/devotees-offers-prayers-at-papanasha-temple-on-the-occassion-of-maha-shivaratri/videoshow/89928197.cms |title=ಮಹಾಶಿವರಾತ್ರಿಂದ್ರೆಂದು ಪಾಪನಾಶ ದೇವಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಭಕ್ತರ ಆರಾಧನೆ |trans-title=Devotees Offer Prayers at Papnash Temple on Maha Shivaratri |language=kn |newspaper=Vijay Karnataka |date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref><br />
* Unique rituals were documented by ETV Bharat in 2020<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kannada/karnataka/state/bidar/shivaratri-special-pose-made-in-papanasha-temple-in-bidar/ka20200221231837199 |title=ಶಿವರಾತ್ರಿ ಸ್ಪೆಷಲ್: ಬೀದರ ಪಾಪನಾಶ ದೇವಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ಪೂಜೆ |trans-title=Shivaratri Special: Unique Ritual at Bidar's Papnash Temple |language=kn |newspaper=ETV Bharat |date=2020-02-21 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Conservation ==<br />
Recent initiatives include:<br />
* A 2022 cleanliness drive by district administration<ref>{{cite news |title=Cleaning drive at Basavakalyan fort, Paapnaash Temple |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2022-05-15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cleaning-drive-at-basavakalyan-fort-paapnaash-temple/article65654606.ece |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref><br />
* ₹12.42 crore funding under the [[PRASHAD scheme]] in 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2076959 |title=Development of Pilgrimage Destinations under PRASHAD Scheme |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=2023-02-20 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref><br />
* Additional ₹5 crore announced in 2024 for water facilities<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/karnataka-districts/5-crore-for-the-development-of-papanasha-temple-says-union-minister-bhagwanth-khuba-grg-rngafp |title=5 ಕೋಟಿ ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳಿಂದ ಪಾಪನಾಶ ದೇವಾಲಯದ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ |trans-title=₹5 Crore for Papanasha Temple Development |language=kn |newspaper=Asianet News Kannada |date=2024-02-15 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Environmental concerns ==<br />
In 2023, reports emerged about pollution in the temple lake:<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tv9kannada.com/karnataka/bidar/karnataka-news-in-kannadathe-lake-of-the-historical-sin-temple-is-getting-polluted-fish-and-birds-die-after-drinking-poisonous-water-krn-824732.html |title=ಪಾಪನಾಶ ದೇವಾಲಯದ ಸರೋವರ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ |trans-title=Pollution at Papnash Temple Lake |language=kn |newspaper=TV9 Kannada |date=2023-08-14 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref><br />
* Local residents reported wildlife deaths<br />
* Karnataka Pollution Control Board initiated water testing<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bidar district]]<br />
[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bidar district]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvasagam&diff=541011Thiruvasagam2025-08-22T11:07:29Z<p>Shubha: stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Volume of Tamil hymns}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Saivism}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
'''''Thiruvasagam''''' ({{langx|ta|திருவாசகம்|tiruvācakam|translit-std=IAST|lit=sacred sayings}}) is a volume of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] hymns composed by the 3rd century [[Shaivite]] ''[[bhakti]]'' poet [[Manikkavasagar]]. It contains 51 compositions and constitutes the eighth volume of the [[Tirumurai]], the sacred anthology of the Tamil [[Shaiva Siddhanta]].<br />
<br />
Legend has it that Manikkavasakar was appointed as minister by king Arimarttanar and sent to purchase 10,000 horses from [[horse]] traders<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11FYACaVySoC&q=book%20kader%20mohideen&pg=RA1-PA289|title=Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu|first=J. B. Prashant|last=More|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|via=Google Books|isbn=9788125026327}}</ref> but spent the money building a temple in [[Tirupperunturai]].<br />
<br />
As the legend goes, ''Thiruvasagam'' is the only work which is signed as well as written by Shiva in guise of a Tamil man when narrated by Manikkavasagar. The poet chased the writer but without success but the palm leaf manuscript had been seen inside the locked sanctum sanctorum of Thillai Nataraja with the Lord's signature.<br />
<br />
==Poet==<br />
[[Manikkavasagar]]'s ''Thiruvasagam'' and ''Thirukovayar'' are compiled as the eighth ''Thirumurai'' and is full of visionary experience, divine love and urgent striving for truth.<ref name="swami494">Subramaniyaswami 2003, p. 494</ref> Though he is not counted as one of the 63 Shaiva ''[[nayanars]]'', he is counted as one of the ''Nalvars'' ("The Four") consisting of himself and the first three ''nayanars'' namely [[Appar]], [[Sambandar]] and [[Sundarar]].<ref name="Jones"/> He was born in a Pandithar saivite temple priest guild in Tiruvatavur near Madurai. His father was an advisor to the Pandya king and he followed his father's footsteps in becoming the king's minister.<ref name="Jones">Jones 2007, p. 276</ref> His period is 3rd century CE. Manikkavasagar was the king's prime minister and renounced his post in search of divinity.<ref name="swami494"/> The king bestowed his minister to buy horses, but he was taken to divinity by the vision of Siva with his saints.<ref name="Macnicol171"/> The minister spent his entire sum of money in building the temple at ''Thiruperunturai'', considered an architectural marvel among Hindu temples. From the time, the saint poet wandered to various temples and devoted hymns on Siva. His conversion is attributed to ''Sivagnana bodham'', a saivite work by Meykandar.<ref name="Macnicol171">Macnicol 1915, pp. 171-172</ref> He was an orthodox saivite and represents ''bhakti'' at its highest form in his age.<ref name="Macnicol176">Macnicol 1915, p. 176</ref><br />
<br />
[[Tirupperunturai]] ({{langx|ta|திருபெருந்துறை}}), also known as ''[[Avudaiyarkoil|Avudayar Koil]]'', is a Shiva temple where Thiruvasagam is believed to have been originated. Manikkavasagar is said to have converted the king to [[Shaivism]] and built the temple with money that had been intended for war-horses.<ref>Das 1991, p. 574</ref><br />
<br />
==Work==<br />
[[File:Gopuram of Avudayar Koil.jpg|200px|Avudayar Koil temple|thumb|left]]<br />
{{Thirumurai}}<br />
Most of the portions in ''Thiruvasagam'' is first sung in [[Thillai Nataraja Temple]] at [[Chidambaram]].<ref name="Jones"/> It is considered one of the profound works of [[Tamil literature]] and it discusses every phase of spiritual path from doubt and anguish to perfect understanding in [[Shiva]], from earthly experience to teacher-disciple relationship and ultimately freedom from rebirth.<ref name="swami840">Subramuniyaswami 2003, p. 840</ref> There are 658 poems in the work and along with 400 poems in ''Tirukovayar'' by the same author make it the 8th volume of ''Tirumarai'' - the 12 volume Shaiva canon.<ref name="swami840"/> The author finds both theistic and pantheistic ideas corresponding to medieval India, but identifies God with the universe. Manickavasagar often finds himself unworthy of Shiva being his saviour. "கடையவனேனைக் கருணையினால் கலந்து, ஆண்டுகொண்ட விடையவனே ". It is said that this made Shiva feel sorry for Vasagar and bless him.<ref name="Macdonell219"/> As a devotional literature, it finds alternatives between joy and sorrow.<ref name="KR"/><br />
<br />
===Tiruvempavai===<br />
{{Main|Tiruvempavai}}<br />
{{See also|Triyampawai ceremony}}<br />
"Tiruvempavai" - the early morning wake up songs sung for Shiva on Tamil month Margali are part of Tiruvasakam. Tiruvempavai songs were composed in [[Annamalaiyar Temple]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saivism.net/prayers/thiruvempai.asp|title=Thiruvempavai, A Penance Observed By Unmarried Girls|first=P. R.|last=Ramachander}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Thailand, an annual [[Giant Swing]] ceremony known as ''Triyampavai-Tripavai'' was held in major cities until 1935, when it was abolished for safety reasons.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. E. Manickavasagom Pillai |title=Dravidian Influence in Thai Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soFCAAAAYAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Tamil University |page=69 }}</ref> The name of the ceremony was derived from the names of ''Tiruvempavai'' and ''[[Thiruppavai|Tiruppavai]]'' (a Vaishnavite hymn by [[Andal]]). It is known that ''Tiruvempavai'' verses — ''poet pratu sivalai'' ("opening the portals of Shiva's home") — were recited at this ceremony, as well as the [[Coronation of the Thai monarch|coronation ceremony]] of the [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thai king]].<ref name="Upendra_1986">{{cite book |author=Upendra Thakur |title=Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m42TldA_OvAC&pg=PA27 |year=1986 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-207-9 |pages=27–28 }}</ref> According to T.P. Meenakshisundaram, the name of the festival indicates that Thiruppavai might have been recited as well.<ref>{{cite book |title=Consider Our Vow: Translation of Tiruppāvai and Tiruvempāvai Into English |author=Norman Cutler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fMOAAAAMAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Muttu Patippakam |page=13 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Compilation==<br />
[[Raja Raja Chola I]] (985-1013 CE) embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of ''Tevaram'' in his court.<ref name="Culter 50">Culter 1987, p. 50</ref> He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a priest in a temple.<ref name="Cort178">Cort 1998, p. 178</ref> It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]].<ref name="Culter 50"/><ref name="Cort178"/> The ''brahmanas'' ([[Dikshitars]]) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram.<ref name="Culter 50"/><ref name="Vasu">Vasudevan 2003, pp. 109-110</ref> Rajaraja thus became known as ''Tirumurai Kanda Cholan'' meaning one who saved the ''Tirumurai''.<ref name="Vasu"/> Thus far Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple.<ref name="Vasu"/> Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets [[Sambandar]], [[Appar]] and [[Sundarar]] as the first seven books, [[Manickavasagar]]'s ''[[Tirukovayar Thiruvasagam]]'' as the 8th book, the 28 hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book, the ''[[Tirumandiram]]'' of [[Tirumular]] as the 10th book, 40 hymns by 12 other poets as the 10th book, ''Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi'' - the sacred ''anthathi'' of the labours of the 63 nayanar saints and added his own hymns as the 11th book.<ref name="Zvelebil91">Zvelebil 1974, p. 191</ref> The first seven books were later called as ''Tevaram'', and the whole Shaiva canon, to which was added, as the 12th book, [[Sekkizhar]]'s ''Periya Puranam'' (1135 CE) is wholly known as ''Tirumurai'', the holy book.<br />
<br />
==Grammar ==<br />
Thiruvasagam songs are a collection of dynamic grammar ([[:ta:யாப்பிலக்கணம்|யாப்பு]]). The following யாப்பு are used in 51 pathigams.<br />
<br />
'''வெண்பா'''<br />
<br />
* கலிவெண்பா<br />
* நேரிசை வெண்பா<br />
<br />
'''ஆசிரியப்பா'''<br />
<br />
* நிலைமண்டில ஆசிரியப்பா<br />
* இணைக்குறள் ஆசிரியப்பா<br />
<br />
'''கலிப்பா'''<br />
<br />
* கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா<br />
* தரவு கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா<br />
* நாலடித் தரவு கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா<br />
* ஆறடித்தரவுக் கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா<br />
<br />
'''விருத்தம்'''<br />
<br />
* கலிவிருத்தம்<br />
* ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்<br />
* அறுசீர் ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்<br />
* எழுசீர் ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்<br />
* அறுசீர்க் கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்<br />
* எழுசீர்க் கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்<br />
* எண்சீர் கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்<br />
* பன்னிரு சீர்க்கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்<br />
<br />
'''மற்றவை'''<br />
<br />
* கலித்தாழிசை<br />
* கட்டளைக் கலித்துறை<br />
* கலவைப் பாட்டு<br />
<br />
==Translation works on ''Thiruvasagam''==<br />
[[File:The Hindu Saint Manikkavacakar LACMA AC1997.16.1 (1 of 12).jpg|thumb|Manikkavacakar, Author of Thiruvasagam]]<br />
There is a famous saying {{cquote|" திருவாசகத்துக்கு உருகார் ஒரு வாசகத்திற்கும் உருகார்"}} <br />
translating to "One who is not melted by ''Thiruvasagam'' cannot be melted by any ''vasagam (saying)''".<ref name="Macdonell219">Macdonell 1994, p. 219</ref> [[George Uglow Pope]], an Anglican Christian missionary, was born on 24 April 1820 on [[Prince Edward Island]] in [[Canada]]. He became interested in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and learned the language during a six-month ship voyage to India. His ''magnum opus'', an English translation of ''Thiruvasagam'', appeared in 1900. Pope found a close affinity to the utterances of sincere devotion in such verses as 'Longing for devotion alone', 'Without thy presence I pine', 'Deadness of soul', 'God all in all', 'I am thine, save me', 'His love demands my all'.<ref name="Macnicol173">Macnicol 1915, pp. 173</ref> He also compared Manickavasgar to the likes of [[St. Paul]] and [[St. Francis of Assisi]].<ref name="Macdonell219"/><br />
<br />
===G.U.Pope Translation===<br />
G.U.Pope translated Thiruvasagam. <br />
<poem><br />
Victory to the foot of the King, who soothed my soul's unrest and made me His !<br />
Victory to the jewelled foot of Pinnagan, who severs continuity of birth !<br />
Victory to the flower-foot of Him Who is far from those without !<br />
Victory to the anklets of the King, rejoicing 'mid those that fold adoring hands !<br />
Victory to the anklets of the glorious One, who uplifts those that bow the head ! (10)<br />
</poem><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0094.html|title=tiruvasagam - English translation of Rev.G.U. Pope -part I|first=K.|last=Kalyanasundaram}}</ref><br />
<br />
And in places G.U.Pope mentions the difficulty about translating these Tamil poems to the proper meaning in English.He states,<br />
"Lines 66-95 are well nigh untranslateable, for they contain a subtle and intricate allegory, by means of which the grace of the manifested Shivan, who is praised under the title of the 'Cloud' is set forth. The idea is that the Infinite sea of rapturous supreme felicity is Civan, but - as the Cloud in the monsoon season sucks up water from the sea, and rises in black masses that cover the sky, while all the phenomena of the wonderful outburst of the beneficient, but also fearful, monsoon are exhibited - so does the Supreme manifest Himself as the Guru, the Object of Love, and Give of grace to His worshippers..."<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
==Other works==<br />
In 1921, an English translation of the hymns by [[Sambandhar]], [[Tirunavukkarasar|Apparswami]], [[Sundarar|Sundaramurthi]] was done by Francis Kingsbury and GE Phillips, both of [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] (Edited by [[Fred Goodwill]]) and published in a book as '''Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints''', by the Oxford University Press.<ref name=Saivite>{{cite book|last1=Kingsbury|first1=F|title=Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints (1921)|date=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=132|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/guruguha/MusicResearchLibrary/Books-English/BkE-KingsburyF&PhillipsGE-Hymns-of-Tamil-Saivite-Saints-1921-0103.pdf|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Noted Tamil film music composer [[Ilayaraja]] had composed [[Thiruvasagam in Symphony]] from the verses of Manikkavasagar's Thiruvasakam as a tribute to the saint and the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] itself. All songs are orchestral renditions of the verses of Thiruvasagam.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}<br />
<br />
==In culture==<br />
[[Ramalinga Swamigal]] (1823-1874 CE) is believed to have taken inspiration from ''Thiruvasagam'' for his devotional work.<ref name="KR">K.R. 2003, pp. 261-262</ref><br />
<br />
Portions of Thiruvasagam are also read out by the Chief Brahmin Priest of Thailand during the coronation ceremony of a new [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thai King]]. The ancestors of the [[Brahmin]]s of the Thai Royal Household are thought to have emigrated from [[Rameswaram]] to [[Thailand]] centuries back.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Where-Thai-brahms-chant-Tamil-hymns/articleshow/55314354.cms|title=Where Thai-brahms chant Tamil hymns|date=8 November 2016|first=Neeraja|last=Ramesh|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
==List of temple revered in Thiruvasagam==<br />
{| class=wikitable sortable<br />
|- style=background:#FFC569<br />
! scope=col | S.No.<br />
! scope=col | '''Name of the temple'''<br />
! scope=col | '''Location'''<br />
! scope=col class=unsortable | '''Photo'''<br />
! scope=col | '''Presiding deity'''<br />
! scope=col | '''Notes/Beliefs'''<br />
|- align =center<br />
|- style=background:#ffe;<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
| [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]]<br />
| [[Chidambaram]], [[Cuddalore district]]<br>[[Tamil Nadu]]<br>{{coord|11|23|58|N|79|41|36|E|}} <br />
|[[File:Temple Tangore 1.jpg|130px|center]]<br />
| Sivakami and Natajar<br />
|Thillai Nataraja temple dedicated to [[Nataraja]] – [[Shiva]] as the lord of dance. The temple is considered the centre of [[Shaivism]]. Chidambaram, the name of the city and the temple literally means "atmosphere of wisdom" or "clothed in thought", the temple architecture symbolizes the connection between the arts and spirituality, creative activity and the divine.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Donald Frederick Lach|author2=Edwin J. Van Kley|title=South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPiumz4vx0C |year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46754-2|pages=1002–1003}}</ref> The temple wall carvings display all the 108 karanas from the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' by Bharata Muni, and these postures form a foundation of [[Bharatanatyam]], a classical Indian dance.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p107">{{cite book|author1= Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA107|year= 2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|page=107}}</ref> The temple is one of the five elemental lingas in the [[Shaivism]] pilgrimage tradition, and considered the subtlest of all Shiva temples (''[[Kovil]]'') in Hinduism.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p147">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=147}}</ref> It is also a site for performance arts, including the annual Natyanjali dance festival on [[Maha Shivaratri]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Tracy Pintchman|title=Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lOc8ZoLV0wC&pg=PA194 |year=2007|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803934-1|pages=194–195}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| [[Sattainathar Temple, Sirkazhi]]<br />
| [[Sirkazhi]], [[Nagapattinam district]]<br>[[Tamil Nadu]]<br>{{coord|11|14|16.96|N|79|44|21.45|E|}} <br />
|[[File:Sattainathar temple (20).jpg|130px|center]]<br />
| Periyanayagi and Sattainathar<br />
|The temple has three levels with Bhramapureeswarar shrine in the lower level, Periyanakar with Periyanayaki on a ''Thoni'' in the second level and Sattainathar/Vatukanathar in the third level. Three different forms of Shiva are worshipped here, the Shivalingam (Bhrammapureeswarar), a colossal image of Uma Maheswarar (Toniappar) at the medium level, and [[Bhairava]]r (Sattanathar) at the upper level. The temple is associated with the legend of child [[Sambandar]] who is believed to have been fed by [[Parvathi|Parvati]] on the banks of the temple tank. The child later went on to compose ''[[Tevaram]]'', a Shaiva canonic literature on Shiva and became one of the most revered Shaiva poets in South India.<ref name=date>{{cite web|url=http://tamilartsacademy.com/articles/article08.xml|title=A New Pandya Record and the Dates of Nayanmars and Alvars|publisher=Tamil Arts Academy|author=R. Nagasamy|access-date=2007-07-09}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| [[Annamalaiyar Temple]]<br />
| [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tiruvannamalai district]]<br>[[Tamil Nadu]]<br>{{coord|12|13|54.76|N|79|03|59.83|E|}} <br />
|[[File:Thiruvannamalai temple.jpg|130px|center]]<br />
| Unnamalaiyamman and Annamalaiyar<br />
|It is significant to the Hindu sect of [[Saivism|Shaivism]] as one of the temples associated with the five elements, the ''[[Pancha Bhoota Stalam|Pancha Bhoota Stala]]s'', and specifically the element of fire, or [[Agni]]. Shiva is worshiped as Arunachalesvara or Annamalaiyar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'', with his idol referred to as ''Agni lingam''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Unnamalai Amman.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Singh|page=418 |first1=Sarina |first2=Lindsay |last2=Brown |first3=Mark |last3=Elliott |first4=Paul |last4=Harding |first5=Abigail |last5=Hole |first6=Patrick |last6=Horton |title=Lonely Planet India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC&q=tiruvannamalai&pg=PA418 |year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Australia |isbn=978-1-74179-151-8}}</ref> The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Shaiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. The 3rd century CE, ''Shaiva'' saint poet [[Manikkavasagar]] composed the ''Tiruvempaavai'' here.<ref>{{Citation |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |title=Tamil literature, Volume 2, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=tiruvempavai&pg=PA105 |year=1975 |publisher=E.J. Brill, Leiden |location=Netherlands |isbn=90-04-04190-7|page=105}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| [[Vedagiriswarar temple]]<br />
| [[Thirukalukundram]], [[Chengalpattu district]]<br>[[Tamil Nadu]]<br>{{coord|12|36|35.77|N|80|03|32.94|E}} <br />
|[[File:Tirukalukundram4.jpg|130px|center]]<br />
| Thirupurasundari and Vedagiriswarar<br />
|The word Thirukazhukundram comes from the Tamil words Thiru (Respectful), Kazhugu (Vulture/Eagle), Kundram (mount). It was known as "Thirukazhugukundram" in ancient times, which over time became Thirukazhukundram. The town is also known as Pakshi Theertham (Bird's Holy Lake) because of a pair of birds -Most likely [[Egyptian vulture]]s- that are believed to have visited the site for centuries. These birds are traditionally fed by the temple priests and arrive before noon to feed on offerings made from rice, wheat, [[ghee]] and sugar.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Neelakantan, KK |year=1977| title= The sacred birds of Thirukkalukundram|journal= [[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]| volume=17| issue=4| page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= The Neophron Vultures of Thirukkalukundram|author=Siromoney, Gift|year=1977|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]|volume=17|issue=6|pages=1–4|url=https://archive.org/stream/IndologicalEssays2/IndologySiromoney1#page/n107/mode/1up/}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur]]<br />
| [[Thiruvarur]], [[Thiruvarur district]]<br>[[Tamil Nadu]]<br>{{coord|10|46|33.99|N|79|37|58.80|E|}} <br />
|[[File:Thyagarajar temple, Tiruvarur (1).jpg|130px|center]]<br />
| Kamalambal and Thygarajar<br />
|The main idol of worship is Tyagarajar, depicted as a ''[[Somaskanda]]'' form. The temple complex covers 30 acres, and is one of the largest in India. It houses nine gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The temple has the largest chariot in Asia and the annual Chariot festival is celebrated during the month of April. The temple has nine [[gopuram]]s, 80 [[vimana]]s, twelve temple walls, 13 halls, fifteen large temple water bodies, three gardens, and three large precincts.<ref name=Giri>{{cite book|title=108 Thennaga Shivasthalangal|language=ta|publisher=Giri Trading Agency Private Limited|isbn=978-81-7950-707-0|last=R.|first=Ponnammal|pages=40–51}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| [[Uthirakosamangai|Mangalanathaswamy temple]]<br />
| [[Uthirakosamangai]], [[Ramanathapuram district]]<br>[[Tamil Nadu]]<br>{{coord|09|18|57.14|N|78|44|15.04|E|}} <br />
|[[File:Uthirakosamangai entrance vihmana.JPG|130px|center]]<br />
| Mangalambigai and Mangaleswarar<br />
|[[Manickavasagar]], the 9th century Tamil saivite saint poet has revered Mangalanathar and the temple in his verses in ''Thiruvasakam'', compiled as the ''Eighth Tirumurai''. [[Arunagirinathar]], a 15th-century Tamil poet has composed Tamil hymns glorifying [[Murugan]] in the temple. There is a {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall ancient ''maragatha'' [[Nataraja]] idol carved out of [[emerald]] inside the temple.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/03/stories/2007010310060300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112833/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/03/stories/2007010310060300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-24|date=2007-01-03|access-date=2013-03-31|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Devotees throng temple at Uthirakosamangai }}</ref> A hall of Saharasralingam has thousand lingams enshrined in it. At the entrance of the main precinct, the temple features exquisite stone carvings of [[Yali (Hindu mythology)|Yali]] (mythological dragon), depicted with a rolling stone ball inside its mouth.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| [[Tirupperunturai]]<br />
| [[Avudaiyarkoil]], [[Pudukkottai district]]<br>[[Tamil Nadu]]<br>{{coord|10|04|33.26|N|79|02|35.17|E|}} <br />
|[[File:Aavidiyar Kovil..JPG|130px|center]]<br />
| Athmanadaswamy temple<br />
|One of the sacred books of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Saiva Siddhanta|Shaiva Siddhanta]], [[Manikkavasagar]]'s [[Tiruvacakam]], originated from this shrine. Manikkavasagar is said to have converted the king to the religion of [[Shiva]] and built the temple with money that had been intended for war-horses.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Indian Literature |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |author2=Akademi, Sahitya |year=1991 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-7201-006-0 |pages=574 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&q=Tirupperunturai&pg=PA574 |access-date=2008-06-01}}</ref> Athmanathar temple is a testimony to the temple architectural skills of ancient Tamil Sculptors and engineers. The temple covers an area of over {{convert|10|acre|m2}} with three enclosures and faces south, constructed so that the setting sun strikes the sanctum even though it is cloistered within three circumambulatory paths. The presiding deity is formless (''Atmanatar''); there is no [[Shivalingam]] but only a pedestal {Avudayar} located in the sanctum, hence the name Avudayar Koil.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India |last=Smith |first=David |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-52865-8 |pages=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC&q=Tirupperunturai&pg=PA230 |access-date=2008-06-01}}</ref> The God faces South in this temple- in Dakshinamurthy or Guru form. His consort is worshipped as Siva Yoga Nayaki(Yogambal) in iconless form. There is no [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] bull icon as is conventional in almost all Shiva temples. There is deep spiritual significance in this. [[Hinduism]] allows deity worship for the novice. As one's devotion matures, one begins to contemplate the truth of formlessness of the Brahman. The temple has been designed to illustrate this theology. This one of the rarest ''[[Saivite|Shaivite]]'' shrine in whole of [[India]] to portray the supreme truth symbolically. Since the soul (''[[athma|atma]]'') has no form, the deity is called Athmanathar.<ref>''Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu''</ref> There are five lamps in the sanctum indicating the five time scales and 27 lamps indicating the 27 stars.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|page=18}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{refbegin|2}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history| last=Cort| first=John E. | year=1998| publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWfnXbVWjKcC&q=tevaram&pg=PA178|isbn=0-7914-3786-8}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Songs of experience: the poetics of Tamil devotion| last=Cutler| first=Norman | year=1987| publisher=Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data|location=USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&q=tevaram&pg=PA4|isbn=0-253-35334-3}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=A History of Indian Literature |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |author2=Akademi, Sahitya |year=1991 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-7201-006-0 |pages=574 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&q=Tirupperunturai&pg=PA574 |access-date=2008-06-01}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern| last=K.R.| first=Sundararajan|author2=Bithika Mukerji | year=2003| publisher=Cross Road Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC|isbn =81-208-1937-3}}<br />
*{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Constance |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |year=2007 |publisher=Facts On File, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC}}.<br />
* {{Citation|first=Satguru Nicol |last= Macnicol|title= Indian theism: from the Vedic to the Muhammadan period|year= 1915|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780524011973|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7M1QJsrHwIC&q=tiruvasagam&pg=PA173}}.<br />
* {{Citation|first=Arthur Anthony |last= Macdonell|title= India's past: a survey of her literatures, religions, languages and antiquities|year= 1994|publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0570-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ff0BJXzeADcC&q=tiruvasagam&pg=PA219}}.<br />
* {{Citation|first=Satguru Sivaya|last= Subramuniyaswami|title= Dancing With Siva : Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism|year= 2003|publisher= Himalayan Academy|isbn=0-945497-89-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWlHPAkjBKUC&q=tiruvasagam&pg=PA840}}.<br />
*{{Citation |last=Vasudevan|first=Geetha |title=The royal temple of Rajaraja: an instrument of imperial Cola power|year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-383-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1b1N_Dx0jsC&q=tevaram&pg=RA1-PA109}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)| last=Zvelebil| first=Kamil |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil| year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=five+epics+of+tamil+literature&pg=PA130|isbn = 3-447-01582-9}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081211152857/http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/thivacha.html Transliteration & G. U. Pope's translation of Thiruvasagam]<br />
* [http://www.shaivam.org/adsamaya.htm Shaivam.org]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925211302/http://www.raaja.com/thiruvasagam.html Composer Ilaiyaraaja's rendering]<br />
* [http://www.finndian.com/cd-review-ilaiyaraaja A detailed review of the oratorio of Thiruvasagam by Ilaiyaraja]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090614055738/http://www.nandhi.com/manickavasagar.htm Ecstasy of Spirit: Recital by Siddhar Maha Siva Swamy & benediction]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94bRYdz08jc&list=PLrDHFXR22SMFonGp1s-w6ASr2HEq3EzAF Tiruvempavai explanation meaning]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hymns]]<br />
[[Category:Shaiva texts]]<br />
[[Category:Shaivism]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]<br />
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhogarh_Assembly_constituency&diff=514420Madhogarh Assembly constituency2025-08-17T14:42:39Z<p>Shubha: Starting New Data!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Madhogarh<br />
| map_image = 219-Madhogarh.svg<br />
| mla = [[Moolchandra Singh]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2017<br />
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 4,29,791 (2014)<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 219<br />
}}<br />
'''[[Madhogarh]]''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Madhogarh in the [[Jalaun district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Madhogarh is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 219 amongst 403 constituencies.<br />
<br />
मूलचंद निरंजन पूर्व जिला अध्यक्ष ओर पूर्व जिला पंचायत सदस्य भी रह चुके हैं नदीगांव ब्लॉक के महात्वानी गांव के मूल निवासी हैं 2022 के चुनाव में मूलचंद निरंजन 105755 मत पाकर दूसरी बार विजय हुए।।<br />
<br />
Currently this seat belongs to [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''Moolchandra Niranjan''' who won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''Girish Kumar''' by a margin of 45,985 votes.<br />
<br />
सपा कांग्रेस गठबंधन के उम्मीद वार विनोद चतुर्वेदी थे जोकि तीसरे स्थान पर रहे थे विनोद चतुर्वेदी 2007 से 2012 उरई सदर विधान सभा से विधायक रह चुके थे वर्तमान में कालपी 220 से विनोद चतुर्वेदी समाजवादी पार्टी से विधायक है<br />
<br />
2022 के विधानसभा चुनाव में समाजवादी पार्टी के उम्मीदवार राघवेंद्र प्रताप सिंह थे जोकि 60662 मत पाकर तीसरे स्थान पर रहे,<br />
<br />
बही दूसरे स्थान पर bsp की उम्मीदवार शीतल कुशवाहा थी जो 70569 मत पाकर हार का सामना करना पड़ा, लोकसभा चुनाव 2024 में शीतल कुशवाहा बीजेपी में शामिल हो गई ।।<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhogarh Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/madhogarh.html |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|Govind Narayan Tiwari<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|Chittar Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
|Rajendra Shah<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Krishna Kumar<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|Dalganjan Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Ram Prakash Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|Shivram Kushwaha<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|Keshav Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|Shivram Kushwaha<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|Santram Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
|Brijendra Pratap Singh<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
|Hariom Upadhyay<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
|Santram Kushwaha<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Moolchandra Singh]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
<br />
=== 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Madhogarh<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Mool Chandra Singh<br />
|votes = 105231<br />
|percentage = 41.29<br />
|change = -1.75<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Sheetal Kushwaha<br />
|votes = 70257<br />
|percentage = 27.57<br />
|change = 2.73<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Raghvendra Pratap Singh<br />
|votes = 63035<br />
|percentage = 24.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Siddarth Devolia<br />
|votes = 3141<br />
|percentage = 1.23<br />
|change = -17.34<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the Above<br />
|votes = 2852<br />
|percentage = 1.12<br />
|change = 0.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 34974<br />
|percentage = 13.72<br />
|change = -4.48<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 254828<br />
|percentage = 57.21<br />
|change = -1.36<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Madhogarh<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Moolchandra Singh<br />
|votes = 108737<br />
|percentage = 43.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Girish Kumar<br />
|votes = 62752<br />
|percentage = 24.84<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Vinod Chaturvedi<br />
|votes = 46915<br />
|percentage = 18.57<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Mahan Dal<br />
|candidate = Ravindra Singh<br />
|votes = 22022<br />
|percentage = 8.72<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|candidate = Prahalad Singh<br />
|votes = 1466<br />
|percentage = 0.58<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Rekha Jatav<br />
|votes = 1357<br />
|percentage = 0.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate <br />
|party = Unknown<br />
|candidate = Gopal Swaroop<br />
|votes = 1138<br />
|percentage = 0.45<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Sarv Sambhaav Party<br />
|candidate = Shakuntla Devi<br />
|votes = 1116<br />
|percentage = 0.44<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Shivendra Singh<br />
|votes = 1092<br />
|percentage = 0.43<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Swatantra Jantaraj Party<br />
|candidate = Ramkumar Shakyawar<br />
|votes = 1057<br />
|percentage = 0.42<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party<br />
|candidate = Ramjee<br />
|votes = 901<br />
|percentage = 0.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Parashuram<br />
|votes = 785<br />
|percentage = 0.31<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate <br />
|party = Unknown<br />
|candidate = Vishnu Kumar Chaturvedi<br />
|votes = 701<br />
|percentage = 0.28<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the Above<br />
|votes = 2582<br />
|percentage = 1.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 45985<br />
|percentage = 18.2<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 252621<br />
|percentage = 58.57<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{coord|26.27|79.19|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Jalaun district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gatta_gusthi&diff=500017Gatta gusthi2025-08-05T06:19:55Z<p>Shubha: created new stub first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Wrestling form of Kerala, India}}<br />
{{For|the film|Gatta Kusthi}}<br />
{{Infobox sport<br />
| name = Gatta gusthi<br />
| image = Village Wrestlers.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Freestyle ''gusthi'' in [[Madurai]]<br />
| union = Kerala State Wrestling Association<br />
| nickname = Indian style wrestling<br />
| first = 1900s<br />
| firstlabel = <br />
| registered = <br />
| clubs = Less than 50<br />
| contact = Yes<br />
| team = Single competitors<br />
| mgender = No<br />
| type = Outdoor<br />
| venue = <br />
| region = [[Kerala]], India<br />
| olympic = No<br />
}}<br />
'''Gatta gusthi''' is a form of [[submission wrestling]] practiced in [[Kerala]], India. Competitions take place inside an open ground called a ''godha'', often on beaches. Wrestlers, known as ''[[Pehlivan|phayalvans]]'', employ around 100 techniques. Once widely popular, the sport saw a decline with the rise of [[freestyle wrestling]] and [[karate]] in the late 1960s. Its freestyle version is known as '''gusthi'''.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Students practicing gymnastics in Kerala (1905).jpg|thumb|left|Students training on a gymnastic bar in [[Malabar District|Malabar]] in 1905.]]<br />
Gatta gusthi evolved into a prominent sporting event during the era of erstwhile [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and [[Travancore]] kingdoms in present-day [[Kerala]], with [[Kochi]] emerging as a significant sports hub. Competitions were regularly organized across the state. The sport reached its peak between 1945 and 1970. Prominent ''[[Pehlivan|phayalvans]]'' (wrestlers) during this period included Manacaud Narayana Pillai, Polachira Ramachandran, Kattuchira Pappudas, Shankar Singh, Kayamkulam Dhayanandhan, Electric Moideen Kunj, Aslam Basheer, Kollam Rasheed, Nickel Jamal, among others.<ref name=M>{{cite news|last=P.|first=Anand|title=Understanding Gatta Gusthi: Kerala's own style of wrestling|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/web-exclusive/understanding-gatta-gusthi-kerala-s-own-style-of-wrestling-gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683|access-date=9 August 2021|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=8 August 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809122153/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/web-exclusive/understanding-gatta-gusthi-kerala-s-own-style-of-wrestling-gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gatta gusthi was particularly in demand in Kochi, [[Kollam]], and [[Manacaud]].<ref name=Godha/> Kollam had three permanent ''godhas'' ([[wrestling ring]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Gama Ramachandran passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/oct/10/kerala-gama-ramachandran-passes-away-91404.html|access-date=5 August 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 October 2009|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095245/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/oct/10/kerala-gama-ramachandran-passes-away-91404.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The first match in [[Travancore]] was held in 1952.<ref name="KSWA">{{cite web|author=Kerala State Wrestling Association|title=Kerala State Wrestling Association|url=https://keralawrestling.com/|publisher=Kerala State Wrestling Association|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203154933/https://keralawrestling.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fort Kochi]] beach regularly hosted championship bouts until the early 1970.<ref name=TOI/> Gatta gusthi remained a major sporting event in the state till the late 1960s.<ref name="TNN"/> It began fading after the arrival of [[freestyle wrestling]]. Freestyle wrestling, known simply as ''gusthi'', was registered as a sport in [[Ernakulam district]] in 1969.<ref name="TH">{{cite news|last=S.|first=Priyadershini|title=On the Mat|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/On-the-MAT/article14511290.ece|access-date=5 August 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 July 2016|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804121408/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/On-the-MAT/article14511290.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, gatta gusthi was limited to select events organised by aficionados.<ref name="TNN"/> According to the Kerala State Wrestling Association, audience interest declined due to rumours of [[match fixing]].<ref name="KSWA"/><br />
<br />
In India, traditional [[Indian martial arts]] and [[combat sports]] as a whole began fading after the introduction of [[karate]] in the later half of the 20th century. During 1970s, with the influx of foreign [[martial arts film]]s, Indians began travelling to [[East Asia]] in large numbers to learn karate and returned to open karate schools across the [[Indian subcontinent]], in cities as well as in small towns and villages. In 1980s, karate-style action sequences became frequent in mainstream [[Indian cinema]], articles and news on karate were frequently appearing on magazines and newspapers. Additionally, [[Police forces of the states and union territories of India|state police forces across India]] added karate in [[Police academy|their training]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zarrilli|first1=Phillip B.|title=When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses, and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art|date=1998|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Delhi]]|isbn=0195639405|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EP6BAAAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
As part of reviving the sport, former champion-turned-coach T. J. George started training youngsters since his retirement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Upholding 'Gatta Gusti' traditions|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2011/jun/16/upholding-gatta-gusti-traditions-263070.html|access-date=5 August 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 June 2011|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095242/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2011/jun/16/upholding-gatta-gusti-traditions-263070.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He set up a gym, Cochin Grapplers, at Fort Kochi in 1986.<ref name="TH"/> He founded Kerala State Gatta Gusthy Association, although it is yet to receive recognition from Kerala State Sports Council.<ref name=M/> In Kerala, governing body for all forms of wrestling is the Kerala State Wrestling Association, approved by Kerala State Sports Council and [[Wrestling Federation of India]]. Both gatta gusthi and gusthi saw a resurgence of interest among youngsters after wrestlers [[Sushil Kumar]], [[Yogeshwar Dutt]] and [[Sakshi Malik]] won medals at the [[Summer Olympics]] (2008, 2012, 2016)<ref name=Godha/> and with the success of the film ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016) and [[Phogat sisters]].<ref name=TOI/><br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Gatta gusthi is similar to ''maati kushti'' (mud wrestling) of [[North India]]. Bouts are evaluated by a referee and there are no judges.<ref name="TH"/> There are around 100 techniques in gatta gusthi.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|last=Sreemol|first=T. C.|title=Phogat effect: Kochi girls learning Gatta Gusti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/phogat-effect-kochi-girlslearning-gatta-gusti/articleshow/56505845.cms|access-date=5 August 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 January 2017|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/phogat-effect-kochi-girlslearning-gatta-gusti/articleshow/56505845.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It is contested inside a [[wrestling ring|ring]] known as ''godha'' and wrestlers are called ''[[Pehlivan|phayalvans]]''.<ref name=Godha/> Participants wear minimal clothing, normally just [[briefs]] and are [[barefoot]].<ref name="TNIE"/> Match takes place on a sand-laden ground. There are no [[Wrestling weight classes|weight classes]] in gatta gusthi, bouts can be matched between any weights. Bout is won when any one wrestler [[Pin (amateur wrestling)|pins]] the other to the ground. In gatta gusthi, opponent's garment can be used as an advantage, which is illegal in freestyle wrestling. Gatta gusthi has more techniques than freestyle wrestling and many of them are illegal in the latter for the risk involved.<ref name=M/> The main difference between gatta gusthi and freestyle wrestling is the duration and point system. Freestyle bouts are three rounds of two minutes each, while gatta gusthi can go as long as 30 minutes or until there is a winner. If points are tied, they may go for another round.<ref name="TNN">{{cite news|author=Times News Network|title=Gatta champs grapple to keep the sport alive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/gatta-champs-grapple-to-keep-the-sport-alive/articleshow/53360414.cms|access-date=5 August 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 July 2016|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/gatta-champs-grapple-to-keep-the-sport-alive/articleshow/53360414.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Competitions==<br />
In present day, gatta gusthi is also promoted by the name "Indian style wrestling". [[Wrestling ring|Ring]] is eight meter in diameter. Kerala State Indian Style Wrestling Association organises regular state championships for the title "Kerala Kesari".<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news|title=Gatta returns!|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/feb/06/gatta-returns--129122.html|access-date=5 August 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 February 2010|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095242/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/feb/06/gatta-returns--129122.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kerala State Gatta Gusthi Association and Cochin Grapplers club together organises Indian Style Wrestling (Gatta Gusthi) Championship at [[Fort Kochi]] for the "Gatta Gusthi Kesari" title.<ref>{{cite news|title=David Philip wins 'Gatta Gusthi Kesari' title|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2011/sep/16/david-philip-wins-gatta-gusthi-kesari-title-291602.html|access-date=5 August 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 September 2011|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095243/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2011/sep/16/david-philip-wins-gatta-gusthi-kesari-title-291602.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gatta gusthi is an event at the 11-day long The Beach Carnival and Games held at Puthuvype Beach, organised by the [[Government of Kerala]] and Ernakulam District Sports Council to promote rural sports to enhance the lives of local fishermen and tourism in beaches.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Puthuvype beach carnival to get under way today|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kochi/puthuvype-beach-carnival-to-get-under-way-today/article30369874.ece|access-date=4 August 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 December 2019|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095242/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kochi/puthuvype-beach-carnival-to-get-under-way-today/article30369874.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Gatta gusthi is a regular sporting event at the annual [[Cochin Carnival]] held at Fort Kochi.<ref>{{cite news|author=Our Correspondent|title=Cochin Carnival 2019-20 begins tomorrow|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2019/12/07/cochin-carnival-2019-dates-events-programs.html|access-date=5 August 2021|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=7 December 2019|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095243/https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2019/12/07/cochin-carnival-2019-dates-events-programs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, [[Kerala Excise]] organised a competition at Fort Kochi as part of "Vimukthi", an anti-narcotics and de-addiction campaign by the government.<ref>{{cite news|title=ഫോർട്ടുകൊച്ചി കടപ്പുറത്ത് ഗാട്ടാ ഗുസ്തി; റസ്ലിങ് അക്കാദമിക്ക് കിരീടം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/news/gatta-gusthi-in-fort-kochi-1.4554188|access-date=4 August 2021|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=24 February 2020|language=ml}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
Gatta gusthi and ''phayalvans'' are featured in the [[Malayalam]] films ''[[Oridathoru Phayalvaan]]'' (1981), ''[[Mutharamkunnu P.O.]]'' (1985), and ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'' (2017).<ref name=Godha>{{cite news|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|title=All set for the ring|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-basil-joseph-on-wrestling-with-challenges-to-make-his-new-film-godha/article18419185.ece|access-date=4 August 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 May 2017|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095241/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-basil-joseph-on-wrestling-with-challenges-to-make-his-new-film-godha/article18419185.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Former champion and coach T. J. George has written a book titled ''Kerala Gatta Gusthi'' in Malayalam detailing various steps and styles of gatta gusthi, which was published in 2016. George also trained actor [[Tovino Thomas]] for the film ''Godha''. [[Kerala Financial Corporation]] made a documentary film on the sport in 2016.<ref name="TH"/> Gatta gusthi is also featured in the film ''[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]]'' (2023).<ref name=M/> It is a plot element in the Tamil film ''[[Gatta Kusthi]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news|last=Lakshmi|first=V.|title=Vishnu Vishal: There is always business for a good movie|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-there-is-always-business-for-a-good-movie/articleshow/90835191.cms|access-date=24 November 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 April 2022|archive-date=24 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124054004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-there-is-always-business-for-a-good-movie/articleshow/90835191.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pehlwani]], North Indian wrestling.<br />
* [[Wrestling in India]]<br />
* [[Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals]], Iranian ancestor of Pehlwani / Kushti.<br />
* [[Greco-Roman wrestling]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{website|https://keralawrestling.com}}<br />
* {{website|http://keralastategattagusthyassociation.com/index.html|Kerala State Gatta Gusthi Association}}<br />
<br />
{{Wrestling in India}}<br />
{{Folk wrestling}}<br />
{{Grappling}}<br />
{{Indian martial arts}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Traditional sports of India]]<br />
[[Category:Folk wrestling styles]]<br />
[[Category:Wrestling in India]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=USBRL_Tunnel_33&diff=542242USBRL Tunnel 332025-06-08T16:03:58Z<p>Shubha: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox tunnel<br />
| name = USBRL Tunnel 33<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| location = Between [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] and [[Reasi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|33|0|20.48|N|74|55|2.53|E}}<br />
| route = [[Jammu-Baramulla line]]<br />
| status = Opened<br />
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| construction = Traditional tunneling methods, I-System of Tunneling<br />
| length = {{convert|3.209|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
| speed = 85km/h<br />
| traffic = Railway<br />
}}<br />
{{Jammu-Baramulla line}}<br />
'''USBRL Tunnel 33''', previously known as '''Tunnel 1''', is a {{convert|3.209|km|mi|abbr=on}} long railway tunnel located between [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] and [[Reasi]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref name="DailyExcelsior">{{cite web|title=Final track work for T-33 tunnel connecting Katra to Reasi is complete|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/final-track-work-for-t-33-tunnel-connecting-katra-to-reasi-is-complete/|website=Daily Excelsior|date=2024-12-16|accessdate=2025-02-26}}</ref> It forms a critical part of the [[Jammu-Baramulla line|Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link]] (USBRL) project, which aims to connect the [[Kashmir Valley]] with the Indian railway network.<ref name="GreaterKashmir">{{cite web|title=GM Northern Railway inspects USBRL project works, reviews status|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/gm-northern-railway-inspects-usbrl-project-works-reviews-status/|accessdate=2025-02-26}}</ref> The tunnel is noted for its challenging construction due to complex geological conditions in the Himalayan terrain. It was fully completed in December 2024.<ref name="DailyExcelsior"/><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The USBRL project was sanctioned in 1994–95 and declared a national project in 2002. Spanning {{convert|272|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Udhampur]] to [[Baramulla]] via [[Srinagar]], the project includes 36 tunnels and 927 bridges.<ref name="RailAnalysis">{{cite web|title=USBRL Project achieves landmark breakthrough with completion of Tunnel T-1 between Katra and Reasi Stations|url=https://news.railanalysis.com/usbrl-project-achieves-landmark-breakthrough-with-completion-of-tunnel-t-1-between-katra-and-reasi-stations/|accessdate=2025-02-26}}</ref> The {{convert|111|km|mi|abbr=on}} Katra–Banihal section, which includes Tunnel 33, is executed by Northern Railway ({{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}}), Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd. (KRCL) ({{convert|53|km|mi|abbr=on}}), and IRCON ({{convert|53|km|mi|abbr=on}}).<ref name="NewsStation">{{cite web|title=Railway Tunnel T1 (Now T33) Faces Setback, Indian Railways Shifts Focus to Commence Banihal-Sangaldaan Operations|url=https://newsstation.media/latest-news/railway-tunnel-t1-now-t33-faces-setback-indian-railways-shifts-focus-to-commence-banihal-sangaldaan-operations/siddharatha/|accessdate=2025-02-26}}</ref> The project is designed to provide all-weather connectivity to the Kashmir Valley, reducing travel times and boosting tourism and trade.<ref name="GreaterKashmir"/><br />
<br />
== Construction ==<br />
Construction of USBRL Tunnel 33 initially employed traditional tunneling methods but later adapted to the I-System of Tunneling to address the demanding geological environment.<ref name="DailyExcelsiorBreakthrough">{{cite web|title=Breakthrough of 3.2 km long tunnel between Katra-Reasi Stations achieved|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/breakthrough-of-3-2-km-long-tunnel-between-katra-reasi-stations-achieved/|accessdate=2025-02-26}}</ref> The tunnel traverses the lesser Himalayas, cutting through highly jointed and fractured dolomite and intersecting the [[Main Boundary Thrust]] (MBT), a major shear zone.<ref name="RailAnalysis"/> These conditions presented significant challenges, including rugged terrain, water ingress, and mud influx.<ref name="NewsStation"/><br />
<br />
A key milestone was achieved with an excavation breakthrough on December 20, 2023.<ref name="DailyExcelsiorBreakthrough"/> However, progress was hampered in January 2024 by further water and mud influx.<ref name="NewsStation"/> By May 2024, remaining tasks were still in progress as efforts continued toward completion.<ref name="GreaterKashmir"/><br />
<br />
== Completion ==<br />
The final track work for USBRL Tunnel 33 was completed in December 2024, as reported by ''Daily Excelsior'' on December 16, 2024.<ref name="DailyExcelsior"/> This marked a pivotal achievement in the USBRL project, paving the way for improved regional connectivity and economic growth in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="DailyExcelsior"/><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
The completion of USBRL Tunnel 33, alongside the broader USBRL project, is expected to transform the region by providing all-weather connectivity to the Kashmir Valley. This will reduce travel times, enhance economic activities, and boost tourism and trade. The prospect of direct train services linking Kashmir with Delhi promises significant improvements in regional integration.<ref name="DailyExcelsior"/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Jammu-Baramulla line]]<br />
* [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
* [[Reasi]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway tunnels in India]]</div>Shubhahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nongbah-Wahiajer_Assembly_constituency&diff=522418Nongbah-Wahiajer Assembly constituency2025-06-05T00:12:14Z<p>Shubha: Made A Data More To Come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Meghalaya legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Nongbah-Wahiajer<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| state = Meghalaya<br />
| established = 1978<br />
| abolished = 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
| electors = 21,661<br />
| mla = Sniawbhalang Dhar<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| constituency_no =<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
| district =<br />
| loksabha_cons =<br />
| reservation =<br />
}}<br />
<b>Nongbah-Wahiajer Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]].<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Albin Lamare || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Indro Pariat || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Kyrmen Susngi || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Edmund Speakerson Lyngdoh || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | Kyrmen Susngi || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Sniawbhalang Dhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongbah-Wahiajer<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sniawbhalang Dhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,452 |percentage=40.94% |change={{decrease}}2.98 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thawain Plain |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,973 |percentage=33.78% |change={{decrease}}20.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Edmund Speakerson Lyngdoh |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=5,119 |percentage=24.80% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darling Wavel Lamare |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=101 |percentage=0.49% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,479 |percentage=7.16% |change= {{decrease}}2.75 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,645 |percentage=95.31% |change= {{increase}}15.75 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,661 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.02 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}12.90 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2003 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongbah-Wahiajer<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kyrmen Susngi |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=9,667 |percentage=53.84% |change={{increase}}1.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Edmund Speakerson Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,886 |percentage=43.92% |change={{increase}}7.82 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laitsing Shilla |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=245 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jylliew Roy Lamin |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=158 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,781 |percentage=9.92% |change= {{decrease}}6.22 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,956 |percentage=79.60% |change= {{decrease}}1.95 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,569 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.13 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}1.60 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1998 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongbah-Wahiajer<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kyrmen Susngi |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=8,887 |percentage=52.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Edmund Speakerson Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,141 |percentage=36.10% |change={{decrease}}4.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thawain Plain |party=Independent politician |votes=1,723 |percentage=10.13% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jylliew Roy Lamin |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=262 |percentage=1.54% |change={{decrease}}41.49 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,746 |percentage=16.14% |change= {{increase}}14.00 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,013 |percentage=82.89% |change= {{decrease}}10.11 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,873 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.42 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}9.20 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1993 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongbah-Wahiajer<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Edmund Speakerson Lyngdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=8,114 |percentage=43.03% |change={{increase}}17.01 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kyrmen Susngi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,711 |percentage=40.90% |change={{increase}}38.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalitsingh Shylla |party=Independent politician |votes=2,054 |percentage=10.89% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thyndajai Dkhar |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=976 |percentage=5.18% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=403 |percentage=2.14% |change= {{increase}}1.72 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,855 |percentage=92.83% |change= {{increase}}0.89 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,580 |ref = |change= {{increase}}50.44 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}16.59 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1988 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongbah-Wahiajer<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kyrmen Susngi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,282 |percentage=26.44% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Edmund Speakerson Lyngdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=3,230 |percentage=26.03% |change={{increase}}1.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari R. Sari |party=Independent politician |votes=2,951 |percentage=23.78% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Develin Talang |party=Hill People's Union |votes=1,914 |percentage=15.42% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indro Pariat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=312 |percentage=2.51% |change={{decrease}}1.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Overlo Laloo |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=13 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=52 |percentage=0.42% |change= {{increase}}0.07 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,411 |percentage=92.09% |change= {{increase}}15.83 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,680 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.79 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}2.03 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongbah-Wahiajer<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Indro Pariat |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,160 |percentage=24.41% |change={{increase}}11.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Katsingh Thubru |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,129 |percentage=24.06% |change={{decrease}}27.99 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari R. Sari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,702 |percentage=19.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Jerveyliwin Garod |party=Independent politician |votes=903 |percentage=10.21% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kmen Khonglah |party=Independent politician |votes=885 |percentage=10.00% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Blooming Shallam |party=Independent politician |votes=674 |percentage=7.62% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. R. W. Tariang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=334 |percentage=3.77% |change={{decrease}}17.28 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31 |percentage=0.35% |change= {{decrease}}30.65 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,848 |percentage=78.06% |change= {{decrease}}3.03 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,814 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.42 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}27.64 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongbah-Wahiajer<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Albin Lamare |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=4,225 |percentage=52.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Blooming Shallam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,709 |percentage=21.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Watchington Sna |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,082 |percentage=13.33% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pollington Pyrtuh |party=Independent politician |votes=601 |percentage=7.40% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indro Pariat |party=Independent politician |votes=500 |percentage=6.16% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,516 |percentage=31.00% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,117 |percentage=79.32% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,416 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br />
{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}</div>Shubha