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Sindhi Sammat

2026-05-01T12:18:41Z

Shruti: Created the details from scratch...

{{Short description|Sindhi community}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
The '''Sammat''' ({{Langx|sd|سنڌي سماٽ}}; ''sammāṭ'', ''samāṭr'', ''sammāṭh'') is the indigenous community of [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] people, comprising a number of native [[tribes]] and forming a substantial portion of the [[Sindhis|Sindhi Muslim]] population.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Allen Keith |title=Politics in Sindh, 1907–1940: Muslim Identity and the Demand for Pakistan |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195795936 |page=4 |quote=The vast majority of the Sindhi Muslim population—roughly 70 per cent—{{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} Pukka Sindhis, persons belonging to the Jat, Sammat....}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Nafisa |title=Introduction. Honour Violence, Law and Power in Upper Sindh |journal=Honour and Violence: Gender, Power and Law in Southern Pakistan |date=31 December 2022 |page=16 |doi=10.1515/9781785330827-006 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |isbn=978-1-78533-082-7 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781785330827-006 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hindu Sammats are also extant.{{sfn|Hussain|2022|page=476}}

The term ''Sammat'' refers to Sindhis of indigenous origin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weekes |first1=Richard V. |title=Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey |date=1984 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=0-313-23392-6 |page=685 |edition=Second, Revised and Expanded |quote=Sammat to refer to those Sindhis with indigenous origins}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abdulla |first1=Ahmed |title=The Historical Background of Pakistan and Its People |date=1973 |publisher=Tanzeem Publishers |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfQLAAAAIAAJ |language=en |quote=Among others are the Bhuttos, Bhattis, Lakha, Sahetas, Lohanas, Mohano, Dahars, Indhar, Chachar, Dhareja, Rathors, Dakhan, Langah etc. ... All these old Sindhi tribes are known under the common nomenclature of Sammat.}}</ref> Scholarship dates the presence of Sammat tribes in the region to ancient times.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement: The Growth of the Muslim League in North-West and North-East India 1937–47 |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195773873 |page=37 |edition=2nd}}</ref> The Sammats are regarded as a traditionally privileged group within [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] society.{{sfn|Hussain|2022|page=469}} Sammat rulers feature prominently in the verse of [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]], the eighteenth-century [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] poet.{{sfn|Hussain|2022|page=476}} In contemporary [[Sindh]], the Sammat castes are conventionally ranked second to [[Sayed]]s and other castes claiming Arab descent.{{sfn|Hussain|2022|page=487}}

==Subgroups==
===Sindhi Jats===
{{further|Sindhi Jats|Zutt}}
[[File:Abbasid_Dinar_-_al-Ma'mun_-_208_AH_(823_AD).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|A gold dinar minted in [[Egypt]], displaying the names of the caliph and the Zutt emir [[Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari]]]]
Originating in the lower [[Indus Valley]], many Sindhi Jats migrated to [[Lower Mesopotamia|lower Iraq]] between the fifth and eleventh centuries, where they formed the [[Zuṭṭ]] ({{Langx|ar|الزُّطِّ}}) community.<ref name="Wink-2002a">{{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |pages=48, 157, 160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Maclean |first=Derryl N. |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |date=1984 |publisher=McGill University |page=45 |isbn=978-0-315-20821-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGxqygAACAAJ}}</ref> In the eighth century, [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|Arab conquerors]] recorded several agglomerations of Jats and [[Med people|Meds]] across lower and central Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |date=2003 |title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=19 |isbn=978-0-231-12730-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C&pg=PA19}}</ref> A further migration into the [[Punjab]] occurred between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, during which Sindhi Jat groups settled on cultivable land and gradually adopted [[Agriculture in Pakistan|sedentary agriculture]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ansari |first=Sarah F. D. |date=1992 |title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843–1947 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=27 |isbn=978-0-521-40530-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8wrDHqwEFIC&pg=PA27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |date=1998 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=5 |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |date=16 March 2006 |title=India Before Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269}}</ref>

Some Sindhi Jat communities, together with other [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] groups such as the [[Jadgals]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan |date=1964 |publisher=Pakistan Herald Publications |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgIdAQAAMAAJ |quote=Jadgals who migrated from Sind via Bela to Panjgur.}}</ref> and [[Jamote people|Jamotes]],<ref>{{cite book |title=1998 District Census Report of Malir |date=1999 |publisher=Population Census Organisation, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biUFE3_JQywC |quote=Among Sindhis the tribes are Syed, Jokhia, Khaskheli, Palari, Bareja, Bhabra, Dhars, Sirhindi, Jamot and Mohanas.}}</ref> are present in modern [[Balochistan]], particularly across the [[Kacchi Plain]], [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]], and [[Makran]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-13780-6}}</ref> They are collectively referred to as the [[Jats of Balochistan]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=J. E. |title=Oman's Diverse Society: Northern Oman |url=http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/oman_diverse_society_northern_oman.pdf |website=JE Peterson |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>

===Soomros===
{{further|Soomro|Soomro dynasty}}
The Soomros are a tribe of local origin<ref>{{cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |date=2007 |title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through Ages |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-2020-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ |quote=But as many kings of the dynasty bore local names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Panhwar |first1=M. H. |author2=Soomra National Council (Pakistan) |date=2003 |title=An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: 1011–1351 AD |publisher=Soomra National Council |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BtuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> who founded the [[Soomro dynasty|Soomro Sultanate]] (1026–1351), restoring native rule in Sindh after the period of [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|Arab governance]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Arab Conquest |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=2007 |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=91}}</ref> Modern historians, including [[André Wink]], describe the Soomras as a dynasty of local origin who later claimed Rajput and, in some cases, Arab descent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |date=2002 |title=Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-0-391-04174-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p-czgEACAAJ}}</ref> Members of the Soomro tribe were among the earliest converts to [[Islam]] in [[Sindh]] from [[Hinduism]], although early Soomro practice has been characterised as [[syncretic]], retaining a number of pre-Islamic customs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Habibullah |title=The Soomras of Sindh: Their Origin, Main Characteristics and Rule – an Overview (General Survey) (1025–1351 AD) |journal=Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh |url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf}}</ref>

===Sammas===
{{further|Samma (tribe)|Samma dynasty}}
The Sammas originated in Sindh. Early Samma communities are recorded as concentrated in [[Brahmanabad]] and its surrounding areas.<ref name="Wink-2002b">{{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |date=2002 |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries |volume=1 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-0-391-04125-7 |pages=158–159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p-czgEACAAJ |quote=}}</ref> They subsequently displaced the Soomros and established the [[Samma dynasty|Samma Sultanate]] (1351–1524).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |last2=Haig |first2=Wolseley |last3=Burn |first3=Richard |last4=Dodwell |first4=Henry |date=1965 |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans |publisher=Chand |page=518 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBNZAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> The Sultanate maintained close relations with the [[Sultanate of Gujarat]],<ref name="Desai-2007">{{cite book |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |date=2007 |title=India Guide Gujarat |publisher=India Guide Publications |pages=311– |isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA311}}</ref> and offshoots of the Samma — including the [[Jadeja]]s and [[Chudasama dynasty|Chudasamas]] — established themselves in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Kutch]].<ref name="Desai-2007"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Samira |date=2009 |chapter=Pastoralism, Trade, and Settlement in Saurashtra and Kachchh |title=Forging a Region: Sultans, Traders, and Pilgrims in Gujarat, 1200–1500 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=101–128 |isbn=9780198060192 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198060192.003.0004}}</ref>

The [[Sandhai Muslims]] are also identified as a Samma-related community.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |date=1996 |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |page=1747 |isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1747}}</ref>

===Kalhoras===
{{further|Kalhora|Kalhora dynasty}}
The Kalhoras are a Sammat group of native origin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Ghulam |title='Dalits are in India, not in Pakistan': Exploring the Discursive Bases of the Denial of Dalitness under the Ashrafia Hegemony |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |date=1 February 2020 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=17–43 |doi=10.1177/0021909619863455 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021909619863455 |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 April 2026 |language=en |issn=0021-9096}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Pakistan's Sindh Province |publisher=Congressional Research Service |page=3 |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/sindh.pdf}}</ref> They founded the [[Kalhora dynasty]], which exercised authority over Sindh and parts of [[Kutch]] in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Stories) |url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/Catalogue/mehran/Book2/Book_page9.html |website=[[Sindhi Adabi Board]] |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>

===Daudpotras===
{{further|Daudpotra|Bahawalpur (princely state)}}
[[File:Noor mahal.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noor Mahal]], built in 1872 by [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan IV]]]]
The Daudpotras were a prominent tribe of lower Sindh, closely related to the Kalhoras and regarded as a Kalhora offshoot.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ansari |first1=A.S. Bazmee |title=Dāwūdpōtrās |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English) |date=24 April 2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912 |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-1762.xml?ebody=Article%20details |access-date=29 April 2026 |url-access=subscription |publisher=Brill |language=en |issn=1573-3912}}</ref> The Daudpotras migrated northwards and were granted [[jagir]]s by the [[Nawabs of Multan]] and the [[Sheikh]]s of [[Uch]], laying the foundations for the [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur State]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Naeem |first=Anila |date=5 April 2017 |chapter=Shikarpoor Historic Town. Introduction, Background and Development |title=Urban Traditions and Historic Environments in Sindh |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |pages=28–29 |isbn=9789048531257 |doi=10.1515/9789048531257-005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Samia |date=1 June 2017 |title=Women of Bahawalpur State during the Nineteenth Century: A Socio-Economic Study |journal=Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies: Alam-e-Niswan |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=2 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A512868803/AONE}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Ansar Zahid |title=S̲h̲ikārpūr |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English) |date=24 April 2012 |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-6940.xml?rskey=LGWPIq&result=1&ebody=Article%20details |access-date=29 April 2026 |url-access=subscription |publisher=Brill |language=en |issn=1573-3912}}</ref> The state subsequently became a [[princely state]] of the [[British Raj]] and was the first to accede to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Roger D. |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |last3=Samad |first3=Yunas |last4=Talbot |first4=Ian |date=8 October 2015 |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |publisher=Routledge |page=81 |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ}}</ref>

===Sindhi Lohanas===
{{further|Lohana|Sindhi Memon|Khoja}}
The Sindhi Lohanas are identified in older sources as a Sammat group of indigenous origin.<ref name="Wink-2002b"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Hamid |date=1977 |title=Pakistan: Past and Present – A Comprehensive Study Published in Commemoration of the Centenary of the Birth of the Founder of Pakistan |publisher=Stacey International |isbn=978-0-9503304-9-5 |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Pakistan/aIPiAAAAMAAJ |quote=Sammat, by race descended from the Samma, Rajput, Lakha, Lohana and Jat inhabitants of the country at the time of its conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim.}}</ref> Sindhi Lohanas and their offshoot communities have historically been associated with urban trade and commerce in Sindh.<ref name="Boivin-2024">{{cite book |last=Boivin |first=Michel |date=18 March 2024 |title=Devotion, Religious Authority, and Social Structures in Sindh: Khojas, Vanyos, and Faqirs |publisher=Brill |pages=29, 122 |isbn=978-90-04-69529-0 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=utH7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29}}</ref>

The [[Sindhi Memon]] and [[Khoja|Sindhi Khoja]] communities are considered offshoots of the Lohanas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Herzig |first=Pascale |date=2006 |title=South Asians in Kenya: Gender, Generation and Changing Identities in Diaspora |publisher=LIT Verlag |page=118 |isbn=978-3-8258-0052-9 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=QU_yPk0koH8C&pg=PA118}}</ref><ref name="Boivin-2024"/>

==See also==
* [[Sindhis of Balochistan]]
* [[Med people|Sindhi Meds]]
* [[Mahar (tribe)]]
* [[List of Sindhi tribes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Ghulam |title=The Politics of Metaphor: Traces of Casteism and Patriarchy in the Work of Shah Abdul Latif |journal=Postcolonial Studies |date=10 May 2021 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=469–488 |doi=10.1080/13688790.2021.1923154 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13688790.2021.1923154 |issn=1368-8790 |url-access=subscription}}

[[Category:Social groups of Sindh]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]

Anarkali salwar kameez

2026-04-29T06:48:51Z

Shruti: added new bio more to come

{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=April 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{Short description|Indian Salwar kameez}}
[[File:Priyanka Chopra walks for Manish Malhotra & Shaina NC's show for CPAA 02.jpg|thumb|right|Indian actress [[Priyanka Chopra]] modeling an Anarkali salwar.]]
An '''anarkali''' is a type of suit for women made up of a long frock-style top and features a slim fitted bottom. It varies in length and embroidery such as floor-length and usually ends up at the knees. Anarkali suits owe their name to the legendary [[Anarkali]], a courtesan in the court of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]]. According to the legend, she was murdered for her illicit relationship with Crown Prince Salim, who later became Emperor [[Jahangir]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dawn.com/news/694833/legend-anarkali-myth-mystery-and-history| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121214014845/http://dawn.com/2012/02/12/legend-anarkali-myth-mystery-and-history| archive-date = 2012-12-14| title = Legend: Anarkali: myth, mystery and history {{!}} DAWN.COM}} </ref> The word anarkali translates to the "delicate bud of the pomegranate flower/tree." This name signifies the qualities of softness, vulnerability, innocence, and beauty associated with the women who wore anarkalis. This dress is generally worn by [[Kathak]] dancers. With the development, the mid-length and floor-length anarkali became popular. It is known for its long, flowing [[kurtas]] that beautifully complement every woman's look.

== Types ==
The following are some of the different types of Anarkali Suits:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shopkund.co.uk/bloguk/types-of-anarkali-salwar-kameez-that-should-grace-every-womans-wardrobe.html | title=Types of Anarkalis that should Grace Every Woman's Wardrobe | date=2 January 2020}}</ref>
#Floor-Length Anarkali Suits
#Cape Anarkali Suits
#Jacket Anarkali Suits
#Layered Anarkali Suits
#Gown Style Anarkali Suits
#Palazzo Anarkali Suit
#Churidar Anarkali Suit

== See also ==
* [[Shalwar kameez]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}




[[Category:Culture of South Asia]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]

Ankit Bhardwaj

2026-04-27T05:17:58Z

Shruti:

{{short description|Indian film and television actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ankiit Bhardwaaj
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1995|06|09}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Happy birthday Ankit Bhardwaj! |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-aadesh-pallavi-karan-ankit-150609 |publisher=tellychakkar.com|date=9 June 2015}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2012–present
}}
'''Ankiit Bhardwaaj ''' is an Indian film Actor and writer, Director. He made his debut with the Hollywood movie ''[[Desires of the Heart (2013 film)]]'' as Gopal from [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Rathi's Desires of the Heart travels to Cannes Film Festival |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/cannes-2014/story/rajesh-rathi-desires-of-the-heart-cannes-film-festival-193054-2014-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2014 |title=What is Rajesh Rathi's Desires of the Heart doing at Cannes Film Festival? |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/what-is-rajesh-rathis-desires-of-the-heart-doing-at-cannes-film-festival/}}</ref> Ankiit bhardwaaj got best actor male award for his film LOVE YOU MHAARI JAAN in rajasthan film festival 2023.

He had started his career in Indian television industry with Zee TV series ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]'' in which he played the role of Vachan Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/every-actor-desires-do-performance-oriented-roles-and-i-am-no-different-ankit-bhardwaj|title = Every actor desires to do performance-oriented roles and I am no different - Ankit Bhardwaj}}</ref> Later he also played as Viren in the love drama series ''[[O Gujariya: Badlein Chal Duniya]]'' featured on Channel V. He has also performed the role of Sanjay in Colors channel popular show ''[[Thapki Pyaar Ki]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ankit-bhardwaj-colors-thapki-pyaar-ki-150529|title = Ankit Bhardwaj in Colors' Thapki Pyaar Ki}}</ref> and role of Chandrasen - Prince of Marwar in Sony Entertainment Television's show ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ankit-bhardwaj-excited-fight-maharana-pratap-150813|title=Ankit Bhardwaj excited to 'fight' in Maharana Pratap|website=Tellychakkar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ankit-bhardwaj-enter-sony-tvs-maharana-pratap-150804|title = Ankit Bhardwaj to enter Sony TV's Maharana Pratap}}</ref>

He has also played the lead role in movie based on Patel Andolan for Reservation ''[[Humein Haq Chahiye...Haq Se]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Humein Haq Chahiye Haq Se Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/humein-haq-chahiye-haq-se/movieshow/61487449.cms |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Ankiit was also cast as the lead actor in the music video Mezbaan Zindagi<ref name="auto3">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/YCBsMlXwswc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190819064833/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCBsMlXwswc Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCBsMlXwswc| title = Mezbaan Zindagi - Official Music Video {{!}} Asif Panjwani {{!}} Harmaan Nazim K. Ali | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> released by ''[[Zee Music Company]]'' in 2018 <ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Mezbaan-Zindagi-2018/j931UKrkbNg_|title=Mezbaan Zindagi - Harman Nazim, K. Ali - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=20 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://lyricsmaniya.com/album/mezbaan-zindagi-song-lyrics-by-harmaan-nazim-k-ali|title = 娇妻在上司的胯下娇吟,午夜理论片在线观看免费,色噜噜狠狠综曰曰曰,新婚少妇无套内谢国语播放}}</ref>

In 2018 he was featured in Indian Hindi horror anthology television series ''[[Kaun Hai?]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ankit-bhardwaj-joins-tanya-sharma-and-varun-sharma-colors-kaun-hai-180813|title = Ankit Bhardwaj joins Tanya Sharma and Varun Sharma in Colors' Kaun Hai}}</ref>

During start of 2019, he had featured in [[Zee TV]] show Rajaa Betaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ankit Bhardwaj to REENTER Zee TV's Rajaa Beta! |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ankit-bhardwaj-reenter-zee-tv-s-rajaa-beta-190701 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

Bhardwaj was featured in [[StarPlus]] show [[Rajjo (TV series)]] as Mukund.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-16 |title=Ankit Bhardwaj joins the cast of upcoming TV show 'Rajjo' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-bhardwaj-joins-the-cast-of-upcoming-tv-show-udti-ka-naam-rajjo/articleshow/93583467.cms |access-date=2023-10-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in 2022

==Career==

He appeared in the English independent film ''[[Desires of the Heart (2013 film)|Desires of the Heart]]'' as Gopal. He continued in theatre during this period and was a member of Nadira Babbar's Ekjute theatre group. Simultaneously he auditioned for Vijay singh movie. Gram post Bharat in which he got a grey shade character as Krishna. Then he moved towards Indian television industry he did ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]'' as Vachan singh, ''[[O Gujariya: Badlein Chal Duniya]]'' on Channel V as Viren. He had also worked in [[Colors TV|Colors]] show ''[[Thapki Pyaar Ki]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFXd0uvBF7g|title=Thapki Pyar Ki - 18th June 2015 - थपकी प्यार की - Full Episode (HD)|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> as Sanjay and as Rao Chandrasen Rathore - Prince of Marwar in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony Entertainment]] Television's show ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''.

He recently completed his another movie ''[[Humein Haq Chahiye...Haq Se]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/humein-haq-chahiye-haq-se/|title = Humein Haq Chahiye…Haq Se Movie: Review | Release Date | Songs | Music | Images | Official Trailers | Videos | Photos | News - Bollywood Hungama| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref> In this film he has played the character of a young guy who is the leader to the Reservation movement for Patidars in Gujarat with actor Gaurav Prateek<ref>{{Cite news |last=filmi |first=Beat |title=Humein Haq Chahiye Haq Se Cast & Crew |work=filmi beat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/humein-haq-chahiye-haq-se.html }}</ref> which released in November 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-10 |title=Acting is acting, the platform does not make a difference: Ankit Bharadwaj |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/acting-is-acting-the-platform-does-not-make-a-difference-ankit-bharadwaj/articleshow/94746548.cms |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

His latest movie released was ''Baazi Zindagi Ki'' by ''[[Linkway Films International]]'' in which he has played the lead role.

He has acted in the music video Mezbaan Zindagi<ref name="auto3"/> released by ''[[Zee Music Company]]'' in 2018 <ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/>

In August 2018, he has played role in Colors Horror TV series ''[[Kaun Hai?]]''.

During start of 2019, he had featured in [[Zee TV]] show ''[[Rajaa Betaa]]''.

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Channel
|-
!scope="row"| 2013
|''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''
|Vachan Singh
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2014
|''[[O Gujariya: Badlein Chal Duniya]]''
|Viren
| [[Channel V India]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2015
|[[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']]
|Lead (negative)
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2015
|''[[Thapki Pyar Ki ]]''
|Sanjay Pandey
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2015
|''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
| Rao Chandrasen Rathore- The Prince of Marwar
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2015
|''[[Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik]]''
|Arjun
|[[The EPIC Channel]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2015
|''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)]]''
|news anchor
|[[Colors TV]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2016
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|lead (negative)
|[[Life OK]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2017
|''[[Kaun Hai?]]<ref name="auto"/>''
|Arjun
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2018
|''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
|Aarav
|[[Zee TV]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2018–19
|''[[Rajaa Betaa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ankit-bhardwaj-reenter-zee-tv-s-rajaa-beta-190701|title = Ankit Bhardwaj to REENTER Zee TV's Rajaa Beta!}}</ref>''
|Rahul
|[[Zee TV]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2019
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Puttu
|[[Star Bharat]]
|-
!2022
|''[[Rajjo (TV series)|Rajjo]]''
|Mukund Singh Thakur
|[[StarPlus]]
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
|-
!scope="row"| 2013
|''[[Desires of the Heart (2013 film)|Desires of the Heart (2013 film hollywood)]]''
|Gopal
|-
!scope="row"| 2016
|''Humein Haq Chahiye... Haq se''
''[[Zee Studios]]''
|Harshad Patel
|-
!scope="row"| 2017
|''Baazi Zindagi Ki''
|Major Ravi
|-
!scope="row"| 2017
|''Humzubaa'n Ho Tum''
''[[Zee Music Company]]''
|Lead Role
|-
!scope="row"| 2018
|''Mezbaan Zindigi''
''[[Zee Music Company]]''
|Lead Role
|-
!scope="row"| 2018
|''The Successful Losers [[MX Player|Mx player]]''
|Rohan
|-
!scope="row"| 2019
|''SAHEB JI (Rajasthani song) [[Rapperiya Baalam]]''
|Lead role
|-
!2022
|Love you mahri Jaan (Rajasthani movie)
|Uday (lead)
|-
!2024
|[[Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout]]
|Sunny
|-
!2024
|Kartavya (movie)
|Shubham
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Platform
|-
! rowspan="6" |2022
|City Land
|Mr. Hacker
|
|-
|Margaon closed files
|Smile
|
|-
|Trip and Trap
|Saurabh
|
|-
|Moksha
|Siddharth
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
|[[Shehar Lakhot]]
|Tp singh
|[[Amazon prime]]
|-
|[[Love Next Door]]
|Dev
|[[Ullu|Atrangi TV]]
|-
!2023
|Beend banungo ghodi chadungo(Rajasthani webseries)
|Gopal
|Stage app
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm5366606}}

* [https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-ankit-bhardwaj-bags-star-plus-show-udti-ka-naam-rajjo/2022/07/16 Exclusive: Ankit Bhardwaj bags Star Plus show Udti Ka Naam Rajjo]
* https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ankit-bhardwaj-reenter-zee-tv-s-rajaa-beta-190701
* https://www.absoluteindianews.com/bollywood/ankit-bhardwaj-finds-a-friend-in-co-actor-priyanshu-painyuli-while-shooting/
* https://www.indiaforums.com/article/ankit-bhardwaj-shares-his-experience-shooting-for-maharana-pratap-and-his-plans-ahead_82317
* https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/ankit-bhardwaj-joins-zeenat-aman-web-series-margaon-closed-file/2021/02/15
* https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/the-show-directed-by-dharmendra-sharma-was-released-on-stage-app-ankit-bhardwaj-appeared-in-the-lead-role-131623029.html
* https://www.indiaforums.com/article/quotevery-actor-should-always-have-a-backup-careerquot-ankit-bhardwaj_77862

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Ankit}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]

Gandhi–Mandela Trophy

2026-04-24T12:15:29Z

Shruti:

{{Short description|Test cricket series between India and South Africa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use South African English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| image = Freedom Trophy.png
| imagesize = 200px
| country = {{cr|IND}} {{cr|RSA}}
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] and [[Cricket South Africa|CSA]]
| cricket format = [[Test cricket]]
| first = [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16#Test series|2015–16]] ([[India]])
| last = [[South African cricket team in India in 2025–26#Test series|2025–26]] ([[India]])
| next = TBD
| tournament format = Test Series
| participants = 2
| trophyholder = {{cr|RSA}}
| most successful = {{cr|RSA}} (3 series wins & 1 retention)
|qualification = [[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]]
| most runs = {{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]] (1136 runs)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=201;type=trophy|title=Most Runs in Freedom Trophy|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
| most wickets = {{cricon|IND}} [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (57 wickets)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=201;type=trophy|title=Most Wickets in Freedom Trophy|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
| TV =
| website =
| current =
}}

The '''Gandhi–Mandela Trophy''', also known as '''The Freedom Trophy''', is a [[cricket]] trophy that is awarded to the winner of [[Test cricket|Test]] series, known as The Freedom Series,<ref>{{cite web| title=BCCI-CSA title bilateral series – "The Mahatma Gandhi–Nelson Mandela Series"| url=http://cricket.co.za/news/8137/BCCI-CSA-title-bilateral-series-The-Mahatma-Gandhi-Nelson-Mandela-Series| publisher=Cricket South Africa| access-date=5 July 2018| archive-date=5 July 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705062824/http://cricket.co.za/news/8137/BCCI-CSA-title-bilateral-series-The-Mahatma-Gandhi-Nelson-Mandela-Series| url-status=dead}}</ref> between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. First awarded in [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015]], the trophy is dedicated to famous Indian and South African freedom fighters [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Nelson Mandela]] respectively.

==Background Test Series==
Prior to the trophy's inception, India and South Africa had played eleven series, six in South Africa and five in India. The overall record was six South African victories, two Indian victories, and three drawn series.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;host=3;opposition=3;opposition=6;orderby=won;spanmax1=1+Oct+2015;spanval1=span;team=3;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=series India in South Africa]</ref><ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;host=6;opposition=3;opposition=6;orderby=win_loss_ratio;spanmax1=1+Oct+2015;spanval1=span;team=3;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=series South Africa in India]</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Years
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Host
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Tests
! style="background:#99ccff" | {{cr|India}}
! style="background:#8ef595"| {{cr|South Africa}}
! style="background:#deb887"| Drawn
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result
|-
|[[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 1992–93|1992–93]]
| {{flag|South Africa|1982}}
| {{center|4}}
| {{center|0}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|3}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595"| {{cr|South Africa|1982}}
|-
|[[South African cricket team in India in 1996–97|1996–97]]
|{{flag|India}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|0}}
| bgcolor="#99ccff"| {{cr|India}}
|-
|[[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 1996–97|1996–97]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|0}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|1}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595"| {{cr|South Africa}}
|-
|[[South African cricket team in India in 1999–2000|1999–2000]]
|{{flag|India}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|0}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|0}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595" | {{cr|South Africa}}
|-
|[[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2001–02|2001–02]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|0}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|1}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595"| {{cr|South Africa}}
|-
|[[South African cricket team in India in 2004–05|2004–05]]
|{{flag|India}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|0}}
| {{center|1}}
| bgcolor="#99ccff"| {{cr|India}}
|-
|[[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2006–07|2006–07]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|0}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595"| {{cr|South Africa}}
|-
|[[South African cricket team in India in 2007–08|2007–08]]
|{{flag|India}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|1}}
| bgcolor="#deb887"| Drawn
|-
|[[South African cricket team in India in 2009–10|2009–10]]
|{{flag|India}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|0}}
| bgcolor="#deb887"| Drawn
|-
|[[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11|2010–11]]
|{{cr|RSA}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|1}}
| bgcolor="#deb887"| Drawn
|-
|[[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2013–14|2013–14]]
|{{cr|RSA}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|0}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|1}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595" | {{cr|South Africa}}
|-
!colspan="2;" align="center" style="bold"|Total
!style="text-align: center;" | 29
!style="text-align: center;" | 7
!style="text-align: center;" | 13
!style="text-align: center;" | 9
!colspan="1;" align="center" style="bold"|
|}

In 2015 BCCI and CSA announced that all future bilateral tours of India and South Africa to be named as Mahatma Gandhi–Nelson Mandela Bilateral series. The series is played in [[Test cricket]] format. The series is named after leaders of both countries to pay tribute to them for playing a major role in winning independence by nonviolence. This has also helped in gaining an <nowiki>"iconic and traditional status"</nowiki> to the series.<ref>{{cite web| title=Gandhi–Mandela Series| publisher=ESPNcricinfo | url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/915937.html| access-date= 8 September 2015}}</ref>

{{blockquote| text= The Test Series has been christened as the 'Freedom Trophy'. Freedom for which Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela sacrificed their lives and thereby allowed a nation to be born free from years of bondage and suppression.
BCCI, on behalf of every citizen of our country, is able to pay tribute to these great leaders by naming the series after them, and appeals to each and every citizen of our country to imbibe their ideals and follow the path advised by them| author= BCCI secretary [[Anurag Thakur]]}}

{{blockquote| text= For the people of both our countries there is no greater duty than to uphold the ideals of both Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela. As cricket-loving people we must fight hard to win on the field of play but never forget to do battle in the spirit of these two great men.| author= CSA chief executive, [[Haroon Lorgat]]}}

== Editions ==
{{Freedom Trophy timeline}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Series
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Years
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Host
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Tests
! style="background:#99ccff" | {{cr|India}}
! style="background:#8ef595"| {{cr|South Africa}}
! style="background:#deb887"| Drawn
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Holder
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Player of the series
|-
! scope=row align=center | 1
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16#Test series (Freedom Trophy)|2015–16]]
| {{flag|India}}
| {{center|4}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|0}}
| {{center|1}}
| bgcolor="#99ccff"|{{cr|India}}
| bgcolor="#99ccff"|{{cr|India}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
|-
! scope=row align=center | 2
|[[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|2017–18]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|0}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595"|{{cr|South Africa}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595"|{{cr|South Africa}}
| {{flagicon|SA}} [[Vernon Philander]]
|-
! scope=row align=center | 3
|[[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|2019–20]]
|{{flag|India}}
|{{center|3}}
|{{center|3}}
|{{center|0}}
|{{center|0}}
| bgcolor="#99ccff"|{{cr|India}}
| bgcolor="#99ccff"|{{cr|India}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohit Sharma]]
|-
! scope=row align=center | 4
|[[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021–22|2021–22]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|{{center|3}}
|{{center|1}}
|{{center|2}}
|{{center|0}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595"|{{cr|South Africa}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595"|{{cr|South Africa}}
| {{flagicon|SA}} [[Keegan Petersen]]
|-
! scope=row align=center | 5
|[[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2023–24|2023–24]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|{{center|2}}
|{{center|1}}
|{{center|1}}
|{{center|0}}
| bgcolor="#deb887"| Drawn
| bgcolor="#8ef595"|{{cr|South Africa}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jasprit Bumrah]] {{flagicon|SA}} [[Dean Elgar]]
|-
! scope=row align=center | 6
|[[South African cricket team in India in 2025–26|2025–26]]
|{{flag|India}}
|{{center|2}}
|{{center|0}}
|{{center|2}}
|{{center|0}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595"|{{cr|South Africa}}
| bgcolor="#8ef595"|{{cr|South Africa}}
| {{flagicon|SA}} [[Simon Harmer]]
|-
! colspan="3" align="center" style="bold"|Total
!{{center|17}}
!{{center|9}}
!{{center|7}}
!{{center|1}}
! colspan="3" align="center" style="bold"|
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Total Series!! style="background:#99ccff"| {{cr|India}} !! style="background:#8ef595"| {{cr|South Africa}} !! style="background:#deb887| Drawn
|-

| align="center" | 6
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" | 1
|}

==Results==
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" width=60%
|-
!
! Played
! Won by India
! Won by South Africa
! Drawn
|- style="border-top:4px solid #a9a9a9;"
| scope="row"| Tests in India
| 9
| bgcolor="#99ccff" | 6 ({{percentage|6|9|1}})
| bgcolor="#8ef595" | 2 ({{percentage|2|9|1}})
| 1 ({{percentage|1|9|1}})
|-
| Tests in South Africa
| 8
| bgcolor="#99ccff" | 3 ({{percentage|3|8|1}})
| bgcolor="#8ef595" | 5 ({{percentage|5|8|1}})
| 0 ({{percentage|0|6|1}})
|- style="border-top:4px solid #a9a9a9;"
| All Tests
| 17
| bgcolor="#99ccff" | 9 ({{percentage|9|17|1}})
| bgcolor="#8ef595" | 7 ({{percentage|8|17|1}})
| 1 ({{percentage|1|17|1}})
|- style="border-top:4px solid #a9a9a9;"
| Series in India
| 3
| bgcolor="#99ccff" | 2 ({{percentage|2|3|1}})
| bgcolor="#8ef595" | 1 ({{percentage|1|3|1}})
| 0 ({{percentage|0|3|1}})
|-
| Series in South Africa
| 3
| bgcolor="#99ccff" | 0 ({{percentage|0|3|1}})
| bgcolor="#8ef595" | 2 ({{percentage|2|3|1}})
| 1 ({{percentage|1|3|1}})
|- style="border-top:4px solid #a9a9a9;"
| All series
| 6
| bgcolor="#99ccff" | 2 ({{percentage|2|6|1}})
| bgcolor="#8ef595" | 3 ({{percentage|3|6|1}})
| 1 ({{percentage|1|6|1}})
|- style="border-top:4px solid #a9a9a9;"
| colspan=5 | As of 26 November 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?id=201;type=trophy|title=Freedom trophy Result Summary|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Match venues==

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=14|In India
|-
! Stadium
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! {{cr|India}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! {{cr|South Africa}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[I. S. Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015–16]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015–16]]
| 1
| rowspan=7|
| 1
| rowspan=7|
| 0
| rowspan=7|
| 0
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mohali Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57991.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=201;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 11 December 2021|access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015–16]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015–16]]
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 0
| <ref>{{cite web |title=M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/57897.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=201;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 11 December 2021|access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|VCA Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015–16]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015–16]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| <ref>{{cite web |title=New VCA Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/375326.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=201;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 11 December 2021|access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015–16]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015–16]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Arun Jaitley Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/58040.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=201;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 11 December 2021|access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|2019–20]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|2019–20]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/58547.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=201;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 11 December 2021|access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|2019–20]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|2019–20]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/545380.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=201;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 11 December 2021|access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[JSCA International Stadium Complex|JSCA Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|2019–20]]
| [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|2019–20]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| <ref>{{cite web |title=JSCA International Stadium Complex|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/485865.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=201;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 11 December 2021|access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=14|In South Africa
|-
! Stadium
! First Test
! Last Test
! Played
!
! {{cr|South Africa}} wins
!
! Draws*
!
! {{cr|India}} wins
! Ref
|-
| align=left|[[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|2017–18]]
| [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2023–24|2023–24]]
| 3
| rowspan=3|
| 2
| rowspan=3|
| 0
| rowspan=3|
| 1
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Newlands Cricket Ground|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/59068.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=201;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 11 December 2021|access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|2017–18]]
| [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2023–24|2023–24]]
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 1
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Centurion Park|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/59079.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=201;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 11 December 2021|access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align=left|[[New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|2017–18]]
| [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|2021–22]]
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 1
| <ref>{{cite web |title=New Wanderers Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/59120.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=201;type=aggregate;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 11 December 2021|access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Tangiwai Shield]]
*[[Pataudi Trophy]]
*[[Anthony de Mello Trophy]]
*[[Anderson–Tendulkar Trophy]]
*[[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]]
*[[Basil D'Oliveira Trophy]]
*[[The Ashes]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Named Test Cricket series}}

[[Category:Test cricket competitions]]
[[Category:India in international cricket]]
[[Category:South Africa in international cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]
[[Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Nelson Mandela]]
[[Category:India–South Africa sports relations]]

Murari Prasad Gautam

2026-04-23T06:26:10Z

Shruti: made new pg

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Murari Prasad Gautam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|03|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtas District|Rohtas]], [[Bihar]]
| profession = [[Teacher]]
| office = [[List of ministers of panchayati raj of Bihar|Minister of Panchayati Raj]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| term_start = 16 August 2022
| term_end = 28 January 2024
| predecessor = [[Samrat Chaudhary]]
| office1 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2020
| term_end1 =
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2010
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (pre-2024)
| constituency1 = [[Chenari Assembly constituency|Chenari]]
| constituency2 = [[Chenari Assembly constituency|Chenari]]
}}

'''Murari Prasad Gautam''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]] currently serving as Member of Legislative Assembly in [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Chenari Assembly constituency|Chenari constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chenari Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/chenari.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Election 2020">{{cite web |title=Bihar Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>

Murari Prasad Gautam joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] on 28 February 2024, ahead of the general elections.<ref name="Bihar: Congress MLAs Murari Prasad Gautam, Siddharth Saurav, And RJD MLA Sangita Kumari Join BJP">{{cite news |last1=ABP News |title=Bihar: Congress MLAs Murari Prasad Gautam, Siddharth Saurav, And RJD MLA Sangita Kumari Join BJP |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/bihar-congress-mlas-murari-prasad-gautam-siddharth-saurav-and-rjd-mla-sangita-kumari-join-bjp-1667878 |access-date=28 February 2024 |work= |date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228043440/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/bihar-congress-mlas-murari-prasad-gautam-siddharth-saurav-and-rjd-mla-sangita-kumari-join-bjp-1667878 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]], he ran for reelection in [[Chenari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chenari constituency]] as a [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]] candidate and won.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Murari Prasad}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

St. James Church, Puthenkadai

2026-04-21T17:36:30Z

Shruti: Created initial info from scratch...

{{Short description|Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{confusing|date=March 2022}}
}}
[[File:St.James Church Puthenkadai.jpg|thumb|front view of church]]
'''St. James Church Puthenkadai''' is the head church for [[Keshavapuram]] and [[Thetticode]], located in the village of [[Puthenkadai]] in [[Kalkulam]] taluk, [[Kanyakumari district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

It is located in Puthenkatai near the village of [[Aruvikkarai]] on the state highway between [[Marthantam]] and [[Pechipparai]].

==Village==
This village contains red, black soil and clay-rich area of plants and trees naturally increases the beauty of the straight upright stand, The prosperity which is rich in this wetland, dry prevailing in the region, and In this village Paralaiyarru water through the prosperity of the limited pearl green Appearance here.<ref name="jamesputhenkadai" />

==Nearest tourism==
*3 km from Mathoor [[THOTTIPPALAM]]
*16 km from Tirparappu Falls,
*Around 30 km from [[PECHIPPARAI DAM]]
*1 km FROM [[Thiruvattar]] AdiKesava Perumal Kovil
*5 km from [[Chitharal]] Malai kovil
*1 km FROM [[Aruvikkarai]]

==History==
AD 16th century in the initial period of Christian regional work for the disciples in coastal areas and work bulk of the Christian religion, By the embracing of the Name "Protector Of Fisher Men", They considered the St. James as a Main god to worship.,The people Called "CHAVAKIZHAR" On set of terminating the daily works Build up The Small church which is made up of sand. As the days pass over the number of Christians increasing in the area a big society of Christianity made over in this society of groupism Village. As By the info of this village initially after the standardity it has separated from the head Church of "Muzhagumoodu".<ref name="jamesputhenkadai">{{cite web|url=http://www.jamesputhenkadai.com/|title=St.James, PUTHENKADAI.COM|publisher=jamesputhenkadai.com|accessdate=2014-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121339/http://www.jamesputhenkadai.com/|archive-date=2014-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121339/http://www.jamesputhenkadai.com/ St. James official site]

{{coord|8.33683|77.27352|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:St. James Church Puthenkadai}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-church-stub}}

Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:17:02Z

Shruti: added some post basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barabati-Cuttack
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 90
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Sofia Firdous]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,44,574{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Barabati-Cuttack''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].

This constituency includes 25 wards of Cuttack.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

The constituency was formed in 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> after subsuming [[Kissannagar Assembly Constituency]] and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title=Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.86}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.57}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.8}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.61}}
}}

Since its formation in 2009, 4 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Barabati-Cuttack constituency are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Barabati-Cuttack Assembly Election Results 2024: Barabati-Cuttack Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/barabati-cuttack-constituency-result-18090 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sofia Firdous]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019" />
|[[Mohammed Moquim]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Barabati-cuttack Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/barabati-cuttack-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Debashish Samantaray]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Before 2009 : See [[Kissannagar Assembly Constituency|Kissannagar]]''}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Sofia Firdous]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Purna Chandra Mahapatra by a margin of 8,001 votes. <ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Barabati-Cuttack}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Sofia Firdous]]
|votes=53,339
|percentage=37.86
|change={{increase}}0.29}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=Purnachandra Mohapatra
|votes=45,338
|percentage=32.18
|change={{increase}}6.88}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Biju Janata Dal
|candidate=Prakash Behera
|votes=40,035
|percentage=28.42
|change={{decrease}}6.29}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=None of the above
|votes=585
|percentage=0.42
|change={{decrease}}0.55}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes=8,001
|percentage=5.68
|change=}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,40,887
|percentage=57.61
|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Mohammed Moquim]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Debashish Samantaray]] by a margin of 3,827 votes.<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Barabati-Cuttack<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohammed Moquim]]
|votes = 50,244
|percentage = 37.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Debashish Samantaray]]
|votes = 48,101
|percentage = 34.71
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Samir Dey]]
|votes = 33,825
|percentage = 25.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,298
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,827
|percentage = 2.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,33,718
|percentage = 56.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Debashish Samantaray]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Mohammed Moquim]] by a margin of 14,289 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Barabati-Cuttack}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Debashish Samantaray]]
|votes = 57,663
|percentage = 45.8
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohammed Moquim]]
|votes = 43,335
|percentage = 34.44
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradeep Swain
|votes = 20,552
|percentage = 16.33
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,238
|percentage = 0.98
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,289
|percentage = 11.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,25,824
|percentage = 59.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Debashish Samantaray]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Suresh Mohapatra by a margin of 24,485 votes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=24485 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lobbying begins for new seats in Cuttack |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article30789.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422233229/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article30789.ece?service=print |archive-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Barabati-Cuttack<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Debashish Samantaray]]
|votes = 52,097
|percentage = 53.61
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Suresh Mohapatra
|votes = 27,612
|percentage = 28.41
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Samir Dey]]
|votes = 15,131
|percentage = 15.57
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,485
|percentage = 25.19{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 97,187
|percentage = 50.55
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,92,277
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cuttack district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.48|85.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Deepak Maheshwari

2026-04-07T10:30:52Z

Shruti: made new pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Former Judge of Rajasthan High Court}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deepak Maheshwari
| office = Former Judge of Rajasthan High Court
| image = Justice Deepak Maheshwari.jpg
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]], The President Of India
| tenure =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|07|28}} [[Ajmer]]
| citizenship =
| spouse = Renu Maheshwari
| children = 2
| parents =
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| term = 11 April 2016 - 27 July 2018
| honorific_prefix = Justice
}}
[[File:Justice Deepak Maheshwari oath by Justice Mittal.jpg|thumb|Deepak Maheshwari taking oath]]
'''Deepak Maheshwari''' (born 28 July 1956 ) is a former Indian judge of the [[Rajasthan High Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138694|title=Appointment of Judges in the different High Courts|work=pib.nic.in|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> He was sworn in on 11 April 2016 by the then [[Chief Justice]] S.K. Mittal of the Rajasthan High Court. He worked at the principal bench of the High Court in Jodhpur as well as its circuit bench in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Citation|last=ZeeRajasthanNews|title=The number of judges in Rajasthan High court increased to 31 : News @ 10:00 AM|date=2016-04-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ew3AsIaY_Uw|accessdate=2017-01-15}}</ref> He also served as the chairperson of the solid waste management committee established by the National Green Tribunal (NGT), [[New Delhi]] for Rajasthan and now presides over domestic as well as international commercial arbitrations, mainly in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web |last=livelaw |date=8 April 2016 |title=New Judges appointed in Madras and Rajasthan High Courts - Live Law |url=https://www.livelaw.in/new-judges-appointed-madras-rajasthan-high-courts/ |accessdate=3 July 2016 |work=livelaw.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2016 |title=Appointments of Additional Judges and Judges of Madras & Rajasthan High Court |url=https://blog.scconline.com/post/2016/05/06/appointments-of-additional-judges-and-judges-of-madras-rajasthan-high-court/ |accessdate=3 July 2016 |work=scconline.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born on 28 July 1956 at [[Ajmer]]. His father Shri Kedar Nath Maheshwari is a (Retd.) Deputy Director of Education, Rajasthan and mother Late Smt. Saroj Kumari Maheshwari was (Retd.) Additional Director of Education, Rajasthan. After attending [[Government College, Ajmer|Government College]], Ajmer in 1975 where he pursued B.Sc. (Hons.) in Mathematics, he took admission to Law Faculty in the [[University of Rajasthan]], Jaipur and obtained a first class degree in L.L.B in the year 1978.

== Career ==
Justice Maheshwari joined Rajasthan Judicial Service (RJS) in the first attempt in 1980 at the young age of 24. Thereafter, he served at various places and positions in the districts of Jaipur, Dholpur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Sirohi, Bharatpur, Dausa etc. He was promoted to Rajasthan Higher Judicial Service (RHJS) in the year 1999 and thereafter served at Bhilwara, Udaipur, Sikar, Jodhpur and Jaipur during which he also discharged duties in the Special Courts of SC/ST, Women Atrocities etc. and later, assumed the charge of District & Sessions Judge, Jaipur Metropolitan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/former%20district%20judges|title=List of Former District Judges - Official Website of District Court Of India|work=ecourts.gov.in|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> He was assigned some prestigious positions like Registrar (Administration), Registrar (Vigilance), Registrar (Examination) and OSD (Finance & Infrastructure) in the Hon'ble High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan and he also served as Principal Secretary (Law & Legal Affairs Dept.) to the Government of Rajasthan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/Maheshwari-made-principal-secy-of-legal-affairs-dept/DNJAI52779|title=Maheshwari made principal secy of legal affairs dept - DNA - English News & Features - City-Jaipur - dnasyndication.com|work=dnasyndication.com|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> along with additional charges.

== 2014 Lawyers' strike ==
In 2014, when Justice Maheshwari was District & Sessions Judge, Jaipur Metropolitan, he came to the rescue of entire lower [[judiciary]] in the state by protecting his subordinate Additional District and Sessions Judge Mahendra Singh Chaudhary on 7 July 2014 who felt offended by a group of lawyers attempting to pressurize him to recall a judicial order passed against an advocate Bharat

Bhushan Pareek evicting him from a tenanted premises of an old couple.<ref name="intoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/lawyers-strike-over-vague-issues-slows-down-justice-in-rajasthan-203742-2014-08-12|title=Month-long lawyers strike slows justice delivery in Rajasthan|work=intoday.in|date=12 August 2014 |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> By taking a bold step, Judge Chaudhary brought it on record and called it contemptuous. The order was supported by Justice Maheshwari despite protest and threats from the Bar. It triggered a complete strike on 9 July 2014 by around one lakh lawyers in 800 courts across the state demanding transfer of both the judges by calling their actions anti-lawyer activities.<ref name="intoday.in1">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lawyers-strike-hits-undertrials-in-rajasthan-prisons-291871-2014-09-11|title=Lawyers strike hits undertrials in Rajasthan prisons|work=intoday.in|date=11 September 2014 |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> Some serious allegations of corruption were also leveled against both the judges. Nonetheless, Justice Maheshwari, being the senior most officer of the district judiciary, boldly led from the front against unethical elements of the Bar who brought disrepute to the institution.

On 14 July, the then Rajasthan High Court Judge Bela M. Trivedi took suo moto cognizance of the strike and issued a contempt notice to the group of lawyers for making a mountain out of a molehill to go on strike. That made the lawyers include Bela M. Trivedi's transfer too the main demand to end the strike.<ref name="intoday.in"/> Subsequently, Supreme Court Bench of Justices Sudhanshu Jyoti Mukhopadhyaya and [[Sharad Arvind Bobde|S.A. Bobde]] had to intervene in the matter on 4 August which told Jaipur lawyer Bharat Bhushan Pareek, an appellant in an eviction decree against him for a flat and a basement in a prime Jaipur locality: "First end the strike and then come to us on August 8."<ref name="intoday.in"/> A Bench of Justices [[Dipak Misra]] and [[Vikramajit Sen]] also issued notices to the [[Bar Council of India]], the State [[Bar Council of Rajasthan]], and the Jaipur High Court Bar Association to appear before the Supreme Court on 9 September 2014 to explain the ongoing strike.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/supreme-court-issues-notice-bci-jaipur-bar-association/|title=Supreme Court issues notice to BCI, Jaipur Bar Association on lawyer's strike; To be heard on September 9, 2014 - Bar & Bench|first=Anuj|last=A|date=2 September 2014|work=barandbench.com|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref>

Simultaneously, clash erupted between two groups of advocates in Rajasthan when one group decided to call off the ongoing strike and resume work in courts while the other group pressed upon boycotting the work till the time both the judges Chaudhary and Maheshwari in Jaipur were transferred.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lawyers-strike-clash-erupts-between-two-groups-of-advocates-114072800814_1.html|title=Lawyers' strike: Clash erupts between two groups of advocates|author=Press Trust of|newspaper=Business Standard|date=28 July 2014|accessdate=23 October 2018}}</ref> Finally, the strike was called off by the Advocate General N. M. Lodha on 14 September<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=LVc7fay4w5R5xEPqbC5bwUFOLXLEleEBBJPYrWU5Zx4=|title=Lawyers divided as strike suspended after 68 days - Top News - News - News Syndication - Content Syndication|work=dnasyndication.com|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> after 68 days of absence from work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Lawyers-End-68-day-old-Strike-in-Rajasthan/2014/09/14/article2431046.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014180221/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Lawyers-End-68-day-old-Strike-in-Rajasthan/2014/09/14/article2431046.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2014|title=Lawyers End 68-day-old Strike in Rajasthan|work=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> While none of the judges was transferred as demanded, the worst blow of the strike was suffered by the litigants and undertrial prisoners who had to present their cases themselves in courts since the advocates did not appear.<ref name="intoday.in1"/>
Justice Maheshwari's solidarity with the lower judiciary in securing its independence was appreciated in this whole incidence and he was admired for keeping up the [[rule of law]] laid down by the Hon'ble [[Supreme Court of India]] that strike by advocates is illegal.

== Representations and other positions held ==
* Conference on 'Gender Justice' organized by the British Council in 2000
* Represented [[Government of Rajasthan]] in 2015 for the course on "Legislative Drafting" organized by the [[University College London|University College of London]] in association with the British High Commission in London, United Kingdom
* Member representative for the Government of Rajasthan at the National Seminar on "Narcotic Drugs Challenges and Solutions" organized by [[National Legal Services Authority]] and State Legal Services Authority, Himachal Pradesh in 2015
* Was Ex-officio Member, Governing Council, [[National Law University, Jodhpur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nlujodhpur.ac.in/governance.php?mn=statutory|title=National Law University - Jodhpur|work=nlujodhpur.ac.in|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Apart from law, he has profound interest in spiritualism and is a passionate nature lover. His father Shri K. N. Maheshwari runs a charitable trust to educate the poor children living in the streets<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.facebook.com/Educating-the-poor-children-191255417593003/info?_rdr&tab=page_info|title=Educating the poor children|work=facebook.com|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> in which his wife is also a trustee. Daughter Purva is married and son Naman is an advocate practicing in the Supreme Court of India.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://hcraj.nic.in/deepakm.aspx Official website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maheshwari, Deepak}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Government College Umuahia alumni]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Rupnarayanpur railway station

2026-03-29T19:00:02Z

Shruti:

{{Short description|Railway station in Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|RUPNARAYANPUR}}
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Rupnarayanpur_Railway_Station.jpg
| caption =
| address = [[Rupnarayanpur]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.81926|N|86.88636|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|166|m|}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad Gauge
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platforms = 3
| parking = No
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RNPR
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| classification = '''NSG-6'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Railway – Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |publisher=Eastern Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| passengers =
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_dot_label = Rupnarayanpur railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| line = * [[Asansol–Patna section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
| other =
| accessible =
| route_map = {{Asansol–Patna section}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Rupnarayanpur railway station''' (station code: '''RNPR)''' is a railway station on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] under the [[Asansol railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=List of Stations on Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918055842/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rupnarayanpur Railway Station Timeline - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/timeline/edits-rupnarayanpur-rnpr/586 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It is situated at [[Rupnarayanpur]] in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] of [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupnarayanpur (RNPR) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/rupnarayanpur-rnpr |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TTI |title=RNPR / Rupnarayanpur Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Rupnarayanpur |url=https://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/rnpr/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.totaltraininfo.com |language=en}}</ref> Fourteen trains halt here daily.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupnarayanpur Railway Station Timeline - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/timeline/edits-rupnarayanpur-rnpr/586 |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The station has three platforms, which are linked by a foot overbridge. Basic passenger facilities include a ticket counter, platform sheds and a drinking water supply. However, amenities such as retiring rooms are not available as of yet, as the station is under redevelopment as part of Adarsh Stations Scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPGRADATION OF STATIONS UNDER ADARSH STATION SCHEME |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/178/AU5707.pdf?source=pqals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715234021/https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/178/AU5707.pdf?source=pqals |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=sansad.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Administration ==
The station falls under the administrative control of the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of [[Asansol railway division]]. Its station code is '''RNPR'''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=RUPNARAYANPUR RNPR Railway Station |url=https://www.makemytrip.com/railways/rupnarayanpur-rnpr-railway-station.html |access-date=20 Sep 2025 |website=makemytrip.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Asansol railway division]]
* [[Eastern Railway zone]]
* [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

{{India-railstation-stub}}

C. Joseph Vijay

2026-03-29T16:44:36Z

Shruti: refined references per sources to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian actor and politician (born 1974)}}
{{Tamil name|Chandrasekaran|Joseph Vijay or Vijay}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = President of the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| 1blankname = General Secretary
| 1namedata = [[N. Anand]]
| image = Vijay at Protest of the Nadigar Sangam.jpg
| caption = Vijay in 2018
| birth_name = Chandrasekaran Joseph Vijay
| birth_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu, India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|6|22}}
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| term_start = {{start date|df=y|2024|02|02}}
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (2024{{nbnd}}present)
| spouse = {{marriage|Sankgeetha Sornalingam|25 August 1999|2026|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2026 |title=Actor-politician Vijay’s wife Sankgeetha files for divorce |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/actor-politician-vijays-wife-sankgeetha-files-for-divorce |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="N">{{Cite news |date=27 February 2026 |title=Who Is Vijay's Wife Sankgeetha Sornalingam, Who Filed For Divorce After 26 Years Of Marriage? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/who-is-vijays-wife-sangeetha-sornalingam-who-filed-for-divorce-after-26-years-of-marriage-11145347 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304070139/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/who-is-vijays-wife-sangeetha-sornalingam-who-filed-for-divorce-after-26-years-of-marriage-11145347 |archive-date=2026-03-04 |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
| children = 2
| father = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
| mother = [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Singer|Politician}}
| relatives = See [[List of South Indian film families#Chandrasekhar family|Chandrasekhar family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Vijay|Full list]]
| education = [[Loyola College, Chennai]] (dropped out)
}}

'''Joseph Vijay Chandrasekhar''' (born 22 June 1974) is an Indian actor and politician. In a career spanning over three decades in [[Tamil cinema]], he acted in [[Vijay filmography|69 films]] and is amongst the highest paid actors in India. He is one of the most commercially successful actors in the industry with multiple films amongst the [[list of highest-grossing Tamil films]]. He has [[List of awards and nominations received by Vijay|won several awards]] as an actor. Referred to as "Thalapathy" ({{Translation|Commander}}), he has a significant fan following.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Indian superstar whose political rally turned fatal for dozens|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62lj9x5y60o |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=BBC}}</ref>

Vijay made his debut as a child actor in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Vetri (film)|Vetri]]'' (1984). After playing as a child actor in few of the films directed by his father, he played his first lead role in the film ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]'' (1992) at the age of 18. He continued doing lead roles for the next few years and notable films amongst them included ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' (1996), ''[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]'' (1997), ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' (1997), ''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]'' (1999), ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000), ''[[Priyamaanavale]]'' (2000) and ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' (2001).

He starred in the commercially successful action films ''[[Thirumalai]]'' (2003) and ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004), transitioning away from romance films. With subsequent successes of ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' (2005) and ''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007), he established himself as one of the leading and commercially successful actors in Tamil cinema. Following a period of moderate success, Vijay acted in several critically and commercially successful films starting from the early 2010s including ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012), ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014), ''[[Mersal]]'' (2017), ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2018), [[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']] (2021), ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' (2022), ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023), and ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024).

In February 2024, Vijay announced his retirement from films and his entry into politics with the launch of his political party [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].

== Early life and family ==
Chandrasekaran Joseph Vijay was born on 22 June 1974 in [[Madras]] (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2018/jun/22/happy-birthday-thalapathy-check-out-some-rare-images-of-the-vijay-101592.html |title=Happy birthday Thalapathy! Check out some rare images of the Vijay |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=22 June 2021|access-date=15 September 2023|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004131004/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2018/jun/22/happy-birthday-thalapathy-check-out-some-rare-images-of-the-vijay-101592.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Manoj Kumar R |title='Thalapathy' Vijay, the last superstar of Tamil box office |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-birthday-the-last-superstar-of-tamil-box-office-7982426/|orig-date=22 June 2022 |date=24 June 2022|access-date=27 October 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027094938/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-birthday-the-last-superstar-of-tamil-box-office-7982426/|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], is a film director and his mother, [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]], is a playback singer and vocalist.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2023 |title=Did you know Kizhakku Vasal fame S.A. Chandrasekhar was a director? |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tuesday-trivia-did-you-know-kizhakku-vasal-fame-s-a-chandrasekhar-was-a-director-once/articleshow/105555369.cms |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202134037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tuesday-trivia-did-you-know-kizhakku-vasal-fame-s-a-chandrasekhar-was-a-director-once/articleshow/105555369.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> His father is a [[Christians|Christian]] and his mother is a [[Hindus|Hindu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Vijay |work=Vikatan |date=27 December 2021 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/topics/vijay-person-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227053108/https://www.vikatan.com/topics/vijay-person-2|archive-date=27 December 2021|url-status=live|access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="I was born as a Christian, my wife is a Hindu": Vijay's father SA Chandrasekhar responds to allegations |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |date=21 February 2020 |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=249358&u=i-was-born-as-a-christian-my-wife-is-a-hindu-vijays-father-sa-chandrasekhar-responds-to-allegations-249358|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104152739/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=249358&u=i-was-born-as-a-christian-my-wife-is-a-hindu-vijays-father-sa-chandrasekhar-responds-to-allegations-249358|archive-date=4 January 2022|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> Vijay had a sister, Vidhya, who died when she was two years old.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-rare-childhood-picture-sister-vidhya-chandrasekhar-thalapathy-sukran-cameo-tamil-news-230281 |title=Rare picture of Vijay with his sister |date=25 February 2019 |work=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512141909/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-rare-childhood-picture-sister-vidhya-chandrasekhar-thalapathy-sukran-cameo-tamil-news-230281|url-status=live}}</ref> Vijay did his schooling initially at Fathima school, [[Kodambakkam]] and later at Balalok school, [[Virugambakkam]].<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1Ecr-4c5F0|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/t1Ecr-4c5F0|archive-date=12 December 2021|url-status=live |title=Vijay speaks about his childhood schooling in fathima matriculation school chennai |work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/which-celebritiy-belongs-to-your-schoolcollege/vijay.html |title=Vijay {{!}} Which Celebrity belongs to your school/college?|work=Behindwoods|date=23 April 2016|access-date=28 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171818/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/which-celebritiy-belongs-to-your-schoolcollege/vijay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He pursued a [[bachelor degree]] in [[visual communication]] from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], but dropped out early to focus on his acting career.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/top-south-actors-who-studied-in-loyala-college-chennai/vijay/slideshow/100422211.cms |title=Top actors who studied in Loyola college |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 May 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Film career ==
{{Main|Vijay filmography}}
=== 1984–2002: Debut and transition to lead roles ===

[[File:Vijay young (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|200x200px|Vijay as a child actor|left]]
Vijay made his debut as a child actor in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Vetri (film)|Vetri]]'', produced by [[P. S. Veerappa]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2021 |title=Vijay's First Salary as a Child actor in 1984 Revealed! it was 500 rupees |url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/k5E0a|access-date=27 December 2021 |work=Ghost archive}}</ref> He then acted as a child actor in films such as ''[[Kudumbam (1984 film)|Kudumbam]]'' (1984), ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (1985), ''[[Vasantha Raagam]]'' (1986), ''[[Sattam Oru Vilayaattu]]'' (1987) and ''[[Ithu Engal Neethi]]'' (1988) all directed by his father [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]].

[[File:98vjactor.jpg|thumb|Vijay in 1998]]

Vijay played the lead role for the first time in ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]'' at the age of 18 in 1992.<ref>{{cite news|url-access=subscription |date=23 November 2007 |first=Prema |last=Manmadhan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/style-of-his-own/article2274239.ece |title=Style of his own |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625123513/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/style-of-his-own/article2274239.ece|archive-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> The film failed at the box office, with Vijay receiving bitter criticism for his looks and performance. SAC decided then to cast him alongside an established hero, and his frequent collaborator [[Vijayakanth]] agreed to do the project in ''[[Senthoorapandi]]'' (1993). The film ended up as a hit, helping Vijay get popular among the masses.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay explains how dad SA Chandrasekar used Vijayakanth’s popularity to launch him in Sendhoorapandi, watch throwback video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-says-dad-sa-chandrasekar-used-vijayakanths-popularity-to-launch-him-in-sendhoorapandi-throwback-9085977/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |work=Indianexpress}}</ref> In 1994, ''[[Rasigan]]'' ran for more than 175 days in theatres. Directed again by his father, Vijay became popular as “Ilaya Thalapathy” (young commander).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sanghavi-recalls-her-experience-working-with-ilayathalapathy-vijay.html |title=''Rasigan success'' |work=Behindwoods |date=16 February 2017|access-date=17 March 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627160136/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sanghavi-recalls-her-experience-working-with-ilayathalapathy-vijay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1995, Chandrashekhar directed ''[[Deva (1995 film)|Deva]]'' with his son in the lead. It was a box office hit and completed the 100-day run in cinema halls.<ref>{{Cite news |title=As Vijay turns 49, let’s take a quick look at his cinematic journey to stardom |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-turns-49/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |work=The South First}}</ref> He had leading roles in films such ''[[Rajavin Parvaiyile]]'' in which he co-starred with actor [[Ajith Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=28 வருடங்கள் கழித்து ஒரே திரையில் விஜய் - அஜித்; வெளியான மாஸ் அப்டேட்
|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/vijay-ajith-starring-rajavin-parvaiyile-re-release-chennai |access-date=2023-01-04 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>, followed by ''[[Vishnu (1995 film)|Vishnu]]'' and the romantic drama ''[[Chandralekha (1995 film)|Chandralekha]]''.

In early 1996, the romantic comedy film ''[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]'' was a hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=successful Pongal releases for Vijay |work=Behindwoods |date=3 January 2017 |url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/13-pongal-releases-for-vijay/index.html|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213144024/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/13-pongal-releases-for-vijay/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Followed by ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'', directed by [[Vikraman]], which according to him, gave him his initial break and popularity.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13647189&cid=2408|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113190938/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13647189&cid=2408|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2005 |title=Vijay blockbusters |date=20 January 2007 |work=[[Sify]]|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> His subsequent films that year were ''[[Vasantha Vaasal]]'', ''[[Maanbumigu Maanavan]]'' and ''[[Selvaa (film)|Selvaa]]''. In 1997, Vijay appeared in ''[[Kaalamellam Kaathiruppen]]'', ''[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]'' and ''[[Once More (1997 film)|Once More]]'', the latter in which he shared the screen space with veteran actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kaalamellam Kaathiruppen – When Thalapathy Vijay played negative roles – Complete list here |work=Behindwoods |date=22 October 2018 |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-films-in-which-thalapathy-vijay-played-negative-roles/kaalamellam-kaathiruppen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624074257/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-films-in-which-thalapathy-vijay-played-negative-roles/kaalamellam-kaathiruppen.html|archive-date=24 June 2021|url-status=live|access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 2020 |title=Shajahan:2001 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-today-to-vettaikaran-ten-times-when-vijay-delivered-a-super-hit-film-with-a-debutant-director/photostory/76425194.cms|access-date=14 December 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-today-to-vettaikaran-ten-times-when-vijay-delivered-a-super-hit-film-with-a-debutant-director/photostory/76425194.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''[[Nerrukku Ner]]'', he starred with actor [[Suriya]]’s marked debut in the industry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Not Suriya, This Actor Was The First Choice For Lead In Nerukku Ner|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/not-suriya-this-actor-was-the-first-choice-for-lead-in-nerukku-ner-8850199.html |access-date=2024-04-13 |work=News 18}}</ref> Then, Vijay attracted the family audience through [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]’s ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Vijay’s journey | The road from campus to cinema, and political plunge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-road-from-campus-to-cinema-and-political-plunge-vijays-journey/article67814493.ece |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> This film earned actor Vijay his first [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=When love was 'love only': Revisiting Vijay-Shalini's 'Kadhalukku Mariyadhai' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/when-love-was-love-only-revisiting-vijay-shalinis-kadhalukku-mariyadhai-126904 |access-date=2020-06-19 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> He was awarded [[Kalaimaamani]] by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] for his role.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ilayathalapathy Vijay Won The Tamil Nadu State’s Kalaimamani Award In 1998|url=https://www.bizhat.com/awards-2/ |work=Bizhat}}</ref> In 1998, he continued in starred in romantic films such as ''[[Ninaithen Vandhai]]'', ''[[Priyamudan]]'' and ''[[Nilaave Vaa]]''. In 1999, the film ''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]'' was a blockbuster success.<ref name="IT">{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Vijay: 10 best films of Ilayathalapathy as a performer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/happy-birthday-vijay-best-films-of-ilayathalapathy-vijay-19869-2016-06-22|access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805123701/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/happy-birthday-vijay-best-films-of-ilayathalapathy-vijay-19869-2016-06-22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=K.N. |first=Vijiyan |date=27 June 1998 |title=Love story with a difference |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/VijayIsMyLife/status/1403445876815581188/photo/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623163943/https://mobile.twitter.com/VijayIsMyLife/status/1403445876815581188/photo/1 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 |work=}}</ref> The romantic drama helped Vijay create a fan base in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Movie Milestone: 20 years of Thullatha Manamum Thullum|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-20-years-of-thullatha-manamum-thullum/articleshow/67724538.cms |access-date=2019-02-07 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Vijay won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award|MGR Honorary Award]] and the movie won the second prize [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]. The next released was ''[[Endrendrum Kadhal]]'', ''[[Nenjinile]],'' and ''[[Minsara Kanna]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Master is blockbuster but can Vijay now step out of his comfort zone? |work=[[India Today]] |date=16 January 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/master-is-blockbuster-but-can-vijay-now-step-out-of-his-comfort-zone-1759706-2021-01-16|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503111825/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/master-is-blockbuster-but-can-vijay-now-step-out-of-his-comfort-zone-1759706-2021-01-16|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2000, he appeared in his 25th film, ''[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]'', alongside commercially successful romantic films, ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' and ''[[Priyamaanavale]]''.<ref name="IT"/> In 2001, he had in hat-trick box office successes; ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]],'' ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' and ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' before starring in the action film ''[[Thamizhan]]'' alongside [[Priyanka Chopra]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/thamizhan-was-hit-because-of-vijay-imman-519695.html |title='Thamizhan' was hit because of Vijay: Imman |work=CNN-IBN |date=2 November 2012|access-date=10 December 2012|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220234859/https://www.news18.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he appeared in the romantic film ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' and the action film ''[[Bagavathi]]'' in the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title='Priyamanavale' to 'Pokkiri': Five superhit Tamil films of Vijay |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 April 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyamanavale-to-pokkiri-five-blockbuster-tamil-films-of-vijay-that-were-remade-from-telugu/photostory/74968711.cms|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyamanavale-to-pokkiri-five-blockbuster-tamil-films-of-vijay-that-were-remade-from-telugu/photostory/74968711.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2003–2011: Established actor ===


Vijay began 2003 with ''[[Vaseegara]]'' and ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |title=Vijay's impressive comic-timing in Vaseegara |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 June 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/wishlist-vijay-should-collaborate-with-these-five-impressive-filmmakers-7369728/|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182601/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/wishlist-vijay-should-collaborate-with-these-five-impressive-filmmakers-7369728/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The success of his masala film ''[[Thirumalai]]'' changed his on-screen persona into an action hero. Until then the actor was performing in roles that were charming and quite comical. ''Thirumalai'' was considered a turning point in Vijay's career.<ref>{{Cite news |title=5 films that rose Thalapathy Vijay to stardom |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/5-films-that-rose-thalapathy-vijay-to-stardom/745407 |access-date=2021-04-16 |work=Zoom TV Entertainment}}</ref> In 2004, after several delays, the film ''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]'' was released.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A.R.RAHMAN AND THE TOP HEROES|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/first-date-with-the-magician/vijay---udhaya.html |work=Behindwoods}}</ref> Then, Vijay was seen in ''[[Ghilli]]'', directed by [[S. Dharani]], alongside [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] and [[Prakash Raj]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/9966.html |title=Ghilli's record break |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=24 July 2004|access-date=10 May 2013|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060746/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/9966.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie became a commercial success and became the first Tamil film to gross over {{INR}}500 million at the domestic box office and also broke the record for the most people watching the movie within the first week of its release, previously held by [[M. G. Ramachandran]]'s ''[[Adimai Penn]]'' (1969).<ref name="Nair"/><ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2018 |title=14 years of Vijay's Ghilli – Things you din't know about the blockbuster |url=http://www.suryanfm.in/suryan-stories/14-years-ilayathalapthy-vijays-ghilli-facts/|access-date=12 June 2020 |work=Suryan FM|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612085138/http://www.suryanfm.in/suryan-stories/14-years-ilayathalapthy-vijays-ghilli-facts/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Srivatsan |title=When Janaki Sabesh and Ashish Vidyarthi had a 'Ghilli' reunion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-ghilli-reunion/article31778167.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=11 April 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 June 2020 |language=en-IN|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411110633/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-ghilli-reunion/article31778167.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the same, he acted in ''[[Madhurey]]''.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title='Love Today' to 'Vettaikaran': Ten times when Vijay delivered a super hit film with a debutant director |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 June 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-today-to-vettaikaran-ten-times-when-vijay-delivered-a-super-hit-film-with-a-debutant-director/photostory/76425194.cms|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-today-to-vettaikaran-ten-times-when-vijay-delivered-a-super-hit-film-with-a-debutant-director/photostory/76425194.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Director [[Perarasu]] made his directorial debut with the 2005 film ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' and he delivered a blockbuster hit with it.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Thirupaachi' director Perarasu is overwhelmed with the huge response for his film even after 15 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thirupaachi-director-perarasu-is-overwhelmed-with-the-huge-response-for-his-film-even-after-15-years/articleshow/75006542.cms |access-date=2020-04-06 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Then, Vijay plays an extended cameo as a lawyer in the action film, ''[[Sukran]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay Antony in place of Vijay|url=https://indiaglitz.com/vijay-antony-plays-socially-responsible-role-in-next-new-movie-traffic-ramaswamy-in-place-of-thalapathy-vijay-tamil-news-200716 |work=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay Antony: Vijay has good taste in music|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/17/vijay-antony-vijay-has-good-taste-in-music|access-date=2025-09-17|work=Indiaglitz}}</ref> Later, he starred in the commercially successful films ''[[Sachein]]'' and ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''.<ref name="TOI" /> He starred in the action thriller ''[[Aathi]]'' (2006). The film was an average grosser at the box office and it was a 2005 Telugu remake of ''[[Athanokkade]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=9 Super hit Telugu films remade by ‘Beast’ actor Vijay in Tamil|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/9-super-hit-telugu-films-remade-by-beast-actor-vijay-in-tamil/photostory/90821405.cms |access-date=2022-04-13 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2007, ''[[Pokkiri]]'' became one of the highest-grossing films of his career at the time.<ref>{{cite news |title='Pokkiri' to 'Bairavaa': Five times when Vijay rocked the box office during Pongal |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 January 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pokkiri-to-bairavaa-five-times-when-vijay-rocked-the-box-office-during-pongal/photostory/80214638.cms|access-date=29 September 2021|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929164825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pokkiri-to-bairavaa-five-times-when-vijay-rocked-the-box-office-during-pongal/photostory/80214638.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Vijay actor in 2007 releasing his filmfare cover magazine with Vijay for victory.jpg|thumb|left|Vijay in 2007]]

In late, Vijay starred in the romantic [[Thriller film|thriller]] film ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'', where he portrayed a dual role for the first time in his career. He played the roles of both protagonist and antagonist.<ref>{{cite news |title=When a star was his own villain! |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 August 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/when-a-star-was-his-own-villain/photostory/53946087.cms|access-date=12 November 2022|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112071529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/when-a-star-was-his-own-villain/photostory/53946087.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was commercially successful outside India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=ZA&id=_fAZHAGIYATAMIZHMA01 |title=Azhagiya Tamizh Magan (2007) |work=Boxoffice mojo|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220234915/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl768771073/weekend/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Silvia |title=Malaysian box office hits all-time high of $100m |work=Screen |date=5 February 2008 |url=https://www.screendaily.com/malaysian-box-office-hits-all-time-high-of-100m/4037013.article|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206052007/https://www.screendaily.com/malaysian-box-office-hits-all-time-high-of-100m/4037013.article|archive-date=6 December 2021|url-status=live|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> In 2008, the action comedy ''[[Kuruvi]]'' was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2010 |title=Vijay's 'Kavalkaran' rolling fast on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/apr/23/vijays-kavalkaran-rolling-fast-on-floors-149668.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101165514/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/apr/23/vijays-kavalkaran-rolling-fast-on-floors-149668.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2008 |title='Kuruvi' and its 150 day grand success |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kuruvi-and-its-150-day-flight-hollywood-news-41962 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115160340/https://www.indiaglitz.com/kuruvi-and-its-150-day-flight-hollywood-news-41962 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In 2009, ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' and ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' were average successes at domestic box office while continuing to be more successful overseas.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2007 |title=Chennai Box-office (Nov 30 to Dec 2) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=plupn1acchbad|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219123906/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=plupn1acchbad|archive-date=19 December 2017 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 2008 |title=Chennai Box-Office (June 13–15) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=plupovhjhhacc|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219123916/ttp://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=plupovhjhhacc|archive-date=19 December 2017 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 February 2009 |title=Chennai Box Office (Jan 30 to February 1, 2009) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=pluppHedibbbf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219123922/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=pluppHedibbbf|archive-date=19 December 2017 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Vijay continued to be one of the highest paid actors despite the moderate success of then recently released movies.<ref>{{cite web | last=P | first=Kanmani | title=Vettaikaaran success made Vijay salary peak | website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd | date=22 June 2022 | url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/thalapathy-birthday-special-from-villu-to-varisu-vijays-v-series-movie-list-rdvmaj | language=ta | access-date=24 May 2024 | archive-date=23 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523141410/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/thalapathy-birthday-special-from-villu-to-varisu-vijays-v-series-movie-list-rdvmaj | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, he acted in the action film ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'', which was his 50th film as an actor.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2017 |title=BARC Wk 45: Movies from south spike viewership of Hindi channels |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/barc-wk-45movies-from-south-spike-viewership-of-hindi-channels-87298.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620100423/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/barc-wk-45movies-from-south-spike-viewership-of-hindi-channels-87298.html|archive-date=20 June 2019|access-date=17 August 2021 |work=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know Vijay's 'Sura' director SP Rajkumar was going to team up with Ajith a few years back? |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 April 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-vijays-sura-director-sp-rajkumar-was-going-to-team-up-with-ajith-a-few-years-back/articleshow/75472908.cms|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827102800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-vijays-sura-director-sp-rajkumar-was-going-to-team-up-with-ajith-a-few-years-back/articleshow/75472908.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Vijay starred in the romantic comedy ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011), directed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] which received positive response and a box office collection of {{INR}}102 crore worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=The South Side Story |work=Business World |date=19 February 2015 |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/null/the-south-side-story/696844/page-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214093922/http://www.businessworld.in/news/null/the-south-side-story/696844/page-1.html|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-s-kaavalan-is-a-hit-news-tamil-lbzkgaadefh.html |title=Kaavalan is a Hit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128024128/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-s-kaavalan-is-a-hit-news-tamil-lbzkgaadefh.html|archive-date=28 January 2011|url-status=dead |work=[[Sify]]|access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] in China.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-kaavalan-at-the-shanghai-film-festival/20110509.htm |title=Vijay's Kaavalan at the Shanghai film festival |work=Rediff|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911045110/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-kaavalan-at-the-shanghai-film-festival/20110509.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Kaavalan'' was a commercial success in China.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ilaya Thalapathy Vijay Wows China – Vijay – Kavalan – Shanghai Film Festival – Tamil Movie News |work=Behindwoods |date=23 June 2021 |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-11-02/vijay-kavalan-13-06-11-02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623054853/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-11-02/vijay-kavalan-13-06-11-02.html|archive-date=23 June 2021|url-status=live|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> His next film was the action film ''[[Velayudham]]'', directed by [[M. Raja]] which released during [[Diwali]] and became one of the top-grossing films of 2011.<ref name="Nair">{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Sree Prasad |title=From Ghilli to Theri: 10 Ilayathalapathy Vijay action blockbusters one should know! |work=CatchNews.com |date=19 May 2016 |url=https://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/list-of-ilayathalapathy-vijay-action-packed-films-actor-vijay-filmography-theri-movie-box-office-records-top-south-indian-action-films-from-ghilli-to-theri-movie-news-1463648578.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213072110/https://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/list-of-ilayathalapathy-vijay-action-packed-films-actor-vijay-filmography-theri-movie-box-office-records-top-south-indian-action-films-from-ghilli-to-theri-movie-news-1463648578.html|access-date=21 December 2020|archive-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> The movie was also a critical success overseas.<ref name="Zee News 2013">{{cite news |title=Velayudham popularity in Japan |work=Zee News |date=16 April 2013 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/hansika-motwani-touched-by-japanese-fans_132222.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116100114/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/hansika-motwani-touched-by-japanese-fans_132222.html|archive-date=16 January 2022|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref>

=== 2012–2022: Commercial success and stardom ===

[[File:Tamil Film actor Vijay Celebrating World Environment Day at the U.S. Consulate Chennai 5.jpg|thumb|Vijay in 2013]]
In 2012, Vijay was seen the commercially successful ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'', a remake of successful Hindi film ''[[3 Idiots]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |title=Review: Nanban is worth a watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-nanban-is-worth-a-watch/20120112.htm |work=Rediff.com|access-date=12 January 2012|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226145641/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-nanban-is-worth-a-watch/20120112.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pereira |first1=Priyanka |title=Foreign Return |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/foreign-return/984421/|access-date=19 March 2021 |work=Indian Express |date=6 August 2012|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304043041/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/foreign-return/984421/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he acted in the action thriller ''[[Thuppakki]]'', directed by [[AR Murugadoss|A. R. Murugadoss]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |title=Review: Thuppaki is dull |work=Rediff |date=13 November 2012 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-thuppaki-is-dull/20121113.htm|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183730/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-thuppaki-is-dull/20121113.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film became the third Tamil film to gross more than {{INR}}100 crore domestically and became the most successful film of Vijay's career at the time, grossing over {{INR}}121 crore.<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2015 |title=Baahubali to Thuppakki: Tamil Cinema's 100 Cr Films |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615132934/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> His next film ''[[Thalaivaa]]'', directed by [[A. L. Vijay]], was released in August 2013 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news |title='Thalaivaa' movie Review |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 August 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thalaivaa/movie-review/21706107.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Nair"/> In 2014, he acted in ''[[Jilla]]'' which ended up as a box office hit.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijays-Jilla-set-to-roll-from-May/articleshow/18588307.cms |title=Vijay's 'Jilla' set to roll from May!|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220125337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijays-Jilla-set-to-roll-from-May/articleshow/18588307.cms|archive-date=20 February 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 February 2013|access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.inreporter.com/tag/jilla-100-day-box-office-collection/ |title=Jilla 100 Day Box Office Collection]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715003215/http://www.inreporter.com/tag/jilla-100-day-box-office-collection/|archive-date=15 July 2014 |work=InReporter |date=10 April 2014}}</ref> Vijay then starred in the action thriller ''[[Kaththi]]'', where he portrayed another dual role. The film received positive reviews and collected {{INR}}130 crore at the box office, becoming one of the highest-grossing Tamil films in 2014.<ref name="Star">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaththi-to-bigil-vijay-starrer-films-that-became-blockbusters-despite-the-mixed-reviews/photostory/90848522.cms?picid=90848752 |title='Kaththi' to 'Bigil': Vijay starrer films that became blockbusters, despite the mixed reviews |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>

In 2015, he starred in the [[fantasy film]] ''[[Puli 2015|Puli]]'', directed by [[Chimbu Deven]], which received mixed to poor reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |title='Puli' is a film that everybody can enjoy: Chimbu Deven |work=News18 |date=29 September 2015 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/puli-is-a-film-that-everybody-can-enjoy-chimbu-deven-1121995.html|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511133916/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/puli-is-a-film-that-everybody-can-enjoy-chimbu-deven-1121995.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2015 |title=Puli review: Vijay's fantasy drama is a fantastic flop |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/puli-review-vijay-s-fantasy-drama-is-a-fantastic-flop/story-rZTyaq7YZBPxhTfNGzI0DM.html |access-date=22 April 2020 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324074815/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/puli-review-vijay-s-fantasy-drama-is-a-fantastic-flop/story-rZTyaq7YZBPxhTfNGzI0DM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the reviews, the film was one of the highest-grossing films of 2015.<ref>{{cite web | title=Vijay Puli ends with a below average note | website=bollywood hungama | date=4 September 2021 | url=https://www.primesworld.com/puli/ | access-date=5 June 2024 | archive-date=25 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425045752/https://www.primesworld.com/puli/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Puli roars at the box office |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=5 October 2015 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/puli-roars-at-the-box-office/articleshow/49232877.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040136/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/puli-roars-at-the-box-office/articleshow/49232877.cms|archive-date=1 March 2022|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay's latest release crosses Rs 100 crore in pre-release business |work=Firstpost |date=17 October 2017 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mersal-vijay-atlees-diwali-release-crosses-rs-150-crore-in-pre-release-business-4150357.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040828/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mersal-vijay-atlees-diwali-release-crosses-rs-150-crore-in-pre-release-business-4150357.html|archive-date=1 March 2022|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> In April 2016, the action-thriller ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' directed by [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] released to mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news |last=VS |first=Goutham |title=Theri movie review: Vijay's limitations as an actor exposed in a predictable storyline |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 June 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/theri-movie-review-vijay-gimmicks-too-less-a-factor-to-be-excited-about-a-predictable-storyline/|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921232459/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/theri-movie-review-vijay-gimmicks-too-less-a-factor-to-be-excited-about-a-predictable-storyline/|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the second-highest-grossing Tamil film of 2016, grossing over {{INR}}170 crore.<ref name="Nair"/> In 2017, the [[masala film]] ''[[Bairavaa]]'' was released, again to mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bairavaa/movie-review/56493727.cms |title=Bairavaa movie review |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203051109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bairavaa/movie-review/56493727.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, the action thriller ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' released, which became a commercial success, becoming the first of Vijay's films to gross over {{INR}}250 crore.<ref name="Star"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Suganth|first=M|title=Mersal Review {3.5/5}: When you have a mass hero in full form like Vijay is in the film, how can things go wrong?|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 October 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mersal/movie-review/61127534.cms|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> The film won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the [[National Film Awards UK]] in 2018 with Vijay earning a nomination for the best supporting actor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-s-mersal-wins-international-award-78864 |title=Vijay's 'Mersal' wins international award |date=2 April 2018 |work=The News Minute|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403190357/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-s-mersal-wins-international-award-78864|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was amongst the few films of Vijay to be released in Japan and China with further screening at the [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]] in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijays-mersal-screened-at-bifan-film-festival.html |title=Vijay's Mersal screened at BIFAN Film Festival |date=30 July 2018 |work=Behindwoods|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403231358/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijays-mersal-screened-at-bifan-film-festival.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/thalapathy-vijays-mersal-to-release-in-china.html |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Mersal to release in China |date=10 August 2018 |work=Behindwoods|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226083456/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/thalapathy-vijays-mersal-to-release-in-china.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/puli-to-release-in-japan-and-china-news-tamil-pj0ky8fdbhgie.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928225245/http://www.sify.com/movies/puli-to-release-in-japan-and-china-news-tamil-pj0ky8fdbhgie.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2015 |title='Puli' to release in Japan and China? |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In 2018, Vijay acted in the [[Political cinema|political film]] ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'', which entered the [[100 Crore Club]] within two days.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 November 2018 |title=Vijay's 'Sarkar' joins Rs 100 crore club in just two days |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijays-sarkar-joins-rs-100-crore-club-just-two-days-91208|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092133/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijays-sarkar-joins-rs-100-crore-club-just-two-days-91208|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released in 80 countries and became his second ever film to gross over {{INR}}250 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2018 |title=Sarkar box office collection: AR Murugadoss film crosses Rs 250 crore mark worldwide |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sarkar-box-office-collection-ar-murugadoss-film-crosses-rs-250-crore-mark-worldwide-5468590/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031234546/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sarkar-box-office-collection-ar-murugadoss-film-crosses-rs-250-crore-mark-worldwide-5468590/ |archive-date=31 October 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay a man with a swag |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=4 November 2018 |url=https://archive.org/download/the-hollywood-reporter-movie-reviews-and-latest-updates/The%20Hollywood%20Reporter%20Movie%20Reviews%20and%20Latest%20Updates.png|access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-s-sarkar-release-80-countries-1200-international-screens-90862 |title=Vijay's 'Sarkar' to release in 80 countries, 1200 international screens |publisher=The News Minute |date=31 October 2018|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092145/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-s-sarkar-release-80-countries-1200-international-screens-90862|url-status=live}}</ref> Vijay acted in a [[Sports film|football]] action film ''[[Bigil]]'', which released in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=22 March 2019 |title=Thalapathy 63: Vijay undergoes special special training in football |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/thalapathy-63-vijay-undergoes-special-special-training-football/|access-date=26 March 2020 |work=onlookersmedia |language=en-US|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326093416/http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/thalapathy-63-vijay-undergoes-special-special-training-football/|url-status=live}}</ref> While the film received mixed reviews from critics, Vijay was praised for the portrayal of his character and the film was a commercial success, earning more than {{INR}}300 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |title=Bigil movie review: A star is forced to remain a star throughout |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=31 October 2019 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bigil-movie-review-rating-vijay-6088172/|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316051423/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bigil-movie-review-rating-vijay-6088172/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Star Vijay Reportedly Earned Rs 30 crore for Bigil, Reveal IT Raids |work=News18 |date=7 February 2020 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-star-vijay-reportedly-earned-rs-30-crore-for-bigil-reveal-it-raids-2491609.html|access-date=26 January 2021|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101094219/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-star-vijay-reportedly-earned-rs-30-crore-for-bigil-reveal-it-raids-2491609.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also the first Tamil film to be released in [[Egypt]] and [[Jordan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-egypt-vijays-bigil-marks-an-entry-in-jordan/articleshow/71917663.cms |title=After Egypt, Vijay's 'Bigil' marks an entry in Jordan |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210085430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-egypt-vijays-bigil-marks-an-entry-in-jordan/articleshow/71917663.cms#:~:text='Bigil'%20will%20hit%20the%20screens,been%20composed%20by%20AR%20Rahman|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, his next film ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'', directed by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] was released.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thalapathy-64-eyes-a-summer-2020-release-vijay-5935094/ |title=Thalapathy 64 eyes a summer 2020 release |date=25 August 2019|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608120308/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thalapathy-64-eyes-a-summer-2020-release-vijay-5935094/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay's 'Master' will be postponed to May or June? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-master-will-be-postponed-to-may-or-june/articleshow/74810813.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=27 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327185930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-master-will-be-postponed-to-may-or-june/articleshow/74810813.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon release, it received mixed to positive reviews from the critics.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |title=Master Movie Review: Lacks the Desired Effect |work=Great Andhra |date=13 January 2021 |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/master-review-lacks-the-desired-effect-110251|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223052318/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/master-review-lacks-the-desired-effect-110251|archive-date=23 February 2022|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |title='Master' movie review: An in-form Vijay takes a backseat to have fun. But is that enough? |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 January 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/master-movie-review/article33569018.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208063834/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/master-movie-review/article33569018.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected over {{INR}}300 crore worldwide and was declared a box office success.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thalapathy-65-will-be-pan-indian-project-cinematographer-manoj-paramahamsa-144151 |title='Thalapathy 65' will be a pan-Indian project: Cinematographer Manoj Paramahamsa |publisher=The News Minute |date=25 February 2021|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425094035/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thalapathy-65-will-be-pan-indian-project-cinematographer-manoj-paramahamsa-144151|url-status=live}}</ref> His next film was the [[dark comedy|dark comedy action]] film ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'', which received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Beast (RAW) Review |work=[[NDTV]] |date=14 April 2022 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/beast-raw-review-an-ill-formed-creature-even-firing-on-all-cylinders-vijay-cannot-pummel-into-shape-2-5-stars-2886949|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414061156/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/beast-raw-review-an-ill-formed-creature-even-firing-on-all-cylinders-vijay-cannot-pummel-into-shape-2-5-stars-2886949|archive-date=14 April 2022|url-status=live|access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Beast Review: Thalapathy Vijay's 'One-man Show' Is A 'True Feast' |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=14 April 2022 |url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/jWTHp|access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Beast to release in April 2022. See new poster |work=India Today |date=1 January 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-s-beast-to-release-in-april-2022-see-new-poster-1894770-2022-01-01|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101125138/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-s-beast-to-release-in-april-2022-see-new-poster-1894770-2022-01-01|url-status=live}}</ref> The film performed well in overseas box office and was commercially successful, collecting more than {{INR}}300 crore worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title='Beast' USA premiere collection: Vijay starrer breaks Rajinikanth's film collection to become the Vijay's highest-grossing film |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 April 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/beast-usa-premiere-collection-vijay-starrer-breaks-rajinikanths-annaatthe-collection-to-become-the-formers-highest-grossing-film/articleshow/90761515.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416153443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/beast-usa-premiere-collection-vijay-starrer-breaks-rajinikanths-annaatthe-collection-to-become-the-formers-highest-grossing-film/articleshow/90761515.cms|archive-date=16 April 2022|url-status=live|access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Beast' overseas box office collection: Vijay storms the international market |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 April 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/beast-overseas-box-office-collection-vijay-storms-the-international-market/articleshow/90841888.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430055805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/beast-overseas-box-office-collection-vijay-storms-the-international-market/articleshow/90841888.cms|archive-date=30 April 2022|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nelson-dilipkumar-reveals-why-he-enjoyed-shooting-for-beast-the-most/articleshow/103353542.cms |title=Nelson Dilipkumar reveals why he enjoyed shooting for 'Beast' the most |date=4 September 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The film was a commercial success and made more than Rs 300 crore at the box office.|access-date=29 September 2023|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908143852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nelson-dilipkumar-reveals-why-he-enjoyed-shooting-for-beast-the-most/articleshow/103353542.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 April 2022 |title=Beast box office collection day 5: Vjay-starrer earns Rs 200 crore worldwide, is declared a hit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/beast-box-office-collection-day-5-vijay-starrer-rs-200-crore-worldwide-7874311/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420193205/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/beast-box-office-collection-day-5-vijay-starrer-rs-200-crore-worldwide-7874311/ |archive-date=20 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It became one of the most viewed films on [[Netflix]] globally in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beast trending worldwide on Netflix in top spots |work=[[NDTV]] |date=14 May 2022 |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/beast-trending-at-number-one-in-india-on-netflix-vijay-thalapathy-2972013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514070357/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/beast-trending-at-number-one-in-india-on-netflix-vijay-thalapathy-2972013|archive-date=14 May 2022|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Beast TOP 10 in Netflix global – FlixPatrol |work=FlixPatrol |date=13 May 2022 |url=https://flixpatrol.com/title/beast-2022/top10/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513082925/https://flixpatrol.com/title/beast-2022/top10/|archive-date=13 May 2022|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>

=== 2023–present: Continued success ===

In 2023, Vijay was seen in the [[action drama]] film ''[[Varisu]]'' directed by [[Vamshi Paidipally]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Varisu' first review out; Vijay's acting receives appreciation |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 January 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varisu-first-review-out-vijays-acting-receives-appreciation/articleshow/96846599.cms|access-date=10 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110182909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varisu-first-review-out-vijays-acting-receives-appreciation/articleshow/96846599.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay's 'Varisu' to release over 600 locations in the USA; premiere bookings open now |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 December 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-varisu-to-release-over-600-locations-in-the-usa-premiere-bookings-open-now/articleshow/96562983.cms|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104124455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-varisu-to-release-over-600-locations-in-the-usa-premiere-bookings-open-now/articleshow/96562983.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, grossing over {{INR}}300 crore at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Music composer S Thaman breaks the news on 'Varisu' original sound track |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 February 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-composer-s-thaman-breaks-the-news-on-varisu-original-sound-track/articleshow/97619826.cms|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205092807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-composer-s-thaman-breaks-the-news-on-varisu-original-sound-track/articleshow/97619826.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Varisu' Box office Collection: 'Varisu' becomes Vijay's highest-grossing movie, surpasses Rs. 300 crore globally |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=7 February 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/varisu-box-office-collection-varisu-becomes-vijays-highest-grossing-movie-surpasses-rs-300-crore-globally/articleshow/97691510.cms|access-date=7 February 2023|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207110808/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/varisu-box-office-collection-varisu-becomes-vijays-highest-grossing-movie-surpasses-rs-300-crore-globally/articleshow/97691510.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His next release of 2023 was the action thriller ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=V |first=Anusha |title=Vijay-Lokesh Kanagaraj's Leo to release on this date |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 February 2023 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/feb/03/vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-leo-to-release-on-this-date-39603.html|access-date=1 April 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401053824/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/feb/03/vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-leo-to-release-on-this-date-39603.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay's film with Lokesh Kanagaraj titled 'Leo' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 February 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-titled-leo/articleshow/97581241.cms|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204115239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-titled-leo/articleshow/97581241.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics, but went on to become a commercially successful film and emerged as one of the highest grossing Indian films of the year with a gross more than {{INR}}600 crore.<ref>{{cite news | title='Leo' gets mixed review from viewers and negative response from critics; fans call it Thalapathy Vijay's 'Best Performance' | website=CNBCTV18 | date=19 October 2023 | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/leo-gets-mixed-review-fans-call-it-thalapathy-vijay-best-performance-18097171.htm | access-date=4 February 2024 | archive-date=29 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029125003/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/leo-gets-mixed-review-fans-call-it-thalapathy-vijay-best-performance-18097171.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=Leo worldwide closing box office collections: Vijay starrer is the Highest grossing Tamil film of All Time |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/leo-worldwide-closing-box-office-collections-vijay-starrer-is-the-highest-grossing-tamil-film-of-all-time-1260510 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123104528/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/leo-worldwide-closing-box-office-collections-vijay-starrer-is-the-highest-grossing-tamil-film-of-all-time-1260510 |url-status=live }}</ref> His action thriller film ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' opened to mixed reviews, but had a theatrical revenue of more than {{INR}}450 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=1 October 2024 |title=The GOAT Final Box Office Collections Worldwide: Thalapathy Vijay's action-drama to end its theatrical SHOWDOWN at Rs 456 crore; A Super-Hit |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-final-box-office-collections-worldwide-thalapathy-vijays-action-drama-to-end-its-theatrical-showdown-at-rs-456-crore-a-super-hit-1351301 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en|archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001085319/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-final-box-office-collections-worldwide-thalapathy-vijays-action-drama-to-end-its-theatrical-showdown-at-rs-456-crore-a-super-hit-1351301 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=The TOI Entertainment Desk is a dynamic | title='GOAT' first review out from UK censor; A blockbuster status loading for Vijay and Venkat Prabhu | website=The Times of India | date=31 August 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-first-review-out-from-uk-censor-a-blockbuster-status-loading-for-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu/articleshow/112942746.cms | access-date=4 September 2024 | archive-date=1 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901134551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-first-review-out-from-uk-censor-a-blockbuster-status-loading-for-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu/articleshow/112942746.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Pandya | first=Sonal | title=Netflix Global Top 10: Vijay's GOAT Debuts globally at fourth place With 3.8 Million Views, Nobody Wants This Grabs 1st Place On TV List | website=Times Now | date=11 October 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/netflix-global-top-10-vijay-goat-debuts-with-3-8-million-views-nobody-wants-this-grabs-1st-place-on-tv-list-article-114151547 | access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref> In February 2024, Vijay announced that he would do only one more film, which will be his 69th and last as a lead actor, titled as ''[[Jana Nayagan]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2024 |title=Vijay's confirms his final film will be 'Thalapathy 69' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-confirms-his-final-film-will-be-thalapathy-69/articleshow/107351699.cms |access-date=2 February 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204101632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-confirms-his-final-film-will-be-thalapathy-69/articleshow/107351699.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69 will be last film, Vijay says after launching his political party |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/thalapathy-69-will-be-last-film-vijay-says-after-launching-his-political-party |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=The News Minute |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202172341/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/thalapathy-69-will-be-last-film-vijay-says-after-launching-his-political-party |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sista |first1=Pratyusha |title=Thalapathy 69 titled 'Jana Nayagan'; First look poster released |url=https://telanganatoday.com/thalapathy-69-titled-jana-nayagan-first-look-poster-released |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=26 January 2025 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126064216/https://telanganatoday.com/thalapathy-69-titled-jana-nayagan-first-look-poster-released |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music career ==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Vijay}}

Vijay is considered as one of the most prolific singers among Tamil actors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-30/did-you-know-/31899252_1_playback-singer-actor-Rajinikanth-songs |title=Actor Vijay is a playback singer too |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 May 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=20 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520124857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-30/did-you-know-/31899252_1_playback-singer-actor-Rajinikanth-songs |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/25-years-of-thalapathy-vijay-20-interesting-facts-about-the-box-office-king-of-tamil-cinema-91409.html|title=25 Years Of Thalapathy Vijay : 20 interesting facts about the Box Office King of Tamil cinema|access-date=27 December 2017|work=Catch News|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227103608/http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/25-years-of-thalapathy-vijay-20-interesting-facts-about-the-box-office-king-of-tamil-cinema-91409.html|archivedate=27 December 2017}}</ref> He has sung for various composers including [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/32-songs-sung-by-vijay-a-look-back/index.html#slideid1|title=32 Songs sung by Vijay|date=21 December 2016|work=Behindwoods|access-date=16 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224092809/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/32-songs-sung-by-vijay-a-look-back/index.html#slideid1|archivedate=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/buzz/vijay-completes-24-years-9-pictures-of-ilayathalapathy-will-make-you-love-the-south-actor-even-more-1690126/|title=Vijay completes 24 years! 9 Pictures of Ilayathalapathy will make you love the South actor even more|first=Rashmi|last=Mishra|date=4 December 2016|access-date=11 January 2018|work=India.com|archive-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108061158/http://www.india.com/buzz/vijay-completes-24-years-9-pictures-of-ilayathalapathy-will-make-you-love-the-south-actor-even-more-1690126/|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his singing debut with the song "Bombay City Sukkha Rotti" in ''[[Rasigan]]'' (1994). After recording his 25th song, "Vaadi Vaadi" in ''[[Sachein]]'' (2005), he took a sabbatical from singing to concentrate on acting. He made a comeback with the track "[[Google Google]]" in ''[[Thuppakki (soundtrack)|Thuppakki]]'' (2012), which earned him the award for the favorite song of the year at the [[Vijay Awards]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms|title=Google Google was awarded favorite song of 2012|work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929235636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and a nomination for the best play back singer in the [[South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/thuppakki-leads-the-way-siima-awards-2013-thuppakki-26-08-13.html|title=The complete nominees list for this year's SIIMA|work=Behindwoods|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220201/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/thuppakki-leads-the-way-siima-awards-2013-thuppakki-26-08-13.html|archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> In 2015, he was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer]] award in the [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]] for the song "Yaendi Yaendi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamil-Nominations-for-63rd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016/articleshow/52792598.cms|title=Tamil Nominations for 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards South 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114203156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamil-Nominations-for-63rd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016/articleshow/52792598.cms|archivedate=14 January 2017}}</ref> In 2016, the song "[[Selfie Pulla]]" voiced by Vijay became popular in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160416/when-in-romania-go-crazy-over-selfie-pulla.html|title=When in Romania, go crazy over Selfie Pulla!|date=16 April 2016|access-date=21 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054158/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160416/when-in-romania-go-crazy-over-selfie-pulla.html|archive-date=22 December 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> He was again nominated for the filmfare award for the song.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html|title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|work=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307114607/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html|archivedate=7 March 2016}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2009, Vijay launched his fan club ''Vijay Makkal Iyakkam''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/vijays-fan-club-to-take-new-dimension-hints-at-his-political-plunge-2662255 |title=Vijay's fan club to take 'new dimension', hints at his political plunge|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201164524/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/vijays-fan-club-to-take-new-dimension-hints-at-his-political-plunge-2662255|url-status=live|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/vijay-makkal-iyakkam-was-launched-in-2009/articleshow/49134646.cms |title=Vijay Makkal Iyakkam was launched in 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 September 2015|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114203024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/vijay-makkal-iyakkam-was-launched-in-2009/articleshow/49134646.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The organisation supported the [[AIADMK]]-led alliance in the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 Tamil Nadu assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Aug/18/makkal-iyakkam-wont-be-a-political-outfit-282739.html |title='Makkal Iyakkam won't be a political outfit' |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204083902/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=PRAMEELA%20K&dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-0&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1753102131081687216&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftamil%2F2011%2FAug%2F18%2Fmakkal-iyakkam-wont-be-a-political-outfit-282739.html&sessionId=db17bcf7d6ffa79c651be12f6baca16652d0496e&siteScreenName=NewIndianXpress&theme=light&widgetsVersion=2615f7e52b7e0%3A1702314776716&width=550px |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2019, Vijay voiced his opinion against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act 2019]] passed by the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|central government]], saying that it would disrupt the social religious harmony of the nation.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2019 |title=Tamil Superstar Vijay Calls Citizenship Law CAA "Unacceptable" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tamil-superstar-vijay-calls-citizenship-law-caa-unacceptable-5223157 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=6 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006100939/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tamil-superstar-vijay-calls-citizenship-law-caa-unacceptable-5223157 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Members of his fan club contested in the [[2022 Tamil Nadu local elections]], securing victory in 115 seats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/actor-vijay-speaks-students-meet-chennai-takes-potshot-political-parties-178622 |title=Actor Vijay speaks to students at meet in Chennai, takes a potshot at political parties |date=17 June 2023|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201164524/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/actor-vijay-speaks-students-meet-chennai-takes-potshot-political-parties-178622|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 February 2024, Vijay announced the launch of a new political outfit, [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Thalapathy Vijay Launches Political Party, Names it Tamizha Vetri Kazhagam (Read Official Statement) |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/thalapathy-vijay-launches-political-party-names-it-tamizha-vetri-kazhagam-a505/ |work=[[Lokmat Times]] |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=6 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006100939/https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/thalapathy-vijay-launches-political-party-names-it-tamizha-vetri-kazhagam-a505/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Thalapathy' Vijay floats political party, names it 'Thamizhaga Vettri Kazhagam' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/thalapathy-vijay-announces-his-political-party-thamizaga-vettri-kazhagam-tvk-2876774 |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=6 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006101055/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/thalapathy-vijay-announces-his-political-party-thamizaga-vettri-kazhagam-tvk-2876774 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 27 September 2025, 41 people died in a [[2025 Karur crowd crush|crowd crush]] during a political rally addressed by Vijay in [[Karur]]. He condoled the deaths and later announced ex-gratia payments to the next of kin of the dead and the injured.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title=TVK president Vijay announces solatium for stampede victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-vijay-rally-karur-updates-on-september-27-2025/article70102676.ece |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 30 January 2026, Vijay stated that his role models include [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa]] and [[M. Karunanidhi]], in his first interview with the national media outlet [[NDTV]] since entering politics.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 January 2026 |title='Not A Kingmaker, I Will Win': Actor Vijay's Candid Chat With NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-a-kingmaker-i-will-win-actor-vijay-candid-chat-with-ndtv-10916958 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
=== Marriage, relationships, and friendships ===
Vijay married Sankgeetha Sornalingam, a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan-born]] [[British Tamils|British Tamil]] who was born to an affluent business family, on 25 August 1999.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/five-reasons-why-we-love-vijay/photostory/49378288.cms |title=Five reasons why we love Vijay |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826052512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/five-reasons-why-we-love-vijay/photostory/49378288.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/aug/17ss.htm |title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |work=Rediff |date=17 August 1998|access-date=18 July 2010|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181918/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/aug/17ss.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Their marriage was arranged after Sangeetha met Vijay as a fan on the sets of ''[[Kaalamellam Kaathiruppen]]'' (1997) and their families became acquainted. They have two children: a son (Jason Sanjay) and a daughter (Dhivya Sasha).<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2021 |title=Rumour has it! Vijay's son Jason Sanjay to direct the 'Master' actor's film soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rumour-has-it-vijays-son-jason-sanjay-to-direct-the-master-actors-film-soon/articleshow/81042743.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829085004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rumour-has-it-vijays-son-jason-sanjay-to-direct-the-master-actors-film-soon/articleshow/81042743.cms |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2016 |title=Vijay's daughter to make her debut with Theri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-daughter-to-make-her-debut-with-theri/articleshow/50654152.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006085241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-daughter-to-make-her-debut-with-theri/articleshow/50654152.cms |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Jason Sanjay is an upcoming film director who will be making his debut in the film ''Sigma'' and previously appeared in the film ''Vettaikkaaran'' alongside his father, while Dhivya Sasha also appeared alongside her father in the film ''Theri''.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sigma-teaser-jason-sanjays-directorial-debut-impresses-fans-sense-a-hit/articleshow/126141509.cms</ref>

In 2025, Sankgeetha filed for divorce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=2026-02-27 |title=Actor and TVK chief Vijay's wife files for divorce, alleges affair with actor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/tvk-chief-and-actor-vijays-wife-files-for-divorce-accuses-him-of-infidelity-2875467-2026-02-27 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228005132/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/tvk-chief-and-actor-vijays-wife-files-for-divorce-accuses-him-of-infidelity-2875467-2026-02-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sajeev |first=Upasana |date=2026-02-27 |title=Actor Vijay's Wife Moves Family Court Seeking Divorce |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/actor-vijay-wife-divorce-petition-adultery-524930 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=livelaw.in |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228005132/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/actor-vijay-wife-divorce-petition-adultery-524930 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="N"/> In 2026, she filed a petition alleging that Vijay had denied her entry to their matrimonial home and infidelity with an unnamed actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-07 |title=Sankgeetha Sornalingam files fresh petition, alleges Vijay is denying her entry to Neelankarai home |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/sankgeetha-sornalingam-files-fresh-petition-alleges-vijay-is-denying-her-entry-to-neelankarai-home-article-13853696.html |url-status=live |website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=2026-03-07 |title=Vijay’s wife’s plea seeking residential rights surfaces amid viral pics with Trisha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-thalapathy-wife-sangeetha-files-fresh-plea-to-stay-in-matrimonial-home-2878608-2026-03-07 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Divorce: Sangeetha seeks court nod to stay in matrimonial home |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/sangeetha-seeks-court-direction-to-stay-in-matrimonial-house-vijay-breaks-his-silence-over-wife-seeking-divorce-3923383 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The petition attracted media attention after Vijay appeared at an event with actress [[Trisha Krishnan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=TVK chief Vijay attends wedding reception with actor Trisha days after his wife files for divorce |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/tvk-chief-vijay-attends-wedding-reception-with-actor-trisha-days-after-his-wife-files-for-divorce-3921104 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=Vijay arriving with Trisha at Kalpathi Suresh’s son's wedding days after wife Sankgeetha's divorce filing fuels buzz |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vijay-and-trisha-attend-kalpathi-suresh-s-sons-wedding-reception-after-his-wife-sankgeetha-filed-for-divorce-watch-101772726318991.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Supporting actors [[Sanjeev Venkat]], [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], and [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] have been close friends with Vijay since college and have appeared in several of his films. Playback singer [[S. N. Surendar]] is a maternal uncle of Vijay, while actor and cricketer [[Vikranth]] is one of Vijay's cousins, though the latter has never collaborated in any films together with Vijay. Tamil Nadu deputy chief minister [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], who produced Vijay's film ''Kuruvi'', described Vijay as "a close friend" since childhood.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Shilpa |title=Actor Vijay calls out 'dynastic selfish family', DMK says no basis to remarks |work=India Today |date=28 October 2024 |accessdate=8 October 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/actor-vijay-tamilaga-vettri-kazhagam-tvk-rally-villupuram-bjp-dmk-corruption-2624107-2024-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241029051244/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/actor-vijay-tamilaga-vettri-kazhagam-tvk-rally-villupuram-bjp-dmk-corruption-2624107-2024-10-28 |archive-date=29 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The two would eventually become political rivals after Vijay's Tamizhaga Vettri Kazhagam contested and campaigned against Udhayanithi's father and incumbent Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[M. K. Stalin]].

=== Wealth and earnings ===
Vijay is among the highest paid actors in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajinikanth to Thalapathy Vijay, highest paid actors of Kollywood. Here's how much they earn per film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-to-thalapathy-vijay-highest-paid-actors-of-kollywood-2382520-2023-05-22|date=22 May 2023|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-to-suriya-8-highest-paid-actors-of-the-tamil-film-industry-4940618.html|title=Vijay to Suriya: 8 Highest-Paid Actors of The Tamil Film Industry|work=[[News18]]|access-date=26 December 2023|date=4 April 2022}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, Vijay's net worth was above {{INRconvert|4.2|b}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay Net Worth |url=https://www.goldenchennai.com/celebrity/net-worth/vijay-net-worth/|access-date=1 January 2022 |work=Golden Chennai|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101183524/https://www.goldenchennai.com/celebrity/net-worth/vijay-net-worth/|url-status=live}}</ref> He earned a {{INRconvert|1|b}} salary for ''Beast'' and also earned an estimated {{INRconvert|1.2|b}} to {{INRconvert|1.5|b}} salary for ''Varisu''.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Thalapathy Vijay turns 47: Luxury cars to hefty pay package, a look at Tamil actor's wealth |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-vijay-turns-47-luxury-cars-to-hefty-pay-package-a-look-at-tamil-actor-s-wealth-101624287592254.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116033433/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-vijay-turns-47-luxury-cars-to-hefty-pay-package-a-look-at-tamil-actor-s-wealth-101624287592254.html|archive-date=16 November 2021|access-date=27 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay confirms 'Thalapathy 66' for highest salary in south? |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 August 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-confirms-thalapathy-66-for-highest-salary-in-south/articleshow/85480625.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-confirms-thalapathy-66-for-highest-salary-in-south/articleshow/85480625.cms|archive-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> In 2023, he reportedly received a {{INRconvert|2|b}} salary for ''The Greatest Of All Time'', becoming one of the top paid actors in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thalapathy Vijay Gets Rs 200 Crore For Next Film, Becomes Highest-paid Indian Actor: Reports |work=[[News18]] |date=29 May 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijay-gets-rs-200-crore-for-next-film-becomes-highest-paid-indian-actor-reports-7947139.html|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717090628/https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijay-gets-rs-200-crore-for-next-film-becomes-highest-paid-indian-actor-reports-7947139.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Tax litigation ===
In 2015, the [[Income Tax Department]] conducted a search at actor Vijay’s premises, leading to the disclosure of an additional ₹15 crore in income for the financial year 2015–16 including the payments related to the movie [[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]. Although Vijay paid tax on the disclosed amount, the department later imposed a penalty of ₹1.5 crore under Section 271AAB(1) of the Income Tax Act, stating the disclosure was made only after the search. Vijay challenged the penalty before the [[Madras High Court]] in 2022, arguing that the penalty proceedings were time-barred. The Income Tax Department opposed the petition, maintaining the penalty was valid. As of 2025, the matter remains pending, with interim protection granted against recovery of the penalty.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Income Tax department opposes TVK leader Vijay's plea against penalty of ₹1.5 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/income-tax-department-opposes-tvk-leader-vijays-plea-against-penalty-of-15-crore/article70084175.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923150724/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/income-tax-department-opposes-tvk-leader-vijays-plea-against-penalty-of-15-crore/article70084175.ece |archive-date=2025-09-23 |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-24 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's income tax row: All you need to know about the 2017 case, 'Jana Nayagan' actor's dispute over Rs 1.50 crore fine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijays-income-tax-row-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-2017-case-jana-nayagan-actors-dispute-over-rs-1-50-crore-fine/articleshow/124084738.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-24 |title=TVK chief Vijay challenges Rs 1.5 crore penalty imposed by income tax dept |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tvk-chief-vijay-challenges-rs-1-5-crore-penalty-imposed-by-income-tax-dept/articleshow/124082395.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218225143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tvk-chief-vijay-challenges-rs-1-5-crore-penalty-imposed-by-income-tax-dept/articleshow/124082395.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 5 February 2020, the [[Income Tax Department]] raided Vijay's residence in Chennai on potential tax evasion and his investments in [[Real property|immovable properties]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=6 February 2020 |title=Over ₹77 crore seized from film producer; searches continue at actor Vijay's properties |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/over-77-crore-seized-from-film-producer-raids-continue-in-actor-vijays-properties/article30751954.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 February 2020 |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206115538/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/over-77-crore-seized-from-film-producer-raids-continue-in-actor-vijays-properties/article30751954.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rs 65 crore recovered in IT raid from film financer of actor Vijay |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-rs-65-crore-recovered-in-it-raid-from-film-financer-of-actor-vijay-2812574|access-date=6 February 2020 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206175855/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-rs-65-crore-recovered-in-it-raid-from-film-financer-of-actor-vijay-2812574|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the officials stated that nothing significant was found during the raid.<ref>{{cite news |title=I-T search at Vijay's residence concludes, officials say he has paid all taxes |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/03/13/it-search-vijay-residence-conclude-officials-say-he-haspaid-all-taxes.html|access-date=15 March 2020 |work=The Week|archive-date=15 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315175126/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/03/13/it-search-vijay-residence-conclude-officials-say-he-haspaid-all-taxes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 July 2021, the [[Madras High Court]] dismissed a writ petition filed by Vijay in 2012 seeking exemption of the [[Entry Tax]] for his [[Rolls-Royce Ghost]] car that was imported from the United Kingdom and imposed a fine of {{INRconvert|0.1|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=S. |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=13 July 2021 |title=Court comes down hard on actor Vijay for seeking tax exemption for his Rolls-Royce Ghost |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/court-comes-down-hard-on-actor-vijay-for-seeking-tax-exemption-for-his-rolls-royce-ghost/article35295852.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=16 July 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716023450/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/court-comes-down-hard-on-actor-vijay-for-seeking-tax-exemption-for-his-rolls-royce-ghost/article35295852.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 July 2021, a two-judge bench of Madras High court stayed the earlier order.<ref>{{cite news |title=Court Relief For Tamil Actor Vijay In Rolls-Royce Case, No Fine For Now |work=[[NDTV]] |date=28 June 2021 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tax-evasion-vijay-rolls-royce-ghost-court-stays-1-lakh-fine-in-tax-row-over-tamil-actor-vijays-rolls-royce-2495862|access-date=28 July 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728013038/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tax-evasion-vijay-rolls-royce-ghost-court-stays-1-lakh-fine-in-tax-row-over-tamil-actor-vijays-rolls-royce-2495862|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 January 2022, the court dismissed the critical statements made by the earlier judge and on 15 July 2022, the court declared that no fine shall be imposed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madras High Court Bench Deletes Remarks Made By Single Judge Against Actor Vijay |work=[[NDTV]] |date=18 January 2022 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hc-bench-deletes-remarks-made-by-single-judge-against-actor-vijay-2729301|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125153221/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hc-bench-deletes-remarks-made-by-single-judge-against-actor-vijay-2729301|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai High court closes Vijay's Rolls-Royce case |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 July 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-high-court-closes-vijays-rolls-royce-case/articleshow/92894757.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715152652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-high-court-closes-vijays-rolls-royce-case/articleshow/92894757.cms|archive-date=15 July 2022|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Madras HC relief to actor Vijay in car import case |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 July 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-hc-relief-to-actor-vijay-in-car-import-case/article65643041.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=15 July 2022|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715083642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-hc-relief-to-actor-vijay-in-car-import-case/article65643041.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
[[File:IARA Award R FEmi Odelusi Vijay.jpg|thumb|Vijay at the International Achievement Recognition Awards in 2018]]
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Vijay}}

In 1998, Vijay was awarded the ''[[Kalaimaamani]]'' award by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. He received an [[honorary doctorate]] from the [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|Dr. M.G.R. University]] for of his achievements in the film industry in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay gets Doctorate |work=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-gets-doctorate-news-tamil-kkfuGojaggbsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411012906/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-gets-doctorate-news-tamil-kkfuGojaggbsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2017|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> He has received numerous other awards and accolades for his acting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thalapathy Vijay Wins Best Actor Award At Osaka Asian Film Festival In Japan |work=News18 |date=22 May 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijay-wins-best-actor-award-at-osaka-tamil-film-festival-in-japan-7882879.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522173400/https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijay-wins-best-actor-award-at-osaka-tamil-film-festival-in-japan-7882879.html|archive-date=22 May 2023|url-status=live|access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-collects-his-iara-award-mersal-person-93275 |title=Vijay collects his IARA Award for 'Mersal' in person |date=13 December 2018|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121006/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-collects-his-iara-award-mersal-person-93275#:~:text=The%20International%20Achievement%20Recognition%20Awards,gave%20the%20event%20a%20miss.|url-status=live}}</ref> He was awarded the Best International Actor of 2018 in the International Achievement Recognition Awards, for his role in ''Mersal''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thalapathy Vijay wins Best International Actor award |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 September 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-best-international-actor-iara-awards-2018-1346857-2018-09-23|access-date=31 December 2021|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231072713/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-best-international-actor-iara-awards-2018-1346857-2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

== In the media ==
Referred to as ''Thalapathy'', Vijay has a significant fan following in India.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Latha |last1=Srinivasan |date=2 December 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/30-years-of-superstar-vijay-from-child-artist-to-kollywood-star-thalapathy-vijay-2304322-2022-12-02 |title=30 years of Superstar Vijay: From child artist to Kollywood star Thalapathy Vijay |work=[[India Today]]|access-date=3 April 2023|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402083607/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/30-years-of-superstar-vijay-from-child-artist-to-kollywood-star-thalapathy-vijay-2304322-2022-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[News 18]]'' describes Vijay as a "versatile actor" and a "fantastic playback singer, dancer and philanthropist".<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2020 |title=Film facts about versatile actor Thalapathy Vijay |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-vijay-thuppakki-to-bigil-5-of-thalapathys-biggest-blockbusters-2680957.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726092912/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-vijay-thuppakki-to-bigil-5-of-thalapathys-biggest-blockbusters-2680957.html |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2022 |title=Priyamudan and other films of Vijay- Top 20 Best Films of Vijay |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/top-20-best-films-of-vijay/12-priyamudan1998.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727063556/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/top-20-best-films-of-vijay/12-priyamudan1998.html |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref> He has been praised for his dancing,<ref>{{cite web|title=Thalapathy Vijay got some octane dance moves |url=https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-got-some-serious-dance-moves-watch-throwback-video-179997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728090916/https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-got-some-serious-dance-moves-watch-throwback-video-179997 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=Odisha News}}</ref> with ''[[The Times of India]]'' labelling his dance moves as "energetic and effortless".<ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2015 |title=Vijay's energetic dance moves |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/five-reasons-why-we-love-vijay/photostory/49378314.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712160604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/five-reasons-why-we-love-vijay/photostory/49378314.cms |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2015 |title=Five reasons why we love Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/five-reasons-why-we-love-vijay/photostory/49378314.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712160604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/five-reasons-why-we-love-vijay/photostory/49378314.cms |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=13 November 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He has been praised for his acting skills with [[Zee Media Corporation|Zee Media]] reporting that "Vijay amazed audiences with his acting and screen presence".<ref>{{cite web |last=Shyam |first=Shrudi |date=24 June 2021 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's amazing acting skills |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/thalapathy-vijay-becomes-the-highest-paid-tamil-actor-charges-a-whopping-amount-for-beast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808094400/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/thalapathy-vijay-becomes-the-highest-paid-tamil-actor-charges-a-whopping-amount-for-beast |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=[[Zee Media Corporation]]}}</ref>

Vijay was placed second in ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s "Best Tamil Actors" list in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Top Tamil Actors of 2012 |date=18 January 2013 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=28 February 2019 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-tamil-actors-of-2012/20130115.htm}}</ref> He has appeared several times on ''[[Forbes India]]'' Celebrity 100 list from 2012 to 2019,<ref>[http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2013-celebrity-100/1439/1 2013 Celebrity 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104110158/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2013-celebrity-100/1439/1 |date=4 January 2018 }}. [[Forbes]] (1 February 2013). Retrieved 26 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all 2017 Celebrity 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185628/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all |date=11 July 2018 }}. [[Forbes]] Retrieved 30 December 2017.</ref> and peaked at 26th position in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Forbes India Celebrity 100 list: Rajinikanth, Thalapathy Vijay among the wealthiest South Indian stars! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/photo-gallery/2018-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list-rajinikanth-thalapathy-vijay-among-the-wealthiest-south-indian-stars/326398|work=[[Times Now]]|access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130030805/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/photo-gallery/2018-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list-rajinikanth-thalapathy-vijay-among-the-wealthiest-south-indian-stars/326398|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the third most tweeted about South Indian actor in 2020 and in 2021, he was the most tweeted about actor on the same list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Keerthy Suresh and Mahesh Babu are Most Tweeted About South Indian Superstars of 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/keerthy-suresh-and-mahesh-babu-are-most-tweeted-about-south-indian-superstars-of-2020-1749313-2020-12-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214073820/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/keerthy-suresh-and-mahesh-babu-are-most-tweeted-about-south-indian-superstars-of-2020-1749313-2020-12-14 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=14 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thalapthy Vijay, Keerthy Suresh 'Most Tweeted About' Actors of 2021 From South Industry |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thalapthy-vijay-keerthy-suresh-most-tweeted-about-actors-of-2021-from-south-industry-4556723.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508055833/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/thalapthy-vijay-keerthy-suresh-most-tweeted-about-actors-of-2021-from-south-industry-4556723.html |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=[[News18]] }}</ref> In 2019, a wax figure of Vijay was unveiled in a museum in [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thalapathy Vijay gets an impressive wax statue in Kanyakumari museum |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 November 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijay-gets-an-impressive-wax-statue-in-kanyakumari-museum/articleshow/72197457.cms|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803125147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijay-gets-an-impressive-wax-statue-in-kanyakumari-museum/articleshow/72197457.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay's statue unveiled at Behindwoods Gold Medals |work=Behindwoods |date=11 June 2017 |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijays-statue-unveiled-at-behindwoods-gold-medals-2017.html|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515142913/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijays-statue-unveiled-at-behindwoods-gold-medals-2017.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, Vijay was ranked eighth among the global celebrities in Asia by the ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' magazine .<ref>{{cite web | last=R | first=Ansgar | title=Vijay secures 8th place among top asian celebrities in eastern eye | work=[[Asianet News]] | date=15 December 2023 | url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/eastern-eye-top-50-asian-celebrities-thalapathy-vijay-tops-in-10-full-list-ans-s5pao8#image1 | language=ta | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=7 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007155804/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/eastern-eye-top-50-asian-celebrities-thalapathy-vijay-tops-in-10-full-list-ans-s5pao8#image1 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=Top 10 Asian celebrities in the world (2023) |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/top-10-asian-celebrities-in-the-world-2023-2810559 |access-date=11 October 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> As per a research study conducted in 2023 by Indian Institute of Human Brands, Vijay was one of the most bankable celebrities in South India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/research/suriya-is-the-number-one-celebrity-in-south-india-report/97019588 |title=Suriya is the number one celebrity in South India: Report |date=16 January 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |accessdate=27 January 2023}}</ref> In 2024, he was placed 35th on [[IMDb]]'s list of 100 most viewed Indian Stars.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 August 2024 |title=Deepika Padukone, Shah Rukh Khan Top IMDb's List of Most Viewed Indian Stars |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122092159/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |archive-date=22 November 2024 |work=Variety |date=29 May 2024 }}</ref> In the same year, he was placed sixth in ''Eastern Eye''{{'}}s Top 50 Asian Stars.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 December 2024 |title=Top 50 Asian stars of 2024 |work=Eastern Eye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/top-50-asian-stars-of-2024/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228104722/https://www.easterneye.biz/top-50-asian-stars-of-2024/ |archive-date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Vijay}}
* {{IMDb name|0897201}}

{{Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Actor}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Films|1970s}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay}}
[[Category:Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]

Saankal

2026-03-26T19:08:32Z

Shruti: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saankal
| image = Release_poster_of_movie_Saankal.jpg
| alt = Theatrical release poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Dedipya Joshii
| producer = Pisceann Pictures Dedipya Joshii Aanand Rathore
| starring = Chetan Sharma Tanima Bhattacharya Harish Kumar Jagat Singh Samarth Shandilya [[Milind Gunaji]]
| music = '''Songs:''' Shivang Upadhyay Nishant Kamal Vyas '''Background score''': Shivang Upadhyay
| screenplay = Dedipya Joshii
| cinematography = Raut Jaywant Murlidhar
| editing = Jeetu Rall
| released = {{film date|df=y|2015|08||Indie Gathering Film Fest}}
| runtime = 99 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Saankal''''' ({{translation|Shackle}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] and [[social problem film]] written and directed by Dedipya Joshii. The film stars Chetan Sharma, Tanima Bhattacharya,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JAI-HMU-film-saankal-actress-tanima-bhattacharya-news-hindi-5372805-PHO.html?seq=4|title=Film Saankal actress Tanima Bhattacharya|website=www.bhaskar.com|date=15 July 2016 |access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref> Harish Kumar, Jagat Singh, Samarth Shandilya and [[Milind Gunaji]].<ref name="India Together">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/saankal-strong-content-weak-movie-reviews |title=Saankal – strong content, weak movie |date=28 April 2016 |first=Shoma A |last=Chatterji |newspaper=India Together}}</ref> It focuses on the impact of [[forced marriage]] traditions prevalent within rural Indian communities.<ref name=":0" /> The film was released in August 2015 and went on to win numerous awards, including Best Female Lead and Best Foreign Film at the 20th Indie Gathering Film Festival.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tanima-Bhattacharya-bags-the-Best-Actress-Award-at-IGIFF/articleshow/48884786.cms|title=Tanima Bhattacharya bags the Best Actress Award at IGIFF - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 September 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>

== Background ==
Director Dedpiya Joshii stated that the film's depiction of forced marriage is based on real-world conditions that are still prevalent in Indian rural communities. These conditions can be traced to prior practices in villages that sought to prevent marrying outside of the community, in order to maintain genealogical purity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://filmytown.com/tag/saankal/|title=Saankal Archives|website=Filmy Town|date=14 December 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref> In the aftermath of the 1947 [[Partition of India]], marriages between cross-border communities were disrupted, which further limited the marriageable population in these communities. This prompted village councils to force marriages between mature-age women and prepubescent boys in order to prevent population decline.<ref>http://glamgold.com/saankal-wins-hearts-at-the-20th-indie-gathering-international-film-festival/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4844708|Shackle}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|5624905|Saankal}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films about child marriage in India]]

Bijni

2026-03-26T03:14:36Z

Shruti: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bijni
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bijni Chirang District, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.55667|N|90.6667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chirang district|Chirang]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdivisions of Assam|Sub-Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = Bijni
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Bijni Municipal Board
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 53
| population_total = 13257
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title3 = Official language
| demographics1_info3 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bodo language|Boro]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 783390
| registration_plate = AS-26
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bijni''' is a town in [[Chirang district]] under the jurisdiction of [[Bodoland Territorial Council]] which controls the districts of the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]] in the state of [[Assam]].

==History==

[[File:Southern border of Bhutan1985.jpg|thumb|280px|Bijni were under the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]] till the [[Duar War]] of 1865]]

Bijni is one of the Duars under [[Dooars#Eastern Dooars|Eastern Duars]].<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=28}}</ref>
Bijni was part of [[Bhutan|Kingdom of Bhutan]] from early 17th-century, for administrative purpose Bhutias divided Bijni into Bijni, Banska and Chapagur.<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=42}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bijni is located on the northern bank of Brahmaputra river, at {{Coord|26|31|N|90|40|E}}.<ref name="fallingrain">{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/03/Bijni.html|title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Bijni|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 53 metres (173 feet).<ref name="fallingrain"/> The main river in Bijni is Dolani, which currently has three bridges over it. The longest of them is the bridge between Bijni and Kawatika. The city is flanked by two bigger tributaries of the [[Manas River]]. The city also has a [[Overpass|flyover]], which cuts the road between the northern region and southern region.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} Indian census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bijni had a population of 13257. Males constitute 50.4% of the population and females 49.6%.

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious Demographic in Bijni Town Committee Area (2011)<ref>[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801623-bini-assam.html] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Hinduism]]
|value1= 97.28
|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 1.66
|color2 = green
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 0.84
|color3 = blue
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 0.22
|color4 = black
}}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Bijni Town Committee Area (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1= 60.65
|color1 = yellow
|label2= [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|value2 = 21.22
|color2 = blue
|label3 = [[Bodo language|Bodo]]
|value3 = 10.90
|color3 = red
|label4 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value4 = 6.49
|color4 = orange
|label5 = Others
|value5 = 0.74
|color5 = black
}}
==Transport==
[[Bijni railway station]] serves the town of Bijni.

==Politics==

[[Bijni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijni]] is part of [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate=2008-10-05
|work=Assam
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate=4 May 2006
}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bijni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijni Vidhan Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949|type=PhD|publisher=Guwahati University|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|hdl=10603/67909|access-date=16 April 2023|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100526/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|url-status=dead}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chirang district]]
[[Category:Bongaigaon]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Pornographic film

2026-03-21T04:09:04Z

Shruti: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Films that present sexually explicit subject matter}}
{{pp-vand|small=yes}}
{{Redirect|Porn movies|broader coverage of this topic|Pornography}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Montre-moi du rose tournage 2.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Scene from the pornographic film ''Montre-moi du rose!'' (2009)]]

'''Pornographic films''' (colloquially '''porn films''', '''pornos''', '''porn'''), '''sex films''', '''erotic films''', '''adult films''', '''blue films''', '''sexually explicit films''', or '''18+ films''' are films that represent [[Human sexual activity|sexually]] explicit subject matter in order to [[sexual arousal|arouse]], [[wikt:fascinate|fascinate]], or [[orgasm|satisfy]] the viewer. [[Pornography|Pornographic]] films represent [[Sexual fantasy|sexual fantasies]] and usually include [[erotica|erotically stimulating material]] such as [[nudity in film|nudity]] or fetishes ([[Softcore pornography|softcore]]) and [[sexual intercourse]] ([[Hardcore pornography|hardcore]]). A distinction is sometimes made between "erotic" and "pornographic" films on the basis that the latter category contains more [[Sex in film|explicit sexuality]], and focuses more on arousal than [[storytelling]]; the distinction is highly subjective.

Pornographic films are produced and distributed on a variety of media, depending on the demand and technology available, including traditional film stock footage in various formats, [[home video]], [[DVD]]s, mobile devices, Internet pornography, Internet download, or [[cable TV]], in addition to other media. Pornography is often sold or rented on DVD; shown through Internet streaming, specialty channels and [[pay-per-view]] on cable and satellite; and viewed in rapidly disappearing [[adult movie theater]]. Often due to broadcast or print censorship commissions, general public opinion, [[public decency]] laws, or religious pressure groups, overly sexualized content is generally not permitted in [[mainstream media]] or on [[free-to-air]] television.

Films with [[wikt:risqué|risqué]] content have been produced since the invention of motion pictures in the 1880s. Production of such films was profitable, and a number of producers specialized in their production. Various groups within society considered such depictions [[immoral]], labeled them "pornographic", and attempted to have them suppressed under other [[obscenity laws]], with varying degrees of success. Such films continued to be produced, and could initially only be distributed by [[Underground press|underground channels]]. Because the viewing of such films carried a [[social stigma]], they were viewed at [[brothel]]s, adult movie theaters, [[stag party|stag parties]], home, private clubs, and night cinemas.

In the 1970s, during the [[Golden Age of Porn]], pornographic films were semi-legitimized, to the point where actors not known for appearances in such productions would be cast members (though rarely participating in the explicit scenes);<ref>Two examples are [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]] in ''Dixie Ray, Hollywood Star'' and comedian [[Richard Belzer]] in ''Cafe Flesh''.</ref> by the 1980s, pornography on home video achieved wider distribution. The rise of the Internet in the late 1990s and early 2000s changed the way pornographic films were distributed, complicating [[censorship]] regimes around the world and legal prosecutions of "obscenity".

==Classification==
Pornographic films are typically categorized as either [[Softcore pornography|softcore]] or [[hardcore pornography]]. In general, softcore pornography is pornography that does not depict explicit [[Human sexual activity|sexual activity]], [[sexual penetration]] or extreme [[Sexual fetish|fetishism]].<ref name="Amis">{{cite news |author=Amis |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Amis |date=17 March 2001 |title=A rough trade |work=[[Guardian.co.uk]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4153718,00.html |access-date=29 February 2012 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524071906/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/mar/17/society.martinamis1 |url-status=live }}</ref> It generally contains [[Nudity in film|nudity]] or partial nudity in sexually suggestive situations. Hardcore pornography is pornography that depicts penetration or extreme fetish acts, or both. It contains graphic sexual activity and visible penetration.<ref>{{cite web |title=P20th Century Nudes in Art |url=http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/modern/20th-Century-Nudes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215175749/http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/modern/20th-Century-Nudes.html |archive-date=Feb 15, 2012 |access-date=29 February 2012 |publisher=The Art History Archive}}</ref> A pornographic work is characterized as hardcore if it has any hardcore content.

Pornographic films are generally classified into subgenres which describe the underlying theme or [[sexual fantasy]] which the film and actors attempt to create. Subgenres can also be classified into the characteristics of the performers or the type of sexual activity on which it concentrates and not necessarily on the [[Niche market|market]] to which each subgenre appeals. The subgenres usually conform to certain [[Convention (norm)|conventions]], and each may appeal to a particular audience.

==History==
{{See also|History of erotic depictions|Stag film}}

=== Early years: before 1920 ===
[[File:Nude woman with skirt dancing (rbm-QP301M8-1887-190).jpg|thumb|''Nude woman with skirt dancing'', 1887]]
Production of erotic films commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Two of the earliest pioneers were Frenchmen [[Eugène Pirou]] and [[Albert Kirchner]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/history-of-porn/ |title=A brief and incredible history of porn |first=Lyz |last=Lenz |date=17 October 2016 |access-date=30 December 2018 |work=[[Daily Dot]] |publisher=[[Complex Media, Inc.]] |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018234737/https://www.dailydot.com/irl/history-of-porn/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kirchner, under the name "Léar", directed the earliest surviving erotic film for Pirou. The 7-minute 1896 film {{lang|fr|[[Le Coucher de la Mariée]]}} had {{interlanguage link|Louise Willy|af||ca||fr||vo}} performing a bathroom [[striptease]].<ref name=encyclopedia>Richard Abel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9cc71Uekc_EC&dq=%22Louise+Willy%22&pg=PA518 ''Encyclopedia of early cinema''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225112/https://books.google.com/books?id=9cc71Uekc_EC&dq=%22Louise+Willy%22&pg=PA518 |date=3 April 2023 }}, Taylor & Francis, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-415-23440-5}}, p.518</ref> Other French filmmakers also considered that profits could be made from this type of risqué films, showing women disrobing.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bottomore |first=Stephen |editor1=Stephen Herbert |editor2=Luke McKernan |year=1996 |url=http://www.victorian-cinema.net/lear.htm |title=Léar (Albert Kirchner) |work=Who's Who of Victorian Cinema |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=10 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010111821/http://www.victorian-cinema.net/lear.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bottomore |first=Stephen |editor1=Stephen Herbert |editor2=Luke McKernan |year=1996 |url=http://www.victorian-cinema.net/pirou.htm |title=Eugène Pirou |work=Who's Who of Victorian Cinema |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502070425/http://www.victorian-cinema.net/pirou.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the year 1896, ''[[The Kiss (1896 film)|The May Irwin Kiss]]'' contained the first kiss on film. It was a 47-second film loop, with a close-up of a nuzzling couple followed by a short peck on the lips ("the mysteries of the kiss revealed"). The kissing scene was denounced as shocking and obscene to early moviegoers and caused the Roman Catholic Church to call for censorship and moral reform, because kissing in public at the time could lead to prosecution.<ref name="sexinfilms1">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/sexinfilms1.html|title=Sex in Cinema: Pre-1920s Greatest and Most Influential Erotic / Sexual Films and Scenes|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423071032/http://www.filmsite.org/sexinfilms1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Perhaps in defiance and "to spice up a film", this was followed by many kiss imitators, including ''[[The Kiss in the Tunnel]]'' (1899) and ''The Kiss'' (1900). A [[tableau vivant]] style was used in short film ''{{interlanguage link|Birth of The Pearl|cy}}'' (1901)<ref>Produced by [[Frederick S. Armitage]] for the [[American Mutoscope and Biograph Company]].</ref> featuring an unnamed long-haired young model wearing a flesh-colored [[body stocking]] in a direct frontal pose<ref name=sexinfilms1 /> that provides a provocative view of the female body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awmi10/d21.html|title=Full caption: Birth of the Pearl. Camera: F.S. Armitage. AM&B, 1901. Paper Print Collection (LC1318), Moving Image Section, Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division.|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830042926/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awmi10/d21.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The pose is in the style of [[Botticelli]]'s ''[[The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)|The Birth of Venus]]''.

[[File:Johann Schwarzer movies about 1906.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Images from early Austrian erotic movies (about 1906, first image showing {{lang|de|[[Am Sklavenmarkt]]}}) by photographer [[Johann Schwarzer]] and his Saturn Film company]]
In Austria, cinemas organised men-only nights (called {{lang|de|Herrenabende}}) at which adult films were shown. [[Johann Schwarzer]] formed his Saturn-Film production company which between 1906 and 1911 produced 52 erotic productions, each of which contained young local women fully nude, to be shown at those screenings. Before Schwarzer's productions, erotic films were provided by the [[Pathé]] brothers from French produced sources. In 1911, Saturn was dissolved by the censorship authorities, which destroyed all the films they could find,<ref>Michael Achenbach, Paolo Caneppele, Ernst Kieninger: ''Projektionen der Sehnsucht: Saturn, die erotischen Anfänge der österreichischen Kinematografie''. Filmarchiv Austria, Wien 2000, {{ISBN|3-901932-04-6}}.</ref> though some have since resurfaced from private collections. There were a number of American films in the 1910s which [[nudity in film|featured female nudity]].<ref> https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/skin-history-nudity-movies-film-012811415.html. https://m.imdb.com/list/ls045401746 </ref>

At the beginning of the 20th century, Argentina may have been the first center of pornographic film production in the world.<ref name="moret">{{cite web|language=es|title=La primera vez|accessdate=8 April 2020|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-6671-2010-12-05.html|work=Radar. [[Página/12]]|date=5 December 2010|last=Moret|first=Natalia|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921133954/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-6671-2010-12-05.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="alpalo"/> It is considered that the porn film was born in France practically at the same time as the cinematographic medium, but it was in [[Buenos Aires]] where the clandestine production of these films, known as stag films or smokers, was capitalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/movil/cultura_sociedad/2010/08/100807_cine_porno_mudo_lh.shtml|language=es|title=La era del cine porno mudo|last=Robledo|first=Juanjo|date=7 August 2010|publisher=[[BBC Mundo]]|accessdate=8 April 2020|archive-date=17 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417120055/http://www.bbc.com/mundo/movil/cultura_sociedad/2010/08/100807_cine_porno_mudo_lh.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Around 1905,<ref name="moret"/> [[Pathé]] and [[Gaumont Film Company|Gaumont]] moved the production of porn to Argentina to avoid censorship by the French government.<ref name="alpalo"/> These films were not intended for local or popular consumption, but were "sophisticated entertainment for the enjoyment of the well-to-do class of [Europe]."<ref name="alpalo">{{cite web|language=es|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-1883-2004-12-12.html|title=La argentinidad al palo|date=12 December 2004|accessdate=13 April 2020|work=[[Página/12]]|last=Ferreirós|first=Hernán|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201228/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-1883-2004-12-12.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Writing about the origins of underground cinema, Arthur Knight and Hollis Alpert explain that hardcore films were shipped by boat from Argentina to private buyers, mostly in France and England, but also in more distant places such as Russia and the Balkans.<ref name="moret"/> In ''[[Black and White and Blue]]'' (2008), one of the most scholarly attempts to document the origins of the clandestine 'stag film' trade, Dave Thompson recounts ample evidence that such an industry first had sprung up in the brothels of [[Buenos Aires]] and other South American cities by the turn of the 20th century, and then quickly spread through Central Europe over the following few years. In his biography of [[Eugene O'Neill]], [[Louis Sheaffer]] recounts that the playwright traveled to Buenos Aires in the 1900s and was a frequent visitor to the pornographic cinemas in the [[Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]] neighborhood.<ref name="moret"/> The Argentine film ''[[El Sartorio]]'' (also known as ''El Satario'') is perhaps the oldest known pornographic film, a theory held by several authors.<ref name="moret"/><ref name="infobaeporno">{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/tendencias/2017/06/10/la-primera-pelicula-porno-de-la-historia-es-argentina-mitos-y-certezas-detras-de-la-leyenda/|language=es|title=¿La primera película porno de la historia es argentina?: mitos y certezas detrás de la leyenda|publisher=[[Infobae]]|accessdate=8 April 2020|date=10 June 2017|last=Fernández|first=Maximiliano|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309010127/https://www.infobae.com/tendencias/2017/06/10/la-primera-pelicula-porno-de-la-historia-es-argentina-mitos-y-certezas-detras-de-la-leyenda/|url-status=live}}</ref> Filmed between 1907 and 1912 on the riverside of [[Quilmes]] or [[Rosario]],<ref name="infobaeporno"/> the film depicts six nude nymphs who are surprised by a satyr or faun, who captures one of them and then has sex in a variety of positions, including the [[69 (sex position)|69]].<ref name="moret"/><ref name="gerace">{{cite book|language=Portuguese|accessdate=8 April 2020|title=Cinema explícito: Representações cinematográficas do sexo|last=Gerace|first=Rodrigo|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaJBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT68|publisher=Perspectiva & Edições Sesc São Paulo|date=1 June 2016|isbn=978-8569298458}}</ref> ''El Sartorio'' is held currently in the [[Kinsey Institute]]'s film archive, the largest collection of stag films in the world.<ref name="infobaeporno"/><ref name="gerace"/>

Because Pirou is nearly unknown as a pornographic filmmaker, credit is often given to other films for being the first. According to Patrick Robertson's ''Film Facts'', "the earliest pornographic motion picture which can definitely be dated is {{lang|fr|A L'Ecu d'Or ou la bonne auberge}}" made in France in 1908. The plot depicts a weary soldier who has a tryst with a servant girl at an inn. He also notes that "the oldest surviving pornographic films are contained in America's [[Alfred Kinsey|Kinsey]] Collection. One film demonstrates how early pornographic conventions were established. The German film {{lang|de|[[Am Abend]]}} (1910) is a ten-minute film which begins with a woman masturbating alone in her bedroom, and progresses to scenes of her with a man in the [[missionary position]], [[fellatio]], and [[anal sex|penile anal penetration]]."<ref>{{cite book |last=Robertson |first=Patrick |date=December 2001 |title=Film Facts |publisher=Billboard Books |isbn=978-0-8230-7943-8 |page=256}}</ref>

===1920s–1940s suppression===
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Pornographic movies were widespread in the [[silent movie]] era of the 1920s, and were often shown in [[brothel]]s. Soon illegal, [[stag films]], or [[erotic films|blue films]], as they were called, were produced underground by amateurs for many years starting in the 1940s. Processing the film took considerable time and resources, with people using their bathtubs to wash the film when processing facilities (often tied to organized crime) were unavailable. The films were then circulated privately or by traveling salesmen, but anyone caught viewing or possessing them risked a prison sentence.<ref name=history>{{cite video |people=Chris Rodley, Dev Varma, Kate Williams III (Directors) Marilyn Milgrom, Grant Romer, Rolf Borowczak, Bob Guccione, Dean Kuipers (Cast) |date=7 March 2006 |url=http://www.kochvision.com/product.aspx?number=741952635291 |title=Pornography: The Secret History of Civilization |medium=DVD |location=Port Washington, NY |publisher=Koch Vision |access-date=21 October 2006 |isbn=1-4172-2885-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822002054/http://www.kochvision.com/product.aspx?number=741952635291 |archive-date=22 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=time>{{cite news |last=Corliss |first=Richard |date=29 March 2005 |url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1043267,00.html |title=That Old Feeling: When Porno Was Chic |work=Time Magazine |publisher=Time inc |access-date=16 October 2006 |archive-date=24 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224174609/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1043267,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1950s: home movies ===
The post-war era saw technological developments that further stimulated the growth of a mass market and amateur film-making, particularly the introduction of the [[8 mm film|8 mm]] and [[super 8 mm film|super-8]] film gauges, popular for the home movie market.<ref>{{Citation |title=Videos |date=2010 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4160-5654-6.00076-3 |work=Meningiomas |pages=xix–xx |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-1-4160-5654-6.00076-3 |isbn=9781416056546 |access-date=2022-06-10|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Entrepreneurs emerged to meet the demand. In Britain, in the 1950s, [[Harrison Marks]] produced films which were considered risqué, and which today would be described as "soft core". In 1958, as an offshoot of his magazines, Marks began making short films for the 8mm market of his models undressing and posing topless, popularly known as "glamour home movies". To Marks, the term "glamour" was a euphemism for nude modeling/photography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/bbcwords/glamour-new.html|title=glamour, n.|publisher=OED|access-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218152345/http://www.oed.com/bbcwords/glamour-new.html|archive-date=18 Feb 2009}}</ref>

===1960s: Europe and United States===

Starting in 1961, [[Lasse Braun]] was a pioneer in quality colour productions that were, in the early days, distributed by making use of his father's diplomatic privileges. Braun was able to accumulate funds for his lavish productions from the profit gained with so-called loops, ten-minute [[hardcore pornography|hardcore]] movies which he sold to [[Reuben Sturman]], who distributed them to 60,000 American [[peep show]] booths.<ref>Eric Schlosser, ''Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market'' (Houghton Mifflin Books, 2004), p. 143.</ref> Braun was always on the move, and made his hardcore movies in a number of countries, including Spain, France, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In December 1960, American female director [[Doris Wishman]] began producing a series of eight [[pornographic]] films, or [[nudist]] films without sex scenes, including ''[[Hideout in the Sun]]'' (1960), ''[[Nude on the Moon]]'' (1961) and ''[[Diary of a Nudist]]'' (1961). She also produced a series of [[sexploitation]] films.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In the 1960s, social and judicial attitudes towards the explicit depiction of sexuality began to change. For example, Swedish film ''[[I Am Curious (Yellow)]]'' (1967) included numerous frank nude scenes and simulated sexual intercourse. In one particularly controversial scene, Lena kisses her lover's flaccid penis. The film was exhibited in mainstream cinemas, but in 1969 it was banned in [[Massachusetts]] allegedly for being pornographic. The ban was challenged in the courts, with the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ultimately declaring that the film was not obscene,<ref>''Byrne v. Karalexis'', [http://supreme.justia.com/us/396/976/case.html 396 U.S. 976 (1969)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026192922/http://supreme.justia.com/us/396/976/case.html |date=26 October 2011 }} and [http://supreme.justia.com/us/401/216/case.html 401 U.S. 216 (1971)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009050942/http://supreme.justia.com/us/401/216/case.html |date=9 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmint.nu/?q=node/31|title=Film International - Thinking Film Since 1973|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408112245/http://filmint.nu/?q=node/31|url-status=live}}</ref> paving the way for other sexually explicit films. Another Swedish film ''[[Language of Love]]'' (1969) was also sexually explicit, but was framed as a quasi-documentary sex [[educational film]], which made its legal status uncertain though controversial.

In 1969, [[Denmark]] became the first country to abolish all censorship laws, enabling pornography, including hardcore pornography. The example was followed by toleration in the Netherlands, also in 1969. There was an explosion of pornography commercially produced in those countries, including, at the very beginning, [[child pornography]] and [[bestiality]] porn. Now that being a pornographer was legal, there was no shortage of businessmen who invested in plant and equipment capable of turning out a mass-produced, cheap, but quality product. Vast amounts of this new pornography, both magazines and films, needed to be smuggled into other parts of Europe, where it was sold "under the counter" or (sometimes) shown in "members only" cinema clubs.<ref name=history/>

In the United States, producers of pornographic films formed the [[Adult Film Association of America]] in 1969, following the release of ''[[Blue Movie]]'' by [[Andy Warhol]], to fight against censorship and to defend the industry against [[obscenity]] charges.<ref name="afw0187">"10th Annual Erotic Awards," ''Adam Film World'', January 1987, p. 7</ref> Shortly after the release of ''Blue Movie'', Warhol rented the Fortune Theater in Manhattan's [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] and screened [[gay pornography]] films from June 25 to August 5, 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bockris |first=Victor |url=http://archive.org/details/warhol0000bock_c2k2 |title=Warhol |date=1997 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-80795-4 |location=New York |pages=324}}</ref> The theater was called "Andy Warhol's Theater: Boys to Adore Galore" and run by Warhol's associate, [[Gerard Malanga]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nevins |first=Jake |date=2025-05-09 |title=Founding Editor Gerard Malanga Takes Us Back to the Early Days of Interview |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/gerard-malanga-takes-us-back-to-the-early-days-of-interview |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> When the police shut down another similar theater nearby, they decided to close theirs to avoid getting busted.<ref name=":0" />

===1970s: adult theaters and movie booths in the United States ===
In the 1970s, there was a more tolerant judicial attitude to non-mainstream films. Mainstream theatres did not usually screen even softcore films, leading to a rise of [[adult theater]]s in the United States and many other countries. There was also a proliferation of coin-operated "movie booths" in [[sex shop]]s that displayed pornographic [[8 mm film]] "loops" (a continuous loop like an [[endless tape cartridge]] for audio).{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Denmark started producing comparatively big-budget theatrical feature film sex comedies such as ''[[Bordellet]]'' (1972), the [[Bedside-films|''Bedside''-films]] (1970–1976) and the [[Zodiac-films|''Zodiac''-films]] (1973–1978), starring mainstream actors (a few of whom even performed their own sex scenes) and usually not thought of as "porno films" though all except the early ''Bedside''-films included hardcore pornographic scenes. Several of these films still rank among the most seen films in Danish film history<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scope.dk/solgtebilletter.php|title=Scope: Flest solgte billetter|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425072353/http://www.scope.dk/solgtebilletter.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> and all remain favourites on home video.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekkofilm.dk/?allowbreak=false&id=472 |title=Sengekant (inkl. en uges skiferie) |language=da |work=Ekko.dk |access-date=9 February 2010 |archive-date=4 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904131836/http://www.ekkofilm.dk/?allowbreak=false&id=472 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1969, ''[[Blue Movie]]'' by [[Andy Warhol]] was the first [[pornographic|adult erotic film]] depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.<ref name="NYT-19690722">{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Movie Review - Blue Movie (1968) Screen: Andy Warhol's 'Blue Movie' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507E5D91738E63ABC4A51DFB1668382679EDE |date=July 22, 1969 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=December 29, 2015 |archive-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231190855/https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507E5D91738E63ABC4A51DFB1668382679EDE |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WS-2002-2005">{{cite web |last=Comenas |first=Gary |title=Blue Movie (1968) |url=http://www.warholstars.org/andy-warhol-blue-movie.html |date=2005 |work=WarholStars.org |access-date=December 29, 2015 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206045638/https://warholstars.org/andy-warhol-blue-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-19690810">{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie. D1. Print. (behind paywall) |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E4D91739EF3BBC4852DFBE668382679EDE |date=August 10, 1969 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=December 29, 2015 |archive-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231190855/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E4D91739EF3BBC4852DFBE668382679EDE |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a seminal film in the [[Golden Age of Porn]] and, according to Warhol, a major influence in the making of ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'', an internationally controversial erotic drama film, starring [[Marlon Brando]], and released a few years after ''Blue Movie'' was made.<ref name="WS-2002-2005" />

The first explicitly pornographic film with a plot that received a general theatrical release in the U.S. is generally considered to be ''[[Mona the Virgin Nymph]]'' (also known as ''Mona''), a 59-minute 1970 feature by [[Bill Osco]], who created the relatively high-budget hardcore/softcore (depending on the release) 1974 cult film ''[[Flesh Gordon]]''<ref name=time/><ref>{{cite news |last=Mehendale |first=Rachel |date=9 February 2006 |url=http://www.tsp.utexas.edu/FrontPage/TSMweb/advertising%20supplements/Valentines%20Day/valentines.pdf |title=Is porn a problem? |work=The Daily Texan |pages=17, 22 |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=12 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912050457/http://www.tsp.utexas.edu/FrontPage/TSMweb/advertising%20supplements/Valentines%20Day/valentines.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and later, in 1976, the [[X-rated]] musical-comedy film ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1976 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]''.

The 1971 film ''[[Boys in the Sand]]'' represented a number of pornographic firsts. As the first generally available [[Gay pornography|gay pornographic]] film, the film was the first to include on-screen credits for its cast and crew (albeit largely under pseudonyms), to parody the title of a mainstream film (in this case, ''[[The Boys in the Band (1970 film)|The Boys in the Band]]''), and, after the 1969 film ''[[Blue Movie]]'',<ref name="NYT-19690722" /> one of the first to be reviewed by ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Edmonson |first=Roger |author2=Cal Culver |author3=Casey Donovan |date=October 1998 |title=Boy in the Sand: Casey Donovan, All-American Sex Star |publisher=Alyson Books |page=264 |isbn=978-1-55583-457-9}}</ref> Other notable American hardcore feature films of the 1970s include ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'' (1972), ''[[Behind the Green Door]]'' (1972), ''[[The Devil in Miss Jones]]'' (1973), [[Radley Metzger]]'s ''[[The Opening of Misty Beethoven]]'' (1976) and ''[[Debbie Does Dallas]]'' (1978). These were shot on film and screened in mainstream movie theaters. In Britain, ''Deep Throat'' was not approved in its uncut form until 2000 and not shown publicly until June 2005.<ref name=time/><ref>{{cite news |last=Hattenstone |first=Simon |date=11 June 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/11/film.filmnews |title=After 33 years, Deep Throat, the film that shocked the US, gets its first British showing |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |access-date=18 October 2006 |archive-date=19 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219072209/http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1504240,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5410268.stm |title=Porn film on 'landmark 100' list |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=28 October 2006 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828192003/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5410268.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the U.S. ''[[Miller v. California]]'' was an important court case in 1973. The case established that [[obscenity]] was not legally protected, but the case also established the [[Miller test]], a three-pronged test to determine obscenity (which is not legal) as opposed to [[indecency]] (which may or may not be legal).{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===1980s: new technology and new legal cases===
With the arrival of the home [[video cassette recorder]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars like [[Traci Lords]], [[Seka (actress)|Seka]], [[Christy Canyon]], [[Ginger Lynn]], [[Nina Hartley]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Nina-Hartley-250651.html|title=AVN Nina Hartley|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225102959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/nina-hartley-250651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and directors such as [[Gregory Dark]]. By 1982, most pornographic films were being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium of [[videotape]]. Many film directors resisted this shift at first because videotape produced a different image quality. Those who did change soon were collecting most of the industry's profits, since consumers overwhelmingly preferred the new format. The technology change happened quickly and completely when directors realized that continuing to shoot on film was no longer a profitable option. This change moved the films out of the theaters and into people's homes. This marked the end of the age of big-budget productions, and the beginning of the mainstreaming of pornography. It soon went back to its earthy roots and expanded to cover nearly every fetish possible, since the production of pornography was now inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands were being made, including compilations of just the sex scenes from various videos.<ref name=history/><ref name=time/> One could now not only watch pornography in the comfort and privacy of one's own home, but also find more choices available to satisfy specific fantasies and fetishes.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Similarly, the [[camcorder]] spurred changes in pornography in the 1980s, when people could make their own [[Amateur pornography|amateur sex movies]], whether for private use, or for wider distribution.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The ''[[de facto]]'' result of the 1987 legal case ''[[People v. Freeman]]'' effectively legalized [[hardcore pornography]] in the U.S. The prosecution of Harold Freeman was initially planned as the first in a series of legal cases to effectively outlaw the production of such movies.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===1990s: DVD and the Internet age===
[[File:Pierre Woodman at work in Australia.png|thumb|Production crew of [[Pierre Woodman]] shooting pornographic film "The Fugitive", with actors Jeanette Marton and Philippe Soine performing on a location in Australia in 1997]]
In the late 1990s, pornographic films were distributed on DVD. These offered better quality picture and sound than the previous video format ([[videotape]]) and allowed innovations such as "interactive" videos that let users choose such variables as multiple camera angles, multiple endings and computer-only DVD content.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The introduction and widespread availability of the [[Internet]] further changed the way pornography was distributed. Previously, videos were ordered from an adult bookstore or through mail-order; with the Internet, people could watch pornographic movies on their computers, and instead of waiting weeks for an order to arrive, a movie could be downloaded within minutes (or, later, within a few seconds).{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Pornography can be distributed over the Internet in a number of ways, including [[paysite]]s, [[video hosting service]]s and [[peer-to-peer]] [[file sharing]]. While pornography had been traded electronically since the 1980s, the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1991, as well as the opening of the Internet to the general public around the same time, led to an explosion in online pornography.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

[[Viv Thomas]], [[Paul Thomas (pornographic actor)|Paul Thomas]], [[Andrew Blake (director)|Andrew Blake]], [[Antonio Adamo]], and [[Rocco Siffredi]] were prominent directors of pornographic films in the 1990s. In 1998, the [[Denmark|Danish]], [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-nominated film production company [[Zentropa]] became the world's first mainstream film company to openly produce [[hardcore pornography|hardcore]] pornographic films, starting with ''[[Constance (1998 film)|Constance]]'' (1998). That same year, Zentropa also produced ''[[Idioterne]]'' (1998), directed by [[Lars von Trier]], which won many international awards and was nominated for a [[Golden Palm]] in Cannes. The film includes a shower sequence with a male erection and an orgy scene with close-up penetration footage (the camera viewpoint is from the ankles of the participants, and the close-ups leave no doubt as to what is taking place). ''Idioterne'' started a wave of international mainstream arthouse films featuring explicit sexual images, such as [[Catherine Breillat]]'s ''[[Romance (1999 film)|Romance]]'', which starred porn star [[Rocco Siffredi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A real 'Romance'? : This French flick's graphic sex scenes aren't just acting, director says |website=New York Post|date=18 September 1999 |url=https://nypost.com/1999/09/18/a-real-romance-this-french-flicks-graphic-sex-scenes-arent-just-acting-director-says/ |access-date=12 February 2022|first1=V. A. |last1=Musetto}}</ref><ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q1752790|id=tt0194314|title=Romance}}</ref>

In 1999, the Danish TV channel [[Kanal København]] started broadcasting hardcore films at night, uncoded and freely available to any viewer in the [[Copenhagen]] area (as of 2009, this is still the case, courtesy of [[Innocent Pictures]], a company started by Zentropa).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kanalkobenhavn.dk/6_erotik.html|title=Kanal København - Erotik og Kontakt|date=28 December 2013|access-date=18 August 2016|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228194319/http://www.kanalkobenhavn.dk/6_erotik.html|archive-date=28 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Once people could watch adult movies in the privacy of their own homes, a new adult market developed that far exceeded the scope of its theater-centric predecessor. The Internet served as catalyst for creating a still-larger market for porn, a market that is even less traditionally theatrical.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

By the 2000s, there were hundreds of adult film companies, releasing tens of thousands of productions, recorded directly on video, with minimal sets. The market was further expanded by webcams and webcam recordings, in which thousands of pornographic actors work in front of the camera to satisfy pornography consumers' demand.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===2000s to present: competition and contraction===
By the 2000s, the fortunes of the pornography industry had changed. With reliably profitable DVD sales being largely supplanted by [[streaming media]] delivery over the [[Internet]], competition from bootleg, amateur and low-cost professional content on the Internet had made the industry substantially less profitable, leading to it shrinking in size.<ref name=theroux-guardian-jun2012/> At the same time this gave rise to video sharing platforms such as [[Pornhub]], [[XVideos]] and [[xHamster]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Pornographic film industry==
{{see also|Sex industry}}

===Economics===
[[File:Porn Set 5.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Actress Cali Chase seducing actor Mikey Butders on a ''[[Naughty America]]'' film set before performing sexual intercourse in December 2007]]
[[File:Equinoxe tournage.jpg|thumb|Porn actresses Nikita Bellucci and Alice Leroy being photographed by porn actor Francesco Malcom on the set of the film "EquinoXe" in 2015|245x245px]]
Globally, pornography is a large-scale business with revenues of nearly $100 billion,<ref name=2013Industry>{{cite web|last=Morris|first=Chris|title=After rough 2013, porn studios look for a better year – "Globally, porn is a $97 billion industry, according to Kassia Wosick, assistant professor of sociology at New Mexico State University. At present, between $10 billion and $12 billion of that comes from the United States."|date=14 January 2014|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/13/after-rough-2013-porn-studios-look-for-a-better-year.html|publisher=CNBC|access-date=25 February 2014|archive-date=22 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122080040/http://www.cnbc.com/id/101326937|url-status=live}}</ref> which includes the production of various media and associated [[Sex toy|products]] and [[sex work|services]]. The [[Sex industry|industry]] employs thousands of [[Pornographic film actor|performers]] along with support and production staff. It is also followed by dedicated [[:Category:Business magazines|industry publications]] and [[Trade association|trade groups]] as well as the mainstream press, private organizations ([[watchdog group]]s), government agencies, and political organizations. According to a 2005 [[Reuters]] article, "The multi-billion-dollar industry releases about 11,000 titles on DVD each year."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bizreport.com/news/8560/ |title=Porn Business Driving DVD Technology - BizReport |access-date=26 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111042140/http://bizreport.com/news/8560/ |archive-date=11 January 2005}}</ref> Pornographic films can be sold or rented out on DVD, shown through the Internet and special channels and [[pay-per-view]] on cable and satellite, and screened in [[adult theater]]s. However, by 2012, widespread availability of illegally copied content and other low-cost competition on the Internet had shrunk the pornographic film industry and reduced profitability.<ref name=theroux-guardian-jun2012>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jun/05/how-internet-killed-porn|title=How the internet killed porn|author=Louis Theroux|newspaper=The Guardian|date=5 June 2012|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013141042/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jun/05/how-internet-killed-porn|url-status=live}}</ref>

The global pornographic film industry is dominated by the United States, with the [[San Fernando Valley]] area of [[Los Angeles]] being the heart of the industry.<ref name="cbsnews2003">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/porn-in-the-usa-21-11-2003/|title=Porn In The U.S.A.|website=[[CBS News]]|date=21 November 2003|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=3 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103014218/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/11/21/60minutes/main585049.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1975, the total retail value of all the [[hardcore pornography]] in the United States was estimated at $5–10 million.<ref name=Amis /> The 1979 Revision of the Federal Criminal Code stated that "in Los Angeles alone, the porno business does $100 million a year in gross retain volume." According to the 1986 Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, American adult entertainment industry has grown considerably over the past thirty years by continually changing and expanding to appeal to new markets, though the production is considered to be low-profile and clandestine.<ref>Fisher, Louis (1995). ''American Constitutional Law''. {{ISBN|0-07-021223-6}}.</ref>

{{As of|2013}} the total current income of the country's adult entertainment is often estimated at $10–13 billion, of which $4–6 billion are legal. The figure is often credited to a study by [[Forrester Research]] and was lowered in 1998.<ref>Ackman, Dan (25 May 2001). [https://www.forbes.com/2001/05/25/0524porn.html "How Big Is Porn?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213211220/http://www.forbes.com/2001/05/25/0524porn.html |date=13 December 2007 }}. Forbes.com. Retrieved 29 June 2008.</ref> In 2007 ''[[The Observer]]'' newspaper also gave a figure of $13 billion.<ref>Helmore, Edward (16 December 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/16/film.usa "Home porn gives industry the blues"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222112812/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/16/film.usa |date=22 February 2017 }}. Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 4 March 2009.</ref> Other sources, quoted by [[Forbes]] (Adams Media Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report, and IVD), even taking into consideration all possible means (video networks and pay-per-view movies on cable and satellite, websites, in-room hotel movies, phone sex, sex toys, and magazines) mention the $2.6–3.9 billion figure (without the cellphone component). ''USA Today'' claimed in 2003 that websites such as Danni's Hard Drive and Cybererotica.com generated $2 billion in revenue in that year, which was allegedly about 10% of the overall domestic porn market at the time.<ref>Swartz, Jon (9 March 2004). [https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/2004-03-09-onlineporn_x.htm "Online porn often leads high-tech way"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627060347/http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/2004-03-09-onlineporn_x.htm |date=27 June 2012 }}. USATODAY.com. Retrieved 29 June 2008.</ref> The adult movies income (from sale and rent) was once estimated by [[AVN (magazine)|AVN Publications]] at $4.3 billion but the figure obtaining is unclear. According to the 2001 ''Forbes'' data, the annual income distribution is the following:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
| Adult video || $500 million to $1.8 billion
|-
| Internet || $1 billion
|-
| Magazines || $1 billion
|-
| Pay-per-view || $128 million
|-
| Mobile || $30 million<ref name="cell">Strauss, Gary (12 December 2005). [https://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/services/2005-12-12-pornography-cellphones_x.htm "Cellphone technology rings in pornography in USA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831161909/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/services/2005-12-12-pornography-cellphones_x.htm |date=31 August 2012 }}. USATODAY.com. Retrieved 29 June 2008.</ref>
|}
[[File:Kink.com photo shoot.jpg|thumb|''The film set for a [[medical fetishism]] scene'']]
''The Online Journalism Review'', published by the [[USC Annenberg School for Communication|Annenberg School of Communication]] at the [[University of Southern California]], weighed in with an analysis that favored ''Forbes''' number. The financial extent of adult films, distributed in hotels, is hard to estimate—hotels keep statistics to themselves or do not keep them at all.<ref>Bradley, Matt (6 September 2006). [https://www.usatoday.com/travel/hotels/2006-09-06-hotel-pornography_x.htm "Groups protest porn on hotel TVs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107003921/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/hotels/2006-09-06-hotel-pornography_x.htm |date=7 January 2012 }}. USATODAY.com. Retrieved 29 June 2008.</ref>

The world's largest adult movie studio [[Vivid Entertainment]] generates an estimated $100 million a year in revenue, distributing 60 films annually,<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Brett |last=Pulley |date=27 March 2005 |url=https://www.forbes.com/business/2005/03/07/cz_bp_0307vivid.html |title=The Porn King |magazine=Forbes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224221604/http://www.forbes.com/2005/03/07/cz_bp_0307vivid.html |archive-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and selling them in video stores, hotel rooms, on cable systems, and on the Internet. The Spanish-based studio [[Private Media Group]] was listed on the [[NASDAQ]] until November 2011. Video rentals soared from just under 80 million in 1985 to a half-billion by 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/06/01/343376/index.htm|title=Prime-Time Porn Borrowing tactics from the old Hollywood studios, Vivid Entertainment has ditched the plain brown wrapper and is taking the multibillion-dollar sex-film industry mainstream. - June 1, 2003|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407114813/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/06/01/343376/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Some [[Subsidiary|subsidiaries]] of major corporations are the largest pornography sellers, like [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]'s [[DirecTV]]. [[Comcast]], the nation's largest cable company, once pulled in $50 million from adult programming. Revenues of companies such as ''[[Playboy]]'' and ''[[Hustler (magazine)|Hustler]]'' were small by comparison.<ref>Egan, Timothy (23 October 2000). [http://lists.essential.org/pipermail/commercial-alert/2000/000042.html ''Wall Street Meets Pornography''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107224434/http://lists.essential.org/pipermail/commercial-alert/2000/000042.html |date=7 January 2010 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref>

=== Sexual Behaviours and Violence in Pornographic films ===
Video-based pornography depicts a wide range of sexual behaviors, themes, and relationships. The most common practices are those considered normative in Western culture: [[fellatio]] and [[Penile–vaginal intercourse|vaginal intercourse]] in heterosexual pornography, and fellatio, kissing, [[cunnilingus]], and anal sex in gay pornography, although not consistently in heterosexual depictions. Heterosexual anal intercourse is relatively common, appearing in 15–32% of web videos and up to half of DVD scenes. It has increased since the 1980s/90s, but not necessarily since the 2000s or in the internet age. [[Paraphilias]] are very rare, but incest is more common than others, appearing in three-quarters of the studies which examined it. [[Bestiality]] and depictions involving children were not observed, indicating that they are very rare. Condoms are almost completely absent in heterosexual pornography, but appear more frequently in gay pornography. Aggression and violence are more common in older formats than on the internet, although the understanding of “consent” is unclear. Explicit violence such as rape is rare in mainstream internet pornography; punching, kicking, torture, or murder have only been observed a handful of times. Other forms of aggression are reasonably common but vary greatly. [[Spanking]] is found in most DVDs and in up to a third of internet content, suggesting normalization. Violence is predominantly directed by men against women. In heterosexual pornography, male ejaculation is regularly shown, while female orgasms are rare even if they appear to be faked. Cunnilingus is less common than fellatio. Men usually appear dominant, women submissive. Practices considered degrading or demeaning, such as facial or oral ejaculation, are regularly seen. “Ass to mouth” appears in about one-third of the DVDs examined. It is unclear whether content has changed significantly over time due to few and methodologically inconsistent studies. Heterosexual anal intercourse is more common in DVD and internet pornography than in VHS. Aggressive behavior (verbal abuse, spanking, hair pulling, choking, slapping) occurs more frequently in DVDs than in internet or VHS material, while rape was more prevalent in VHS pornography than in newer media.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carrotte |first1=Elise R. |last2=Davis |first2=Angela C. |last3=Lim |first3=Megan SC |date=2020-05-14 |title=Sexual Behaviors and Violence in Pornography: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Video Content Analyses |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |language=EN |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=15–17 |doi=10.2196/16702 |doi-access=free |pmid=32406863 |pmc=7256746 }}</ref><gallery mode="packed-overlay" widths="330" heights="270" caption="Distribution of sexual behaviours and violence in Pornographic films.">
File:Darstellungen von Sexuelle Verhaltensweisen und Themen in der Pornografie (Teil 1).jpg
File:Darstellungen von Sexuelle Verhaltensweisen und Themen in der Pornografie (Teil 2).jpg
File:Verteilung von Darstellungen von Gewalt in der Pornografie.jpg
</gallery>

===Legal status===
{{Main|List of pornography laws by region}}

In the United States, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] held in 1969 that [[State law (United States)|state laws]] making mere private possession of obscene material a crime are invalid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=394&invol=557|title=STANLEY v. GEORGIA|work=Findlaw|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126051256/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=394&invol=557|url-status=live}}</ref> Further attempts were made in the 1970s in the United States to close down the pornography industry, this time by prosecuting those in the industry on [[prostitution]] charges. The prosecution started in the courts in California in the case of ''[[People v. Freeman]]''. The [[Supreme Court of California|California Supreme Court]] acquitted Freeman and distinguished between someone who takes part in a sexual relationship for money (prostitution) versus someone whose role is merely ''portraying'' a sexual relationship on-screen as part of their acting performance. The State did not appeal to the [[United States Supreme Court]] making the decision binding in California, where most pornographic films are made today.<ref name="cbsnews2003"/><ref>But see news.com.au: [http://www.news.com.au/travel/news/coffee-shop-girls-face-charges-over-sex-shows/story-e6frfq80-1225827686559 Coffee shop girls face charges over sex shows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906052003/http://www.news.com.au/travel/news/coffee-shop-girls-face-charges-over-sex-shows/story-e6frfq80-1225827686559 |date=6 September 2013 }} February 08, 2010</ref>

At present, no other state in the United States has either implemented or accepted this legal distinction between commercial pornography performers versus prostitutes as shown in the Florida case where sex film maker Clinton Raymond McCowen, a.k.a. "Ray Guhn", was indicted on charges of "soliciting and engaging in prostitution" for his creation of pornography films which included "McCowen and his associates recruited up to 100 local men and women to participate in group sex scenes, the affidavit says."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news_piece.php?id=15700 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209182130/http://www.xbiz.com/news_piece.php?id=15700 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2013 |title=Webmaster Ray Guhn Arrested in Florida |access-date=June 26, 2006 |website=xbiz.com }}</ref> The distinction that California has in its legal determination in the Freeman decision is usually denied in most states' local prostitution laws, which do not specifically exclude performers from such inclusion.

In some cases, some states have ratified their local state laws for inclusion to prevent California's ''Freeman'' decision to be applied to actors who are paid a fee for sexual actions within their state borders. One example is the state of Texas whose prostitution law specifically states:

:An offense is established under Subsection (a)(1) whether the actor is to receive or pay a fee. An offense is established under Subsection (a)(2) whether the actor solicits a person to hire him or offers to hire the person solicited.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/PE/htm/PE.43.htm |title=Texas Penal Code, Chapter 43: Public Indecency |access-date=April 18, 2007 |publisher=Texas Legislature |archive-date=18 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918065056/http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/PE/htm/PE.43.htm%2343.23 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the United States, federal law prohibits the sale, distribution or dissemination of obscene materials through the mail, over the broadcast airwaves, on cable or satellite TV, on the Internet, over the telephone or by any other means that cross state lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-71 |title=18 USC Chapter 71 - OBSCENITY | Title 18 - Crimes and Criminal Procedure | U.S. Code | LII / Legal Information Institute |publisher=Law.cornell.edu |access-date=2013-05-06 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019204308/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-71 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most states also have specific laws banning the sale or distribution of obscene pornography within state borders. The only protection for obscene material recognized by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] is personal possession in the home (''[[Stanley v. Georgia]]'').

The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] affirmed in ''[[Miller v. California]]'' that obscenity was not protected speech. Further, the court ruled that each community is responsible for setting its own standards about what is considered to be obscene material. If pornographic material is prosecuted and brought to trial, a jury can deem it obscene based on:
# whether "the average person, applying contemporary community standards" would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest
# whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law and
# whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.

In many countries pornography is legal to distribute and to produce, but there are some restrictions. Pornography is also banned in some countries, in particular in the [[Muslim world]] and [[China]], but can be accessed through the Internet in some of these nations.

=== Health issues ===
Sex acts in pornographic films have traditionally been performed without the use of [[condom]]s, with an accompanying risk of [[sexually transmitted disease]] among performers. In 1986, there was an outbreak of [[HIV]] infection which led to the deaths through [[AIDS]] of several actors and actresses. This led to the creation in 1998 of the [[Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation]] (AIM), which helped set up a monitoring system in the U.S. pornographic film industry, which required pornographic film actors to be tested for HIV every 30 days.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Basten |first1=Fred |last2=Holmes |first2=Laurie |last3=Holmes |first3=John C. |title=Porn King: The John Holmes Story|year=1998|publisher=John Holmes Inc|isbn=978-1-880047-69-9}}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, HIV infection of performers in the U.S. pornography industry has been rare, with only a few outbreaks being recorded over the subsequent three decades. The AIM closed its doors in May 2011 and filed for bankruptcy as a result of a court case arising from an inadvertent leak by it of confidential information on clients, including names and [[Sexually transmitted infection|STD]] results.<ref name="romero">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.laweekly.com/informer/2011/05/porn_clinic_closed_aim_testing.php|title=Porn Clinic AIM Closes For Good: Valley-Based Industry Scrambles to Find New STD Testing System|last=Dennis Romero|date=May 3, 2011|work=[[LA Weekly]]|access-date=May 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507015636/http://blogs.laweekly.com/informer/2011/05/porn_clinic_closed_aim_testing.php|archive-date=7 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=HuffCondom>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Mitchell|title=How a Straight Adult Performer Convinced Me That Condoms Are Useless in Porn|date=21 November 2012|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mitchell-williams/how-a-straight-adult-performer-convinced-me-that-condoms-are-useless-in-porn_b_2165066.html|publisher=Huffington Press|access-date=18 February 2014|archive-date=5 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605092937/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-a-straight-adult-performer-convinced-me-that-condoms-are-useless-in-porn_b_2165066|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Erotica and pornography|Film|Human sexuality}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of pornographic film awards]]
* [[Cartoon pornography]]
* [[Cum shot]]
* [[Hentai]]
* [[List of pornographic film studios]]
* [[Pornography addiction]]
* [[Porn groove]]
* [[Porn parody]]
* [[Pornography by region]]
* [[Sex industry]]
* [[STDs in the porn industry]]
* [[Unsimulated sex]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Patrick Robertson: ''Film Facts'', 2001, Billboard Books, {{ISBN|0-8230-7943-0}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Pornographic films}}
* {{wikisource portal-inline|Pornographic films}}

{{Film genres}}
{{Pornography}}
{{Sex}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pornographic works|Films]]
[[Category:Pornographic films| ]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Nagore Dargah

2026-03-19T14:04:04Z

Shruti: fix page further and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|Dargah and mosque in Nagore, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{distinguish|Nagore Durgha Sheriff{{!}}Nagore Durgha Sheriff, Malaysia|Nagore Durgha, Singapore}}
{{Infobox mosque
| name = Nagore Dargah
| image = Nagore dargah.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt = A panoramic view of Nagore Dargah; Dome, Sacred water tank and the five minarets
| caption = A view of the dargah, dome, [[Temple tank|sacred water tank]] and [[minaret]]s
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque and dargah in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| location = [[Nagore]], [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| geo = {{coord|10.818|79.858|region:IN-TN_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| tradition =
| sect = [[Sufism]]
| festivals = ''[[urs|Urus Mubarak]]'' {{nowrap|{{small|(10th of ''[[Jumada al-Thani|Jamathul Akhir]]'')}}}}
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]] and [[dargah]]
| functional_status = Active
| leadership =
| website = {{url|nagoredargahshariff.com}}
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| facade_direction =
| year_completed = 16th century
| construction_cost =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = One (gold-plated)
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = 5
| minaret_height = {{cvt|131|ft|m|order=flip}} {{small|(tallest)}}
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials = Gold; sliver; stone
| administration = Nagore dargah committee
| shrine_quantity = One {{small|([[Nagore Syed Abdul Qadir Shahul Hamid|Syed Shahul Hamid]]}}
}}

The '''Nagore Dargah''', also known as the '''Nagore Dargah Shareef''', the '''Syed Shahul Hamid Dargah''', or the '''Nagore Andavar Dargah''', is a [[dargah]] complex built over the tomb of the [[Sufi]] [[Sufi saint|saint]] [[Nagore Syed Abdul Qadir Shahul Hamid]],{{efn|Sufis are Muslim mystics, believed to embrace god based on a personal relationship in contrast to submission to god based on stipulated practises specified by religion. The word ''sufi'' is derived from Arabic word ''surf'' meaning wool, as the first practitioners of Sufism during the 9th century wore a coarse woolen garment. Some of the Sufi rituals drew inspiration from other religions and the geography where it was practised.<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding Islam|publisher=Penguin Group|last=Lippman|first=Thomas A.|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingisl00lipp/page/144 144–47]|isbn=0-452-01160-4|edition=2nd revised|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingisl00lipp/page/144}}</ref> Sufism is often referred as a mystic model in Islam and genuine Sufis "share an inner light and awakening and an outer courtesy and service to humanity".<ref>[[#Ahmed|Ahmed]] 2007, p. 34</ref><ref name="world">{{cite book |title=Religions of the World: Islam |last=Kheirabadi |first=Masoud |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |location=Philadelphia |pages=94–100 |year=2003 |isbn=0-7910-7859-0}}</ref>}} located in [[Nagore]], a coastal town in the [[Nagapattinam district]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="Hunter" />

Shahul Hamid is believed to have performed many miracles in Nagore, and cured the physical affliction of king [[Achuthappa Nayak]], a 16th-century Hindu ruler of [[Thanjavur]]. He is locally referred to as '''''Nagore Andavar''''', meaning the "Ruler of Nagore" and Qadir wali baba. Nagore dargah as it stands now, is believed to have been built by ardent devotees of Shahul Hamid, with major contribution from Hindus. There are five [[minaret]]s in the dargah, with the Hindu [[Maratha]] ruler of Thanjavur [[Pratap Singh of Thanjavur|Pratap Singh]] (1739–1763 CE), building the tallest minaret. The dargah is a major pilgrimage centre that attracts pilgrims from both [[Sufism|sufi Islam]] and [[Hinduism]], symbolizing peaceful coexistence between the two religions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Landis |first1=Dan|last2=Albert|first2=Rosita D. |title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives|page=150|year=2012 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, LLC |location=London|isbn=978-1-4614-0447-7}}</ref>{{efn|Historically, Hindu [[yogis]] and Sufis have interacted amicably to find mutual ways of understanding the gap between the religions. Islam is believed to have arrived in South Asia through traders and Sufis and has blended with other religions practised in the region.<ref>[[#Ahmed|Ahmed]] 2007, p. 13</ref>}}

'''Religious practices'''

The most prominent event celebrated at Nagore Dargah is the Kanduri festival ([[Urs|Urus Mubarak]]), a fourteen-day commemoration of the death anniversary of [[Nagore Shahul Hamid|Shahul Hamid]]. Common [[Worship|worship practices]] include the presentation of offerings, accompanied by the playing of musical instruments such as the [[nadaswaram]], which reflects [[Tamils|regional cultural traditions]]. The Shifa Gunta, a sacred pool within the [[dargah]] complex, is believed to possess healing properties, and pilgrims take a holy dip in it.

== Shahul Hamid Nagoori ==
{{main|Nagore Shahul Hamid}}

[[Nagore Shahul Hamid|Shahul Hameed Nagoori]] was born to Syed Hasan Kuthoos Kadiri and Beevi Fathima at [[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]], in [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was a 13th-generation descendant of the renowned Sufi saint, [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani|Muhiyudin Abd al-Qadir al-Jalani]].<ref name="raj69">[[#Raj|Raj]] 2006, p. 69</ref> He received an [[Islamic]] education at [[Gwalior]] under the guidance of Mohammad Ghouse; and left on a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]] and then moved to the [[Maldives]], [[Sri Lanka]], and then Tamil Nadu with his spiritual team.<ref name="Mohammada" /> Historians Sayyid and Qadir Hussain (1957) place the date of his birth on 10 November 1504, death on 10 November 1570 and arrival in Nagore during 1533–34.<ref name="Werbner5860">[[#Werbner|Werbner]] 1998, pp. 58–60</ref> Other sources mention the year of death as 1558, 1570 or 1579.<ref name="raj69" /> He is believed to have led a simple and pious life, performing a lot of miracles, giving him the name ''Nagore Andavar'' (meaning ruler of Nagore).<ref name="Mohammada">[[#Mohammada|Mohammada]] 2007, p. 224</ref><ref name="Werbner5860" /> His popularity grew outside Tanjore region during the period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Themes in Islamic Studies : Islam in South Asia : A Short History|page=141|first=Jamal|last=Malik|publisher=BRILL |year= 2008 |location=Boston, MA, USA|isbn=9789047441816 }}</ref> He was also called Meera Saheb,<ref>[[#Mohammada|Mohammada]] 2007, p. 225</ref> Qadir Wali and Ganj-e-Sawai.<ref name="times" />{{efn|''Shaikhuna'' in Sufism is commonly referred to the lead follower in Sufi order. His office is called ''Mureed''.<ref name="world"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8wrDHqwEFIC&q=sufi+saints+%2B+Shaikhuna&pg=PR17|page=xvii|last=Ansari|first=Sarah F. D.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780521405300}}</ref>}}

According to local legend, hagiographical texts and historical records, Shahul Hamid is believed to have cured a Hindu ruler of [[Thanjavur]], king [[Achyuta Deva Raya|Achutappa Nayak]] (1529–1542 CE), of his physical affliction caused by sorcery.<ref name="Raj">[[#Raj|Raj]] 2006, p. 65</ref> Shahul Hamid found a needled pigeon in the palace believed to be the cause of the misery. He removed the pins from the pigeon, resulting in the king's health improvement.<ref name="Raj" /> In remembrance of the event, the practice of setting pigeons free in the premises of the dargah is continued by worshipers in modern times.

==History of the Dargah==
Achutappa Nayak, the king of Thanjavur during the 16th century, donated {{convert|200|acre|ha|order=flip}} to the entourage of Shahul, after the saint cured the king's affliction. The dargah was built on a part of the land donated by Nayak.<ref name="Raj" /><ref name="official">{{cite web |title=History of Nagore Dargah |url=http://www.nagoredargah.com/ |access-date=2013-07-04 |work=Nagore Dargah}}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2025}}</ref> Shahul Hamid is believed to have predicted his death and advised his adopted son Yusuf dhadha about his burial location and rites to be performed after his death. Yusuf dhadha performed the rites as per the instructions and decided to stay there for the rest of his life. A mausoleum was constructed over the grave. Devotees of Shahul, who continued to believe in his powers after his death, venerated the site of the burial.<ref name="Werbner5860"/> The shrine was initially a smaller one and gradually gained prominence. [[Pratap Singh of Thanjavur|Pratap Singh]] (1739–1763 CE), the Hindu [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Maratha ruler of Thanjavur]] prayed for a son and built the tallest of the five minarets (called ''Periya Manara'' locally) with a height of {{convert|131|ft|m|abbr=on}} once his wish was fulfilled.<ref name="Hunter" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu and Muhammadan festivals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BUQ4OvusWwIC&q=nagore+dargah&pg=PA79|page=79|first=John|last=Murdoch|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1991|isbn=9788120607088}}</ref> The [[Marathas]] of the later period were patrons to the dargah,<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Princes and Their States|page=46|first= Barbara N.|last=Ramusack|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780511164217 }}</ref> with the Maratha king [[Thuljaji]], the son of Pratap Singh, donating {{convert|4000|acre|ha|abbr=on}} of agricultural land to the dargah.<ref name="times"/> During the last quarter of 18th century, when there was conflict between European powers, the [[Nawab of Arcot]], the Maratha kings and [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Mysore]] over Thanjavur region, the dargah was considered strategically important by all of them.<ref>[[#Bayly|Bayly]] 2003, p. 220</ref>
{{clear left}}

==Architecture==
[[File:Nagore Dargah4.JPG|250px|thumb|Entrance of the dargah]]
[[File:Nagore Dargah minaret.jpg|250px|thumb|The tallest minaret, {{cvt|131|ft|m|order=flip}} high|alt=a close view of main minaret]]
=== Dargah ===
The Nagore Dargah covers an area of {{convert|5|acre|ha|order=flip}} enclosed by a compound wall. The main complex has four entrances in each direction.<ref name="Marg"/><ref name="Visweswaran"/> The dargah is believed to have been built by ardent devotees of Shahul Hamid, of which 95 per cent are Hindus.<ref name="Visweswaran">{{Cite book |last=Visweswaran |first=Kamala |title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and |year=2011 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location=UK |isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5|ref=Visweswaran|pages=33–34}}</ref> There are five minarets with different heights and the tallest one has a height of {{convert|131|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref name="Hunter" /> It was erected during the 195th death anniversary of Shahul.<ref name="Raj" /> The dargah has a gold-plated dome located on the west face outside the main entrance over the tombs of Shahul, his son Yusuf and his daughter-in-law Saeeda Sultana Biwi.<ref>[[#Bayly|Bayly]] 2003, p. 91</ref> The other four minarets are ''Sahib Minara'', {{convert|77|ft|m|order=flip}} high; ''Thalaimattu Minara'', {{convert|93.5|ft|m|order=flip}} high; ''Muthubaq Minara'', {{convert|93.25|ft|m|order=flip}} high; and ''Ottu Minara'', {{convert|80|ft|m|order=flip}} high; each constructed in four cardinal points around the dome.<ref name="Marg"/> As a mark of respect, devotees venerate the [[Episcopal sandals|sandals]] of the saint which are preserved in the shrine. The central part of the dargah is the tomb of the saint Shahul Hamid, which is approached through seven thresholds.<ref name="Visweswaran" /><ref name="santhanakoodu">{{cite news |title='Sandanakoodu' to reach Nagore Dargah on July 18 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/11/stories/2005071103000200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001020914/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/11/stories/2005071103000200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-01 |date=2005-07-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref> Four of these doorways are made of silver and the remaining three of gold. The other tombs in the shrines are the ones for Shahul's grandson Hassan and Abdul Khader Gilani, each located in different chambers.<ref name="Visweswaran" /> The adjoining portion of the complex is called ''Peer Mandap'', the trustees' place of fasting during the annual festival. A mosque is located next to the ''Peer Mandap'', where daily prayers are offered.<ref name="Marg"/>

=== Holy tank ===
''Shifa Gunta'' is a holy tank with stepped sides, located within the precincts of the dargah.<ref name="Visweswaran"/> As per a local legend, Shahul Hamid is believed to have brought an iron chain with him to Nagore to bind himself during severe austerities. The distinctive chain is identified as the one hanging from the ceiling above the tomb of Yusuf.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lived Islam in South Asia: Adaptation, Accommodation, and Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPLZ8lzi39QC&q=nagoor+dargah&pg=PA277|page=277|last=Ahmad |first=Imtiaz |publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2004|isbn=9788187358152}}</ref>

=== Other shrines ===
[[File:Nagore Dargah Aasa.jpg|alt=The Holy stick, Vanjoor Dargah Shariff, Vanjore, Karaikal District, Puducherry.|border|thumb|400x400px|The Holy stick, Vanjoor Dargah Shariff, Vanjore, Karaikal District, Puducherry.]]
The Vanjoor shrine and Silladi shrine, located outside the main complex, are associated with the Nagore Dargah. The Vanjur shrine is a cave located {{convert|2|km|mi}} north of the main complex at Nagore. It is the place where Shahul is believed to have meditated for 40 days. Silladi shrine is located {{convert|1|km|mi}} towards the east of main complex, facing the Bay of Bengal, where Shahul is believed to have offered daily prayers.<ref name="Marg">{{cite book |title=Dargahs, abodes of the saints |publisher=Marg Publications |year=2004 |first1=Mumtaz |last1=Currim |first2=George |last2=Michell |first3=Karoki |last3=Lewis |page=14 5|isbn=9788185026657}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rivers of Paradise: Water in Islamic Art and Culture |url=http://www.islamicartdoha.org/downloads/symposium-program-07.pdf|work=Hamad Bin Khalifa Symposium on Islamic Art |last=Ashe |first=Catherine.B |pages=20–21 |date=2004-11-05 |access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rivers of paradise: water in Islamic art and culture |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2009 |last1=Blair |first1=Sheila |last2=Bloom |first2=Jonathan M. |isbn=978-0300158991}}</ref>

There are similar shrines built in Shahul Hamid's honour in [[Penang]] ([[Malaysia]]) and [[Singapore]]. The [[Nagore Durgha Sheriff|Penang dargah]] was built in 1800. The [[Nagore Durgha, Singapore|Singapore dargah]], built during 1827, has been declared a national monument. These two shrines along with the [[Masjid Jamae]] at Chulia in Singapore and the Keramat Data Koya in Penang are influenced by the architectural style of Nagore dargah.<ref>[[#Feener|Feener]] 2009, p. 58</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Ritual, caste, and religion in colonial South India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbISha_aGocC|page=195 |last1=Bergunder|first1=Michael |last2=Frese |first2=Heiko |last3=Schröder |first3=Ulrich E. |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2010 |isbn=9783447063777 |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
[[File:Nagore Dargah Festival, Five Minnarah Night view.jpg|alt=Nagore Dargah Festival 2024 - Night View|thumb|400x400px|Nagore Dargah Festival 2024 - Night View]]
Kanduri festival is a 14-day annual event celebrated during the ''[[urs]]'' (death anniversary) of the saint.<ref name="Hunter">{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Sir William Wilson |title=Imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 19 |year=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |ref=Hunter}}</ref><ref name="Werbner6162" /> The festival is celebrated in commemoration of the anniversary of the saint's death, and pilgrims participate in the rituals and rites. The word ''kanduri'' is derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word for table cloth. The festival is also called ''Qadir Wali Ke Fande'' festival.<ref name="Werbner6162" /> A saffron flag-carrying ceremony is also observed, during which a flag is carried from a devotee's house to the dargah, accompanied by a procession in streets. The flag is hoisted on a tree known as ''Fande ka Fahad'' by a ''Sirang'' (hereditary trustee) who is assisted by twenty assistants.<ref name="kodi">{{cite news|title='Kodimaram' offerings belong to dargah: HC|url=http://hindujobs.com/thehindu/2002/08/06/stories/2002080604180400.htm|work=The Hindu|date=2002-08-06|access-date=2013-02-15|last=A.|first=Subramani}}</ref> The Islamic rites performed during the festival include the recitation of [[Quran|Quranic verses]] and observance of ''Fatiha'' (it includes; recitation of [[Al-Fatiha]] an essential part of [[salat|daily prayer]] and ''[[Durood]]'').<ref name="Moham">[[#Mohammada|Mohammada]] 2007, p. 226</ref> The main attraction of the festival is the presence of ''[[Fakir|Fakhir Jamas]]'' (mendicant priests) and ''[[Qalandariyya|Qalandar]]s''—the disciples of the saint who witness the festival. On the 9th day of ''[[Jumada al-Thani|Jamathul Akhir]]'' month in the [[Islamic calendar]], at 10 pm, a ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]'' (one of the disciples) is chosen for the spiritual exercise of offering prayers to the saint. The disciple throws lemons at the end of the prayers on devotees, which is believed to provide miraculous relief to worldly sorrows.<ref name="Moham" /> The festival is also seen as a sacred exchange between Hindus and Muslims expressing solidarity of mixed faith in the region. Pilgrims from both the religions from the state and also from [[Sri Lanka]], [[Burma]] and [[Gulf countries]], attend the festival.<ref name="times">{{cite news|title=Nagore dargah draws Hindus in droves|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-30/chennai/28259332_1_chadar-hindus-marathas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928114606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-30/chennai/28259332_1_chadar-hindus-marathas|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-28|date=2010-10-30|access-date=2013-02-15|last=V.|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Mayilvaganan}}</ref><ref name="santhanakoodu"/><ref name="Werbner6162">[[#Werbner|Werbner]] 1998, pp. 61–62</ref> In the evening of the ninth day of ''Akhir'' month in the Islamic calendar, a chariot containing [[Sandalwood#Sufism|sandal paste]] (locally called ''santhanakoodu'') is pulled across the streets of Nagore by pilgrims and devotees, accompanied by banging of instruments. The sandal anointment ceremony will be conducted by the board of trustees. The Sandal paste is received by saint's descendants and used to anoint on the Rowla Sharif of the saint by the Hereditary [[Masthan Sahib Qadri|Dargah Kalifa]] (Leading Priest) also Called [[Sajjada Nashin|Sajjada Nasheen]] of the Dargah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2022-01-17 |title=நாகூர் தர்கா கந்தூரி விழாவையொட்டி ஆண்டவர் சமாதிக்கு சந்தனம் பூசும் நிகழ்ச்சி {{!}} nagore dargah kanduri festival |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/islam/2022/01/17092155/3391488/nagore-dargah-kanduri-festival.vpf |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=தினமணி |date=2018-02-27 |title=நாகூர் தர்கா சந்தனம் பூசும் விழா |url=https://www.dinamani.com/religion/religion-news/2018/Feb/27/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-2871356.html |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref> This function is celebrated annually on the 10th day of Jamadul Akhir.<ref name="Mohammada" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2022-01-17 |title=நாகூர் தர்கா கந்தூரி விழாவையொட்டி ஆண்டவர் சமாதிக்கு சந்தனம் பூசும் நிகழ்ச்சி {{!}} nagore dargah kanduri festival |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/islam/2022/01/17092155/3391488/nagore-dargah-kanduri-festival.vpf |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

==Worship, rituals and administration==
[[File:Nakur tharka.jpg|200px|right|thumb|image of Nagore dargah with two minarets in the background|alt=a view of street with minaret in the background]]
The Nagore Dargah is a common place of worship for devotees of various religious faiths.<ref name="official"/> According to the administration of the dargah, about 50–75 per cent of pilgrims visiting the dargah everyday are Hindus.<ref name="Visweswaran" /><ref name="Raj83"/> The practice of offering flowers, sweatmeats and food, the way of conducting worship, and playing musical instruments like ''[[nadaswaram]]'' (a type of pipe instrument commonly used in Tamil Nadu) are typical of Hindu tradition.<ref>[[#Mohammada|Mohammada]] 2007, p. 223</ref> Other worship practises include offering flags and lighting lamps of ghee at the saint's tomb. Devotees shave their heads near the tank and offer tin or silver-plated facsimiles of body parts, houses, sailboats matching their material needs.<ref name="Visweswaran" /><ref name="Raj83">[[#Raj|Raj]] 2006, p. 83</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C&q=nagore+dargah&pg=PR13|page=3|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2009|isbn=9781400831388|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara D.}}</ref>

Since Shahul Hameed was a celibate, he is offered a ''[[chehra (headdress)|Sehra]]'' (head dress), and not the customary flowers as at other dargahs.<ref name="Visweswaran" /> As per a local legend, he was approached by a childless couple who informed them that they would be blessed with children but the first offspring would be presented to him to adopt. Following the tradition, many childless couple worship in the dargah.<ref>[[#Raj|Raj]] 2006, p. 251</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 11|last1=Hastings|first=James|last2=Selbie|first2=John Alexander|last3=Gray|first3=Louis Herbert|publisher=Scribner|year=1917}}</ref> While the dargah is open throughout the day, the doors of the shrines are open only during early morning and evening.<ref name="Visweswaran" />

''Shifa Gunta'', the tank within the precincts of the dargah, is considered sacred. It is believed that a dip in the tank cures physical ailments.<ref name="santhanakoodu"/><ref name="Bayly">[[#Bayly|Bayly]] 2003, p. 134</ref> There is the hereditary ''Trustees'', performs all the religious duties of the dargah. A central parliamentary committee deputed to verify the implementation of the Wakf Act of 1995 was informed in 2008 that the Nagore Dargah was not administered as per the provisions of the Act. The committee found that it is against the spirit of the provisions of the Act as the dargah is a surveyed and notified body under the Tamil nadu waqf board. The administration and maintenance of the dargah was henceforth governed by a committee which operates under a scheme decreed by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref name="kodi"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Nagore Dargah trustee dies|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/nagore-dargah-trustee-dies/article3286236.ece?textsize=large&test=1|work=The Hindu|date=2012-04-06|access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Implementation of the Wakf act, 1995 in Tamil Nadu and working of Tamil Nadu State Wakf board|url=http://164.100.47.5:8080/newcommittee/reports/EnglishCommittees/JPC%20on%20Wakf/7threport.pdf|publisher=Joint Parliamentary Committee on Wakf, Rajya Sabha|pages=22–23|access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref>

Shahul Hameed and the dargah are revered in Tamil religious literature across different centuries. The most important among them is ''Tirukkarana Puranam'' (1812) by Ceyk Aptul Kaatiru Nayinar Leppai Alim (also called Cekuna Pulavar) that details the life of the saint. The ''Nakur Puranam'', written by Kulam Katiru Navalar in 1893, describes the miracles performed by Shahul in the dargah after his death. A prose biography ''Kanjul Kaaramattu'', by Kulam Katiru Navalar, is also very popular.
<ref name="Raj67">[[#Raj|Raj]] 2006, p. 67</ref> ''Nakaiyanthathi'', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] devotional poem, mentions the tank as "a haven of sweetness and comfort bedecked with the auspicious lotus".<ref name="Bayly" />

; Administration and rituals
Nagore Dargah is administered under a court-approved scheme by an eight-member Board of Trustees. Seven trustees are hereditary, and the eighth position is held on a rotation basis by four non-hereditary mediation members ourt;<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-11 |title=Nagoor Dargah management dispute solved through mediation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/nagoor-dargah-management-dispute-solved-through-mediation/article30280307.ece |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> only one of them has signing authority at a time, while the remaining three attend as observers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Antony |date=2022-04-14 |title=Waqf Board hands over administration of Nagore Dargah to trustees after five years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Apr/14/waqf-board-hands-over-administration-of-nagore-dargah-to-trustees-after-five-years-2441911.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Office Manager, currently appointed through the [[Waqf|Tamil Nadu Waqf Board]], functions under the direction of the Board of Trustees. An eleven-member Advisory Board serves as an additional support body, consisting of three hereditary-trustee representatives, three members elected by share-holders, and five nominees of the Waqf Board or the [[District courts of India|District Scheme Court]]; it may only provide suggestions on financial budget reductions, without the power to increase the budget or take decisions in other areas, and one member serves as its President for a three-year term. All official events and ceremonial arrangements at the Dargah are carried out by the Dargah Administration under the leadership of the [[Masthan Sahib Qadri|Nagore Dargah Kalifa]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />and any private events within the Dargah premises require prior approval from the Administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மயிலாடுதுறை |first=எஸ் ஜெகநாதன் |date=2025-12-05 |title=நாகூர் தர்ஹாவில் நடந்த நெகிழ்ச்சி சம்பவம் - மத நல்லிணக்கத்திற்கு மீண்டும் ஒரு எடுத்துக்காட்டு.. |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/spiritual/nagapattinam-district-nagore-dargah-kanthuri-vizhla-last-day-celebration-tnn-242268 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=ABP Nadu |language=ta}}</ref> The Nagore Dargah has a administration structure, which includes a Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees consists of 8 members. The Office Manager, appointed by the [[District court|court]] or [[Waqf guardian|Tamilnadu Waqf Board]], reports directly to the Managing Trustee. Rituals and ceremonies at the Dargah are conducted under the supervision of the Board of Trustees, with specific practices requiring the board's approval.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|India}}}}
* [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]]
* [[Erwadi]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of dargahs in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar |title=Journey into Islam |year=2007 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington D.C. |isbn=978-0-8157-0132-3 |ref=Ahmed |url=https://archive.org/details/journeyintoislam00ahme_0 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900/[[Susan Bayly]] |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-37201-1|ref=Bayly}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Feener |first1=R. Michael |first2=Terenjit |last2=Sevea |title=Islamic connections: Muslim societies in South and Southeast Asia |year=2009 |publisher=ISEAS Publishing |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-924-2|ref=Feener}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mohammada |first=Malika |title=The foundations of the composite culture in India |year=2007 |publisher=Aakar Books |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-89833-18-3|ref=Mohammada }}
*{{Cite book |last=Raj |first=Selva J. |author2=William P. Harman |title=Dealing With Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia |year=2006 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=0-7914-6707-4|ref=Raj}}
* {{Cite book |last=Werbner |first=Pnina |author-link=Pnina Werbner |author2=Helene Basu |title=Embodying charisma: modernity, locality, and performance of emotion in Sufi |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-15099-X|ref=Werbner|pages=61–62}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nagore Dargah}}
* {{official website|https://www.nagoredargahshariff.com/}}
* [https://nagoredargahkalifa.com/ Official Dargah Kalifa website]
*[http://www.nagapattinam.nic.in/festival.html Nagore Dargah in Nagapattinam District website]

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:16th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nagapattinam district]]
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State school

2026-03-15T14:28:48Z

Shruti: fixed references per standard format and improved wording

{{short description|Type of school funded in whole or in part by general taxation}}
{{About||higher education|public university|correctional facilities for juveniles|youth detention center}}
{{Redirect|State High|specific schools commonly known as "State High"|Brisbane State High School|and|State College Area High School}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Reading High School (PA).jpg|thumb|270px|With 5,498 students as of the 2021–22 school year, [[Reading Senior High School]] in [[Reading, Pennsylvania]], is the largest state school in [[Pennsylvania]] and one of the largest state schools in the [[United States]].]]
A '''state school''', '''public school''', or '''government school''' is a [[primary school|primary]] or [[secondary school]] funded in whole or in part by [[tax]]ation and operated by the [[government]] of the state. State-funded schools are global with each country showcasing distinct structures and curricula. Government-funded education spans from primary to secondary levels, covering ages 4 to 18. Alternatives to this system include [[homeschooling]], [[Private school|private schools]], [[Charter school|charter schools]], and other educational options.

==By region and country==
{{See also|List of education articles by country}}

=== Africa ===
==== South Africa ====
{{Main article|Education in South Africa}}
In [[South Africa]], a state school or government school refers to a school that is state-controlled. These are officially called public schools according to the South African Schools Act of 1996, but it is a term that is not used colloquially. The Act recognised two categories of schools: public and independent. [[Independent school]]s include all private schools and schools that are privately governed. Independent schools with low tuition fees are state-aided and receive a subsidy on a sliding-scale. Traditional private schools that charge high fees receive no state subsidy. State schools are all state-owned, including section 21 schools, formerly referred to as "model C" or semi-private schools, that have a governing body and a degree of budget autonomy, as these are still fully owned and accountable to the state.

===Americas===
====Canada====
{{Main article|Education in Canada}}
[[File:Old Scona Exterior.jpg|thumb|[[Old Scona Academic High School|Old Scona High School]] in [[Edmonton]], Alberta]]

Under the [[Constitution of Canada|Canadian constitution]], public-school education in [[Canada]] is a provincial responsibility and, as such, there are many variations among the provinces. Junior kindergarten or equivalent exists as an official program in [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]] while [[kindergarten]] or equivalent is available in every province, but provincial funding and the level of hours provided varies widely. Starting at grade one, at about age six, there is universal Crown-funded access up to grade twelve, or the equivalent. Schools are generally divided into elementary schools (kindergarten to grade 8) and high schools (grades 9 to 12).

However, in many areas, [[Middle school#Canada|middle schools]] are also provided and in some schools, particularly in rural areas, the elementary and middle levels can be combined into one school. In 2003, Grade 13, also known as the Ontario Academic Credit or "OAC" year, was eliminated in Ontario; it had previously been required only for students who intended to go on to university. Children are required to attend school until the age of sixteen in most provinces, while students in Ontario and [[New Brunswick]] must attend schools until the age of 18.

Some Canadian provinces offer segregated-by-religious-choice, but nonetheless Crown-funded and Crown-regulated, religiously based education. In [[Ontario]], for example, Roman Catholic schools are known as "Catholic Schools" or "Separate Schools", not "Public Schools", although these are, by definition, no less "public" than their secular counterparts.

====Latin America====
{{Main article|Education in Latin America}}
[[File:Colegio Nacional Bragado.jpg|thumb|A secondary school in [[Bragado]], Argentina]]

In some countries, such as [[Brazil]] and [[Mexico]], the term public schools ({{Lang|es|escuelas públicas}} in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], {{Lang|pt|escolas públicas}} in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is used for educational institutions owned by the federal, state, or city governments which do not charge tuition. Such schools exist in all levels of education, from the very beginning through post-secondary studies. Mexico has nine years of free and compulsory primary and secondary education.

[[Panama]] has 11 years of compulsory education, from pre-kindergarten to 9th grade, with children first entering at four or five years old and parents are required by law to give financial support to their children until they are 25 years old if they are studying.

[[Education in Argentina]] is a responsibility shared by the national government, the provinces and federal district and private institutions, though basic guidelines have historically been set by the Ministry of Education. Closely associated in [[Argentina]] with President [[Domingo Sarmiento]]'s assertion that "the sovereign should be educated." The word "sovereign" refers to the people. Education has been extended nearly universally and its maintenance remains central to political and cultural debate. Even though education at all levels, including universities, has always been free, there are a large number of private schools and universities.

==== United States{{anchor|United States}} ====
{{Main article|Education in the United States}}
[[File:Stone plaque marking the site of the first public school in America.JPG|thumb|Stone plaque marking the site of the first public school in the United States, located in [[Dedham, Massachusetts]]]]
[[File:Seattle - Seward School 01.jpg|thumb|Seward School in [[Seattle]]]]

In the [[United States]], the noun phrase '''public school''' is generally used for elementary, middle, or high schools (secondary schools) funded or run by a governmental entity, most commonly as local district of a [[U.S. state]]. "Private school" generally refers to primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions that are not government-owned. Elementary, middle, and high schools that are operated by a religious organization are commonly called [[parochial school]]s, though, in practice, the term is generally used to refer only to schools operated by the [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholic Church]] or mainline denominations; the term "Christian school" is generally used to refer to schools operated by Evangelical, Pentecostal, Charismatic, or fundamentalist [[Christianity|Christian]] churches. (The term "state school" is colloquial for [[State university system|state university]], a tertiary college or university in a state university system.)
The role of the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] in education is limited and indirect. Direct control of education is a power reserved to the states under the [[Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] because the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] does not explicitly or implicitly give the federal government authority to regulate education. However, any public or private school that accepts educational funding from the federal government, including participation in collegiate federal financial aid programs such as [[Pell Grant]]s and [[Stafford Loan]]s by accepting the funds or participating in a particular federal program, is subject to federal jurisdiction as a result of that participation.

The [[United States Department of Education|U.S. Department of Education]], based in [[Washington, D.C.]], supervises the role of the federal government in education. Direct regulation of public, private, and parochial schools is done by state and territorial governments; schools in Washington, D.C., are regulated by the [[Government of the District of Columbia]]. Regulation of public schools is typically accomplished through a [[state education agency]] and a state department of education. There is usually a [[Superintendent (education)|state superintendent of schools]], who is appointed or elected to co-ordinate the state department of education, the state board of education, and the state legislature. Statewide education policies are disseminated to [[school district]]s or their equivalents. They are associated with counties, or with groups of counties, but their boundaries are not necessarily coterminous with county boundaries. The intermediate school districts encompass many local school districts. Local school districts operate with their own local boards, which oversee operations of the individual schools within their jurisdiction.

In most states, the county or regional intermediate school districts merely implement state education policy and provide the channels through which a local district communicates with a state board of education, state superintendent, and department of education. They do not establish county or regional policies of their own.

Local school districts are administered by local [[Board of education|school boards]], which operate public [[elementary school|elementary]] and [[Secondary school|high schools]] within their boundaries. Public schools are often funded by local taxpayers, and most school boards are elected. However, some states have adopted new funding models that are not dependent upon the local economy.

Public schools are provided mainly by local governments. Curricula, funding, teaching, and other policies are set through locally elected school boards by jurisdiction over school districts. The school districts are [[Special district (United States)|special-purpose districts]] authorised by provisions of state law. Generally, state governments set minimum standards relating to almost all activities of elementary and high schools, as well as funding and authorisation to enact local school taxes to support the schools, primarily through real property taxes. The federal government funds aid to states and school districts that meet minimum federal standards. School accreditation decisions are made by voluntary regional associations. The first free public school in America was the [[Syms-Eaton Academy]] (1634) in [[Hampton, Virginia]], and the first tax-supported public school in America was in [[Dedham, Massachusetts]], founded by [[Ralph Wheelock|Rev. Ralph Wheelock]].<ref>"Mr. Wheelock's Cure", by Christopher Gleason Clark, published in the July 1998 issue of "The New England Historical and Genealogical Register", July 1998, Volume 152</ref> In the United States, 88% of students attend public schools, compared with 9% who attend [[parochial school]]s, 1% who attend private [[independent school]]s, and 2% who are [[Homeschooling in the United States|homeschooled]].

Public school is normally split up into three stages: [[elementary school]] ([[kindergarten]] to 5th or 6th grade), [[middle school|middle]] ("intermediate" or junior high school) from 5th, 6th, or 7th grade to 8th or 9th grade, and [[Secondary school|high school]] (9th or 10th to 12th grade). The middle school format is increasingly common in which the elementary school contains kindergarten or 1st grade to 5th or 6th grade and the middle School contains 6th or 7th and 8th grade. In addition, some elementary schools are splitting into two levels, sometimes in separate buildings: elementary school (usually K–2) and intermediate (3–5). Some middle schools are different.

The K–8 format is also an emerging popular concept in which students may attend only two schools for all of their K–12 education. Many [[charter school]]s feature the K-8 format in which all elementary grades are housed in one section of the school, and the traditional junior high school students are housed in another section of the school. Some very small school districts, primarily in rural areas, still maintain a K–12 system in which all students are housed in a single school. A few 7–12 schools also exist.

In the United States, institutions of [[higher education]] that are operated and subsidised by the [[U.S. state|states]] are also referred to as "public". However, unlike public high schools, [[public university|public universities]] usually charge tuition, but fees are usually much lower than those charged by [[private university|private universities]], particularly for students who meet in-state residency criteria. [[Community college]]s, [[state college system|state colleges]], and state universities are examples of public institutions of higher education. In particular, many state universities are regarded as among the best institutions of higher education in the US but usually are surpassed in ranking by certain private universities and colleges, such as those of the [[Ivy League]], which are often very expensive and extremely selective in the students they accept. In several states, the administrations of public universities are elected via the general electoral ballot.

=== Asia ===
==== Bangladesh ====
{{Main article|Education in Bangladesh}}
Public or Government-funded schools are found throughout [[Bangladesh]]. They are referred to as 'Government High School'. These schools mostly teach students from Year 1 to 10, with examination for students in year 10. All public schools follow the National Board Curriculum. Many children, especially girls, drop out of school after completing the 5th Year in remote areas. In larger cities such as [[Dhaka]] and [[Chittagong]], however, this is fairly uncommon. Many good public schools conduct an entrance exam, although most public schools in the villages and small towns usually do not. Public schools are often the only option for parents and children in rural areas, but there are large numbers of private schools in Dhaka and Chittagong. Many Bangladeshi private schools teach their students in English and follow curricula from overseas, but in public schools lessons are taught in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].

==== China ====
{{Main article|Education in China}}
In China, state schools are funded and administered by the education sector within the government. Although some, especially high schools, have started to charge a fair portion of parents of students an additional tuition fee, due to the increased places offered by the schools in recent years. Top state schools are often very selective, however. Students who miss their entrance requirement may still gain places if they meet a relatively lower requirement and their parents are willing to pay for the additional fees. Some parents appreciate the idea as they may send their children to good schools even though they may not be academically qualified, while others believe that it is not fair for someone who has a background of poverty.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Hui|last2=Li|first2=Lulu|date=2019|title=School Choice in China: Past, Present, and Future|journal=ECNU Review of Education|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=95–103|doi=10.1177/2096531119840854|issn=2096-5311|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The public spending on schools in China has been uneven due to insufficient investment in education.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Apple|first=Michael|title=The Struggle for Democracy in Education: Lessons from Social Realities|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=9781138714502|location=New York}}</ref> This condition is in favor of urban schools and it is promoted by past policies such as the mandate for rural public schools to have a higher student-to-teacher ratio.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Hu|first=Bo|title=Educating Migrant Children in Urban Public Schools in China: Unravelling the Implementation Paradox|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9789811311475|location=Singapore|page=4}}</ref> The inequality of resources is exacerbated by the way public schools in urban areas enjoy more support since local governments have more developed economies. Aside from the disparity between urban and rural public schools, there was also the dichotomized system adopted since 1978, which divided schools into two groups: [[Education in China#Key schools|key schools]] ({{Lang|zh-latn|zhongdianxiao}}) and non-key schools ({{Lang|zh-latn|putongxiao}}).<ref name=":0" />

Key schools receive more funding due to the goal of developing first-class education in a limited number of schools in a short period of time.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=You|first=Yongheng|date=April 2007|title=A deep reflection on the "key school system" in basic education in China|journal=Frontiers of Education in China|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=229–239|doi=10.1007/s11516-007-0019-6|s2cid=195311786 |issn=1673-341X}}</ref> The key school system was canceled by the 2006 amendment to the Compulsory Education Law, along with the introduction of reforms that address education inequality.<ref>{{cite web|title=China adopts amendment to Compulsory Education Law|url=http://www.gov.cn/english/2006-06/30/content_323219.htm |date=June 30, 2006 |access-date=2018-09-20|website=Gov.cn |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180921035117/http://www.gov.cn/english/2006-06/30/content_323219.htm |archive-date= Sep 21, 2018 }}</ref>

==== Hong Kong ====
{{Main article|Education in Hong Kong#School types}}
In [[Hong Kong]] the term ''government schools'' is used for free schools funded by the government. There are also subsidised schools, which are the majority in Hong Kong and many of which are run by religious organisations, [[Direct Subsidy Scheme]] schools, private schools and international schools in Hong Kong. Some schools are international schools, which are not subsidised by the government.

==== India ====
{{Main article|Education in India}}
During British rule, a number of state higher education establishments were set up (such as universities in [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Mumbai]]), but little was done by the British in terms of primary and secondary schooling. Other indigenous forms of education are being revived in various ways across India. According to current estimates, 80% of all Indian schools are government schools<ref name="manabadi">{{cite news|url=http://www.aptsmanabadiresults.in/p/telangana-ts-results.html|title=Telangana TS Results |publisher=AP TS Manabadi Results |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911134606/http://www.aptsmanabadiresults.in/p/telangana-ts-results.html |archive-date= Sep 11, 2015 }}</ref> making the government the major provider of education. However, because of the poor quality of public education, 27% of Indian children are privately educated.
According to some research, private schools often provide superior educational results at a fraction of the unit cost of government schools.<ref name="creaking">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749787|title=A special report on India: Creaking, groaning: Infrastructure is India's biggest handicap|date=11 December 2008|publisher=The Economist |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215065802/http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749787 |archive-date= Dec 15, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gprg.org/pubs/workingpapers/pdfs/gprg-wps-071.pdf|title=The progress of school education in India|author=Geeta Gandhi Kingdon |publisher=Global Poverty Research Group |date=March 2007 |access-date=2010-12-23|archive-date=2010-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227130002/http://www.gprg.org/pubs/workingpapers/pdfs/gprg-wps-071.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The teacher to student ratio is usually much lower in private schools than in the government ones, creating more competitive students.
Education in India is provided by the [[public sector]] as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: federal, state, and local. The Nalanda University was the oldest university-system of education in the world. Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj.

====Indonesia====
{{Main|Education in Indonesia}}
Education in [[Indonesia]] is overseen by two government ministries: the [[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|Ministry of Education and Culture]] for all education matters up to the tertiary education, and the [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]] for Islamic school matters up to the tertiary education. Education may be obtained from state schools, [[private school]]s, or through [[homeschooling]]. There is a 12-year [[compulsory education]] program from the government. The Indonesian educational system is divided into three stages:

* primary education ({{Lang|id|pendidikan dasar}})
* secondary education ({{Lang|id|pendidikan menengah}})
* tertiary education ({{Lang|id|perguruan tinggi}})

====Japan====
{{Main article|Education in Japan}}
Most students attend public schools through the lower secondary level, but private education is popular at the upper secondary and university levels.

==== South Korea ====
{{Main article|Education in South Korea}}
The first public education system on record was put in place during the Koryo Dynasty. The national school system was put in place under Hak-Je ({{Korean|hangul=학제|hanja=學制|lit=Education Policy}}) enacted by King Seong Jong, which was modelled after the public education systems of the Song and Tang Dynasties in China. Hak-Je involved operating national universities, called [[Gukjagam]] in the capital and called HyangAk in other regions. In King SeongJong Year 6, 987 A.D., a pair of a medical doctor and a scholarly doctor were appointed to administer academic systems and curriculums at Hyang-Ak: scholarly education included subjects of geography, history, math, law, and others. In King SeongJong Year 11, 992 A.D., the first known national public schools called Ju-Hak ({{Korean|hangul=주학|hanja=州學}}) were opened in each Ju and Gun, states and counties, to improve nationwide academic performances.

After the ceasefire agreement for the civil war was declared, north and south states of Korea established their own education system. In [[South Korea]], education in public schools (1–12) is compulsory with the exception of kindergarten. All aspects of public education are the responsibility of the Ministry of Education, which executes administration of schools, allocation of funding, certification of teachers and schools, and curriculum development with standardised textbooks across the country. In 2000, South Korea spent 4.2% of its GDP in education. As of the 2007 United Nations Education Index, South Korea was ranked eighth in the world.

==== Malaysia ====
[[File:Smjkchiomin.jpg|thumb|[[Chio Min Secondary School]] in [[Kulim]], Malaysia]]

Education in [[Malaysia]] is overseen by two government ministries: the [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Education]] for matters up to the secondary level, and the [[Ministry of Higher Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Higher Education]] for tertiary education. Although education is the responsibility of the federal government, each [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|state]] has an Education Department (which is in turn a local branch of the federal education ministry) to help co-ordinate educational matters in their respective states. The main legislation governing education is the Education Act of 1996. Education may be obtained from government-sponsored schools, [[private school]]s, or through [[homeschooling]]. By law, [[primary education]] is [[compulsory education|compulsory]]. As in other Asian countries such as Singapore and China, [[standardised test]]s are a common feature.

==== Philippines ====
{{Main article|Education in the Philippines}}
Philippines has had a [[Education in the Philippines during Spanish rule|public education]] system since 1863 and is the oldest in Asia. It was created during the [[Spanish Philippines|Spanish colonization]] of the islands and mandated the establishment of a school for boys and a school for girls in every municipality. The modern public schools in the Philippines are run by the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]]. Some public schools collect miscellaneous school fees to fund school extra-curricular activities or to improve school equipment and services.

==== Sri Lanka ====
{{Main article|Education in Sri Lanka}}
[[File:Royal_College_Colombo_main_building.jpg|thumb|[[Royal College, Colombo]]]]

Most of the schools in [[Sri Lanka]] are maintained by the government as a part of the free education. With the establishment of the provincial council system in the 1980s the central government handed control of most schools to local governments. However the old schools which had been around since the colonial times were retained by the central government, thus creating three types of government schools: National Schools, Provincial Schools, and Piriven.

National Schools come under the direct control of the Ministry of Education therefore have direct funding from the ministry. Provincial Schools consists of the vast majority of schools in Sri Lanka which are funded and controlled by the local governments. Piriven are monastic college (similar to a seminary) for the education of Buddhist priests. These have been the centres of secondary and higher education in ancient times for lay people as well. Today these are funded and maintained by the Ministry of Education.

=== Europe ===
==== Denmark ====
{{Main article|Education in Denmark}}
The [[Denmark|Danish]] school system is supported today by tax-based [[government]]al and [[Municipalities of Denmark|municipal]] funding from [[Danish pre-school education|day care]] through primary and [[Secondary education in Denmark|secondary education]] to [[Education in Denmark#Post-secondary education|higher education]] and there are no [[Tuition payments|tuition fees]] for regular students in public schools and [[List of universities and colleges in Denmark|universities]]. The Danish public [[primary school]]s, covering the entire period of compulsory education, are called ''[[Danish Folkeskole Education|folkeskoler]]'' (literally 'people's schools' or 'public schools'). The {{Lang|da|folkeskole}} consists of a pre-school class (mandatory since 2009), the 9-year obligatory course and a voluntary 11th year. It thus caters for pupils aged 6 to 17. It is also possible for parents to send their children to various kinds of [[private school]]s. These schools also receive government funding, although they are not public. In addition to this funding, these schools may charge a fee from the parents.

==== England ====
{{Main|Education in England}}
[[File:Hockley Heath Academy - geograph.org.uk - 4314258.jpg|thumb|Hockley Heath Academy in [[Hockley Heath]], a mixed primary school with academy status]]

England has a strong state-funded school system. There are a number of categories of English state-funded schools including [[academy (English school)|academy schools]], [[community school (England and Wales)|community schools]], [[faith school]]s, [[foundation school]]s, [[Free schools in England|free schools]], [[grammar school]]s, [[Maths school|maths schools]], studio schools, [[university technical college]]s, [[List of state boarding schools in England|state boarding schools]] and [[City Technology College]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of school |url=https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

About one third of English state-funded schools are [[faith school]]s;<ref name="Education Co">{{Cite web |title=Governance & Affiliations |url=https://www.educationcompany.co.uk/knowledge-bank/uk-education-data/governance-affiliations/ |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=The Education Company |language=en}}</ref> i.e. affiliated with religious groups, most often from the [[Church of England]] (approximately 2/3 of faith schools), or the [[Roman Catholic Church]] (around 3/10). There are also schools affiliated to other Christian churches; in 2011, there were 42 Jewish, 12 Muslim, 3 Sikh and 1 Hindu faith schools.<ref name="BBCDec2011">{{Cite news |date=2011-12-03 |title=Catholic faith schools in academy switch |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-15985615 |access-date=2023-09-18}}</ref> These [[faith school]]s include sub-categories such as faith-[[academy (English school)|academy schools]], [[voluntary aided school]]s, and [[voluntary controlled school]]s: most voluntary controlled schools are faith schools.

All of these are funded through national and local taxation. All state-funded schools in England are required to follow the [[National Curriculum for England|National Curriculum]], which is made up of twelve subjects.<ref name="teachernet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/management/atoz/n/nationalcurriculum/|title=National curriculum|access-date=19 February 2008|publisher=Department for Children, Schools and Families|year=2007|work=Teachernet|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223204813/http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/management/atoz/n/nationalcurriculum/|archive-date=23 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Every state school must offer a curriculum which is balanced and broadly based and which promotes the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils at the school and of society, and prepares pupils at the school for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of later life.<ref name="key stages">{{cite web |title=National curriculum in England: framework for key stages 1 to 4 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-framework-for-key-stages-1-to-4/the-national-curriculum-in-england-framework-for-key-stages-1-to-4 |website=GOV.UK |access-date=11 September 2021 |language=en}} [[File:Open Government Licence logo.svg|30px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0]. © Crown copyright.</ref>

[[File:Chulmleigh College.jpg|thumb|[[Chulmleigh College]] in [[Chulmleigh]], a mixed coeducational secondary state school with academy status]]

For each of the statutory curriculum subjects, the [[Secretary of State for Education]] is required to set out a Programme of Study which outlines the content and matters which must be taught in those subjects at the relevant Key Stages.<ref name="EAct2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/32/part/6|last=National Archives|title=Education Act 2002 Part 6|publisher=H M Government|date=1 April 2018|access-date=14 October 2020}} [[File:Open Government Licence logo.svg|30px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under an [https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ Open Government Licence v3.0]. © Crown copyright.</ref> Teachers should set high expectations for every pupil. They should plan stretching work for pupils whose attainment is significantly above the expected standard. Teachers should use appropriate assessment to set targets which are deliberately ambitious.<ref name="key stages" />

A high number of state-funded secondary schools are [[specialist school]]s, receiving extra funding to develop one or more subjects in which the school specialises, such as [[Cirencester Deer Park School]] which currently has 5 specialisms. State schools may request payment from parents for [[extracurricular activity|extracurricular activities]] such as swimming lessons and field trips, provided these charges are voluntary.

[[File:CHHS 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Cheadle Hulme High School]] in [[Cheadle Hulme]], an 11–18 mixed coeducational secondary school with academy status]]

[[Comprehensive school (England and Wales)|Comprehensive schools]] typically describe [[secondary school]]s for pupils aged approximately 11–18, that do not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, in contrast to a [[selective school]] system where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria, usually academic performance. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced as state schools on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of English secondary school pupils attend a comprehensive state school. Comprehensive schools provide an [[National Curriculum for England|entitlement curriculum]] to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as [[Design and Technology|design and technology]] and vocational learning.
Technical education in state schools are introduced during the secondary school years and goes on into further education (FE) and higher education (HE). Further education incorporates vocational oriented education as well as a combination of general secondary education. Students can also go on to a [[Further Education College|further education college]] or [[Sixth form|sixth form college]] to prepare themselves for a wide range of apprenticeships and study. Major provider of vocational qualifications include the [[Business and Technology Education Council]], [[City and Guilds of London Institute]] and [[Edexcel]]. [[Higher National Certificate]]s and [[Higher National Diploma]]s typically require 1 and 2 years of full-time study and credit from either HNE or Diplomas can be transferred toward an undergraduate degree. [[File:Bishop-vesey-7.jpg|thumb|[[Bishop Vesey's Grammar School]] is a selective [[grammar school]] with [[Academy (English school)|academy status]] in [[Sutton Coldfield]]. Founded in 1527, it is one of the oldest schools in Britain.]]Along with the HNC and HND, students who are interested in other vocational qualifications may pursue a [[foundation degree]], which is a qualification that trains students to be highly skilled technicians. The [[National Apprenticeship Service]] also offers vocational education where people at ages of 16 and older enter [[apprenticeship]]s in order to learn a [[Tradesman|skilled trade]]. There are over 60 different certifications can be obtained through an apprenticeship, which typically lasts from to 3 years. Trades apprentices receive paid wages during training and spend one day at school and the rest in the workplace to hone their skills.

[[Grammar schools]] may be run by the [[local government|local authority]], a foundation body or an academy trust. They select their pupils based on academic ability.<ref name="Types of school">{{cite web |title=Types of school |url=https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}} [[File:Open Government Licence logo.svg|30x30px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under an [https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ Open Government Licence v3.0]. © Crown copyright.</ref> The original purpose of [[medieval]] grammar schools was the teaching of Latin. Over time the [[curriculum]] was broadened, first to include [[Ancient Greek]], and later English and other European languages, natural sciences, mathematics, history, geography, art and other subjects. In some localities children can enter a [[grammar school]] if they pass the [[eleven plus exam]]; there are also a number of isolated fully selective grammar schools and a few dozen [[partially selective school (England)|partially selective schools]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Clyde Chitty |date=16 November 2002 |title=The Right to a Comprehensive Education |url=http://www.socialisteducation.org.uk/CB2.htm |version=Second Caroline Benn Memorial Lecture |access-date=22 January 2009}}</ref> The oldest state school in England is [[Beverley Grammar School]], which was founded in 700 AD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beverleygrammar.co.uk/history-notable-alumni/history/#:~:text=Beverley%20Grammar%20School%2C%20in%20Beverley,Church%20in%20Beverley%20by%20St.|title=History|date=6 July 2012}}</ref>

==== France ====
{{Main article|Secondary education in France}}
[[File:Montpellier PetitBard Ecole.JPG|thumb|Ecole Elementaire Joseph Delteil in [[Montpellier]], France]]

The French educational system is highly centralised, organised, and ramified. It is divided into three stages:

* primary education ({{Lang|fr|enseignement primaire}})
* secondary education ({{Lang|fr|enseignement secondaire}})
* tertiary or college education ({{Lang|fr|enseignement supérieur}})

Schooling in France is mandatory as of age three. Primary education takes place in [[kindergarten]] ({{Lang|fr|école maternelle}}) for children from 3 to 6 and ({{Lang|fr|école élémentaire}}) from 6 to 11. For public schools, both schools building and administrative staff are managed by the borough's ({{Lang|fr|commune}}) while professors are ({{Lang|fr|Education nationale}}) civil servants. Some children even start earlier at age two in {{Lang|fr|pré-maternelle}} or {{Lang|fr|garderie}} class, which is essentially a [[Day care|daycare]] facility.

French secondary education is divided into two schools:

* the {{Lang|fr|collège}} for the first four years directly following [[primary school]]
* the {{Lang|fr|lycée}} for the next three years

The completion of secondary studies leads to the {{Lang|fr|baccalauréat}}. The ''[[baccalauréat]]'' (also known as {{Lang|fr|bac}}) is the end-of-{{Lang|fr|lycée}} diploma students sit for in order to enter [[university]], a ''[[Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles]]'', or professional life. The term {{Lang|fr|baccalauréat}} refers to the diploma and the examinations themselves. It is comparable to British [[Advanced Level (UK)|A-Levels]], American [[SAT]]s, the [[Irish Leaving Certificate]] and German [[Abitur]].

Most students sit for the {{Lang|fr|baccalauréat général}} which is divided into three streams of study, called {{Lang|fr|séries}}. The {{Lang|fr|série scientifique}} (S) is concerned with [[mathematics]] and [[natural science]]s, the {{Lang|fr|série économique et sociale}} (ES) with [[economics]] and [[social science]]s, and the {{Lang|fr|série littéraire}} (L) focuses on [[French language|French]] and [[language|foreign languages]] and [[philosophy]].

The ''[[Grandes écoles]]'' of France are higher education establishments outside the mainstream framework of the public [[university|universities]]. They are generally focused on a single subject area, such as [[engineering]], have a moderate size, and are often quite (sometimes extremely) selective in their admission of students. They are widely regarded as prestigious, and traditionally have produced most of France's scientists and [[Corporate title|executives]].

==== Germany ====
{{Main article|Education in Germany}}
[[File:Osterholzschule.jpg|thumb|Osterholzschule, a state school in [[Ludwigsburg]], Germany]]
[[File:PIR Goethe-Schule (01) 2005-09.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|A German school named after [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in [[Pirna]], Germany]]
[[File:LLGEing1994.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Landrat-Lucas in [[Leverkusen]], one of the more modern German state schools]]

Education in Germany is provided to a large extent by the government, with control coming from state level, ''([[States of Germany|Länder]])'' and funding coming from two levels: federal and state. Curricula, funding, teaching, and other policies are set through the respective state's [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]] of education. Decisions about the acknowledgment of private schools (the German equivalent to accreditation in the US) are also made by these ministries. However, public schools are automatically recognised, since these schools are supervised directly by the ministry of education [[bureaucracy]].

Although the first kindergarten in the world was opened in 1840 by [[Friedrich Fröbel|Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel]] in the German town of [[Bad Blankenburg]], and the term kindergarten is even a [[loanword]] from the [[German language]], they are not part of the German school system. Article 7 Paragraph 6 of the German constitution (the ''[[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Grundgesetz]]'') abolished pre-school as part of the German school system. However, virtually all German kindergartens are public. They are either directly run by municipal governments, or contracted out, most often, to the two largest [[Christianity|Christian]] churches in Germany. These municipal kindergartens are financed by taxes and progressive income-based customer fees, but are not considered part of the public school system.

A German public school does not charge tuition fees. The first stage of the German public school system is the {{Lang|de|Grundschule}} (primary school – 1st to 4th grade or, in [[Berlin]] and [[Brandenburg]], 1st to 6th grade) After {{Lang|de|Grundschule}} (at 10 or 12 years of age), there are four secondary schooling options:
* ''[[Hauptschule]]'' (the least academic, much like a modernised ''[[Volksschule]]'') until 9th or, in Berlin and [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], until 10th grade. The students attending those types of school may be awarded the ''[[Hauptschulabschluss]]'' (school-leaving certificate) or in some cases also the ''[[Mittlere Reife]]''
* ''[[Realschule]]'' (formerly {{Lang|de|Mittelschule}}) until 10th grade, usually awards the ''[[Mittlere Reife]]''
* ''[[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]'' (high school) until 12th grade or 13th grade, with [[Abitur]] as exit exam, qualifying for admission to university.
* ''[[Comprehensive school|Gesamtschule]]'' (comprehensive school) with all the options of the three "tracks" above.

A {{Lang|de|Gesamtschule}} largely corresponds to an American high school. However, it offers the same school leaving certificates as the other three types of German secondary schools: the {{Lang|de|Hauptschulabschluss}} school leaving certificate of a {{Lang|de|Hauptschule}} after 9th grade or in [[Berlin]] and [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] after 10th grade, the {{Lang|de|Realschulabschluss}}, also called [[Mittlere Reife]] (school-leaving certificate of a {{Lang|de|Realschule}} after 10th grade, and {{Lang|de|Abitur}}, also called {{Lang|de|Hochschulreife}}, after 13th or seldom after 12th grade. Students who graduate from {{Lang|de|Hauptschule}} or {{Lang|de|Realschule}} continue their schooling at a vocational school until they have full job qualifications.

This type of German school, the {{Lang|de|Berufsschule}}, is generally an upper-secondary public vocational school, controlled by the [[Government of Germany|German federal government]]. It is part of [[Germany]]'s [[dual education system]]. Students who graduate from a vocational school and students who graduate with good [[Grading in education|GPA]] from a {{Lang|de|Realschule}} can continue their schooling at another type of German public secondary school, the {{Lang|de|Fachoberschule}}, a vocational high school. The school leaving exam of this type of school, the {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulreife}}, enables the graduate to start studying at a {{Lang|de|[[Fachhochschule]]}} (polytechnic), and in [[Hesse]] also at a university within the state. The {{Lang|de|Abitur}} from a {{Lang|de|Gesamtschule}} or {{Lang|de|Gymnasium}} enables the graduate to start studying at a polytechnic or at a university in all states of Germany.

A number of schools for mature students exists. Schools such as the [[Abendrealschule]] serve students that are headed for the [[Mittlere Reife]]. Schools such as the [[Aufbaugymnasium]] or the [[Abendgymnasium]] prepare students for college and finish with the [[Abitur]]. These schools are usually free of charge. In Germany, most institutions of higher education are subsidised by German states and are therefore also referred to as {{Lang|de|staatliche Hochschulen}} (public universities) In most German states, admission to public universities is still cheap, about two hundred Euro per semester. In 2005, many states introduced additional fees of 500 Euro per semester to achieve a better teaching-quality. Additional fees for guest or graduate students are charged by many universities.

==== Ireland ====
{{Main article|Education in the Republic of Ireland}}
In the [[Republic of Ireland]], post-primary education comprises secondary, community and comprehensive schools, as well as community colleges (formerly vocational schools). Most secondary schools are publicly funded, and regulated by the state, but privately owned and managed. Community colleges are state-established and administered by Education and Training Boards (ETBs), while community and comprehensive schools are managed by Boards of Management of differing compositions.<ref name="education.ie">{{cite web|url=https://www.education.ie/en/The-Education-System/Post-Primary/|title=Post Primary Education|work=An Roinn Oideachais Department of Education |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201204113105/https://www.education.ie/en/The-Education-System/Post-Primary/ |archive-date= Dec 4, 2020 }}</ref>

Privately owned and managed secondary schools receive a direct grant from the state, and are subdivided into fee-paying and non fee-paying schools. The vast majority of these schools are operated by religious organisations, primarily the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Church of Ireland]]. The charging of fees is a decision of the individual school. The Irish constitution requires the state to "endeavour to supplement and give reasonable aid to private and corporate educational initiative, and, when the public good requires it, provide other educational facilities or institutions with due regard, however, for the rights of parents, especially in the matter of religious and moral formation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/the_irish_education_system/constitution_and_education.html|title=Irish constitution and education|work=Citizens Information |date=17 January 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406032603/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/the_irish_education_system/constitution_and_education.html |archive-date= Apr 6, 2023 }}</ref> In practice, most people are educated by Catholic institutions as there are few alternatives in much of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/a-new-problem-in-ireland-where-to-find-a-non-catholic-school/280225/|title=A New Problem in Ireland: Where to Find a Non-Catholic School?|author=Aaron Schrank|work=The Atlantic|date=2013-10-03|url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427025827/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/a-new-problem-in-ireland-where-to-find-a-non-catholic-school/280225/ |archive-date= Apr 27, 2023 }}</ref> Non fee-paying secondary schools are usually considered to be public or state schools, while private school and fee-paying schools are considered synonymous. This is colloquial and not technically accurate.

All schools which are provided for by the state, including privately run and fee-paying secondary schools, teach the national curriculum. All students are expected to take the standardised Junior Certificate examination after three years.<ref name="education.ie" /> An optional non-academic Transition Year is provided by most but not all secondary schools immediately following the Junior Certificate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.education.ie/en/Schools-Colleges/Information/Curriculum-and-Syllabus/Transition-Year-/Transition-Year.html|title=Transition Year|website=An Roinn Oideachais Department of Education |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210801193144/https://www.education.ie/en/Schools-Colleges/Information/Curriculum-and-Syllabus/Transition-Year-/Transition-Year.html |archive-date= Aug 1, 2021 }}</ref> Students subsequently take one of three leaving-certificate programmes: the traditional Leaving Certificate, the Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme (LCVP) or the Leaving Certificate Applied (LCA).<ref name="education.ie" /> The vast majority of secondary school students take the traditional Leaving Certificate. Both the traditional Leaving Certificate and the Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme can lead to third-level education, with LCVP more focused on practical skills.

==== Italy ====
{{Main article|Education in Italy}}
In [[Italy]], a state school system or education system has existed since 1859, two years before [[Unification of Italy|Italian unification]]).
Italy has a long history of universities: founded in 1088, the University of Bologna is the oldest university in the world and 5 out of 10 of the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest universities]] are currently based in Italy.

The Italian school system is divided into three grades:

* Primary education (non-compulsory nursery school and elementary school)
* Secondary education (first grade (11–14) and second grade (14–19))
* Higher education (university (19+))

In Italy, there are three different types of schools and upper education:
* {{Lang|it|Pubbliche}} – public/state-owned school: completely free of charge for the entire compulsory school (until the age of 16). After that, for the last two years of high school, students have to pay a tax of €15.13/year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tax and contribution to Public school in Italy |url = https://www.miur.gov.it/tasse-scolastiche/contributo |publisher=Ministero dell'Istruzione Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca |access-date=21 August 2020 |language=it-IT }}</ref> Public university is free of charge for lower income students and increases based on income. Each university chooses the maximum amount of tuition based on the student's income.
* {{Lang|it|Paritarie}} – privately owned school that has signed an agreement with the [[Ministry of Education, University and Research|MIUR]] and that are included in the (Italian) National Education System. The government provides a specific grant for each student. Students usually have to pay a high fee for each year at the school. {{Lang|it|Paritarie}} schools are considered part of the educational system and students of those schools receive the same type of diploma and can access the same support (local school government) as the state-owned schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sapere la differenza tra le scuole paritarie e le scuole private |trans-title=Differences between Paritarie and private schools |url = https://www.miur.gov.it/sapere-la-differenza-tra-le-scuole-paritarie-e-le-scuole-private |publisher=Ministero dell'Istruzione Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca |access-date=21 August 2020|language=it-IT }}</ref>
* {{Lang|it|Non Paritarie}} – privately owned school not included in the National Education System. They do not receive government funds and students have to pass the final exams in a public or {{Lang|it|paritarie}} school in order to get a diploma.

Differently from other countries, in the Italian educational system, public schools statistically give students a better preparation compared to {{Lang|it|paritarie}} and private schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=OECD Analysis for private and public schools|url=https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisaproducts/pisainfocus/48482894.pdf|website=www.oecd.org|access-date=21 August 2020|language=en-EN}}</ref>

====The Netherlands====
{{Main article|Education in the Netherlands}}
Public, special (religious), and general-special (neutral) schools are government-financed, receiving equal financial support from the government if certain criteria are met. Although they are officially free of charge, these schools may ask for a parental contribution. Private schools rely on their own funds, but they are highly uncommon in the Netherlands.

==== Romania ====
{{Main article|Education in Romania}}
All schools up to [[high school]] are publicly funded in Romania and regulated by the [[Ministry of National Education (Romania)|Ministry of National Education]]. Higher education like universities may be state sponsored under certain conditions (family income and school performance). Although there are private schools in Romania, they are not a popular choice since the quality of education is on par with the public schools.

==== Russia ====
{{Main article|Education in Russia}}
Education in Russia is provided predominantly by the state and is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Science. Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Russia's expenditure on education has grown from 2.7% of the GDP in 2005 to 3.8% in 2013, but remains below the OECD average of 5.2%.

====Scotland====
{{Main article|Education in Scotland}}
[[File:Former Mearns St School - geograph.org.uk - 608264.jpg|thumb|[[Pediment]] above entrance showing name of Mearns Street Public School in [[Greenock]], Scotland, listed in 1881 for science instruction<ref name="HMSO 1881">{{cite book | author=Privy Council on Education | title=Report of the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education | publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|Her Majesty's Stationery Office]] | issue=v. 28 | year=1881 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuCmVVZgWwQC&pg=PA94 | access-date=30 November 2024 | page=94|quote=Campbeltown Grammar Public School ... Greenock Mearns Street Public School ... Kilmarnock Academy Public School ... Paisley North Public School .. }}</ref>]]

In Scotland, a public school is "a state-controlled school run by the local burgh or county education authority, generally non-fee-paying and supported by contributions from local and national taxation".<ref name="Scottish National Dictionary" />

The [[Church of Scotland]] was established in 1560, during the [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] period, as the official state religion in [[Scotland]]. In the following year, it set out to provide a school in every [[parish]] controlled by the local kirk-session, with education to be provided free to the poor, and the expectation that church pressure would ensure that all children took part. In the year of 1633 the [[Parliament of Scotland]] introduced local taxation to fund this provision. Schooling was not free, but the tax support kept fees low, and the church and charity funded poorer students. This had considerable success, but by the late 18th century the physical extent of some parishes and population growth in others led to an increasing role for "adventure schools" funded from fees and for schools funded by religious charities, initially [[Protestantism|Protestant]] and later [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]].

From the early 18th century, reference was made to "the publick school of the paroch".<ref name="Scottish National Dictionary" /> State-administered universal education was introduced earlier in Scotland than in the rest of the United Kingdom, and the designation was incorporated into the name of many of these older publicly run institutions. In 1872, education for all children aged 5 to 13 was made compulsory with "public schools" (in the Scots meaning of schools for the general public) under local school boards.

An 1872 Act of Parliament declared that schools "under the management of the school board of a parish", and those "under the management of the school board of a burgh", were public schools within the meaning of the Act.<ref name="Scottish National Dictionary">{{cite web | title=Public, adj. | website =Dictionaries of the Scots Language: SND: DSL | date=29 November 2024 | url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/public | access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="1872 Act">{{cite book | publication-place=London | title=The Public general statutes: passed in the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth years of the reign of her Majesty Queen Victoria. | year=1872 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQRVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA380 | access-date=29 November 2024 | pages=380–381}}</ref>
The leaving age was raised to 14 in 1883, and the Leaving Certificate Examination was introduced in 1888 to set national standards for secondary education. School fees were ended in 1890. The [[Scottish Education Department]] ran the system centrally, with [[local authority|local authorities]] running the schools with considerable autonomy. In 1999, following devolution from the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] to the new [[Scottish Parliament]], central organisation of education was taken over by departments of the [[Scottish Executive]], with running the schools coming under [[Subdivisions of Scotland|unitary authority districts.]]

Children in Scottish state schools (or public schools) typically start [[primary school]], or attend a junior school, aged between four and a half and five and a half depending on when the child's birthday falls. Children born between March and August would start school at the age of five years and those born between September and February start school at age four-and-a-half. Pupils remain at primary school for seven years completing Primary One to Seven.

Then aged eleven or twelve, pupils start [[secondary school]] for a compulsory period of four years, with a final two years thereafter being optional. Pupils take [[Curriculum for Excellence|National 4 & 5]] examinations at the age of fifteen/sixteen, sometimes earlier, most often for up to eight subjects. These include compulsory exams in English, [[mathematics]], a foreign language, a [[science]] subject and a social subject. It is now a requirement of the Scottish Government that all pupils have two hours of physical education a week. Each school may arrange these compulsory requirements in different combinations. The minimum school leaving age is generally sixteen, after completion of Standard Grade examinations. Pupils who continue their school education after the age of sixteen, may choose to study for [[Scottish Qualifications Authority#National Qualifications|Access]], [[Intermediate 1|Intermediate]] or [[Higher (Scottish)|Higher Grade]] and [[Advanced Higher]] exams. The [[Curriculum for Excellence]] was introduced to secondary schools in session 2012/2013. The assessment of pupils' attainment will change, with 'National' qualifications replacing most Standard Grade and Intermediate Grade qualifications.<ref name="BBC Scotland News">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/curriculum_for_excellence.shtml |title=Scotland's Curriculum For Excellence-An Introduction |date=16 August 2011 |publisher=BBC Scotland News |access-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>

==== Spain ====
{{Main article|Education in Spain}}
Primary Education (EP) and Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) make up Spain's Basic Education. These two stages of education are compulsory and free of charge for everyone. Generally they comprise ten years of schooling, normally between the ages of 5 and 16. Once the compulsory stages have been passed, it is possible to opt for the Bachillerato (similar to the Baccalaureate or A-levels), aimed at gaining access to university-level education. Alternatively, it is possible to opt for Professional Training or Higher-level Training Cycles (FP).

Education in Spain is currently regulated by the Ley Orgánica de Educación (LOE) of 2006, as amended by the Ley Orgánica por la que se modifica la LOE de 2006 (LOMLOE) of 2020. Education is a universal right and a duty in Spain. Therefore, it is compulsory, free and guaranteed for 100% of the population up to the age of 16. From that stage, there are a number of options available, some of them partially government-funded.

====Sweden ====
{{Main article|Education in Sweden}}
In [[Sweden]], state schools are funded by tax money. This goes for both primary schools (Swedish: {{Lang|sv|grundskola}}), and secondary school (Swedish: {{Lang|sv|gymnasium}}) and universities. When studying at a university, however, students might have to pay for accommodation and literature. There are private schools as well which also receive funding from the government, but may not charge tuition fees.

Compulsory education starts at six years of age, starting in {{Lang|sv|förskola}} (pre-school). The Swedish primary school is split into three parts; {{Lang|sv|lågstadiet}} – 'the low stage', which covers grades 1 to 3. Students learn the basics of the three core subjects, called {{Lang|sv|kärnämnen}} in Swedish: Swedish, English and mathematics. It also includes some natural science. {{Lang|sv|Mellanstadiet}}, 'the middle stage', which covers grades 4 to 6, introduces the children to more detailed subjects. [[Woodworking|Woodwork]] and [[needlework]], social and domestic science, and even a second, foreign language in grade 6, a {{Lang|sv|B-språk}} (B-language). The languages available are usually [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or [[German language|German]] depending on the school. {{Lang|sv|Högstadiet}}, 'the high stage', is the last stage of compulsory education, between grades 7 and 9. This is when studies get more in-depth and are taken to an international level.

Swedish children take national exams at grades 3, 6 and 9. Children at grade 3 take these exams in two of the three main subjects: [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[mathematics]]. In grade 6 the exams extend to the third main subject, English, and in grade 9 the exams also extend to one of the subjects in [[natural science]]s, and one of the four subjects in {{Lang|sv|samhällsorientering}} ([[geography]], [[history]], [[religious studies]], and [[civics]]). They first receive grades in grade 6. The grading system is letter-based, ranging from A–F, where F is the lowest grade and A is the highest. F means "not approved", while all other ratings above F mean "approved". There are only objectives for E, C and A; D means the person has met most but not all objectives for C, while B means the person has met most objectives for A. When applying to {{Lang|sv|gymnasium}} (senior high schools) or universities, a {{Lang|sv|meritvärde}} ('meritous point value') is calculated. E is worth 10 points, D 12.5 points, C 15 points, and so on. Children that are not approved in Swedish, English or mathematics will have to study at a special high school program called the introductory program. Once they are approved, they may apply to an ordinary high school program. Swedes study at high school for three years, between the ages of 16 and 18.

=== Oceania ===
==== Australia ====
{{Main article|Education in Australia}}
Government schools in [[Australia]], also known as public or state schools, are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, whereas [[private schools]] charge attendance fees.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://studyinaustralia.gov.au/Sia/en/Help/NorthAmerica/study/Australian_school_fees.htm |title=School fees in Australia |publisher=Study in Australia |access-date=9 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110409173302/http://studyinaustralia.gov.au/Sia/en/Help/NorthAmerica/study/Australian_school_fees.htm |archive-date=9 April 2011 }}</ref> They can be divided into two categories: open and [[selective school]]s. The open schools accept all students from their government-defined catchment areas, whereas selective schools admit students based on some specific criteria, e.g. academic merit. As of 2022, Australia has one of the most privatised education systems in the world with more than 30 per cent of primary students and over 40 per cent of secondary students attending private schools, while the OECD average is around 18 per cent<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hare |first1=Julie |title=Inequalities baked into Australia's education system|url=https://www.afr.com/work-and-careers/education/inequalities-baked-into-australia-s-education-system-20221118-p5bzj8 |website=Australian Financial Review |date=November 29, 2022 |publisher=Nine Entertainment |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

Regardless of whether a school is part of the government or private systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for some flexibility in the syllabus, so that subjects such as [[religious education]] can be taught. Most school students wear uniforms.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/everyday-life/education/whatforme.html|title=What schooling and training is there for my family and me? |publisher=[[Department of Immigration and Citizenship]] |access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130415213947/http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/everyday-life/education/whatforme.htm |archive-date=15 April 2013 }}</ref> The name for a government-funded primary school varies by [[states and territories of Australia|state and territory]]. In [[New South Wales]], the name "public school" is used. In [[Queensland]], the name "[[Queensland state schools|state school]]" is used. In every other state and territory, the name "primary school" is used.

==== New Zealand ====
{{Main|Education in New Zealand}}
Both state and [[state-integrated school]]s are government-funded. The latter are former private schools which are now "integrated" into the state system under the ''Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975'' "on a basis which will preserve and safeguard the special character of the education provided by them".<ref>{{cite web |title=Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975 No 129 (as at 19 May 2017), Public Act Contents |url = http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0129/latest/DLM437347.html |website=www.legislation.govt.nz |publisher=New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office |access-date=12 August 2017 |language=en-NZ }}</ref> According to an [[OECD]] report, about 86% of all school-aged children attend state schools and 10% attend state integrated schools.<ref name="OECD NZ">{{cite web |title=Improving School Leadership: Country background report for New Zealand |url = https://www.oecd.org/edu/school/38740175.pdf |publisher=OECD Directorate for Education|access-date=12 August 2017|page=9}}</ref>

The government provides education as a right—it is freely available up to the end of the calendar year following a student's 19th birthday.<ref name="NZ Education Act">{{cite web |title=Education Act 1989 No 80 (as at 14 July 2017), Public Act 3 Right to free primary and secondary education |url = http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0080/latest/DLM177440.html |website=www.legislation.govt.nz |access-date=12 August 2017 |language=en-NZ }}</ref> Primary and secondary education is compulsory for students between the ages of 6 and 16, although in practice most children enrol at school on their 5th birthday. Most students start at age 5 and remain in school for the full 13 years.<ref name="OECD NZ"/> While there is overlap in some schools, primary education ends at Year 8 and secondary education at Year 13. In some areas Years 7 and 8 are considered part of intermediate school—a separate school which acts as a bridge between primary and secondary education—leaving primary school to end at Year 6.<ref name="NZ Education Act"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Education}}
* {{Section link|Compulsory education|By country}}
* [[Education Index]]
* [[Free education]]
* [[Public university]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Heller, Frank: [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=1505 Lessons from Maine: Education Vouchers for Students since 1873], [[Cato Institute]], Sep. 10, 2001.
* Thattai, Deeptha: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050404221603/http://www.servintfree.net:80/%7Eaidmn-ejournal/publications/2001-11/PublicEducationInTheUnitedStates.html A History of Public Education in the United States].
* Michael Pons, NEA: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209182333/http://www.nea.org:80/vouchers/02voutrack.html School Vouchers: The Emerging Track Record]
* Steve Suitts, Southern Education Foundation. "[https://southernspaces.org/2008/crisis-new-majority-low-income-students-souths-public-schools Crisis of a New Majority: Low-Income Students in the South's Public Schools]" ''Southern Spaces''. April 16, 2008.
* Li Yi. 2005. The Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification. University Press of America. {{ISBN|0-7618-3331-5}}
{{refend}}

{{Category commons}}

{{Schools}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State schools| ]]
[[Category:Public education]]
[[Category:School systems]]

Shobha Broota

2026-03-15T04:37:21Z

Shruti: Created first post basic info...

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1943)}}
{{Indian name|Shobha|Broota}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shobha Broota
| birth_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|01|22}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4TrAAAAMAAJ&q=shobha+broota+1943 |title=National Exhibition of Art |date=2004 |publisher=Lalit Kala Akademi |page=125 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = Delhi, [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = [[Rameshwar Broota]] (separated)
| children = 2
| relatives =
| family =
| awards =
| alma_mater = [[College of Art, Delhi]]
| occupation = Artist, art teacher
| years_active = 1964-
}}
'''Shobha Broota''' is an Indian artist from Delhi. She received the award from [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]], award from the [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]], Art Educationist Award from [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] and scholarship and fellowship from the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India.

==Biography==
Shobha Broota was born on January 22, 1943, into an artistic family in Delhi.<ref name="abirpothi">{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-11-06 |title=A Meditative Trance: Shobha Broota's Life In Colors |url=https://www.abirpothi.com/a-meditative-trance-shobha-brootas-life-in-colors/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Abirpothi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Medha Dutta |date=2025-09-28 |title=The sound of stillness |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2025/Sep/28/the-sound-of-stillness |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001200429/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2025/Sep/28/the-sound-of-stillness |url-status=live }}</ref> At the age of 5, she started learning [[Indian classical music]] and at the age of 19 she completed Sangeet Visharad degree in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocals.<ref name="newindianexpress" /> She is also a [[Sitar|sitarist]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parul |first=Prakriti |date=2025-10-04 |title=Noteworthy art exhibitions to visit in October |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/feature/noteworthy-art-exhibitions-to-visit-in-october-154612/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=The Sunday Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

Later she completed Diploma in Fine Arts from [[College of Art, Delhi]] in 1964.<ref name="indiaart">{{Cite web |title=Profile of artist Shobha Broota |url=https://www.indiaart.com/Artists/Shobha-Broota/Profile-of-Shobha-Broota.asp |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.indiaart.com}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Shobha was married to Rameshwar Broota, and they have two daughters Pooja and Sakshi.<ref name=":1" /> Her former husband Rameshwar Broota and her daughter Pooja Iranna are also artists.<ref name=":1" />

==Artistic career and exhibitions==
Shobha Broota started her artistic career by drawing portraits and figurative works, moved to wood etchings in In the 1970s-80s, and later to minimalistic abstract oil & acrylic paintings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Šimić |first1=Lena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jOdEAAAQBAJ |title=Mothering Performance: Maternal Action |last2=Underwood-Lee |first2=Emily |date=2022-11-30 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-78516-6 |language=en |chapter=Conversations with Mother Artists on the Dynamics of Support in India}}</ref> She has incorporated hand-woven fabric and threads into her abstract works to form patterns.<ref name="abirpothi"/>

Shobha Broota done her first solo exhibition in Delhi in 1965.<ref name="HT">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=Exhibition features Shobha Broota's journey of six decades from figuration to abstract |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/exhibition-features-shobha-broota-s-journey-of-six-decades-from-figuration-to-abstract-101757673418529.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015062047/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/exhibition-features-shobha-broota-s-journey-of-six-decades-from-figuration-to-abstract-101757673418529.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her 2021 exhibition ''Sutra'' at [[Bikaner House]] was a major showcase of her significant works created over four decades.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Uma |title=Shobha Broota: Sutra Odyssey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/shobha-broota-sutra-odyssey/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905022747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/shobha-broota-sutra-odyssey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An exhibition in [[Delhi Art Gallery]] in 2025, titled ''Painting Infinity'' displayed nearly 100 works of her including portraits, abstracts, etchings, woven canvases and ink impressions.<ref name="HT" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Aditya Mani |date=2025-09-12 |title=Shobha Broota's artworks {{!}} Painting the cosmos |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20250922-shobha-brootas-artworks-painting-the-cosmos-2786203-2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2025-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011133411/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20250922-shobha-brootas-artworks-painting-the-cosmos-2786203-2025-09-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to more than 21 solo exhibitions in various venues across India, Shobha Broota has also done solo exhibitions at SCHOO Gallery in [[Amsterdam]], Rebecca Hossack Gallery in [[London]], [[Edith Cowan University]], [[Perth]], Australia and Aicon Gallery, [[Palo Alto, California]], USA.<ref name="indiaart"/> She was also been invited by the [[Politics of Guyana|Guyanese government]] to paint the portrait of the former president [[Cheddi Jagan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Veteran artist Shobha Broota: 'Art is not a money-making profession' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/veteran-artist-shobha-broota-says-that-art-is-not-a-money-making-profession-10541351.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=2022-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411070123/https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/veteran-artist-shobha-broota-says-that-art-is-not-a-money-making-profession-10541351.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Contributions==
Shobha Broota has co-authored a book titled ''Vesture of Being'' with art critic, writer and Poet [[Keshav Malik]].<ref name=":0" />

After completing her diploma in fine arts from the [[College of Art, Delhi]], in 1964, she was appointed as a teacher in the art department there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Sanjeev K. |date=2022-04-30 |title=India-Korea joint Art Exhibition "Spontaneous Balance" by Ms. Jang Hee Mun, Ms. Shobha Broota at KCCI |url=https://www.asiancommunitynews.com/india-korea-joint-art-exhibition-spontaneous-balance-by-ms-jang-hee-mun-ms-shobha-broota-at-kcci/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Asian Community News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501053146/https://www.asiancommunitynews.com/india-korea-joint-art-exhibition-spontaneous-balance-by-ms-jang-hee-mun-ms-shobha-broota-at-kcci/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She later worked as an art educator at [[Triveni Kala Sangam]], New Delhi.<ref name=":1" />

==Awards and honors==
Shobha Broota received many awards, including the award from [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]], award from the [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]], Art Educationist Award from [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC) and scholarship and fellowship from the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-07-10 |title=MY WORK IS A JOURNEY IN SEARCH OF MY OWN SELF – INTERNATIONALLY ACCLAIMED ARTIST SHOBHA BROOTA |url=https://www.yathraemagazine.com/my-work-is-a-journey-in-search-of-my-own-self-internationally-acclaimed-senior-artist-shobha-broota/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Travel |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912165211/https://www.yathraemagazine.com/my-work-is-a-journey-in-search-of-my-own-self-internationally-acclaimed-senior-artist-shobha-broota/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Broota, Shobha}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian abstract artists]]
[[Category:Indian abstract painters]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Delhi]]

Meenachal Sri Krishna Swamy Temple

2026-03-13T19:07:06Z

Shruti: made new place

{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Meenachal Sri Krishna Swamy Temple|image=Meenachal Sri Krishna Temple.jpg|caption=Three-Quarter view of the main temple|map_type=Tamil Nadu|map_caption=Location within Tamil Nadu|coordinates={{coord|8|19|50.1816|N|77|11|2.8979|E}}
|other_names=|proper_name=|country=[[India]]|state=[[Tamil Nadu]]|district=[[Kanyakumari district]]|locale=Meenachal
|deity=[[Vishnu]]|festivals=Krishna Jayanthi, Rohini maholsavam.
|architecture=Kerala Style
|year_completed=unknown, believed to be built around 1160 AD|governing_body=Meenachal sreekrishna seva committee}}'''Meenachal Sree Krishna Swamy temple''' (Tamil - மீனச்சல் ஸ்ரீ கிருஷ்ணசுவாமி கோயில், Malayalam - മീനച്ചൽ ശ്രീ കൃഷ്‌ണസ്വാമി ക്ഷേത്രം) is a [[Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] situated in Meenachal village of [[Kanyakumari district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]]. It is one of the very few temples located in Tamilnadu, exhibiting [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala architectural style]]. It is believed that this temple is 1200 years old. Although the main deity is Lord Vishnu, he is worshipped in the form of [[Krishna|Lord Sri Krishna]] ([[Dashavatara|The ninth Avatar of Lord Vishnu]]) and hence the temple is named as Sri Krishna Temple.

== Location ==
The temple is located near the border of Indian states, [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].The National Highway [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]] (Erstwhile NH-17 and a part of NH-47) that connects [[Kanyakumari]] to [[Thiruvananthapuram]], passes through a place named [[Padanthalumoodu]]. Just a few meters before Padanthalumoodu junction, to the right, is the road to Padanthalumoodu - Meenachal temple.There is an arch at the entrance of the road which leads to the temple, located around 750 meters away from the Highway.

== Architecture ==
Although the temple is in the province of Tamil Nadu, it manifests [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala traditional architecture]]. The temple has a [[Gopuram]] (Gatehouse), Sri-kovil ([[Sanctum Sanctorum]]), dhyana mandapam (meditation hall), Namaskara mandapam ( the place where the priests sit and recite the hymns, mantras, and slokas) Naalambalam ( the structure enclosing the shrine and the mandapa building), Chuttambalam (the outer structure within the temple walls) , Temple well (Holy Well), Ambala kulam (sacred temple pond), Thevarapura (a complex for cooking prasad) akin to any ancient temples of Kerala. There is a place reserved for Kodi Maram (holy mast) that is yet to be built. The mast for kodi maram is already in the premise and is being cured in oil since Jan 25, 2026. The walls of nalambalam are adorned with arrays of several small oil lamps, which is a replacement for vilakkumadam.

The divinity Lord Vishnu is in the form of '''Thiruvallazhappan''' (also known as Chathurbaghu Vishnu). He is also the main deity of [[Sreevallabha Temple|Sreevallabha temple]], [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]].

The other deities are [[Shasta (deity)|Sastha]] ([[Ayyappan|Sree Ayyappan]]) and [[Ganesha|Ganapathi]] (Ganesha). Recently, [[Nagaraja|Nagar]] has been consecrated as one of the deities. Sastha's shrine is located in the chuttambalam exactly to the right of the main deity, which stays unique to this temple. Another exceptional feature of this temple is the Four lamps(made from stone) which are placed at four corners of chuttambalam.

== Connections with other temples ==
This temple is said to have some association with Tiruvalla [[Sreevallabha Temple|SHREEVALLABHA temple]]. Hence, this deity is known as '''Thiruvallazhappan'''. [[Malayinkeezhu|Malayankeezhu]] Sri Krishna temple also shares a few pooja principles and procedures resembling sreevallabha temple. [[Vilwamangalam Swamiyar|Vilwamangalam namboothirupaadu]] worshipped Thiruvalla [[panchaloha]] in his house and also in the malayankeezh temple. Thiruvalla Shreevallabah temple, malayinkeezh temple, and Meenachal Krishnan temple are hence interlinked and the same had been revealed through [[Ashtamangala prasnam|Ashtamangala Prasnam]]. Therefore, Meenachal Sri Krishna swami temple authorities visit tiruvalla Shreevallabah once in a year to do pooja and offerings. It is also believed that the temple has some relationship with [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabhaswamy]] temple.

== Administration ==
The temple has a registered panel named ‘Meenachal sri krishna seva committee’ which deals with the administration and other activities.

== Festivals and pooja ==
A festival named ‘Rohini maholsavam’ is celebrated for 5 days in a year. It is based on vrikshikam month’s [[Rohini Nakshatram|Rohini nakshatra]], starting with kodiyettam and ends in Aarau. It has been decided to celebrate Rohini maholsavam along with Krishna Janmashtami from the year 2018.

[[Pushpanjali]] (offering of flowers) is the special pooja offered mostly during festival season. Sheeveli (thrice a day), other customs and rituals are also being performed.

On Dec 09, 2016, the temple has seen a massive festival with Ganapathi homam, kalasa abishekam, annadhanam, Lalitha sahasranamam, Athazhapooja and [[Ottan Thullal|ottan thullal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2016-12-09 |title=மீனச்சல் கிருஷ்ணசுவாமி கோயில் விழா இன்று தொடக்கம் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-thirunelveli/kanyakumari/2016/Dec/09/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2612328.html |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

On the final day of Vijayadasami, October 05, 2022, Kanya pooja was celebrated here with mothers dressing their children as 'Amman'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2022-10-05 |title=மீனச்சல் கோயிலில் கன்யா பூஜை |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-thirunelveli/kanyakumari/2022/Oct/05/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%88-3927350.html |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

On April 14, 2023, a massive vishu festival was celebrated at the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கன்னியாகுமரி: ஸ்ரீ கிருஷ்ணசுவாமி கோயிலில் விஷு பண்டிகை தொடங்கியது...! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/spiritual/vishu-festival-has-started-at-sri-krishnaswamy-temple-in-kanyakumari-940224.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230417212410/https://tamil.news18.com/spiritual/vishu-festival-has-started-at-sri-krishnaswamy-temple-in-kanyakumari-940224.html |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=News18 Tamil |language=en-IE}}</ref>

From Sept 03 to Sept 07, 2023, Astami rohini festival was celebrated in this temple. The prime events were ottan thullal, Uriyadi, Astabishekam and Light music by Sivahari bhajana sangh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2023-09-01 |title=மீனச்சல் கிருஷ்ணசுவாமி கோயில் விழா நாளை தொடக்கம் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-thirunelveli/kanyakumari/2023/Sep/01/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-4065381.html |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

From August 23 to August 28, 2024, Astami Rohini festival including Uriyadi was celebrated in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Din |date=2024-08-21 |title=மீனச்சல் கோயிலில் அஷ்டமி ரோகிணி திருவிழா: நாளை தொடக்கம் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-thirunelveli/kanyakumari/2024/Aug/21/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Murugesan |date=2024-08-26 |title=கிருஷ்ண ஜெயந்தி - மீனச்சல் ஸ்ரீ கிருஷ்ண சாமி கோவிலில் சிறப்பு வழிபாடு! |url=https://tamiljanam.com/91322934/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Tamil Janam TV |language=ta-IN}}</ref>

On October 1, 2025, Navaratri was celebrated around the temple with Golu being showcased in many homes. The Temple Bhajana troop has sung Bhajans around the houses near the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நவராத்திரிக்கு வீடுகளில் கொலு வைத்த மக்கள்... வீடு வீடாக சென்று பஜனை பாடிய பக்தர்கள்... |url=https://tamil.news18.com/spiritual/people-setup-golu-at-their-homes-for-navratri-and-devotees-sing-bhajans-bvm-mkn-local18-ws-bl-1933035.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251002091447/https://tamil.news18.com/spiritual/people-setup-golu-at-their-homes-for-navratri-and-devotees-sing-bhajans-bvm-mkn-local18-ws-bl-1933035.html |archive-date=2025-10-02 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=tamil.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref>

On September 14, 2025, a 'uriyadi' festival was held for the temple's [[Krishna Janmashtami|Krishna Janmastami]] function.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-09-14 |title=மீனச்சலில் கிருஷ்ண ஜெயந்தி திருவிழா: கிருஷ்ணரின் லீலைகளை நடித்து காட்டி அசத்திய சிறுவர்கள் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/devotional/krishna-jayanti-festival-in-meenachal-boys-performed-krishna-leela-1179424 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

On Jan 25, 2026, The 'Thailadhi Vaasam' (தைலாதி வாசம்) (തൈലാധിവാസം) function for Kodi maram (Holy Mast) was started. A Tank was built in the premise for curing the wood mast in medicinal oil. The initiation of oil pouring in to the tank was done by Mr. Rajasekharan Nair, the MD of [[Janam TV]] and UDS group of hotels.<ref>{{cite news
|title=மீனச்சல் கிருஷ்ண சுவாமி கோயிலில் 'கொடிமர தைலதி வாசம்' நிகழ்வு
|newspaper=The Hindu Tamil
|edition=Thiruvananthapuram
|date=2026-01-26
|page=10
}}</ref>

== Other Events ==
On Sept 14, 2025, The famous temple celebrated the Krishna Jayanthi festival. In connection with this, the temple administration, along with the Ramuni Siddha Medical Centre, organized a free medical camp.

At the camp, free blood tests and eye examinations were conducted. The medical camp, which began in the morning, was attended by hundreds of people who benefited from it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Murugesan |date=2025-09-14 |title=கன்னியாகுமரி : ஸ்ரீ கிருஷ்ண சுவாமி கோயிலில் இலவச மருத்துவ முகாம்! |url=https://tamiljanam.com/91419088/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Tamil Janam TV |language=ta-IN}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
[[File:Meenachal_temple_gopura.jpg|220x220px|Main Gate]]
[[File:Meenachal_krishna_swami_temple.jpg|220x220px| Three-quarter view of the Main gate]]
{{commons category|Meenachal Sri Krishna Swami Temple}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]
<references group="Meenachal kovil uriyadi vizha" />

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]

List of Indian Air Force stations

2026-03-08T12:12:38Z

Shruti: correct references to improve readability and corrected details based on references

{{short description|None}}
{{More citations needed|article|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
The [[Indian Air Force]] currently operates seven [[Command (military formation)|Air Commands]]. Each command is headed by an [[Air Officer Commanding|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] of the rank of [[Air Marshal]].

The Air Force currently has over 60 air stations all over [[India]]. These are grouped into seven commands: Western Air Command at [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]. Eastern Air Command at [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]. Central Air Command at [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Southern Air Command at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. South Western Air Command at [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]]. Training Command at [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], and Maintenance Command at [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]. The largest airbase is in [[Hindon Air Force Station|Hindon]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].

[[Gwalior]] hosts the Indian Air Force's elite [[Tactics and Air Combat Development Establishment]] (TACDE), a premier unit for advanced fighter pilot training in aerial tactics, comparable to the US Navy's [[United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor program|TOPGUN]], focusing on operational doctrines and tactics for aircraft.

There are a number of new air stations being built across India, in line with India's strategic doctrine. The [[Indian Navy]] has some separate [[List of Indian Navy bases|air stations]] for its [[Indian Naval Air Arm|aviation wing]].

The Western Air Command is the largest air command. It operates sixteen airforce stations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The Eastern Air Command operates fifteen airforce stations in eastern and north-eastern India. The Central Air Command operates two airforce stations in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and surrounding states of central India. Southern Air Command's tasks include protecting the vital shipping routes. It operates nine air stations in [[Southern India]] and two in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. South Western Air Command is the front line of defence against Pakistan. This important command operates twelve air stations in [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Rajasthan]].

==List of air stations==
{{maplink|type=named|from=#List of air stations|frame=yes|zoom=3|frame-coordinates={{Coord|23.95|81.12}}|text=Map of this section's coordinates}}
{{GeoGroup|section=List of air stations}}

Note: Station and unit details are from Scramble.nl (2009) and outdated.<ref>Scramble.nl, [http://www.scramble.nl/in.htm Indian Air Force Order of Battle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122235334/http://www.scramble.nl/in.htm |date=22 January 2009 }}, accessed October 2011</ref> Article needs to be revised/updated.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="text-align:left;" | Station
! style="text-align:left;" | [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]
! style="text-align:left;" | [[Runway]]
! style="text-align:left;" | [[Elevation]]
! style="text-align:left;" | Geographical coordinates
! style="text-align:left;" | [[States and territories of India|State/territory]]
! style="text-align:left;" | Wing
!Squadrons
!Aircraft
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="7"|[[Western Air Command]]
|
|
|-
| [[Adampur Air Force Station|Adampur AFS]]
| VIAX
| 13/31
| 775 ft / 236 m
| {{Coord|31.434879|N|75.757256|E|display=inline|name=Adampur AFS}}
| [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| 8th Wing
|[[No. 47 Squadron IAF|No. 47 Squadron]]
[[No. 223 Squadron IAF]]
|[[Mikoyan MiG-29]]
|-
| [[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala AFS]]
| VIAM
| 12L/30R 12R/30L
| 900 ft / 274 m
| {{Coord|30|22|14|N|76|49|4|E|display=inline|name=Ambala AFS}}
| [[Haryana]]
| 7 Wing
|[[No. 5 Squadron IAF|No. 5 Squadron]]
[[No. 14 Squadron IAF|No. 14 Squadron]]

[[No. 17 Squadron IAF|No. 17 Squadron]]

14 Sqn Missile and UAV Squadron

2209 & Squadron 2251S
|[[SEPECAT Jaguar]]
[[Dassault Rafale]]
|-
| [[Amritsar Air Force Station|Amritsar AFS]]
| VIAR
| 16/34
| 755 ft / 230 m
| {{Coord|31|42|28|N|74|47|57|E|display=inline|name=Amritsar AFS}}
| Punjab
| 1 FBSU
| -
| -
|-
| [[Awantipur Air Force Station|Awantipur AFS]]
| VIAW
| 12/30
| 5,400 ft / 1,646 m
| {{coord|33|52|35.86|N|74|58|32.45|E|display=inline|region:IN_type:airport|name=Awantipur AFS}}
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| 8 FBSU
| -
| -
|-
| [[Bathinda Airport|Bathinda AFS]]
| VIBT
| 13/31
| 700 ft /213 m
| {{Coord|30.268848|N|74.757430|E|display=inline|name=Bhatinda AFS}}
| Punjab
| 34 Wing
|[[No. 17 Squadron IAF|No. 17 Squadron]]
|[[Dassault Rafale]]
|-
| [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh AFS]]
| VICG
| 11/29
| 1,012 ft / 308 m
| {{Coord|30.676290|N|76.788535|E|display=inline|name=Chandigarh AFS}}
| [[Chandigarh]]
| 12 Wing/3 BRD
|[[No. 44 Squadron IAF|No. 44 Squadron]]
[[No. 48 Squadron IAF|No. 48 Squadrons]]

[[No. 126 Helicopter Flight, IAF|No. 126 Helicopter Flight]]
|'''Transport:'''
[[Antonov An-32]]
[[Ilyushin Il-76]]

'''Helicopters:'''

[[Mil Mi-26]]

[[Boeing CH-47 Chinook]]
|-
| [[Gurugram Air Force Station|Gurugram AFS]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/maruti-to-vacate-area-within-restricted-zone-of-gurugram-air-force-station/articleshow/59602087.cms |title=Maruti to vacate area within restricted zone of Gurugram Air Force station |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/gurugram-6-000-houses-near-air-force-ammunition-depot-face-threat-of-demolition-1175024-2018-02-22 |title=Gurugram: 6,000 houses near air force ammunition depot face threat of demolition |last=Kumar |first= Kumar |website=indiatoday.in|publisher=[[India Today]]|location=India |language=en |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sanjeev |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-allows-illegal-hotel-within-restricted-zone-of-gurgaon-air-force-station/story-WGf2xJLqSaCi46y9UmzvuN.html |title=Haryana allows illegal Hotel within restricted zone of Gurgaon Air Force Station |date=2 February 2012 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>
| Logistics base
|
|
| {{Coord|28.437098|N|77.028544|E|display=inline|name=Gurugram AFS}}
| Haryana
| [[Gurugram Air Force Station#Information Fusion Centre|IFC]] and IMAC.<ref name=ifci1>[https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/12/22/Indian-Navy-launches-Information-Fusion-Centre-to-boost-maritime-security.html Indian Navy launches Information Fusion Centre to boost maritime security], The Week, 22 December 2018.</ref><ref name=gk1>[https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/defence-minister-inaugurates-information-management-analysis-centre-imac-gurgaon-11201415852.html Defence minister inaugurates Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) in Gurgaon], GKToday.</ref>
| -
| -
|-
| [[Raja Nahar Singh Faridabad Air Force Logistics Station|Faridabad AFS]]
| Logistics base
|
|
| {{Coord|28.371888|N|77.276432|E|display=inline|name=Faridabad AFS}}
| Haryana
| 54 ASP, 56th Air Storage Park, Guard dog training.<ref name=asp1>1980, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJX-AyAGXwsC&q=sirsa+air+force+station+was+established+in "Haryana Review"], Volume 14, Page 47.</ref><ref name=rns1>2017, [https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s305049e90fa4f5039a8cadc6acbb4b2cc/uploads/2018/05/2018051750-1.pdf Fridabad disaster management plan], Govt of Haryana, p23.</ref><ref name=rns3>13 Nov 2016, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/GROUND-THREAT-FOR-AIR-WARRIORS/articleshow/55396438.cms Ground Threat for air warriors], Times of India.</ref><ref name=rns2>1991, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OHnfAAAAMAAJ Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces], p26.</ref>
| -
| -
|-
| [[Halwara Air Force Station|Halwara AFS]]
| VIHX
| 13/31
| 790 ft / 241 m
| {{Coord|30.748041|N|75.633209|E|display=inline|name=Halwara AFS}}
| Punjab
| 9 Wing,
|[[No. 220 Squadron IAF]]
[[No. 221 Squadron IAF]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]
|-
| [[Hindon Air Force Station|Hindon AFS]]
| VIDX
| 09/27
| 700 ft / 213 m
| {{Coord|28.707647|N|77.359340|E|display=inline|name=Hindon AFS}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 28 Wing
|[[No. 77 Squadron IAF|No. 77 Squadron]]
[[No. 131 Helicopter Flight, IAF|No. 131 Helicopter Flight]]

[[No. 181 Flight, IAF|No. 181 Flight]]

[[No. 129 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 129 Helicopter Unit]]

[[No. 81 Squadron IAF]]
|'''Transport:'''
[[C130J|C130J Super Hurcules]]

[[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]]

[[Boeing 737-200]]

'''Helicopters:'''

[[HAL Cheetah]]

[[Mil Mi-17]]

[[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]]
|-
| [[Vadsar Air Force Station|Vadsar AFS]]
| AFS
| -
| -
| {{Coord|23.146200|N|72.481270|E|display=inline|name=Vadsar AFS}}
| [[Gujarat]]
| 47 Signal Unit
| -
| -
|-
|[[Jammu Airport|Jammu AFS]]
|VIJU
|18/36
|1029 ft /
314 m
|32°41′21″N 074°50′15″E
|Jammu & Kashmir
|23 Wing
|[[No. 153 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 153 Helicopter Unit]]
[[No. 154 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 154 Helicopter Unit]]

[[No. 132 Helicopter Flight, IAF|No. 132 Helicopter Flight]]

[[No. 223 Squadron IAF]]
|'''Helicopters:'''
[[Mil Mi-17]]

[[HAL Cheetah]]

'''Combat Jets:'''

[[Mikoyan MiG-29]]
|-

| [[Leh Air Force Station|Leh AFS]]
| VILH
| 06/24 07R/25L 07L/25R
| 10,682 ft/ 3,256 m
| {{Coord|34.137216|N|77.546614|E|display=inline|name=Leh AFS}}
| [[Ladakh]]
| 21 Wing
|[[No. 114 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 114 Helicopter Unit]]
[[No. 130 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 130 Helicopter Unit]]
|[[Mil Mi-17]]
[[HAL Cheetah]]
|-
|[[Mudh-Nyoma Air Force Station|Mudh-Nyoma AFS]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-11-12 |title=IAF chief lands C-130J, inaugurates Nyoma airbase in Ladakh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-chief-lands-c-130j-inaugurates-nyoma-airbase-in-ladakh-101762952103449.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|13,700 ft/ 4,200 m
|
|Ladakh
|
|
|
|-
| [[Palam Air Force Station|Palam AFS]]
| VIDP
| 09/27 10/28
| 776 ft / 237 m
| {{Coord|28.573736|N|77.114610|E|display=inline|name=Palam AFS}}
| [[National Capital Territory of Delhi|Delhi]]
| 3 Wing
|[[No. 41 Squadron IAF|No. 41 Squadron]]
[[Air HQ Communication Squadron, Indian Air Force]]
|[[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]]
[[Dornier 228]]

[[777-300ER]]

[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737 BBJ]]

[[Embraer 145]]

[[Embraer 135]]

[[Mil Mi-17]]
|-
| [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Pathankot AFS]]
| VIPK
| 01/19
| 1,017 ft / 310 m
| {{Coord|32.236929|N|75.633227|E|display=inline|name=Pathankot AFS}}
| Punjab
| 18 Wing
|[[No. 125 Helicopter Squadron IAF|No. 125 Helicopter Squadron]]
[[No.137 Helicopter Squadron, IAF|No. 137 Helicopter Squadron]]
|'''Helicopters:'''
[[Boeing AH-64 Apache|AH-64 Apache]]

(operated by both the squadrons)
|-
| [[Sarsawa Air Force Station|Sarsawa AFS]]
| VISP
| 09/27
| 891 ft / 272 m
| {{Coord|29.993718|N|77.430671|E|display=inline|name=Sarsawa AFS}}
| Uttar Pradesh
| 30 Wing
|[[No. 117 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 117 Helicopter Unit]]
[[No. 152 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 152 Helicopter Unit]]
|[[Mil Mi-17]]
[[HAL Dhruv]]
|-
| [[Sirsa Air Force Station|Sirsa AFS]]
| VISX
| 05/23
| 650 ft / 198 m
|{{Coord|29|33|46|N|75|00|19|E|display=inline|name=Sirsa AFS}}
| [[Haryana]]
| 45 Wing
|
|
|-
| [[Srinagar Air Force Station|Srinagar AFS]]
| VISR
| 13/31
| 5,458 ft / 1,664 m
| {{Coord|33.994374|N|74.765299|E|display=inline|name=Srinagar AFS}}
| Jammu & Kashmir
| 1 Wing
|[[No. 223 Squadron IAF|No. 223 Squadron]]
[[No. 154 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]
|[[Mikoyan MiG-29]]
[[Mil Mi-17]]
|-
| [[Udhampur Air Force Station|Udhampur AFS]]
| VIUX
| 18/36
| 1,950 ft / 594 m
| {{Coord|32.911503|N|75.154410|E|display=inline|name=Udhampur AFS}}
| Jammu & Kashmir
| HQ AOC J&K
39 Wing
|[[No. 132 Helicopter Flight, IAF|No. 132 Helicopter Flight]]
|[[HAL Cheetah]]
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="7"|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|
|
|-
| [[Air Force Station Purnea|Purnea AFS]]
| VEPU
| 18/36
| 412 ft / 125 m
| 25°45′35″N 087°24′36″E
| [[Bihar]]
| 14FBSU
| -
| -
|-
| [[Bagdogra Air Force Station|Bagdogra AFS]]
| VEBD
| 18/36
| 412 ft / 125 m
| {{Coord|26|40|52|N|88|19|43|E|display=inline|name=Bagdogra AFS}}
| [[West Bengal]]
| 20 Wing
|[[No. 156 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 156 Helicopter Unit]]
|[[Mil Mi-17]]
|-
| [[Shillong Airport|Barapani AFS]]
| VEBI
| 04/22
| 2910 ft / 886 m
| {{Coord|25|42|13|N|091|58|43|E|display=inline|name=Barapani AFS}}
| [[Meghalaya]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Barrackpore Air Force Station|Barrackpore AFS]]
| VEBR
| 02/20
| 18 ft / 5 m
| {{Coord|22|46|55|N|88|21|33|E|display=inline|name=Barrackpore AFS}}
| West Bengal
| 6 Wing
|[[No. 157 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 157 Helicopter Unit]]
|[[Mil Mi-17]]
|-
| [[Chabua Air Force Station|Chabua AFS]]
| VECA 
| 05/23
| 350 ft / 107 m
| {{Coord|27|27|44|N|95|07|05|E|display=inline|name=Chabua AFS}}
| [[Assam]]
| 14 Wing
|[[No. 102 Squadron IAF|No. 102 Squadron]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]
|-
| [[Hasimara Air Force Station|Hasimara AFS]]
| VEHX
| 11L/29R 11R/29L
| 340 ft /104 m
| {{Coord|26|41|53|N|89|22|08|E|display=inline|name=Hasimara AFS}}
| West Bengal
| 16 Wing
|[[No. 101 Squadron IAF]]
|[[Dassault Rafale]]
|-
| [[Jorhat Air Force Station|Jorhat AFS]]
| VEJT
| 04/22
| 284 ft / 87 m
| {{Coord|26|43|54|N|94|10|32|E|display=inline|name=Jorhat AFS}}
| Assam
| 10 Wing
|[[No. 43 Squadron IAF|No. 43 Squadron]]
[[No. 49 Squadron IAF|No. 49 Squadron]]
|[[Antonov An-32]]
|-
| [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station|Kalaikunda AFS]]
| VEDX
| 17/35
| 200 ft / 60 m
| {{Coord|22|20|21.90|N|87|12|52.37|E|display=inline|name=Kalaikunda AFS}}
| West Bengal
| 5th Wing(Sqdn18 with MiG27s & OCU with MiG21s)
|
|
|-
| [[Kumbhigram Air Force Station|Kumbhigram AFS]]
| VEKU
| 06/24
| 352 ft / 107 m
| {{Coord|24|54|47|N|92|58|43|E|display=inline|name=Kumbhigram AFS}}
| Assam
| 22 Wing
|[[No. 110 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 110 Helicopter Unit]]
|[[Mil Mi-8]]
|-
| [[Mohanbari Air Force Station|Mohanbari AFS]]
| VEMN
| 05/23
| 361 ft / 110 m
| {{Coord|27|28|50|N|95|01|18|E|display=inline|name=Mohanbari AFS}}
| Assam
| 42 Wing
|[[No. 127 Helicopter Unit IAF|No. 127 Helicopter Unit]]
[[No. 128 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 128 Helicopter Unit]]
|[[Mil Mi-17]]
|-
| [[Mountain Shadow Air Force Station|Mountain Shadow AFS]]
| VEGT
| 05/23
| 350 ft / 107 m
| {{Coord|26|06|22|N|91|35|09|E|display=inline|name=Mountain Shadow AFS}}
| Assam
|
|
|
|-
| [[Panagarh Air Force Station|Panagarh AFS]]
| VEPH
| 15/33
| 240 ft / 73 m
| {{Coord|23|28|28|N|87|25|39|E|display=inline|name=Panagarh AFS}}
| West Bengal
| 62 SU, 87 Squadron
|[[No. 87 Squadron IAF|No. 87 Squadron]]
|[[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J Super Hercules]]
|-
|[[Air Force Station Salua|Salua AFS]]
|
|
|
|{{Coord|22|16|22|N|87|17|22|E|display=inline|name=Salua AFS}}
|West Bengal
|Radar station<ref>{{cite web |date=2009-09-30 |title=Indian Air Force :: Air Force Stations |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Bases/283-Air-Force-Stations.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516092812/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/units/bases/283-air-force-stations.html |archive-date=16 May 2017 |accessdate=2013-12-30 |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| [[Tawang Air Force Station|Tawang AFS]]
|VETW
|
| 8,756 ft / 2,669 m
| {{Coord|27|35|19|N|91|52|40|E|display=inline|name=Tawang AFS}}
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Tezpur Air Force Station|Tezpur AFS]]
| VETZ
| 04/22
| 240 ft / 73 m
| {{Coord|26|42|44|N|92|47|14|E|display=inline|name=Tezpur AFS}}
| Assam
| 11 Wing
|[[No. 2 Squadron IAF|No. 2 Squadron]]
[[No. 106 Squadron IAF|No. 106 Squadron]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="7"|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|
|
|-
| [[Agra Air Force Station|Agra AFS]]
| VIAG
| 05/23 12/30
| 551 ft 167 m
| {{Coord|27|09|27|N|77|57|39|E|display=inline|name=Agra AFS}}
| Uttar Pradesh
| 4 Wing
|[[No. 12 Squadron IAF|No. 12 Squadron]]
[[No. 78 Squadron IAF|No. 78 Squadron]]
[[No. 50 Squadron IAF|No. 50 Squadron]]
|'''Transport:'''
[[Antonov An-32]]

[[Ilyushin Il-78]]

'''AEW&C:'''

[[Beriev A-50]]
|-
| [[Lucknow Air Force Station|Bakshi Ka Talab AFS]]
| VIBL
| 09/27
| 385 ft/ 117 m
| {{Coord|26|59|19|N|80|53|29|E|display=inline|name=Bakshi Ka Talab AFS}}
| Uttar Pradesh
|AD Flight
|
|
|-
| [[Bamrauli Air Force Station|Bamrauli AFS]]
| VEAB
| 06/24 12/30
| 322 ft/ 98 m
| {{Coord|25|26|24|N|81|44|02|E|display=inline|name=Bamrauli AFS}}
| Uttar Pradesh
| 29 Wing
|
|
|-
| [[Bareilly Airport|Bareilly AFS]]
| VIBY
| 11/29
| 565 ft/ 172 m
| {{Coord|28|25|21|N|79|26|49|E|display=inline|name=Bareilly AFS}}
| Uttar Pradesh
| 15 Wing
|[[No. 111 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 111 Helicopter Unit]]
[[No. 24 Squadron IAF|No. 24 Squadron]]
[[No. 8 Squadron IAF|No. 8 Squadron]]
|'''Helicopters:'''
[[HAL Dhruv]]

'''Combat Jets:'''

[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]
|-
| [[Bihta Air Force Station|Bihta AFS]]
|
| 07/25
| 52 ft 170 m
| {{Coord|25|35|27|N|84|53|00|E|display=inline|name=Bihta AFS}}
| [[Bihar]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kanpur Airport|Chakeri AFS]]
| VICX
| 01/19 09/27
| 410 ft/124 m
| {{Coord|26|24|10|N|80|24|44|E|display=inline|name=Chakeri AFS}}
| Uttar Pradesh
|
|
|
|-
| [[Darbhanga Airport|Darbhanga AFS]]
| VEDH
| 14/28
| 21 ft / 38 m
| {{Coord|26|11|41|N|85|55|03|E|display=inline|name=Darbhanga AFS}}
| Bihar
|
|
|
|-
| [[Gorakhpur Air Force Station|Gorakhpur AFS]]
| VEGK
| 11/29
| 259 ft / 78 m
| {{Coord|26|44|22|N|83|26|58|E|display=inline|name=Gorakhpur AFS}}
| Uttar Pradesh
| 17 Wing
|[[No. 16 Squadron IAF|No. 16 Squadron]]
[[No. 27 Squadron IAF|No. 27 Squadron]]
[[No. 105 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 105 Helicopter Unit]]
|'''Combat Jets:'''
[[SEPECAT Jaguar]]

'''Helicopters:'''

[[Mil Mi-17]]
|-
| [[Gwalior Airport|Gwalior AFS]]
| VIGR
| 06/24
| 617 ft / 188 m
| {{coord|26|17|36|N|78|13|40|E|display=inline|name=Maharajpur AFS}}
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 40 Wing
|[[No. 1 Squadron IAF|No. 1 Squadron]] [[No. 7 Squadron IAF|No. 7 Squadron]] [[No. 9 Squadron IAF|No. 9 Squadron]]
|'''Elite Training''' '''School:'''
TACDE
'''Fighter Jets:'''
[[Dassault Mirage 2000|'''Dassault''' Mirage 2000]]
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="7" |[[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
|
|
|-
| [[Car Nicobar Air Force Station|Car Nicobar AFS]]
| VOCX
| 02/20
| 42 ft / 13 m
| {{coord|09|09|09|N|092|49|11|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Car Nicobar AFS}}
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]
| 37 Wing
|
|
|-
| [[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur AFS]]
| VOSX
| 05/23
| 1,250 ft / 381 m
| {{coord|11|00|49|N|077|09|35|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Sulur AFS}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 43 Wing
5 BRD
24 TETTRA School
6 AFH
|[[No. 109 Helicopter Unit, IAF|109 HU]]
[[No. 33 Squadron IAF|No. 33 Squadron]]

[[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]]
|'''Transport:'''
[[Antonov An-32]]

'''Helicopters:'''
[[Mil Mi-17]]

'''Combat Jets:'''

[[HAL Tejas]]
|-
| [[Port Blair Air Force Station|Port Blair AFS]]
| VOPB
| 04/22
| 16 m /5 m
| {{coord|11|38|28|N|92|43|47|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Port Blair AFS}}
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|
|
|
|-
| [[Tambaram Air Force Station|Tambaram AFS]]
| VOTX
| 05/23 12/30
| 90 ft / 27 m
| {{coord|12|54|25|N|80|07|16|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Tambram AFS}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur AFS]]
| VOTJ
| 07/25
| 253 ft / 77 m
| {{coord|10|43|20|N|079|06|05|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Thanjavur AFS}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 47 Wing
|[[No. 222 Squadron IAF|No. 222 Squadron]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]
|-

|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="7"|[[South Western Air Command]]
|
|
|-
|[[Suratgarh Air Force Station|Suratgarh AFS]]
|VISG
|05/23
|560 ft / 170 m
|{{coord|29|23|16|N|073|54|14|E|region:IN_type:airport}}
|Rajasthan
|35 Wing
|[[No. 104 Helicopter Squadron, IAF|No. 104 Helicopter Squadron]]
|'''Helicopters:'''
[[List of Mil Mi-24 variants|Mil Mi-35]]
|-
| [[Bhuj Rudra Mata Air Force Station|Bhuj AFS]]
| VABJ
| 05/23
| 268 ft / 82 m
| {{coord|23|17|16|N|69|40|12|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Bhuj AFS}}
| [[Gujarat]]
| 27 Wing
|
|
|-
| [[Deesa Air Force Station|Deesa AFS]]
| VADS
| 06/24
| 485 ft / 148 m
| {{coord|24|16|05|N|72|12|16|E|region:IN_type:airport|name= Deesa AFS}}
| Gujarat
| 52 Wing
|
|
|-
| [[Jaisalmer Air Force Station|Jaisalmer AFS]]
| VIJR
| 04/22
| 887 ft / 270 m
| {{coord|26|53|21|N|70|51|52|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Jaisalmer AFS}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 41 Wing
|
|
|-
| [[Jamnagar Air Force Station|Jamnagar AFS]]
| VAJM
| 06/24 12/30
| 69 ft / 21 m
| {{coord|22|27|59|N|70|00|41|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Jamnagar AFS}}
| Gujarat
| 33 Wing
|[[No. 6 Squadron IAF|No. 6 Squadron]]
No. [[No. 28 Squadron IAF|28 Squadron]]
|
|-
| [[Jodhpur Air Force Station|Jodhpur AFS]]
| VIJO
| 05/23
| 717 ft / 219 m
| {{coord|26|15|05|N|73|02|53|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Jodhpur AFS}}
| Rajasthan
| 32 Wing
|No. [[No. 31 Squadron IAF|31]]
[[No. 31 Squadron IAF|Squadron]]

No. [[No. 107 Helicopter Unit, IAF|107]]
[[No. 107 Helicopter Unit, IAF|Helicopter Unit]]
No. [[No. 116 Helicopter Unit, IAF|116]]
[[No. 116 Helicopter Unit, IAF|Helicopter Unit]]
No. [[No. 143 Helicopter Unit, IAF|143]]
[[No. 143 Helicopter Unit, IAF|Helicopter Unit]]
|Combat Jets :
[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Sukhoi 30Mki]]
Helicopters:
[[Mil Mi-17]]
[[HAL Rudra]]
[[Aérospatiale Alouette III|HAL Chetak]]
[[HAL Prachand]]
|-
| [[Lohegaon Air Force Station|Lohegaon AFS]]
| VAPO
| 10/28 14/32
| 1,942 ft / 592 m
| {{coord|18|34|55|N|73|55|10|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Lohegaon AFS}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 2 Wing
|[[No. 20 Squadron IAF|No. 20 Squadron]]
[[No. 30 Squadron IAF|No. 30 Squadron]]
|
|-
| [[Nal-Bikaner Air Force Station|Nal-Bikaner AFS]]
| VIBK
| 05/23
| 750 ft / 229 m
| {{coord|28|04|21|N|73|12|24|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Nal-Bikaner AFS}}
| Rajasthan
| 46 Wing
|[[No. 3 Squadron IAF|No. 3 Squadron]]
[[No. 23 Squadron IAF|No. 23 Squadron]]
|[[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]]
|-
| [[Naliya Air Force Station|Naliya AFS]]
|VANY
| 06/24
| 68 ft / 21 m
| {{coord|23|13|12|N|68|54|00|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Naliya AFS}}
| Gujarat
|49 Wing
|[[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]]
|[[HAL Tejas]]
|-
| [[Phalodi Air Force Station|Phalodi AFS]]
|
| 05/23
| 700 ft / 213 m
| {{coord|27|06|46|N|72|23|20|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Phalodi AFS}}
| Rajasthan
| 35 Wing
|[[No. 23 Squadron IAF|No. 23 Squadron]]
[[No. 104 Helicopter Squadron, IAF|104 Helicopter Squadron]]
|
|-
| [[Uttarlai Air Force Station|Uttarlai AFS]]
| VIUT
| 02/20
| 500 ft / 152 m
| {{coord|25|48|46|N|71|28|56|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Uttarlai AFS}}
| Rajasthan
| 5 FBSU
|[[No. 4 Squadron IAF|No. 4 Squadron]]
|
|-
| [[Civil Airport Harni|Makarpura AFS]]
| VABO
| 04/22
|127 ft / 38.7 m
| {{coord|22|19|46|N|73|13|10|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Makarpura AFS}}
|Gujarat
| 36 Wing
|[[No. 11 Squadron IAF|No. 11 Squadron]]
[[No. 25 Squadron IAF|No. 25 Squadron]]<ref>{{cite news |date=1 September 2011 |title=Himalayan Eagles land in Vadodara |url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/2011/worldnews-59296.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061236/http://www.newkerala.com/news/2011/worldnews-59296.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=7 November 2011 |publisher=newKerela.com}}</ref>
|
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="7"|[[Training Command (India)|Training Command]]
|
|
|-
| [[Begumpet Air Force Station|Begumpet AFS]]
| VOHY
| 09/27 14/32
| 1,741 ft / 531 m
| {{coord|17|27|08|N|78|27|40|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Begumpet AFS}}
| [[Telangana]]
|
|
|
|-
| | [[Bidar Airport|Bidar AFS]]
| VOBR
| 02/20 08/26
| 2,178 ft / 663 m
| {{coord|17|54|28|N|77|29|09|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Bidar AFS}}
| [[Karnataka]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Dundigal Air Force Station|Dundigal AFS]]
| VODG
| 10L/28R 10R/28L
| 2,013 ft / 614 m
| {{coord|17|37|45|N|78|24|12|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Dundigal AFS}}
| Telangana
|
|
|
|-
| [[Hakimpet Air Force Station|Hakimpet AFS]]
| VOHK
| 09/27
| 2,020 ft / 616 m
| {{coord|17|33|12|N|78|31|29|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Hakimpet AFS}}
| Telangana
|
|
|
|-
| [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka AFS]]
| VOYK
| 09/27
| 3,045 ft / 928 m
| {{coord|13|08|09|N|77|36|20|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Yelahanka AFS}}
| Karnataka
|
|
|
|-
| [[Belgaum Airport|Admin Training Inst, Sambra, Belgaum]]
|
|
| 2,500 ft / 762 m
| {{coord|15|51|00|N|74|30|00|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Yelahanka AFS}}
| Karnataka
|
|
|
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="7"|[[Maintenance Command]]
|
|
|-
| [[Nagpur Air Force Station|Nagpur AFS]]
| VANP
| 09/27 14/32
| 1,012 ft /308 m
| {{coord|21|05|31|N|79|02|49|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Nagpur AFS}}
| Maharashtra
| 44 Wing
|
|
|-
| [[Ozar Airport|Ojhar AFS]]
| VAOZ
| 08/26
| 1,900 ft / 579 m
| {{coord|20|07|10|N|073|54|49|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Ojhar AFS}}
| Maharashtra
| 11 BRD
|
|
|-
|[[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh AFS]]
|VICG
|11/29
|1,012 ft / 308 m
|{{Coord|30.676290|N|76.788535|E|display=inline|name=Chandigarh AFS}}
|[[Chandigarh]]
|12 Wing/3 BRD
|
|
|-
|[[Kanpur Airport#Base Repair Depot, IAF|Kanpur AFS]]
|VECX
|09/27
|410 ft / 126 m
|{{Coord|26.3994624|80.4269499|type:airport|display=inline}}
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|1 BRD/4 BRD
|
|
|-
|Devlali AFS
|
|
|
|{{coord|19|51|18.36|N|73|48|13.5|E|region:IN_type:airport|name=Devlail AFS|display=}}
|Maharashtra
|Helicopter Maintenance Unit
|
|
|}
The other Air Force stations that come under Maintenance Command are not air stations and are mostly signal units and station repair depots situated in different towns. Delhi, for example, has a few BRDs and SUs that come under Maintenance Command.

==List of advance landing grounds==
{{anchor | ALG | AGL }}
===Along China border===
{{anchor | China }}
{{see also | India-China_Border_Roads#AGL| l1= India's ALG | List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases | l2= Chinese Airbases | :Category:Indian Army bases | l3= Indian Army bases | Western Theater Command | l4= China's bases along LAC }}
The [[Republic of China Armed Forces|Chinese Military]] has an integrated [[Western Theater Command]] across the [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]] with India.<ref name=lac1>{{Cite web |url = http://tibet.net/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/ |title = Eye on India, China raises Tibet military command rank {{!}} Central Tibetan Administration |website = tibet.net |access-date = 2016-10-01 }}</ref> The [[Indian military]] has divided the LAC into 3 sectors - the Western Sector across [[Ladakh]] and Chinese-held [[Aksai Chin]], the Central Sector across [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] states, and the Eastern Sector across [[Sikkim]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=lac2>{{Cite web |url = https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/twisting-india-s-chicken-s-neck |title = Twisting India's Chicken's Neck |website = lowyinstitute.org |access-date = 2020-07-18 }}</ref> Similarly, the Indian Airforce has the [[Delhi]]-based [[Western Air Command]], [[Prayagraj]]-based [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]], and [[Shillong]]-based [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] to cover the LAC.

* [[Ladakh]]
**[[Daulat Beg Oldi]] ALG<ref name=padum1/> serves [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] (Shaksgam), [[Aksai Chin]] and [[Siachen]] Glacier.
** [[Kargil Airport]] ALG
** [[Fukche]] ALG<ref name=padum1/> serves the [[Demchok sector]].
** [[Padum]] ALG<ref name=padum1>[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/387892/india-plans-advanced-landing-strips.html India plans AGL strips], Deccan Herald, 2014.</ref> Serves Ladakh LAC and Kargil LOC as a second line of defence airport.
** [[Thoise]] ALG<ref name=parma>[http://www.cogitasia.com/indias-growing-military-footprint-in-eastern-ladakh-facing-china/ Parma valley ALG], cogitasia.com.</ref>
**[[Tangtse#Advanced Landing Ground|Parma Valley ALG]] near [[Chushul]] (to be reactivated)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=2025-09-25 |title=Eye on China, MoD to revive 2 airstrips in Ladakh, Arunachal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/eye-on-china-mod-to-revive-2-airstrips-in-ladakh-arunachal/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Prateek|date=26 July 2016|title=India's Growing Military Footprint in Eastern Ladakh: Facing China|url=http://www.cogitasia.com/indias-growing-military-footprint-in-eastern-ladakh-facing-china/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=|publisher=cogitASIA [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS) Asia Policy Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=O'Donnell|first1=Frank|last2=Bollfrass|first2=Alexander K.|date=March 2020|title=The Strategic Postures of China and India: A Visual Guide|url=https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/strategic-postures-china-and-india-visual-guide|access-date=2021-12-23|website=[[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]]}}</ref>
* [[Himachal Pradesh]] shares a 250 km border with Tibet (China).<ref name=none1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti area], Times of India, 17 July 2020.</ref>
**[[Shimla Airport]],<ref name=none1/> civil airport available for military use. Serves [[Kaurik]], [[Tashigang, Himachal Pradesh|Tashigang]]-[[Shipki La]] and [[Nelang]]-[[Pulam Sumda]] disputed area.
** [[Kullu-Manali Airport]],<ref name=none1/> civil airport available for military use. Serves Kaurik, Tashigang, Shipki La, and the Nelang-Pulam Sumda disputed area.
** [[Kibber]]-[[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Rangrik]], surveyed as of July 2020,<ref name=none1/> construction was approved in the January 2023 to be completed by 2024–25.<ref name=ranga1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/to-counter-china-nyoma-airfield-in-ladakh-to-be-full-fledged-base-in-2-yrs-467406 To counter China, Nyoma airfield in Ladakh to be full-fledged base in 2 years], The Tribune, 5 Jan 2023.</ref> Will be closest ALG to Chumar, [[Kaurik]], and Tashigang-[[Shipki La]] disputed area.
* [[Uttarakhand]] has 350 km border with Tibet.<ref name=hint1/>
**[[Chinyalisaur Airport]] ALG serves the disputed [[Barahoti]] and [[Nelang]]-[[Pulam Sumda]] sectors. [[ITBP]] has 42 BoPs (border outposts) in Barahoti sector and [[Mana Pass]] area (Nelang-Pulam Sumda sector).<ref name=hint1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure], Hindustan Times, 18 July 2020.</ref>
** [[Pithoragarh Airport]] ALG serves the disputed [[Kalapani territory]].
** [[Gauchar#Gauchar Airport|Gauchar Airport]] ALG.
* [[Sikkim]]
** [[Pakyong Airport]] AGL serves [[Doklam]] disputed area.
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
**[[Aalo]] ALG, formerly Along.<ref name="Arun1">{{Cite news |last=Hooda |first=Deepshikha |date=2018-07-13 |title=IAF to have 7 operational Advanced Landing Grounds in Arunachal Pradesh in a month |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-to-have-7-operational-advanced-landing-grounds-in-arunachal-pradesh-in-a-month/articleshow/49809013.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>
**[[Mechuka Advanced Landing Ground]].<ref name=Arun1/>
**[[Pasighat]] ALG<ref name=Arun1/>
**[[Tawang Air Force Station]]
**[[Tuting]] ALG<ref name=Arun1/>
**[[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijoynagar]] ALG<ref name=Arun1/>
**[[Walong Advanced Landing Ground]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/walong-landing-ground-in-arunachal-pradesh-ready-for-operations_1813682.html|title=Walong landing ground in Arunachal Pradesh ready for operations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031045145/http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/walong-landing-ground-in-arunachal-pradesh-ready-for-operations_1813682.html|archive-date=31 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[Ziro]] ALG<ref name=Arun1/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/upgraded-advanced-landing-grounds-at-ziro-and-along-inaugurated-116031200831_1.html|title=Upgraded Advanced Landing Grounds at Ziro and Along Inaugurated|access-date=2016-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313195856/http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/upgraded-advanced-landing-grounds-at-ziro-and-along-inaugurated-116031200831_1.html|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[Daporijo Airport|Daporijo ALG]].<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html |title=UDAN reaches Arunachal Pradesh; first commercial flight flagged off | Business Standard News |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095406/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html |archive-date=20 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms |title=Commercial flight: Arunachal Pradesh finally gets connected with Guwahati by a commercial flight - the Economic Times |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119215833/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms |archive-date=19 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
**Alinye ALG, [[Dibang Valley District]].<ref name="Archived copy"/><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/>
***To be reactivated as of September 2025. The airstrip was utilised by the [[United States Air Force]] as a [[staging ground]] during [[The Hump]] airlift campaign of the [[World War II]]. Following the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]], the strip was converted into mud-paved runway. However, the plans to revive the facility never went through and has not seen combat service since 1947.<ref name=":1" />
** Hayuliang ALG, [[Anjaw District]].

===Along Pakistan border===

* [[Ladakh]]
** [[Thoise]] ALG<ref name=parma/>

== List of road runways ==
{{Excerpt|Road runway|India}}

==See also==
; Similar capabilities lists
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Integrated Space Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]
* [[List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons]]
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]
* [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]]

; Other related topics
* [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]]
* [[Defence Cyber Agency]]
* [[Integrated Defence Staff]]
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Strategic Forces Command]]
* [[Special Forces of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/airstation.htm List of Indian Air Force stations at GlobalSecurity.org]

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force bases|*]]
[[Category:Indian military-related lists|Air Force stations]]
[[Category:Lists of air bases|India]]

Pakkadmane Hudugi

2026-03-03T21:46:03Z

Shruti: Adding New Entry

{{No plot|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pakkadmane Hudugi
| image = Pakkadmane Hudugi.jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[M. S. Rajashekar]]
| writer = '''Dialogue:''' Thadoor Keshav Rama Jogihalli
| screenplay = M. S. Rajashekar
| story = Arun Chowdhury
| producer = Sekhar Karlekkaar
| starring = [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] Ranjitha
| cinematography = Janardhan Babu
| editing = S Manohar
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| studio = Shivakumar Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|8|17}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Pakkadmane Hudugi''''' ({{Translation|The Girl Next Door}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[M. S. Rajashekar]], starring [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] and Ranjitha. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Padosan]]'' (1968) which in turn was based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Pasher Bari]]'' (1952).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 September 2013 |title=Adutha Veettu Penn 1960 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/adutha-veettu-penn-1960/article5104325.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211200520/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/adutha-veettu-penn-1960/article5104325.ece |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Padosan now in Kannada |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_pakkadmane_hudugi_launch.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211200516/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_pakkadmane_hudugi_launch.asp |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=Viggy}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] as Balu
*Ranjitha as Indu
*[[Anant Nag]] as Chakravarthy
*[[Mohan Shankar|Mohan]] as Indu's music teacher
*[[Doddanna]]
*Hulivana Gangadharaiah
*[[Karibasavaiah]]
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
}}

== Production ==
This film marks the return of Raghavendra Rajkumar to acting after five years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghavendra Rajkumar back to acting |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_pakkadmane_hudugi.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504110236/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_pakkadmane_hudugi.asp |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=Viggy}}</ref> A song was shot at [[M G Road, Bangalore]].<ref name="A">{{cite web |date=30 July 2004 |title=Song canned for Pakkadmane Hudugi |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8645 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804041733/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8645 |archivedate=4 August 2004 |accessdate=12 December 2022 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by [[Rajesh Ramanath]]. Three songs were reused from ''Padosan'' and three additional songs were composed.<ref name="I" />

== Reception ==
SND of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "The director has followed the original story idea. His efforts to make this film lively as far as possible is [sic] clearly visible particularly in the first half which is mainly comedy".<ref>{{Cite news |last=SND |first= |author-link= |date=22 August 2004 |title=Pakkadmane Hudugi |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug222004/mr3.asp |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171113070834/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug222004/mr3.asp |archive-date=13 November 2017 |issn=}}</ref> [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "In the end, ''Pakkadmane Hudugi'' turns out to be yet another Kannada film that fails to make any impact".<ref name="I">{{Cite web |last=RGV |author-link = R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=19 August 2004 |title=Pakkadmane Hudugi Kannada Movie |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1625/kannada/pakkadmane-hudugi/281/review.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211200700/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1625/kannada/pakkadmane-hudugi/281/review.htm |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote: "Raghavendra Rajkumar is cool as Balu while Ananthnag and Mohan as Indu’s music teacher steal the show. Ranjitha is not up to the mark as heroine".<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13552291&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Review: Pakkadmane Hudugi|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040924054201/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13552291&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=24 September 2004|author=Moviebuzz|access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31789832}}
{{M. S. Rajashekar}}
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Bengali films]]

Akku (2008 film)

2026-03-03T04:25:31Z

Shruti: added new info needs work

{{Short description|2008 film by Maamani}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Akku (2008 film).jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = Maamani
| writer = Maamani
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Ajay
* Sriji
* Rakshai
* [[Riyaz Khan]]
* [[Anu Haasan]]
}}
| cinematography = Chitti Babu.K
| editing = G. B. Venkatesh
| music = Sriram
| studio = On Life Network
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|02|22}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Akku''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by Maamani in his debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=29 June 2013 |title=On a leopard's trail |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-a-leopards-trail/article4863257.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127213525/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-a-leopards-trail/article4863257.ece |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film stars Ajay, Sriji, Rakshai, [[Riyaz Khan]] and [[Anu Haasan]], with Ram Khan, Harris, Vijay Kumar, Biju, Radio One Balaji, Jayashree, Lakshmi and Ammu Ramachandran playing supporting roles. It was released on 22 February 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akku ( * - * ) (Celluloid) |url=http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/akku-celluloid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127181401/http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/akku-celluloid |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=movies.syzygy.in}}</ref> The film's title is the name of the last vowel in the [[Tamil script]], [[ஃ]].

== Plot ==
Siva is an [[Information technology in India|IT]] professional who grew up in an orphanage, and he falls in love with Bhanu. Her brother is a dreaded terrorist leader planning to bomb [[Chennai]]. Bhanu elopes with Siva as she is afraid that her brother would not permit their marriage, and they arrive in a forest, but they are soon caught by Bhanu's brother and the members of the terrorist organisation in the middle of the night. Bhanu's brother beats Siva up, takes him to the heart of the city, puts a bomb in his shoe and abandons him. Bhanu's brother tells him to keep running to stay alive. If Siva stops running or slows down, the bomb in his shoe would explode, killing him and also triggering a chain of explosions. The terrorist leader then calls the police, and he sends them a [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] to track down Siva. He also challenges them to save Siva and Chennai city.

A police team is pressed into service to defuse the bomb and save Siva and the city. The assistant commissioner of police Aadhi Narayanan, the bomb squad officer Anu, and the doctor Devi start following Siva in cars. The incident receives heavy media attention, and it is broadcast live by all the news channels. The dawn is coming with the sun, and Siva is exhausted. Meanwhile, Bhanu is locked in a room by her brother in his place and calls the police to save her. Devi ensures that he does not collapse from exhaustion, she provides him with energy tablets and oxygen supply. Anu even scans his shoe for the bomb and finds [[uranium]] in his shoe.

The terrorist leader orders the members of his organisation to stop Siva from running, and they try to kill him. The police manage to kill them, but one terrorist shoots with a [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]] and the car of Aadhi Narayanan exploded. Aadhi Narayanan is severely injured after the attack. The police catch the terrorist and start torturing him to quickly obtain information from him. Meanwhile, the special force eventually finds out where Bhanu has been kidnapped and saves her. The special force and the terrorist organisation begin to exchange fire in the area. The terrorists, including Bhanu's brother, are killed, and the special force won the battle. Anu decides to defuse the bomb and leads Siva in a remote place where the police set up a treadmill for him. A tired Siva starts running on the treadmill, and Anu, who wears a [[bomb suit]], orders the police to move away from the place. Siva is hooked by a [[crane (machine)|crane]] and Anu orders him to jump, at that moment, she puts an adhesive surface under his shoes, and the crane lifted him at an unbelievable speed. The shoe soles stick to the adhesive surface tearing up his shoes, and the bomb exploded without causing any casualties. At the hospital, Anu meets an exhausted Siva and his lover Bhanu, and Anu congratulates him for his braveness.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Ajay as Siva
* Sriji as Bhanu
* Rakshai as Bhanu's brother
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Aadhi Narayanan
* [[Anu Haasan]] as Anu
* Ram Khan as the Police inspector
* Harris
* Vijay Kumar
* Biju
* Radio One Balaji as a Radio jockey
* Jayashree as Devi
* Lakshmi as Priya
* Ammu Ramachandran as Savitha
* [[Appukutty]] as Man at the barbershop (uncredited role)
}}

== Production ==
Maamani, who has worked under [[R. Balu]], [[R. Parthiban]] and [[S. P. Jananathan]], made his directorial with ''Akku'', named after the [[ஃ|last vowel]] in the [[Tamil script]], under the banner of On Life Network. Newcomers Ajay, Sriji and Rakshai were cast to play the lead roles alongside established actors [[Riyaz Khan]] and [[Anu Haasan]]. Unlike other Indian films, this was not designed to have an [[intermission|interval]], as the director did not want to slow down the screenplay. The camera was handled by Chitti Babu, Sriram composed the background score and G. B. Venkatesh edited the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2007 |title=No songs, no fights, no interval |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/No-songs-no-fights-no-interval/article14817525.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127214636/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/No-songs-no-fights-no-interval/article14817525.ece |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' said, "Akku is an attempt at a different type of thriller not seen in Tamil film genre which has human emotions and cinematic heroism to keep the audiences engrossed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2008 |title=Akku |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/akku-review-tamil-pclw5Ibefiaai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004051930/http://www.sify.com/movies/akku-review-tamil-pclw5Ibefiaai.html |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Sri Ram's background score is noteworthy, while the camera is ably handled by Chittibabu. Maamani should have thought about scripting the story in a more interesting manner to avoid the repetitive shots. Still, it's a bold attempt".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=29 February 2008 |title=Bold new attempt |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/02/29/stories/2008022950110300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104203142/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/02/29/stories/2008022950110300.htm |archive-date=4 November 2008 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' lauded the film for its writing and direction, criticising no aspect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akku |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/akkue.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616125837/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/akkue.shtml |archive-date=16 June 2008 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Aarani Yuvaraj of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised director Mamani and team for making a thriller film without any single boring moment.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=அக்கு |first=ஆரணி |last=யுவராஜ் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2008-03-16/page/n23/mode/2up|page=24|date=16 March 2008|access-date=10 January 2026|via=[[Internet Archive]]|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2008 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Yeidhavan

2026-03-03T03:14:37Z

Shruti: Created initial post added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yeidhavan
| image = Yeidhavan poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = Sakthi Rajasekaran
| producer = S. Sudhakaran
| writer =
| story =
| starring = [[Kalaiyarasan]] [[Satna Titus]]
| music = Paartav Barggo
| cinematography = [[C. Prem Kumar|Premkumar Chandran]]
| editing = I. J. Alen
| studio = Friends Festival Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|05|12|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Yeidhavan''''' ({{translation|The Man Who Aims}}) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language [[crime action film]] written and directed by Sakthi Rajasekaran and produced by S. Sudhakaran. The film stars [[Kalaiyarasan]] and [[Satna Titus]] and C. Premkumar handling the camera. The music was composed by Paartav Barggo, and editing was done by I. J. Alen. The film released on 12 May 2017 .

==Plot==
The film begins with Krishna narrating to the audience that he wants to kill two people. One of them, Sarathi, is right in front of him, and he starts following him on his bike. Sarathi goes into a dark place and is blocked by two guys. Sarathi takes out his gun and tries to shoot them. Krishna, who has been watching this, pounces on Sarathi and saves the two guys, Sagaa and Dharman. Dharma kills Sarathi and thanks Krishna, and they become friends.

A flashback reveals Krishna's story. He has a family, and his sister wants to become a doctor. Despite getting good marks in her +2 exams, she is unable to secure a seat in the Govt. Medical College. Because of this, Krishna decides to admit her in a private college. He somehow manages to find a seat with help from some middlemen and pays around 60 lakhs for that. Soon, he learns that the college has been denied NCA approval, and the students who got admitted there are now helpless. When Krishna enquires in the college, he gets a reply that he paid the capitation to middlemen and should contact them further. Sarathi happens to be the middleman, and he attacks Krishna when he asks for the money. Krishna then files a police complaint with the help of his fiancée Janani, who is a [[sub-inspector]].

Meanwhile, a youngster is robbed off his money and car by a group of thieves at night, and he is Gourav, who is the rich son of Gupta, an industrialist and the owner of the medical college. The thief ties Gourav almost naked to a pole and takes away his BMW. Gourav is rescued in the morning by an ongoer and vows to take revenge against the thief.

The affected students now start their protests, and suddenly, Krishna's sister is killed in what appears to be an accident. Krishna vows to take revenge against the killers, whom he believes to be the owner of the college, Gourav, but he controls his anger. He decides to help the students and plans to get his revenge slowly.

Meanwhile, Gourav's BMW is found, and the thief is revealed to be Dharman. Gourav's men track Dharman, and they capture him and take him to Gourav, who wants him killed. However, Dharman attacks the driver and slams the car onto Krishna's sister, thus killing her. Dharman escapes and vows to take revenge against Gourav. Hearing this story from Dharman, Krishna too reveals to Dharman that his second target is Gourav, and they both decide to help each other and kill Gourav. However, Krishna silently plots his revenge against Dharman too, who happened to kill his sister in the accident.

Krishna threatens Gourav's assistant Karna and gets important details regarding the capitation fee and uses this as a bait against Gourav. Gourav is searching for the guy who is the reason behind this, and he is unable to find him. Krishna and Dharman plan to lure Gourav into a trap and kill him. They plan that Dharman will inform Gourav about Krishna and his plans and will make him come to a place with cash, in exchange for Krishna. However, Gourav asks Dharman to kill Krishna and take the money. Dharman backstabs Krishna and attacks him. Gourav uses this to kill Sagaa with a gun and hurt Dharman. Krishna manages to fight off Gourav and gain control. When he is about to kill him, the students come in and request Krishna not to kill Gourav, as they all wanted to become doctors and they do not want to kill someone to get back their money. Krishna insults Gourav that he is worse than Dharman, who will do anything for money, but even after being so rich, Gourav is doing dirty things to get more money, which makes him nothing more than a scumbag. Gourav is touched by this and feels guilty. As Krishna and the students leave the place, a gunshot is heard and the film ends, implying that Gourav has shot himself.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Kalaiyarasan]] as Krishna
*[[Satna Titus]] as Janani
*[[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Krishna's father
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Karna
*[[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as Vasu
*[[Charles Vinoth]] as Chidambaram
*Goutham as Gourav
*Valavan as Sarathi
*Krishna Kumar as Dharman
*Sarithiran as Sagaa
*Rafiq as Recharge Shop Boy
*[[Sandra Amy]] as Maarika in a Guest Appearance
{{colend}}

==Production==
Production for the film began in January 2016, with [[Kalaiyarasan]] joining up with newcomer director Sakthi Rajasekaran for the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/kalaiarasans-next-is-eidhavan-a-suspense-thriller/|title=Kalaiarasan's Next Is Eidhavan, A Suspense Thriller - Silverscreen.in|date=6 August 2015|work=silverscreen.in|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507132744/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/kalaiarasans-next-is-eidhavan-a-suspense-thriller/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Satna Titus signed up to play the leading female role of a police officer in the film, before the release of her breakthrough film ''[[Pichaikkaran]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pichaikkaran-heroine-satna-titus-to-act-as-cop-in-eidhavan-with-madras-kabali-kalaiyarasan-tamil-news-153699.html|title=IndiaGlitz - Pichaikkaran heroine Satna Titus to act as cop in Eidhavan with madras kabali kalaiyarasan - Tamil Movie News|work=indiaglitz.com|date=29 February 2016|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423105525/http://www.indiaglitz.com/pichaikkaran-heroine-satna-titus-to-act-as-cop-in-eidhavan-with-madras-kabali-kalaiyarasan-tamil-news-153699.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The team finished production for the film in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kalaiyarasan-satna-titus-eidhavan-shooting-wrapped-up-tamil-news-156194.html|title=IndiaGlitz - Kalaiyarasan Satna Titus Eidhavan shooting wrapped up Tamil Movie News|work=indiaglitz.com|date=6 April 2016|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913113626/http://www.indiaglitz.com/kalaiyarasan-satna-titus-eidhavan-shooting-wrapped-up-tamil-news-156194.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's first look was released in August 2016 by director [[Pa. Ranjith]], while a teaser was released by actor [[Vijay Sethupathi]] during the same month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Watch-teaser-Yeidhavan-starring-Kabali-actorKalaiyarasan-and-Satna-Titus/articleshow/53723210.cms|title=Watch teaser: Yeidhavan starring Kabali actor Kalaiyarasan and Satna Titus Times of India|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103062548/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Watch-teaser-Yeidhavan-starring-Kabali-actorKalaiyarasan-and-Satna-Titus/articleshow/53723210.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yeidhavan-movie-first-look-poster-launched-by-pa-ranjith-tamilfont-event-67059.html|title='Yeidhavan' Movie First Look Poster Launched by Pa Ranjith|work=indiaglitz.com|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423110727/http://www.indiaglitz.com/yeidhavan-movie-first-look-poster-launched-by-pa-ranjith-tamilfont-event-67059.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kalaiyarasan-s-Yeidhavan-teaser/articleshow/53721808.cms|title=Kalaiyarasan 's 'Yeidhavan' teaser|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=21 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821040040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kalaiyarasan-s-Yeidhavan-teaser/articleshow/53721808.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Critical reception==

Indiaglitz rated the film 2.8/5, and wrote "Yeidhavan’ is an engaging action thriller which also throws light on a corrupt network that seriously affects the quality of medical education in [[Tamil Nadu]]."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yeidhavan-tamil-movie-review-20938.html|title=Yeidhavan Review - Indiaglitz|date=2017-05-12|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=2017-05-12|language=en-US|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108113015/https://www.indiaglitz.com/yeidhavan-tamil-movie-review-20938.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai Vision rated the film 2.75/5 and wrote "Sakthi Rajasekaran has done his research well on the subject. Had he infused more pace, Yeidhavan would have been a great movie."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/yeidhavan-tamil-movie-review/|title=Yeidhavan Tamil Movie Review - Chennai Vision|date=2017-05-12|work=Chennai Vision|access-date=2017-05-12|language=en-US|archive-date=16 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516192911/https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/yeidhavan-tamil-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] rated the film 2.5/5, and wrote "Too much talk, but this thriller isn’t entirely disposable either."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/yeidhavan-movie-review|title=Yeidhavan Movie Review - Film Companion|date=2017-05-12|work=Film Companion|access-date=2017-05-12|language=en-US|archive-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513084216/https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/yeidhavan-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Hindu]] wrote in its review "What many of director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]’s protagonists did was to fight corruption with style but ''Yeidhavan'' only sends across a message and stops at that."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yeidhavan-review-a-hard-pill-to-swallow/article18438726.ece|title='Yeidhavan' review: a hard pill to swallow - The Hindu|date=2017-05-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-12|language=en-US|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042346/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yeidhavan-review-a-hard-pill-to-swallow/article18438726.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> starts off well enough and peters out into mediocrity fast "kollywood kapsa"
won best debutant director 2017 award from teakadaicinema awards

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=6879472}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]

Oh My Ghost (film)

2026-03-03T02:33:20Z

Shruti: Adding Data

{{Short description|2022 horror comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oh My Ghost
| image = Oh My Ghost.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. Yuvan
| producer = D. Veera Sakthi K. Sasikumar
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sunny Leone]]
*[[Sathish]]
* [[Dharsha Gupta]]
}}
| music = Javed Riaz
| cinematography = Deepak D. Menon
| editing = Ramesh Bharathi
| studio = VAU Media Entertainment White Horse Studios
| distributor =
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|12|30}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 10 Crores
| gross = 14 crores (including overseas)
}}
'''''Oh My Ghost''''' is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language [[horror comedy film]] directed by R. Yuvan and starring [[Sunny Leone]], [[Sathish]] and [[Dharsha Gupta]] in the lead roles. It was released on 30 December 2022.

==Plot==
Bharathi (Sathish) is an aspiring adult filmmaker. Trouble begins when he and his friend, Ramesh Thilak, inadvertently invite a ghost into their home while inebriated. Bharathi discovers that the only way to resolve this issue is by visiting a haunted bungalow in a nearby village. He takes his girlfriend, Sowmya (Dharsha Gupta), to the bungalow that once belonged to Mayasena (Sunny Leone), a powerful queen who lived many centuries ago.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sunny Leone]] as Mayasena
*[[Sathish]] as A. Bharathi
*[[Dharsha Gupta]] as Sowmya
*[[Ramesh Thilak]] as Cameraman
*[[Yogi Babu]] in dual role as Rajaguru and rajaguru's father-Jalsa sathish
*[[Anand Kale]] as King - Mayasena’s Father
*[[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as Pushpa
*KPY Thangadurai as Villager-Anacondapuram
*[[Rajendran]] as Flute Saamiyar
*[[Ravi Mariya]] as Sher khan
*[[KPY Bala]] as Witchcraft
*Kalki
*[[Supergood Subramani]] as Producer's Agent
*GP Muthu as Dr.Kunjango
}}

==Production==
[[Mia Khalifa]] was offered to do the Mayasena Character but due to communication issues and "adjustments with the director" she wasn't doing the role. Then they asked Sunny Leone for the role and she ultimately accepted the lead role in the magnum opus.
Production for the film began in mid-2021, with a 20-day schedule in Chennai and a further 20-day schedule in Mumbai held.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2021 |title=Sunny Leone's next Tamil film titled OMG - Oh My Ghost |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/sep/01/sunny-leones-next-tamil-film-titled-omg---oh-my-ghost-26389.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119120526/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/sep/01/sunny-leones-next-tamil-film-titled-omg---oh-my-ghost-26389.html |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The shoot of the film was completed by December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2021 |title=Sunny Leone wraps her Tamil horror-comedy 'Oh My Ghost' and shares a message |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sunny-leone-wraps-her-tamil-horror-comedy-oh-my-ghost-and-sends-a-message/articleshow/88300903.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119132002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sunny-leone-wraps-her-tamil-horror-comedy-oh-my-ghost-and-sends-a-message/articleshow/88300903.cms |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

During the film's audio release event, [[Sathish]]'s comments on the attire of his co-host Dharsha Gupta received criticism, after he had compared her outfit of that to a more conservative outfit worn by [[Sunny Leone]]. Sathish later tried to imply that Gupta had asked him to make a comment, which the actress denied, prompting Sathish to take back his second statement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=CE Year in Review 2022: Controversies and conversations of Tamil cinema that made headlines |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2023/jan/04/ce-year-in-review-2022-controversies-and-conversations-of-tamil-cinema-that-made-headlines-this-yea-38373.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119120532/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2023/jan/04/ce-year-in-review-2022-controversies-and-conversations-of-tamil-cinema-that-made-headlines-this-yea-38373.html |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film was released on 30 December 2022 across Tamil Nadu.A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted the film was "neither frightening nor amusing", adding "we are forced to sit through it with a flat-face as none of the scenes invoke any kind of emotion".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oh My Ghost Movie Review: Oh My Ghost is neither frightening nor amusing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oh-my-ghost/movie-review/96613364.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oh-my-ghost/movie-review/96613364.cms |archive-date=18 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote the film was "packed to the brim with bad writing and bland acting".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2022 |title=Oh My Ghost Movie Review: Packed to the brim with bad writing and bland acting |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/dec/30/oh-my-ghost-review-the-way-it-was-being-adamantly-unfunny-was-the-only-thing-scary-about-it-38186.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119120534/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/dec/30/oh-my-ghost-review-the-way-it-was-being-adamantly-unfunny-was-the-only-thing-scary-about-it-38186.html |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14902008}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Paravur, Kollam

2026-02-27T20:48:04Z

Shruti:

{{About|a town in [[Kollam district]]||Paravur (disambiguation){{!}}Paravur}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Royal Paravur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name = Paravoor
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipal Town
| image_skyline = Paravur Town.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = From top: [[Paravur railway station]], [[Paravur Kayal|Paravur Lake(Kaayal)]], Aayiravilli Temple Festival, Pulimuttu in [[Pozhikara|Paravur Pozhikara]]
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.811|N|76.669|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| subdivision_type3 = Native Language
| subdivision_name3 = [[Malayalam]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1932
| founder =
| named_for =
| leader_party = [[Communist Party of India(Marxist)]]
| government_type = [[Municipal council|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Paravur Municipality
| leader_title1 = Municipal Chairman
| leader_name1 = Jayalal Unnithan
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.19
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 37,245
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Paravurian, Paravurkkaran
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=3698&category=M|title=Kollam District Level Statistics 2011|access-date=2014-01-02|year=2012|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626173039/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=3698&category=M|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=506151&category=VILLAGE|title=Kollam District Level Statistics 2011|access-date=2014-01-02|year=2012|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102195902/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=506151&category=VILLAGE|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691 301
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0474
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-02
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kollam]] ({{convert|22|km}})
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Taluk
| blank4_info_sec1 = Kollam
| website = {{URL|http://www.paravurmunicipality.in}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Paravur''' ({{IPA|ml|pɐɾɐʋuːr}}) is a [[Municipalities of Kerala|municipality]] in the [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> It is located 11.6 km (7.2 mi) southeast of [[Kollam]] city center and is a part of the [[Kollam metropolitan area]]. Paravur railway station is the last station in Kollam district, which is on the route to Trivandrum while traveling towards South India.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==Governance and Wards==
Paravur Municipality consists of [[Kottapuram, Paravur|Kottapuram]], Koonayil, [[Thekkumbhagam]], Chillakkal, Perumpuzha, [[Nedungolam]], [[Pozhikara]], Maniyamkulam, Kurumandal, Kottamoola, Attinpuram and Kochalummoodu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paravurmunicipality.in/council|title=Municipal wards in Paravur|access-date=2017-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064147/http://www.paravurmunicipality.in/council|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Paravur Municipality is a Grade-II Municipality of Kerala.

== Administration ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+ 2025 Local Body Election – Paravoor Municipality
|-
! Ward No
! Ward name
! Councillor
! Party
! Alliance
|-
| 1 || Perumpuzha || Sumam S || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 2 || Vinayakar || Sumi S || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 3 || Nedumgolam || Ramyanath S R || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 4 || Parayilkavu || Soorya Sunil || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 5 || Kochalummoodu || J Jayalal Unnithan || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 6 || Pashuman || Saritha || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 7 || Ayiravalli || Sindhu || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 8 || Peral || Archana B || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 9 || Ollal || Rajeev V S || style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | BJP || {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|NDA}}
|-
| 10 || Krishibhavan || Ajimol J || style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | BJP || {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|NDA}}
|-
| 11 || Market || Priji R Shaji || style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | INC || {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|UDF}}
|-
| 12 || Town || Swarnamma Suresh || style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | BJP || {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|NDA}}
|-
| 13 || Attinpuram || V Prakash || style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | INC || {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|UDF}}
|-
| 14 || Puthiyidam || Sashikala P S || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 15 || Kottamoola || Satheesh Kumar R || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 16 || Nerukadavu || Soumya L || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 17 || Thekkumbhagam || Rejila A || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 18 || Puthiyakavu || Amina H || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 19 || Vadakkumbhagam || Sujatha S || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 20 || Kurandikulam || Paravoor Sajeeb || style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | INC || {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|UDF}}
|-
| 21 || Chillaikkal || Khadeeja Beevi || style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | INC || {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|UDF}}
|-
| 22 || Pozikkara || Vishnu V S || style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | BJP || {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|NDA}}
|-
| 23 || Anchal Office || Sirajudheen || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 24 || Maniyamkulam || Sheela S || style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | BJP || {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|NDA}}
|-
| 25 || Kurumandal || Pradeep G || style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | BJP || {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|NDA}}
|-
| 26 || Puttingal || G Gayathri || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 27 || Railway Station || Sujatha B || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 28 || Punjirakkulam || Sudheer Chellappan || style="background-color:#DCDCDC;" | Independent || {{legend2|#DCDCDC|OTH}}
|-
| 29 || Kallumkunnu || Ashok Kumar R K || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 30 || Mangakunnu || Geetha S || style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | INC || {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|UDF}}
|-
| 31 || Pukkulam || Girija Pradeep || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|-
| 32 || Yakshikkavu || Ranjith B C || style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | CPI(M) || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|LDF}}
|}

==Geography==
Paravur is located at 8.78 N 76 E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Paravur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Paravur, India|website=fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 10 metres (32 feet).
Paravur, 21 kilometers from the [[Kollam]], is a narrow skirt of land stretching in between the backwaters and the sea. There is an elevation of 6 metres above sea level, extending to 16 metres on the inland. Ithikkara river is flowing through paravur. Nedungolam in paravur is now famous for mangrove forest.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Paravur had a population of 37,245 where 16,874 are males and 20,371 are females thus the average sex ratio of Paravoor is 1,207.
Paravur has an average literacy rate of 92.5%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 94.7%, and female literacy is 90.7%. In Paravur, 10% of the population are under 6 years of age. Total number of households are 9,074.

==History==
The word Paravur is considered to be a derivative of the primitive Dravidian Etymology – ‘Paravii’ which means sea and ‘Oor’ which means place. It was originally named Paravayoor which was subsequently modified to Paravur.
[[Pozhikara]] was the administrative headquarters of Paravur. Remnants of the old fort, Thaana (police station) and Anchalappees (post office) still remain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paravurmunicipality.in/ml/history |title=History of Paravur |access-date=11 March 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010082406/http://www.paravurmunicipality.in/ml/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> A mint of the erstwhile [[Travancore]] Kingdom for printing and punching their currencies was once situated at Paravur.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-joseph-thomas-m/article7185101.ece |title=Every coin counts|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 May 2015 |access-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> Paravur was a part of 'Pennarasu nadu' which laid between [[Venad (kingdom)|Venadu]] and [[Desiganadu]]. It was then under the control of 'Attingal amma thampuran'. An important ancient document revealing paravur's yester importance is 'Pozhikkara sasanam' built in 12 th century at Pozhikkara sivakshetram (later it became a devikshetram). It was encrypted on a 'sila phalakam' in 'vattazhuthu'. Another mentioning of Paravur is in 'Unnineeli sandesam' which was written above more than 600 years. Some of the temples in Paravur are mentioned with importance in that script. Also, some manuscripts held on Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshethram has mensioning of some incidence held in Paravur-Thekkumbhagom. Paravur [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] was formed in 1936 as one of the four panchayats sanctioned by [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C.P.Ramaswamy Iyer]] ([[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan]]-[[Travancore]]).{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} Sree Ramavarma koyi thampuram from Kilimanoor Palace was the first executive officer of the panchayat. The first election for Paravur panchayat was held at 1942 and Sri Achuthan Pillai became the first elected Panchayat president. Later Paravur became a Municipality on 1 May 1988. For the first 7 years it was ruled by special officers. In 1995 after the first Municipal election Smt. Bhanumati became the first Municipal Chairperson .First Industrial establishment for the coir industry was opened at Maniyamkulam. The first government school which started during 1889 and is still their in Kongal. In 19th century itself paravur were in the publication industry. Sarawathy vilasam Achadi sala is considered to be the first one in that type and Mangattu Parameswaran Pillai was its founder. Kerala Bhooshanam and Vidyavilasam Press were also started in 19th century. '[[Sujanandini]]' was the first newspaper printed and published from Paravur(1891). [[Paravoor V. Kesavanasan]] was the managing director of it. The initial poems of Kuamaranasan were published in this paper for first time.

==Transport==

===Road===
{{See also|Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road|Paravur Municipal Bus Stand}}
There are so many important roads in Paravur, connecting [[Kollam]] city and neighbouring towns like [[Chathannoor]], [[Parippally]], [[Varkala]], [[Poothakkulam]] etc. The 14.1 km long [[Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road|Paravur-Kollam Coastal Road]] is connecting [[Kollam]] city with Paravur, via [[Kollam Beach]], Paapanasam Beach, Kakkathoppu, Mukkom, Thanni and [[Pozhikara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finance.kerala.gov.in/|title=Annual Plan write up 2014(for Transport and Communication)|publisher=Finance Department-Government of Kerala|access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/03/13/stories/2005031307160300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140818120646/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/03/13/stories/2005031307160300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Kollam-Paravur coastal road to be revived|date=2005-03-13 |access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref>

===Rail===
{{Main article|Paravur railway station}}
[[Paravur railway station]], an "Adarsh station", is situated at a distance of half kilometer away from the heart of Paravur town. Paravur is connected to various cities in [[India]] through Indian Railways.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/paravur-pvu/1014|title=19 COVID-19 Special Departures from Paravur SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry|first=Vishwanath|last=Joshi|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> The station code for Paravur railway station is 'PVU'.<ref name="auto"/>

==Industrial development==
As part of the industry sector development plans of [[Kollam district]], an IT Park would be setting up at Paravur Municipal area in an extent of 5 acres of land. The land can be acquired with the assistance of Land Use Board or Paravur Municipality. rail-Road linkages will be established. The Government also have plans to set up a [[Coir]] manufacturing unit and a Handloom unit at Paravur and considering the possibilities for setting up a food park also.<ref>[http://www.townplanning.kerala.gov.in/pages/ldp/kollam/iddp_v2_klm_ch_39.pdf Town planning-Kollam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234132/http://www.townplanning.kerala.gov.in/pages/ldp/kollam/iddp_v2_klm_ch_39.pdf |date=2014-04-18 }}</ref>

==Puttingal Devi temple==

[[Puttingal Temple]] is a Hindu temple in the coastal town of Paravur, India. The temple was founded after the presence of the goddess was experienced on an ant hill with Puttu being the Malayalam word for ant Hill.

The main festival is celebrated on the day of Bharani star in Meenam. Fireworks and other events associated with the festival take place along with other cultural events with various poojas performed.

''' [[Paravur temple accident]]''' 
On 10 April 2016, 114 people were killed due to a fireworks mishap at this temple, while over 350 other people were injured. A cracker fell on a shed where the fireworks were stored, setting off an explosion. Permission was not given to the temple by the authorities for the fireworks display and a case was registered.

==People from Paravur==
* [[K. C. Kesava Pillai]] (1868-1914) poet
* [[Paravoor V. Kesavanasan]](1859-1917) Social reformer, journalist
* [[G. Devarajan]] (1927-2006) music composer
* [[P. Ravindran]] (1922-1997) Politician Ex Minister
* [[C.V. Padmarajan]] Politician Ex Minister
* [[P. K. Gurudasan]] Politician Ex Minister

==Educational Institutions==
* [[SNV Girls High School Paravur]]
* [[Kottapuram High School]]
* [[GLPS Kottapuram Paravur]]
* [[Government Higher Secondary School Thekkumbhagam Paravoor]]
* [[Govt Ups And Preprimary School Maniyamkulam Paravur]]
* [[Kaattukulam Government LP School]]
* [[koonayil Govt LPS School]]
* [[Govt. LP School, Kappil]]
* [[Government Girls LP School Kurumandal Paravur]]
* [[SIVARAJA PILLAI MEMORIAL ITC Paravur]]

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Paravur Kayal|Paravur Lake]]
* [[Paravur temple accident]]
* [[Paravur Thekkumbhagam]]
* [[Chirakkara]]
* [[Puthenkulam]]
* [[Polachira]]
* [[Mavintamoodu]]
* [[Poothakkulam]]
* [[Pozhikkara]]
* [[Puttingal Temple]]
* [[Kollam Beach]]
* [[Kollam District]]
{{div col end}}

==Climate==
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies Paravur's climate as [[tropical wet and dry climate|tropical wet and dry]] (Aw).

{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location=Paravur
|Jan high C=30.2
|Feb high C=30.9
|Mar high C=31.9
|Apr high C=31.9
|May high C=31.4
|Jun high C=29.2
|Jul high C=28.8
|Aug high C=29.1
|Sep high C=29.4
|Oct high C=29.5
|Nov high C=29.3
|Dec high C=29.6

|Jan mean C=26.4
|Feb mean C=27.1
|Mar mean C=28.2
|Apr mean C=28.6
|May mean C=28.3
|Jun mean C=26.5
|Jul mean C=26.1
|Aug mean C=26.4
|Sep mean C=26.6
|Oct mean C=26.6
|Nov mean C=26.4
|Dec mean C=26.1

|Jan low C=22.6
|Feb low C=23.3
|Mar low C=24.6
|Apr low C=25.4
|May low C=25.3
|Jun low C=23.9
|Jul low C=23.5
|Aug low C=23.7
|Sep low C=23.8
|Oct low C=23.8
|Nov low C=23.5
|Dec low C=22.7

|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm=-
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|Jand sun=-
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|Juld sun=-
|Augd sun=-
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|source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org''<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate: Paravur - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/54580/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref>
}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = ''Paravur''
|North = [[Mayyanad]]
|Northeast = [[Chathannoor]]
|East = [[Parippally]]
|Southeast = [[Poothakkulam|Bhoothakkulam]]
|South = [[Varkala]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Arabian Sea]]
|Northwest = '''[[Kollam|Kollam City]]'''
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043120/https://keralapanchayatelection2020.keralas.info/ Remaining Date for Paravur Municipality Election 2020]
* {{Official website|http://www.paravurmunicipality.in/}}
* [http://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kerala-temple-fire-pm-modi-heads-to-kollam-with-15-doctors-1371603 Kerala Temple Fire: PM Modi Arrives In Kollam With 15 Doctors]
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20160425-kollam-temple-tragedy-puttingal-devi-kerala-fireworks-828764-2016-04-14 Kollam temple tragedy: Criminal neglect]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/remembering-a-master-composer/article6460893.ece Remembering a master composer]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/paravurkollam-coastal-road-opened-to-traffic/article8027887.ece Paravur-Kollam coastal road opened to traffic]

{{Kerala}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}
{{Paravur |state=expanded}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kollam district]]
[[Category:History of Kollam]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Geography of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Estuaries of India]]

Paravur, Kollam

2026-02-27T20:48:04Z

Shruti:

Nata pratha

2026-02-26T09:16:02Z

Shruti: made a post

{{Short description|Local custom in Rajasthan, India}}
{{One source|date=June 2022}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Nata pratha''''' is an ancient local custom in the [[Rajasthan]] state in northwest [[India]] whereby a married man can legitimize an affair with a married woman<ref>[https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/10641/Nata-Pratha-a-Tradition-That-Allows-Men-and-Women-to-Live-With-Person-of-Their-Choice--/ Nata Pratha, a Tradition That Allows Men and Women to Live With Person of Their Choice]</ref> by formally providing financial support for her.<ref>[http://metro.co.uk/2015/06/30/shocking-pics-show-man-35-marrying-six-year-old-child-bride-5273528/ 35 year man married to 6 year girl on Nata Pratha]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2024 |title=NHRC, India takes a serious view of ‘Nata Pratha’ under which the girls in some communities are sold in the name of marriage in parts of Rajasthan and the adjoining areas in the States of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/media/press-release/nhrc-india-takes-serious-view-%E2%80%98nata-pratha%E2%80%99-under-which-girls-some-communities |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=National human Rights Commission, India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Maitri Karar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian traditions]]

{{Rajasthan-stub}}
{{India-culture-stub}}

Birasal Airstrip

2026-02-26T05:13:14Z

Shruti: formatting fix

{{Short description|Airport in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Birasal Airstrip
| image =
| image-width =
| caption =
| IATA =
| ICAO =
| type = Public
| owner = [[Government of Odisha]]
| operator =
| city-served = [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| location = [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 403
| elevation-m = 123
| coordinates = {{coord|20|59|0.65|N|85|40|44.48|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha
| pushpin_label = Birasal Airstrip
| website =
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-f = 4,511
| r1-length-m = 1,375
| r1-surface =
| r2-number =
| r2-length-f =
| r2-length-m =
| r2-surface =
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Birasal Airstrip''', also known as '''Dhenkanal Airstrip''', is located 53 km from the [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]] city center in central [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Airstrip in the State maintained by State Government|url=https://ct.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-06/Present-status-report-airstrips-ola.pdf|website=ct.odisha.gov.in|publisher=Commerce and Transport Department, Government of Odisha|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114090751/https://ct.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-06/Present-status-report-airstrips-ola.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/DETAILS-UNSERVED-AS-ON22NOV16.pdf|title=AAI Unserved Airports|website=aai.aero|publisher=Airports Authority of India}}</ref> Nearest airport to this airstrip is [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] in the capital city [[Bhubaneswar]] i.e. 134 km.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birasal Airstrip - Odisha, India|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Birasal%20Report.pdf|access-date=2018-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429160337/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Birasal%20Report.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Gati ==
The Government Aviation Training Institute (GATI) has operated a [[Flight Training|flying school]] base from the airstrip since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birasal airstrip takes wings as work for hangar begins|url=https://www.orissapost.com/birasal-airstrip-takes-wings-as-work-for-hangar-begins/|publisher=OrissaPost|date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in Odisha}}
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Odisha]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Government of Odisha]]

Diocese of Sindhudurg

2026-02-16T16:43:36Z

Shruti:

{{Short description|Catholic diocese in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=December 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Diocese
| name = Sindhudurg
| latin = Dioecesis Sindhudurgiensis
| local = Diocese de Sindhudurg सिंधुदुर्ग के सूबा
| image = Milagri's School and Church in Salaiwada in Savantwadi - panoramio.jpg
| image_size = frameless
| image_alt =
| caption =
| coat =Sindhudurg_svg.png
| coat_size =
| coat_alt =
| coat_caption =

| country = {{flag|India}}
| territory =
| province =
| metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]
| deaneries =
| headquarters =
| coordinates =

| area_km2 = 21,099
| area_footnotes =
| population = 5,365,706
| population_as_of = 2005
| catholics = 29,794
| catholics_percent = 0.6
| parishes = 
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| established = 5 July 2005
| dissolved =
| cathedral = Cathedral of Our Lady of Miracles in [[Sawantvadi]]
| cocathedral =
| patron =
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| bishop = [[Antonio Agnelo Jacinto Pineiro]]
| metro_archbishop = [[Filipe Neri Ferrão]]
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops =
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| judicial_vicar =
| emeritus_bishops =
[[Anthony Alwyn Fernandes Barreto]]
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Sindhudurg''' (''Dioecesis Sindhudurgiensis'') in [[India]] was created on July 5, 2005, when it was split from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona]]. It was a suffragan diocese of the [[Archdiocese of Bombay]] until 25 November 2006, when Pope [[Benedict XVI]] transferred it to the newly established Metropolitan province of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa e Damão|Goa and Damão]]. The parish church in [[Sawantwadi]], dedicated to Our Lady of Miracles, serves as the cathedral for the diocese.

The diocese covers an area of 21,099 km² of the state [[Maharashtra]], covering the districts [[Sindhudurg]], [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]] and [[Kolhapur]] except the St. Francis Xavier parish in Kolhapur City. Neighboring dioceses are the [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]] to the south, the [[Diocese of Belgaum]] to the southeast, to the east the Diocese of Poona, to the north the [[Archdiocese of Bombay]], and to the west is the [[Arabian Sea]].

The total population in the diocese is 5,365,706, of which 29,794 are Catholic. The diocese is divided into 19 [[parish]]es.

Bishop [[Anthony Alwyn Fernandes Barreto]], is the first Bishop of the Diocese and has served all his life for the Diocese. He comes from an aristocratic family from Velsao Goa which has been knighted by the King of Portugal during the Portuguese rule.

In 2015, a true witness of Bishop Alwyn, from London, stated that, Bishop Alwyn is 'A man of our time' 'Simple person' and He is widely known as a 'Smiling Bishop'.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

Its stated that Bishop Alwyn has put every penny from his side to the Diocese of Sindhudurgh, the share that he had received from his ancestry has been put in the Diocese to purchase land for the benefit of building schools.

On 14 February, 2026 His Holiness [[Pope Leo XIV]], announced [[Monsignor|Msgr]][[. Agnelo Pinheiro]] as the second Bishop of this Dioceses. He is a priest of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]

==External links==
*[https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/sind0.htm GCatholic.org]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsind.html Catholic-hierarchy.org]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154837/http://www.fides.org/eng/news/2005/0507/05_5250.html Vatican press release on the creation]

{{coord|15|54|04|N|73|49|11|E|type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhudurg}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Bhadda Kundalakesa

2026-02-08T17:26:27Z

Shruti: added basic stub more to come

{{Infobox religious biography
|name = Bhadda Kundalakesa
|image =
|caption =
|birth name =
|alias =
|dharma name =
|birth_date = 6th century BCE
|birth_place = Bhadda in [[Rajagaha]], [[India]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|nationality =
|religion = [[Buddhism]]
|school =
|lineage =
|title =
|location =
|education =
|occupation = [[bhikkhuni]]
|teacher = [[Gautama Buddha]], [[Sariputra]]
|reincarnation of =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|students =
|spouse =
|partner =
|children =
|website =
}}

{{Buddhism}}
'''Bhadrā Kuṇḍalakeśā''' ({{langx|sa|भद्रा कुंडलकेशाद}}; [[Pali]]: ''Bhaddā Kuṇḍalakesā''; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 拔陀軍陀羅拘夷國) was a former [[Jain]] [[ascetic]] who was converted to [[Buddhism]] by [[Śāriputra]], one of the two chief disciples of [[Gautama Buddha]]. She attained arahantship faster than any other [[bhikkhuni|nun]] and lived in the 6th century BCE in what is now [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]].

== Early years ==

She was born "Bhadda" in [[Rajagaha]], the capital city of the kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] of King [[Bimbisara]]. Bhadda's well-heeled parents were very protective of her, because she had a passionate nature and they were afraid that she end up hurt due to her strong attraction to men. One day, she saw a thief being led to the place of his execution through the window of her home. He was the son of a [[Brahmin]], but had a long history of theft. Bhadda fell in love with him at first sight. She was able to convince her father that she could not live without him, and so he bribed the jail wardens who let the condemned man break out of the prison.

The couple were married, and soon after, the groom became strongly preoccupied with acquiring his wife's jewelry. He told Bhadda that he had vowed to make offerings to a certain mountain deity if he could avoid the death penalty. He managed to get Bhadda away from his home using this pretext. He wanted to push her over a high cliff to steal her valuable ornaments. When they arrived at the precipice, he told her about his intention. In her distress, Bhadda resolved to a ruse that enabled her to push him to his death.

== Jain ascetic ==
Weighed down from the guilt arising from the murder of her husband, Bhadda did not want to return to lay life. Sensual pleasures and possessions no longer captured her attention and she became a wandering ascetic. She entered the order of Jains as an ascetic. As a special penance, her hair was torn out at the roots when she was ordained. Her hair grew again and it was very curly, giving her the name '''Kundalakesa''' (Curly-hair). Bhadda Kundalakesa was not satisfied by the Jain doctrine, so she became a solitary wandering ascetic. For fifty years she traveled throughout [[History of India|Ancient India]] and visited many spiritual teachers, thereby accruing a wide-ranging knowledge of religious scriptures and philosophies. With her knowledge, she became one of the foremost debaters of her time. Whenever she entered a town, she would make a sand-pile and stick a rose-apple branch into it. This would challenge whoever was interested in a debate to trample upon the sand-pile.

== Debate with Sariputra ==
One day she visited [[Savatthi]] and again erected her sand pile. At the time, Sariputra, one of the two chief disciples of the Buddha, and the disciple with the greatest power of analysis, was staying at the Jetavana monastery in the city. He heard of Bhadda's arrival, and as a sign of his willingness to debate, he sent several children to trample on the sand-pile. Bhadda then went to Jetavana, [[Anathapindika]]'s monastery, followed by a large throng of spectators. She was supremely confident of victory, since she had become accustomed to winning all debates as a matter of course.
Bhadda posed a number of questions to Sariputra. He answered all of them until she could not think of any more questions. Then it was Sariputra's turn to question her. His first question affected Bhadda profoundly, which was "What is the One?" Bhadda remained silent, intrigued by what he was inquiring about. She could have answered "God" or "Brahma" or "the Infinite", which would have been the good answer. But Bhadda decided not to formulate an answer and thereby lost the debate, because she knew that she had found what she had been searching for half a century of wandering around India. She chose Sariputra as her teacher, but he referred her to [[Gautama Buddha]]. He expounded the [[dharma]] to her at [[Vulture Peak|Mount Vulture Peak]] and finished with the following verses:

{{blockquote|Though a thousand verses 
are made of meaningless lines, 
better the single meaningful line 
by hearing which one is at peace.}}

Just as the wanderer Bahiya was the [[bhikkhu]] who attained [[arahant]]ship faster than anyone else, Bhadda was the fastest among the [[bhikkhuni]]s. Both grasped the essence of the Buddha's teaching so quickly and so deeply that their ordination in the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]] came after their attainment of arahantship. Their mind and emotional self-control had long been trained and prepared, so their attainment came very quickly.

== References ==
*{{cite web|title= Buddhist Women at the Time of The Buddha| first= Hellmuth |last=Hecker| url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel292.html#bhadda| date=2006-09-23| accessdate=2007-03-30| publisher =[[Buddhist Publication Society]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405091243/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel292.html| archivedate= 5 April 2007 | url-status= live}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kundalakesa, Bhadda}}
[[Category:Arhats]]
[[Category:Foremost female disciples of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism]]
[[Category:6th-century BC women]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Former Jains]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist nuns]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian women]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Indian people]]

Samudragupta

2026-02-07T17:18:43Z

Shruti: refine information and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Maharajadhiraja of the Gupta Empire from 335 to 375}}
{{redirect|Samudra Gupta|the Bangladeshi poet and journalist|Samudra Gupta (poet)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharajadhiraja|Mahārājādhirāja]] [[Chakravartin|Chakravarti]] [[Emperor#Indian_subcontinent|Samrat]]
| image = SamudraguptaCoin.png
| caption = Coin of Samudragupta, with [[Garuda]] pillar, emblem of [[Gupta Empire]]. The name [[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka mu.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta ashoka ddrr.jpg|10px]] ''Sa-mu-dra'' in an early version of the Gupta [[Brahmi script]], appears vertically under the left arm of the emperor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=John |title=Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties |date=1914 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214/page/n123 1]-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214}}</ref>
| succession = [[List of Gupta emperors|Gupta emperor]]
| birth_date = 318{{cn|date=November 2025}}
| birth_place = [[Gupta Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|375|||318|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Gupta Empire]]
| reign = {{circa}} 335–375
| coronation = {{Circa|335}}
| predecessor = [[Chandragupta I]], possibly [[Kacha (king)|Kacha]]
| successor = [[Chandragupta II]], or possibly [[Ramagupta]]
| spouse = [[Dattadevi]]
| issue = [[Chandragupta II]], and possibly [[Ramagupta]]
| house = [[Gupta Dynasty]]
| father = [[Chandragupta I]]
| mother = [[Kumaradevi]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Gupta Empire]]
| branch = [[Gupta Empire#Military|Gupta Army]]
| rank = [[Commander-in-chief|Supreme commander]]
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}
Wars of Samudragupta
**Northern Campaigns
***Conquest of Aryavarta
***Defeat of Naga rulers
***Defeat of Arjunayanas
***Defeat of Vanga
**Western and Central Campaigns
***[[Gupta–Saka Wars]] (Defeat of Western Kshatrapas)
***War with the Abhiras
***[[Gupta–Vakataka Conflicts]]
***Conquest of Forest Kingdoms
**Southern Campaigns
***Siege of Kanchi (Defeat of Pallavas)
***Subjugation of Kadambas
***Subjugation of Kalinga
**Eastern Campaigns
***Subjugation of Kamarupa, Devaka, and Nepala
**Northwestern Campaigns
***Subjugation of Gandhara
***Subjugation of Kushano-Sassanians
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
}}
[[File:Maharajadhiraja Sri Samudragupta inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg|thumb|270px|{{center|Inscription: [[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad haa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dhi.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad mu.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dr.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]] ''Mahārājadhirāja Shrī Samudragupta'' "Great King of Kings, Lord Samudragupta" in the [[Gupta script]], on the [[Allahabad pillar]] Samudragupta inscription.<ref>[[:File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|Full inscription]], {{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197 1]-17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403}}</ref>}}]]
{{Gupta Empire}}

'''Samudragupta''' ([[Gupta script]]: [[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad mu.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dr.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]] ''Sa-mu-dra-gu-pta''; 318{{cn|date=November 2025}}–375) was the second emperor of the [[Gupta Empire]] of ancient [[India]]. As a son of the Gupta emperor [[Chandragupta I]] and the [[Licchavis of Vaishali|Licchavi]] princess [[Kumaradevi]], he inherited the kingdom and transformed it into a vast empire through his military campaigns.

The [[Allahabad Pillar#Samudragupta inscription|Allahabad Pillar inscription]], a ''[[prashasti]]'' (eulogy) composed by his courtier [[Harisena]], credits him with extensive military conquests. It suggests that he defeated several kings of northern India, and annexed their territories into his empire. He also marched along the south-eastern coast of India, advancing as far south as [[Kanchipuram]] in the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] kingdom. In addition, he subjugated several frontier kingdoms and tribal oligarchies. At the height of his power, his empire under his direct control extended from [[Ravi River]] in the west (present-day [[Punjab]]) to the [[Brahmaputra River]] in the east (present-day [[Assam]]), and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to central India in the south-west; several rulers along the south-eastern coast were also his tributaries. The inscription also states that many neighbouring rulers tried to please him, which probably refers to his friendly relations with them.

He performed the [[Ashvamedha]] sacrifice to prove his imperial sovereignty and remained undefeated in battle. His gold coins and inscriptions suggest that he was an accomplished poet, and also played musical instruments such as the [[veena]]. His expansionist policy was continued by his son and successor [[Chandragupta II]].

== Period ==

Modern scholars variously assign the start of Samudragupta's reign from c. 319 CE to c. 350 CE.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=50–52}}

The inscriptions of the Gupta kings are dated in the [[Gupta era|Gupta calendar era]], whose [[epoch (reference date)|epoch]] is generally dated to c. 319 CE. However, the identity of the era's founder is a matter of debate, and scholars variously attribute its establishment to Chandragupta I or Samudragupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=50}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=35}} Chandragupta I probably had a long reign, as the Prayag Pillar inscription suggests that he appointed his son as his successor, presumably after reaching an old age. However, the exact period of his reign is uncertain. For these reasons, the beginning of Samudragupta's reign is also uncertain.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=50–52}}

If Samudragupta is regarded as the founder of the Gupta era, his ascension can be dated to c. 319–320 CE.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=36}} On the other hand, if his father Chandragupta I is regarded as the founder of the Gupta era, Samudragupta's ascension must be dated to a later date. Samudragupta was a contemporary of King [[Sirimeghavanna of Anuradhapura|Meghavarna]] of [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]], but the regnal period of this king is also uncertain. According to the [[List of Sri Lankan monarchs#Note on chronology|traditional reckoning]] adopted in [[Sri Lanka]] for [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s death, he ruled during 304–332 CE; but the modified chronology adopted by modern scholars such as [[Wilhelm Geiger]] assigns his reign to 352–379 CE. Accepting the former date would place Samudragupta's ascension to c. 320 CE; accepting the latter date would place it around c. 350 CE.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=35}}

The end of Samudragupta's reign is also uncertain.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=35}} Samudragupta's granddaughter [[Prabhavatigupta]] is known to have married during the reign of his son Chandragupta II, in c. 380 CE (assuming c. 319 CE as the epoch of the Gupta era). Therefore, the end of Samudragupta's reign can be placed before this year.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=51–52}}

Various estimates of Samudragupta's regnal period include:

* [[A. S. Altekar]]: c. 330–370 CE{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=50}}
* [[A. L. Basham]]: c. 335–376 CE{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=50}}
* [[S. R. Goyal]]: c. 350–375 CE{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=50}}
* Tej Ram Sharma: c. 353–373 CE{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=67}}

== Ascension ==

Samudragupta was a son of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta I and Queen Kumaradevi, who came from the [Licchavi (tribe) Licchavi] clan.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=11}} His fragmentary [Eran] stone inscription states that his father selected him as the successor because of his "devotion, righteous conduct, and valour". His [Allahabad Pillar] inscription similarly describes how Chandragupta I called him a noble person in front of the courtiers, and appointed him to "protect the earth". These descriptions suggest that Chandragupta I renounced the throne in his old age, and appointed his son as the next emperor.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=103}}

According to the Allahabad Pillar inscription, when Chandragupta I appointed him as the next emperor, the faces of other people of "equal birth" bore a "melancholy look".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=18}} One interpretation suggests that these other people were neighbouring kings, and Samudagupta's ascension to the throne was uncontested.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=104–105}} Another theory is that these other people were Gupta princes with a rival claim to the throne.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=18}} If Emperor Chandragputa I indeed had multiple sons, it is likely that Samudragupta's background as the son of a Lichchhavi princess worked in his favour.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=73}}

The coins of a Gupta ruler named [[Kacha (king)|Kacha]], whose identity is debated by modern scholars, describe him as "the exterminator of all kings".{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=105}} These coins closely resemble the coins issued by Samudragupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=20}} According to one theory, Kacha was an earlier name of Samudragupta and the emperor later adopted the regnal name Samudra ("Ocean"), after extending his empire's dominion as far as the ocean.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=71}} An alternative theory is that Kacha was a distinct king (possibly a rival claimant to the throne{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=105}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=71}}) who flourished before or after Samudragupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=20}}

== Military campaigns & territorial expansion ==
{{Main article|Campaigns of Samudragupta}}

[[File:South Asia historical AD375 EN.svg|thumb|300px|Possible extent of the Gupta Empire, near the end of Samudragupta's reign, c. 375 CE]]
The Gupta inscriptions suggest that Samudragupta had a remarkable military career. The Eran stone inscription of Samudragupta states that he had brought "the whole tribe of kings" under his suzerainty, and that his enemies were terrified when they thought of him in their dreams.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=67–68}} The inscription does not name any of the defeated kings (presumably because its primary objective was to record the installation of a [[Vishnu]] idol in a temple), but it suggests that Samudragupta had subdued several kings by this time.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}} The later [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription, a [[panegyric]] written by Samudragupta's minister and military officer [[Harisena|Harishena]], credits him with extensive conquests.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=106–107}} It gives the most detailed account of Samudragupta's military conquests, listing them in mainly geographical and partly chronological order.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=76–77}} It states that Samudragupta fought a hundred battles, acquired a hundred wounds that looked like marks of glory, and earned the title ''Prakrama'' (valourous).{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=75}} The Mathura stone inscription of Chandragupta II describes Samudragupta as an "exterminator of all kings", as someone who had no equally powerful enemy, and as a person whose "fame was tasted by the waters of the four oceans".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}}

Modern scholars offer various opinions regarding Samudragupta's possible motivations behind his extensive military campaigns. The Allahabad Pillar inscription suggests that Samudragupta's aim was the unification of the earth (''dharani-bandha''), which suggests that he may have aspired to become a [[Chakravartin]] (a universal ruler).{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=75}} The [[Ashvamedha]] performances by the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Nagas]], whom he defeated, may have influenced him as well. His southern expedition may have been motivated by economic considerations of controlling the trade between India and South-East Asia.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=74}}

=== Early victories ===

The early portion of the [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription mentions that Samudragupta "uprooted" [[Achyuta of Panchala|Achyuta]], [[Nagas of Padmavati|Nagasena]], and a ruler whose name is lost in the damaged portion of the inscription. The third name ends in "-ga", and is generally restored as Ganapati-naga,{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=73}} because Achyuta-nandin (presumably same as Achyuta), Nagasena, and Ganapati-naga are once again mentioned in the later part of the inscription, among the kings of [[Aryavarta]] (northern India) defeated by Samudragupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=53}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=20–21}} These kings are identified as the rulers of present-day western [[Uttar Pradesh]] ([[#Northern conquests|see below]]).{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=74}} According to the inscription, Samudragupta reinstated these rulers after they sought his forgiveness.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=106}}

It is not clear why the names of these three kings is repeated later in the inscription. According to one theory, these three kings were vassal rulers who rebelled against Samudragupta after the death of his father. Samudragupta crushed the rebellion, and reinstated them after they sought his forgiveness. Later, these rulers rebelled once more, and Samudragupta defeated them again.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=106}} Another possibility is that the author of the inscription thought it necessary to repeat these names while describing Samudragupta's later conquests in Aryavarta, simply because these kings belonged to that region.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=76}}

Samudragupta dispatched an army to capture the scion of the Kota family, whose identity is uncertain. The Kotas may have been the rulers of present-day [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], where coins bearing the legend "Kota", and featuring a symbol of [[Shiva]] and his [[Nandi (bull)|bull]], have been discovered.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=106}}

The inscription states that the Gupta army captured the Kota ruler, while Samudragupta himself "played" (or pleased himself) in a city called Pushpa{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=21}} (the name Pushpa-pura referred to [[Pataliputra]] at Samudragupta's time, although it came to be used for [[Kanyakubja]] in the later period).{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=136}} Modern scholars have interpreted the word "played" in various ways: According to one theory, this portion describes Samudragupta's achievements as a prince.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=73}} An alternative interpretation is that Samudragupta dispatched his army on these campaigns, while he himself stayed at the capital.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=106}} It is also possible that the poet intended to convey that these campaigns were minor affairs that did not require the king's direct involvement at the battlefront.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=21}}

=== Southern conquests ===

According to the Allahabad Pillar inscription, Samudragupta captured (and later released) the following kings of [[Dakshinapatha]], the southern region:{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=106–107}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# [[Mahendra of Dakshina Kosala|Mahendra of Kosala]]
# Vyaghra-raja of Mahakantara
# Mantaraja of Kurala
# Mahendragiri of Pishtapura
# Svamidatta of Kottura
# Damana of Erandapalla
# [[Vishnugopa]] of Kanchi
# Nilaraja of Avamukta
# Hastivarman of Vengi
# Ugrasena of Palakka
# Kubera of Devarashtra
# Dhananjaya of Kusthalapura
}}

The exact identification of several of these kings is debated among modern scholars,{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=107}} but it is clear that these kings ruled areas located on the eastern coast of India.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=112}} Samudragupta most probably passed through the forest tract of central India, reached the eastern coast in present-day [[Odisha]], and then marched south along the coast of [[Bay of Bengal]].{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=80–81}}

[[File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|thumb|280px|Text of the [[Allahabad pillar|Allahabad stone pillar inscription]] of Samudragupta, in the [[Brahmi script]].]]
[[File:Allahabad inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|thumb|280px|Translation of the Allahabad inscription of Samudragupta]]
The inscription states that Samudragupta later released these kings, and favoured (''anugraha'') them. Most modern scholars theorize that Samudragupta reinstated these rulers as his [[tribute|tributaries]]. [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] interprets the word ''anugraha'' differently based on its occurrence in the ''[[Arthashastra]]''; he theorizes that Samudragupta gave "protection and aid" to these kingdoms in order to secure their alliances.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=78}}

Some scholars, such as [[Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil|J. Dubreuil]] and B. V. Krishnarao, theorized that Samudragupta only advanced up to the [[Krishna River]], and was forced to retreat without fighting a battle, when the southern kings formed a strong confederacy to oppose him. According to these scholars, the claim that Samudragupta released these kings is an attempt by Samudragupta's courtier to cover up the emperor's failure.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=113}} However, there is no evidence of the southern kings forming a confederacy against Samudragupta. Historian Ashvini Agrawal notes that setting free a captured king is inline with the ancient Indian political ideals. For example, Kautilya defines three types of conquerors: the righteous conqueror (''dharma-vijayi''), who restores the defeated king in exchange for his acknowledgment of the conqueror's suzerainty; the covetous conqueror (''lobha-vijayi''), who takes away the possessions of the defeated king but spares his life; and the demoniac conqueror (''asura-vijayi''), who annexes the territory of the defeated king and kills him.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=113}} Such political ideals existed in the Gupta period too, as evident from [[Kalidasa]]'s statement in ''[[Raghuvamsha]]'' that "the righteous victorious monarch ([[Raghu]]) only took away the royal glory of the lord of Mahendra who had been captured and released, but not his kingdom." Therefore, it is likely that Samudragupta acted like a righteous conqueror, and restored the defeated kings as his vassals.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=114}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=78}}

; [[Mahendra of Dakshina Kosala|Mahendra of Kosala]]
: Kosala here refers to [[Dakshina Kosala]], which includes parts of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Odisha]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=107}} One theory identifies [[Mahendra of Dakshina Kosala|Mahendra of Kosala]] with a [[Nala dynasty|Nala]] king named Mahendraditya.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=38}}

; Vyaghra-raja of Mahakantara
: Historian [[K. P. Jayaswal]] identifies Mahakantara (literally "great wilderness") as the [[Bastar district|Bastar]]-[[Kanker district|Kanker]] area in present-day [[Chhattisgarh]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=107}} According to another theory, Mahakantara is same as Mahavana, a synonym used as the name for the forest region around present-day [[Jeypore]] of Odisha.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=39}}
: Earlier historians identified Mahakantara as a region in central India, and identified Vyaghra-raja with the [[Vakataka]] feudatory Vyaghra-deva, whose inscriptions have been found at [[Nachna Hindu temples|Nachna]]. However, this identification is now considered incorrect, as Samudragupta is not known to have fought against the Vakatakas.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=107}}

; Mantaraja of Kurala
: The Rawan inscription of the [[Sharabhapuriya dynasty|Sharabhapuriya]] king Narendra, who ruled in the [[Dakshina Kosala]] region, mentions an area called Mantaraja-bhukti ("the province of Mantaraja"). Therefore, some historians such as K. D. Bajpai theorize that Mantaraja was a king who ruled in the Dakshina Kosala region.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=108}} Historian [[A. M. Shastri]] disputes this theory, arguing that the ruler of Kosala (that is, Dakshina Kosala) has been mentioned separately in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.{{sfn|Ajay Mitra Shastri|1995|p=12–13}}
: [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn]] speculated that Kurala was same as Kaurala (or Kunala) mentioned in the [[Aihole]] inscription of the 7th century king [[Pulakeshin II]], and identified it as the area around the [[Kolleru Lake]] in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]. [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H. C. Raychaudhuri]] disputes this identification, pointing out that this region was a part of Hastivarman's Vengi kingdom, which has been mentioned separately in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=108}}
: Other proposed identifications of Kurala include Kolada near [[Bhanjanagar]] (former Russelkonda) in Odisha;{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=79}} and Kulula, a region mentioned in the [[Mahendragiri, Odisha|Mahendragiri]] inscription of the 11th century king [[Rajendra Chola]], and identified with Cherla in present-day Telangana.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=108}}

; Mahendragiri of Pishtapura
: Pishtapura is modern [[Pithapuram]] in Andhra Pradesh. The word ''giri'' mentions hill in Sanskrit, and therefore, [[J. F. Fleet]] speculated that "Mahendragiri" could not have been a person's name: he suggested that the verse (''Mahendragiri-Kautturaka-Svamidatta'') referred to a king called "Mahendra", and a place called "Kottura on the hill" which was ruled by Svamidatta. However, Fleet's translation is incorrect: the verse clearly mentions Mahendragiri of Pishtapura and Svamidatta of Kottura as two distinct persons.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=108–109}} G. Ramdas interpreted the verse to mean Svamidatta was the ruler of Pishtapura and "Kottura near Mahendragiri", while [[Bhau Daji]] translated it as "Svamidatta of Pishtapura, Mahendragiri and Kottura". However, these translations are also incorrect.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=316}} The concern about the king's name is invalid: several historical records mention names ending in the word ''giri'' or its synonym ''adri''.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=108–109}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|pp=316–317}}

; Svamidatta of Kottura
: Svamidatta was probably one of the chiefs who resisted Samudragupta's passage through the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] region.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=258}} Kottura has been identified with modern Kotturu (or Kothur) in [[Srikakulam district]], Andhra Pradesh (near [[Paralakhemundi]], Odisha).{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=109}} Alternative proposals identify it with other similarly named places in present-day Andhra Pradesh.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=39}}

; Damana of Erandapalla
: Proposed identifications of Erandapalla include Errandapali near [[Srikakulam]], a town near [[Mukhalingam]], Yendipalli in [[Visakhapatnam district]], and Endipalli in [[West Godavari district]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=109–110}}

; [[Vishnugopa]] of Kanchi
: [[Vishnugopa]] is identified as the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] ruler of [[Kanchipuram]]: Samudragupta's invasion probably occurred when he acted as a regent for his nephew Skandavarman III.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=110}}

; Nilaraja of Avamukta
: The identity of Avamukta is uncertain.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=253}} The ''Brahmanda Purana'' mentions an area called "Avimukta-kshetra", located on the banks of the Gautami river (that is, [[Godavari River|Godavari]]), which may be identified with Avamukta of Samudragupta's inscription.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=80}} Some historical texts use the name Avamukta-kshetra for the region around [[Varanasi]],{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=110}} but Varanasi is not located in Dakshinapatha, and therefore, was certainly not the Avamukta mentioned in the inscription.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=253}}

; Hastivarman of Vengi
: Hastivarman was the [[Shalankayana]] king of [[Vengi]] (modern [[Pedavegi]]) in Andhra Pradesh.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=110–111}}

; Ugrasena of Palakka
: [[Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil|J. Dubreuil]] identified Palakka with the place referred to as Palakkada in several [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] inscriptions; this location was probably the headquarters of a Pallava viceroyalty. For example, the Uruvapalli grant inscription of ''Yuva-maharaja'' (Prince) Vishnugopa-varman was issued from Palakkada.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=111}}
: G. Ramdas identified it with Pakkai located between [[Udayagiri, Nellore district|Udayagiri]] and [[Venkatagiri]] in the Nellore district, and theorized that it was same as the place referred to as Paka-nadu, Panka-nadu, or Pakai-nadu in the inscriptions of the 10th century Chola king [[Rajaraja I]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=111}}

; Kubera of Devarashtra
: According to one theory, Deva-rashtra was located in the historical Kalinga region of present-day northern [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The [[Srungavarapukota]] inscription of the [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishtha]] king Anantavarman, issued from [[Pishtapura]] in this area, describes his grandfather Gunavarman as ''Deva-rashtradhipati'' ("Lord of Deva-rashtra"). The [[Kasimkota]] inscription of the 10th century [[Chalukyas of Vengi|Vengi Chalukya]] king Bhima I mentions a ''[[vishaya]]'' (district) called Deva-rashtra in Kalinga. Based on this, [[Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil|J. Dubreuil]] identified Devarashtra as a location in the present-day [[Yelamanchili]] [[taluka]] of Andhra Pradesh.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=111}} During Samudragupta's period, the Kalinga region appears to have been divided among several small kingdoms, which may have included Kottura, Pishtapura, and Devarashtra.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=111–112}}

; Dhananjaya of Kusthalapura
: B. V. Krishnarao speculated that Dhananjaya of Samudragupta's inscription may be same as the Dhananjaya from whom the chieftains of [[Dharanikota|Dhanyakataka]] (modern Dharanikota in Andhra Pradesh) claimed descent. He identified Kusthalapura with modern Kolanupaka (or Kollipak) located on the banks of the Aleru River in present-day [[Telangana]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=112}} Another theory identifies Kusthalapura with a tract around the Kushasthali River near [[Dakshina Kosala]].{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=80}}

=== Northern conquests ===
{{See also|Gupta conquests of Bengal}}
According to the [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription, Samudragupta "forcibly uprooted" the following kings of [[Aryavarta]], the northern region:{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=114}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# Rudradeva
# Matila
# Nagadatta
# Chandravarman
# Ganapatinaga
# Nagasena
# Achyuta-nandin
# Balavarman
}}

Unlike the southern kings, the inscription does not mention the territories ruled by these kings, which suggests that their kingdoms were annexed to the Gupta empire.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=22}} The inscription also mentions that Samudragupta defeated some other kings, but does not mention their names, presumably because the poet saw them as unimportant.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=114}}

; Rudradeva
: Rudradeva may be same as a king named Rudra, whose coin has been found at [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]].{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=81}} Another theory identifies Rudradeva with a [[Western Kshatrapa]] (Shaka) king of [[Ujjain]], either Rudradaman II or Rudrasena III.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=115}}
: Some earlier scholars, such as [[Kashinath Narayan Dikshit|K. N. Dikshit]] and [[K. P. Jayaswal]], identified Rudradeva with the [[Vakataka]] king [[Rudrasena I (Vakataka king)|Rudrasena I]]. However, this identification seems to be inaccurate, because Samudragupta's inscription explicitly mentions Rudradeva as a king of the northern region (Aryavarta), while the Vakatakas ruled in the southern region (Dakshinapatha). An argument cited in support of this identification is that Rudrasena bore the title ''[[Maharaja]]'' ("great king") as opposed to ''samrat'' ("emperor"), signifying his subordinate status to Samudragupta. However, multiple sovereign Vakataka kings bore the title ''Maharaja'': only [[Pravarasena I]] assumed the title ''samrat'' after performing a ''vajapeya'' ritual sacrifice. An inscription of Rudrasena's descendant Prithvishena II mentions that the Vakataka kingdom had been prospering for a hundred years, suggesting that the Vakataka rule remained uninterrupted during Rudrasena's reign.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=115}}

; Matila
: The identity of Matila is not certain.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=116}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=81}} Earlier, Matila was identified with Mattila, who is known from a [[terracotta]] seal discovered at [[Bulandshahr]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=115}} However, there is no evidence that this Mattila was a ruler, and epigraphist Jagannath Agrawal has dated the seal to the 6th century on [[palaeographic]] basis.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=115–116}}

; Nagadatta
: Nagadatta is not known from any other inscriptions or coins, but his name has led to suggestions that he may have been the ruler of a [[Nagas of Padmavati|Naga]] branch.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=116}} D. C. Sircar theorized that he was an ancestor of a family of Gupta viceroys, whose names ended in -datta. Tej Ram Sharma speculates that he may have been a Naga ruler, whose successors were sent as Gupta viceroys in Bengal after the family accepted the Gupta suzerainty.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=82}}

; Chandravarman
: Chandravarman of Samudragupta's inscription has been identified with [[Chandravarman]], the ruler of Pushkarana (modern [[Pakhanna]]) in present-day [[West Bengal]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=116}} P. L. Gupta and some earlier scholars have identified this ruler with another Chandravarman, who has been mentioned in an inscription discovered at [[Mandsaur]] in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=477}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=81}} Tej Ram Sharma disputes this identification, arguing that Samudragupta "exterminated" all kings of Aryavarta and annexed their territories, as suggested by the Allahabad Pillar inscription; however, Naravarman – a brother of Chandravarman of Mandsaur – is known to have been ruling as a feudatory in 404 CE.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=82}}

; Ganapatinaga
: Ganapati-naga is identified as a [[Nagas of Padmavati|Naga]] king. Several coins bearing the legend Ganapati have been discovered at [[Padmavati (Pawaya)|Padmavati]], [[Vidisha]], and [[Mathura]]. Although these coins do not bear the suffix "naga", they are similar to the ones issued by the other Naga kings such as Skanda-naga, Brihaspati-naga, and Deva-naga. Since hundreds of Ganapati's coins have been found at Mathura, it appears that he was the ruler of a Naga branch headquartered at Mathura.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=116}}

; Nagasena
: The 7th century text ''[[Harshacharita]]'' refers to the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Naga]] king Nagasena, who "met with his doom in Padmavati, as his secret plan was divulged by a ''[[Common myna|sarika]]'' bird". Assuming this describes a historical person, it appears that Nagasena was the ruler of a Naga branch headquartered at Padmavati in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=116}}

; Achyuta-nandin
: Achyuta-nandin seems to be same as Achyuta, who is mentioned earlier in the inscription; his name may have been shortened in the earlier verses for [[metre (poetry)|metrical]] purposes.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=81}} An alternatively theory identifies Achyuta and Nandin as two distinct kings.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=42}}
: Achyuta was the ruler of [[Ahichchhatra]] in present-day Uttar Pradesh, where coins attributed to him have been discovered.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=106}} These coins bear the legend "Achyu", and are similar to the coins issued by the Naga rulers. This has led to suggestions that the Achyuta-nandin defeated by Samudragupta was the ruler of a Naga branch headquartered at Ahichhatra.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=116}}

; Balavarman
: V. V. Mirashi identified Bala-varman (or Balavarma) as a ruler of the Magha dynasty of [[Kosambi]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=117}} U. N. Roy suggested that Bala-varman may have been an ancestor of the [[Maukhari]] kings, who initially served as Gupta vassals, and whose names ended in -varman.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=83}} Another theory identifies him with the successor of Shridhara-varman, the [[Western Kshatrapa|Shaka]] ruler of [[Eran]]. Samudragupta may have ended the dynasty of Eran, as suggested by the discovery of his inscription at Eran.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=117}}
: K. N. Dikshit identified Balavarman with [[Balavarman]], a ruler of the [[Varman dynasty]] of [[Kamarupa]]; however, Balavarman was not a contemporary of Samudragupta.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=116-117}} Moreover, Kamarupa has been mentioned as a distinct frontier kingdom later on in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=83}}

=== Conquests in the forest region ===

According to the Allahabad Pillar inscription, Samudragupta reduced all the kings of the forest region (''atavika'') to subservience.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=84}} This forest region may have been located in central India: the inscriptions of the [[Parivrajaka dynasty]], which ruled in this area, state that their ancestral kingdom was located within the 18 forest kingdoms.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=117}}

=== Frontier kings and tribes ===

[[File:Samudra Gandhara coin, Punjabi mint Circa CE 350-375.jpg|thumb|350px|Coin minted in the [[Punjab]] area with the name "Samudra" ([[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad mu.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dr.jpg|12px]] ''Sa-mu-dra''), derived from the style of late [[Kushan Empire]] coinage, and [[tamgha]] [[File:Samudra tamgha.jpg|15px|Samudra tamgha]]. These atypical coins follow the fall of the last Kushan ruler [[Kipunada]], and just precede the coinage of the first [[Kidarites|Kidarite Huns]] in northwestern India. Circa CE 350–375.<ref>"In the Punjab the stylistic progression of the gold series from Kushan to Kidarite is clear: imitation staters were issued first in the name of Samudragupta, then by Kirada, 'Peroz' and finally Kidara" in {{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Curtis |first2=Vesta Sarkhosh |title=From Persepolis to the Punjab: Exploring Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=2007 |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=9780714111650 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2cuAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cribb101">{{cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |title=The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf |journal=Coins, Art and Chronology II, Edited by M. Alram et Al. |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38112559 |language=en|page=101}}</ref>]]
The [[Allahabad Pillar inscription]] mentions that rulers of several frontier kingdoms and tribal [[oligarchy|oligarchies]] paid Samudragupta tributes, obeyed his orders, and performed obeisance before him.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=84}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2017|p=343}} The inscription explicitly describes the five kingdoms as frontier territories: the areas controlled by the tribes were also probably located at the frontier of Samudrgupta's kingdom.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=22}}

{{blockquote|"Samudragupta, whose formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of [[Samataṭa]], [[Ḍavāka]], [[Kamarupa|Kāmarūpa]], [[Nepala|Nēpāla]], and [[Kartṛipura]], and, by the [[Malavas|Mālavas]], [[Arjunayanas|Ārjunāyanas]], [[Yaudheyas|Yaudhēyas]], [[Mādrakas]], [[Abhiras|Ābhīras]], Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other nations."|Lines 22–23 of the [[Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad pillar inscription]] of Samudragupta (r.c.350–375 CE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=6–10 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n213/mode/2up}}</ref>}}

Historian [[Upinder Singh]] theorizes that the relationship of these frontier rulers to the Gupta emperor had "certain elements of a feudatory relationship".{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2017|p=343}} According to historian R. C. Majumdar, it is likely that Samudragupta's conquests in Aryavarta and Dakshinapatha increased his reputation to such an extent that the frontier rulers and tribes submitted him without a fight.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=25}}

The frontier kingdoms included:{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2017|p=343}}
[[File:Davaka in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.jpg|thumb|right|upright|"[[Davaka Kingdom|Davaka]]" ([[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_v.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg|15px]]) in the Allahabad Pillar inscription]]
# [[Samatata]], located in the present-day Bengal.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}}
# [[Davaka]], located in present-day Assam.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}}
# [[Kamarupa]], located in present-day Assam.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}}
# [[Nepala]], located in present-day Nepal.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}} According to one theory, Nepala here refers to the [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Licchavi kingdom]], whose rulers may have been the maternal relatives of Samudragupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=85}}
# Karttripura, probably located in the present-day [[Uttarakhand]]: the inscription appears to name frontier kingdoms in geographical order proceeding from Bengal to Assam to Nepal; Uttarakhand would be next in the sequence.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}} A now-obsolete theory identified Karttripura with [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]] in present-day Punjab, but Kartarpur was established much later, in the 16th century, by [[Guru Arjan]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}}

The tribal oligarchies included:{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2017|p=343}}
{{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image= Map of the Gupta Empire.png
|float = right
|width = 290 
|border =
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{Annotation|230|5|text-align=center|South Asia {{Circa|420 CE}}|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|85|80|[[Yaudheya|YAUDHEYAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|110|70|[[Arjunayanas|ARJUNAYANAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|80|60|[[Madra Kingdom|MADRAKAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|80|115|[[Malavas|MALAVAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|175|82|text-align=center|[[Licchavi (kingdom)|LICCHAVIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|160|3|[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|105|142|text-align=center|[[Abhira dynasty|ABHIRAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|115|215|text-align=center|[[Kalabhra dynasty|KALABHRAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}{{Annotation|120|195|text-align=center|[[Western Ganga dynasty|WESTERN GANGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|43|65|text-align=center|[[Hind (Sasanian province)|SASANIAN HIND]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|50|[[Zhangzhung|ZHANGZHUNG]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|85|152|text-align=center|[[Traikutaka dynasty|TRAITAKUTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|100|165|text-align=center|[[Vakatakas|VAKATAKAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|95|185|text-align=center|[[Kadamba dynasty|KADAMBAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|210|130|text-align=center|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|235|113|text-align=center|[[Gauda Kingdom|GAUDA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|247|90|text-align=center|[[Varman dynasty|KAMARUPAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|45|20|text-align=center|[[Kidarites|KIDARITES]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|15|5|text-align=center|[[Alchon Huns|ALCHON HUNS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|1|45|text-align=center|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 350 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 500 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|1=Map of the Gupta Empire {{Circa|420 CE}}, according to [[Joseph E. Schwartzberg]], with contemporary polities<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 145, map XIV.1 (j)]; [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 p.25] |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}}}
# [[Malavas]]: During Samudragupta's period, they were probably headquartered at Karkota-nagara (present-day Nagar Fort in Rajasthan), where several thousands of their coins have been discovered.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=119}}
# [[Arjunayanas]]: Their coins have been found in the [[Mathura district|Mathura region]].{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=86}} According to numismatist [[John Allan (numismatist)|John Allan]], the Arjunayanas resided in the triangle connecting the present-day Delhi, Jaipur and Agra.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=119}}
# [[Yaudheyas]]: They ruled the area between the Sutlej and the Yamuna rivers after the Kushans. They seem to have become Samudragupta's tributaries.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=120}}
# [[Madra Kingdom|Madrakas]]: They are generally placed between the Ravi and the Chenab rivers.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=120}}
# [[Abhira tribe|Abhiras]]: Epigraphic and literary evidence suggests that they ruled in western India during Samudragupta's period.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=120–121}}
# Sanakanikas: They appear to have ruled the region around [[Udayagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] in present-day Madhya Pradesh. An inscription found at Udayagiri refers to a Sanakanika chief as a feudatory of Chandragupta II: this chief and his two predecessors are described as "Maharajas", which suggests that Samudragupta allowed the Sanakanika chiefs to rule as his governors after conquering their territory.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=44}}
# Kakas: They may have been the rulers of the area around the [[Sanchi]] hill, which has been mentioned as Kakanada in ancient inscriptions.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=44}}
# Prarjunas They may be identified as the Prarjunakas mentioned in the ''[[Arthashastra]]'', but their location is uncertain. Various theories place them in central India, including around the present-day [[Narsinghpur]] or [[Narsinghgarh, Rajgarh|Narsinghgarh]] in Madhya Pradesh.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=121}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=87–88}}
# Kharaparikas: They may be same as the "Kharaparas" (literally "thief" or "rogue"{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=88}}) mentioned in a 14th-century stone inscription found at Batiyagarh (or Battisgarh) in [[Damoh district]]. These Kharaparas are variously identified as an indigenous tribe or freebooters of this region.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=121}}
#* Some later sources suggest that the Kharaparas were a foreign tribe (possibly [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongols]]), and the [[Dingal]]-language texts use the word "Kharapara" as a synonym for "Muslim", but such an identification is not applicable to Samudragupta's period.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=121}}
#* There is also some speculation about the Kharaparikas being same as the Gardabhilas mentioned in the ''[[Puranas]]'', as the words "Khara" and "Gardabha" both mean "donkey" in Sanskrit. However, very little is known about the Gardabhilas from historical sources.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=121–122}}

=== Relations with other rulers ===

Samudragupta's inscription mentions that several kings tried to please him by attending on him personally; offering him their daughters in marriage (or, according to another interpretation, gifting him maidens{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=125}}); and seeking the use of the [[Garuda]]-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories.{{sfn|Shankar Goyal|2001|p=168}} These kings included "Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi, Shaka-Murundas, and the rulers of the island countries such as Simhala".{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2017|p=343}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=77–78}}

==== Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi ====
[[File:Daivaputra Shaahi Shaahaanu Shaahi.jpg|thumb|{{center|[[File:Gupta allahabad de.svg|22px]][[File:Gupta allahabad v.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad pu.jpg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|15px]][[File:Gupta allahabad ssa.jpg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad hi.jpg|15px]][[File:Gupta allahabad ssa.jpg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad haa.jpg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad nu.jpg|17px]][[File:Gupta allahabad ssa.jpg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad hi.jpg|15px]]}}The expression ''Devaputra Shāhi Shāhānu Shāhi'' in Middle [[Brahmi]] in the [[Allahabad pillar]] (Line 23).<ref name="AE">{{cite book |last1=Eraly |first1=Abraham |title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780670084784 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA38 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Numismatist [[John Allan (numismatist)|John Allan]] theorized that Daivaputra, Shahi, and Shahanushahi were three different states; or alternatively, Shahi-Shahanushahi was a single state. Historian [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] argued that Daivaputra ("a descendant of Devaputra") cannot be a stand-alone name, and identified Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi as a single ruler, possibly [[Kidara I]], who had established a new kingdom [[Gandhara]] (present-day Afghanistan).{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=122}}

According to historian Tej Ram Sharma, Daivaputra refers to a [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] king (Devaputra being a Kushan title); Shahi refers to a sub-branch of the Kushans; and Shahanushahi refers to the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanians]]. These kings controlled parts of present-day Punjab and Afghanistan.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=89}}

Historian Ashvini Agrwal theorizes that Kidara, who initially ruled as a vassal of the Sasanian king [[Shapur II]], may have formed an alliance with Samudragupta to overthrow his Sasanian overlord. In ''[[Raghuvamsha]]'', the Gupta court poet [[Kalidasa]] states his hero Raghu defeated the Parasikas (Persians): Agrwal speculates that this description may be inspired from the Kidraite-Gupta victory over the Sasanians.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=122}}

According to [[Abraham Eraly]] and others, the expression ''Devaputra Shāhi Shāhānu Shāhi'' evidently designates the Kushan princes, being a deformation of the Kushan regnal titles ''Devaputra, Shao and Shaonanoshao'': "Son of God, King, King of Kings".<ref name="AE"/><ref name="CC165">This expression obviously refers to the last rulers of the Kushan Empire, in {{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinovskiĭ |first2=Boris Abramovich |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120815407 |pages=165–166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA165 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |title=TWO CURIOUS KIDARITE COIN TYPES FROM 5 TH CENTURY KASHMIR by Joe Cribb and Karan Singh |journal=Jons |date=January 2017 |page=3 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36983254 |language=en}}</ref> This suggests that by the time of the Allahabad inscription the Kushans still ruled in [[Punjab]], but under the suzerainty of the Gupta Emperor.<ref name="HCCA166">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |pages=165–166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA166 |language=en}}</ref>

According to Hans T. Bakker, candidates for the Daivaputrasāhi are the late Kushan kings of [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]]: Vasudeva II or [[Kipunada|Kipunadha]], and regarding the śaka-murunda I follow Konow and Lüders, who argue that this 'passage in the Allahabad inscription of Samudragupta leaves no doubt that murunda (i.e. 'commander'), originally was a title used by Saka princes'. The șāhānuṣāhi refers to the 'king of kings' [[Shapur II]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |date=2020-01-01 |title=The Sasanian and Gupta empires and their struggle against the Huns |url=https://www.academia.edu/106550687 |journal=Masters of the Steppe, Archaeopress Publishing}}</ref>

According to [[S.R. Goyal]], Samudragupta was determined to ensure the safety of the empire's frontiers and secure the western trade routes. To address these concerns, he formed an alliance with Kidara, a strategic move aimed at countering the threats posed by [[Shapur II]] of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian]] [[Empire]]. As the more powerful partner in this alliance, Samudragupta provided significant support to [[Kidara I|Kidara]]. This collaboration proved to be highly effective; [[Kidara I|Kidara]] achieved victories over the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanians]] in 367-368 AD. However, these victories did not necessarily result in [[Shapur II]] becoming a vassal of either [[Kidara I|Kidara]] or Samudragupta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967/page/186/mode/1up |title=History Of The Imperial Guptas |pages=178 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 |pages=177 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Shaka-Murundas ====

{{See also|Gupta-Saka Wars}}

Some scholars believe that the term "Shaka-Murundas" refers to a single entity. For example, scholars such as [[Sten Konow]] assert that "Murunda" is a [[Shakas|Shaka]] title meaning "lord"; the Kushans also used similar titles (for example, Kanishka is titled a "muroda" in his Zeda inscription).{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=123}}

Other scholars, such as [[K. P. Jayaswal]], believe that Shakas and Murundas are two different groups of people.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=123}} According to this theory, Shakas here most probably refers to the [[Western Kshatrapa]] rulers of [[Ujjain]].{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=89}} Jayaswal notes that the ''[[Puranas]]'' mention the rule of 13 Murunda kings, and [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Abhidhana-Chintamani'' describes Murunda as people of [[Lampaka]] (in present-day Afghanistan). However, Agrwal points out that these sources are of relatively late origin, and it is possible that a branch of the Shakas had come to be known as "Murundas".{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=123}}

[[File:Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription Shaka word in Line 23.jpg|thumb|The vanquished "Śaka" ([[File:Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg|15px]]) mentioned by Samudragupta in the [[Allahabad pillar]] (Line 23) probably refer to the [[Saka]] ruler [[Sridharavarman]] in Central India.<ref name="CII4">{{cite book |last1=Mirashi |first1=Vasudev Vishnu |title=Corpus inscriptionum indicarum vol.4 pt.2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era |date=1955 |publisher=Archaeological Society of India |pages=605–611 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3725/page/n321}}</ref>]]The exact location of the Shakas mentioned in Samudragupta's inscription is not certain. [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] identified them with the [[Western Kshatrapas]], who controlled the western [[Malwa]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] regions. [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] alternatively identified the Shaka-Murunda ruler with [[Shridhara-varman]], a Shaka ruler whose inscriptions have been discovered at [[Sanchi]] ([[Kanakerha inscription]]) and [[Eran]].<ref name="CII4" /> Eran then came under the direct control of Samudragupta, as attested by his Eran inscription.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=123}}<ref name="CII4" />

==== Simhala and other islands ====

According to the Chinese sources, [[Sirimeghavanna of Anuradhapura|Meghavarna]], the king of Simhala (present-day [[Sri Lanka]]), sought to build a monastery at Bodh Gaya, for the convenience of the pilgrims from his kingdom. He sent rich presents for this purpose, and Samudragupta sanctioned his request to build the monastery. Using poetic exaggeration, Samudragupta's courtier Harishena appears to have described this act of diplomacy as an act of subservience.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=90}} Similarly, the 7th-century Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]], who visited this monastery, appears to have regarded the rich presents sent by Meghavarna as tribute: he states that Meghavarna "gave in tribute to the king of India all the jewels of his country".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=27}}

The "other islands" may be the [[Indianized kingdom]]s of South-East Asia, but there is no evidence that their rulers were subordinate to Samudragupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=90}} They probably sent embassies to the Gupta empire, and maintained friendly relations.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=27}} The sea ports of the Gupta Empire, such as Tamralipti, were probably connected to these kingdoms through the marine routes. The widespread use of Sanskrit in these kingdoms may have happened as a result of Gupta influence.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=124}}

== Imperial extent ==

Samudragupta's empire included a core territory, located in northern India, which was directly controlled by the emperor. Besides, it comprised a number of monarchical and tribal tributary states.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=22}} Historian [[R. C. Majumdar]] theorizes that Samudragupta directly controlled an area extending from the [[Ravi River]] ([[Punjab]]) in the west to the [[Brahmaputra River]] ([[Bengal]] and [[Assam]]) in the east, and from the [[Sivalik Hills|Himalayan foothills]] in the north to the [[Vindhya|Vindhya hills]] in the south. The south-western boundary of his territory roughly followed an imaginary line drawn from present-day [[Karnal]] to [[Bhilsa]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=23, 27}}

In the south, Samudragupta's empire definitely included [[Eran]] in present-day Madhya Pradesh, where his inscription has been found.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=23}} The Allahabad Pillar inscription suggests that he advanced up to [[Kanchipuram]] in the south.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=112}} However, since the claims in the Allahabad Pillar inscription are from a royal eulogy, they must be treated with caution. The southern kings were not under his direct suzerainty: they only paid him tribute.{{sfn|K. Chakrabarti|1996|p=185}}

According to historian Kunal Chakrabarti, Samudragupta's military campaigns weakened the tribal republics of present-day Punjab and Rajasthan, but even these kingdoms were not under his direct suzerainty: they only paid him tribute. Samudragupta's claim of control over other kings is questionable.{{sfn|K. Chakrabarti|1996|p=185}} Historian Ashvini Agrawal notes that a gold coin of the Gadahara tribe bears the legend Samudra, which suggests that Samudragupta's control extended up to the [[Chenab river]] in the Punjab region.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=128}}

Some earlier scholars, such as [[J. F. Fleet]] believed that Samudragupta had also conquered a part of [[Maharashtra]], based on the identification of Devarashtra with Maharashtra, and Erandapalla with [[Erandol]], where some Gupta-era remains have been found.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=109, 112}} However, this theory is no longer considered correct.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=112}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=245}}

== Coinage ==
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
| header=Imitation of Kushan coinage
| image1 = Coin of VasudevaII.jpg
| caption1 = Kushan coin of [[Vasudeva II]], 275–300 CE.
| image2 = Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE.jpg
| caption2 = Standard type of Samudragupta, 335/350-375 CE
| footer=Samudragupta was the first Gupta ruler to mint coins. These were in imitation of the coinage of the [[Kushan Empire]], adopting its weight standard, techniques and designs, following the conquests of Samudragupta in the northwest.<ref name="RM31">{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |title=The Gupta Empire |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120804401 |pages=30–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Infobase Publishing">{{cite book |last1=Higham |first1=Charles |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |date=2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA82 |language=en}}</ref> The two types of coins are similar, except for the headdress of the ruler (a close-fitting cap instead of the Kushan pointed hat), the Garuda standard instead of the trident, and Samudragupta's jewelry, which is Indian.<ref name="RM31"/><ref name="The Coins of India">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=C. J. |title=The Coins of India |date=1987 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120603455 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-d497CKID0C&pg=PA41 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The coinage of the Gupta Empire was initially derived from the coinage of the [[Kushan Empire]], adopting its weight standard, techniques and designs, following the conquests of Samudragupta in the northwest of the subcontinent.<ref>"It was his conquests which brought to him the gold utilized in his coinage and also the knowledge of its technique acquired from his acquaintance with Kushan (eastern Punjab) coins. His earliest coins began as imitations of these Kushan coins, and of their foreign features which were gradually replaced by Indian features in his later coins." in {{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |title=The Gupta Empire |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120804401 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Infobase Publishing">{{cite book |last1=Higham |first1=Charles |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |date=2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA82 |language=en}}</ref> The Guptas even adopted from the Kushans the name of ''[[Dinar]]a'' for their coinage, which ultimately came from the Roman name ''[[Denarius]] [[aureus]]''.<ref>"Known by the term [[Dinar]]s in early Gupta inscriptions, their gold coinage was based on the weight standard of the Kushans i.e. 8 gms/120 grains. It was replaced in the time of [[Skandagupta]] by a standard of 80 ratis or 144 grains" {{cite book |last1=Vanaja |first1=R. |title=Indian Coinage |date=1983 |publisher=National Museum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVdmAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |title=The Gupta Empire |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120804401 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Gupta inscriptions using the term "Dinara" for money: No 5-9, 62, 64 in {{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n229}}</ref> The standard coin type of Samudragupta is highly similar to the coinage of the later Kushan rulers, including the sacrificial scene over an altar, the depiction of a halo, while differences include the headdress of the ruler (a close-fitting cap instead of the Kushan pointed hat), the Garuda standard instead of the trident, and Samudragupta's jewelry, which is Indian.<ref name="RM31"/>

The following types of Samudragupta's coins, inscribed with [[Sanskrit]] language legends, have been discovered:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=John |title=Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties |date=1914 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214/page/n123 1]-20 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214}}</ref>

; Standard type
* Obverse legend: ''Samara-shata-vitata-vijayo-jita-ripurajito-divam-jayati''. Translation: "The unconquered one who has conquered his enemies [and] has continuously attained victories in a hundred battles, wins heaven";{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=92}} Alternative translation: "The conqueror of the unconquered fortresses of his enemies, whose victory was spread in hundreds of battles, conquers heaven".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
* Reverse legend: ''Prakramah''{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

; Archer type
* Depicts Samudragupta standing fully dressed with a bow on his left hand and an arrow on his right hand.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
* Obverse legend: ''Apratiratha vijitya kshitim sucharitair (or avnipatir) divam Jayati''. Translation: "Unopposed by hostile chariots, conquering the earth, he conquers heaven by his good deeds".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
* Reverse legend: ''Apratirathah''{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

; Battle-axe type
* Obverse legend: ''Kritanta-parshur-jayatyajitarajajetaji-tah''. Translation: "Wielding the axe of Kritanta (the god of death), the unconquered conqueror of unconquered kings is victorious"{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
* Reverse legend: ''Kritanta-parashuh''{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

; Tiger-slayer type
* Depicts the king wearing turban and waist-cloth, and trampling a tiger{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
* Legend: ''Vaghra-prakramah''. Translation: "Having the prowess of a tiger".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

; Lyrist type
* Depicts Samudragupta wearing waist-cloth and seated cross-legged on a couch, playing a [[ancient veena|veena]] that lies on his knees.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
* Legend: the king's name{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

; Ashvamedha type
* Obverse legend: ''Rajadhirajah prithvim avitva divam jayatyahritavaji-medhah'' ("the overlord of kings, who has performed the horse-sacrifice, having protected the earth, conquers the heaven") on the reverse.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=126}}
** Some coins have an alternative legend: ''Rajadhirajah prithvim avitva divam jayatya-prativarya-viryah'' ("the overlord of kings, of irresistible valour, having protected the earth, wins heaven").{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=126}}
* Reverse legend: ''Ashvamedha-prakramah'' ("possessing the valour to perform the horse-sacrifice")

Various scholars, including numismatist [[John Allan (numismatist)|John Allan]], consider that the gold coins bearing the portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi were issued by Samudragupta to commemorate his parents,<ref name="RM">{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |title=The Gupta Empire |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120804401 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Infobase Publishing">{{cite book |last1=Higham |first1=Charles |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |date=2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA82 |language=en}}</ref> while others have attributed the issue of these coins to Chandragupta himself.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=11}}{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=91-92}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Coins of Samudragupta">
Samudragupta circa 335-380 CE.jpg | A [[gold coin]] of Samudragupta
Chandragupta I or Samudragupta. Circa 320-335 or 335-380 AD.jpg|Commemorative type of [[Chandragupta I]]: this coin is in the name of Chandragupta I, but since no other coin types of Chandragupta are known, this is thought to be a commemorative issue minted by his son Samudragupta.<ref name="RM"/><ref name="Infobase Publishing">{{cite book |last1=Higham |first1=Charles |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |date=2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA82 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Coins of India">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=C. J. |title=The Coins of India |date=1987 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120603455 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-d497CKID0C&pg=PA41 |language=en}}</ref>
Samudragupta circa 335-380 CE Ashvameda type.jpg | [[Ashvamedha]] type coin
Samudragupta Circa 335-380 CE Lyrist type.jpg | Lyrist type coin
</gallery>

== Inscriptions ==
[[File:Ashoka Pillar, Allahabad, 1870.jpg|thumb| [[Allahabad Pillar#Samudragupta inscription|Samudragupta inscriptions]] on Allahabad pillar.]]

Two inscriptions from Samudragupta's reign have been discovered:{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=67}}

* [[Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad Pillar inscription]]
* Eran stone inscription

Fleet theorized that the Allahabad Pillar inscription was posthumous, and was issued during the reign of Chandragupta II, but modern scholars disagree with this theory.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=69}}

Two other records are attributed to Samudragupta's reign, but the genuineness of these records is disputed:{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=70}}

* Nalanda inscription, dated to the regnal year 5
* Gaya inscription, dated to the regnal year 9

Both these inscriptions state that they were written at the order of the Gupta officer Gopaswamin. Like the Mathura stone inscription of Chandragupta II, these records describe Samudragupta as the "restorer of the Ashvamedha sacrifice". It seems suspicious that records issued so early in Samudragupta's reign mention this claim, which does not appear in the later Allahabad Pillar inscription. One possibility is that these records were issued during Samudragupta's reign, and were damaged after some time, because of which they were restored during the reign of Chandragupta II.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=70}}

=== Eran inscription ===
[[File:Eran inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Eran inscription of Samudragupta.]]
At [[Eran]], an inscription by Samudragupta seems to succeed that of a local [[Western Satraps|Saka]] ruler named [[Sridharavarman]], already known from the [[Kanakerha inscription]] at [[Sanchi]] and another inscription in Eran. Samudragupta may therefore have ousted Sridharavarman in his campaigns to the West.<ref>"During the course of this expedition, he is believed to have attacked and defeated the Saka Chief Shridhar Varman, ruling over Eran-Vidisha region. He then annexed the area and erected a monument at Eran (modern Sagar District) "for the sake cf augmenting his fame"." in {{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. S. |title=Madhya Pradesh: District Gazetteers |date=1982 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CYLAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> The [[Eran]] Inscription of Samudragupta is presently stored in [[Kolkata]] [[Indian Museum]]. The inscription, in red sandstone, was found not far to the west of the ruined temple of the boar. It reads:

{{blockquote|
(Lines 1 to 6, containing the whole of the first verse and the first half of the second, are entirely broken away and lost.) 
(Line 7.)— ....................................in giving gold ...................................... [by whom] Prithu and Râghava and other kings [were outshone.] 
(L. 9.)— . . . . . . . . . there was Samudragupta, equal to (the gods) [[Dhanada]] and [[Antaka]] in (respectively) pleasure and anger; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by policy; (and) [by whom] the whole tribe of kings upon the earth was [overthrown] and reduced to the loss of the wealth of their sovereignty;— 
(L. 13.)— [Who], by . . . . . . . . . satisfied by devotion and policy and valour,—by the glories, consisting of the consecration by besprinkling, &c., that belong to the title of
'king,'— (and) by . . . . . . . . . . . combined with supreme satisfaction, — .................. (was) a king whose vigour could not be resisted;— 
(L. 17.)— [By whom] there was married a virtuous and faithful wife, whose dower was provided by (his) manliness and prowess; who was possessed of an abundance of [elephants] and horses and money and grain; who delighted in the houses of .............; (and) who went about in the company of many sons and sons' sons;— 
(L. 21.)— Whose deeds in battle (are) kindled with prowess; (whose) . . . . . . very mighty fame is always circling round about; and whose enemies are terrified, when they think,
even in the intervals of dreaming, of (his). . . . . . . that are vigorous in war; — 
(L. 25.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in a place in Airikina (Eran), the city of his own enjoyment. . . . . . . . . . . . . has been set up, for the sake of augmenting his own fame. 
(L. 27.) — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . when the king said . . . . . . . 
(The rest of the inscription is entirely broken away and lost.)|Eran inscription of Samudragupta<ref>Fleet, John F. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795 pp20-21]</ref>}}

== Religion ==

Samudragputa's [[Eran]] inscription records the installation of a [[Vishnu]] idol in a temple.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}} The Nalanda and Gaya inscriptions attributed to Samudragupta explicitly call him a devotee of Vishnu (''parama-Bhagavata''){{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=32}} He was also tolerant towards [[Buddhism]], and permitted the construction of a Buddhist monastery commissioned by the [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Anuradhapura]] king [[Sirimeghavanna of Anuradhapura|Meghavarna]] at [[Bodh Gaya]] in his territory.{{sfn|Lallanji Gopal|1969|pp=56–57, 74}}

The [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription states that Samudragupta was engaged in the performance of the [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical]] ceremonies of Sattra ([[Soma (drink)|Soma]] sacrifices) and Diksha. It describes him as "the giver of many hundreds of [[gosahasra|thousands of cows]]".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=91}} The Mathura stone inscription of his son [[Chandragupta II]] also describes him as the giver of "millions of cows and gold".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}} It appears that Samudragupta donated these cows to the Brahmins who officiated his Sattra and Diksha ceremonies.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=91}} The Eran inscription states that Samudragupta surpassed [[Prithu]], [[Rama|Raghava]] and other legendary kings in giving gold.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=67}}

The Allahabad Pillar inscription alludes to his [[divine right of kings|divine kingship]], comparing him to the ''Parama Purusha'' (supreme being), and also with deities such as Dhanada ([[Kubera]]), [[Varuna]], [[Indra]], and Antaka ([[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]]).{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=91}} The Eran inscription states that he was equal to Kubera and Yama in pleasure and anger respectively.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=67}} The Mathura stone inscription similarly describes him as equal to the deities Kubera, Varuna, Indra, and Yama.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}}

=== Ashvamedha ===

Samudragupta performed the [[Ashvamedha]] ritual, which was used by the ancient Indian kings to prove their imperial sovereignty, and issued gold coins (see [[#Coinage|Coinage]] section) to mark this performance.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=125–126}} The copper-plate inscriptions of Samudragupta's granddaughter Prabhavati-Gupta, who was a [[Vakataka]] queen, describe him as the performer of multiple horse sacrifices. According to one theory, Samudragupta indeed performed more than one horse sacrifices, as attested by the presence of two different legends on his Ashvamedha coins. Another theory dismisses the claim on Prabhavati-Gupta's inscriptions as an exaggeration or a scribal error since this claim does not appear on the inscriptions of Samudragupta or his successors.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=126}}

The Mathura stone inscription of [[Chandragupta II]] describes Samudragupta as "the restorer of the Ashvamedha sacrifice that had been long in abeyance" ([[Vincent Arthur Smith|Smith]]'s translation). This claim also appears in the inscriptions of the subsequent Gupta kings,{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}} as well as the spurious Gaya and Nalanda inscriptions attributed to Samudragupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=32}} However, several kings including those from [[Bharashiva]], Vakataka, [[Shalankayana]], and [[Pallava]] dynasties had had performed Ashvamedha in the preceding years.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=126}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=93}} Different scholars have attempted to explain this anomaly in different ways: [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H. C. Raychaudhuri]] suggests that the Gupta court poet did not know about these kings.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=127}} According to [[R. C. Majumdar]], Samudragupta was the first king several centuries to perform the sacrifice in the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] region.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=32}} Majumdar also theorizes that the Ashvamedha ceremony performed by Bharashiva, Vakataka, and other near-contemporary kings was "more of a religious nature", while Samudragupta's ceremony actually involved proving his imperial sovereignty.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=33}} Similarly, scholars such as [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|S. K. Aiyangar]] and [[D. R. Bhandarkar]], theorize that unlike the other kings, Samudragupta performed a "full-fledged" Ashvamedha ceremony. Others, such as [[V. S. Pathak]] and Jagannath Agrawal, interpret the verse to mean that Samudragupta performed the horse-ritual that lasted for a long-time.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=127}}

The surviving verses of Samudragupta's own Allahabad Pillar inscription do not mention the Ashvamedha ceremony. According to one theory, this inscription was put up to mark the beginning of the ceremony, as the panegyrics of the sacrificer were an essential part of the Ashvamedha ceremony.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=127}} It is possible that its first four lines, which are now lost, contained a reference to the ceremony. {{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=32}}

== Personality ==

Samudragupta's coins depict him as a man of tall stature and muscular physique.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=95}} The Allahabad Pillar inscription presents him as a compassionate ruler, stating that his "mind was engaged in providing relief to the low, the poor, the helpless, and the afflicted".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=91, 94}} It also mentions that he reinstated many royal families which had lost their kingdoms, including the kings defeated by him.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}} At the same time, it states that he maintained strict administration ("Prachanda shasana").{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

The inscription states that Samudragupta became famous among the learned people because of his poetical works, and earned the epithet "king of poets".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}} This suggests that he composed some poetical works, but none of these works now survive.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}}

The inscription also boasts that Samudragupta put to shame the celestial musician [[Tumburu]] and [[Narada]] by his lovely performances of music. {{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}} Samudragupta's musical talents are also corroborated by his gold coins which depict him playing a [[ancient veena|veena]]. {{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}}

The inscription praises Samudragupta's wisdom and intellect,{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}} stating that he put to shame the preceptor of the Lord of the Gods (that is, [[Brihaspati]]) by his sharp intellect.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

== Legacy ==
Vincent Smith referred to Samudragupta as the "Indian [[Napoleon]]" due to his remarkable military campaigns and strategic prowess. His achievements included the total defeat of adversaries in [[Āryāvarta|Aryavarta]], extensive expeditions in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] across long distances and inhospitable terrains, and a notable expedition across the [[Indus River]]. This last expedition, which might have been led by Samudragupta himself or his son [[Chandragupta II]], demonstrated his exceptional military skill and strategic acumen.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967/page/186/mode/1up |title=History Of The Imperial Guptas |pages=18o |language=English}}</ref>

The comparison between Samudragupta and [[Napoleon]] is relevant in several aspects. Both rulers organized their empires in a broadly similar fashion. [[Napoleon|Napoleon’s]] empire, centered around [[France]] and including adjacent [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], Belgian, [[Germanic peoples|German]], and [[Italians|Italian]] regions, was surrounded by a network of allied and protected states such as Spain, the [[Confederation of the Rhine]], the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and the Kingdoms of Italy and [[Naples]]. Similarly, Samudragupta’s empire encompassed nearly all of [[North India|northern India]], excluding regions like [[Sindh]], much of Kashmir and western Rajasthan<ref name=":2" />

Samudragupta's empire was vast and strategically organized. It encompassed nearly the whole of modern [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], part of [[Bengal]], and a significant portion of eastern [[Malwa]]. Beyond a ring of tributary states were the [[Indo-Scythians|Saka]] and [[Kushan Empire|Kushaṇ]] principalities in the North-West, twelve states in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], [[kerala]] as well as [[Sri Lanka|Simhala]] (Sri Lanka) and several other islands. These regions were either allies or were compelled to show respect towards the empire, forming a second line of defense beyond the primary ring of tributary states.<ref name=":2" />

Samudragupta's imperial structure resembled that of [[Napoleon|Napoleon’s]] organizational strategy, featuring a strong central core surrounded by friendly states and dependencies. Like [[Napoleon]], Samudragupta was influenced by the prevailing ideologies of his time. His Allahabad Prasasti (inscription) reflects his aspiration for *chakravartitva* or universal sovereignty, a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ideal prevalent during the Gupta era, which sought to establish overlordship over all of [[Names for India|Bharatavarsha]] (India). This ideal can be compared to Napoleon’s vision of a European Commonwealth under French hegemony. Unlike Napoleon, whose ambitions were curtailed after the Battle of Waterloo, Samudragupta successfully realized his vision and celebrated his achievements with the performance of an [[Ashvamedha|Asvamedha]] (horse sacrifice).<ref name=":2" />

The Asvamedha performed by Samudragupta was of an elaborate type, denoted by the term chirotsanna, rather than the abbreviated form that was more common during that period. It is generally believed that this grand celebration occurred sometime after the inscription of the Allahabad Prasasti. However, it is also possible that the Asvamedha was conducted around the same time as the inscription.<ref name=":2" />

It is believed that the Allahabad Prasasti was composed in conjunction with the performance of Samudragupta’s Asvamedha sacrifice. This elaborate type of sacrifice, known as *chirotsanna*, included *prateyya* or hymns praising the sacrificer and long-ago kings, performed by lute-players including a Rajanya who sang three self-composed songs. It is possible that the Asokan pillar, on which the prasasti was engraved, was used as an ornamental post during the sacrifice. Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) was the original seat of the Gupta dynasty.<ref name=":2" />

Samudragupta's reign marked a significant revival of Brahmanical religion, which had declined since Emperor Ashoka's promotion of Buddhism. Samudragupta represents a Hindu response to [[Ashoka's policy of Dhamma|Ashoka’s]] Buddhist ideals. While Ashoka sought to be a *chakravarti dharmika dharmaraja*—a ruler who conquered through righteousness (dhamma) rather than force—Samudragupta aimed to be a traditional *chakravartin* through military conquest. Both emperors were considered *dharma vijayins* (victors through righteousness), but their concepts of achieving righteousness differed. Ashoka emphasized the moral aspects of religion, while Samudragupta focused on traditional martial and political authority<ref name=":2" />

The question of whether [[Vikramaditya]] existed or is a legend is unresolved. However, it is well established that Samudragupta was the first historical ruler to assume the title of Vikrama. Elements of the Vikramaditya legend can be traced back to both Samudragupta and his son [[Chandragupta II|Chandragupta]] II, reflecting their personalities and achievements.<ref name=":2" />

== Indian Embassy to Rome ==
According to a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] historian, an Indian embassy arrived in Rome in 351 CE, although it had been dispatched from India earlier. This event holds historical significance when viewed in the context of the political conditions in India during the mid-fourth century.<ref name=":2" />

Before 361 CE, Rome was at war with the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian]] Empire. During this period, it was plausible that Samudragupta, a prominent Indian ruler, might have sought to support Roman efforts against the [[Sasanian dynasty|Sassanians]] by sending an embassy. By aligning with [[Kidara I|Kidāra]] against [[Shapur II]], Samudragupta would have aimed to keep [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian]] forces occupied and distracted.<ref name=":0" />

In light of the political dynamics in [[Bactria]] and North-Western India, there is a suggestion that Kalidasa's portrayal of Raghu's conquests in his work, "[[Raghuvaṃśa]]," might be based on the actual historical events of Samudragupta's campaigns. Kalidasa describes Raghu's military expeditions, including the conquest of [[Trikuta|Trikūta]] in the Deccan and subsequent campaigns against the [[Persian Empire|Parasikas]], [[Huns|Hunas]], and Kambojas.

Kalidasa's epic, therefore, might reflect the real historical interactions and conflicts of the time, providing a literary perspective on the political and military landscape of the era.<ref name=":2" />

== Succession ==

The official records of the Gupta dynasty state that Samudragupta was succeeded by [[Chandragupta II]], who was his son from Dattadevi.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=46}} Based on a reconstruction of the partially-lost Sanskrit play ''[[Devichandraguptam]]'', a section of modern historians believe that Samudragupta was initially succeeded by [[Ramagupta]] (presumably the eldest son), who was then dethroned by Chandragupta II.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=48}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=95–96}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author=Ajay Mitra Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Inscriptions of the Śarabhapurīyas, Pāṇḍuvaṁśins and Somavaṁśins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cyQ8BxzR4kC&pg=PA12 |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0637-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. Chakrabarti |chapter=Origin and political history of the Guptas |editor1=Ahmad Hasan Dani |editor2=B. A. Litvinsky |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA185 |year=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103211-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Lallanji Gopal |title=Samudragupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5uW1AAAAIAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=National Book Trust |oclc=583078075 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300–985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shankar Goyal |title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Book Enclave |isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA477 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/258 258] |year=1978 |publisher=Concept |oclc=249004782 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC |year=1989 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 |year=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-98128-7 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 |year=1987 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-222-2 }}

==External links==
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-samudragupta.html Catalogue of Coins of Samudragupta]

[[Category:4th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Gupta emperors]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:4th-century maharajadhirajas]]

Bala Deshpande

2026-02-06T05:56:03Z

Shruti: added first stub w/ sources

{{resume-like|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Bala Deshpande
|image =
|caption =
|birth_place =
|alma_mater = [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]], [[University of Mumbai]]
|birth_date =
|occupation = Senior Managing Director, [[New Enterprise Associates]]
|spouse =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Bala Deshpande''' is the Senior Managing Director of the [[venture capital]] firm, [[New Enterprise Associates]] ([[India]]) since 2008.<ref name="icici">{{cite web|title=ICICI Venture's Bala Deshpande Quits; To Join NEA|url=http://www.vccircle.com/news/banking/2008/09/09/icici-ventures-bala-deshpande-quits-join-nea|publisher=vccircle.com|access-date=14 September 2014|archive-date=25 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125042800/http://www.vccircle.com/news/banking/2008/09/09/icici-ventures-bala-deshpande-quits-join-nea|url-status=dead}}</ref> NEA is a venture capital firm with over US$13 billion in committed capital.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Enterprise Associates Closes $2.6 Billion In One Of Largest Venture Funds Ever|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2012/07/25/new-enterprise-associates-closes-2-6-billion-in-one-of-largest-venture-funds-ever/|work=forbes.com|access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Q&A: Bala Deshpande, Senior MD, New Enterprise Associates (India)|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/q-a-bala-deshpande-senior-md-new-enterprise-associates-india-110071400013_1.html|publisher=business-standard.com|access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref> NEA started direct investments in India during the downturn in 2008 and has since built a portfolio of 14 companies.<ref>{{cite web|title=E-commerce has become 'winner takes all' in terms of fundraising, share of wallet: Bala Deshpande, Senior MD, NEA India|date=9 August 2012 |url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2012/08/09/e-commerce-has-become-winner-takes-all-in-terms-of-fundraising-share-of-wallet-bala-deshpande-senior-md-nea-india/|publisher=vccircle.com|access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref>

According to Fortune India (2016), she is the 49th most powerful women in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Most Powerful Women
|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/bala-deshpande?year=2016|publisher=Fortune India}}</ref>

==Education and personal life==
She has completed her post-graduation in Economics from the [[University of Mumbai]]. She also holds a master's degree in Management Studies from the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Managing Director NEA India |url=http://www.afaqs.com/events/tvnxt/2011/speaker-details.html?id=374 |publisher=afaqs.com |access-date=14 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726062206/http://www.afaqs.com/events/tvnxt/2011/speaker-details.html?id=374 |archive-date=26 July 2012 }}</ref>

She is married to Chaitanya Deshpande, who heads the [[Investor relations|Investor Relations]] and M&A functions at [[Marico Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Seen great volume growth across different segments: Chaitanya Deshpande, Marico|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-03/news/33020178_1_coconut-oil-saffola-hair-oil|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019201736/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-03/news/33020178_1_coconut-oil-saffola-hair-oil|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2015|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref> The couple lives in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bala Deshpande|url=http://www.sankalpforum.com/people-profile/bala-deshpande/|publisher=sankalpforum.com|access-date=14 September 2014|archive-date=11 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111193705/http://www.sankalpforum.com/people-profile/bala-deshpande/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
She has over 23 years of professional experience, including 14 years<ref>{{cite web|title=I have great belief in India's entrepreneurial talent: Bala Deshpande |url=http://entrepreneurindia.in/people/inconversation/i-have-great-belief-in-indias-entrepreneurial-talent-bala-deshpande/17314/ |publisher=entrepreneurindia.in |access-date=14 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905100222/http://entrepreneurindia.in/people/inconversation/i-have-great-belief-in-indias-entrepreneurial-talent-bala-deshpande/17314/ |archive-date=5 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Soothing effect: Investors and their spiritual balm at workplaces|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/work/soothing-effect-investors-and-their-spiritual-balm-at-workplaces/38401/1|publisher=forbesindia.com|access-date=14 September 2014|archive-date=28 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828021528/http://forbesindia.com/article/work/soothing-effect-investors-and-their-spiritual-balm-at-workplaces/38401/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> of private equity experience. Her private equity experience has seen the full cycle from nurturing young companies to executing multiple exits, including IPO's, buybacks, strategic sales, and capital market divestments. Under her leadership, NEA India's [[assets under management]] (AUM) have grown from ~$100mn to over ~$350mn.<ref name="reuters">{{cite web|title=Info Edge India Ltd (INED.NS)|url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=INED.NS&officerId=800600|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115800/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=INED.NS&officerId=800600|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|publisher=reuters.com|access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CD Corporate Governance Seminar 2012: Transformation in India's Corporate Governance Scenario|date=12 October 2012 |url=http://www.indiacsr.in/en/cd-corporate-governance-seminar-2012-transformation-in-indias-corporate-governance-scenario/|publisher=indiacsr.in|access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref> Bala's investment expertise includes sectors such as retail, media, IT&ITES, [[Telecommunication|telecom]], construction as also some manufacturing related industries.

Prior to joining the board of NEA (India), Bala was the Director of Investments at ICICI Ventures since 2000. At ICICI Venture, she used her operational experience to identify opportunities for investment and to play a strategic role in shaping the future of investee companies. She led teams in deals ranging from Rs 6 [[crore]] to Rs 300 crore at ICICI Venture.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's PE industry opts for new strategy to combat low growth|url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/38333|publisher=forbesindia.com|access-date=14 September 2014|archive-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809062045/http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/38333|url-status=dead}}</ref> She launched leading e-commerce ventures like Traveljini and BillJunction. Further, she was involved in executing over 10 exits during her tenure with ICICI Ventures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bala Deshpande, ICICI Venture |url=http://www.dare.co.in/people/featured-investor/investor-of-the-monthbala-deshpande.htm |publisher=dare.co.in |access-date=14 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918104056/http://www.dare.co.in/people/featured-investor/investor-of-the-monthbala-deshpande.htm |archive-date=18 September 2011 }}</ref>

Before ICICI Ventures, Bala had multi industry exposure and has worked across diverse functions such as sales, distribution and brand management with MNCs such as Bestfoods, Cadbury and ICI. At Bestfoods, she was also part of the strategic planning team.<ref name="reuters" />

==Recognition==
Bala has been nominated among India's top 50 most powerful women in business by Forbes consecutively in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune India|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/fortune-india-releases-ranking-of-50-most-powerful-women-in-business-5284603709_1.html|publisher=indiainfoline.com|access-date=9 November 2011}}</ref> and 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune India Ranking |url=http://currentaffairs-businessnews.com/2012/11/16/fortune-india-ranking-of-50-most-powerful-business-women/ |publisher=businessnews.com |access-date=16 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319032612/http://currentaffairs-businessnews.com/2012/11/16/fortune-india-ranking-of-50-most-powerful-business-women/ |archive-date=19 March 2013 }}</ref> She was also nominated for the Women Leadership Forum held at [[Bestfoods|Bestfoods, New York]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The other 25|date=30 August 2011 |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/strong-contenders-for-the-bt-top-25-list-this-year/1/18285.html|publisher=intoday.in|access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref>

==Directorship==
Bala is associated with several leading organization in the capacity of a Director. She is currently on the board of:<ref>{{cite web|title=Bala Chaitanya Deshpande|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=2017904&privcapId=43223955&previousCapId=8209541&previousTitle=cMango%20Inc|publisher=businessweek.com|access-date=14 September 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

* Air Works India Engineering Private Ltd
* Naaptol Online Shopping Pvt Ltd
* Financial Software & Systems Private Ltd.
* IndiaHomes
* inTarvo Technologies Ltd.
* VISHWA Infrastructures & Services Pvt. Ltd
* [[Pantaloons Fashion & Retail|Future Retail Limited]] (formerly, Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd)
* Nova Medical Centers Private Ltd
* Naukri Internet Services Pvt. Ltd
* [[Info Edge]] (India) Ltd

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nea.com/team/bala-deshpande Bala Deshpande] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303061536/https://www.nea.com/team/bala-deshpande |date=3 March 2020 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Bala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

Mattuthavani Bus Stand, Madurai

2026-02-04T21:13:10Z

Shruti: made new entry

{{short description|Bus Terminus in Madurai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mattuthavani Bus Stand M.G.R. Bus Stand
| name_lang = en
| native_name = <hr/>Māṭṭuttāvaṇi Pēruntu Nilaiyam Em.Ji.Ār. Pēruntu Nilaiyam
| type = [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]], [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]], [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|Karnataka KSRTC]], [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|Kerala KSRTC]], [[KSRTC SWIFT|K-SWIFT]], [[Puducherry Road Transport Corporation|PRTC]] and Contract Carriage Bus Stand
| native_name_lang = ta
| style =
| image = MGR Bus Stand.jpg
| image_caption = Facade of the M.G.R. Bus Stand
| address = Madurai – Melur High Road
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9439|N|78.1561|E|display=inline,title}}
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 8 (96 bays)
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1999|05|26}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Mattuthavani bus stand traders down shutters |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/08/stories/2004120813200300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041220235432/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/08/stories/2004120813200300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2004 |accessdate=26 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 December 2004 |location=Madurai}}</ref>
| closed = No
| rebuilt = Mattuthavani Bus Stand
| electrified =
| code = MAD ([[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]]) MRI ([[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]])
| owned = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
| zone =
| former = Mattuthavani Bus Stand
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = [[Intercity bus service]]
| map_locator =
}}
'''Mattuthavani Bus Stand''', officially '''M.G.R. Bus Stand''', is an integrated [[bus terminus]] in the city of [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. This is the third-largest bus terminus in Tamil Nadu after [[Kilambakkam bus terminus|Kalaignar Centenary Bus Terminus]] and [[CMBT|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R. Bus Terminus]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter III : Audit of Transactions (Urban Local Bodies) |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_report/Government_Wise/local_bodies/Tabled_Legislature/Tamilnadu/2006_2007/chap_3.pdf |work=[[Government of India]] | publisher=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] | accessdate=26 January 2014 }}</ref> It is one of the busiest bus terminals in south Tamil Nadu and one of the most important hubs in the state.

In 2003, increased traffic led the [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]] to construct a new mofussil bus terminus that would complement the existing Pazhanganatham and Anna bus stations. After completion of the Madurai Ring Road project, the Mattuthavani Integrated Bus Terminus (MIBT) was constructed at a cost of ₹100 million (US$1.3 million) rupees and spread over an area of {{convert|18|acre|ha|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thatstamil.oneindia.in/news/2003/02/19/madurai.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724024139/http://thatstamil.oneindia.in/news/2003/02/19/madurai.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 July 2011|title=பழங்காநத்தம், அண்ணா, பெரியார், திருவள்ளுவர், ஆரப்பாளையம், மாட்டுத்தாவணி: மதுரையில் மீண்டும் பஸ் நிலைய பிரச்சினை|work=[[Oneindia.in]]|date=19 February 2003|access-date=14 November 2013|language=Tamil|trans-title=Palanganatham, Anna, Periyar, Tiruvalluvar, Aarapalayam, Mattuthavani: Bus station problems again in Madurai}}</ref> The [[government of Tamil Nadu]] renamed it ''M.G.R. Bus Stand'' on 31 October 2017 to honour the former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/it-is-now-mgr-bus-stand-at-mattuthavani-madurai/article19957729.ece|title=It is now MGR bus stand at Mattuthavani|date=31 October 2017|access-date=31 October 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Services ==
[[File:மதுரை மாட்டுத்தாவணி ஒருங்கிணைந்த பேருந்து நிலையம்.jpg|thumb|Layout of the terminus]]
Located on the outskirts of Madurai, the terminus has eight platforms with 12 bays per platform.<ref>{{cite news|last=S. Sundar|title=Move to shift city bus bay draws traders' ire|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/move-to-shift-city-bus-bay-draws-traders-ire/article3098290.ece|accessdate=25 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 August 2006}}</ref> The terminus is serviced by [[TNSTC]], [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]], [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]], and [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sleep Like a Baby in KSRTC's Airavat Mercedes Buses |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=117529|accessdate=26 January 2014|newspaper=[[Daijiworld Media]]|date=29 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New bus service to Bengaluru|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-bus-service-to-Bengaluru/article2813270.ece|accessdate=26 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=KSRTC to introduce new buses to Madurai, Trichy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ksrtc-to-introduce-new-buses-to-madurai-trichy/article4791980.ece|accessdate=26 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 June 2013|location=Bengaluru}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Platform !! Bus route
|-
| 1 || [[Chennai]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Neyveli]], [[Bangalore]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Tirupati]], [[Hosur]], [[Guruvayur]] and other [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]] buses
|-
| 2 || [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Viluppuram]], [[Ariyalur]], [[Perambalur]] and [[Natham]]
|-
| 3 || [[Sivagangai]], [[Thondi]], Thirupattur, kotaipatinam, [[Thanjavur]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Tiruvarur]], [[Pudukottai]] and [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|Karnataka State]] buses
|-
| 4 || [[Karaikudi]], [[Vedaranyam|Vedharanyam]], [[velankanni]], [[Devakottai]], [[Melur]], [[Aranthangi|Aranthaangi]], [[Pattukkottai|Pattukootai]], [[Ponnamaravathi|Ponaamaravathi]], and [[Singampunari]]

|-
| 5 || [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Erwadi|Ervadi Dargah]], [[Rameshwaram]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Ilayankudi]], [[Manamadurai]], [[Thayamangalam]], [[R. S. Mangalam|R.S.Mangalam]], [[Sayalgudi]], [[Kamuthi]] and [[Kilakarai]]
|-
| 6 || [[Rajapalayam]], [[Krishnankoil]], [[Watrap]], [[Tenkasi]], [[Srivilliputhur]], [[Courtallam]], [[sengottai]], [[Sankarankoil]], [[Papanasam]] and [[Kadayanallur]]
|-
| 7 || [[Aruppukkottai]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Sivakasi]], [[Sattur]], [[Virudhunagar]] and [[Vilathikulam]]
|-
| 8 || [[Tirunelveli]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Kovilpatti]], [[Sattur]], [[Kaliyikkavila|kaliyakaavilai]], [[Nanguneri]], [[Valliyur]] and [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|Kerala State]] Buses.
|}

== Contract Carriage Bus services ==
Due to the heavy traffic of private Contract Carriage buses in Madurai, the municipal corporation constructed the Contract Carriage Bus terminal for private omnibuses in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space earmarked for omni buses |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/space-earmarked-for-omni-buses/article922916.ece |accessdate=26 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=30 November 2010 |location=Madurai}}</ref><ref name="mayor">{{cite news |title=Madurai bus stand gets auto, taxi bay |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai-bus-stand-gets-auto-taxi-bay/article5374804.ece |accessdate=26 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=21 November 2013 |location=Madurai}}</ref> It was opened by the then [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]] on 12 February 2014. The new terminal, spread over 14.5 acres, was constructed at a cost of {{INRconvert|97|m}} rupees.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/new-omnibus-terminus-opened-at-mattuthavani/article5684100.ece |title=New omnibus terminus |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The bus station has an information center and ticket booking counters for [[TNSTC]], [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]], [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]]. Other facilities include, a police outpost, rest room for the crew, dispensary health unit, vending stalls, hotels, eateries and [[Automated teller machine|ATM]].<ref name="police">{{cite news |last=Shastry |first=V. Malladi |title=Reporter's Diary- Madurai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/reporters-diary-madurai/article4822046.ece |accessdate=29 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=17 June 2013 |location=Madurai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rest room for crew opened in bus stand |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/rest-room-for-crew-opened-in-bus-stand/article4566802.ece |accessdate=26 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=31 March 2013 |location=Madurai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=S. Sundar |title=75 stalls established to regulate flower vendors |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/75-stalls-established-to-regulate-flower-vendors/article1896651.ece |accessdate=29 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=22 August 2007 |location=Madurai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mattuthavani bus stand spruced up with new seating facilities |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mattuthavani-bus-stand-spruced-up-with-new-seating-facilities/article4445487.ece |accessdate=26 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=23 February 2013 |location=Madurai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ATM at bus stand |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/atm-at-bus-stand/article1229930.ece |accessdate=26 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=31 March 2008}}</ref> Parking and prepaid taxi, Rental cars, Auto Rickshaws are available.<ref name="mayor" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Mayor inspects bus stand |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mayor-inspects-bus-stand/article5299227.ece |accessdate=26 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | location=Madurai}}</ref><ref name="parking">{{cite news |last=S. Sundar |title=No space at Mattuthavani parking lot |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/no-space-at-mattuthavani-parking-lot/article2888011.ece |accessdate=29 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=13 February 2012 |location=Madurai}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Bus|India}}
{{Commons-inline}}
* [[Transport in Madurai]]
* [[Madurai Junction]]
* [[Madurai International Airport]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mattuthavani Bus Terminus}}
[[Category:Bus stations in Madurai]]

Sadak Arjuni Assembly constituency

2026-02-02T09:18:39Z

Shruti: Created some info first draft...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sadak Arjuni
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1962
| electors = 76,744
| mla = Shrawan Mangruji Kanhekar
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Sadak Arjuni Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Shrawan Mangruji Kanhekar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sadak Arjuni<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shrawan Mangruji Kanhekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,111 |percentage = 33.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maroti Waktu Sahkare |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 12,224 |percentage = 30.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sohanlal Tikaram Kulbhaje |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,369 |percentage = 18.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Durwalu Sampat Shahare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,629 |percentage = 4.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pancham Chamru Nagdavane |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,491 |percentage = 3.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadasheo Langda Selokar |party=Independent politician |votes = 332 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 887 |percentage = 2.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,624 |percentage = 47.11% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,744 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-31T22:25:27Z

Shruti: added the article v1

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Haryana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhiwani–Mahendragarh {{Small|HR-8}}
| type = LS
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Haryana/Bhiwani-Mahendragarh.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| assembly_cons = [[Loharu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Loharu]] [[Badhra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badhra]] [[Dadri (Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dadri]] [[Bhiwani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani]] [[Tosham (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tosham]] [[Ateli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ateli]] [[Mahendragarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]] [[Narnaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narnaul]] [[Nangal Chaudhry (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nangal Chaudhry]]
}}

'''Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the ten [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

This constituency was created by merging four assembly segments, Ateli, Mahendragarh, Narnaul and Nangal Chaudhry of the former
[[Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]] constituency and five assembly segments, Loharu, Badhra, Dadri, Bhiwani and Tosham of the erstwhile [[Bhiwani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani and Charkhi Dadri]] constituency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070220/haryana.htm#2|title=Political vacuum in Bhiwani constituency|author=Mohan, Raman, Rahul|date=20 February 2007|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref> This constituency covers the major part of [[Bhiwani district]] and the entire [[Mahendragarh district]].

==Assembly segments==
At present, Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency comprises nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies. These are:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|54
|[[Loharu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Loharu]]
|[[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
|[[Rajbir Fartia|Rajbir Singh Fartiya]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|55
|[[Badhra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badhra]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Charkhi Dadri district|Charkhi Dadri]]
|[[Umed Singh (Haryana politician)|Umed Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|56
|[[Dadri (Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dadri]]
|[[Sunil Satpal Sangwan]]
|-
|57
|[[Bhiwani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
|[[Ghanshyam Saraf]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|58
|[[Tosham (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tosham]]
|[[Shruti Choudhry]]
|-
|68
|[[Ateli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ateli]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
|[[Arti Singh Rao|Aarti Singh Rao]]
|-
|69
|[[Mahendragarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]]
|[[Kanwar Singh Yadav]]
|-
|70
|[[Narnaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narnaul]]
|[[Om Parkash Yadav]]
|-
|71
|[[Nangal Chaudhry (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nangal Chaudhry]]
|[[Manju Choudhary (politician)|Manju Chaudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2008: See [[Bhiwani Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani]] and [[Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Mahendragarh]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Shruti Choudhry]]
| style="background-color:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bhiwani]]–[[Mahendragarh]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - BHIWANI-MAHENDRAGARH">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - BHIWANI-MAHENDRAGARH |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S078.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722101311/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S078.htm |archive-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 588,664
|percentage= 49.74
|change= {{decrease}}13.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Rao Dan Singh]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 547,154
|percentage= 46.24
|change= {{increase}}21.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Bahadur Singh
|party= Jannayak Janata Party
|votes= 15,265
|percentage= 1.29
|change= {{decrease}}6.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Sunil Kumar Sharma
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 6,336
|percentage= 0.54
|change= ''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes= 5,287|percentage= 0.45|change= {{increase}}0.27}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,510
|percentage = 3.50
|change ={{decrease}}34.78
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,184,437 |percentage=65.02|change={{down}}5.46}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}13.71
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Bhiwani–Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary]]|votes=736,699|percentage=63.45|change={{increase}}24.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Shruti Choudhry]]|votes=292,236|percentage=25.17|change={{decrease}}0.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jannayak Janata Party|candidate=Swati Yadav|votes=84,956|percentage=7.32|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Lok Dal|candidate=Balwan Singh|votes=8,065|percentage=0.69|change={{decrease}}26.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,041|percentage=0.18|change={{decrease}}0.01}}

{{Election box majority||votes=444,463|percentage=38.28|change={{increase}}25.72}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,165,906|percentage=70.48|change={{increase}}0.51}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Bhiwani–Mahendragarh}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary]]|votes=404,542|percentage=39.26|change={{increase}}39.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Lok Dal|candidate=Bahadur Singh|votes=275,148|percentage=26.70|change={{decrease}}1.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Shruti Choudhry]]|votes=268,115|percentage=26.02|change={{decrease}}9.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vedpal Tanwar|votes=27,834|percentage=2.70|change={{decrease}}4.41}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,994|percentage=0.19|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=129,394|percentage=12.56|change={{increase}}6.13}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,031,357|percentage=69.97|change={{decrease}}1.34}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Bhiwani–Mahendragarh [[Bhiwani]]-[[Mahendragarh]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shruti Choudhry]]
|votes = 302,817
|percentage = 35.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Ajay Singh Chautala]]
|votes = 247,240
|percentage = 28.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)
|candidate = Narender Singh
|votes = 214,161
|percentage = 24.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vikram Singh
|votes = 61,437
|percentage = 7.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 55,577
|percentage = 6.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 865,017
|percentage = 71.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bhiwani (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Haryana}}

{{coord|28.5|76.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana]]
[[Category:Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:Mahendragarh district]]

Sayajirao Gaekwad II

2026-01-28T05:28:41Z

Shruti: Created first bio w/ refs...

{{Short description|Maharaja of Baroda from 1819 to 1847}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sayaji Rao Gaekwad II
| title = Sena Khas Khel
| image =
| caption =
| succession = 8th [[Maharaja of Baroda]]
| reign = 1819 - 1847
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Anand Rao Gaekwad]]
| successor = [[Ganpat Rao Gaekwad]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]]
| father = [[Govind Rao Gaekwad]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| death_date = 1847
| death_place =
}}
'''Sayaji Rao Gaekwad II''' was the eight Maharaja of [[Baroda State]] reigning from 1819 to 1847. He became [[Maharaja]] of Baroda after the death of Anand Rao Gaekwad. He was the third son of Govind Rao Gaekwad.<ref name="playne">{{cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |last3=Playne |first3=Somerset |last4=Solomon |first4=R. V. |author2-link=Arnold Wright |author3-link=Somerset Playne |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |date=1922 |publisher=Asian Educational Services (Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Co.) |location=London |isbn=9788120619654 |oclc=836381195 |pages=14 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&pg=PA9 |access-date=30 May 2021 |language=en |chapter=The State of Baroda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html#Baroda|title=Indian Princely States A-J|last=Cahoon|first=Ben|website=www.worldstatesmen.org|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref>

==Succession==
He died in 1847 and was succeeded by Ganpat Rao Gaekwad as the new Maharaja of Baroda state.

==See also==
*[[Gaekwad dynasty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120312031323/http://www.gaekwadsofbaroda.com/ Official Website of the Gaekwads of Baroda]}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaekwad, Sayaji Rao II}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Vadodara]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

The Patient Assassin

2026-01-24T20:04:21Z

Shruti: Created some data nd citations

{{Short description|2019 biography by Anita Anand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = The Patient Assassin, A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge and the Raj
| oclc =
| english_pub_date =
| published = April 2019
| media_type =
| pages = 384
| awards =
| isbn = 9781471174216
| isbn_note =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| pub_date =
| publisher = {{ubl|[[Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster UK]]|[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]]}}
| publisher2 =
| name = The Patient Assassin
| title_working =
| image = The Patient Assassin.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Anita Anand (journalist)|Anita Anand]]
| audio_read_by = Anita Anand
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| translator =
| set_in =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = Matt Johnson
| country = UK, India, US
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subjects = {{ubl
|[[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Indian revolutionary nationalism]]
|[[Indian independence movement]]
}}
| website =
| image_size =
}}
'''''The Patient Assassin, A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge and the Raj''''' is a 2019 book based on the life of Indian revolutionary [[Udham Singh]]. Authored by [[Anita Anand (journalist)|Anita Anand]], it was published by [[Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster UK]] in April 2019 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] in Amritsar, India.

==Publication==
''The Patient Assassin'' is a book by [[Anita Anand (journalist)|Anita Anand]] based on the life of Indian revolutionary [[Udham Singh]]. It was published by [[Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster UK]] in April 2019 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] in Amritsar, India.<ref name="Carter">{{Cite journal|last=Carter|first=Maxwell|date=5 July 2019|title=Amritsar 1919' and 'The Patient Assassin' Review: Shots Heard Round the Raj|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amritsar-1919-and-the-patient-assassin-review-shots-heard-round-the-raj-11562363474|journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It has 384 pages and it was launched by [[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] in the United States.<ref name="Simon&Schuster">{{Cite book|url=https://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/books/The-Patient-Assassin/Anita-Anand/9781471174216|title=The Patient Assassin|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster UK]]|date=4 April 2019|isbn=978-1-4711-7421-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP4|title=The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence|last=Anand|first=Anita|date=2019-06-25|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster UK]]|isbn=978-1-5011-9570-9|pages=4|language=en}}</ref>

==Summary==
The book is divided into two parts, covering 25 chapters, with a preface and a list of illustrations, endnotes, and bibliography at the end.<ref name="Anand2019">{{cite book|last=Anand|first=Anita |title=The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster UK]]|isbn=978-1-5011-9570-9}}</ref>

Anand's use of a number of archives,<ref name="Dalrymple2019" /> and interviews with people who knew Udham Singh, including [[Indarjit Singh|Lord Indarjit Singh]], have contributed to piecing together Singh's story.<ref name="Llewellyn-Jones">{{Cite journal|last=Llewellyn-Jones|first=Rosie|date=2019-08-08|title=The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge and the Raj|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=50|issue=4|pages=643–645|doi=10.1080/03068374.2019.1662181|s2cid=211669990|issn=0306-8374}}</ref> In addition, an account of Udham Singh's arrest, trial, and hanging are presented using documents released under the [[Freedom of Information Act 2000|Freedom of Information Act]].<ref name="Jack"/><ref name=Sempa>{{Cite web|url=https://asianreviewofbooks.com/content/the-patient-assassin-a-true-tale-of-massacre-revenge-and-indias-quest-for-independence-by-anita-anand/|title="The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence" by Anita Anand|last=Sempa|first=Francis P.|date=21 June 2019|language=en-US|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>

The book begins with an account of 2013, when then UK prime-minister [[David Cameron]] visited the [[Jallianwala Bagh]] memorial in Amritsar, India. Anand then refers back to 13 April 1919, when Brigadier General [[Reginald Dyer]]'s troops fired 1,650 rounds at an unarmed crowd in what came to be known as the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]]. Anand explains that her grandfather, Ishwar Das Anand, was one of the civilians in that crowd, and discloses that she has "grown up with its legacy".<ref name="Anand2019"/> In 1919, Sir [[Michael O'Dwyer]] was the [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor of Punjab]]. Twenty years later, a man named Udham Singh would kill O'Dwyer, and in Anand's words "became the most hated man in Britain, a hero to his countrymen in India, and a pawn in international politics".<ref name="Anand2019"/>

Part One has nine chapters and includes details of both Sir Michael O'Dwyer's and Brigadier General Reginald Dyer's lives, before giving the background and account of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.<ref name="Anand2019"/><ref name=Nair>{{Cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/anita-anand-beyond-myth-and-misunderstanding/|title=Anita Anand: Beyond Myth and Misunderstanding|last=Nair|first=Nandini|date=10 April 2019|website=Open The Magazine|language=en-GB|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> Sixteen chapters in Part Two complete the life of Udham Singh, tracing it from his childhood in Punjab to his travels through Germany, Russia, Mexico, California, and ultimately London in 1940, when he reached O'Dwyer and shot him "through the heart at point-blank range".<ref name="Anand2019"/><ref name="Dalrymple2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/04/bloodbath-at-baisakhi-the-centenary-of-the-amritsar-massacre/|title=Bloodbath at Baisakhi: the centenary of the Amritsar massacre|last=Dalrymple|first=William|date=6 April 2019|website=[[The Spectator]]|language=en-US|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=Nair/> He gives his name as "Ram Mohammad Singh Azad".<ref name=Anand.21>{{Cite book|last=Anand|first=Anita|title=The Patient Assassin, A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge and the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster UK]]|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4711-7424-7|chapter=21. Ram Mohammad Singh Azad |pages=268–277|location=London}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]], who previously co-authored a book with Anand, compared ''The Patient Assassin'' with [[Kim A. Wagner]]'s ''[[Amritsar 1919]]''. In his review in ''[[The Spectator]]'', he notes that both authors used a number of archives in their research. While Wagner's "style is coolly forensic and scholarly", he describes Anand's as "a more warm-blooded approach".<ref name="Dalrymple2019" />

Anthony Khatchaturian in the ''Dublin Inquirer'' describes the book as "a straightforward narration of facts, many of them detailed and new".<ref name=Khatchaturian2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dublininquirer.com/2019/04/10/the-patient-assassin-reviewed|title=The Patient Assassin, Reviewed|last=Khatchaturian|first=Anthony|date=10 April 2019|website=Dublin Inquirer|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> Kavitha Rao, writing for ''[[LiveMint]]'', called the book an "immensely lovable tale" put together with "painstaking investigation".<ref name=Rao>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-talented-mr-udham-singh-1556869541214.html|title=The talented Mr Udham Singh|last=Rao|first=Kavitha|date=2019-05-05|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> Rao adds that Anand's eye for fine details "humanizes Singh".<ref name=Rao/> [[Rakhshanda Jalil]], in an article in ''[[India Today (magazine)|India Today magazine]]'', described the book as a "giant jigsaw", with a collection of myths and truths relating to Udham Singh's life.<ref name=Jalil2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20190701-an-uprising-of-one-1552920-2019-06-21|title=An uprising of one|last=Jalil|first=Rakshanda|date=1 July 2019|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', an Indian magazine, Nonica Dutta noted that the author opens a forgotten chapter of [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Indian revolutionary nationalism]].<ref name=Datta>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/books-arjuna-saw-his-quarry/302341|title=Arjuna Saw His Quarry {{!}} Outlook India Magazine|last=Datta|first=Nonica|website=Outlook India|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported the work as the "first competent biography retracing the elusive, enigmatic life" of Udham Singh.<ref name=Sarna2019>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/udham-singh-book-review-the-patient-assassin-anita-anand-5893133/|title=A moving target|last=Sarna|first=Navtej|date=10 August 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>

Saudamini Jain, writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', noted that Anand had sought evidence from top secret British government documents and used an assortment of characters when piecing together the story of Udham Singh.<ref name=":Jain">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-patient-assassin-by-anita-anand/story-0Z0jtZtKB5fulGyHdYj87L.html|title=Book Review: The Patient Assassin by Anita Anand|last=Jain|first=Saudamini|date=13 September 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> Nandini Nair, in her book review at [[Open (Indian magazine)|''Open'']], called the book a "psychological thriller".<ref name=Nair/>

In ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[Ian Jack]] questions the exact point in time that Udham Singh decided to take revenge. Without firm evidence that he was present at Amritsar on 13 April 1919, Jack suggests that a more precise title may have been "The Wandering Assassin".<ref name="Jack">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/05/patient-assassin-anita-anand-review|title=The Patient Assassin by Anita Anand review – massacre, revenge and the Raj|last=Jack|first=Ian|date=5 June 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=30 December 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> "Her book isn't perfect", Jack notes, questioning some of Anand's speculations and terminology.<ref name="Jack"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patient Assassin, The}}
[[Category:2019 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:21st-century history books]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Simon & Schuster books]]
[[Category:Charles Scribner's Sons books]]
[[Category:Works about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]

Albert Howard

2026-01-23T01:20:48Z

Shruti: rework references additionally and improved wording per sources

{{short description|English botanist (1873–1947)}}
{{about||the lieutenant governor of Rhode Island|Albert Howard (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image =Albert Howard (botanist, born 1873).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1873|12|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bishop's Castle]], [[Shropshire]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1947|10|20|1873|12|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Blackheath, London]]
| education =
| fields =[[Botany]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
| occupation =
| religion =
| spouse =[[Gabrielle Matthaei]] [[Louise Matthaei]]
}}

'''Sir Albert Howard''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (8 December 1873{{spaced ndash}}20 October 1947) was an [[England|English]] [[botanist]]. His academic background might have been botany. While working in India he was generally considered a pathologist; this more than likely being the reason for his consistent observations of the value of compost applications being an increase in health (of the whole system). Howard was the first Westerner to document and publish the Indian techniques of [[sustainable agriculture]]. After spending considerable time learning from Indian peasants and the pests present in their soil, he called these two his professors. He was a principal figure in the early [[organic movement]]. He is considered by many in the English-speaking world to have been, along with [[Lady Eve Balfour|Eve Balfour]], one of the key advocates of ancient Indian techniques of organic agriculture.<ref name=Stinner2007>{{citation |year=2007 |author=Stinner, D.H. |chapter=The Science of Organic Farming |pages=40–72 |editor=William Lockeretz |title=Organic Farming: An International History |publisher=Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI) |isbn=978-0-85199-833-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25QnL3-njZQC&q=%22Organic+farming%22 |accessdate=10 August 2010}} ebook {{ISBN|978-1-84593-289-3}}</ref>

==Life==
{{More sources|section|date=December 2022}}

Albert Howard was born at [[Bishop's Castle]], [[Shropshire]]. He was the son of Richard Howard, a farmer, and Ann Howard, née Kilvert. He was educated at [[Wrekin College|Wellington College, Telford]], and the [[Royal College of Science]], [[South Kensington]], where he took the [[AMRSC|associateship in chemistry]]. He matriculated in 1896 at [[St. John's College, Cambridge]], becoming a scholar in 1897. In 1899, he graduated B.A. with a [[first class degree|first class]] in biological subjects, in the [[Natural Sciences Tripos]]; and graduated M.A. in 1902 or 1903.<ref>{{acad|id=HWRT896A|name=Howard, Albert}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|title=Howard, Sir Albert (1873–1947)|first=Philip|last=Conford|id=56157}}</ref><ref>{{Who's Who|title=Howard, Sir Albert|id=U227073}}</ref> In parallel, he also obtained the Cambridge and national agricultural diplomas in 1897/8.<ref name="ODNB"/>

In 1899, he lectured in Agricultural Science at Harrison College, Barbados, and in 1899 and 1902, was a Mycologist and Agricultural Lecturer at the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heckman |first=J |date=2005 |title=A history of organic farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program |journal=Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.1079/RAF2005126}}</ref>

From 1903 to 1905, he was Botanist at the [[Wye College|South Eastern Agricultural College]] and from 1905 to 1924, Imperial Economic Botanist to the Government of India.

In 1914, he was created a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Indian Empire]] (C.I.E.), and received a Silver Medal of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 1920. From 1924 to 1931, Howard was Director of the Institute of Plant Industry, Indore, and Agricultural Adviser to States in Central India and Rajputana. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1928, and in 1930 received the Barclay Memorial Medal of that society.

He was knighted in 1934, and made an Honourable Fellow of the Imperial College of Science in 1935.<ref name=LEHoward1953>{{citation |year=1953 |author=Howard, Louise E |title=Sir Albert Howard in India |place=London |publisher= Faber & Faber |url=http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/HI/HItoc.html |accessdate=10 August 2010}} [http://ps-survival.com/PS/Crops/On_Food_Crops_Sir_Albert_Howard_In_India_1910.pdf pdf version]</ref><ref name=LondonGazette4223>{{citation |date=3 July 1934 |title=Notification of Knighthood conferred 30 June 1934 |journal=[[London Gazette|The London Gazette]]|issue=34066|page=4223 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34066/pages/4223 |accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref>

Howard worked in [[India]] as agricultural adviser<ref>Rebecca Jones, ''Green Harvest: The History of Organic Farming and Gardening in Australia'', Collingwood, Victoria: Csiro Publishing, 2010, p. 3</ref> and was in charge of a government research farm at [[Indore]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Solomon| first = Steve| title = Sir Albert Howard's Indore Method| work = Organic Gardener's Composting| publisher = Soil And Health Library| url = http://www.soilandhealth.org/03sov/0302hsted/030202/03020209.html| accessdate = 20 June 2008| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080524044950/http://www.soilandhealth.org/03sov/0302hsted/030202/03020209.html| archivedate = 24 May 2008| url-status = dead}}</ref> He worked together with [[Gabrielle Howard|Gabrielle Matthaei]] (1876–1930), and her sister [[Louise Howard|Louise]] (1880–1969). He married Gabrielle in 1905. After her death, he married Louise in 1931.<ref name=LEHoward1953/><ref name=Vogt2007>{{citation |year=2007 |author=Vogt, G |chapter=The Origins of Organic Farming |pages=9–29 |editor=William Lockeretz |title=Organic Farming: An International History |publisher=Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI) |isbn=978-0-85199-833-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25QnL3-njZQC&q=%22origins+of+Organic+farming%22&pg=PA9|accessdate=10 August 2010}} ebook {{ISBN|978-1-84593-289-3}}</ref> Gabrielle was herself a professionally trained and competent botanist,<ref name=LEHoward1953/> and indeed the contribution of both women to organic farming is said to be underestimated.<ref name=Vogt2007/>

Howard observed and came to support traditional Indian farming practices over conventional [[agricultural science]]. Though he journeyed to India to teach Western agricultural techniques he found that the Indians could in fact teach him more. One important aspect he took notice of was the connection between healthy soil and the villages' healthy populations, livestock and crop. Patrick Holden, Director of the UK [[Soil Association]] quoted Howard as saying "the health of soil, plant, animal and man is one and indivisible." He was president of the 13th session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress sessions|Indian Science Congress]] in 1926.

==Organic farming==

Howard built on the traditional Indian composting system into what is now known as the [[Container composting|Indore method]]. He went on to further document Indian organic farming techniques, and spread its knowledge through the [[United Kingdom|UK]]-based [[Soil Association]], and the [[Rodale Institute]] in the [[United States|US]]. His 1940 [[book]], ''[[An Agricultural Testament]]'', is a classic organic farming text. He emphasizes the importance of maintaining [[humus]], keeping water in the soil, and the role of [[mycorrhiza]]. It was his first book aimed at the general public, and is his best popularly known work. However his 1931 book ''The Waste Products of Agriculture'', based on 26 years of studying improved crop production in Indian smallholdings, is considered by some as his most important scientific publication.<ref name=Stinner2007/> His 1945 book ''Farming and Gardening for Health or Disease'' was also intended for a general audience, and was republished in 1947 as ''The Soil and Health: A Study of Organic Agriculture''.<ref name=Stinner2007/> Howard's documentation of Indian farming practices influenced and inspired many farmers and agricultural scientists who furthered the organic movement, including [[Lady Eve Balfour]] (the [[Haughley Experiment]], ''[[The Living Soil]]'') and [[J. I. Rodale]] (Rodale Institute).

Howard advocated studying the forest in order to farm like the forest. He devoted the last half of his career to understanding that end, presaging those contemporary ecologists who advocate the understanding of the interface between ecology and agriculture.<ref name=Jackson&Piper1989>{{citation |date=December 1989 |author1=Jackson, Wes |author2=Piper, Jon |title=The Necessary Marriage Between Ecology and Agriculture |journal=[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]] |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1591–1593 |url=http://www.landinstitute.org/pages/Jackson%20Piper%201989.pdf |accessdate=9 August 2010 |doi=10.2307/1938090|jstor=1938090 |bibcode=1989Ecol...70.1591J }} [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1938090 JSTOR citation for page accuracy]</ref><ref name=Jackson2002>{{citation |year=2002 |author=Jackson, Wes |title=Natural systems agriculture: a truly radical alternative |journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=111–117 |url=https://www.sfu.ca/geog315-new/readings/Jackson(2002)pdf.pdf |doi=10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00247-X |bibcode=2002AgEE...88..111J |accessdate=10 August 2010|citeseerx=10.1.1.528.1766 }}</ref> Indeed, Howard is grouped, along with [[Rudolf Steiner]],<ref name=Sayre/> [[Robert McCarrison|Sir Robert McCarrison]] and [[Richard St. Barbe Baker]], as one of the key progenitors of the Western [[Organic farming|organic agriculture]] movement.<ref name=Sayre>{{citation |date=4 March 2004 |author=Sayre, Laura |title=Review: ''The Origins of the Organic Movement'' |publisher=[[The Rodale Institute|Rodale Institute]] |url=http://newfarm.rodaleinstitute.org/books/reviews/march04/origins.shtml |accessdate=14 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195247/http://newfarm.rodaleinstitute.org/books/reviews/march04/origins.shtml |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Mantle>{{citation |author=Mantle, Paul |title=Two Reviews (see review of ''Origins of the Organic Movement'') |work=Tributes |page=7 |publisher=The Man of the Trees: Richard St. Barbe Baker |url=http://www.manofthetrees.org/HTMLS/reviews.htm |accessdate=14 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108223659/http://www.manofthetrees.org/HTMLS/reviews.htm |archivedate=8 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Lotter>Lotter, D.W. 2003.[http://donlotter.net/lotter_organicag.pdf "Organic agriculture"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708123123/http://donlotter.net/lotter_organicag.pdf |date=8 July 2018 }} J. Sustainable Agriculture 21(4)</ref> (However he says, in the Preface to ''An Agricultural Testament'', "Some attention has also been paid to the Bio-Dynamic methods of agriculture in Holland and in Great Britain, but I remain unconvinced that the disciples of Rudolf Steiner can offer any real explanation of natural laws or have yet provided any practical examples which demonstrate the value of their theories."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ps-survival.com/PS/Agriculture/An_Agricultural_Testament_1943.pdf |title=An Agricultural Testament |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-date=2 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702222720/http://ps-survival.com/PS/Agriculture/An_Agricultural_Testament_1943.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>)

==Publications==
The following is a selection of publications by Albert Howard, including his better known works, and some lesser known publications. His knighthood was conferred in 1934, so in publications prior to that, he is not referred to as "Sir". Even subsequent to that, he did not always refer to himself as "Sir", as per his contribution to ''Nature'' in 1936, and his correspondence to the ''British Medical Journal'' in 1939. In the listings below, as far as known, in those from 1945 onwards, he is cited as "Sir Albert Howard", hence his authorship is not duplicated thereafter. See also External links section, where further publications by him may be read online.

* {{citation |year=1907 |author1=Howard, Albert |author2=Howard, Gabrielle L.C. |title=Note on Immune Wheats |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |volume=2 |pages=278–280 |doi=10.1017/S0021859600000575 |issue=3|s2cid=84326599 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1711177 }}
* {{citation |year=1910 |author1=Howard, Albert |author2=Howard, Gabrielle L.C. |author3=Khan, Abdur Rahman |title=The economic significance of natural cross-fertilization in India |series=India Dept. of Agriculture. Memoirs. Botanical series |volume=III |publisher=(No.6) Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.; London: W. Thacker & Co.}} (Published for the Imperial Department of Agriculture in India; Calcutta). [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1471438W/The_economic_significance_of_natural_cross-fertilization_in_India Listing at Open Library]
* {{citation |date=February 1921 |author=Howard, Albert |title=The Influence of Soil Factors on Disease Resistance |journal=Annals of Applied Biology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=373–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7348.1921.tb05525.x |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1447669 }}
* {{citation |date=1 January 1925 |author=Howard, Albert |title=The Effect of Grass on Trees |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=97 |issue=683 |pages=284–321 |jstor=81054 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1925.0003|bibcode=1925RSPSB..97..284H |doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |year=1929 |author1=Howard, Albert |author2=Howard, Gabrielle L.C. |title=The Development of Indian Agriculture |journal=Nature |series=India of Today |volume=VIII|issue=3053 |pages=698 |place=London |publisher=[[Humphrey S. Milford|Humphrey Milford]] and Oxford University Press |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/stream/developmentofind031932mbp#page/n6/mode/1up |accessdate=9 August 2010|bibcode=1928Natur.121..698C |doi=10.1038/121698a0 |s2cid=44552204 }}
* {{citation |year=1931 |author1=Howard, Albert |author2=Wad, Yeshwant D |title=The Waste Products of Agriculture: Their Utilization as Humus |place=Oxford |publisher=Humphrey Milford & Oxford University Press |url=http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/HowardWPA/WPAtoc.html |accessdate=9 August 2010}}{{Ref_label|a|a|none}}
* {{citation |date=29 February 1936 |author=Howard, Albert |s2cid=4097403 |title=Manufacture of Humus by the Indore Process |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=137 |pages=363 | doi=10.1038/137363b0 |issue=3461|bibcode=1936Natur.137..363H |doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |date=February 1939 |author1=Greenwell, Bernard |author2=Howard, Albert |author3=Wrench, G.T. |title=Address to a Meeting of the Farmers' Club |series=Discussion held at the Royal Empire Society, Craven Street, W.C.2, on Monday 30 January 1939 |journal=Journal of the Farmers' Club |issue=Part 1}}
* {{citation |date=27 May 1939 |author=Howard, Albert |title=Medical "Testament" on Nutrition (correspondence concerning the ''Cheshire Medical Testament on Nutrition'') |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |page=1106 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4090.1106 |volume=1 |issue=4090|pmc=2209719 }} (Registration to view BMJ articles is free).
* {{citation |date=29 July 1939 |author=Howard, Albert |title="Medical Testament" on Nutrition (correspondence) |journal=British Medical Journal |page=251 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4099.251 |volume=2 |issue=4099|pmc=2209719 }}
* {{citation |year=1943 |author=Howard, Albert |title= An Agricultural Testament |journal=Nature |volume=147 |issue=3733 |pages=590–591 |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://ps-survival.com/PS/Agriculture/An_Agricultural_Testament_1943.pdf |accessdate=9 August 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100702222720/http://ps-survival.com/PS/Agriculture/An_Agricultural_Testament_1943.pdf| archivedate= 2 July 2010 | url-status= live|bibcode=1941Natur.147..590W |doi=10.1038/147590a0 |s2cid=4100495 }} pdf per Special [[Rodale, Inc.|Rodale Press]] Edition, 1976.
* {{citation |year=1945 |author1=Howard, Albert |author2=Howard, Louise E |title=Farming and Gardening for Health or Disease |series=(Subsequently published as ''The Soil and Health'')|place=London |publisher=Faber and Faber Ltd |url=http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/howardSH/SHtoc.html |accessdate=10 August 2010}}
* {{citation |year=1945 |author=Howard, Albert |chapter=Introduction (Howard on earthworms) |title=The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms with Observation on their Habits |place=London |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |chapter-url=http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/oliver/howard_intro.html |accessdate=9 August 2010}} (Howard's introduction to the 1945 publication of Charles Darwin's book, first published in 1881).
* {{citation |date=March 1947 |title=Harnessing the Earthworm |journal=Organic Gardening |volume=10 |issue=4}}
* {{citation |date=April 1947 |title=Organic Campaign |journal=Organic Gardening |volume=10 |issue=5}}
* {{citation |date=September 1947 |title=The Animal As Our Farming Partner |journal=Organic Gardening |volume=11 |issue=3 |url=http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/howard_animal.html |accessdate=9 August 2010}}
* {{citation |date=November 1947 |title=How to Avoid a Famine of Quality |journal=Organic Gardening |volume=11 |issue=5}}
* {{citation |year=2006|orig-date= 1947 |title=The Soil and Health: A Study of Organic Agriculture |isbn=978-0-8131-9171-3 |publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBjnBaJLoZgC&q=%22soil+and+health%22+howard |accessdate=9 August 2010}} (Originally published by Faber & Faber in 1945 as ''Farming and Gardening for Health or Disease'')

==See also==
*[[Biodynamic agriculture]]
*[[Compost]]
*[[List of sustainable agriculture topics]]
*[[Organic farming]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{refbegin}}
'''a.''' {{Note_label|a|a|none}} The online reproduction of Howard's 1931 work refers to him as "Sir Albert Howard". However, this is an error. He was not knighted until 1934, and would not have been referred to as Sir. The error is an artifact of the manner in which Howard's name has passed into contemporary public knowledge, via his two most famous books ''An Agricultural Testament'' (first published 1940), and ''Soil and Health'' (first published 1945 under a different title, but known mostly by this 1947 title), by which time he was referred to as "Sir". Indeed, prior to the advent of the internet and the related information explosion, these were the only two works popularly known by all but the most dedicated researchers, with even less known about his life history, beyond brief synopses associated with the books, and replicated in various book descriptions.<ref name=OutofPrintbookdescription>{{citation|title=Out of print description of An Agricultural Testament |series=description is verbatim from rear of dust-cover |publisher=Cumberland Books website |url=http://www.cumberlandbooks.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=259 |accessdate=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104180652/http://cumberlandbooks.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=259 |archivedate=4 November 2010 }}</ref>
{{refend}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
*{{citation |year=2001 |author=Barton, Gregory |title=Sir Albert Howard and the Forestry Roots of the Organic Farming Movement |journal=Agricultural History |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=168–187 |jstor=3744748 |doi=10.1525/ah.2001.75.2.168 |pmid=18153970}}
*{{citation |date=22 March 1939 |title=Medical Testament: Nutrition, Soil Fertility, and the National Health |place=County Palatine of Chester |publisher=Local Medical and Panel Committee |url=http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/medtest/medtest.html |accessdate=9 August 2010}} (The subject of two letters by Sir Albert Howard to the ''British Medical Journal'' – see 'Publications' section).
*{{citation |year=2006 |author=Heckman, J |s2cid=154599842 |title=A history of organic farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program |journal=Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems |volume=21 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.1079/RAF2005126 |issue=3}}
*{{citation |year=2007 |editor=William Lockeretz |title=Organic Farming: An International History |publisher=Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI) |isbn=978-0-85199-833-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25QnL3-njZQC&q=%22Organic+farming%22}} ebook {{ISBN|978-1-84593-289-3}}
*{{citation |year=1953 |author=Howard, Louise E |title=Sir Albert Howard in India |place=London |publisher= Faber & Faber |url=http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/HI/HItoc.html |accessdate=9 August 2010}} [http://ps-survival.com/PS/Crops/On_Food_Crops_Sir_Albert_Howard_In_India_1910.pdf pdf version]
*{{citation |date=December 1947 |author=Rodale, J.J. |title=Sir Albert Howard: In Memoriam |journal=Organic Gardening |volume=2 |issue=6}}
*{{citation |date=September 1948 |title=Sir Albert Howard Memorial Issue |journal=Organic Gardening Magazine |volume=13 |issue=8 |url=http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/howard_memorial.html |accessdate=9 August 2010}} (Contains tributes to Sir Albert Howard).

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/howard.html The Works of Sir Albert Howard]. With introduction by Keith Addison at ''Journey to Forever'' website.
*[http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library.html Small Farms Library] at Journey to Forever website (Contains publications by and about Sir Albert Howard).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100730163947/http://www.soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/01aglibwelcome.html Agriculture Library Index] at Soil and Health Library of soilandhealth.org (Contains publications by and about Sir Albert Howard).
*[https://archive.org/details/CropProductionIndia Crop Production in India (1924)]
*[http://adistantmirror.com/the-soil-and-health/ The Soil and Health] New edition by A Distant Mirror, paperback and ebook
*[https://trevorchalkley.wixsite.com/albert-howard ''Albert Howard Organic Farming Pioneer'']

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, Albert}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century British scientists]]
[[Category:Academics of Wye College]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Botanists active in India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Economic botanists]]
[[Category:English agronomists]]
[[Category:Organic farmers]]
[[Category:Organic gardeners]]
[[Category:People from Bishop's Castle]]
[[Category:Scientists from Indore]]

Kottagulli Bhagya Lakshmi

2026-01-12T13:40:57Z

Shruti:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Giddi Eswari]]
| constituency = [[Paderu Assembly constituency| Paderu]]
}}
'''Kottagulli Bhagya Lakshmi''' (born 1984)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Visakhapatnam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Paderu Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community in Visakhapatnam district. She is [[:te:బగత_ప్రజలు|Bagata]] community. She represented the YSR Congress Party and won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections 2024: Paderu constituency result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/andhra-22-3009420 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Lakshmi was born in [[Paderu]], Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-29 |title=Kottagulli Bhagya Lakshmi {{!}} MLA {{!}} Paderu {{!}} Visakhapatnam {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} A.P |url=https://theleaderspage.com/kottagulli-bhagya-lakshmi/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> Her father Kottagulli Chittinaidu is a farmer turned politician who worked as member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1985. She completed her MSc in 2006 at [[Andhra University]], Visakhapatnam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kottagulli Bhagya Lakshmi(YSRCP):Constituency- PADERU(VISAKHAPATNAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5972 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> She married Narasinga Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member's Information - Legislative Assembly - Liferay DXP |url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/member-s-information?p_p_id=AssemblyMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_K9JpxGLMtsWV&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_AssemblyMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_K9JpxGLMtsWV_javax.portlet.action=getMemberDetails&_AssemblyMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_K9JpxGLMtsWV_const_id=29&_AssemblyMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_K9JpxGLMtsWV_mem_id=3422&_AssemblyMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_K9JpxGLMtsWV_term_id=15&p_auth=r6wbISSg |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=aplegislature.org}}</ref> Together they have a son, Vivek Vardhan, and a daughter, Jasmitha Sree. She declared assets of Rs. 56 lakhs in her affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]] and states that she has no criminal cases registered against her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottagulli Bhagya Lakshmi(YSRCP):Constituency- PADERU(VISAKHAPATNAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5972 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==Political career==
Lakshmi was elected to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]] in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Paderu Assembly constituency|Paderu constituency]] of Visakhapatnam district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paderu Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Paderu Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/paderu-election-result-s01a029/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE పాడేరు అసెంబ్లీ ఎన్నికలు 2019, Andhra Pradesh {{!}} Paderu Assembly Election Result 2019 {{!}} Winner MLA, Leading-Trailing Runner-up Candidates List, Vote Margin, Paderu Previous Results |url=https://telugu.news18.com/assembly-election-2019/andhra-pradesh/paderu-st-s01a029/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=News18 Telugu |language=tl}}</ref> She is one among the 12 woman MLAs elected to the AP Legislative assembly in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-24 |title=YSRC proves a point with 10 women MLAs and 4 MPs |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ysrc-proves-a-point-with-10-women-mlas-and-4-mps/articleshow/69471910.cms |access-date=2023-12-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2019, she polled 71,153 votes for a vote share of 50.60 per cent, and defeated her nearest rival, [[Giddi Eswari]] of the Telugu Desam Party, by a margin of 42,804 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Paderu (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024: Paderu (ST) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/paderu |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She was denied a ticket in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as YSR Congress Party nominated [[Matsyarasa Visweswara Raju]], who won the seat by 19,338 votes. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paderu Assembly Election Results 2024: Paderu Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/paderu-constituency-result-1029 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
K. Bhagya Lakshmi at [https://aplegislature.org/web/aplegislature/women-in-legislature AP Legislature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116180249/https://aplegislature.org/web/aplegislature/women-in-legislature |date=16 January 2021 }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagya Lakshmi, Kottagulli}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]

United Sikkim FC

2026-01-11T18:46:27Z

Shruti: fixed issues

{{Short description|Association football club in Gangtok, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
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| nickname = The Snow Lions
| short name = USFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2011}}
| ground = {{ubl|[[Paljor Stadium]]|[[Bhaichung Stadium]] (selected matches)}}
| capacity = 30,000 15,000
| owner = [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
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'''United Sikkim Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Div I-League: Babatunde guides Royals to second win|url=http://theshillongtimes.com/2014/04/06/2nd-div-i-league-babatunde-guides-royals-to-second-win/|access-date=8 July 2020|publisher=The Shillong Times|date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712092457/http://theshillongtimes.com/2014/04/06/2nd-div-i-league-babatunde-guides-royals-to-second-win/|archive-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> Incorporated in 2011,<ref name=Founded>{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Chirag United and United Sikkim: The Two Extremes of Indian Football|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/chirag-united-and-united-sikkim-the-two-extremes-of-indian-football/|publisher=The Hard Tackle|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=14 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714070941/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/chirag-united-and-united-sikkim-the-two-extremes-of-indian-football/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Goalie365|title=Sikkim Football Association released the fixture for 2018 Sikkim Premier Division League at football house in Gangtok.|url=http://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=2315/Sikkim%20Premier%20Division%20League%202018%20fixtures%20announced|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722011358/http://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=2315/Sikkim%20Premier%20Division%20League%202018%20fixtures%20announced|date=16 July 2018|archive-date=22 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> the club usually competed in the [[Sikkim Premier Division League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikkim Premier League kicks off today|url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/NewsDetails?ContentID=77028&SectionID=|access-date=24 August 2019|website=sikkimexpress.com|publisher=[[Sikkim Express]]|date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830083745/http://www.sikkimexpress.com/NewsDetails?ContentID=77028&SectionID=|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Yuvraj|last=Gurung|title=Sikkim Premier Division League 2019: Update|url=https://theawayend.co/2019/09/17/sikkim-premier-division-league-2019-update/|access-date=17 September 2019|website=theawayend.co|publisher=The Away End|date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512234746/https://theawayend.co/2019/09/17/sikkim-premier-division-league-2019-update/|archive-date=12 May 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> United Sikkim is the only club from Sikkim to have played in the [[I-League]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohan|first1=Srinivasan|title=China calling for United Sikkim's Sandesh Jhingan – report|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/02/07/3732703/china-calling-for-united-sikkims-sandesh-jhingan-report|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=7 February 2013|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018193756/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/02/07/3732703/china-calling-for-united-sikkims-sandesh-jhingan-report}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=United Sikkim vs. Dempo 1 – 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/28/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/dempo-sports-club/1394166/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 December 2014|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505204127/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/28/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/dempo-sports-club/1394166/}} {{cite web|title=Pune vs. United Sikkim 2 – 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/24/india/i-league/pune-fc/united-sikkim-sc/1394187/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 December 2014|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422080403/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/24/india/i-league/pune-fc/united-sikkim-sc/1394187/}}</ref> which was then the top tier of the [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=United Sikkim vs. Air India 5 – 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/03/27/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/air-india/1395254/|work=Soccerway|access-date=27 March 2013|archive-date=27 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327132226/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/03/27/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/air-india/1395254/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=United Sikkim 3–2 Salgaocar|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/06/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/salgaocar-sports-club/1394143/|website=Soccerway.com|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121205326/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/06/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/salgaocar-sports-club/1394143/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC logged their first win of the season with a 1–0 win over United Sikkim FC in a Group-D Federation Cup encounter|url=http://punefc.com/?match-reports=federation-cup-united-sikkim-0-1-pune-fc|publisher=Pune Football Club|date=20 September 2012|access-date=12 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103113306/http://punefc.com/?match-reports=federation-cup-united-sikkim-0-1-pune-fc|archive-date=3 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Nicknamed the "Snow Lions",<ref>{{cite web|last=Nakashe|first=Mrunal|title=Pailan Arrows 1–1 United Sikkim: Tirthankar Sarkar strikes late on to break Sikkim hearts|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96246/pailan-arrows-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report|website=Goal.com|date=28 January 2013|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808155031/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/arrows-vs-united-sikkim/1395224/report|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> United Sikkim uses [[Paljor Stadium]] as home ground.<ref name="Update">{{cite news|first=Yuvraj|last=Gurung|title=Sikkim Premier Division League 2019: Update|url=https://theawayend.co/2019/09/17/sikkim-premier-division-league-2019-update/|access-date=17 September 2019|website=theawayend.co|publisher=The Away End|date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002060745/https://theawayend.co/2019/09/17/sikkim-premier-division-league-2019-update/|archive-date=2 October 2019}}</ref> It is owned by former [[India national football team|India]] captain [[Bhaichung Bhutia]],<ref name="India vs Bayern Munich">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Baichung-to-play-farewell-match-against-Bayern-Munich/articleshow/11010508.cms|title=Baichung to play farewell match against Bayern Munich|work=The Times of India|publisher=The Times Group|date=6 December 2011|access-date=10 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210150835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Baichung-to-play-farewell-match-against-Bayern-Munich/articleshow/11010508.cms|archive-date=10 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and was founded in order to give people of the Indian state of Sikkim a professional football team.<ref name=Owners>{{cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Rahul|title=India: Dazzling Launch For United Sikkim As Bhaichung Bhutia Shows Indian Football Does Have Investors|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1838/i-league-division-ii/2011/03/22/2406841/india-dazzling-launch-for-united-sikkim-as-bhaichung-bhutia|website=Goal.com|date=22 March 2011|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406085245/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1838/i-league-division-ii/2011/03/22/2406841/india-dazzling-launch-for-united-sikkim-as-bhaichung-bhutia|archive-date=6 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2019, Bhaichung Bhutia announced shutting the club down due to some unavoidable circumstances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-bhaichung-bhutia-shut-down-united-sikkim-fc/bhbauqzqps9b1sur0ygemdrc4|title=Indian football: Bhaichung Bhutia decides to shut down United Sikkim FC|website=Goal.com|access-date=26 September 2019|date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926093504/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-bhaichung-bhutia-shut-down-united-sikkim-fc/bhbauqzqps9b1sur0ygemdrc4|archive-date=26 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> During an emotional farewell event, he thanked all the players, staff and fans who supported the club over the years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2019/09/24/emotional-farewell-to-players-as-united-sikkim-fc-shuts-down|title=Emotional farewell to players as United Sikkim FC shuts down|website=EastMojo.com|first=Dichen|last=Ongmu|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26|date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926093457/https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2019/09/24/emotional-farewell-to-players-as-united-sikkim-fc-shuts-down|archive-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>

The club was revived again in January 2021, with aim to play in the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|agency=Press Trust of India|title=United Sikkim revived, Bhaichung Bhutia says aim is to bring ISL into state
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/united-sikkim-revived-bhaichung-bhutia-says-aim-is-to-bring-isl-into-state/articleshow/80098738.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 January 2021|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104123834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/united-sikkim-revived-bhaichung-bhutia-says-aim-is-to-bring-isl-into-state/articleshow/80098738.cms|archive-date=4 January 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Besides inaugurating the senior and youth team, emphasis would be laid on bringing footballers from the villages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian football: Bhaichung Bhutia-owned United Sikkim FC revived with aim to take part in ISL
|url=https://scroll.in/field/983124/indian-football-bhaichung-bhutia-owned-united-sikkim-fc-revived-with-aim-to-take-part-in-isl|access-date=5 January 2021|website=Scroll.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104131316/https://scroll.in/field/983124/indian-football-bhaichung-bhutia-owned-united-sikkim-fc-revived-with-aim-to-take-part-in-isl|archive-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Foundation ===
[[File:Bhaichung Bhutia at the NDTV Marks for Sports event 21.jpg|thumb|200px|Bhaichung Bhutia, founder president and former captain of United Sikkim.]]

The professional club was founded in 2011<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India — List of Foundation Dates|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> by the [[Sikkim Football Association]] (SFA), Baichung Bhutia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Renedy and Manju to play for Baichung's team|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/top-stories/28614956_1_football-academy-baichung-bhutia-sikkim-chief-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221149/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/top-stories/28614956_1_football-academy-baichung-bhutia-sikkim-chief-minister|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mangar |first1=Nirmal |title=United Sikkim enters I-League – Draw for Bhaichung boys |url=http://www.samachar.com/united-sikkim-enters-i-league-meseLqghgfc.html |website=Samachar |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716072158/http://www.samachar.com/united-sikkim-enters-i-league-meseLqghgfc.html |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ayush |title=Club management to blame for United Sikkim's relegation |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/04/22/3921495/club-management-to-blame-for-united-sikkims-relegation |website=Goal.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303103956/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/04/22/3921495/club-management-to-blame-for-united-sikkims-relegation |archive-date=3 March 2015 }}</ref> already competing in the [[Sikkim Gold Cup]] and other all-India tournaments in the early years of their existence.<ref name=Founded/> On 22 March 2011, the club was launched as a professional entity, co-owned by [[Dubai]]-based Fidelis World,<ref name="Live Mint 2012"/> former India national captain Bhaichung Bhutia and singer [[Shankar Mahadevan]].<ref name=Owners/><ref name=USFC>{{cite web|title=Renedy and Manju to play for Baichung's team|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/top-stories/28614956_1_football-academy-baichung-bhutia-sikkim-chief-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221149/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/top-stories/28614956_1_football-academy-baichung-bhutia-sikkim-chief-minister|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> The club revealed that they would compete in the [[2011 I-League 2nd Division]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isikkim.com/2011-04-northeas-start-positively-in-i-league-div-ii-010/|title=Northeast starts positively in I-League Div II|website=www.isikkim.com|publisher=i-Sikkim|archive-date=4 April 2011|date=1 April 2011|access-date=26 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404112255/http://www.isikkim.com/2011-04-northeas-start-positively-in-i-league-div-ii-010/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the quest for promotion to the I-League within the next three years.<ref name=Owners/><ref name=Owners2>{{cite web|last=Sunam|first=Ashim|title=United Sikkim qualification highlight of my career: Bhaichung Bhutia|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/united-sikkim-qualification-highlight-of-my-career-bhaichung-bhutia/15868585.shtml|publisher=Meri News|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=22 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522204713/http://www.merinews.com/article/united-sikkim-qualification-highlight-of-my-career-bhaichung-bhutia/15868585.shtml}}</ref>

=== 2011–2012: 2nd Division seasons ===
The club started their quest for the I-League on 27 February 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nisanth V Easwar|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|title=I-League: How newly-promoted teams have performed|website=goal.com|publisher=Goal|date=10 September 2020|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143637/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> The club played their first match against [[Langsning F.C.]] on 31 March 2012, in which they drew 2–2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=match&id=1096606|title=I-League 2nd Division – Langsning vs United Sikkim – Soccer – Scoresway – Results, fixtures, tables and statistics|website=www.scoresway.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-02|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124843/http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=match&id=1096606}}</ref> United Sikkim won on 5 April 2011 against [[North Imphal Sporting Association]] at the [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]] in [[Assam]], by a score of 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=match&id=1096610|title=I-League 2nd Division – United Sikkim vs NISA – Soccer – Scoresway – Results, fixtures, tables and statistics|website=www.scoresway.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-02|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124851/http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=match&id=1096610}}</ref> The club finished first in group A and qualified for the [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round]], in which they only needed to finish in the top two for promotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentdetail=15&sub_tournamentdetail=16 |title=The Aiff |access-date=2012-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321202234/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentdetail=15&sub_tournamentdetail=16 |archive-date=2012-03-21 }}</ref> The club began final round with three consecutive draws against [[Sporting Clube de Goa]], [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]] and [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]], before winning against [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] and [[Southern Samity]]. Next, a draw to [[Ar-Hima]] and a loss to [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]] officially knocked United Sikkim out of contention for promotion and forced them to settle at fifth place for the season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentde-+tail=15&sub_tournamentdetail=16|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205000959/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentde-+tail=15&sub_tournamentdetail=16|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-05|title=All India Football Federation, Football Development Programmes|website=the-aiff.com|access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref>

The season including the [[2012 I-League 2nd Division]] did not start well for United Sikkim. On 11 June 2011, it was announced that Johnny Menyongar would leave the club to join I-League team Shillong Lajong, as well as Indian internationals [[Renedy Singh]] and [[Nanjangud Shivananju Manju|NS Manju]] few months later.<ref name=Menyongar>{{cite web|title=Menyongar signs with Shillong Lajong|url=http://www.indiablooms.com/SportsDetailsPage/2011/sportsDetails210611d.php|publisher=India Blooms|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402234349/http://www.indiablooms.com/SportsDetailsPage/2011/sportsDetails210611d.php|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Renedy>{{cite web|title=Shillong Lajong sign Renedy Singh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Shillong-Lajong-sign-Renedy-Singh/articleshow/11512799.cms|work=Times of India|access-date=17 September 2012|archive-date=16 April 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Shillong-Lajong-sign-Renedy-Singh/articleshow/11512799.cms}}</ref> However, after firing coach [[Stanley Rozario]], United Sikkim signed Belgian [[Philippe De Ridder]].<ref name=DeRidder>{{cite web|last=Choudhuri|first=Arunava|title=Indian Football: Transfer Season 2011/12 – Version 13|url=https://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2012/01/indian-football-transfer-season-201112.html|work=Arunava Choudhuri|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702230204/http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2012/01/indian-football-transfer-season-201112.html|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Philippe de Ridder — innovative coach|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3439350.ece|website=thehindu.com|publisher=The Hindu|date=21 May 2012|location=Cuttack|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729191758/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3439350.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> The club re-signed [[Nigerian]] players [[Daniel Bedemi]] and [[Quinton Jacobs]]. They began charge for the I-League for the second season in a row with a 3–2 victory over [[Bhawanipore F.C.]] at the [[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]] in [[Assam]] on 2 February 2012.<ref name=USFC3-2BhawaniporeFC>{{cite web|title=I-League 2nd Div.: United Sikkim beats Bhawanipur 3–2|url=http://isikkim.com/2012-02-i-league-2nd-div-united-sikkim-beats-bhawanipur-3-2-03-01/|publisher=iSikkim|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=8 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408025804/http://isikkim.com/2012-02-i-league-2nd-div-united-sikkim-beats-bhawanipur-3-2-03-01/}}</ref> The club went on to win three more matches during the first round, against [[Eagles F.C.|Eagles]], [[Southern Samity]] and [[Ar-Hima]], in order to qualify for the final round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/aiff_2nd_divn_ileague_2012/final.html|title=AIFF 2nd Divn. I-League — 2012 |website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212421/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/aiff_2nd_divn_ileague_2012/final.html}}</ref> They won promotion on the last day of the season at home, in front of 30,000 fans, as United Sikkim drew [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] 1–1, with Daniel Bedemi scoring.<ref name=Qualified2012>{{cite web|title=USFC Top Group|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/index.php?tournamentdetail=16&N_Id=3121|publisher=The All India Football Federation|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=31 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531072826/http://the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/index.php?tournamentdetail=16&N_Id=3121|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 13 November 2012, Bhutia was named the interim manager to replace Philippe De Ridder,{{citation needed|date=December 2025}} after the club's heavy 1–10 defeat in an I-League match against [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Bhutia interim coach of United Sikkim |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bhutia-interim-coach-of-united-sikkim/article4093528.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 November 2012 |access-date=4 April 2013 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116160920/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bhutia-interim-coach-of-united-sikkim/article4093528.ece |archive-date=16 November 2012 }}</ref> In August 2012, United Sikkim took part in the Shillong Super Series Football Championship and faced teams like [[A-League Men|A-League]] [[Wellington Phoenix FC|Wellington Phoenix]] and Shillong Lajong.<ref>{{cite news |title=Phoenix Win In Imphal |url=https://wellingtonphoenix.com/news/phoenix-win-imphal/ |work=wellingtonphoenix.com |date=25 August 2012 |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115000617/https://wellingtonphoenix.com/news/phoenix-win-imphal/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wellington Phoenix beat United Sikkim |url=https://morganfoundation.org.nz/wellington-phoenix-beat-united-sikkim/ |work=morganfoundation.org.nz |first1=Gareth |last1=Morgan |date=25 August 2012 |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212031235/https://morganfoundation.org.nz/wellington-phoenix-beat-united-sikkim/ }}</ref>

=== 2012–2013: I-League ===
It was reported that United Sikkim had started talks with Australian manager [[Nathan Hall (football coach)|Nathan Hall]] about a possible head coaching role.<ref name="Higgs">{{cite web|last=Higgs|first=Paddy|title=Australian coach Nathan Hall nears Indian I-League appointment|url=http://www.goal.com/en-au/news/4024/aussies-abroad/2012/11/28/3561604/australian-coach-nathan-hall-nears-indian-i-league|work=Goal.com|access-date=10 December 2012|archive-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101110654/http://www.goal.com/en-au/news/4024/aussies-abroad/2012/11/28/3561604/australian-coach-nathan-hall-nears-indian-i-league|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 December 2012, it was confirmed that Hall had joined the club, replacing interim player-coach Bhaichung Bhutia.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Coaching Regime|url=https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.567787786580353.146786.203875582971577&type=1|work=United Sikkim FC - Facebook|access-date=10 December 2012|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008055011/https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.567787786580353.146786.203875582971577&type=1|url-status=live}}</ref> His first game came on 15 December against [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] at the [[Balewadi Sports Complex]], in which United Sikkim lost 0–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai vs. United Sikkim 1 – 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/12/15/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/united-sikkim-sc/1394215/|work=Soccerway|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=23 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423013837/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/12/15/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/united-sikkim-sc/1394215/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hall managed to earn his first point in next match against [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]] on 29 December in which his side drew 1–1 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]], with [[Nadong Bhutia]] scoring the first goal for United Sikkim under Hall.<ref>{{cite web|title=ONGC vs. United Sikkim 1 – 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/12/29/india/i-league/ongc/united-sikkim-sc/1394227/|work=Soccerway|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929015203/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/12/29/india/i-league/ongc/united-sikkim-sc/1394227/|url-status=live}}</ref>

United Sikkim did not win a single game under Hall until 27 March 2013, when they managed a 5–0 victory over forced-relegated [[Air India FC|Air India]] at Paljor Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Sikkim vs. Air India 5 – 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/03/27/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/air-india/1395254/|work=Soccerway|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207114107/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/03/27/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/air-india/1395254/|url-status=live}}</ref> This would turn out to be United Sikkim's last win and points for the rest of the season, as the side lost its last four matches and was relegated to the I-League 2nd Division.

=== 2013: Travel to Bhutan ===
In March 2013, United Sikkim went to [[Bhutan]] for training. In their first foreign tour, they played three friendly matches against local sides [[Drukpol FC|Drukpol]], [[Yeedzin FC|Yeedzin]] and [[Thimphu City FC|Zimdra]] at the [[Changlimithang Stadium]] in [[Thimphu]].{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

From July to August, they went to Bhutan again and participated in [[2013 King's Cup (Bhutan)|2013 King's Cup]],<ref>{{cite news|author1=Khandu Tobgyel|title=Bhutan King's Cup 2013 kicks off tomorrow|url=http://bhutanobserver.bt/7446-bo-news-about-bhutan_kings_cup_2013_kicks_off_tomorrow.aspx|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=Bhutan Observer|date=19 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110215519/http://bhutanobserver.bt/7446-bo-news-about-bhutan_kings_cup_2013_kicks_off_tomorrow.aspx|archive-date=10 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> in which they moved to the knock-out stages. In the first semi-final, United Sikkim lost 2–4 to [[Manang Marshyangdi]] of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=30226|title=Manang defeats United Sikkim to enter finals|location=Thimphu|website=bbs.bt|publisher=[[Bhutan Broadcasting Service]]|date=8 August 2013|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128124136/http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=30226|archive-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>

=== 2014: I-League 2nd Division ===
They also participated in the [[2014 I-League 2nd Division]] and moved to the [[2014 I-League 2nd Division final round|final round]] of [[I-League|I-League Qualifiers]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=10459|title=2nd Division League Starts in Feb '14|access-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111052218/http://i-league.org/?p=10459|archive-date=2014-01-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> finishing on fourth position<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=10459|title=2nd Division League Starts in Feb '14|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111052218/http://i-league.org/?p=10459|archive-date=2014-01-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=11137|title=2nd Div League: Teams Qualified|access-date=2014-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221184619/http://i-league.org/?p=11137|archive-date=2014-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> with seven points in eight matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=12667|title=Royal Wahingdoh Are Second Division Champions|date=11 April 2014|work=[[I-League]]|access-date=2014-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123202/http://i-league.org/?p=12667|archive-date=2014-04-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/i-league-2nd-division-2014/final-round/3482/|title=2014 I-League 2nd Division final round|website=globalsportsarchive.com|publisher=Global Sports Archive|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118220552/https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/i-league-2nd-division-2014/final-round/3482/|archive-date=18 November 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2014–2018 ===
On 18 December 2014, it was revealed by owner Bhaichung Bhutia that United Sikkim had decided to leave the competition as future of the I-League was dim due to the formation of ISL, and thus team would only participate in the local league.<ref>{{cite web|title=India need better system, not big names as coaches: Baichung Bhutia|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/india-need-better-system-not-big-names-as-coaches-baichung-bhutia_1517015.html|website=Zee News|access-date=18 December 2014|archive-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218185902/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/india-need-better-system-not-big-names-as-coaches-baichung-bhutia_1517015.html}}</ref><ref name="HT report">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/bhaichung-bhutia-shuts-down-former-i-league-club-united-sikkim-fc/story-ko6cgW6A5KhSvcgoaYlwAL_amp.html|title=Bhaichung Bhutia shuts down former I-League club United Sikkim FC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729144501/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/bhaichung-bhutia-shuts-down-former-i-league-club-united-sikkim-fc/story-ko6cgW6A5KhSvcgoaYlwAL_amp.html|archive-date=29 July 2021|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=The Hindustan Times|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> In 2016, they took part in [[Bordoloi Trophy]] in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=East Bengal triumph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160924/jsp/northeast/story_109910.jsp#.WHDKw7YrLBI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108003220/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160924/jsp/northeast/story_109910.jsp#.WHDKw7YrLBI|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2017|access-date=7 January 2017|location=Guwahati|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|date=24 September 2016}}</ref> In the 2016 edition of Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup, the club reached quarter-finals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2017.html#sikkimgov|title=India 2016/17 — Cup Tournaments: Governor's Gold Cup (Sikkim) 2016|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=28 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202181459/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2017.html#sikkimgov|first1=Hans|last1=Schöggl|first2=Karel|last2=Stokkermans|date=21 March 2024|archive-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>

In February 2018, United Sikkim went to Nepal and participated in the 16th edition of [[Aaha! Gold Cup|Aaha! Rara Gold Cup]], in which they failed to reach the knock-out stages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://goalnepal.com/tournament/10|title=16th Aaha! RARA Gold Cup|website=GoalNepal.com|location=Kathmandu|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003124659/https://goalnepal.com/tournament/10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nepal90.com/team/1117/|title=Team Details — United Sikkim Football Club (India) — Recent Results & Players|website=nepal90.com|publisher=Nepal90 Football|access-date=26 September 2022|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401044454/https://www.nepal90.com/team/1117/|archive-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It was the club's second campaign in Aaha! Rara Gold Cup, first being the 2017 edition, in which they tasted a 4–2 defeat in penalty shootout to Sahara Club of Pokhara.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Rup Narayan|last1=Dhakal|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/sahara-club-shoot-sikkim-united-fc-out-enter-15th-aaha-rara-gold-cup-semi-finals|title=Sahara shoot Sikkim out, enter semi-finals|work=The Himalayan Times Nepal|date=22 January 2017|access-date=23 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130110938/https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/sahara-club-shoot-sikkim-united-fc-out-enter-15th-aaha-rara-gold-cup-semi-finals|archive-date=30 January 2023}}</ref>

=== 2020–present ===
The [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) was all set to invite bids for vacant spot in the I-League and Gangtok-based United Sikkim Football Club were one of the front-runners to submit it for 2020–21 season. However, the bid was won by [[Sudeva FC|Sudeva Moonlight]] (currently Sudeva Delhi) from [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudeva and Sreenidhi granted playing rights in Hero I-League from 2020–21 and 2021–22 respectively|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sudeva-and-sreenidhi-granted-playing-rights-in-hero-i-league-from-2020-21-and-2021-22-respectively|access-date=2020-08-13|website=the-aiff.com|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507162838/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sudeva-and-sreenidhi-granted-playing-rights-in-hero-i-league-from-2020-21-and-2021-22-respectively}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 12, 2020|title=Sudeva FC becomes first club from Delhi to play in I-League|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sudeva-fc-becomes-first-club-from-delhi-to-play-in-i-league/articleshow/77507451.cms|access-date=2020-08-13|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824161941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sudeva-fc-becomes-first-club-from-delhi-to-play-in-i-league/articleshow/77507451.cms}}</ref>

{{Cquote|''United Sikkim was the club that brought the I-League to the state where league matches were played at Paljor Stadium, and now we want to bring Indian Super League (ISL) to Sikkim. We will continue to give a platform to footballers from Sikkim and the region and in the process, contribute to the development of Indian football. The players will be scouted from different parts of the region''|source=Bhaichung Bhutia, owner of the club, announcing the revival of United Sikkim in January 2021, and their long-term plan in coming years.<ref name="Revival"/>|Cquote}}
In 2021, Bhaichung Bhutia, the owner of the club announced that it will revive its junior and senior teams while aiming to bring the Indian Super League (ISL) into the state, alongside focusing on its grassroots.<ref name="Revival">{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/united-sikkim-revived-bhutia-says-aim-is-to-bring-isl-into-state/article33494082.ece|title=United Sikkim revived, Bhutia says aim is to bring ISL into state|location=Gangtok|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=4 January 2021|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=7 January 2021|archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224835/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/united-sikkim-revived-bhutia-says-aim-is-to-bring-isl-into-state/article33494082.ece}}</ref> They later took part in [[Birat Gold Cup]] in [[Nepal]], in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Nepal90|title=Birat Gold Cup Football Tournament (2021)|url=https://www.nepal90.com/tournament/463/|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Nepal90.com|language=en|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429014057/https://www.nepal90.com/tournament/463/|location=Kathmandu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/punjab-beat-machhindra-enter-semis|title=Punjab beat Machhindra, enter semis|location=Biratnagar|website=thehimalayantimes.com|publisher=The Himalayan Times|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412152351/https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/punjab-beat-machhindra-enter-semis|first=Santosh|last=Kafle|date=12 April 2021|access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref> The club later featured in SFA Premier Division League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-premier-division-league-2023-to-kick-off-on-june-21st-580729-2023-06-16|title=Sikkim Premier Division League 2023 to kick off on June 21st|first=Sujal|last=Pradhan|location=Gangtok|website=indiatodayne.in|publisher=India Today North East|date=16 June 2023|access-date=2023-07-08|archive-date=2023-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616181450/http://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-premier-division-league-2023-to-kick-off-on-june-21st-580729-2023-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-premier-division-league-begins-today-at-paljor-stadium-602167-2023-06-21|title=Sikkim Premier Division League begins today at Paljor Stadium|first=Sujal|last=Pradhan|location=Gangtok|website=indiatodayne.in|publisher=India Today North East|date=21 June 2023|access-date=2023-07-08|archive-date=2023-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708132137/https://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-premier-division-league-begins-today-at-paljor-stadium-602167-2023-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkim-premier-division-league-to-kick-off-from-june-21-at-paljor-stadium|title=Sikkinm Premier Division League to Kick-Off From June 21 at Paljor Stadium|first=Bijoy|last=Gurung|website=sikkimexpress.com|publisher=Sikkim Express|date=17 June 2023|access-date=8 July 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619091420/https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkim-premier-division-league-to-kick-off-from-june-21-at-paljor-stadium}}</ref> In October 2022, it was officially announced by the Centre for Bangladesh-India Friendship that United Sikkim is one of the three participating teams from India (others being United Kurseong and Jaigaon FC) for the inaugural edition of the [[North Bengal International Gold Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title=North Bengal International Gold Cup Starts From 4 November |date=16 October 2022 |url=https://www.dhakawave.com/details/23262/%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F |work=Daily Dhaka Wave |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025130257/https://www.dhakawave.com/details/23262/%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailysaidpureralo.com/2022/08/blog-post_1.html |date=1 August 2022 |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ ভারত ফ্রেন্ডশিপ ইন্টারন্যাশনাল গোল্ডকাপ টুর্নামেন্টের লোগো উম্মোচন |language=bn |work=Daily Saidpurer Alo |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025135948/https://www.dailysaidpureralo.com/2022/08/blog-post_1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailysaidpureralo.com/2022/10/blog-post_48.html |date=16 August 2022 |script-title=bn:চার নভেম্বর উদ্বোধন বাংলাদেশ-ভারত ইন্টারন্যাশনাল গোল্ডকাপ |language=bn |work=Daily Saidpurer Alo |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026074313/https://www.dailysaidpureralo.com/2022/10/blog-post_48.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amarsangbad.com/m/country/news/237015 |date=16 October 2022 |script-title=bn:৪ নভেম্বর শুরু বাংলাদেশ-ভারত ইন্টারন্যাশনাল গোল্ডকাপ টুর্নামেন্ট |language=bn |work=Daily Amar Sangbad |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016135835/https://www.amarsangbad.com/country/news/237015 |archive-date=16 October 2022 }}</ref>

== Club crest and kits ==
=== Crest ===
[[File:United Sikkim FC logo.jpg|140px|thumb|United Sikkim's first crest from 2011 to 2012]]
[[File:United Sikkim FC(2nd Logo).jpg|140px|thumb|United Sikkim's second crest in 2012]]
[[File:United Sikkim FC 2012 Logo.jpeg|140px|thumb|logo until 2021]]

On 22 March 2011, the first crest of United Sikkim were unveiled at [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|Taj Hotel]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=Jersey2011>{{cite web|title=Jersey of USFC officially launched in Kolkata|url=http://isikkim.com/81-jersey-of-usfc-officially-launched-in-kolkata-62/|publisher=iSikkim|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=24 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424043608/http://isikkim.com/81-jersey-of-usfc-officially-launched-in-kolkata-62/|url-status=live}}</ref> The club crest had a picture of a '[[snow]] [[lion]]',<ref>{{cite web|last=Manjunath|first=Akash|title=BFC release Menyongar; Contract extension for Rooney|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/04/30/4786103/bfc-release-menyongar-contract-extension-for-rooney|website=Goal.com|date=19 January 2013|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123105811/https://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96235/dempo-sports-club-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report|archive-date=23 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> which is also their mascot (and nickname too),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weltfussballarchiv.com/club_profile.php?ID=38713|title=Team profile: United Sikkim FC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203120453/http://weltfussballarchiv.com/club_profile.php?ID=38713|archive-date=3 December 2012|work=Weltfussballarchiv|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> and the color of the kit was red with white shorts.<ref name=Jersey2011/><ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal 6–0 United Sikkim FC: The Red and Gold trample the Snow Lions|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/4741/india-and-central-asia/2013/05/08/3965365/east-bengal-6-0-united-sikkim-fc-the-red-and-gold-trample|work=Goal.com|date=14 August 2012|accessdate=22 October 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026071425/https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/4741/india-and-central-asia/2013/05/08/3965365/east-bengal-6-0-united-sikkim-fc-the-red-and-gold-trample}}</ref> The club's away colors are dark and light blue.<ref name=AwayKit2011-12>{{cite web|last=Mangar|first=Nirmal|title=Cheers at home fail to yield goals|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120403/jsp/siliguri/story_15327472.jsp#.UFdNv6SXSMU|publisher=Telegraph India|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151932/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120403/jsp/siliguri/story_15327472.jsp#.UFdNv6SXSMU|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 29 August 2012, after gaining promotion to the [[I-League]], the club unveiled their new crest which is dominantly red, unlike orange crests from before. Instead of having "est. 2008" for the founding year, new crest has "est. 2011", which stands for the year when professionalized itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=518666981492434&set=a.208725532486582.63425.203875582971577&type=1&theater|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=18 June 2021|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055427/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fphoto.php%3Ffbid%3D518666981492434%26set%3Da.208725532486582.63425.203875582971577%26type%3D1%26theater|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Live Mint 2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/business-of-life/not-just-about-the-money-1540450129683.html|title=Not just about the money — Bhaichung Bhutia's United Sikkim FC faces challenges that test him as an administrator|date=5 December 2012|access-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030154103/https://www.livemint.com/news/business-of-life/not-just-about-the-money-1540450129683.html|archive-date=30 October 2023|location=Gangtok|work=LiveMint.com|first1=Nikhilesh|last1=Bhattacharya}}</ref>

=== Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
!Tracksuit uniform
|-
|2011
|rowspan=3|[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]<ref name="HT report"/>
|EMTA<ref>{{cite web|first=Nilesh|last=Bhattacharya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bhutia-launches-united-sikkim-club-in-new-avatar/articleshow/7763137.cms?from=mdr|title=Bhaichung Bhutia launches United Sikkim in new avatar|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021|date=23 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121065938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bhutia-launches-united-sikkim-club-in-new-avatar/articleshow/7763137.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
|
|-
|2012
|rowspan=2|URO<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-52545.html|title=Two-week camp not enough: Baichung Bhutia|agency=IBNS|website=newkerala.com|publisher=New Kerala Sports Bureau|date=16 July 2012|location=Kolkata|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920055912/https://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-52545.html|archive-date=20 September 2023}}</ref>
|
|-
|2013–2018
|Kokkivo Clothing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isikkim.com/2013-10-united-sikkim-fc-kokkivo-apparel-tie-up-21-7/|title=United Sikkim FC, Kokkivo Clothing apparel tie-up|website=isikkim.com|publisher=I-Sikkim|date=21 October 2013|access-date=|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209222624/http://isikkim.com/2013-10-united-sikkim-fc-kokkivo-apparel-tie-up-21-7/}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2019
|rowspan=2|[[Lotto Sport Italia|Lotto]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/bhaichung-bhutia-shuts-down-former-i-league-club-united-sikkim-6018442/lite/|title=Bhaichung Bhutia shuts down former I-League club United Sikkim|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=The Indian Express|date=22 September 2019|location=Gangtok|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927051845/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/bhaichung-bhutia-shuts-down-former-i-league-club-united-sikkim-6018442/|archive-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>
|[[Officer's Choice]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2015/08/03/ifa-ropes-in-new-title-sponsor/|title=CFL: IFA ropes in new title sponsor|website=indiafooty.com|location=Kolkata|first=Abhishek|last=Shukla|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008102255/https://www.indiafooty.com/2015/08/03/ifa-ropes-in-new-title-sponsor/|archive-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|2021–2022
|[[Cosco (India) Limited|Cosco]]
|
|-
|2022–
|Silco
|rowspan=2|Made in Sikkim, G.O.A.T.
|
|}

== Stadiums ==
[[File:Paljor Stadium, Gangtok.jpg|thumb|A view of Paljor Stadium]]
In I-League, the club played their home matches at the 30,000 seater Paljor Stadium in Gangtok.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikkim Aakraman F.C. Sikkim Premier Division League Champions|url=http://sikkimexpress.com/NewsDetails?ContentID=6530&SectionID=2|website=sikkimexpress.com|publisher=The Sikkim Express|date=26 September 2017|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927145752/http://sikkimexpress.com/NewsDetails?ContentID=6530&SectionID=2|archive-date=27 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Paljor2012-13>{{cite web|title=Paljor Stadium, Sikkim to host I-League matches|url=http://sevensisterspost.com/paljor-stadium-sikkim-to-host-i-league-matches/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915102434/http://sevensisterspost.com/paljor-stadium-sikkim-to-host-i-league-matches/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 September 2012|work=Seven Sister Post|access-date=16 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.localgymsandfitness.com/IN/Gangtok/1413529158887038/Paljor-Stadium-Gangtok|title=Paljor Stadium Gangtok News|website=localgymsandfitness.com|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216170044/https://www.localgymsandfitness.com/IN/Gangtok/1413529158887038/Paljor-Stadium-Gangtok|archive-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikkim Football Association released the fixture for 2018 Sikkim Premier Division League at football house in Gangtok.|url=http://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=2315/Sikkim%20Premier%20Division%20League%202018%20fixtures%20announced|website=Goalie365.com|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722011358/http://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=2315/Sikkim%20Premier%20Division%20League%202018%20fixtures%20announced|archive-date=22 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=3113|title=Premier Division S-League 2019: Kumar Sporting FC 2–2 Unicorn FC and Sikkim Aakraman FC 5–0 United Sikkim FC|date=31 August 2019|website=goalie365.com|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708221245/https://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=3113|archive-date=8 July 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |title=Stadiums in India |publisher=World Stadiums |access-date=2014-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> When the club was participating in amateur tournaments from 2008 to 2011, and the I-League 2nd Division from 2011 to 2012,<ref name="isikkim">{{cite web|url=http://isikkim.com/02-sikkimese-teams-take-on-their-opponents-at-2nd-division-i-league-prelims-43/|title=Sikkimese teams to face opponents at 2nd Division I-League prelims|date=18 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|website=iSikkim.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322061921/http://isikkim.com/02-sikkimese-teams-take-on-their-opponents-at-2nd-division-i-league-prelims-43/|archive-date=22 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|location=Gangtok|last=Srivastava|first=Ayush|title=United Sikkim 3–2 Salgaocar FC — The Snow Lions stun Karim Bencherifa's side|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93645/united-sikkim-football-club-vs-salgaocar-football-club/report|website=goal.com|publisher=GOAL|date=6 October 2012|access-date=17 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016001316/https://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93645/united-sikkim-football-club-vs-salgaocar-football-club/report|archive-date=16 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> in which they would play in neutral venues, the club used Paljor Stadium as a training ground, holding majority of their practices there.<ref>{{cite web|title=USFC concludes training for Kalinga Cup & 2nd Div I-League|url=http://isikkim.com/2011-12-usfc-concludes-training-for-kalinga-cup-2nd-div-i-league-31-03/|publisher=iSikkim|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=20 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120131918/http://isikkim.com/2011-12-usfc-concludes-training-for-kalinga-cup-2nd-div-i-league-31-03/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:PALJOR2.JPG|thumb|Seats at Paljor Stadium]]
However, despite the I-League 2nd Division being a neutral competition, the Paljor Stadium was given the rights to host the 2012 I-League 2nd Division final round 2nd leg, in which United Sikkim was also participating.<ref name=Paljor20122ndDivision>{{cite web|title=How Bhaichung's United Sikkim FC qualified for the I league?|url=http://isikkim.com/2012-04-how-bhaichung%E2%80%99s-united-sikkim-fc-qualified-for-the-i-league-18-3/|publisher=iSikkim|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126190812/http://isikkim.com/2012-04-how-bhaichung’s-united-sikkim-fc-qualified-for-the-i-league-18-3/|url-status=live}}</ref> The ground was also the venue for the match in which United Sikkim gained promotion to the I-League after drawing with Mohammedan (1–1).<ref name=USFC1-1Mohammedan>{{cite web|title=United Sikkim qualify for next edition's I-League Football|url=http://isikkim.com/2012-04-united-sikkim-qualify-for-next-editions-i-league-football-17-7/|publisher=iSikkim|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=19 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419191051/http://isikkim.com/2012-04-united-sikkim-qualify-for-next-editions-i-league-football-17-7/}}</ref>

In November 2021, United Sikkim entered into a joint venture with the Government of Sikkim, renovated [[Bhaichung Stadium|Bhaichung Bhutia Stadium]] in Namchi to use as home ground.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Stadium in Sikkim named after Bhaichung Bhutia to be inaugurated after COVID-19 pandemic subsides|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/stadium-in-sikkim-named-after-bhaichung-bhutia-to-be-inaugurated-after-covid-19-pandemic-subsides/article32429063.ece|access-date=2021-11-01|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030180926/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/stadium-in-sikkim-named-after-bhaichung-bhutia-to-be-inaugurated-after-covid-19-pandemic-subsides/article32429063.ece|date=24 August 2020|location=New Delhi|agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhaichung Bhutia to have stadium named after him|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/bhaichung-bhutia-football-stadium-namchi-sikkim-indian-football-news/article32428135.ece|access-date=2020-10-27|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|language=en|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002155244/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/bhaichung-bhutia-football-stadium-namchi-sikkim-indian-football-news/article32428135.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-01|title=Sikkim: CM Tamang inaugurates Bhaichung Bhutia stadium » News Live TV » North East|url=https://newslivetv.com/sikkim-cm-tamang-inaugurates-bhaichung-bhutia-stadium/|access-date=2021-11-01|website=News Live TV|language=en-US|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209093620/https://newslivetv.com/sikkim-cm-tamang-inaugurates-bhaichung-bhutia-stadium/}}</ref>

== Rivalry ==
United Sikkim had a rivalry with their fellow [[North East India]]n club [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] in the I-League, which was often regarded as the "[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|Northeast India Derby]]".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhutani|first1=Rahul|title=Aizawl FC Champions|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2015/aizwal-fc-emerge-champions-kashmir-fc-impress-on-debut-i-league-second-division-review/|date=10 May 2015|access-date=7 May 2016|website=www.thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923163338/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2015/aizwal-fc-emerge-champions-kashmir-fc-impress-on-debut-i-league-second-division-review/|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref>

=== [[Northeast Derby (India)]] ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Opponent
!Played
!Wins
!Draws
!Losses

|-
|United Sikkim
| 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|Shillong Lajong
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0

|-

|Total
! 2 !! 1 !! 1 !! 0
|}

=== Sikkim Derby ===
United Sikkim has also a rivalry with their fellow Sikkim-based club [[Gangtok Himalayan SC]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkim-himalayan-sc-starts-pre-season-training-to-focus-on-young-players|title=Sikkim Himalayan SC starts pre-season training to focus on young players|website=sikkimexpress.com|publisher=The Sikkim Express|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729171401/http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkim-himalayan-sc-starts-pre-season-training-to-focus-on-young-players|archive-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/durand-cup-shivajians-fc-face-himalayan-task/articleshow/53932261.cms|title=Durand Cup: Shivajians FC face 'Himalayan' task|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217103811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/durand-cup-shivajians-fc-face-himalayan-task/articleshow/53932261.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> whom they face in regional tournaments including [[Sikkim Premier Division League]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Swapnaneel|last=Parasar|date=24 July 2018|url=https://www.goal.com/en/amp/news/sikkim-football-league-structure-india/6njz9an3wn6g1kage4csg1mee|title=All you need to know about football league structure in Sikkim|website=Goal.com|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817181142/https://www.goal.com/en/news/sikkim-football-league-structure-india/6njz9an3wn6g1kage4csg1mee|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/united-sikkim-fc-pull-off-spectacular-win-crucial-sikkim-premier-league-match.html|title=United Sikkim FC pull off spectacular win in crucial Sikkim Premier League match|date=19 August 2018|access-date=15 April 2022|website=nenow.in|publisher=North East Now|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415142201/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/united-sikkim-fc-pull-off-spectacular-win-crucial-sikkim-premier-league-match.html|archive-date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-gangtok-himalayan-football-club-emerges-as-the-rising-stars-of-the-region-722767-2023-12-07|title=Sikkim: Gangtok Himalayan Football Club emerges as the rising stars of the region|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229165041/https://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-gangtok-himalayan-football-club-emerges-as-the-rising-stars-of-the-region-722767-2023-12-07|first=Sujal|last=Pradhan|location=Gangtok|website=indiatodayne.in|publisher=India Today North East|date=7 December 2023|access-date=26 August 2024|archive-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> Both the clubs use [[Paljor Stadium]] as their home grounds. They had last met each other on 9 November 2019 during a match of [[Sikkim Gold Cup|Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup]] and Gangtok Himalayan defeated United by 3–1 margin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/11/09/india/sikkim-governors-gold-cup/royal-united-skm/sikkim-himalayan/3184529/|title=Gangtok Himalayan SC vs United Sikkim (Sikkim Gold Cup 2019)|website=Soccerway.com|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509043505/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/11/09/india/sikkim-governors-gold-cup/royal-united-skm/sikkim-himalayan/3184529/}}</ref>

== Managerial history ==
{{Expand list|date=November 2023}}

* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Stanley Rozario]] (March – December 2011)<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 1, 2011|first=Nilesh|last=Bhattacharya |title=Former East Bengal and Mohun Bagan coach Stanley Rozario will take charge of United Sikkim FC this week. The football club is owned by India captain Baichung Bhutia. — Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Former-East-Bengal-and-Mohun-Bagan-coach-Stanley-Rozario-will-take-charge-of-United-Sikkim-FC-this-week-The-football-club-is-owned-by-India-captain-Baichung-Bhutia-/articleshow/7407254.cms|access-date=2020-06-30|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418115958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Former-East-Bengal-and-Mohun-Bagan-coach-Stanley-Rozario-will-take-charge-of-United-Sikkim-FC-this-week-The-football-club-is-owned-by-India-captain-Baichung-Bhutia-/articleshow/7407254.cms}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Philippe De Ridder]] (3 December 2011 – 13 November 2012)<ref>
*{{cite news|title=Belgium's Rider joins United Sikkim Football Club as a coach|url=http://isikkim.com/2011-12-belgium%E2%80%99s-rider-joins-united-sikkim-football-club-as-a-coach-03-2/|work=I Sikkim|publisher=I Sikkim|date=3 December 2011|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127090601/http://isikkim.com/2011-12-belgium%E2%80%99s-rider-joins-united-sikkim-football-club-as-a-coach-03-2/}}
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/the-league-of-foreign-coaches/articleshow/3537878.cms|title=The League of foreign coaches|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|location=Margao|date=29 September 2008|access-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616070718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/the-league-of-foreign-coaches/articleshow/3537878.cms|archive-date=16 June 2024}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/de-ridder-innovative-coach/article3439350.ece|title=de Ridder — innovative coach|date=21 May 2012|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=18 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195650/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/de-ridder-innovative-coach/article3439350.ece}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] (13 November – 13 December 2012)<ref name="auto"/>
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nathan Hall (football coach)|Nathan Hall]] (13 December 2012 – October 2013)<ref name="Higgs"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://footballnewsindia.in/2013/10/04/united-sikkim-coach-nathan-hall-joins-abahani-limited-bangladesh-outifit/|title=United Sikkim Coach Nathan Hall Joins Abahani Limited, Bangladesh Outfit|date=4 October 2013|website=footballnewsindia.in|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623144444/http://footballnewsindia.in/2013/10/04/united-sikkim-coach-nathan-hall-joins-abahani-limited-bangladesh-outifit/|archive-date=23 June 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ekendra Singh|Soibam Ekendra Singh]] (2013–2014){{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} Kamal Bagdas (2023–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/19285|title=Sikkim Premier Division League 2023–24|date=22 June 2023|access-date=24 June 2023|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624101832/https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/19285}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/19285_Match_Summary_V1_1687528948.pdf|title=Match Summary — Sikkim Premier Division League: Boys Club Gangtok 2 – United Sikkim FC 4|date=22 June 2023|access-date=24 June 2023|website=administrator.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624102121/https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/19285_Match_Summary_V1_1687528948.pdf}}</ref>

== Notable players ==

{{category see also|United Sikkim FC players}}
;Past internationals
The following United Sikkim players have been capped at ''[[National sports team#Individual selection and participation|senior/youth international level]]'', with their respective countries. Years in brackets indicate their spells at the club.<ref name="WorldFootball">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te56489/all-players/|title=United Sikkim Football Club » Players from A–Z|website=WorldFootball.net|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414103036/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/united-sikkim/10/}}</ref>

* {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Joseph Lapira]] (2010–2011)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/22742/Joseph_Lapira.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Lapira, Joseph|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925005042/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/22742/Joseph_Lapira.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|LBR}} [[Johnny Menyongar]] (2011)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3835/Johnny_Menyongar.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Menyongar, Johnny|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518141317/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3835/Johnny_Menyongar.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dempo rope in Liberian midfielder Menyongar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Dempo-rope-in-Liberian-midfielder-Menyongar/articleshow/17864055.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=12 May 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512205132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Dempo-rope-in-Liberian-midfielder-Menyongar/articleshow/17864055.cms}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Quinton Jacobs]] (2011–2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isikkim.com/2012-03-i-league-ii-div-united-sikkim-defeats-kalighat-3-2-after-trailing-16-01/ |title=I-League II Div: United Sikkim defeats Kalighat 3-2 after trailing | iSikkim |access-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320191644/http://isikkim.com/2012-03-i-league-ii-div-united-sikkim-defeats-kalighat-3-2-after-trailing-16-01/ |website=isikkim.com |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/4584/Quinton_Jacobs.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Quinton, Jacobs|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010042258/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/4584/Quinton_Jacobs.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Guam}} [[John Matkin]] (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51514/John_Matkin.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Matkin, John|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031174942/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51514/John_Matkin.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=United Sikkim Football Club vs Mumbai FC LIVE Commentary|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96224/united-sikkim-football-club-vs-mumbai-fc/play-by-play|work=Goal.com|access-date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113054137/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96224/united-sikkim-football-club-vs-mumbai-fc/play-by-play|archive-date=13 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;World Cup player
* {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Michael Rodríguez (footballer)|Michael Rodríguez]] (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everardoherrera.com/2014/index.php/seleccion/13445-michael-rodriguez-debuto-con-victoria-en-el-futbol-de-la-india-.html|title=Michael Rodríguez debutó con victoria en el futbol de la India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022213513/http://www.everardoherrera.com/2014/index.php/seleccion/13445-michael-rodriguez-debuto-con-victoria-en-el-futbol-de-la-india-.html|archive-date=2014-10-22|website=everardoherrera.com|publisher=Everardo Herrera|language=es|access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aldia.cr/futbol-costa-rica/perez-zeledon/Zeledon-Michael-Rodriguez-Andres-Santamaria_0_151184904.html|title=Pérez Zeledón refuerza su defensa con Michael Rodríguez y colombiano Andrés Santamaría|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055949/http://www.aldia.cr/futbol-costa-rica/perez-zeledon/Zeledon-Michael-Rodriguez-Andres-Santamaria_0_151184904.html|archive-date=2016-03-04|website=aldia.cr|publisher=Al Día|language=es|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC 1–0 United Sikkim|url=http://punefc.com/?match-reports=federation-cup-united-sikkim-0-1-pune-fc|website=Pune Football Club|access-date=28 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103113306/http://punefc.com/?match-reports=federation-cup-united-sikkim-0-1-pune-fc|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

;Noted Indian internationals
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Renedy Singh]] (2011–2012)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3123/Renedy_Singh.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Singh, Renedy|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201094459/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3123/Renedy_Singh.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flag icon|IND}} [[N. S. Manju]] (2011–2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League: Pune FC Add United Sikkim FC's NS Manju On Their Roster Until The End Of 2011–12 Season|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/01/07/2835401/i-league-pune-fc-add-manju-on-their-roster-until-the-end-of-2011-|work=Goal.com|access-date=4 October 2013|archive-date=21 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021223741/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/01/07/2835401/i-league-pune-fc-add-manju-on-their-roster-until-the-end-of-2011-|date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]] (2011–2013)<ref>{{cite news|title=Sandesh Jhingan – Young Star Of Kerala Blasters|url=http://www.redbull.com/in/en/stories/1331686081342/sandesh-jhingan-young-star-of-kerala-blasters|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Red Bull|first1=Ashish|last1=Thakur|date=22 October 2014|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141455/http://www.redbull.com/in/en/stories/1331686081342/sandesh-jhingan-young-star-of-kerala-blasters}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3088/Baichung_Bhutia.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Bhaichung Bhutia|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811200704/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3088/Baichung_Bhutia.html}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 1984)|Anwar Ali]] (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/27486/Anwar_Ali.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Anwar Ali|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 November 2022|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226230940/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/27486/Anwar_Ali.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>

;Other players
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Daniel Bedemi]] (2011–2012)<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2011/09/09/2657886/federation-cup-united-sikkim-fc-down-ongc-3-2-in-their| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140501093119/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2011/09/09/2657886/federation-cup-united-sikkim-fc-down-ongc-3-2-in-their| archive-date = 2014-05-01| title = Federation Cup: United Sikkim FC Down ONGC 3–2 In Their Opening Group B Fixture | work=Goal.com|date=9 September 2011|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pablo Rodríguez (footballer, born 1985)|Pablo Rodríguez]] (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96256/shillong-lajong-fc-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report|title=Shillong Lajong FC 2–1 United Sikkim FC: Matsugane's injury-time winner gives the Reds the spoils against the Snow Lions|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=2 February 2013|accessdate=3 February 2013|archive-date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206222144/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96256/shillong-lajong-fc-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Salau Nuruddin]] (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite web|last=Vaz|first=John|title=Prayag United FC 2–0 United Sikkim FC: Rafique at the double as Kolkatans end campaign on a high|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91312/prayag-united-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=26 September 2012|archive-date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016001311/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91312/prayag-united-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report|date=24 September 2012}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Tae Yoon]] (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite web|last=Biswas|first=Babua|title=United Sikkim's Yoon Tae Leaves For Bigger Challenges|url=http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=979D284B-FC75-4EBA-9856-5E554BB600E5|work=Feverpitch|access-date=17 January 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131911/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=979D284B-FC75-4EBA-9856-5E554BB600E5|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="WorldFootball"/>
* {{flagicon|Togo}} [[Dosseh Attivi]] (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite web|title=Player Profile: Dosseh Attivi|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/dg-atttivi/275438/|website=int.soccerway.com|access-date=28 December 2014|archive-date=29 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329010638/https://int.soccerway.com/players/dg-atttivi/275438/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=I-League In and Outs" Up to January 2013 WINDOW|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2013/feb8thpart.html|website=KolkataFootball.com|access-date=28 December 2014|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108131905/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2013/feb8thpart.html}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Steve Hayes (footballer)|Steve Hayes]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballnsw.com.au/2013/07/10/indian-adventure-thrills-steve-hayes/|title=Indian Adventure Thrills Steve Hayes|website=footballnsw.com.au|publisher=Football New South Wales|date=10 July 2013|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219143646/https://footballnsw.com.au/2013/07/10/indian-adventure-thrills-steve-hayes/|archive-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Oluwaunmi Somide]] (2013–2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/united-sikkim-aim-to-make-amends|title=United Sikkim aim to make amends|work=All India Football Federation|date=25 March 2014|access-date=17 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417140615/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/united-sikkim-aim-to-make-amends|archive-date=17 April 2025|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Honours ==

=== Domestic league ===
* '''[[I-League 2]]'''
**Runners-up (1): [[2012 I-League 2nd Division final round|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2012/final-group/r17044/tables/ |title=I-League 2nd Division 2012 Final Round |work=Soccerway |access-date=26 September 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419080257/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2012/final-group/r17044/tables/ |archive-date=19 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?Me_Id%3D193 |title=The Aiff |access-date=2012-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203113613/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?Me_Id=193 |archive-date=2012-02-03 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentdetail%3D87 |title=The Aiff |access-date=2012-02-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411200457/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentdetail=87 |archive-date=2012-04-11 }}</ref>
* '''[[Sikkim Premier Division League]]'''
**Champions (3): 2013, 2017, [[2018 Sikkim Premier Division League|2018]]<ref>{{cite web|title=United Sikkim FC thrashed State Sports Academy to win Sikkim Premier League title.|url=http://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=2446/United%20Sikkim%20FC%20thrashed%20State%20Sports%20Academy%20to%20win%20Sikkim%20Premier%20League%20title|website=Goalie365.com|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824183629/http://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=2446/United%20Sikkim%20FC%20thrashed%20State%20Sports%20Academy%20to%20win%20Sikkim%20Premier%20League%20title|archive-date=24 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Runners-up (1): 2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikkim Himalayan SC has technically won the Sikkim Premier League title with one more game to go.|url=http://goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=89/Sikkim%20Himalayan%20SC%20%20wins%20%20Sikkim%20Premier%20League.|access-date=29 November 2014|website=goalie365.com|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016140317/http://goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=89%2FSikkim%20Himalayan%20SC%20%20wins%20%20Sikkim%20Premier%20League.}}</ref>

=== Cup ===
*'''[[Darjeeling Gold Cup]]'''
**Runners-up (1): 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/darjeeling_gold_cup2014/index.html|title=14th All India Darjeeling Gold Cup: Previous Winners|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713084014/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/darjeeling_gold_cup2014/index.html|archive-date=13 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Other achievements ===
* '''[[Jigme Dorji Wangchuk Memorial Gold Cup]]'''
**Semi-finals: [[2013 King's Cup (Bhutan)|2013]]<ref name=bbs>{{cite news|title=Manang defeats United Sikkim to enter finals|url=http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=30226|access-date=8 January 2015|website=bbs.bt|publisher=Bhutan Broadcasting Service|date=8 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128124136/http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=30226|archive-date=28 November 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''[[Bordoloi Trophy]]'''
**Semi-finals (1): [[2016 Bordoloi Trophy|2016]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bordoloitrophy.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bordoloi Trophy|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006210335/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bordoloitrophy.html|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep1016/sports052|title=GSA, GFC bracing up for Bordoloi Trophy|access-date=18 September 2016|work=The Assam Tribune|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915093313/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep1016%2Fsports052|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref>

==Team records==
=== Notable wins against foreign teams ===

{{updated|matches played 2 August 2013}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:80%; width:95%; text-align:center"
|-
!width="12%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Competition
!width="6%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Round
!width="10%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Year
!width="13%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Opposition
!width="5%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Score
!width="13%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Venue
!width="7%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|City
!width="7%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Ref
|-
|[[Sikkim Gold Cup|Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup]]
|Pre quarter-finals
|2011
<td align="left">{{flagicon|BHU}} [[Bhutan national football team|Bhutan XI]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|1–0
|align=left|[[Paljor Stadium]]
|[[Gangtok]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2011.html#sikkimgov|title=India 2010/11 — Cup Tournaments: Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=28 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222172327/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2011.html#sikkimgov|first1=Hans|last1=Schöggl|date=21 March 2024|archive-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jigme Dorji Wangchuk Memorial Gold Cup]]
|Group stage
|2013
<td align="left">{{flagicon|BHU}} [[Thimphu City FC|Thimphu City]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|2–0
|[[Changlimithang Stadium]]
|[[Thimphu]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/game-over-for-thimphu-city/#.VLjT1dKUdA0|date=2 August 2013|title=Game over for Thimphu City|access-date=27 January 2024|location=Thimpu|website=kuenselonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805022256/http://www.kuenselonline.com/game-over-for-thimphu-city/#.VLjT1dKUdA0|archive-date=5 August 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bordoloi Trophy]]
|Group stage
|2016
<td align="left">{{flagicon|BAN}} Bongobir Agragami
|style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|1–0
|[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|[[Guwahati]]
|<ref>
* {{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/united-sikkim-through-to-semis-as-aseb-crash-out/|title=United Sikkim through to semis as ASEB crash out|date=28 September 2016|access-date=25 January 2024|location=Thimpu|website=kuenselonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930142202/https://khelnow.com/football/united-sikkim-through-to-semis-as-aseb-crash-out/|first1=Himangshu|last1=Rajkhowa|archive-date=30 September 2021}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/united-sikkim-in-semis/cid/1420117|title=United Sikkim in semis|work=The Telegraph India|date=28 September 2016|access-date=23 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423074801/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/united-sikkim-in-semis/cid/1420117|archive-date=23 April 2025|first1=Avishek|last1=Sengupta|location=Kolkata}}
</ref>
|}

== Academy and youth ==
United Sikkim, under stewardship of Bhaichung Bhutia, took up initiatives of youth development in football.<ref name="Youth development">{{cite web|url=http://footballnewsindia.in/2013/12/13/united-sikkim-fc-host-u-14-snow-lion-cup/|title=United Sikkim FC To Host U-14 Snow Lion Cup|publisher=Football News India|website=footballnewsindia.in|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623145000/http://footballnewsindia.in/2013/12/13/united-sikkim-fc-host-u-14-snow-lion-cup/|agency=I-Sikkim|archive-date=23 June 2023|date=13 December 2013}}</ref> In 2013, Snow Lion Cup for under-14 kids was incorporated, and coaching camps with grassroot framework in hilly areas of Sikkim, [[Kalimpong]] and [[Darjeeling]] were set up by the club, with partnership of [[State Bank of India]] and [[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools]].<ref name="Youth development"/>

;USFC academy honours
*'''U-17 Winter Cup'''
**Champions (1): 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/100066646816955/posts/pfbid02tQVvVAYfN1Lkgzps6c3M6BqZCXZ7p23SEQ3UpQi4qwvkv6hExLceL9Puk36sJLZhl/?app=fbl|title=United Sikkim A Team Won The First U17 Winter Cup 2023|date=23 January 2023|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Facebook.com (@UnitedSikkimFC)|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230624090638/https://www.facebook.com/100066646816955/posts/pfbid02tQVvVAYfN1Lkgzps6c3M6BqZCXZ7p23SEQ3UpQi4qwvkv6hExLceL9Puk36sJLZhl/?app=fbl|archive-date=24 June 2023}}</ref>
*'''U-14 Winter Cup'''
**Runners-up (1): 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/100066646816955/posts/pfbid08zfKPt2oEh1oBTALGAne1MbWK6Pzm78ntrJyfr237T3jdp5dZ2qiEzkZjSuDGjUul/?app=fbl|title=Sonada Winter U-14 Cup Final|date=19 February 2023|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Facebook.com (@UnitedSikkimFC)|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230624090623/https://www.facebook.com/100066646816955/posts/pfbid08zfKPt2oEh1oBTALGAne1MbWK6Pzm78ntrJyfr237T3jdp5dZ2qiEzkZjSuDGjUul/?app=fbl|archive-date=24 June 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}
*[[List of United Sikkim F.C. managers]]
*[[List of football clubs in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{Cite book |title=The Best Way Forward for India's Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ |first=S. S. |last=Shreekumar |date=15 August 2020 |publisher=HSRA Publications |isbn=9788194721697 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051238/https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_BEST_WAY_FORWARD/KdH7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |pages=244 }}
*{{cite book |title=India's Football Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&q=national+association+manmatha+ganguly |publisher=SAGE Publications India |last1=Sharma |first1=Nikhil Paramjit |last2=Gupta |first2=Shantanu |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041830/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&dq=national+association+manmatha+ganguly&source=gbs_navlinks_s |isbn=9789353283063 }}

'''Other sources'''
*{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Chirag United and United Sikkim: The Two Extremes of Indian Football|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/chirag-united-and-united-sikkim-the-two-extremes-of-indian-football/|website=thehardtackle.com|date=14 May 2018|access-date=16 September 2012|publisher=The Hard Tackle|archive-date=14 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714070941/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/chirag-united-and-united-sikkim-the-two-extremes-of-indian-football/}}
*{{cite web|first=Anselm|last=Noronha|title=Sporting Clube de Goa 2–1 United Sikkim FC: Sugishita leaves a mark on his maiden I-League appearance|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94691/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-united-sikkim-fc/report?|work=Goal.com|access-date=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102063855/https://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94691/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-united-sikkim-fc/report|archive-date=2 November 2013}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5445|title=Bhawanipore ride Bidemi goal to victory|first1=Debayan|last1=Mukherjee|date=20 January 2014|website=the-aiff.com|location=Manjeri|publisher=All India Football Federation|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203102945/http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5445}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|title=Time to regain lost glory|date=17 January 2015|first=Hariprasad|last=Chattopadhyay|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505102054/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|archive-date=5 May 2016}}
*{{cite web|first=Silash|last=Tamang|publisher=The Sikkim Mail|location=New Delhi|date=7 December 2011|title=Sikkim footballer Nirmal Chettri makes international debut|url=http://isikkim.com/2011-12-sikkim-footballer-nirmal-chettri-makes-international-debut-08-01/|website=iSikkim.com|access-date=8 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317192822/http://isikkim.com/2011-12-sikkim-footballer-nirmal-chettri-makes-international-debut-08-01/|archive-date=17 March 2012|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Dempo SC 7–0 United Sikkim FC: The Eagles fly past the injured Snow Lions|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96235/dempo-sports-club-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123105811/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96235/dempo-sports-club-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report}}
*{{Cite web |location=New Delhi |url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2418 | title=United Sikkim, Samity and Mohd. Sporting through to the final round |date=14 April 2011 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=14 April 2011 | archive-date=11 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311023252/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2418 | url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-premier-division-league-2023-to-kick-off-on-june-21st-580729-2023-06-16|title=Sikkim Premier Division League 2023 to kick off on June 21st|first=Sujal|last=Pradhan|location=Gangtok|website=indiatodayne.in|publisher=India Today North East|date=16 June 2023|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616181450/http://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-premier-division-league-2023-to-kick-off-on-june-21st-580729-2023-06-16}}
*{{cite web|last=Biswas|first=Babua|title=United Sikkim's Yoon Tae Leaves For Bigger Challenges|url=http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=979D284B-FC75-4EBA-9856-5E554BB600E5|work=Feverpitch|date=17 January 2013|access-date=17 January 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131911/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=979D284B-FC75-4EBA-9856-5E554BB600E5|archive-date=4 March 2016}}
*{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Nilotpal|title=Japanese recruit for Aizawl FC|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151028/jsp/northeast/story_49992.jsp#.VpErFpOLTBI|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160508144748/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151028/jsp/northeast/story_49992.jsp%23.VpErFpOLTBI|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 May 2016|access-date=9 January 2016|work=The Telegraph India|date=27 October 2015}}
*{{cite web|date=25 September 2017|first1=Joe|last1=Williams|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-maha-derby-i-league|title=The Goa and Maha Derby: A thing past in I-League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720065558/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-maha-derby-i-league|archive-date=20 July 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|access-date=20 July 2021}}
*{{cite web|title=Royal flush for Wahingdoh|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2014/04/12/royal-flush-for-wahingdoh/|date=12 April 2014|website=theshillongtimes.com|location=Shillong|publisher=The Shillong Times|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217133437/https://theshillongtimes.com/2014/04/12/royal-flush-for-wahingdoh/}}
*{{cite web|first1=Chris|last1=Punnakkattu Daniel|title=Royal Wahingdoh and Bhawanipore clash in 2nd Division title decider|url=https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2014/04/10/royal-wahingdoh-bhawanipore-clash-2nd-division-title-decider/|date=10 April 2014|website=cpdfootball.de|location=Shillong|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925124723/https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2014/04/10/royal-wahingdoh-bhawanipore-clash-2nd-division-title-decider/}}
*{{cite web|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1120512/12khela5.html|title=ভাইচুংয়ের রাস্তায় হাঁটতে চান ব্যারেটো|trans-title=Barreto wants to walk on Bhaichung's way|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105120940/http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1120512/12khela5.html|archive-date=5 January 2024|location=Kolkata|language=bn|date=12 May 2012|access-date=26 September 2022|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|UnitedSikkimFCOfficial}}
* {{Instagram|unitedsikkimofficial }}
*[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/united-sikkim-sc/16437/ United Sikkim FC] at Soccerway
*[https://khelnow.com/football/team/united-sikkim-fc United Sikkim FC] at Khel Now
*[https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/united-sikkim-fc/2132/ United Sikkim FC] at Global Sports Archive
* [http://www.weltfussballarchiv.com/club_profile.php?ID=38713 United Sikkim FC] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203120453/http://weltfussballarchiv.com/club_profile.php?ID=38713 |date=3 December 2012 }}) at Weltfussballarchiv
*[https://www.nepal90.com/team/1117/ United Sikkim FC] at Nepal90

{{United Sikkim FC}}
{{Football in Sikkim}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2011]]
[[Category:I-League clubs]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:Sikkim Football League]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Sikkim]]

Kitty party

2025-12-25T21:31:00Z

Shruti: Started a post

{{Short description|Informal savings club}}
[[File:Kitty party 130 (6092890015).jpg|thumb|Guests at a kitty party|alt=A group of young women sit and stand around a sofa as they finish preparing their hair and outfits.]]

In India, a '''kitty party''' is a social event held as part of an informal [[savings club]]. It is a kind of [[party]] usually organized by women, and commonly held in the afternoon on a monthly basis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Biraia |first1=Pooja |last2=Modak |first2=Tejas |date=15 October 2011 |title=The new, revised kitty party |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/luxury/the-new-revised-kitty-party/article1-757617.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919014438/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/luxury/the-new-revised-kitty-party/article1-757617.aspx |archive-date=19 September 2012 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== History ==
Kitty parties began in India during the early 1950s, in the aftermath of the 1947 [[Partition of India|partition]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Initially, the informal savings events were hosted at home by middle-class women in northern Indian states, such as [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] or [[Uttar Pradesh]], whose families were struggling to recover financially from the turmoil caused by partition.<ref name=":0" /> Alongside the financial aspect, kitty parties also created a valuable social outlet for women, many of whom were not culturally permitted to work or travel much outside the home.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepak |first=Sharanya |date=5 September 2018 |title=Inside India's Kitty Parties: Where Community, and Snacks, Crowd the Table |url=https://tastecooking.com/inside-indias-kitty-parties/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=TASTE |language=en-US}}</ref>

By the 1980s, the growth of [[consumerism]] in Indian society meant that kitty parties had evolved and were also becoming popular with wealthier women, who used it as a way to save for more expensive household items.<ref name=":0" /> Kitty parties continue to be popular in India today, and can be found in other South Asian countries and in parts of the world where [[Indian diaspora]] communities have formed, such as Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Uyypm6T7ZsC&q=encyclopedia+of+women+and+islamic+countries+vol+2 |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12818-7 |editor-last=Suad |editor-first=Joseph |volume=2 |page=532 |language=en}}</ref> While the events are still primarily organized by groups of women, some modern variations have included couples and family kitty parties, which allow partners and children to participate,<ref name=":0" /> and the emergence of men's kitty parties.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patowari |first=Farzana |date=19 September 2019 |title=Rise of Men's Kitty Parties in Bhopal |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/rise-of-mens-kitty-parties-in-bhopal/articleshow/71198727.cms |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Organization and entertainment ==
''Kitty'' refers to the amount collected at the party, every member contributing a certain sum of money each month. The kitty is handed over to one member of the group every month.<ref name=":2" /> [[Chit fund]]s operate along similar principles, and the chit-fund association of India has estimated there are thousands of Indian companies that include management of kitty party funds as part of their services, although these companies tend to be interested only in higher value kitty party funds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chengalpattu |first=S. A. |date=2 November 2012 |title=One for the kitty |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/banyan/2012/11/02/one-for-the-kitty |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127212134/https://www.economist.com/banyan/2012/11/02/one-for-the-kitty |archive-date=27 November 2020 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

It is usually held at a specified time each month, by a specific group of women. Every member of the group has to host a party at least once. The hosting member organizes food and other logistics.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rahul-gandhi-delights-lucknow-kitty-party-66941| title= Rahul Gandhi delights Lucknow kitty party| agency= Press Trust of India| date= November 17, 2010 | website= NDTV.com| publisher= | access-date= September 19, 2023}}</ref> In most of India and Pakistan, it is usually simply referred to as a 'committee'.

At meetings, members may share personal stories, business tips, family recipes, or general "skills and hacks."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Darshita |date=30 May 2022 |title=Inside the Empowering World of Indian Kitty Parties |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/indian-kitty-parties |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Refinery29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Entertainment can include guest speakers, cooking demonstrations, themed costume parties, [[parlour game]]s, tarot card readings, and more.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sunder |first=Kalpana |date=29 August 2020 |title=Kitty Parties: A Sisterhood of Savings Empowering Indian Women |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3099285/kitty-parties-sisterhood-savings-empowering-indian |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Financial services in India}}

[[Category:Parties]]
[[Category:Women's events]]
[[Category:Women in India]]
[[Category:Women in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Pakistani social culture]]
[[Category:Informal finance]]
[[Category:Informal economy in Asia]]

Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-14T11:19:45Z

Shruti: Adding New Article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Purvi Champaran
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = The Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Shri Radha Mohan Singh briefing the media on Project Chaman, in New Delhi on October 16, 2017.jpg
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| assembly_cons = [[Harsidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harsidhi]] [[Govindganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Govindganj]] [[Kesaria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kesaria]] [[Kalyanpur, Purvi Champaran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalyanpur]] [[Pipra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pipra]] [[Motihari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Motihari]]
}}
'''Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|13
|[[Harsidhi Assembly constituency|Harsidhi]] (SC)
|rowspan="6"| [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|[[Krishnanandan Paswan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
|-
|14
|[[Govindganj Assembly constituency|Govindganj]]
|[[Raju Tiwari]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|15
|[[Kesaria Assembly constituency|Kesaria]]
|[[Shalini Mishra]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|16
|[[Kalyanpur, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
|[[Sachindra Prasad Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|17
|[[Pipra, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Pipra]]
|[[Shyambabu Prasad Yadav|Shyambabu Yadav]]
|-
|19
|[[Motihari Assembly constituency|Motihari]]
|[[Pramod Kumar]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2008 : See [[Motihari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Motihari]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Radha Mohan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Purvi Champaran<ref>{{cite web|url= https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS043.htm|title=Elections 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Radha Mohan Singh]]
|votes=5,42,193
|percentage=50.50
|change=
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate=[[Rajesh Kushwaha]]
|votes=4,53,906
|percentage=42.28
|change=
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 19,788
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 88,287
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=10,74,344
|percentage=59.90
|change=
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Purvi Champaran<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,74,081
|percentage = 57.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = [[Aakash Prasad Singh]]
|votes = 2,81,500
|percentage = 28.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 22,706
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,93,648
|percentage = 29.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,00,135
|percentage = 60.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Purvi Champaran<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,00,452
|percentage = 48.68
|change = +6.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Binod Kumar Srivastava
|votes = 2,08,289
|percentage = 25.32
|change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Avaneesh Kumar Singh
|votes = 1,28,604
|percentage = 15.63
|change = +15.63
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Amit Kumar Choubey
|votes = 77,512
|percentage = 10.91
|change = +10.91
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 13,261
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,92,163
|percentage = 23.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,22,671
|percentage = 58.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Purvi Champaran<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,01,114
|percentage = 41.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Akhilesh Prasad Singh
|votes =1,21,824
|percentage = 25.27
|change = 28%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Arvind Kumar Gupta
|votes =68,323
|percentage = 14.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = LTSD
|candidate = Nagendra Sahani
|votes =31,057
|percentage = 6.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ram Chandra Prasad
|votes =20,742
|percentage = 4.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 79,290
|percentage = 16.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,82,094
|percentage = 40.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[East Champaran district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/purvi_champaran/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Purvi Champaran lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

{{coord|26.6|84.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purvi Champaran (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]

Coimbatore–Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express

2025-12-13T08:33:09Z

Shruti: made basic article added tags

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Coimbatore Junction – Bengaluru Cantonment ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = Coimbatore Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express - 01.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = This Vande Bharat Express at [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantonment]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]]
| first = {{start date|2023|12|30}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|01 January 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways (SR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}} '''(CBE)'''
| stops = 5
| end = [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bangalore Cantonment]] '''(BNC)'''
| distance = {{convert|374|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 06 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Six days a week (Except Thursday)
| trainnumber = 20642 / 20641
| line_used = [[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line|Jolarpettai-Shoranur line (Coimbatore Jn to Salem Jn)]] [[Salem-Bangalore line|Salem-Bangalore line (Salem Jn to Belandur Road)]] [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|Chennai-Bengaluru City line (Belandur Road to Bengaluru Cantt.)]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Southern Railway zone|Coimbatore Jn (CBE)]]
| map = {{Coimbatore-Bengaluru Cantonment VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20642/20641 '''Coimbatore - Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express''' is India's 39th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting [[Coimbatore]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Bangalore]] in [[Karnataka]]. The train was inaugurated on by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Dham Junction]] on 30 December 2023 and started scheduled commercial service from 1 January 2024.

== Overview ==
The train is the 39th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat express]] and connects [[Coimbatore]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Bangalore]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news|date=30 December 2023|title=Vande Bharat trains between Bengaluru - Coimbatore and Mangaluru - Madgaon launched|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/vande-bharat-trains-between-bengaluru-coimbatore-and-mangaluru-madgoan-launched-full-details-101703921963696.html|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref> The train is run by [[Southern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite news|date=25 December 2023|title=‘Coimbatore-Bengaluru Vande Bharat to start from Dec. 30’|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/coimbatore-bengaluru-vande-bharat-train-service-to-start-from-december-30/articleshow/106259740.cms|access-date=26 December 2023|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This train underwent trial runs on the last week of December.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trial run of Coimbatore-Bengaluru Vande Bharat Express completed within five hours and 40 minutes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/trial-run-of-coimbatore-bengaluru-vande-bharat-express-completed-within-five-hours-and-40-minutes/article67680210.ece|date=27 December 2023|access-date=27 December 2023|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vande Bharat Express takes 6 hours 2 minutes from Bengaluru to Coimbatore on trial run|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/dec/28/vande-bharat-express-takes-6-hours2-minutes-from-bengaluru-to-coimbatore-on-trial-run-2645554.html|date=27 December 2023|access-date=27 December 2023|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The train was inaugurated on by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Dham Junction]] on 30 December 2023 and started scheduled commercial service from 1 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 December 2023|title=PM Modi flags off 2 Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains in Ayodhya|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-flags-off-2-amrit-bharat-6-vande-bharat-express-trains-in-ayodhya-101703918767779.html|access-date=30 December 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 December 2023|title=PM Modi flags off 2 new Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains during Ayodhya visit; check routes & other details|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-narendra-modi-ayodhya-amrit-bharat-vande-bharat-trains-flag-off-full-list-of-new-routes-indian-railways/articleshow/106393567.cms?from=mdr|access-date=30 December 2023|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
It is the thirty-seventh [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|second generation]] and twenty-third [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|mini]] (eight-car) [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Vande Bharat]] train-set which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{cite news|title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965|access-date=1 December 2023|date=19 April 2023|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 20642/20641 Coimbatore Jn - Bengaluru Cantt Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Thursdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|374|km}} in a travel time of 6 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|58|km/h}}. The service has 5 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[KSR Bengaluru–Coimbatore Uday Express]]
* [[Coimbatore Junction railway station]]
* [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]

Gorakhpur–Prayagraj Vande Bharat Express

2025-12-13T08:20:26Z

Shruti: made basic entry more to come

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Gorakhpur Jn - Prayagraj Jn ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = Gorakhpur Lucknow VB getting ready for inaugural run towards Lucknow Charbagh railway station.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = This Mini Vande Bharat Express getting ready for inaugural run towards [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date|2023|07|7|df=yes}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|9 July 2023|df=yes}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railways (NER)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}} '''(GKP)'''
| stops = 4
| end = {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}} '''(PRYJ)'''
| distance = {{convert|500|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 07 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Saturdays}}
| trainnumber = 22549 / 22550
| line_used = *[[Lucknow–Gorakhpur line|Gorakhpur–Lucknow line]]
*[[Varanasi–Rae Bareli–Lucknow line|Lucknow–Rae Bareli–Varansi line (till Rae Bareli Jn)]]
*[[Rae Bareli–Unchahar–Prayagraj line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Oper.)
| trainlength = {{convert|384|m|ft}} (16 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[North Eastern Railway zone|Gorakhpur Jn (GKP)]]
| map = {{Gorakhpur-Prayagraj VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 22549/22550 '''Gorakhpur - Prayagraj ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 25th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the city of [[Gorakhpur|Gorakhpur City]] via [[Ayodhya]] and terminating at the city of [[Prayagraj]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-13 |title=UP gets 4 more Vande Bharat trains |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-gets-4-more-vande-bharat-trains/articleshow/108447802.cms |access-date=2024-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Railway : प्रयागराज में होगा वंदे भारत एक्सप्रेस का अर्धशतक, अब तक 23 जोड़ी वंदे भारत का हो चुका है संचालन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/vande-bharat-express-will-mark-its-half-century-in-prayagraj-2023-07-03 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> This express train is a former of another service which terminated at state capital city [[Lucknow]] which was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 7 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2023 |title=Trial Run for Gorakhpur-Lucknow Vande Bharat Begins, Likely to Connect Ayodhya |url=https://www.news18.com/india/vande-bharat-gorakhpur-lucknow-trial-run-begins-connect-ayodhya-8227003.html |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi flags off Gorakhpur-Lucknow Vande Bharat Express. {{!}} Newsalert |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/Newsalert/2514851-pm-modi-flags-off-gorakhpur-lucknow-vande-bharat-express |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref>

This extension was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from Ahmedabad on March 12, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=PM Modi flags off 10 new Vande Bharat Express trains today, four existing routes extended – Check full routes, new destinations and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-pm-modi-to-flag-off-10-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-today-four-existing-routes-to-see-expansion-check-full-routes-new-destinations-and-more-3421885/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=2024-03-12 |title=Watch: PM Modi flags off 10 new Vande Bharat trains |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/watch-prime-minister-narendra-modi-flags-off-10-new-vande-bharat-trains-11710214806246.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur Jn]], [[Basti railway station|Basti]], [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Dham Jn]], [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh]], [[Rae Bareli Junction railway station|Rae Bareli Jn]] and [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Jn]]. It is operated with train numbers 22549/22550 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express: Lucknow to Gorakhpur via Ayodhya in Under 4 Hours, Check Details |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/vande-bharat-express-lucknow-to-gorakhpur-via-ayodhya-in-under-4-hours-check-details-8252527.html |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the twenty-third [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 22549/22550 Gorakhpur Jn - Prayagraj Jn Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Saturdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|497|km}} in a travel time of 7 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|66|km/h}}. The service has 5 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== Incidents ==
After the inauguration ceremony of the newly launched Vande Bharat Express train between Gorakhpur and Lucknow, it met with a goat incident. This incident took place on 11 July 2023 when crossing [[Sohawal]], about 15 km away from [[Faizabad Junction railway station|Ayodhya Cantt. Jn]] railway station, leading to damage of window panes at coaches C1, C3, C5 (Chair Car) and E1 (Executive Chair Car). No casualties were reported during that incident.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2023 |title=Vande Bharat mows goats, owners throw stones |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/vande-bharat-mows-goats-owners-throw-stones/articleshow/101683862.cms |access-date=12 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]]
* [[Prayagraj Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Lucknow]]

Malikappuram: Apathbandhavan Ayyappan

2025-12-06T03:12:41Z

Shruti: made a bio

{{short description|Indian Television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Malikappuram
| image = Malikappuram- Apathbandhavan Ayyappan.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] Mythology
| creator = [[Merryland Studio]]
| writer = Sugathan Kannur
| director = [[Sudheesh Sankar]] (2023) Vinod Bhagavathinada (2023-2025)
| creative_director = S. Murugan
| editor = Machado Joseph Kavanad
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| executive_producer = Suja Murugan, Saranya Subramaniam
| location = [[Trivandrum]]
| producer = S. Murugan
| cinematography = Shijinjith
| company = [[Merryland Studios|Sree Saran Creation]]
| theme_music_composer = "Thedi varum Kannulalil" by [[G. Devarajan]]
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| channel = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|11|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|02|22|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 383
| starring = [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| num_seasons = 1
| related = ''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]''
}}

'''''Malikappuram: Apathbandhavan Ayyappan''''' ({{translation|''Ayyappan Who Helps During Troublesome Times''}}) is an Indian devotional television series that aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] from 6 November 2023 to 22 February 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/malikappuram-malayalam-serial-sianet/|title=Malikappuram, Chandrikayil Aliyunnu Chandrakantham - Malayalam TV Serials On Asianet|date=31 October 2023}}</ref> and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala9.com/latest-news/movies-latest-news/asianet-presents-new-fiction-malikappuram-a-tale-of-faith-resilience-and-devotion/,%20https://www.kerala9.com/latest-news/movies-latest-news/asianet-presents-new-fiction-malikappuram-a-tale-of-faith-resilience-and-devotion/|title=Asianet Presents New Fiction " Malikappuram ": A Tale of Faith. Resilience and Devotion | Kerala9.com|date=6 November 2023}}</ref> The series revolves around the relationship between Muthassi, a devout grandmother, and her granddaughter Unnimol, both devotees of [[Ayyappan]] and desires to visit [[Sabarimala Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-malikappuram-serial-actors/|title=Malikappuram Apathbandhavanayyappan, Devotional Serial On Asianet - Star Cast|date=3 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala9.com/latest-news/entertainment/asianets-devotional-serial-malikappuram-continues-to-conquer-the-hearts-of-the-audience/|title=Asianet's Devotional Serial "Malikappuram" Continues To Conquer The Hearts Of The Audience - Kerala9.com|date=30 November 2023}}</ref> South Indian actress [[K. R. Vijaya]] and child artist Eithal play the lead roles<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malikappuram-kr-vijaya-and-eithal-starrer-mythological-drama-to-premiere-on-november-6/articleshow/104964559.cms|title=Malikappuram: KR Vijaya and Eithal starrer devotional drama to premiere on November 6|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/new-serials-on-asianet-gaurisankaram-kathodu-kathoram-nsn-rx05cq|title=ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില്‍ രണ്ട് പുതിയ പരമ്പരകള്‍; 'ഗൗരീശങ്കര'വും 'കാതോട് കാതോര'വും വരുന്നു|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/malikappuram-malayalam-tv-serial-to-start-showing-on-asianet-from-november-6-nsn-s3jj99|title=ഇനി ടെലിവിഷനിലെ 'മാളികപ്പുറ'ത്തെ കാണാം; ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില്‍ പുതിയ സീരിയല്‍ ആരംഭിക്കുന്നു|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> This series is the fifth season of ''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' franchise. The show was also dubbed into [[Kannada]] as ''Malikappuram'' on [[Star Suvarna]] from 4 March 2024 to 11 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantvinfo.com/kasturi-and-malikappuram-kannada-serial/|title=Kasturi And Malikappuram, Upcoming Kannada TV Serials On Star Suvarna Channel – Promos On Air|date=24 January 2024|website=indiantvinfo.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
When Meenakshi (Unnimol) was born, her mother died in delivery. Her father left the place after few days. She is considered as a bad omen by her relatives and villagers except her grandmother because of an astrological prediction. When she is grown up she had to face a lot of sufferings but only hope for her life was trust on [[Lord Ayyappa]]. In this time, Lord Ayyappa and [[Vavar]] came to her life as Giridevan and Vava to help her and they became close friends. After some days, following so many circumstances she met her father Vinod and he came back to their home. He was staying at Anasuya's home for these years as he lost his memory. Anasuya is a traditional doctor who has a daughter Thara, who has been locked in her home with ritual threads protecting her from Mrithyu Devatha as Thara's father died due to a curse from snake lords as he tried to capture a precious stone of Snake Lords. Later Vinod and Anasuya got married. Unnimol and Thara are living like siblings. Giridevan and Vava are trying to help Unnimol from problems creating by her relatives and Thara from Mruthyu Devatha. To solve threat from Mruthyu Devatha completely they find a solution that a devotioned coconut should be reached Sabarimala temple. Unnimol and Thara began Pilgrimage to Sabarimala. Mruthyu Devatha tried many ways for stopping them but Giridevan, Vava along with Lambu ([[Lord Ganesha]]) protected them. Finally Thara reached Sabarimala with coconut and her curse is completely cured. But Unnimol can't go to temple. On their way back, they visited a temple where the idol is turned backward. When they enquired, they came to knew about story of a mother. She stolen some rice and vegetables from Temple to feed her child. But village chief caught her and publicly punished. She committed suicide and her son ran away from the village.This made goddess in the temple angry and village chief got paralyzed and idol began facing backward. Some astrologers suggested that if the lady's son come to temple the goddess will turns front. Unnimol with help of Giridevan, Vava and Lambu found the son and visited the temple making goddess happy.In these times, Anupama stolen Vaidooryanagam and got arrested by Police. But Giridevan saved her by stating that a hidden criminal is behind the crime. She dug a hole and placed it in but after some rounds of handchangings it is in hands of a group of children. After some challenges Unnimol got the Vaidooryanagam back. After this Unnimol, Giridevan and Vava solved problems of Paaru and Anu. Paaru is sad due to her father's alcoholism, Anu loves a rich man's boy and struggles for finding dowry. After this, they met Thamburu, she can't speak for almost a year due to Brahmarakshas, a spirit. They also solved the issue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malikappuram-kr-vijaya-and-eithal-starrer-mythological-drama-to-premiere-on-november-6/articleshow/104964559.cms|title=Malikappuram: KR Vijaya and Eithal starrer devotional drama to premiere on November 6|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 November 2023}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Devakiyamma, devotee of Ayyappa, Mother of Vinod, Rajeevan and Jayan, mother-in-law of Anasuya, Mini and Anupama.
*Baby Eithal Evana Sherin as Unnimol, Devaki's granddaughter, Vinod's daughter, Anasuya's strp-daughter
*Aarav Umesh as Giridevan ([[Lord Ayyappa]])
*Sreedev Pradeep as Vava ([[Vavar]])
*Lal Krish as Vinod, Meenakshi's father, Tara's step-father, Devakiyamma's son, Anasuya's second husband

===Supporting===
*Akhina Shibu as Anasuya, Tara's mother, Meenakshi's step- mother, Devakiyamma's daughter in law, Vinod's second wife
*Renjith Menon as Rajeevan, Anupama's husband, Devakiyamma's son
*Amrutha Varnan as Anupama, Rajeevan's wife,
*Rahul R as Jayan, Mini's husband Devakiyamma's son
* Arya Sreeram as Mini, Jayan's wife
* Sharu as Malini teacher
*Abhaidev Raveendran as Abhijit
*Akshitha as Tara, Anasuya's daughter, Vinod's step-daughter
*Ananditha Manu as Hima
*Archana Devi as Radha teacher
*Lekshmy Nandan as Mrityu Devatha
*Vishnu K Vijayan as Ananthan
*Rihan as Lambu ([[Lord Ganesha]])
*Aishwarya Devi as [[Devi]]
*_____ as [[Dhanwantari]]
*Fazal Razi as Mahesh
*Mithun MK as Anurag
*Gomati priya as Anu
*[[Sarath Das]] as Raghu
*Vaiga as Thamburu
*Niya Renjith
*Ashbin as Jayanthan
*Kavitha Lakshmi as Bhamini, Jayanthan's mother
*Leena Nair(Dual Role) as
**Leela, Jeevan's mother
**Sabari (Archived from ''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Sabarimala Swami Ayyappan]]'')
*Saritha Balakrishnan as Sathi
* [[Archana Suseelan]] as Mahishi (Archived from ''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Sabarimala Swami Ayyappan]]'')
*[[Swasika]] as [[Mohini]]
*___as [[Krishna]]
*Akash Mahesh as [[Vamanan]]
*[[Anu Joseph]] as [[Yakshi]]amma
*[[Ronson Vincent]] as [[Narasimha]]m
*[[Shobi Thilakan]] as [[Yama]]devan
*[[Arun G Raghavan]] as [[Parashuraman]]
*Mohammad Rafi
*Sajin John
*Meenakshi

== Production ==
===Casting===
It is produced by S. Murugan under the banner of [[Merryland Studio|SreeSaran Creations]] after the success of ''[[Padatha Painkili (TV series)|Padatha Painkili]]''. [[K. R. Vijaya]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/exclusive-veteran-actress-kr-vijaya-about-malikappuram-the-whole-set-feels-devotion-just-like-the-blessing-of-lord-ayyappa/articleshow/104972066.cms|title=Exclusive! Veteran actress KR Vijaya about 'Malikappuram': The whole set feels devotional, just like the blessing of Lord Ayyappa|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 November 2023}}</ref> is making her television comeback with this series. Baby Eithal Evana Sherin is making her television debut along with debutantes Aarav and Sreedev.

===Music===
Title tracks are adapted from Merryland's production ''[[Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' and the ''Sabarimala Swami Ayyappan'' TV series except ''Thedi Thedi''.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers(s)
| title1 = Harivaraasanam
| lyrics1 = [[Vayalar Ramavarma]]
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| title2= Thedivarum Kannukalil
| lyrics2= Kannadasan
| extra2 = Ambili
| title3= Harihara Suthane Saranam
| lyrics3 = S.Ramesan Nair
|title4 = Bhootanatha
| lyrics4 = S.Ramesan Nair
| title5 = Thedi Thedi
| lyrics5 = Biju B Nair
| extra5 = Saawan Rithu
| length5 = 3:10
}}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/malikappuram/1260156477 Malikappuram: Apathbandhavan Ayyappan - Hotstar]

{{Asianet programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kerala]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Indian armour

2025-11-22T06:52:11Z

Shruti: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Protection of the body in South Asia}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Maratha Armor.jpg|thumb|An early 18th century Maratha helmet and armor from the [[Hermitage Museum]], [[St. Petersburg, Russia]].]]
Armor in the [[Indian subcontinent]] was used since antiquity. Its earlier reference is found in the [[Vedic period]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOzp2aC8ezAC&dq=vedic+armour&pg=PA103|title=Arms and Armor: Traditional Weapons of India|last=Paul|first=E. Jaiwant|date=2005|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9788174363404|language=en}}</ref> Armor has been described in [[Hindu texts|religious texts]]; including the [[Itihasa]] epics [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharat]], as well as in the [[Puranas]].

==Bronze Age==
{{Main article|Sinauli}}

Major findings from [[Sinauli]] trial excavations dated to c. 2000 - 1500 BCE from the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] (OCP)/[[Copper Hoard Culture]], which was contemporaneous with the Late Harappan culture reviled several wooden coffin burials, which included copper swords, helmets, bow and arrow and wooden carts with solid disk wheels and protected by copper sheets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Royal burial in Sanauli |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article24923229.ece |work=Frontline |date=12 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Vedic period==
[[File:City of Kushinagar in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate.jpg|thumb|City of Kushinagara in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st-century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate.]]
The [[Vedic age]] recorded in-fighting among Indian clans for supremacy over the upper [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. In the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]] prominent Vedic clans clashed along the [[Ravi River]]. The Vedas and the other texts of the period record these struggles in detail and provide a clear picture of the military set up of during those periods.

The concept of a warrior class had already gained ground and the [[kshatriya]] claimed to have originated from the arms of Purusha. They tried to maintain this distinct identity of their own through their garments and attire. The common attire (when they are not situated at the battlefield) for the kshatriya warrior was deer skin. Their under-garments were made cloak dyed with [[Rubia cordifolia|Indian maddar]]. They also wore hemp thread and a bow string as a mark of distinction.

Armour was prominently mentioned in the [[Rigveda]]:{{Quote|text=The warrior's look is like a thunderous rain-cloud's, when, armed with mail, he seeks the lap of battle.
Be thou victorious with unwounded body: so let the thickness of thy mail protect thee...Thy vital parts I cover with thine armour: with immortality...clothe thee...|sign=Rig Veda, tr. by [[Ralph T.H. Griffith]], [1896]|source=HYMN LXXV. Weapons of War.|title=}}

The defensive armors became the integral part of military costume. They were worn after duly sanctified by mantras. It appears that they were used only by the nobility. The average soldier wore deer skin, and is mentioned in the [[Atharvaveda]], stating that the shield and outfit made of deer skin struck terror amid the enemies of god. The nobles and elite warriors wore a coat of mail called a drapi, kavacha, or varman. They covered their back, chest, and lower parts of their body.

Certain warriors in the Vedic period wore metal armour called '''varman'''. In the Rig Veda the varman is described as sewn armor or a coat of mail that covers the whole body.

{{Quote|text=Agni, the man who giveth guerdon to the priests, like well-sewn armour thou guardest on every side.|author=|title=|source=The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 31}}

Historians such as [[Edward Washburn Hopkins]] deduce that the armour was metal that covered the body and was connected by wires. On the head multiple metal pieces were connected together for helmets.<ref name=":0" />

The '''kavacha''' is described to be a fitted [[plate armour]] covering the chest. The word kavaca is used in Atharva Veda in the sense of an armour clas [[cuirass]] breast plate as opposed to the varman coat of mail:

{{Quote|text=...warrior, mailed, unmailed, each foeman in the rush of war. Down-smitten with the strings of bows, the fastenings of mail, the charge! The armour-clad, the armourless, enemies clothed with coats of mail. All struck down...|author=|title=|source=Artha Veda Book XI Hymn XXII}}

The use of helmets is frequently mentioned in the vedas. ''Shirastrana'' was a helmet or head guard worn by soldiers to protect the head. Siprin would mean a person wearing a helmet. Common soldiers would go bare headed, some kept long hairs and wore animal horns. Indra is described as the golden helmeted hero with a [[Visor (armor)|visor]]:

{{Quote|text=So be the lofty Indra prompt to listen, Helper unaided, golden-visored Hero.|title=|source=The Rig Veda/Mandala 6/Hymn 29}}

Hastaghna was and arm guard used to protect the hands. It was worn on the left arm to avoid friction of bow strings. It was made of leather but later on metal gauntlets seem to have used instead.

For the protection of the legs; greaves, anklets, and shoes were used. The noble warriors wore ornaments like armlets, bracelets, clasps, necklaces, and various garlands.

Description of armor was continued in the [[Upanishads]].

{{Quote|text=Its priestly honorarium consists of a horse chariot pulled by four horses. The chariot is provided with golden plates, with a whip, with all sorts of ornaments and with splendour. Its deck is covered with tiger skin, its bow-case with panther skin, its quiver with bear skin.

The warrior standing on it is equipped for battle, wearing armour made of [[Indian rhinoceros|rhinoceros]] skin; he has a charioteer equipped for battle, and is protected by the two side panels. The rein-holder wears a neck ornament and a garland.|title=|source=Jaiminīya-Brāhmaṇa}}

== Mahajanapadas Period ==
Armour is discussed in [[Chanakya|Chanakya's]] ''[[Arthashastra]]'' (320 BCE). The Arthashastra extensively discusses various types of armors used in ancient India. These armors included lohajālika, paṭṭa, kavaca, and sūtraka. Lohajālika was a type of [[mail armor]] which was made from iron or steel that covered the body and arms.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kalyanaraman |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19obAAAAMAAJ&q=Lohaj%C4%81lika&dq=Lohaj%C4%81lika&hl=en&newbks |title=Aryatarangini, the Saga of the Indo-Aryans |date=1969 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |isbn=978-0-210-22271-3 |language=en}}</ref> Lohajālika was prevalent due to its lightweight properties and resilience against a variety of blows, such as from [[bladed weapons]] such as [[swords]] and [[Axe|axes]]. In the Arthashastra, the Patta armor is described as a coat of [[iron]], [[steel]] or animal skins with hoofs and horns of various animals like [[porpoise]], [[rhinoceros]], and [[bison]] without cover for the arms.<ref name=":1" />

The kavacha was [[plate armor]] that covered the chest, torso and other parts of the body, providing protection to [[warriors]]. It was tightly fitted and made of metal or leather, offering defense in battle.
Sūtraka was a type of armor made of [[leather]] or [[iron]]. It covered only hips and the waist.
Likewise śirāstrāṇa (cover for the head), kaṇṭhatrāṇa (cover for the neck), kūrpāsa (cover for trunk), kañcuka (a coat extending as far as the knee joints), vāravāṇa (a coat extending as far as the heels), paṭṭa (a coat without cover for the arms), and nāgodarikā (gloves) are the varieties of armour. Armour and [[Ornament (art)|Ornaments]] for [[elephants]], [[chariots]], and [[horses]] as well as goads and hooks to lead them in battlefields constitute accessory things (upakaraṇāni).

The Kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] rapidly expanded its military infrastructure under King [[Ajatashatru]], creating the foundation of later empires in [[Pataliputra]]. He introduced the ''rathamusala'', an armoured chariot with protruding blades.

There are references by historians noting the armour King [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] used in battle against Alexander. The scholar [[Arrian]] recorded that the armour was shot-proof, and remarkably well fitted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pant |first=Gayatri Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsPeAAAAMAAJ&q=porus+arrian+armor |title=Indian Arms and Armour: Pre-and-protohistoric weapons and archery |date=1978 |publisher=Army Educational Stores |language=en}}</ref>

The Bharhut Stupa depicts the use of leather scale armour. Furthermore, on the [[Sanchi Stupa]], soldiers are depicted wearing quilted armour.

== Puranic and Epic armour ==
In Mahabharata, there are much evidence of using armour during the battles.

;'''Kavacha'''
* '''Karna Kavacha''' - The armour of [[Karna]] that was granted by his father [[Surya]] at birth. It was impenetrable even to [[astra (weapon)|heavenly weapons]].<ref name="karna.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.karna.org/body_story_behind_karna.html |title=Website dedicated to the story of Karna |access-date=2018-06-25 |archive-date=2010-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323003055/http://www.karna.org/body_story_behind_karna.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''Shiva-Kavacha''' - The armour of Lord [[Shiva]] which will make its wielder invincible.
;'''Khetaka'''
* '''Jaivardhan''' - A shield of Lord [[Vishnu]] and Lord [[Shiva]].
* The shield of [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]]
* [[Srivatsa|Srivatsa]] - The shield of [[Vishnu]], a symbol worshiped and revered by the Hindus, said to be manifested on the god's chest.<ref>Sarat Chandra Das (1902). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8AbIHweo7PMC Tibetan-English Dictionary with Sanskrit Synonyms]''. Calcutta, India: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, p. 69</ref>

==Gupta period==
[[File:Kumara, The Divine General LACMA M.85.279.3.jpg|thumb|upright|Kumara/[[Kartikeya]] in [[scale mail]] armour with a [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] devotee, 2nd century CE]]
[[Indo-Scythians]] and [[Indo-Parthians]] were depicted wearing [[chain mail]] in numismatic findings.<ref>{{Citation |last=Elgood |first=Robert |title=Indian subcontinent: Arms and armour |date=2003 |work=Oxford Art Online |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000370908 |access-date=2025-11-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4}}</ref> Chain armour was usually employed by the [[cataphract]] heavy cavalry.

During the [[Gupta period]], [[scale mail]] armour composed of metal and sometimes leather was used. Guptas were more than two centuries more advanced than the equipment and technology being depicted here and that their armour was built to withstand torsion-driven steel bows. Siva-Dhanur-Veda discusses the military of the Gupta Empire. The Guptas relied heavily on armoured war elephants; horses were used little if at all. Guptas utilised [[heavy cavalry]] clad in mail armour and equipped with maces and lances, who would have used shock action to break the enemy line.

During the [[Satavahana]] period the armour was inspired by the armour used by the Indo-Scythians and the [[Alchon Huns]].

==Medieval period (1206 CE-1526 CE) ==
[[File:Group of Indian Armoir Weapons 1900.jpg|thumb|left|Group of Indian Armour]]

A reference of chainmail armour dressed on [[War elephant|war elephants]] was mentioned in the inscription of [[Mularaja II]] and also at the [[Timur#Capture of Delhi (1398)|Battle of Delhi]]<ref name="Jackson2003">{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA28|date=16 October 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3|page=28}}</ref>. [[Udayaprabha Suri]], in his ''Sukrita-Kirti-Kallolini'', states that Naikidevi gave Mularaja an army to play with. With this army, Mularaja defeated the Hammira (Sanskrit form of ''[[Emir]]'') and his ''mlechchha'' army, whose soldiers were covered from head to toe in order to protect themselves.<ref>{{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 |page=131}}</ref>

== Modern Period (1526 CE-1857 CE) ==
{{multiple image|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| title = Early Modern period
| image1 = Eastern riveted armor.JPG|caption1=Riveted mail and plate coat ''zirah bagtar''. Armour of this type was introduced into India under the Turks and Mughals.
| image2 = Akbar's amrour.jpg|caption2=16th century armour of [[Akbar the Great]].
| image3 = Helmet MET DP152944.jpg|caption3=A style of helmet known as top in India. This top came from the Deccan region.
| image4 = Helmet, Arm Guard, and Shield MET 36.25.64 006mar2015.jpg|caption4=A highly ornate top from 18th-century Mughal warrior.
| image5 = Chhatrapati shivaji vastu sangrahalaya museum (71).JPG|caption5=17th century Maratha armour.
| image6 = Coat of Pangolin scales.JPG|caption6=Coat covered with the gold decorated scales of the [[pangolin]], [[Rajasthan, India]], early 19th century.
}}

===Mughal armour ===
In the 16th century the armour in the Indian subcontinent incorporated [[mail and plate armour]]. Armour such as chainmail and scale mail are widely used by the [[Mughals]] called ''zirah baktar''.

[[Kulah khud]] helmets were decorated with a wide degree of variations depending on the cultures from which they were created despite their similar designs. Decorations often appeared in the skull and the nasal bar, which were often heavily decorated with patterned motifs of inlaid brass, silver or gold; or decorated with figurative images. One Mughal top helmet featured calligraphic inscriptions from the [[Quran]], supposedly to gain "Help from Allah and a speedy victory." A top discovered in [[Gwalior]], India, featured a motif of the [[Skull and crossbones (symbol)|skull and crossbones]] sign of European influence. Another part of the Khula Khud helmet that was often a focus of artistic decoration, was the leaf-shaped finials of the nasal bar. A Sikh top featured the figure of [[Ganesha]] carved onto the nasal bar. The Khula Khud helmet was only decorated with some metals, and usually no organic decorations.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |page=268}}</ref>

The [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] and [[Sikh Empire]] recorded using mail and plate armour and helmets reminiscent of Mughal armour. The Maratha army employed similar armour for their infantry, while the [[cavalry]] was usually lightly armoured wearing [[leather armour]].

The use of mail and plate armour in india declined in the 18th century due to the advent of gunpowder. Mail and plate armour was documented Battle of Plassey in 1757.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mughal Empire |url=http://sun.menloschool.org/~sportman/westernstudies/first/1718/2000/eblock/mughal/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225145650/http://sun.menloschool.org/~sportman/westernstudies/first/1718/2000/eblock/mughal/ |archivedate=2008-02-25}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==Further reading ==
* Roy, Kaushik. ''From Hydaspes to Kargil: A History of Warfare in India from 326 BC to AD 1999'' (2004)
* Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh. ''Military History of Medieval India'' (2003)

[[Category:Asian armour]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Military equipment of India]]

Fazil (director)

2025-10-29T16:48:57Z

Shruti: quick rework formatting for clarity and fixed typos per standard format

{{short description|Indian film director, film producer, screenwriter and actor}}
{{for|disambiguation|Fazil (disambiguation){{!}}Fazil}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fazil
| image = Fazil.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|02|04}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0269778/|title=Fazil|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]] (present-day [[Kerala]]), India
| birth_name = Abdul Hameed Muhammed Fazil
| children = [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahadh Fazil]], [[Farhaan Faasil|Farhaan Fazil]], Fatima Fazil, Ahmeda Fazil
| relatives = [[Nazriya Nazim]] (daughter-in-law)
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Film producer|Screenwriter|Actor}}
| years_active = 1980–present
}}

'''Abdul Hameed Muhammed Fazil''' (born 4 February 1949), known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Fazil''', is an Indian film director, film producer, screenwriter and actor who works in [[Malayalam cinema]], in addition to directing a handful of [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. He made his directorial debut with the 1980 film ''[[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2008-12-03 |title=The Hindu : Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram : His experiments with cinema |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122301990100.htm |access-date=2023-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203235735/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122301990100.htm |archive-date=3 December 2008 }}</ref>

His popular films include ''[[Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku]]'' (1983), ''[[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]'' (1984), ''[[Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal]]'' (1986), ''[[Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal]]'' (1987), ''[[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]]'' (1991), ''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]'' (1992), ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' (1993), ''[[Harikrishnans]]'' (1998).
His 1993 film ''Manichitrathazhu'' won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]. He won the Best Director award at the [[Kerala State Film Awards|13th Kerala State Film Awards]] for his 1984 film ''Ente Mamattukkuttiyammakku''.{{Citation needed|date= March 2023}}

== Early life ==
His father wanted him to be a doctor, but in school and college, extracurricular activities dominated his time.<ref name="The Hindu"/> He wrote plays and staged them with his friends; [[Nedumudi Venu]] was his college mate while he was in [[Sanatana Dharma College|S.D. College]], [[Alappuzha]], and this group was perhaps the first mimicry team that entertained crowds.<ref name="The Hindu"/> "I used to mimic stars like [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[N. Govindan Kutty|Govindankutty]]."<ref name="The Hindu"/> He completed his graduate and post-graduate degrees in economics from the department of economics at S.D. College in Alappuzha.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

== Film career ==
Since the early 1980s, Fazil has directed 31 movies. His debut was with the Malayalam film ''[[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]]'', produced by [[Navodaya Appachan]], which was also [[Mohanlal]]'s first theatrical movie.<ref name="The Hindu"/> Fazil has a knack for spotting talent. He introduced some of the biggest names in films in South India:<ref name=":0" />

* Mohanlal in Manjil Virinja Pookkal
* [[Nadia Moidu]] in [[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]
* [[Baby Shalini]] in [[Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku]]
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] in Aniyathipravu
* [[Nagma]] was introduced in south Indiam film with Fazil's [[Killer (1992 film)|''Killer'']] (Telugu)
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] started her south journey with his [[Varusham Padhinaaru]]
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] in [[Kaiyethum Doorath]]

With numerous Malayalam films, as well as several Tamil films and one Telugu film, Fazil has won the most number of State awards for the best film with popular appeal and aesthetic value.<ref name="The Hindu" />

== Personal life ==
Fazil has two sons, [[Fahadh Faasil]] and [[Farhaan Faasil]], and two daughters. Fahadh and Farhaan are both actors working primarily in the Malayalam film industry.<ref name="merepix">{{cite web| url=http://www.merepix.com/2013/04/malayalam-actor-fahad-fazil-fahadh-faasil-family-pics.html|title=Malayalam Actor Fahad Fazil (Ognjen Faasil) Family Pics - MERE PIX|publisher=merepix.com|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> Fahadh is married to actress [[Nazriya Nazim]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/fahad-fazil-weds-nazriya/article6338566.ece |title=Fahadh Faasil weds Nazriya Nazim in Thiruvananthapuram |newspaper=The Hindu |accessdate=21 September 2014}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Directed films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !!class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]]''
| rowspan="6" | Malayalam
|
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Dhanya (film)|Dhanya]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1983 || ''[[Eettillam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Marakkillorikkalum]]'' ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Nokketha Dhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]'' ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Poove Poochooda Vaa]]'' || Tamil || Remake of ''[[Nokketha Dhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986 || ''[[Ennennum Kannettante]]''
| rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 || ''[[Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]''
| rowspan="4" | Tamil || Remake of ''[[Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal]]''
|-
| 1988 || ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' || Remake of ''[[Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku]]''
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Varusham Padhinaaru]]'' || Remake of ''[[Ennennum Kannettante]]''
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Arangetra Velai]]'' || Remake of ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991 || ''[[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]]'' || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Karpoora Mullai]]'' || Tamil || Simultaneously shot with ''[[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''[[Killer (1991 film)|Killer]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]'' || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Kilipetchu Ketkava]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]''
| rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Manathe Vellitheru]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Aniathipravu|Aniyathipravu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' || Tamil || Remake of ''[[Aniathipravu|Aniyathipravu]]''
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Harikrishnans]]'' || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''
| rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]'' ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Vismayathumbathu]]'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Moss & Cat|Moz & Cat]]''
| rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Living Together (2011 film)|Living Together]]'' ||
|}

=== Produced films ===
* ''All films are in Malayalam, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal]]''
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]''
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]''
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Sundarakilladi]]''
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]''
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]''
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Vismayathumbathu]]''
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Malayankunju]]''
|}

=== As writer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language!! Director
|-
|1988
|''[[Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal]]''
|Malayalam
|Kamal
|-
|1992
|[[Killer (1992 film)|''Killer'']]
|Telugu
|Himself
|-
|1995
|''[[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]]''
|Malayalam
|''[[Sathyan Anthikad]] ''
|-
|1998
| ''[[Sundarakilladi]]''
|Malayalam
|Murali Krishnan
|-
|}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! role
|-
|1984|| ''[[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]'' ||Malayalam|| Alexi (Cameo appearance)
|-
|1988|| ''[[Isabella (1988 film)|Isabella]]'' ||Malayalam||Cameo appearance
|-
|1993||''[[Vatsalyam]]''||Malayalam||Uncredited role
|-
|2019|| ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' ||Malayalam||Father Nedumbally
|-
|2021||''[[Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham]]''||Malayalam||Kutti Ali Marakkar
|-
|2025
|''[[L2: Empuraan]]''
|Malayalam
|Father Nedumpally
|}

== Awards ==

=== [[National Film Awards]] ===
* 1993 – [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] for ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/76_41stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>

=== [[Kerala State Film Awards]]{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} ===
* 1993: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]] – ''[[Manichithrathazhu]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa93.htm|title=Kerala State Film Awards: 1993|publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]|access-date=20 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002054806/http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa93.htm|archive-date=2 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 1986: Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value – ''[[Ennennum Kannettante]]''<ref name="State awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|title=State Film Awards: 1969 – 2008|publisher=Information and Public Relations Department of Kerala|access-date=19 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 1984: Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value – ''[[Nokketha Dhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]''<ref name="State awards"/>
* 1983: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – ''[[Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku]]''<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122301990100.htm|title=His experiments with cinema|author=Prema Manmadhan|date=23 December 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203235735/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122301990100.htm|archive-date=3 December 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* 1983: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – ''[[Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku]]''<ref name="State awards"/>
* 1980: Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value – ''[[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]]''<ref name="State awards"/>

=== [[Filmfare Awards South]] ===
* 1985: [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director in Tamil]] for ''[[Poove Poochooda Vaa]]''<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Collections|date=1991|publisher=Update Video Publication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Malayalam films from 1976 to 1980]]
* [[List of Malayalam films from 1981 to 1985]]
* [[List of Malayalam films from 1986 to 1990]]
* [[List of Malayalam films from 1991 to 1995]]
* [[List of Malayalam films from 1996 to 2000]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0269778}}

{{Fazil (director)}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilDirector}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Director}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fazil}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Artists from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Writers from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

WikiConference India

2025-10-22T05:08:07Z

Shruti: New basic post w/ infobox!

{{short description|Wikipedia conference in India}}
{{Infobox Convention
| name = WikiConference India
| image = [[File:WikiConference India 2023 logo (RGB, square).svg|250px|Wiki Conference India 2023 logo]]
| caption =
| status = Active
| genre =
| venue = [[Hyderabad]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]], India (28–30 April 2023)
| country =
| first = {{start date|2011}}
| last = {{End date|2023}}
| prev = [[:m:WikiConference India 2023|WikiConference India 2023]]
| next = [[:m:WikiConference India 2025|WikiConference India 2025]]
| organizer =
| filing = Non-profit
| attendance =
| website = {{URL|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2025|Wiki Conference India 2025}}
}}
'''WikiConference India''' is a national Wikipedia conference organised in [[India]]. The first WikiConference India conference was held in November 2011, in [[Mumbai]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It was organised by the [[Mumbai]] Wikipedia community in partnership with [[Wikimedia CH#Local chapters|Wikimedia India Chapter]]
<ref name="ICA">{{cite web |url=http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/mumbai-to-host-first-wikiconference-in-india/ |title=Mumbai to host first WikiConference in India |author=IANS |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=India Current Affairs |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132615/http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/mumbai-to-host-first-wikiconference-in-india/%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="efytimes">{{cite web |url=http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=73018&magid=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401124134/http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=73018&magid=11 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2012 |title=Mumbai To Host First Ever National WikiConference In India |author=Unattributed |date=9 November 2011 |work=EFY Times |publisher=EFY Enterprises |access-date=15 November 2011 }}</ref> with the support of the [[Wikimedia Foundation]].<ref name="NVO">{{cite web |url=http://nvonews.com/2011/11/09/wikipedia-conference-comes-to-india-set-for-nov-18/ |title=Wikipedia conference comes to India, set for Nov 18 |author=IANS |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=Northern Voices Online |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132647/http://nvonews.com/2011/11/09/wikipedia-conference-comes-to-india-set-for-nov-18/%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The conference is positioned as the annual national flagship event for Wikimedia in India and is open to participation from citizens of all nations. The focus is on matters concerning India on Wikipedia projects and other sister projects in [[English Wikipedia|English]] and other [[Languages of India|Indian folk languages]].<ref name="efytimes" /><ref name="Hindustan Times Language">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Wikipedia-woos-India-with-local-languages/Article1-771140.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121214823/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Wikipedia-woos-India-with-local-languages/Article1-771140.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 21, 2011|title=Wikipedia woos India with local languages|date=19 November 2011|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Dawn">{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/10/wikipedia-eyes-india-for-language-growth.html |title=Wikipedia eyes India for language growth |author=Unattributed |date=10 November 2011 |publisher=Dawn.com |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132613/https://www.dawn.com/2011/11/10/wikipedia-eyes-india-for-language-growth.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> WikiConference India 2023 took place in [[Hyderabad]] from 28 to 30 April 2023.<ref name="Meta 2022">{{cite web | title=WikiConference India 2023 | website=Meta | date=12 October 2022 | url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2023 | access-date=19 February 2023 | archive-date=12 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212130814/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2023 | url-status=live }}</ref> Wikiconference India 2025 is in the planning phase.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WikiConference India 2025 - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2025 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref>

==2011==
[[File:Hackathon Mumbai 2011 Groupshot.jpg|thumb|A Hackathon (attendees pictured) was held in concurrently with the conference.]]
WikiConference India aims to provide a common platform for all [[India|Indian]] Wikimedians to interact, share ideas and collaborate. The conference ran from 18 to 20 November 2011 and was held at [[Mumbai University]] in [[South Mumbai]], the largest talks in the university's historic convocation hall.<ref name="ICA" /><ref name="BBC News">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15803308|title=Wikipedia hosts India conference amid expansion push|author=Rajini Vaidyanathan|date=19 November 2011|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|access-date=19 November 2011|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414015434/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15803308|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/diary-india-idUSL4E7MA0EE20111110 |title=Diary India - Nov 18-20 |author=Deo, Sumedha |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308012821/http://www.reuters.com/article/diary-india-idUSL4E7MA0EE20111110 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Me with Jimmy Wales.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales with one of the contributors to the Wikipedia before the Keynote address]]
The conference was inaugurated by a keynote address by [[Jimmy Wales]].<ref name="ICA" /><ref name="Techcircle.in">{{cite web |url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/500/jimmy-wales-to-open-the-first-wikiconference-in-india/ |title=Jimmy Wales To Open The First WikiConference In India |author=Gupta, Bhawna |date=10 November 2011 |publisher=techcircle.in |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132631/https://techcircle.vccircle.com/500/jimmy-wales-to-open-the-first-wikiconference-in-india/%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Arnab Goswami]] spoke on "Neutrality" as an invited guest speaker.<ref name="DNA-20111120">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_wikipedians-not-impressed-with-arnab-goswami-s-talk-in-wikiconference_1614938|title=Wikipedians not impressed with Arnab Goswami's talk in WikiConference|date=2011-11-20|work=DNA|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|access-date=15 July 2012|location=Mumbai|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132650/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-wikipedians-not-impressed-with-arnab-goswami-s-talk-in-wikiconference-1614938|url-status=live}}</ref> Barry Newstead spoke on the last day.

Tracks showcased at the Conference included topics such as ''Wikipedia Impact'', ''Gender Gap'',<ref name="Hindustan Times" /> ''Indic Language wiki track'', ''MediaWiki Translation Sprint'', ''Institutions and Wikipedia'', ''Fair use Workshop'', etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2011/Programs|title=WikiConference India 2011/Programs|work=wikimedia.org|access-date=2011-11-11|archive-date=2011-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113073625/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2011/Programs|url-status=live}}</ref> It also included ''[[Editathon]]'' and WikiAcademy sessions.<ref name="efytimes" /> Various sessions on topics such as:<ref name="efytimes" />
* ''Free knowledge and free content''
* ''Legal Aspects of Wiki Culture''
* ''Usage of Ajax and jQuery in Wiki''
* Wiki Bhasha: ''Our Experiences with Multilingual Content''
* Wiki Women Web: ''Bridging the Gender Gap''<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Wikipedia-seeks-more-women-contributors/Article1-771564.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122034723/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Wikipedia-seeks-more-women-contributors/Article1-771564.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 22, 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks more women contributors|date=19 November 2011|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref>
* GLAM (Galleries, libraries, archives and museums) project initiation in indic language Wikipedias

Concurrent with the conference was a ''[[Hackathon]]'', hosted by the Maharashtra Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (MACCIA) [[Kala Ghoda]], [[South Mumbai]].<ref name=efytimes /> Other activities included a city tour and a [[Heritage tourism|Heritage]] walk. Wikimedians and non-Wikimedians from all over India and other countries, [[Wikimedia Foundation]] staff and co-founder<ref name="ReagleLessig2010">{{cite book|author1=Joseph Michael Reagle|author2=Lawrence Lessig|title=Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia|url=https://archive.org/details/goodfaithcol_reag_2010_000_10578531|url-access=registration|access-date=14 July 2012|date=30 September 2010|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-01447-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/goodfaithcol_reag_2010_000_10578531/page/n83 66]}}</ref> A hundred applicants got scholarships based on their experience and contribution to Wikipedia and other projects.<ref name="DNA">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_south-india-bags-50pct-of-wiki-scholarships_1610660 |title=South India bags 50% of Wiki scholarships |author=Kumaran, Uttarika |date=11 November 2011 |publisher=DNA India |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132645/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-south-india-bags-50-of-wiki-scholarships-1610660 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 700 people attended the conference.<ref name="BBC News" /> [[Microsoft Research]], [[Omidyar Network]], [[Kalnirnay]], [[Yebhi.com]], were the sponsors;<ref name="efytimes" /><ref name="Sponsors">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2011/Sponsors|title=WikiConference India 2011/Sponsors|work=wikimedia.org|access-date=2011-11-11|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132635/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2011/Sponsors|url-status=live}}</ref> and eRegNow.com, Avignyata Inc., Kores India Ltd., Text100, Digital Signage Networks (DSN) and Panache were the partners.<ref name="Sponsors" /> There was a demonstration outside the conference by protesters against the map used by Wikipedia to show the borders of India.<ref name="BBC News" />

== 2016 ==
[[File:Katherine Maher and eminant poet Surjit Patar with cultural group, at Wikiconference India 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Katherine Maher]] and eminent poet [[Surjit Patar]] with cultural group]]

The [[m:WikiConference_India_2016|second WikiConference India]] was held in [[Mohali]], a city of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] State near [[Chandigarh]]. The venue of the Conference was CGC Landhran. [[Katherine Maher]], Executive Director of WMF, and Nataliia Tymkiv, Board Member of WMF, attended this conference.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjabis-most-active-community-on-wikipedia-says-wikimedia-director-katherine-maher/story-dwHWJ9TDrbIkIlPF0ceZjN.html |title=Hindustan Times |date=6 August 2016 |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-date=2016-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807151332/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjabis-most-active-community-on-wikipedia-says-wikimedia-director-katherine-maher/story-dwHWJ9TDrbIkIlPF0ceZjN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==2023==
[[:m:WikiConference India 2023|WCI 2023]] was a national-level conference that provided a common platform for Wikimedians and stakeholders interested in Indic-language Wikimedia projects and other aspects of the movement in India and a few South Asian regions. This was a space to meet, connect, share stories, learnings, best practices, and challenges, and discuss the future strategy of the region. The conference took place in [[Hyderabad]] from 28 to 30 April 2023.

==See also==
* [[Wikimania]]
* [[WikiConference North America]]
* [[Wiki Indaba]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|WikiConference India 2011}}
* [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2011 "Wiki Conference India 2011"] at Meta-Wiki, a Wikimedia project coordination wiki
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111112222433/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6M8i-wPgsg3vT7wjlHyEokOPltQ?docId=CNG.e77e4a807cd98d224ecb7444f69b8e62.321 "Wikipedia eyes India for language growth"] [[Agence France-Presse]] 9 November 2011
* [https://archive.today/20130103115331/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-10/mumbai/30381669_1_wikimedia-foundation-wikipedians-jimmy-wales "WikiConference comes to town"] ''[[Times of India]]'' 10 November 2011
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111118191116/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MK19Df02.html "Wiki-world targets India "] [[Asia Times Online|''Asia Times'' Online]] 19 November 2011
* [http://business-standard.com/india/news/wikipedia-needs-inputs-in-local-languages/456004/ "Wikipedia needs inputs in local languages"] ''[[Business Standard]]'' 18 November 2011

{{Wikipedia|state=expanded}}
{{Wikimedia Foundation}}

[[Category:Wikimedia Foundation]]
[[Category:Wikimedia India]]
[[Category:Wiki-related conferences]]
[[Category:Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Wikipedia in India]]

Malahi Pakri metro station

2025-10-06T20:28:39Z

Shruti: made a post

{{Short description|Patna Metro's Blue Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Patna Metro.svg|50px]] Malahi Pakri मलाही पकरी
| system = {{Patna Metro Infobox station line|line =Blue}}
| style = Patna Metro
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Malahi Pakri roundabout, 90 Feet road, [[Kankarbagh]], [[Patna]]-800026, [[Bihar]] {{Flag icon|IND}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|35|37.78|N|85|9|28.2|E|display=inline}}
| line =
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| platform =
| operator = Patna Metro Rail Corporation Ltd
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age||df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Single-phase {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned =
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Patna Metro|line=Blue|left=Rajendra Nagar|right=Khemnichak}}
| route_map = {{Blue Line (Patna Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Malahi Pakri''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the Blue Line of [[Patna Metro]] in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Patna Metro's first corridor set to roll by August 15: 6.5km 'blue line' nears finish line; key stations almost ready, trial runs soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-metros-first-corridor-set-to-roll-by-august-15-6-5km-blue-line-nears-finish-line-key-stations-almost-ready-trial-runs-soon/articleshow/121920328.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Overview==

Malahi Pakri metro station is part of the priority corridor of the Patna Metro,<ref>{{Cite news |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=Govt plans metro connectivity between Patna Junction and airport - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/govt-plans-metro-connectivity-between-patna-junction-and-airport/117882251 |access-date=2025-07-04 |language=en}}</ref> along with New ISBT, Zero Mile, Bhootnath, and Kheminichak Metro stations. Work on this station began in 2022. This metro station will serve the Kankarbagh neighbourhood.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-05 |title=Design for Malahi Pakri metro stn ready |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/design-for-malahi-pakri-metro-stn-ready/articleshow/93360111.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Malahi Pakri track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Patna Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Patna Metro|Khemnichak}} {{rcb|Patna Metro|Red|croute}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Patna Metro|Rajendra Nagar}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|[[Concourse]]
|valign=top|Station agent, ticket counters, information kiosks, public announcement systems, check-in/out facilities, food courts, retail shops, and accessibility features, etc 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Patliputra Bus Terminal metro station|Patliputra Bus Terminal]] '''Next Station:''' [[Khemnichak metro station|Khemnichak]]
'''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Patna Metro|Red|croute}}'''''
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Patna Junction metro station|Patna Junction]] '''Next Station:''' [[Rajendra Nagar metro station|Rajendra Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Patna Metro}}
{{Patna-metro-stub}}
[[Category:Patna Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Premjit Singh Laishram

2025-09-24T06:03:26Z

Shruti: Adding New Biography

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Notability|1=Sports|date=September 2025}}
{{Western name order|Laishram Premjit Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Laishram|Premjit|Singh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Premjit Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Premjit Singh Laishram
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|2|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = 
| position = [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]]
| currentclub = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Chajing Inat Kanba Lup
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| years1 = 2018–2020
| clubs1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| caps1 = 16
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 2020–2022
| clubs2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| caps2 = 6
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2022–
| clubs3 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| caps3 = 0
| goals3 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 22:43, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Premjit Singh Laishram''' ({{langx|mni|Laishram Premjit Singh}}, born 1 February 2002) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] for [[I-League]] club [[TRAU FC|TRAU]].

==Club career==
Born in [[Manipur]], Singh began his career in the [[I-League]] with [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]. He made his professional debut for the club on 22 December 2019 against [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]. Singh started and played the whole match as TRAU drew 2–2.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRAU 2–2 Real Kashmir |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/12/22/india/i-league/trau/real-kashmir/3183676/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> He then scored his first professional goal for the club on 25 January 2020 against [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]. His 27th-minute goal was the equalizer in a 2–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRAU 2–1 Aizawl |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/25/india/i-league/trau/aizawl-fc/3183642/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>

On 11 June 2020, it was announced that Singh signed with [[Indian Super League]] club [[Odisha FC|Odisha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha FC signs Baoringdao Bodo and Premjit Singh |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2020-odisha-fc-baoringdao-bodo-premjit-singh-indian-football/article31804158.ece |accessdate=29 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=11 June 2020}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|24 February 2021}}<ref>{{soccerway|laishram-premjit-singh/645281}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|[[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|7||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||7||0
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League]]
|9||1||1{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||10||1
|-
! colspan="2" |TRAU total
!16!!1!!1!!0!!0!!0!!17!!1
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Super League]]
|6||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||6||0
|-
|{{nowrap|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]}}
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Odisha total
!6!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!6!!0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="1" |I-League
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!22!!1!!1!!0!!0!!0!!23!!1
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Laishram Premjit}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:TRAU FC players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Jayamkondar

2025-08-28T10:46:01Z

Shruti: adjusted content after review and updated info as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Missing information|this section is too short|Jayamkondar as it only contains one sentence.||date=December 2022}}'''Jayamkondar''' was the poet laureate of [[Kulottunga Chola I]]. He is renowned for the poem ''[[Kalingattuparani|Kalingattu parani]]'', in which he describes the Chola-Kalinga war and celebrates the victory of the [[Chola]] king.<ref>Studies in Tamil Literature and History by [[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]]</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}

==See also==
*[[Karunakara Thondaiman]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayamkondar}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Chola poets]]

[[Category:Poets laureate]]

{{Asia-poet-stub}}

Raja Ravi Sekhar

2025-08-05T18:05:44Z

Shruti: Adding New Article

{{short description|Indian chess player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Raja Ravi Sekhar
| image = Raja Ravi Sekhar.jpg
| caption = Raja Ravi Sekhar when he was 27 years old
| full_name =
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|9|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = [[FIDE titles#International Master (IM)|International Master]] (1981)
| worldchampion =
| womensworldchampion =
| rating =
| peakrating = 2430 (July 1984)
| FideID = 5000076
}}

'''Raja Ravi Sekhar''' (born 17 September 1954) is an [[India]]n [[chess]] player who holds the title of [[FIDE titles#International Master (IM)|International Master]] (1981). He twice won the [[Indian Chess Championship]]s (1976, 1980).

==Biography==
Raja Ravi Sekhar started playing chess at the age of 17. After two years, in 1974, he won the Indian Junior Chess Championship. A year later he wins again this tournament. From 1975 to 1990 he 16 times in a row participated in [[Indian Chess Championship]]s finals and twice won this tournament - in 1976 and 1980.<ref>[https://www.chessbase.in/news/Straight-Talk-with-Shahid-Raja-Ravi-Sekhar?srsltid=AfmBOoocBxsVQHn2IU91DpPcW3bGekIa6BOfKToxnRt_U8VVhkPpnnDw Raja Ravi Sekhar - The man who played in 16 consecutive National 'A' from 1975 to 1990]</ref>

Raja Ravi Sekhar played for India in the [[Chess Olympiad]]s:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olimpbase.org/players/m4eu08ag.html|title=OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Raja Ravisekhar|website=www.olimpbase.org}}</ref>
* In 1980, at first board in the [[24th Chess Olympiad]] in [[La Valletta]] (+3, =6, -4),
* In 1982, at second board in the [[25th Chess Olympiad]] in [[Lucerne]] (+3, =3, -3),
* In 1984, at second board in the [[26th Chess Olympiad]] in [[Thessaloniki]] (+4, =6, -3),
* In 1986, at second reserve board in the [[27th Chess Olympiad]] in [[Dubai]] (+3, =4, -2),
* In 1988, at second reserve board in the [[28th Chess Olympiad]] in [[Thessaloniki]] (+3, =1, -1),
* In 1990, at second reserve board in the [[29th Chess Olympiad]] in [[Novi Sad]] (+2, =1, -2).

Raja Ravi Sekhar played for India in the Men's [[Asian Team Chess Championship]]s:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/playersa/m4eu08ag.html|title=OlimpBase :: Men's Asian Team Chess Championship :: Raja Ravisekhar|website=www.olimpbase.org}}</ref>
* In 1977, at third board in the 2nd Asian Team Chess Championship in [[Auckland]] (+4, =1, -4),
* In 1981, at third board in the 4th Asian Team Chess Championship in [[Hangzhou]] (+3, =2, -2),
* In 1989, at fourth board in the 8th Asian Team Chess Championship in [[Genting Highlands]] (+1, =2, -1) and won team bronze medal.

In 1981, Ravi Sekhar was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title.

In 1986, he became a FIDE [[International Arbiter]] after successfully officiating the 1979 Asian Junior Chess Championship in Sivakasi and the 1983 National B Chess Championship in Agartala.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ravi Sekhar, Raja FIDE Profile | url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/25018183 | access-date=2025-08-05 | website=ratings.fide.com}}</ref>

After 1993, he did not participate in FIDE-rated competitions.<ref>[https://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/player/Ravisekhar,%20Raja.html FIDE rating history :: Ravisekhar, Raja]</ref> Ravi Sekhar has founded his own chess academy in Bangalore, where he works as a coach.

==Books==

Ravi Sekhar has published 5 books after his retirement from competitive chess in '93.

* ''Basic Endgame Knowledge'' (1994), Chess Moves <ref>{{cite book |last=Sekhar, R.R. |first=Sekhar, R.R. |title=Indian Masters Beat Grandmasters |publisher=Chess Moves |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GbXtgAACAAJ }}</ref>
* ''Indian Masters beat Grandmasters'' (1995), Chess Windows <ref>{{cite book |last=Sekhar, R.R. |first=Sekhar, R.R. |title=Indian Masters Beat Grandmasters |publisher=R. Sivakumar for Chess Windows |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-NaGwAACAAJ }}</ref>
* ''Indian Masters outplay Grandmasters (1996),'' Chess Windows
* ''Indian Masters outwit Grandmasters'' (1997)'','' Chess Windows
* ''IMPORTANT Rook Endings (For the Tournament Player)'' (1999), Chess Windows

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{fide|id=5000076}}
*{{chessgames player|id=22690}}
*{{365Chess.com player|Raja_Ravisekhar}}
*[http://www.rajaravisekhar.com/Home.html Raja Ravi Sekhar Chess Academy]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sekhar, Raja Ravi}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:Chess coaches]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}