Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Peri Kabilan

2026-05-07T05:13:46Z

Showbiz sportlight: new the data first draft - done

{{Short description|Kapilan̲, Peri.}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}

'''Peri Kabilan''' (born July 24, 1978) is a pastoralist activist from Tamil Nadu. He serves as the coordinator of the ''Thozhuvam organization'' and as an associate professor in the Department of [[Computer science|Computer Science]] at [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] College, [[Tamil Nadu]]-[[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=அழிந்து வரும் மேய்ச்சல் நிலங்கள்; அரசுக்கு அக்கறையே இல்லையா? |url=https://www.vikatan.com/environment/endangered-grazing-lands-does-the-government-not-care |accessdate=15 December 2025 |agency=விகடன்}}</ref> In 2022, he received the [[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan]] Prime Ten Youth Hope Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nambikkai Awards 2022: Celebrating the voice of the voiceless - the various icons of Tamil Society! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/editorial/announcements/nambikkai-awards-2022-celebrating-the-voice-of-the-voiceless-the-various-icons-of-tamil-society |accessdate=15 December 2025 |agency=விகடன்}}</ref>

==Activities==

Peri Kabilan conducts research and discussions in the fields of natural balance, [[biodiversity]] conservation, [[pastoral culture]], and [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Herding for a green economy |url=https://gotn.in/thozhuvam-herding-for-a-green-economy/ |website=gotn.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=மேய்ச்சல் சமூக மேம்பாட்டு நல வாரியம் அமைக்கப்படுமா? கிடை மாடு, ஆடுகள் வளர்ப்போர் எதிர்பார்ப்பு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/629876-.html |accessdate=15 December 2025 |agency=இந்து தமிழ்}}</ref> In 2020–21, he conducted an ethnographic study on the ''Varattattu Keedharis'', a semi-nomadic pastoral community living in Southern Tamil Nadu, with a [[UNESCO|UNESCO research grant]].<ref>{{cite web |title=வரத்தாட்டுக் கீதாரிகளின் இனவரைவியல் - ஓர் அறிமுகம் |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/article/வரத்தாட்டுக்-கீதாரிகளின்-இனவரைவியல்---ஓர்-அறிமுகம்/11801 |website=sahapedia |accessdate=15 December 2025}}</ref>

===Thozhuvam Organization===

He founded the ''Thozhuvam'' organization in 2020 to promote the sustainable livelihood of pastoral communities, biodiversity conservation, and ecological balance.<ref>{{cite news |title=TSM, Thozhuvam sign MoU to promote green economy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/tsm-and-thozhuvam-join-forces-to-promote-sustainable-pastoral-practices-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/115462855.cms |accessdate=15 December 2025 |agency=டைம்ஸ் ஆப் இந்தியா}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=about us |url=https://thozhuvam.org/aboutus.php |website=தொழுவம் |accessdate=15 December 2025}}</ref>

==Publications==
* Keedharis Ethnography (கீதாரிகள் இனவரைவியல்), Sandhya Pathippagam (சந்தியா பதிப்பகம்), 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=கீதாரிகள் தலைமைப்பண்பு மிக்கவர்கள்: எழுத்தாளர் சோ.தர்மன் பேச்சு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/710083-book-release-function-in-madurai.html |accessdate=15 December 2025 |agency=இந்து தமிழ்}}</ref>
* Tamil Nadu Pastoralism (தமிழ்நாடு பாஸ்டோரலிசம்), Yaam Pathippagam (யாம் பதிப்பகம்), 2024 (Editor)

==Awards and Recognition==
* 2022 Top Ten Youth Award (டாப் டென் இளைஞர்கள் விருது), Ananda Vikatan, Chennai (February 21, 2023)<ref>{{cite news |title=நம்பிக்கை விருதுகள் 2022: "ஆவின் பால் ஆந்திராவிலிருந்து வருது. ஆடு, மாடு மேய்ப்பது ஒன்றும் அவமானம் இல்லை!"- சீமான் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/culture/ananda-vikatan-nambikkai-awards-2022-live-updates |accessdate=15 December 2025 |agency=விகடன்}}</ref>
* 2022, Valarthamizh Mamani Award (வளர்தமிழ் மாமணி விருது), World Tamil Language Development and Research Conference, Chennai (August 12, 2022)
* 2024, Vocational Excellence Award, Rotary Club of Chennai<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lotustimes.org/2024/04/26/vocational-excellence-award-for-madurai-based-green-economy-campaigner-chennai-rotary-club-honours-thozhuvam-founder/ |title=Vocational Excellence Award for Madurai-based green economy campaigner; Chennai Rotary Club honours 'Thozhuvam' founder |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabilan, Peri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu]]

T. N. Balakrishna

2026-05-07T04:24:36Z

Showbiz sportlight: started new stub!

{{Short description|Indian film actor (1913 - 1995)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. N. Balakrishna
| image = T N Balakrishna.png
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|11|02}}
| birth_place = [[Arsikere]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]] [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1995|07|19|1911|11|02}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tnbalakrishna.org/au_revoir_final%20journey.html |title=His last days of "AU REVOIR" |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117201800/http://tnbalakrishna.org/au_revoir_final%20journey.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* Sathyavathi
* Sarojamma
}}
| children =
| othername = Balanna
}}

'''Tirumakudalu Narasipura Balakrishna''' (2 November 1913 – 19 July 1995) was an Indian actor in [[Kannada cinema]]. He was said to have a hearing problem and some say that he was totally deaf. However, he would catch the lip movements of the artists and would narrate the dialogues spontaneously. He was popular for his comic and villainous roles in films like ''[[Kantheredu Nodu]]'' (1961), ''[[Muriyada Mane]]'' (1964), ''[[Bangaarada Manushya]]'' (1972), ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' (1973) and ''[[Kaamana Billu]]'' (1983) and appeared in numerous versatile roles over a hundred films that starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] in the lead role.<ref name="th1">{{cite news |title= 100 and evergreen |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/100-and-evergreen/article5352026.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 15 November 2013 |access-date= 7 May 2014}}</ref>

Balakrishna is known to have played the most roles in Kannada cinema, having appeared in over 560 films as a hero, villain, comedian, good Samaritan, loving father and lunatic.<ref name="th1" /> [[Sudha Chandran]] is his ex-daughter in law. She was married to Balakrishna's son B.Srinivas who was the associate director of her Kannada movie ''Bisilu Beladingalu'' (1989). Sudha Chandran later produced Balakrishna's biopic ''Kalabhimani'' (1989) which was directed by B.Srinivas.

==Early life==
Balakrishna was born into a poor family on 2 November 1913 in [[Arsikere]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. When he was four years old, his mother sold him to a couple for just {{INR}}8 in order to provide treatment for her ailing husband. He ran away from his adopted parents after having been treated badly.

In his later years Balakrishna had lung cancer and finally succumbed to it on 18 July 1995 at the age of 83. ''Yama Kinkara'' was his last film appearance.

[[File:TN Balakeishna.jpg|thumb|Balakrishna with his family]]

==Career==
Balakrishna first acted in the play, ''Shri Rama Pattabhishekha'', in 1929. Following this, he worked as the painter of the stage backdrops for a drama company before becoming a professional sign painter. Later, he became a ticket collector in a drama company for a meagre salary. He returned to acting in theatre with Lakshmasana Drama Company and then with Gowrishankar Nataka Mandali. Following this, he joined the drama company of [[Gubbi Veeranna]], a notable theatre director during the time.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA14-PA1985|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7}}</ref> Film director [[B. R. Panthulu]] happened to visit the drama company, saw his acting on stage and offered him a film role, beginning his career as a movie actor. He appeared as an antagonist in the film ''Kalachakra'', a performance that was appreciated. He appeared in over a hundred Kannada films playing mostly comic roles, that starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]].

In order to make the Kannada film industry self-reliant and save money for the producers, Balakrishna started the studio, investing all of his money and property. He built the Abhiman studio in [[Kengeri]], Bangalore, on a 20-acre plot in 1963, but faced difficulties initially. When no Kannada films were being made, Balakrishna got together with other actors like Rajkumar and [[G. V. Iyer]] and produced the film ''[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]]''. He even raised money from the public at {{INR}}1 per person to build the studio. The studio was a failure, and Balakrishna died in penury. [[Soap opera|Television serials]] are still being shot at the studio today which is being looked after by Balakrishna's son, B. Ganesh and grandson Karthik.<ref>{{cite web|title=No Abhiman about Balanna |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2009030920090309000321897bbb81015 |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114051337/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2009030920090309000321897bbb81015 |archive-date=14 January 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> His final screen appearance came in ''Yama Kinkara'' (1995).<ref>{{cite AV media |title=''ನಟ ಬಾಲಣ್ಣನ ಕಷ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ಡಾ. ರಾಜ್ ಕೊಟ್ಟ ದುಡ್ಡೆಷ್ಟು ಅಂದ್ರೆ''-TN Balakrishna LIFE FULL'-GEETABALI-#param |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZCMcR__Xp0 |access-date=22 August 2023 |language=kn |date=23 March 2022 |time= 27:13}}</ref>

==Notable filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1943 || ''[[Radha Ramana (film)|Radha Ramana]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952 || ''Dallali'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1954 || ''Devasundari'' || ||
|-
| ''Kanyadana'' || ||
|-
| ''Muttiddella Chinna'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1955 || ''Ashaadabhooti'' || ||
|-
| ''Bhakta Mallikarjuna'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1956 || ''Daiva Sankalpa'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mutthaide Bhagya (1956 film)|Mutthaide Bhagya]]'' || Gundurao ||
|-
| ''Pancharatna'' || ||
|-
| ''Sadarame'' || ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Varadakshine'' || Seetharamaiah ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[School Master (1958 film)|School Master]]'' || Gundappa ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Jagajyothi Basveshwara]]'' || ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]]'' || Appanna ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Kittur Chennamma (film)|Kittur Chennamma]]'' || Harana Setty ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Bhoodana]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Jenu Goodu]]'' || Stage actor ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1964 || ''[[Annapoorna (film)|Annapoorna]]'' || Kailas ||
|-
| ''[[Thumbida Koda]]'' || M .S. Ramdev ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Immadi Pulikeshi (film)|Immadi Pulikeshi]]'' || Rahappa ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1968 || ''[[Gejje Pooje]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manku Dinne]]'' || Hayavadana Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1969 || ''[[Kappu Bilupu]]'' || Narasimha Murthy ||
|-
| ''[[Mayor Muthanna]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1971 || ''[[Sakshatkara]]'' || Laksmanayya ||
|-
| ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]'' || Bhojarajaiah ||
|-
| ''[[Namma Samsara]]'' || ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Bangarada Manushya]]'' || Raachutappa ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973 || ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' || Venkatappa Naika ||
|-
| ''[[Doorada Betta]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1974 || ''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sampathige Saval]]'' || Puttayya||
|-
| ''[[Bangaarada Panjara]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1975 || ''[[Thrimurthy]]'' || Seetharama ||
|-
| ''[[Daari Tappida Maga]]'' || Prasad's father-in-law ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1976 || ''[[Premada Kanike]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Badavara Bandhu]]'' || Nagappa ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]'' || Subbanna ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1977 || ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]'' || Ayyanna ||
|-
| ''[[Devara Duddu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1978 || ''[[Sneha Sedu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]'' || Lakshman Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Maathu Tappada Maga]]'' || Rachappa ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1979 || ''[[Naa Ninna Bidalaare]]'' || Gayatri's father ||
|-
| ''[[Preethi Madu Thamashe Nodu]]'' || Hanumantha Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1980 || ''[[Ondu Hennu Aaru Kannu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Moogana Sedu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Auto Raja (1980 film)|Auto Raja]]'' || Dr Dinakar ||
|-
| ''[[Kulla Kulli]]'' || Venkateshaiah ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Thayiya Madilalli]]'' || Ramayya ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1982 || ''[[Praya Praya Praya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mullina Gulabi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983 || ''[[Kaamana Billu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaviratna Kalidasa]]'' || Gunasagara ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Madhuve Madu Tamashe Nodu]]'' || Neelakhantha Shastri ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Bettada Hoovu]]'' || Doddajja ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Preethi'' || Constable Belliappa ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987 || ''[[Ondu Muttina Kathe]]'' || Narasimha Swami||
|-
| ''Thaliya Aane'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shruthi Seridaaga]]'' || Subbu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990 || ''[[Ashwamedha (film)|Ashwamedha]]'' || Rama ||
|-
| ''Udbhava'' || Ramachari ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''[[Belliyappa Bangarappa]]'' || Rajasuite Uthappa ||
|-
| ''[[Halli Meshtru]]''|| ||
|-
| 1994 || ''Love 94'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || ''Bombat Raja Bandal Rani'' || ||
|-
| ''Yama Kinkara'' || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|tnbalakrishna.org}}
* {{IMDb name|3183374|Balakrishna}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balakrishna, T. N.}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian deaf people]]
[[Category:Indian male deaf actors]]
[[Category:People from Hassan district]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]

I'm Game (2026 film)

2026-05-06T11:32:50Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{Short description|Indian-Malayalam language}}{{About|Upcoming Malayalam film|the 2014 American movie|The Imitation Game|the mind game|The Game (mind game)}}
{{Infobox film
| image = I'm Game (2026) Poster.jpg
| caption = Theaterical release poster
| director = [[Nahas Hidhayath]]
| writer = Bilal Moidu Ismail Aboobacker Sajeer Baba
| producer = [[Dulquer Salmaan]]
| starring = [[Dulquer Salmaan]] [[Kayadu Lohar]] [[Antony Varghese]] [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]] [[Mysskin]] [[Vinay Forrt]] Parth Tiwari Samyuktha Vishwanathan Aadam Ashish Mathew
| cinematography = [[Nimish Ravi]] [[Jimshi Khalid]]
| editing = [[Chaman Chacko]]
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| studio = [[Wayfarer Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|08|20|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}'''''I'm Game''''' is an upcoming Indian-[[Malayalam]] language [[Gangster film|gangster]] [[Action film|action thriller film]], directed by [[Nahas Hidhayath]] who co-wrote the script with Ismail Aboobacker and Sajeer Baba, and produced by [[Dulquer Salmaan]] under the banner of [[Wayfarer Films]]. It stars Dulquer Salmaan in the lead role, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Antony Varghese]], [[Kayadu Lohar]], [[Mysskin]], [[Vinay Forrt]], Parth Tiwari, Samyuktha Vishwanathan, Aadam and Ashish Mathew.

Pre-production began on 11 November 2024 under the tentative title ''DQ40'', with title being unveiled on 3 March 2025 and principal photography commencing from 12 March 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=P.N |first=Hari |date=3 March 2025 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's 40 film's title revealed as - I'M GAME |url=https://m.imdb.com/news/ni65159499/}}</ref> with shoot lasting 156 days, and was wrapped on 16 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asianet News |date=7 April 2025 |title='ദ ലാസ്റ്റ് ഡാൻസ്'; ദുൽഖർ സൽമാൻ ചിത്രം 'ഐ ആം ഗെയിം' ഹൈദരാബാദിലും ചെന്നൈയിലും വച്ച് അവസാനം ഷെഡ്യൂൾ ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/dulquer-salmaan-i-m-game-final-schedule-update-jy23ggio}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=etimes.in |date=16 April 2025 |title=156 days of shoot, 11 months and over 100+ locations in South India; Dulquer Salmaan's I'm Game shoot wraps today! Biggest Malayalam movie release after Mohanlal's ''L2: Empuraan'' (2025) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaans-im-game-wraps-shoot-onam-release-planned-for-august-20/amp_articleshow/130299099.cms |website=Times of India: Entertainment Desk}}</ref> The music, cinematography and editing were handled by [[Jakes Bejoy]], [[Nimish Ravi]], [[Jimshi Khalid]] and [[Chaman Chakko|Chaman Chacko]] together respectively.

''I'm Game'' is set be released on theatres on August 20, 2026, coinciding with [[Onam]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ani |date=16 April 2025 |title=156 ദിവസത്തെ ഷൂട്ട്‌, 11 മാസം, 100ൽ കൂടുതൽ സൗത്ത് ഇന്ത്യൻ ലൊക്കേഷനിൽ വച്ച്; എമ്പുരാന് ശേഷം മലയാളം സിനിമയിലെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ റിലീസിനായി ദുൽഖർ സൽമാന്റെ ''I'm Game'' ഒരുങ്ങുന്നു - ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 20, 2026ന് ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ ആഘോള റിലീസ് |url=https://newsable-asianetnews-com/v/s/newsable.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment/dulquer-salmaans-im-game-wraps-shoot-set-for-global-onam-release-articleshow-hpbcgfu?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17763524257219&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsable.asianetnews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fdulquer-salmaans-im-game-wraps-shoot-set-for-global-onam-release-articleshow-hpbcgfu |website=Asianet News}}</ref>.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*[[Dulquer Salmaan]]
*[[Kayadu Lohar]]
*[[Antony Varghese]]
*[[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]]
*[[Mysskin]]
*[[Vinay Forrt]]
*Parth Tiwari
*Samyuktha Vishwanathan
*Aadam
*Ashish Mathew}}

== Release ==
''I'm Game'' is set to be released on 20 August 2026, coinciding with [[Onam]], clashing with the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Khalifa: The Intro]],'' [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Jailer 2]]'' and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Srikanth Odela|The Paradise]]''<ref name=":1" /> in original Malayalam version, alongside other versions of Telugu, Tamil, [[Kannada]] and [[Modern Standard Hindi|Hindi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Divya |date=3 February 2026 |title=Dulquer Salmaan confirms the release date for his 40th film ''I'm Game'': August 2026 (Onam) |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/im-game-dulquer-salmaan-confirms-onam-2026-release-with-new-poster/00f8c16e40967 |website=OTTplay}}</ref>. It is second biggest Malayalam release after ''[[L2: Empuraan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 February 2026 |title=Dulquer Salmaan-starrer ''I'm Game'' to be the biggest Malayalam release after Mohanlal-starrer ''L2: Empuraan''; locks Onam release |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/im-game.html |website=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]

St. Thomas More Syro-Malabar Church, Alakode

2026-05-05T06:18:25Z

Showbiz sportlight: started new post!

{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{notability|Geo|date=February 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''St. Thomas More Syro-Malabar Church, Alakode''' is a [[parish (Catholic Church)|parish]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar]] [[Catholic Church]], located in [[Kalayanthani]], [[Idukki district]], [[Kerala]]. It is situated in the village of Alakode at Meenmutty, 6 kilometres away from [[Thodupuzha]] town and close to the Thodupuzha – Poomala main road. It is the only church in the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kothamangalam]] in the patronage of St. [[Thomas More]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} It was founded in 1964 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=St. Thomas More Church Alakode {{!}} Eparchy of Kothamangalam {{!}} Kothamangalam Diocese |url=https://www.dioceseofkothamangalam.org/parishes/st.-thomas-more-church-alakode |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=KothamangalamDiocese |language=en}}</ref>

[[Karikkode (village)|Karikkode]] and Thodupuzha, local trade centres, became the destination for many Christian migrants, notably communities at Alakode, Meenmutty and Edavetty. The Catholic faithful were served from [[St. Mary's Church, Kalayanthani|St. Mary's Church]] in [[Kalayanthani]], established in 1920. Owing to the difficulty for people to attend the Kalayanthani church, the area Catholics petitioned Mar Mathew Pothanamuzhy, first Bishop of Kothamangalam, to grant permission to establish a church at Alakode (Meenmutty). Permission was granted soon thereafter.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

A person named Kuriakose from the Thurackal Puthanpurayil family donated two acres of land for the construction of a church in 1963, but the land was separated at a distance from the road used for trade in those days. The land adjacent to the both sides of the main road were part of the Mar Thoma Estate, owned by natives of [[Alappuzha]]. A ‘sign of cross’ was found on one of the stones which had been blasted for building walls in the estate. The whole faithful from this area gathered there in prayer and informed the owner of the estate about the same, and the managing director of the estate, Georgekutty Madathilakkal, donated one acre of land for the construction of the church, upon which the present church was constructed.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Rev. Fr. George Nedungattu, who was the [[parish priest]] of the Kalayanthani church in 1964, obtained permission to erect a church at the above said place, erected a temporary shed with the support of the people, and began to offer [[Mass (liturgy)|Holy Mass]] on Sundays. He was succeeded by Rev. Fr. Olickal, the then-Assistant Parish Priest of Kalayanthani.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The church at Alakode was raised to a parish by fixing the new boundaries bifurcated from the parishes of Muthalakodam, Kallanickal and Kalayanthani in 1967. Rev. Fr. John Kallarackal, who was the librarian of [[Newman College, Thodupuzha]], took charge as the new parish priest of Alakode on 16 May 1970. Construction of the church was started soon after that. The present church was completed and blessed in 1975. During the tenure of Rev. Fr. Mathew Karottu Kocharackal in 2003, the church was beautified by laying marble on the floor and ceiling on top. Features including a steel flagpole, stone cross, a beautiful grotto of Mother Mary, and the large presbytery were done by Rev. Fr. Jose Pulparambil with the help of the parishioners in 2009.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

This parish of Alakode has been led by 14 priests from the first parish priest Rev. Fr. George Nedungattu{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} till the present parish priest Rev. Fr. Joseph Athickal.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150529153028/http://www.kothamangalamdiocese.org/home/parish/583 Parish profile]}}, Eparchy of Kothamangalam

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{coord|9|53|15|N|76|45|32|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas More Syro-Malabar Church, Alakode}}
[[Category:Churches in Kothamangalam, Kerala]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1964]]
[[Category:Kothamangalam, Kerala]]

Eluru Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-03T23:41:13Z

Showbiz sportlight: Created Initial Entry W/ Sources

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Eluru
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Eluru.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Eluru Lok Sabha constituency
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| mp = [[Putta Mahesh Kumar]]
| preceded_by = [[Kotagiri Sridhar]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Putta Mahesh Kumar.jpg
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Unguturu Assembly constituency|Unguturu]] [[Denduluru Assembly constituency|Denduluru]] [[Eluru Assembly constituency|Eluru]] [[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]] [[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi]] [[Nuzvid Assembly constituency|Nuzvid]] [[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikalur]]
}}

'''Eluru Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and spread over [[Eluru district]] and [[West Godavari district]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=30 |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

==Assembly Segments==
Eluru constituency presently comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" width="500px"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|#
!width="200px"|Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|63
|[[Unguturu Assembly constituency|Unguturu]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Eluru district|Eluru]]
|[[Dharmaraju Patsamatla|Patsmatla Dharmaraju]]
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|64
|[[Denduluru Assembly constituency|Denduluru]]
|[[Chintamaneni Prabhakar]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|65
|[[Eluru Assembly constituency|Eluru]]
| [[Radha Krishnayya Badeti]]
|-
|67
|[[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]](ST)
|[[Chirri Balaraju]]
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
|-
|68
|[[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi]](SC)
|[[Roshan Kumar Songa]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|70
|[[Nuzvid Assembly constituency|Nuzvid]]
|[[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
|-
|73
|[[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikalur]]
|[[Kamineni Srinivas]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Bayya Suryanarayana Murthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Kondru Subba Rao]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Mothey Veda Kumari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[V. Vimala Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan=3|[[Kommareddi Suryanarayana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Chitturi Subbarao Chowdary
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Ghattamaneni Krishna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Kotagiri Sridhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Putta Mahesh Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Eluru}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Ghattamaneni Krishna]]
| votes = 410,708
| percentage = 54.36
| change = +13.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
| votes = 339,301
| percentage = 44.91
| change = -14.30
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 71,407
| percentage = 9.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 755,515
| percentage = 76.99
| change = +1.97
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Eluru}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
| votes = 360,312
| percentage = 52,45
| change = +7.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Ghattamaneni Krishna]]
| votes = 312,657
| percentage = 45.51
| change = -8.85
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 47,655
| percentage = 6.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 686,959
| percentage = 69.58
| change = -7.41
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Eluru}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
| votes = 333,167
| percentage = 42.75
| change = -9.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
| votes = 331,532
| percentage = 42.54
| change = -2.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)
| candidate = [[Pentapati Pullarao]]
| votes = 94,904
| percentage = 12.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,635
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 779,298
| percentage = 69.66
| change = +0.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Eluru}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
| votes = 385,412
| percentage = 47.68
| change = +5.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
| votes = 361,605
| percentage = 44.74
| change = +1.99
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 23,807
| percentage = 2.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 808,304
| percentage = 72.85
| change = +3.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Eluru}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
| votes = 435,884
| percentage = 52.23
| change = +7.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
| votes = 373,653
| percentage = 44.78
| change = -2.90
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 62,231
| percentage = 7.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 834,469
| percentage = 72.74
| change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Eluru}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
| votes = 499,191
| percentage = 55.65
| change = +10.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
| votes = 375,900
| percentage = 41.91
| change = -13.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = D S V Krishnaji
| votes = 8,707
| percentage = 0.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[B N V Satyanarayana]]
| votes = 4,776
| percentage = 0.53
| change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = S V Subbarao
| votes = 4,736
| percentage = 0.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sriramulu Koduri
| votes = 1,904
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = S V B Reddy
| votes = 1,732
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,23,291
| percentage = 13.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 896,946
| percentage = 77.88
| change = +5.14
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Eluru}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
| votes = 423,777
| percentage = 39.28
| change = +16.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
| votes = 380,994
| percentage = 35.31
| change = -6.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = [[Kolusu Peda Reddaiah Yadav]]
| votes = 225,928
| percentage = 20.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 42,783
| percentage = 3.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,078,988
| percentage = 84.59
| change = +6.71
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014: Eluru]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/eluru.html|title = Eluru (Andhra Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results - Eluru Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
|votes = 623,471
|percentage = 51.88
|change = +16.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Thota Chandra Sekhar]]
|votes = 521,545
|percentage = 43.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Musunuri Nageswara Rao]]
|votes = 11,770
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Netala Ramesh Babu]]
|votes = 11.670
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Prem Janata Dal]]
|candidate = Govada Vijaya Kumari
|votes = 4,483
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = U Venkateswararao
|votes = 3,971
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Indian Labour Party (Ambedkar Phule)]]
|candidate = Mendem Santosh Kumar
|votes = 3,423
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Jai Samaikyandhra Party]]
|candidate = K V V Satyanarayana
|votes = 2,873
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C.V.Sarada Devi
|votes = 2,720
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Marxist Communist Party of India (United)]]
|candidate = Savanapudi Nagaraju
|votes = 2,318
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Pyramid Party of India
|candidate = U .V Rama Rao
|votes = 1,323
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
|votes = 1,320
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gangadhara Rao Nannapaneni
|votes = 1,302
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Mahajana Socialist Party]]
|candidate = Ashok Yantrapati
|votes = 1,212
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Juluri Bhaskara Veera Venkata Anil Kumar Gupta
|votes = 751
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 751
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 101,926
| percentage = 8.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,201,696
| percentage = 84.17
| change = -0.42
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections|General Election, 2019]]: Eluru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Kotagiri Sridhar]]
| votes = 676,809
| percentage = 50.99
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
| votes = 510,884
| percentage = 38.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Pentapati Pulla Rao
|votes = 76,827
|percentage = 5.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 165,925
| percentage = 12.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 13,32,210
| percentage = 83.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,94,950
|ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Eluru]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Putta Mahesh Kumar]]|votes= 7,46,351|percentage=54.00|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = Karumuri Sunil Kumar
| votes = 5,64,494
| percentage = 40.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Lavanya Kavuri|votes=20,826|percentage=1.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=22,515|percentage=1.63|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,81,857|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,87,990|percentage=84.73|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Telugu Desam Party
| loser =YSRCP
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/eluru/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Eluru lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|16.7|81.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eluru Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Eluru]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]
[[Category:Eluru district]]

Andreas Andræ

2026-04-25T18:55:12Z

Showbiz sportlight: stub...

{{Short description|Governor of Tranquebar in 1701}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Andreas Andræ
| order = 15th
| monarch = [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV]]
| country = [[Denmark–Norway]]
| predecessor = [[Claus Vogdt]]
| successor = [[Mikkel Knudsen Crone]]
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = Denmark–Norway
| death_date = 1701
| death_place = [[Tranquebar]], Danish India
| office = Governor of Tranquebar
| office2 = Governor of Dannemarksnagore
| order2 = 1st
| successor2 = [[Thomas Schmertz]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| monarch2 = [[Christian V]] Frederick IV
| term_start2 = 1698
| term_end2 = January 1699
| term = 1701
}}
'''Andreas Andræ'''{{Efn|{{IPA|da|ɑndʁɛ:as ɑndʁɛ:}}}} (alternatively spelled '''Andrae''' and '''Andreæ'''; {{Died in|1701}}) was a Danish surgeon and colonial administrator who established the Danish colony of [[Dannemarksnagore]] in 1698.

Andræ came to the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]] in {{Circa|1691}} and was a surgeon until 1695, when he became head of a Danish squadron to the [[Malabar Coast]]. In 1698, Andræ was sent to [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], negotiating the [[Dano-Mughal Treaty]], which ended the [[Dano-Mughal War]] and leased Dannemarksnagore to [[Danish India]], where he served as governor from 1698 to 1699.

He became the [[governor of Tranquebar]] in 1701 after [[Claus Vogdt|Claus Vogdt's]] death, managing to finish the construction of the [[Zion Church, Tharangambadi|Zion Church]] before dying a few months later.

== Career ==
Andreas Andræ came to the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]] in {{Circa|1691}} as {{Langx|da|overmester|label=none}} (surgeon on a ship) in the [[Danish East India Company|Danish East India Company's]] service.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=55}} He soon proved himself useful in both [[mercantile]] and diplomatic regards{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=55}} and was quickly promoted to {{Langx|da|mester|label=none}} (highest-ranking surgeon) in March 1691 and chief surgeon ({{Langx|da|obberchirurg|label=none}}) on 6 April the same year.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}} In 1692, he became head of the hospital in Tranquebar, and in 1694, he became a third-in-command of the colony's [[privy council|Privy Council]] (''{{Langx|da|secrete råd|label=none}}'').{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}

=== Voyage to the Malabar Coast ===
Andræ is described as being intelligent and enterprising,{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=55}} showing great administrative and commercial abilities, and was subsequently,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}} in January 1695, chosen as head of the vessel ''Dansborg{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 117}}'' by the [[governor of Tranquebar]], [[Claus Vogdt]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=117}} Subsequently, ''Dansborg'' and three other ships were sent to the [[Malabar Coast]] to bolster Danish trade in the region.''{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 117}}''{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=55}} As such, Andræ established a pepper [[Clearing house (finance)|clearing house]] near [[Varkala]] in [[Oddeway Torre]],{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2012}} before leaving again on 6 April,''{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}'' returning to Tranquebar on 1 May the same year.''{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 117}}''

=== Time in Bengal ===
{{Further|Dano-Mughal Treaty}}
At the end of 1698,''{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}}'' Andræ, accompanied by [[Thomas Schmertz]],''{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}}''{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025}} was sent to [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] to negotiate with the [[Mughal Empire]],''{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 106}}''{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=54}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}} which had been at [[Dano-Mughal War|war with Danish India since 1642]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=31}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|pp=439, 448}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=14}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=10}} Here, Andræ managed to conclude [[Dano-Mughal Treaty|a treaty]] with the [[Subahdar]] of Bengal,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} [[Azim-ush-Shan]],{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}}{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025}} after which both sides renounced their demands for previously seized ships,{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} and the Danes got their previous trading rights back.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} Andræ also made a gift to Azim-ush-Shan in the form of 15,000 [[Rupee|rupees]] and four cannons.{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}

Furthermore, Andræ negotiated a [[firman]] which would lease a piece of land at the [[Hooghly River]]''{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 106}}''{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=54}}{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=221}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} in [[Gondalpara]]{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=222}}{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2012}} to the Danes for 30,000 rupees{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=19}} to be paid over a ten-year period.{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=221}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} Here, the Danes established a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=222}}{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2012}} which became known as [[Dannemarksnagore]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 106, 117}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=221}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}}{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025}} and was supplied by salesmen, guards, and goods.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=54}} The factory was provisionally a local house, although a big fort with stone walls was erected the following year.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}
Andræ left Dannemarksnagore on the vessel ''Christianus Quintus'' in January 1699 after five months in Bengal,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}} leaving Thomas Schmertz as ''[[overhoved]]'' of the colony''{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 106}}''{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} with 30 men.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}}

=== Governor of Tranquebar ===
Upon returning to Tranquebar during the spring,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} Andræ became ''{{Langx|da|sekonde|label=none}}'' (second-in-command) of the Privy Council and was installed as [[Provisional government|Interim Governor]] of Tranquebar{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=55}} on 25 June 1701,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}{{Sfn|Kryger|2006}} following Claus Vogdt's death,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=55}} with a yearly salary of 800 [[Danish rigsdaler]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}} However, Andræ died a few months later{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=55}} and was succeeded by [[Mikkel Knudsen Crone]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=55}} Despite his short term, Andræ still subsidized and finished the construction of the [[Zion Church, Tharangambadi|Zion Church]] in 1701, which was initiated by Governor Vogdt.{{Sfn|Kryger|2006}}
== Personal life ==
[[File:Mester Adreasis house in Tranquebar.png|thumb|200x200px|Map of [[Tranquebar]] by [[Gregers Daa Trellund]], depicting Andreas Andræ's estate during the 1690s]]
On a map by [[Gregers Daa Trellund]] depicting Tranquebar in the 1690s,{{Sfn|Faarborg|1971|pp=257, 267}} there is a newly built estate attributed to a "Mester Andreasis," which likely refers to Andræ.{{Sfn|Faarborg|1971|pp=255–256}} The estate was possibly funded by money earned during Andræ's time in Bengal,{{Sfn|Faarborg|p=256|1971}} where he was also gifted a white [[stallion]] by the Mughal government,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 57}} which passed over to Mikkel Knudsen Crone and later Governor [[Jørgen Bjørn]] after Andræ's death.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}

Andræ had a wife and children, who returned to Denmark–Norway on the vessel ''Cronprintzen af Danmark'', following his death.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Jørgen Bjørn}}

* {{Annotated link|Wolf Henrik von Kalnein}}
* {{Annotated link|Sivert Adeler}}

== Notes and citations ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== References ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |author-link=Kay Larsen |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, residenter, kommandanter og chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=Governors, Residents, Commanders and Chiefs |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske koloniers historie – De Bengalske loger & Nikobarerne |publisher=Centralforlaget & Peter Hansens Forlag |year=1908 |volume=2 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies – The Bengali lodges & the Nicobar Islands |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske koloniers historie – Trankebar |publisher=Centralforlaget |year=1907 |volume=1 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies – Tranquebar |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |date=2015 |title=The Danish East India Company’s War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |url=https://scispace.com/pdf/the-danish-east-india-company-s-war-against-the-mughal-q3di4cg01e.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Early Modern History]] |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] & [[Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies]] |volume=19 |doi=10.1163/15700658-12342470 |issn=0022-4995 |eissn=1568-5209 |via=SciSpace}}
* {{Cite book |last=Diller |first=Stephan |url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&q=brun&pg=PA216&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=dannemarksnagore&f=false |title=Die Dänen in Indien, Südostasien und China (1620-1845) |date=1 June 1999 |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-447-04123-2 |series=South China and Maritime Asia |volume=8 |location=Wiesbaden, Germany |language=de |trans-title=The Danes in India, Southeast Asia and China (1620–1845) |issn=0945-9286}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Faarborg |first=Birte |date=1971 |title=Trellunds Trankebarkort 1733 |trans-title=Trellund's Map of Tranquebar 1733 |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922243.pdf |journal=Tidsskrift for Arkivforskning |language=da |publisher=[[Danish National Archives]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=The Churches of Tranquebar in the Danish Period 1620-1845 |encyclopedia=Halle and the Beginning of Protestant Christianity in India |publisher=[[Francke Foundations]] |location=Halle, Germany |last=Kryger |first=Karin |date=2006 |editor-last=Gross |editor-first=Andreas |editor-last2=Kumaradoss |editor-first2=Yesurajamony |editor-last3=Liebau |editor-first3=Heike |volume=1-3 |pages=238 |isbn=3-931479-84-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Lalit Mohan |url=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/6/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.63290/2015.63290.A-Guide-To-Nalanda.pdf |title=The Danes in Bengal |publisher=Prabartak Publishers |year=September 1952 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata, India |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Danish East India Company |encyclopedia=World Food |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] & [[Taylor & Francis]] |location=Armonk, New York |url=https://www.google.dk/books/edition/World_Food/cWJgDwAAQBAJ?hl=da&gbpv=1 |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |date=15 September 2012 |author-link=Mary Ellen Snodgrass |isbn=978-0-7656-8278-9 |lccn=2012014375}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aslanian |first=Sebouh David |author-link=Sebouh David Aslanian |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=Sanjay |author-link2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |date=7 April 2025 |title=Uneasy Partnership |url=https://www.academia.edu/128756792/Uneasy_Partnership_A_Note_on_Armenian_Danish_Commercial_Collaboration_in_the_Indian_Ocean_ca_1700 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |publisher=Brill Publishers |volume=68 |issn=0022-4995 |eissn=1568-5209 |via=Academia}}
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Andræ, Andreas}}
[[Category:17th-century births]]
[[Category:1701 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Dannemarksnagore]]
[[Category:Governors of Danish India]]
[[Category:People from Danish India]]

[[da:Andreas Andreæ]]

Manjeet Chhillar

2026-04-24T12:07:43Z

Showbiz sportlight: put up a post

{{short description|Indian professional kabaddi player|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Manjeet Chhillar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Manjeet Chhillar
| headercolor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname = One Man Army, Angry Young Man, Mighty Manjeet, Powerhouse
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|08|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nizampur, [[Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Railways employee
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height = 1.73m<ref name="Sportskeedaprofile">{{cite web |title=manjeet chillar |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/manjeet-chillar |website=Sportskeeda |accessdate=27 June 2019 |ref=9}}</ref>
| weight = 82 kg
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website =
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| position = All-rounder
| event =
| league = [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| club = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] (2014-2015) 
[[Puneri Paltan]] (2016-2017) 
[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (2017) 
[[Tamil Thalaivas]] (2018-2020) 
[[Dabang Delhi]] (2021)
| team = [[India national kabaddi team]]
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| highestranking =
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2010 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2014 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|Kabaddi World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2016 Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style)|2016 Kabaddi World Cup]]|}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[2018 Dubai Kabaddi Masters]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2018 Dubai Kabaddi Masters|2018 Dubai]]|[[India national kabaddi Team|Team]]}}
| show-medals = yes
}}

'''Manjeet Chhillar''' (born 18 August 1986) is an Indian former professional [[kabaddi]] player who currently serves as the assistant coach of the Telugu Titans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad setting Thames on fire |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/sep/08/hyderabad-setting-thames-on-fire-2495957.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=The New Indian Express|date=8 September 2022 }}</ref> He is widely regarded as one of the greatest kabaddi players of all time. During his professional career, he played for the [[India national kabaddi team|Indian national team]] and won a gold medal at the [[2014 Asian Games]] and [[Asian Indoor Games|2014 Asian Indoor Games]] in [[Incheon]].<ref name=Sportskeedaprofile/> He also played for teams in the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] including the [[Bengaluru Bulls]], [[Puneri Paltan]], [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]], [[Tamil Thalaivas]], and [[Dabang Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thatte |first=Mamta |date=2018-11-05 |title=Manjeet Chillar Biography: From an Accidental Career to a Tougher, Better Athlete Proving his Mettle in Kabaddi |url=https://www.kreedon.com/manjeet-chillar-biography/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website= KreedOn }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] conferred the [[Arjuna Award]] on him for his achievements in sports.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/state-of-sports-affairs-after-domicile-row-haryana-now-has-digital-registry-of-its-athletes/|title=State of sports affairs: After domicile row, Haryana now has digital registry of its athletes|date=2016-02-13|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.indiablooms.com/video-details/S/27650/getting-arjuna-award-is-like-a-dream-chillar-to-nnis.html|title=GETTING ARJUNA AWARD IS LIKE A DREAM- CHILLAR TO NNIS|work=Indiablooms.com|access-date=2017-06-11|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111002413/https://www.m.indiablooms.com/video-details/S/27650/getting-arjuna-award-is-like-a-dream-chillar-to-nnis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In an exclusive chat with NNIS Sports, Chhillar termed it a 'dream' to receive the prestigious award. He was also a member of the state team of [[Haryana]] and is on top of Pro Kabaddi’s all-time leaderboards for tackle points (391), successful tackles (374) and High 5s (25).<ref name="Manjeet Chillar PKL profile">{{cite web |title=manjeet-chhillar-playerprofile |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/players/69-manjeet-chhillar-playerprofile |website=prokabaddi |accessdate=27 June 2019 |ref=7 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627130232/https://www.prokabaddi.com/players/69-manjeet-chhillar-playerprofile |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in Nizampur village in [[West Delhi]] near Ghevra metro station. Manjeet Chhillar was initially a [[wrestler]], but an injury to his nose saw him return to his village where he started playing Kabaddi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://m.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/star-sports-pro-kabaddi-10-things-know-about-manjeet-chhillar|title=10 things to know about Manjeet Chhillar|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref> Manjeet was first seen in professional Kabaddi in the 2010 Asian Games in China.<ref name=:1/>

== Pro Kabaddi League ==
=== Season 1 ===

He was the captain of [[Bengaluru Bulls]] in the first season of VIVO Pro Kabaddi and won them a grand total of 51 tackle points – the highest by any defender – to emerge as the Star Sports Defender of the Tournament. Manjeet’s versatility meant that he also picked up 71 raid points<ref name="pkl stats">{{cite web |title=stats |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats |website=prokabaddi |accessdate=27 June 2019 |ref=8}}</ref> and helped the Bulls reach the semi-finals.<ref name="Manjeet Chillar PKL profile" />

=== Season 2 ===

Manjeet was adjudged Most Valuable Player (MVP) in Season 2 for his all-round performance. He picked up 40 tackle points and 67 raid points<ref name="pkl stats"/> as Bengaluru Bulls finished as runners-up. Like the first season, Manjeet contributed heavily in attack for Bengaluru. Having said that, his defensive displays were top class as well and justifies him being MVP in Season 2.<ref name="Manjeet Chillar PKL profile" />

=== Season 3 ===

He moved to [[Puneri Paltan]] ahead of the third season and was made captain. His performance levels though didn’t drop as he scored 61 tackle points and 45 raid points<ref name="pkl stats"/> while leading Pune to a third-placed finish in what was their best season.<ref name="Manjeet Chillar PKL profile" />

=== Season 4 ===

The fourth edition of Pro Kabaddi saw both Manjeet and Pune fail to better their performance from the previous campaign. He scored only 44 tackle points<ref name="pkl stats"/> and 24 raid points as Pune narrowly missed out on the playoffs.<ref name="Manjeet Chillar PKL profile" />

=== Season 5 ===

In Season 5, Manjeet joined [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] and was made captain again. However, he could manage just 5 raid points and 47 tackle points<ref name="pkl stats"/> as the Panthers endured a difficult campaign that saw Manjeet nurse an injury for a long duration.

=== Season 6 ===

In Season 6, he moved to [[Tamil Thalaivas]] after the Tamil Nadu based franchise picked him. Manjeet became a leader in defence for the Thalaivas and scored 59 tackle points<ref name="pkl stats"/> as well as 8 raid points.<ref name="Manjeet Chillar PKL profile" />

=== Season 7 ===
In season 7, Manjeet continued at Tamil Thalaivas, scoring 37 tackle points and 4 raid points.

=== Season 8 ===
Manjeet was bought by [[Dabang Delhi]] in the auction for Rs 20 lakh and helped the team win its maiden title. In season 8, he scored 52 tackle points from 24 games.

At the end of the season, he retired and became the assistant coach of [[Telugu Titans]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Vinay |title=Pro Kabaddi 2022: 5 superstar players who will miss a PKL season for 1st time ever |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-2022-5-superstar-players-will-miss-pkl-season-1st-time-ever |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |date=12 September 2022 }}</ref>

== International ==
Manjeet is a gold medalist in the National Championships in 2010, 2011 and 2012. He has also won gold at the [[2009 Asian Indoor Games]] and the [[2010 Asian Games]]. Manjeet claimed bronze at the [[2012 Asian Beach Games]].

==Records and achievements==

* Most Valuable Player (2015) in the [[Pro Kabaddi League|PKL]]
* Gold at [[2010 Asian Games]] in [[Guangzhou]]
* Gold at [[2014 Asian Games]] in [[Incheon]]
* 2016 Kabaddi World Cup winner
* 2018 Dubai Kabaddi Masters winner
* [[Arjuna Award]] winner (2015)<ref name=Sportskeedaprofile/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhillar, Manjeet}}
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Red Line (Namma Metro)

2026-04-23T10:41:51Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{Short description|Proposed line of Bengaluru's Namma Metro}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Red Line
| other_name = {{hlist|Third North–South Corridor|Line 8|Hebbala–Sarjapura Line}}
| native_name = Keṁpu mārga
| native_name_lang = Kn
| color = {{rcr|Namma Metro|Red}}
| logo = Namma metro.svg
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit|Metro]]
| system = [[Namma Metro]]
| status = Under Construction
| locale = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| start = {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}}
| end = Sarjapura
| connectinglines = '''''Operational''''' (1): {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} '''''Upcoming''''' (3): {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}
 '''''Proposed''''' (1): {{rcb|Namma Metro|Inner Ring|croute}}
| stations = 28
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| linenumber =
| website = [https://english.bmrc.co.in/ bmrc.co.in]
| yearcommenced = 
| planopen = {{start date and age|December 2030|df=y}} '''''(TBC)''''' <ref name="opening2025">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/bengaluru-metro-red-line-to-link-hebbal-and-sarjapura-with-28-stations-by-2030-9334474.html|last=Pall|first=Samreen|date=2025-05-13|title=Bengaluru Metro: Red Line To Link Hebbal And Sarjapura With 28 Stations By 2030|work=News18}}</ref>
| open = 
| yearcompleted = 
| close = 
| owner = Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL)
| operator =
| character = '''''(TBC)'''''
| depot = Sarjapur Depot <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Namma Metro identifies land in Sarjapur to build depot |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/namma-metro-identifies-land-in-sarjapur-to-build-depot-3357433 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| stock =
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| linelength_km = 37
| linelength =
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| electrification = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| signalling =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| map = {{BMR Red Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_name = Red Line map (TBC)
}}

The '''Red Line''' or '''Hebbal-Sarjapura Line''' is a proposed [[Rapid transit|metro]] [[Rail transport|rail line]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-03-21 |title=Hebbal-Sarjapur Metro corridor awaits nod amid design objections |url=thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hebbal-sarjapur-metro-corridor-awaits-nod-amid-design-objections/article70639317.ece |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=The Hindu |language=en|url-status=}}</ref> that will become part of [[Namma Metro]]'s network in the city of [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Phase-3A of Namma Metro has been planned to become operational around December 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro: Red Line To Link Hebbal And Sarjapura With 28 Stations By 2030 |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/bengaluru-metro-red-line-to-link-hebbal-and-sarjapura-with-28-stations-by-2030-9334474.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=H.S |first=Shreyas |date=2023-07-07 |title=Karnataka Budget proposes new 37 km of Namma Metro line from Hebbal to Sarjapur in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/karnataka-budget-proposes-new-37-km-of-namma-metro-line-from-hebbal-to-sarjapur-in-bengaluru/article67054282.ece |access-date=2024-04-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-17 |title=Bengaluru Metro: Sarjapur To Hebbal 37-km Line is Ready, Set to Reduce City's Traffic |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/bengaluru-metro-sarjapur-to-hebbal-37-km-line-is-ready-set-to-reduce-citys-traffic-8743512.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=Namma Metro: Phase 3-A Gets Green Light, Full Details Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/namma-metro-phase-iii-a-gets-green-light-full-details-inside-9082580.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

As per latest news updates, the Karnataka Cabinet had approved the Phase 3A of this metro line, linking [[Sarjapura|Sarjapur]] in southeastern Bengaluru with [[Hebbal, Bengaluru|Hebbal]] in the north on December 6, 2024. The approval from the Union Cabinet is awaited, as the Centre holds a 50% equity stake in Namma Metro.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-06 |title=Bengaluru’s Metro Phase 3A gets Cabinet nod |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-metro-phase-3a-gets-cabinet-nod/article68956563.ece |access-date=2024-12-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-06 |title=Cabinet approval for Metro’s Rs28k-cr Sarjapur-Hebbal line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-cabinet-approves-rs28405-crore-sarjapur-hebbal-metro-line-project/articleshow/116053904.cms |access-date=2024-12-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Funding ==
[[File:NammaMetro-RedLine-2025-08-18.png|frameless|650x650px]]

Estimated at Rs 16,543 crore, including land acquisition charges, the 37-km line is outlined in the Comprehensive Mobility Plan 2020. This proposed metro line is expected to ease travel for public commuting to and from tech zones.<ref name="times1">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-14 |title=DPR ready for Sarjapur-Hebbal line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/namma-metro-connectivity-dpr-ready-for-sarjapurhebbal-line-in-bengaluru/articleshow/106826406.cms |access-date=2024-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The alignment involves an elevated corridor near the IT corridor in Sarjapur, transitioning underground at Koramangala, traversing the central business district through tunnels, and emerging on Ballari Road with elevated stations at Ganganagar and Hebbal.

==Tendering==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
! align="center" colspan="6" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Red}};" |'''Red Line'''
|-
! align="center" colspan="6" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Red}};" |'''Pre-Construction Activity'''
|-
!Tendering
!Section
!Activity
!Successful Bid /Cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|Phase-3A/GTI/P1/2025/138
|Sarjapur to Carmelaram
|Geo-Technical Investigation
|{{INRConvert|1.6|c}}
|Becquerel Industries
|13 Feb 2026
|-
|Phase-3A/GTI/P2/2025/139
|Carmelaram to Koramangala 3rd Block
|Geo-Technical Investigation
|{{INRConvert|1.26|c}}
|Becquerel Industries
|13 Feb 2026
|-
|Phase-3A/GTI/P3/2025/140
|Koramangala 3rd Block to KR Circle
|Geo-Technical Investigation
|{{INRConvert|1.06|c}}
|Goma Engineering
|13 Feb 2026
|-
|Phase-3A/GTI/P4/2025/141
|KR Circle to Hebbal
|Geo-Technical Investigation
|{{INRConvert|1.32|c}}
|RITES
|13 Feb 2026
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|5.24|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|}

==Stations==
The Red Line (Hebbal-Sarjapura Line) is planned to have 28 stations.<ref name="times1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore Metro readies DPR of ₹16,543 crore Sarjapur-Hebbal Metro Corridor {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/bangalore-metro-readies-dpr-of-16543-crore-sarjapur-hebbal-metro-corridor |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title=UDD approves Namma Metro's Phase 3A project, from Hebbal to Sarjapura. |url=https://x.com/brandBLR/status/1844602598441046215/photo/1 |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=moneycontrol through X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref>

=== Interchanges ===
Passenger interchange facilities, connecting to other metro and railway lines, will be provided at the following stations:

* {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} (Connects to the Orange Line, which runs between [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]] and Kempapura and to the Blue Line, which runs from {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} to [[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]])
* Krishna Rajendra circle (Connects to the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]], which runs between [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] to [[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]])
* [[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]] (Connects to the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]], which runs between [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]] and [[Kalena Agrahara metro station|Kalena Agrahara]])
* [[Agara metro station|Agara]] (Connects to the Blue Line, which runs from {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} to [[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]])
* [[Ibbaluru metro station|Ibbaluru]] (Connects to the Blue Line, which runs from {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} to [[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]])

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Red}};" |'''Red Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station name
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Station layout '''''(TBC)'''''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Vivan |first1=Sridhar |date=Oct 15, 2024 |title=Green signal for Namma Metro phase 3A project |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/urban-development-ministry-approves-metro-3a/articleshow/114224889.cms |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|1
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala }}
|[[Hebbala metro station|ಹೆಬ್ಬಾಳ]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} ''(Under Construction)'' {{Rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} ''(Under Construction)''
|Elevated
|-
|2
|Ganganagar
|ಗಂಗಾನಗರ
|
|Elevated
|-
|3
|Veterinary College
|ವೆಟರ್ನರಿ ಕಾಲೇಜು
|
|Underground
|-
|4
|Mekhri Circle
|ಮೇಖ್ರಿ ಸರ್ಕಲ್
|
|Underground
|-
|5
|Palace Guttahalli
|ಗುಟ್ಟಹಳ್ಳಿ ಅರಮನೆ
|[[Bangalore Palace]]
|Underground
|-
|6
|Bengaluru Golf Course
|ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಗಾಲ್ಫ್ ಕೋರ್ಸ್
|
|Underground
|-
|7
|Basaveshwara Circle
|ಬಸವೇಶ್ವರ ವೃತ್ತ
|
|Underground
|-
|8
||[[Sir M. Visveshwaraya station, Central College metro station|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Station, Central College]]||[[Sir M. Visveshwaraya station, Central College metro station|ಸರ್ ಎಂ. ವಿಶ್ವೇಶ್ವರಯ್ಯ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ, ಸೆಂಟ್ರಲ್ ಕಾಲೇಜು]]|
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|9
|Town Hall
|ಟೌನ್ ಹಾಲ್
|
|Underground
|-
|10
|Shanthinagara
|ಶಾಂತಿನಗರ
|{{rint|bus}} [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee TTMC|Shanthinagar Bus TTMC]]
|Underground
|-
|11
|NIMHANS
|ನಿಮ್ಹಾನ್ಸ್
|
|Underground
|-
|12
|[[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]]
|[[Dairy Circle metro station|ಡೈರಿ ಸರ್ಕಲ್]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Underground
|-
|13
|Koramangala II Block
|ಕೋರಮಂಗಲ II ಬ್ಲಾಕ್
|
|Underground
|-
|14
|Koramangala III Block
|ಕೋರಮಂಗಲ III ಬ್ಲಾಕ್
|
|Elevated
|-
|15
|Jakkasandra
|ಜಕ್ಕಸಂದ್ರ
|
|Elevated
|-
|16
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Agara}}
|[[Agara metro station|ಅಗರ]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Elevated
|-
|17
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Ibbaluru}}
|[[Ibbaluru metro station|ಇಬ್ಬಲೂರು]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Elevated
|-
|18
|Bellanduru Gate
|ಬೆಳ್ಳಂದೂರು ಗೇಟ್
|
|Elevated
|-
|19
|Kaikondrahalli
|ಕೈಕೊಂಡ್ರಹಳ್ಳಿ
|
|Elevated
|-
|20
|Doddakannelli
|ದೊಡ್ಡಕನ್ನೆಲ್ಲಿ
|
|Elevated
|-
|21
|Carmelaram
|ಕಾರ್ಮೆಲರಾಮ್
|Carmelaram Railway Station
|Elevated
|-
|22
|Ambedkar Nagara
|ಅಂಬೇಡ್ಕರ್ ನಗರ
|
|Elevated
|-
|23
|Kodathi Circle
|ಕೋಡತಿ ವೃತ್ತ
|
|Elevated
|-
|24
|Muthanalluru Cross
|ಮುತ್ತನಲ್ಲೂರು ಕ್ರಾಸ್
|
|Elevated
|-
|25
|Dommasandra
|ದೊಮ್ಮಸಂದ್ರ
|
|Elevated
|-
|26
|Sompura
|ಸೋಂಪುರ
|
|Elevated
|-
|27
|Kada Agrahara Road
|ಕಡ ಅಗ್ರಹಾರ ರಸ್ತೆ
|
|Elevated
|-
|28
|Sarjapura
|ಸರ್ಜಾಪುರ
|
|Elevated
|}

== See also ==
* [[Namma Metro]]
** [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]
** [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]]
** [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]]
** [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]
** [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]
** [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]]
** [[Grey Line (Namma Metro)|Grey Line]]
** [[Inner Ring Line (Namma Metro)|Inner Ring Line]]
** [[List of Namma Metro stations|List of Namma Metro Stations]]
* [[Rapid transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Namma Metro|red line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro lines]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]

Kainchi Dham

2026-04-23T06:07:27Z

Showbiz sportlight: Put up basic entry v1

{{Short description|Spiritual ashram and temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{coordinates|29.42254742|79.5124504|display=title}}

'''Kainchi Dham''' also known as '''Neem Karori Ashram''' is a spiritual ashram and Hindu temple complex, located in the [[Nainital district]], [[Kumaon region]] of [[Uttarakhand]], India. It is known for its association with [[Neem Karoli Baba]], a revered Hindu saint.<ref name="n747"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-12 |title=CM orders crowd control plan for Kainchi Dham fair as footfall triples in a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/cm-orders-crowd-control-plan-for-kainchi-dham-fair-as-footfall-triples-in-a-year/articleshow/121805911.cms |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Narendra |date=2025-06-10 |title=Second life lost in four days amid tourist rush in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/10/second-life-lost-in-four-days-amid-tourist-rush-in-uttarakhand |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=क्यों Kainchi Dham कहलाता है नीब करौली बाबा का आश्रम? जानें इस जगह का इतिहास और महत्व - Why is Neem Karoli Baba Ashram Known as Kainchi Dham Know the History and Significance |url=https://www.jagran.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism-why-is-neem-karoli-baba-ashram-known-as-kainchi-dham-know-the-history-and-significance-23903981.html |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> [[File:Early morning Glimpse of Kainchi Dham Nainital 2023.jpg|thumb|Kainchi Dham in Nainital.]]

The ashram was established by Neem Karoli Baba in 1964 on land donated by a local resident, Purnanand.<ref name="n747"/> Kainchi Dham is situated at a distance of 9 km from [[Bhowali]] and 17 km from [[Nainital]], on the Nainital–[[Almora]] Road.<ref>[https://nainital.nic.in/tourist-place/kaichi-dham/ Kainchi Dham] Nainital district Official website.</ref>

== Etymology ==
Its name, "Kainchi," which translates to "scissors" in Hindi, is derived from the two sharp hairpin bends in the mountainous road leading to the site and forming a scissor-like shape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kainchi Dham Mela 2024: कौन हैं नीम करोली बाबा? जिनकी देश-विदेश तक फैली है ख्याति - Kainchi Dham Mela 2024 date neem karoli baba biography in hindi |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-kainchi-dham-mela-2024-date-neem-karoli-baba-biography-in-hindi-23739415.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कैंची धाम के लिए एक और बाईपास की तैयारी, सुरंग भी बनेगी; गुलाबघाटी से रानीबाग तक की सड़क टू-लेन का काम भी जल्द होगा - Nainital News Bypass Construction to Ease Traffic at Kainchi Dham |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-nainital-news-bypass-construction-to-ease-traffic-at-kainchi-dham-23962824.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-06-24 |title=Uttarakhand Landslide: Search for two missing resumes after slide hits Yamunotri trek route |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttarakhand/search-for-two-more-persons-resumes-after-landslip-hits-yamunotri-trek-route-in-uttarakhand/article69730922.ece |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=नीम करोली कैंची धाम जाने के लिए यह है सबसे बेस्ट रास्ता, जाम की कोई टेंशन नहीं, मिलेगा वादियों का नजारा भी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/religion/photo-gallery-what-is-best-way-to-reach-neem-karoli-baba-ashram-kainchi-dham-on-kainchi-dham-sthapana-diwas/2794648 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

Each year on 15 June a large [[mela]] (fair) known as ''Kainchi Dham Mela'', is organised, in which thousands of devotees and pilgrims take part.<ref name="n747">{{cite web | last=बेलवाल | first=ललित मोहन | title=कैंची धाम में किस दिन लगेगा भव्य मेला, नीम करोली बाबा के दर से कोई नहीं लौटता है खाली हाथ | website=Navbharat Times | date=2025-06-14 | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-rituals/pilgrimage/neem-karoli-baba-kainchi-dham-mela-15-june-2025-kainchi-dham-sthapna-diwas-kab-hai/articleshow/121842126.cms | language=hi | access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref><ref name="g840">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Govind | title=Kainchi Dham Mela 2025: तैयारियां शुरू, 15 जून को उमड़ेगी भीड़; जाम से बचने को बनाया फुलप्रूफ प्‍लान | website=Jagran | date=2025-06-05 | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-kainchi-dham-mela-2025-preparations-begin-shuttle-services-planned-23956661.html | language=hi | access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref>

== Modern History ==
*[[Steve Jobs]] visited visited India in 1974 with his friend [[Daniel Kottke]] to meet the guru Neem Karoli Baba. Although he arrived in ashram after Baba left their physical body in September 1943, but the trip profoundly influenced Jobs' approach towards simplicity, intuition, and focus. <ref >{{cite news | title=How Neem Karoli baba inspired tech giants | website=Times of India| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/how-neem-karoli-baba-inspired-tech-giants-like-mark-zuckerberg-steve-jobs-and-jack-dorsey/articleshow/115807331.cms | language=en | access-date=2026-04-23}}</ref>

* [[Mark Zuckerberg]] visited in 2015, he revealed that early in Facebook's development, when the company was facing challenges, Steve Jobs advised him to visit the ashram to reconnect with the mission of his company. <ref >{{cite news | title=How Neem Karoli baba inspired tech giants | website=Times of India| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/how-neem-karoli-baba-inspired-tech-giants-like-mark-zuckerberg-steve-jobs-and-jack-dorsey/articleshow/115807331.cms | language=en | access-date=2026-04-23}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|India
}}
* [[Hanumangarhi, Nainital]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Neem Karoli Baba}}

*{{URL|http://nkbashram.org/|Neem Karoli Baba Ashram, Taos, New Mexico}}
*{{URL|https://nkbmeditation.org/|Neem Karoli Baba Meditation Centre, New Delhi}}
*{{URL|https://maharajji.love/|Maharaj Ji's Ashram}}
*''{{URL|https://www.windfallofgrace.com/|Windfall of Grace}}''

==External links==
* [https://shreekainchimandirtrust.org/ Official website]
* [https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/kainchi-dham-fair Kainchi Dham Mela] Ministry of Tourism website.

{{Commons category|Kainchi Dham
}}

{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Nainital district]]
[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ashrams]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Dhaakad Beera

2026-04-20T21:55:22Z

Showbiz sportlight: Created The Stub Basic Info.

{{Short description|Indian family drama television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator = [[Yash A Patnaik]]
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Gaurav S Bajaj]]
* Nikki Sharma
* [[Neha Rana]]
* [[Arav Chowdharry]]
}}
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Yash A Patnaik]]
* Mamta Patnaik
}}
| company = {{plainlist|
* Beyond Dreams Entertainment
* [[Inspire Films Private Limited]]
}}
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime = 20–25 minutes
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 107
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|07|24|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|11|14|df=y}}
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| narrated =
| related =
}}
'''''Dhaakad Beera''''' was an Indian Hindi-language television [[family drama]] series that premiered on [[Colors TV]] on 24 July 2025 to 14 November 2025. It was produced by Yash A Patnaik under Beyond Dreams Entertainment and [[Inspire Films Private Limited]]. It starred [[Gaurav S Bajaj]], Nikki Sharma, [[Neha Rana]] and [[Arav Chowdharry]].

==Plot==
In Sundar Nagar, Haryana, young Samrat Chaudhary lives under the strict rule of his grandmother Bhanwari Devi, a feared and stubborn matriarch. His mother Sarla had secretly married Vikram, a man from outside their caste, hiding the relationship due to Bhanwari’s rigid traditions. When Sarla became pregnant with her second child, Bhanwari saw it as dishonor to the family.

Sarla dies shortly after her newborn Kishmish. Before her death, she makes Samrat promise to protect his baby sister at all costs. Bhanwari tries to remove Kishmish from the family, but Samrat steps into the role of both mother and father, caring for her in every way.

Their bond deepens as they face constant hostility. One of the most emotional moments comes when Kishmish suffers a severe ear infection. The family ignores her pain, but Samrat risks punishment to get her treated. With the quiet help of his teacher Bela, he finds medicine and nurses her to health, proving his courage and dedication. Samrat’s defiance and growing bravery begin to attract attention in the village.

===5 years later===
Samrat is a teenager and continues to be Kishmish’s main protector. Kishmish, now a young child, has grown attached to him but begins showing rude and spoiled behavior. This change worries Samrat, as he never taught her such things.

Meanwhile, Bhanwari Devi shifts her tactics. Instead of openly targeting Kishmish, she uses the girl as a bridge to reduce the bitterness between herself and Samrat. A key turning point comes when Kishmish is finally allowed to attend school. Earlier Bhanwari had opposed her education, but she now agrees only because she wants Samrat to feel grateful and to grow closer to her. Kishmish enjoys the new privilege and this makes her even more drawn toward Bhanwari’s influence, worrying Samrat further.

At this stage, due to Bhanwari Devi's plan, Vikram returns. He insists to take Kishmish back, but Samrat denies it. However, after much consequences, Samrat agrees. He believes that Kishmish would have a better life with Vikram in Mumbai. He sends her with Vikram. Soon, Samrat creates hatred of himself in Kishmish's heart. Kishmish starts hating Samrat and Samrat leaves, with Kishmish being with Vikram and his wife, Khushboo, and their daughter, Aarohi.

===14 years later (Chapter 2)===
Samrat has grown up in Sundar Nagar and Kishmish has grown up in Mumbai. Samrat grows up being the protector of all the girls and women in his village, while Kishmish grows up being a fashion influencer and hating Samrat. Samrat also opens his own clinic, which is only for the females in his village. He believes that if all the women in his village are protected, Kishmish would return.

Samrat goes to Mumbai because Kishmish was kidnapped. He eventually saves Kishmish, and Kishmish's hatred for Samrat is finally resolved. Samrat takes Kishmish back to Sundar Nagar, but the villagers kidnap her. Samrat saves her by promising the Sarpanch that he would marry his daughter, Karishma, who secretly had an affair. Samrat forcefully marries Karishma, who the starts hating him. Eventually, Samrat's sweet side is revealed, and Karishma's hatred for Samrat is resolved. She soon starts falling for him and doing things that would make him happy. However, she starts hating Kishmish since she believes that Kishmish is disrupting Samrat and Karishma's relationship.

Kishmish, on the other hand, is admitted to a fashion college in Bangalore. However, she decides to go one month early to stop interrupting Samrat and Karishma's relationship. Samrat eventually learns of this and stops Kishmish from going. A few days later, Kishmish meets Dushyant, who is Karishma's uncle.

Soon, Samrat and Karishma are involved in a car accident, in which Dushyant's fiancée dies. Dushyant's family blame Samrat, and in return, they insist Kishmish to marry Dushyant. Kishmish disagrees since Dushyant is double her age, but she eventually agrees to save Samrat's life and save him from imprisonment. Samrat fails to stop the marriage.

After the marriage, Dushyant starts mistreating Kishmish. He also reveals that his first wife, Bhawna, shared the same face as Kishmish. He also reveals that he murdered Bhawna by putting her in fire. Samrat soon learns the truth about Dushyant and confronts him. He also blames Karishma for this, and it is revealed that Karishma gave this idea of Kishmish marrying Dushyant. Samrat, after learning of this, confronts Dushyant and Karishma.

A few days later, it is revealed that the woman who was Dushyant's fiancée and was killed by Samrat and Karishma's car accident was murdered by Brijpal. Brijpal planned this murder and Manveer helped him. After learing the truth, Karishma ends her relationship with Brijpal and Dushyant. Meanwhile, Samrat calls the police and arrests Dushyant and Brijpal, and their mother Girija, for murder. Kishmish also gets a divorce from Dushyant. Finally, Samrat, Karishma, and Kishmish pray and Samrat gives a surprise to Kishmish by giving her the admission letter of fashion college. The show ends with Samrat, Kishmish, and Karishma hugging each other and reuniting.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Gaurav S Bajaj]] as Samrat Chaudhary; Mr. Chaudhary and Sarla's son; Vikram's step-son; Kishmish's half-brother; Karishma's husband
** Divyam Shukla as child Samrat
* [[Nikki Sharma]] as Kishmish Chaudhary: Vikram and Sarla's daughter; Khushboo's step-daughter; Samrat and Aarohi's half-sister; Dushyant's ex-wife
** Rivanshi Thakur as child Kishmish
** Divit Shah as baby Kishmish
* [[Neha Rana]] as Karishma Chaudhary: Brijpal's daughter; Samrat's wife
* [[Arav Chowdharry]] as Dushyant: Girija's son: Brijpal's younger brother; Bhawna's widower; Kishmish's ex-husband

===Recurring===
* [[Rakshanda Khan]] as Bhanwari Devi Chaudhary: [[Matriarchy|Matriarch]] of Chaudhary family; Mr. Chaudhary's mother; Samrat's grandmother; Sarla's murderer
* Ajay Kumar Nain as Ratan Chaudhary: Sushila and Champa's husband; Manveer's father
* [[Shweta Munshi]] as Sushila Chaudhary: Ratan's first wife; Manveer's step-mother
* [[Reema Worah]] as Champa Chaudhary: Ratan's second wife; Manveer's mother
* Aryan Arora as Manveer Chaudhary: Ratan and Champa's son; Sushila's step-son
** Viren Gangwaji as child Manveer
* [[Pankhuri Awasthy]] as Sarla Beniwal: Mr. Chaudhary's widow; Vikram's first wife; Samrat and Kishmish's mother
* [[Karan Sharma (TV actor)|Karan Sharma]] as Vikram Beniwal: Sarla's widower; Khushboo's husband; Kishmish and Aarohi's father; Samrat's step-father
* Mamta Rana as Khushboo Beniwal: Vikram's widow; Aarohi's mother; Kishmish's step-mother
* Disha Rajput as Aarohi "Aaru" Beniwal: Vikram and Khushboo's daughter; Kishmish's half-sister
* [[Dalljiet Kaur]] as Bela: Samrat's school teacher-turned-lawyer
* Sahil Bhasin as Deepu: Bholi's brother; Samrat and Juhi's friend
** Rivaan Gajbhiye as child Deepu
* Ishana Singh as Bholi: Deepu's sister; Samrat and Juhi's friend
** Kessar Kansara / Priyanshi Rai as child Bholi
* Resham Shrivardhan as Dr. Juhi: Samrat, Deepu and Bholi's friend
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Brijpal: A Sarpanch; Dushyant's brother, Karishma's father
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]] as Sarpanch
* Suraj Kalyankar as Shankar
* Kirti Sualy as Girija: Dushyant's mother
* Linita as Kavya

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Pankhuri Awasthy]] was cast as Sarla, Samrat and Kishmish's mother.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=20 May 2025|title=Pankhuri Awasthy on returning to TV with Dhakkad Beera: Acting is the missing piece in my life - Exclusive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pankhuri-awasthy-on-returning-to-tv-with-dhakkad-beera-acting-is-the-missing-piece-in-my-life-exclusive/articleshow/121292708.cms|access-date=16 July 2025|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Karan Sharma (TV actor)|Karan Sharma]] was selected to portray Vikram, Samrat and Kishmish's father.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=15 July 2025|title=Sasural Simar Ka Fame Karan Sharma To Join Dhaakad Beera Cast|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/movies/television/sasural-simar-ka-fame-karan-sharma-to-join-dhaakad-beera-cast-ws-l-9442575.html|access-date=25 July 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=26 July 2025|title=Karan joins Dhakad Beera|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/karan-joins-dhakad-beera/|access-date=28 July 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Dalljiet Kaur]] to join the show as Bela.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewari|first=Vijaya|date=5 July 2025|title=Exclusive - Dalljiet Kaur all set to make her comeback to television with Dhakad Beera?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-dalljiet-kaur-all-set-to-make-her-comeback-to-television-with-dhakad-beera/articleshow/122269811.cms|access-date=25 July 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt37746381|Dhaakad Beera}}

{{Colors Programmes}}
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Khambhat Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:49Z

Showbiz sportlight: Put up basic info added tags

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khambhat
| mla = Chirag Patel<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/https/example-com/chirag-patel-resigns-congress-mla/articleshow/106139159.cms|title=Chirag Patel quits as Congress MLA, slams party's style of working|work=Times of India|access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Gujarat|2024]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Anand district|Anand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:233488}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 108
}}

'''Khambhat''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of the [[Anand district|Anand]] district. It is currently represented by Chiragkumar Arvindbhai Patel, a member of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]], who was elected in 2024 bye election.

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Khambhat Taluka

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Shirish Shukla
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Sanjay Patel
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Mayur Raval<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|rowspan=2|[[Chirag Patel (Gujarat politician)|Chirag Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#Gujarat|^2024]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Gujarat|Gujarat Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Khambhat<ref name="2024 Bye Election Results - Khambhat">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Bye Election Results - Khambhat |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S06108.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807143355/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S06108.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chirag Patel (Gujarat politician)|Chirag Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 88,457
|percentage = 56.3
|change = {{increase}}15.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahendra Parmar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=50,129|percentage=31.91|change={{decrease}}11.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahipat Chauhan|party=Independent|votes=15,816|percentage=10.07|change={{increase}}4.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manu Vankar|party=Independent|votes=806|percentage=0.51|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,909|percentage=1.22|change={{decrease}}0.41}}
{{Election box majority||votes=38,328|percentage=24.39|change={{increase}}22.05}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,57,117|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Khambhat Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chirag Patel (Gujarat politician)|Chirag Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 69,069
|percentage = 43.53
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Maheshkumar Kanaiyalal Raval (Mayur Raval)|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=65,358|percentage=41.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=mahipatsinh kesrisinh chauhan|party=Independent|votes=9,514|percentage=6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,590|percentage=1.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arunkumar Kabhaibhai Gohil|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,514|percentage=1.58|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,711|percentage=2.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:230597}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Khambhat<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mayur Raval
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjay Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 74,761
|percentage = 52.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sandipsinh Chudasama
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 59,375
|percentage = 41.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,386
|percentage = 10.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 143,234
|percentage = 73.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anand district}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|22.32|72.63|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Anand district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Om Prakash v. State of Uttar Pradesh

2026-04-17T19:15:33Z

Showbiz sportlight: new first data v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox court case
|name = Om Prakash v. State Of Uttar Pradesh
|court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption =
|full name = Om Prakash v. State of Uttar Pradesh
|date decided = 11 May 2006
|citations = Appeal (Crl.) No. 629 of 2006
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges =
|number of judges =
|decision by = Arijit Payasat
|concurring =
|dissenting =
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from =
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions =
|keywords = 
|italic title =
}}
'''Om Prakash v. State of U.P''' is a landmark case decided by a two-judge bench of the [[Supreme court of India]], which held that committing a [[rape]] on a [[woman]] '''''"knowing her to be [[pregnant]]"''''' is only convictable if it is proven that she is pregnant, otherwise the accused would be convicted for rape only.<ref>{{cite web|title=Om Prakash vs State Of U.P on 11 May, 2006|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1813332/|website=Indian Kanoon|accessdate=19 December 2015}}</ref>

==Facts==
The victim's name was not revealed as Section 228-A of Indian Penal Code regards identifying victims of rape to be a punishable offence.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Nandita Saikia|title=Law on the Disclosure of the Identity of Rape Victims|url=http://copyright.lawmatters.in/2013/11/law-on-disclosure-of-identity-of-rape.html|website=copyright.lawmatters.in/|date=21 November 2013 |accessdate=19 December 2015}}</ref>
The husband of the victim was arrested the day before the crime occurred and was brought before the court for [[challan]] proceedings on the day of crime. There, the accused tried to rape her. She raised alarm and the accused was assaulted by people around, arrested and taken to a police station where an FIR{{What|date=November 2023}} was lodged. The trial and the High Court convicted the accused particularly based on the statement of the victim and the eyewitnesses and a sentence of ten years was awarded under section 376 (2) (e) for raping a pregnant woman.
Section 376 (2) (e) of Indian Penal Code states that a police officer is liable to be imprisoned for 10 years if the rape victim is a pregnant woman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Section 376(2) in The Indian Penal Code|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1677485/|website=indiankanoon.org/|accessdate=19 December 2015}}</ref>
While Section 376 (1) of Indian Penal Code states that a police officer committing a similar crime is liable for 7 years or less in special cases.
At the Supreme court, the accused's sentence of ten years was reduced to seven years citing the reasons that the victim was not proven to be pregnant.

==Judgment==
The State of U.P, victim side could not show proper evidence that the victim was pregnant at the time of crime and that the accused had an awareness of her being pregnant. Instead of Section 376(2)(e) IPC, Section 376(1) IPC was applied in this case and the sentence of ten years was reduced to 7 years.

==See also==
* [[Pregnancy from rape]]
* [[Supreme Court of India]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://indiankanoon.org/ Indian Kanoon website]

{{Rape in India}}

[[Category:2006 in case law]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh]]

Jalamb Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:08Z

Showbiz sportlight: Put up a post basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalamb
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1957
| reservation =
| abolished = 1978
| electors =
}}
'''Jalamb''' is one of the constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha in the Buldhana district during 1957-1962 and 1978-to-2004 State elections. It was established in 1957 as then Bombay State Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) constituency located in [[Buldhana district]]. For these 1957 and 1962 elections, adjoining [[Shegaon Assembly constituency]] was dissolved.

It was dissolved for 1967 and 72 elections to Maharashtra, and adjoining Shegaon Assembly constituency was re-established.

Jalamb constituency was re-established for second time for the state election from 1978 and continue to exist till 2004 elections. It has been dissolved for second time from 2009 elections, as [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency]] was re-established after 1951 elections.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class = wikitable sortable
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalamb Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jalamb-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Vitthal Sadashiv
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kashirao Patil
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''1967-78 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Tulshiram Dhokane
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2"| Shraddha Tapre
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3"| Krushnarao Ingle
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Sanjay Kute]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2008 onwards : Constituency defunct''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalamb}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Kute|Dr. Sanjay Kute]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,267 |percentage = 35.09% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krushnarao Ganpatrao Ingle |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,466 |percentage = 30.34% |change={{decrease}}10.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sk.Majid Sa.Haidar |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 21,557 |percentage = 15.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaple Shrawan Kisanrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,794 |percentage = 11.03% |change={{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhojane Bhaurao Gonduji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,263 |percentage = 2.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jabiullashah Rabbanishah |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,394 |percentage = 2.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amanullkhan Bhikankhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,923 |percentage = 1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,801 |percentage = 4.75% |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,281 |percentage = 73.17% |change= {{increase}}6.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,254}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,821|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Krushnarao Ganpatrao Ingle |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,773 |percentage = 40.51% |change={{increase}}14.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Varukar Vasant Narayan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,417 |percentage = 35.44% |change={{increase}}12.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wankhade Prakash Suryabhan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 15,316 |percentage = 14.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marode Tejrao Rambhau |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,277 |percentage = 7.84% |change={{decrease}}13.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gandhi Asaram Harikisan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,217 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,356 |percentage = 5.07% |change= {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,698 |percentage = 67.09% |change= {{decrease}}13.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,578}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,987|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Krushnarao Ganpatrao Ingle |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,438 |percentage = 26.05% |change={{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaple Shrawan Kisanrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,300 |percentage = 22.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawande Vasanti Shrikant |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 28,762 |percentage = 21.76% |change={{decrease}}10.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhokane Ravindra Tulshiram |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 14,687 |percentage = 11.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathi Onkardas Jainarayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,451 |percentage = 10.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khawale Motiram Gangaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,171 |percentage = 2.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahane Madhukar Mahadeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,959 |percentage = 1.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,138 |percentage = 3.13% |change= {{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,528 |percentage = 83.05% |change= {{increase}}7.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,176}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,193|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}11.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Krushnarao Ganpatrao Ingle |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 39,746 |percentage = 37.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawande Vasanti Shrikant |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 33,988 |percentage = 31.94% |change={{decrease}}8.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tapre Shraddhatai Prabhakar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,452 |percentage = 27.68% |change={{decrease}}14.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khalil Ahemedkha Dautkha |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,172 |percentage = 1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghatole Gajanan Laxman |party=Independent politician |votes = 665 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,758 |percentage = 5.41% |change= {{increase}}4.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,442 |percentage = 75.16% |change= {{increase}}7.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,416}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,285|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shradha Prabhakar Tapare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,537 |percentage = 41.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Gajananrao Shankarrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 32,719 |percentage = 40.81% |change={{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajane Ramkrushna Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,311 |percentage = 12.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dugane Shrikrushna Diyandeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,268 |percentage = 2.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umarkar Vitthalrao Sadashiv |party=Independent politician |votes = 548 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 818 |percentage = 1.02% |change= {{decrease}}11.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,767 |percentage = 67.83% |change= {{increase}}4.07 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,178}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,540|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shradha Prabhakar Tapare |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,008 |percentage = 40.91% |change={{increase}}6.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manikrao Deorao Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 19,197 |percentage = 28.04% |change={{decrease}}8.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithalrao Sadashiv Umarkar |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 15,040 |percentage = 21.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Panjabrao Ajabrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,178 |percentage = 7.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khirodkar Shankarrao Ukardaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,036 |percentage = 1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,811 |percentage = 12.87% |change= {{increase}}10.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,320 |percentage = 64.15% |change= {{decrease}}7.67 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,459}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,624|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhokane Tulshiram Pandhari |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 26,228 |percentage = 36.34% |change={{decrease}}10.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tapre Bhaurao Namdeorao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,835 |percentage = 34.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umarkar Vitthalrao Sadashiv |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,049 |percentage = 15.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghumre Pandurang Fattuji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 7,965 |percentage = 11.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bodale Baban Gotu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,765 |percentage = 2.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,393 |percentage = 1.93% |change= {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,577 |percentage = 72.46% |change= {{increase}}5.88 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,165}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,921|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}10.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kashirao Raibhan Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 25,207 |percentage = 46.97% |change={{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tulsiram Pandhari Dhokne |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,774 |percentage = 40.57% |change={{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath Shamrao Kate |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,409 |percentage = 4.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Samrat Ganpat Gavande |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,571 |percentage = 2.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waman Shamaji Hage |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,145 |percentage = 2.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gulabrao Kisan Thakre |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,077 |percentage = 2.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Badrinarayan Hiralal |party=Independent politician |votes = 487 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,433 |percentage = 6.40% |change= {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,810 |percentage = 70.39% |change= {{decrease}}9.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,670}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,554|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Sadashio |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,728 |percentage = 49.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Kashirao Raibhan |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 25,781 |percentage = 46.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jawanjale Bhagwan Manaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,045 |percentage = 3.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,947 |percentage = 3.50% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,554 |percentage = 74.19% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,554}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,885|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Shegaon]]
* [[Sangrampur, India]]
* [[Jalgaon (Jamod)]]
* [[Shegaon Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.81|76.58|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalamb Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Buldhana district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Buldhana-geo-stub}}

Vaidehi Kathirunthal

2026-04-13T12:48:22Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{short description|1984 film by R. Sundarrajan}}
{{for|the TV series|Vaidhegi Kaathirundhaal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vaidehi Kathirunthal.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[R. Sundarrajan]]
| writer = R. Sundarrajan
| producer = Thooyavan
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Revathi]]
| cinematography = Raja Rajan
| editing = M. Shrinivasan B. Krishnakumar
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Appu Movies
| distributor = K. R. Enterprises<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2013 |title=சோதனைகளை வென்று 'மை டியர் குட்டிச்சாத்தான்' மகத்தான வெற்றி! |trans-title=''My Dear Kuttichathan'' overcame trials and became a huge success! |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/08/19232152/my-dear-kuttichathan-kr-cinema.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140209124632/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/08/19232152/my-dear-kuttichathan-kr-cinema.html |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=23 December 2021 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|1984|10|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vaidehi Kathirunthal''''' ({{translation|Vaidehi waited}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[R. Sundarrajan]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Revathi]] as two villagers, Vellaisamy and Vaidehi, whose lives undergo a drastic turn when they meet. They discover that they must join forces to save a young couple from the wrath of the other villagers.

''Vaidehi Kaathirundhal''{{'}}s story was developed based on songs that [[Ilaiyaraaja]] had composed, hoping to use them in potential film. The film was released on 23 October 1984, became a commercial success and emerged a breakthrough in Vijayakanth's career. It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Manchi Manasulu'' (1986), and in [[Kannada]] as ''Preethi Nee Illade Naa Hegirali'' (2004).

== Plot ==
Vellaisamy is an unkempt derelict who lives by the village temple doing menial jobs to survive, but has an impressive singing ability. Vaidehi is a young widow who lives in the village with her sorrowing, alcoholic father. Minutes after Vaidehi's marriage, the groom and his parents died in a boat accident. This led to the village ostracising her and forbidding her to practice dance, which she was talented in. Her father, though rich, took to drinking upon seeing his daughter's fate.

One day, when some villagers spot Vellaisamy scribbling Vaidehi's name on the temple walls, rumours about them start circling. When a distressed Vaidehi approaches and questions Vellaisamy why he has been writing her name on the walls, he reveals his tragic past and how he lost the woman of his affection, also named Vaidehi.

Vellaisamy and his widowed mother lived in another village. His cousin Vaidehi, who was also brought up with him, had high hopes of marrying him. Despite being in love with Vaidehi, Vellaisamy neglected her for fun. After buying wedding jewels for Vaidehi, he played a final prank on her by telling her that he was engaged to someone else. Distraught, Vaidehi ate poisonous seeds and died in Vellaisamy's arms. Within weeks, Vellaisamy's mother also died. Vellaisamy gave his properties to poor people and moved to his present village for closure.

Vellaisamy and Vaidehi now share a mutual respect for each other's melancholic lives, but soon realise that they need to work together to unite Nataraj and Sengamalam, a young couple in love, against the wrath of the whole village, particularly Sengamalam's ruthless brother Vellikizhamai Ramasamy. In the end, Vellaisamy is killed by Ramasamy's goons in the melee, and the young lovers are united, while Vaidehi is left alone.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijayakanth]] as Vellaisamy<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Revathi]] as Vaidehi<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Goundamani]] as All in All Azhagu Raja
* [[Senthil]] as Komutti Thalaiya<ref>{{Cite web |last=நியூட்டன் |first=ஷாலினி |date=14 February 2020 |title=நான்...செந்தில் |trans-title=I...Senthil |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=16565&id1=3&issue=20200214 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926044751/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=16565&id1=3&issue=20200214 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]}}</ref>
* [[Usilai Mani]] as a shopkeeper
* [[Vellai Subbaiah]] as a singer in the [[coracle]]
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Vellaisamy's mother
* Kokila as Sengamalam<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Kovai Sarala|Sarala]] as All in All Azhaguraja's wife
* [[Tinku (actor)|Master Tinku]]
* [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Baby Kalpana]] as{{who|date=March 2023}}
*[[Pramila Joshai|Parimalam]] as Vaidehi, Vellaisamy's past lover<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2018 |title=நடிகை மேக்னாராஜ் திருமணம்: கிறிஸ்தவ, இந்து முறைப்படி நடந்தது |trans-title=Actress Meghana Raj marriage: Happened as per Christian and Hindu practices |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/68746/cinema/Kollywood/actress-mekna-raj-married-chiranjeevi-sarja.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615114426/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/68746/cinema/Kollywood/actress-mekna-raj-married-chiranjeevi-sarja.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>
* Sivankumar as Nataraj<ref name="credits" />
* [[T. S. Raghavendra|T. S. Raghavendar]] as Vaidehi's father<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Vellikizhamai Ramasamy<ref name="kamadenu" />
}}

== Production ==

After [[Ilaiyaraaja]] finished composing the songs of ''[[Kaakki Sattai]]'' (1985) in half-a-day, well before the three-day schedule, he started to compose other songs since he was free at that time; he ended up composing six songs, hoping to use them in a potential film. Producer-lyricist [[Panchu Arunachalam]], who used to listen to Ilaiyaraaja's unused songs and pick any of them he liked for future projects, wanted one of the six tunes for the film that would become ''Vaidehi Kathirunthal''. But Ilaiyaraaja insisted that he listen to all six tunes; the producer did so, and the storyline of ''Vaidehi Kathirunthal'' was developed based on them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=31 May 2018 |title=The Ilaiyaraaja interview: 'Why should filmmakers know about music creation?' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-composer-ilayaraaja-interview-on-his-75th-birthday/article24045311.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615113301/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-composer-ilayaraaja-interview-on-his-75th-birthday/article24045311.ece |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலசுப்ரமணியன் |first=வி. |date=2 June 2018 |title=கற்பனையால் ரசிகர்களை வியக்க வைப்பதே வெற்றி; எல்லாவற்றையும் தாண்டிய இசை ஒன்று இருக்கிறது!: இசைஞானி இளையராஜா சிறப்பு நேர்காணல் |trans-title=Success is surprising the audience with imagination; there is music that transcends everything!: Musician Ilaiyaraaja Special Interview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/131027-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415044854/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/131027-.html |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=22 August 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

The title was derived from a line from the song "Vasanthathil Orr Naal" from ''[[Moondru Deivangal]]'' (1971).<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=23 October 2020 |title='பெட்ரோமாக்ஸ் லைட்டேதான் வேணுமா?'வுக்கு 36 வருடம்; 'ராசாத்தி உன்னைக் காணாத நெஞ்சு' காதலின் கீதம்; கேரக்டர் நடிகராக கேப்டன் அசத்திய 'வைதேகி காத்திருந்தாள்'! |trans-title='Do you want ''only'' the Petromax light?' turns 36; 'Rasathi Unnai Kaanadha Nenju' is a love anthem; Captain rocked as a character actor in ''Vaidehi Kathirundhal''! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/594155-36-years-of-vaidhehi-kaatthirundhal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101070440/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/594155-36-years-of-vaidhehi-kaatthirundhal.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was written and directed by [[R. Sundarrajan]], and produced by Thooyavan under Appu Movies, while Arunachalam was credited as presenter. Cinematography was handled by Raja Rajan, and editing by M. Shrinivasan and B. Krishnakumar.<ref name="credits" /> [[Vijayakanth]] agreed to play a "soft role" at a time when he was branded an [[action hero]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Umashanker |first=Sudha |date=13 October 2000 |title=Settled in an invincible slot |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/10/13/stories/09130226.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615113303/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/10/13/stories/09130226.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=7 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Anitha Kuppusamy]] was initially offered to be the lead actress, but she declined, citing a lack of interest in an acting career; the role went to [[Revathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohini |date=2023-02-28 |title='வைதேகி காத்திருந்தாள்' படத்தில் ரேவதிக்கு பதில் இவரா நடிக்க வேண்டியது?.. மிஸ் பண்ண சோகத்தில் பிரபல பாடகி!. |trans-title=In ''Vaidehi Kathirundhal'' was she supposed to act instead of Revathi? The famous singer is sad due to missing the role! |url=https://cinereporters.com/anitha-kuppusamy-has-to-act-for-revathi-in-vaidehi-kaathirunthal-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328015947/https://cinereporters.com/anitha-kuppusamy-has-to-act-for-revathi-in-vaidehi-kaathirunthal-movie/ |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=CineReporters |language=Ta}}</ref> This was the Tamil debut of [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] actress [[Pramila Joshai]] (credited as Parimalam),<ref>{{Cite web |last=வினோத் |first=இரா. |date=6 October 2020 |title=மறைந்த கணவரின் 'கட் அவுட்'டுடன் வளைகாப்பு: கண்ணீரில் நனைந்த நடிகை மேக்னா ராஜ் குடும்பத்தார் |trans-title=Baby shower with cutout of late husband: Actress Meghna Raj's family in tears |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/south-cinema/587569-meghna-raj-family.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905153710/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/south-cinema/587569-meghna-raj-family.html |archive-date=5 September 2021 |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> and the feature film debut of [[T. S. Raghavendra]] (credited as Raghavendar) and Sivankumar.<ref name="kamadenu" /> Shooting took place predominantly at the banks of the [[Noyyal River]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-17 |title=நொய்யல் இன்று 7: நீராதாரக் காடுகளில் தொடரும் அத்துமீறல்கள் |trans-title=Noyyal Today 7: Encroachments continue in the watershed forests |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/91706-7.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215111507/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/91706-7.html |archive-date=2025-02-15 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaidhegi Kaathirunthal (1984) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000187.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034126/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000187.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Kaathirunthu" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Shivaranjani]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=138}} "Azhagu Malaraada" is set in [[Chandrakauns]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=8 November 2013 |title=Of love and longing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/of-love-and-longing/article5329771.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325071313/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/of-love-and-longing/article5329771.ece |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and "Inraiku Yen Indha" is set in [[Abhogi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 March 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey – Arresting Abhogi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-arresting-abhogi/article2954010.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235026/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-arresting-abhogi/article2954010.ece |archive-date=6 October 2018 |access-date=25 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Y. G. Mahendran]]'s wife Sudha had been contacted by Ilaiyaraaja's manager to sing in the film but, incorrectly believing it was a [[prank call]], declined.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz0EV8JVZUI |title=Rajinikanth-க்கு கல்யாணம் பண்ணி வச்சதே நாங்கதான்! – YG Mahendran & Sudha Reveals Unknown Stories |date=9 February 2020 |language=ta |publisher=BehindwoodsTV |trans-title=We are the ones who got Rajinikanth married! |time=18:28 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531110533/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz0EV8JVZUI |archive-date=31 May 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> For every day ''Vaidehi Kaathirundhal'' played at a theatre in [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]], "Rasathi Unna" attracted the attention of wild elephants which came near the theatre and remained till the song ended before returning to the forest. [[P. Jayachandran]], the singer of this song, "Kaathirunthu" and "Inraiku Yen Indha", said all three songs were recorded within a day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2020 |title=Ilaiyaraaja's song attracts elephants to a theatre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/when-ilaiyaraajas-song-attracted-elephants-to-a-theatre/articleshow/76153802.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200929081123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/when-ilaiyaraajas-song-attracted-elephants-to-a-theatre/articleshow/76153802.cms |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rasathi Unnai
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[P. Jayachandran]]
| length1 = 5:36
| title2 = Azhagu Malaraada
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]], [[T. S. Raghavendra]]
| length2 = 5:31
| title3 = Kaathirunthu
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = P. Jayachandran
| length3 = 4:23
| title4 = Megam Karukayilae
| lyrics4 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| extra4 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
| length4 = 4:28
| title5 = Inraiku Yen Indha
| lyrics5 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra5 = P. Jayachandran, [[Vani Jairam]]
| length5 = 4:29
| title6 = Raasavae Unnai
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| extra6 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length6 = 3:25
| total_length = 27:52
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Vaidehi Kaathirundhal'' was released on 23 October 1984,<ref name="Thooyavan" /> [[Diwali]] day.<ref name="Diwali" /> The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in its issue dated 2 December 1984, carried the reviews of multiple people who had seen the film. The review board of the magazine gave the film a rating of 44 out of 100 based on these reviews, with the consensus being favourable towards Ilaiyaraaja's music and critical towards the multiple storylines stitched together.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 1984 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ''வைதேகி காத்திருந்தாள்'' |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Vaidehi Kaathirundhal'' |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/43389--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200220151609/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/43389--2 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''{{'s}} critic posted similar views, praising the music but noting that despite so many positives, the film fell apart due to the subpar story.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=25 November 1984 |title=வைதேகி காத்திருந்தாள் |trans-title=Vaidehi waited |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-11-25/page/n29/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230221055322/https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-11-25/page/n29/mode/2up |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=28 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised acting, music, humour, cinematography and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=11 November 1984 |title=வைதேகி காத்திருந்தாள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_24/4.jp2/full/1000,1375/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250626103239/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_24/4.jp2/full/1000,1375/0/default.jpg |archive-date=26 June 2025 |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Despite facing competition from other Diwali releases such as ''[[Nallavanukku Nallavan]]'' and the Tamil-dubbed version of the [[Malayalam]]-language ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]'',<ref name="Diwali" /> the film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref name="Thooyavan" /> It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Manchi Manasulu'' (1986),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atluri |first=Sri |date=16 September 2005 |title=Mohan Gandhi – Interview |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/mohangandhi_printer.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105223447/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/stars/mohangandhi.php |archive-date=5 January 2006 |access-date=7 November 2013 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> and in [[Kannada]] as ''Preethi Nee Illade Naa Hegirali'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preethi Nee Illade Naa Hegirali (ಪ್ರೀತಿ ನೀ ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ನಾ ಹೇಗಿರಲಿ) |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/preethi-nee-illade-naa-hegirali-2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531134229/https://chiloka.com/movie/preethi-nee-illade-naa-hegirali-2004 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Chiloka}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Vaidehi Kathirundhal'' emerged a breakthrough in Vijayakanth's career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=28 December 2023 |title=Vijayakanth: The man who redefined the 'act' in action |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijayakanth-the-man-who-redefined-the-act-in-action/article67682957.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623103400/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijayakanth-the-man-who-redefined-the-act-in-action/article67682957.ece |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> According to film journalist Sreedhar Pillai, it was one of the films that made him the "Raja of B and C stations".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=30 October 2002 |title=Still the 'Captain' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/30/stories/2002103000220200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030821122103/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/30/stories/2002103000220200.htm |archive-date=21 August 2003 |access-date=16 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The waterfalls where the film was shot was renamed [[Vaideki Falls]] after the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2018 |title=Top 4 Places to Visit in Coimbatore with Family |url=http://blog.lemontreehotels.com/coimbatore-visiting-places-with-family/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205203620/http://blog.lemontreehotels.com/coimbatore-visiting-places-with-family/ |archive-date=5 February 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=[[Lemon Tree Hotels]]}}</ref> The quote "[[Petromax]] lightey venuma" ({{translation|Do you want {{em|only}} the Petromax light?}}) spoken by Goundamani's character became a popular phrase in Tamil Nadu and refers to someone wanting and persisting on something particular.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2013 |title=Filmi dialogues used in everyday lingo |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/news-interviews/41417948_1_mankatha-superstar-rajinikanth-sivaji |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131107220502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/news-interviews/41417948_1_mankatha-superstar-rajinikanth-sivaji |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=7 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The quote also inspired a song of the same name in ''[[Aranmanai]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Serena Josephine |date=30 July 2016 |title=Light goes out of petromax lamps |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Light-goes-out-of-petromax-lamps/article14516677.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822083601/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Light-goes-out-of-petromax-lamps/article14516677.ece |archive-date=22 August 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Chennai-based brand Dude Thamizha prints T-shirts that carry the dialogue which are their best-sellers too.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayan |first=Naveena |date=26 August 2013 |title=Flaunt the Tamizhan in you |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Flaunt-the-Tamizhan-in-you/2013/08/26/article1751730.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109004208/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Flaunt-the-Tamizhan-in-you/2013/08/26/article1751730.ece |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=7 November 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parthasarathy |first=Anusha |date=16 March 2012 |title=A 'Tee' kadai! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-tee-kadai/article3002543.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010217/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-tee-kadai/article3002543.ece |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=7 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnakumar |first=Anupama |date=5 May 2012 |title=A Melange of Inspiring Measures |url=https://www.sparkthemagazine.com/a-melange-of-inspiring-measures/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617083755/https://www.sparkthemagazine.com/a-melange-of-inspiring-measures/ |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=Spark}}</ref> The character name of Goundamani, All in All Azhagu Raja, was also used as the title a [[All in All Azhagu Raja|2013 film]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2013 |title=Cracker of a Diwali |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/diwali-release-south/articleshow/24830096.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221054725/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/diwali-release-south/articleshow/24830096.cms |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2013 |title=Comic caper |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2013/October/citytimes_October234.xml&section=citytimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109014022/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2013%2FOctober%2Fcitytimes_October234.xml&section=citytimes |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=7 November 2013 |work=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref> while the 2019 film ''[[Petromax (2019 film)|Petromax]]'' derives its title from that character's dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2019 |title=Tamannaah's next with Athe Kangal-fame Rohin Venkatesan titled Petromax; Title look revealed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/03/tamannaahs-next-with-athe-kangal-fame-rohin-venkatesan-titled-petromax-12716.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806065054/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/03/tamannaahs-next-with-athe-kangal-fame-rohin-venkatesan-titled-petromax-12716.html |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=6 August 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=25 August 2018 |title=வைதேகி காத்திருந்தாள் – அப்பவே அப்படி கதை! |trans-title=Vaidehi waited – Then itself such a story! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/5171-vaidheki-kaathirundhal-appave-appadi-kadhai-6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325061615/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/5171-vaidheki-kaathirundhal-appave-appadi-kadhai-6.html |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Thooyavan">{{Cite news |date=17 July 2017 |title=சிவாஜி, கமல், ரஜினி படங்களுக்கு வசனம் எழுதிய தூயவன் |trans-title=Thooyavan, who wrote the dialogues for Sivaji, Kamal and Rajini's films |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2017/07/17221034/1096877/cinima-history-thuyavan.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615095920/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2017/07/17221034/1096877/cinima-history-thuyavan.vpf |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Vaidehi Kathirunthal |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Appu Movies |year=1984 |time=0:00 to 2:44 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
<ref name="Diwali">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=12 November 2018 |title=My Dear Kuttichathan: The Unforgettable Story of India's First 3D Film |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/my-dear-kuttichathan-the-unforgettable-story-of-indias-first-3d-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125075043/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/my-dear-kuttichathan-the-unforgettable-story-of-indias-first-3d-film/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=14 July 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. Sundarrajan}}

[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Sundarrajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by R. Sundarrajan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Gaurav (glide bomb)

2026-04-05T17:46:40Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{Short description|Smart Glide Bomb}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = Gaurav long range glide bomb
| image = Gaurav glide bomb.jpg
| caption = Gaurav glide bomb during trials
| origin = [[India]]
| type = [[Guided bomb|Guided]] [[glide bomb]]<ref name="timesofindia.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/DRDO-successfully-tests-glide-bombs-in-Pokhran/articleshow/53780015.cms|title=DRDO successfully tests 'glide bombs' in Pokhran|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=20 August 2016 |access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-tests-one-ton-glide-bomb-why-thats-important-715505|title=India Successfully Tests One Ton Glide Bomb. Why That's Important|publisher=NDTV|accessdate=20 August 2016}}</ref>
| used_by =
| designer = [[G. Satheesh Reddy]], [[Research Centre Imarat]] ([[DRDO]])<ref name="timesofindia.com"/><ref name="ndtv.com"/>
| manufacturer = *[[Adani_Enterprises#Adani_Defence_&_Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]]
*[[Bharat Forge]]
| propellant =
| design_date = 2014–present
| production_date =
| engine =
| variants =
| weight =
* {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>
* {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="timesofindia.com"/><ref name="ndtv.com"/>
| length = 4.0 m
| height =
| diameter = 0.62 m
| wingspan = 3.4 m
| speed =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|30-150|km|nmi}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |title=DRDO conducts release trials of LRGB ‘Gaurav’ in Odisha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Apr/12/drdo-conducts-release-trials-of-lrgb-gaurav-in-odisha |access-date=13 April 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=12 April 2025}}</ref>
| ceiling =
| altitude = 10 km
| filling = [[CL-20]] ([[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]], [[cluster munition]], [[Bunker buster|PCB]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/DEFENCE%20AR%202022-23%20LOW.pdf |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation system|INS]] + multi-[[GNSS]] and [[digital control]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=India flight-tests Gaurav long-range glide bomb |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-flight-tests-gaurav-long-range-glide-bomb |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref> '''Terminal:''' [[Semi-active laser homing|SALH]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2021-10-29|title=India's 1st long-range 1 ton guided bomb test-fired, hits target 100 km away|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-1st-long-range-1-ton-guided-bomb-test-fired-hits-target-100-km-away-101635521080880.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029161123/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-1st-long-range-1-ton-guided-bomb-test-fired-hits-target-100-km-away-101635521080880.html |archive-date=29 October 2021 }}</ref>
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = [[Sukhoi Su-30 MKI]]<ref name="Hindu"/>
| detonation = [[Contact fuze|Contact]] and [[proximity fuze]]
}}

The '''Long Range Glide Bomb''', also known as '''Gaurav''' is a product of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) to deploy a standardised medium range [[Precision-guided munition|precision guided weapon]], especially for engagement of targets from outside the range of standard [[anti-aircraft]] defenses, thereby increasing aircraft survivability and minimising friendly losses. The development was carried out by [[Research Centre Imarat]] with production from [[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]] and [[Bharat Forge]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Origin ==
The development of [[Glide bomb|glide bombs]] by the DRDO was first reported in June 2013. The guided bombs would carry varying payloads of {{Convert|100|kg|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|250|kg|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|500|kg|abbr=on}}. The agency had already conducted two trials of such bombs. The developmental trials were expected to be completed by 2014-end. The then DRDO chief also announced the development of an [[anti-radiation missile]] by the agency, which was later named [[Rudram (missile)|Rudram]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-02 |title=India developing guided bombs for fighters |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-developing-guided-bombs-for-fighters/articleshow/20391950.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-02 |title=India developing guided bombs for fighters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/india-developing-guided-bombs-for-fighters/story-0XmJRbzTXv7EIvM0ssdeNM.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |title=India developing guided bombs for fighters |url=http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/pti-stories/india-developing-guided-bombs-for-fighters-113060200084_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617161759/http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/pti-stories/india-developing-guided-bombs-for-fighters-113060200084_1.html |archive-date=2013-06-17 |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref>

== Development ==
The bomb was designed by the [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI)<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web |author= |date=2014-12-19 |title=DRDO Tests 1000 Kg Class Indigenous Guided Glide Bomb |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113801 |accessdate=21 August 2016 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> in [[Hyderabad]] with the help of the [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment]] (DARE) in [[Bengaluru]], [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]] (TBRL) in [[Chandigarh]] and [[Armaments Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) in [[Pune]].<ref name="timesofindia.com"/><ref name="ndtv.com"/> The team designed the bomb specially for the [[Indian Air Force]] to fulfill a requirement for precision guided weapons.<ref name="timesofindia.com"/><ref name="ndtv.com"/>

The length of the bomb is 4 meters and the diameter is 0.62 m. The wingspan of Gaurav is 3.4 meters. It has a range of up to 100 km and weighs 1,000 kg. It can carry either pre-fragmented or penetration-blast warheads.<ref name="timesofindia.com" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |date=20 December 2014 |title=India tests glide bomb |url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/india-tests-glide-bomb/article6709249.ece |accessdate=20 August 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> To guide the glide munition towards the target, DRDO Glide Bombs use a hybrid navigation approach that combines [[satellite guidance]] and an [[inertial navigation system]] with digital control.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=India flight-tests Gaurav long-range glide bomb |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-flight-tests-gaurav-long-range-glide-bomb |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Missiles {{!}} Adani Defence & Aerospace |url=https://www.adanidefence.com/en/missiles |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.adanidefence.com}}</ref> Gaurav is claimed to be able to destroy a wide range of targets, such as [[Reinforced concrete|reinforced]] buildings, airfields, [[Bunker|bunkers]], and blast hardened structures.<ref name=":2" />

== Trials ==
* '''19 December 2014:''' A DRDO-developed 1,000 kg-class glide bomb was successfully tested in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The bomb was dropped from an Indian Air force aircraft and covered a range of 100 km, guided through its on-board navigation system. The flight path is of the glide bomb was monitored by DRDO radars and electro-optic systems situated at [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR), [[Chandipur, Odisha]].<ref name="pib.nic.in" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-22 |title=India tests 1000 kg guided Glide bomb which can hit target 100 kms away |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/india-tests-1000-kg-guided-glide-bomb-which-can-hit-target-100-kms-away-232344-2014-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* '''29 October 2021:''' DRDO and IAF successfully tested the Long Range Glide Bomb from a [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] at [[Balasore]], [[Odisha]]. The bomb was released from 10 km altitude and successfully hit a sea based target using [[laser guidance]]. It is a 1,000 kg bomb which DRDO developed as an alternative to the [[Spice (bomb)|Spice 2000]]. The LRGB is part of a family of newly developed precision guided munitions with a range of 50 km to 150 km in range.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2021-10-29 |title=India's 1st long-range 1 ton guided bomb test-fired, hits target 100 km away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-1st-long-range-1-ton-guided-bomb-test-fired-hits-target-100-km-away-101635521080880.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029161123/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-1st-long-range-1-ton-guided-bomb-test-fired-hits-target-100-km-away-101635521080880.html |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-30|title=DRDO, Air Force successfully test India's first indigenously developed long-range bomb|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/drdo-air-force-test-india-first-long-range-bomb-7598371/|access-date=2021-10-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* '''14 August 2024:''' The Gaurav glide bomb was successfully tested from a Su-30MKI, striking a target at [[Abdul Kalam Island]]. Using [[Electro-optical sensor|electro-optical tracking]] equipment and [[telemetry]] provided by the [[Integrated Test Range]], a team comprising DRDO, [[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]], and [[Bharat Forge]] tracked the trajectory and performance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India Conducts 1st Flight Test Of Long-Range Glide Bomb 'Gaurav' From Sukhoi Fighter Jet |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-conducts-1st-flight-test-of-long-range-glide-bomb-gaurav-from-sukhoi-fighter-jet-6330959 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2024-08-09 |title=Maiden test of long range glide bomb Gaurav from Su-30 MKI successful |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/13/maiden-test-of-long-range-glide-bomb-gaurav-from-su-30-mki-successful |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-08-13 |title=DRDO carries out maiden test of Long Range Glide Bomb from Su-30MKI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-carries-out-maiden-test-of-long-range-glide-bomb-from-su-30mki/article68521806.ece |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''8 to 10 April 2025:''' Release trials of LRGB Gaurav were conducted from a Su-30MKI by DRDO at the Integrated Test Range, where it was claimed to have demonstrated a maximum range of 100 km with "pinpoint accuracy".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-11 |title=DRDO conducts successful Release Trials of Long-Range Glide Bomb ‘Gaurav’ from Su-30 MKI aircraft |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2120989 |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2025 |title=India Successfully Conducts Trials Of Long-Range Glide Bomb 'Gaurav' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-conducts-trials-of-long-range-glide-bomb-gaurav-8143101 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> The weapon was integrated to several stations in various warhead configurations for land targets during the trials.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-04-11 |title=DRDO conducts release trials of Long-Range Glide Bomb ‘Gaurav’ from Su-30 MKI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-conducts-release-trials-of-long-range-glide-bomb-gaurav-from-su-30-mki/article69439542.ece |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Operators==
;{{IND}}
*[[Indian Air Force]]

==See also==
*[[BLU-109 bomb]] - United States

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Guided bombs]]
[[Category:Aerial bombs of India]]

Patri Satish Kumar

2026-04-05T16:39:56Z

Showbiz sportlight: new first biography initial version - done

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{multiple issues|{{promotional|date=December 2024}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2024}}}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
[[File:Patri6.jpg|frameless|center]]
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption = Patri Satish Kumar
| name = Patri Satish Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|08|03}}
| birth_place = [[Vizianagaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| parents = {{unbulleted list|Smt. Padmavathi Kesava Rao|Sri Kesava Rao}}
| family = {{unbulleted list|Spouse|2 children}}
| honours = {{plainlist|
*Sangeeta Natak Akademy Award (2020)
*Honorary Doctorate from University of California, Berkeley (2019)
*Vishwa Nadha Sagara (2019)
*Global Peace Award (2018)
*Sunada Sudhanidhi (2016)
*Lifetime Achievement Award (2014)
*Mridanga Nadha Mani
*Navayuga Nandi (2008)}}
| website = https://t.me/PatriSatishKumar
| module =
{{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| instrument = [[Mridangam]]
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
}}
}}
'''Patri Satish Kumar''' is an Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic musician]], specializing the [[Mridangam]], an Indian percussion instrument. In 2020, he received the Sangeet Natak Akademy Award by the [[Government of India]]. Patri is also the 2018 recipient of the Global Peace Award from the Universal Socio Cultural Association in collaboration with Philanthropic Society India – International.

==Early life==
Patri was born to musicians Sri Kesava Rao and Smt. Padmavathi Kesava Rao on August 3, 1970. He is a third generation musician, and was introduced to the [[mridangam]] at the age of 3 by his mother, a violinist from [[Vizianagaram]]. He gave his first public performance at the age of 7. His training was under three gurus – ''R. Sree Ramachandramurthy'', ''V.A. Swamy'' and ''V. Narasimham''.

[[File:Patri4.jpg|180px|left|thumb|alt=Patri at the age of 7|Patri at the age of 8]]

==Career==
Patri is an '''“A-Top”''' graded artist of the ''All India Radio'' and ''Doordarshan'' with over 47 years of concert experience. His style is described as a balance between the ''treble'' and ''bass'' heads. Over the years, his syle has evolved to blends with various instruments and voices. A performer, composer and guru, Patri has brought new dimensions to the world of rhythm by reinventing ''"Yathi Praana Talas"'', ''“Kshetra Talas”'' & various other talas like ''"Misra Misrachapu"'' and so on. Some popular solos of Patri's include ''“Shanka Talam”'', ''“Senavathi Talam”'' and ''“Sankeerna Chapu''."

He has conceived a new concept titled '''“GAJAANA”''' - the ‘'''Ga'''thi’, ‘'''Jaa'''thi’ and ‘'''Na'''dai’ concept. He also introduced a path-breaking concept to the field of percussion through a blend of both Hindustani and Carnatic styles of playing. He has played also in many concerts all over the world. In this concept, the first half is played with a traditional ''Lehra'', played from ''Vilambita'' to ''Dhrta'', followed with the addition of Carnatic percussion. This entire concept adds a new dimension to Indian Classical percussion which Patri refers to as '''“Tradition to Addition”'''.

Patri is known to have changed the look of the mridangam with his ideas and is the creator of the '''“Designer Mridangams”''', which meets all traditional values along with a contemporary classy look. These designer mridangams inspired Patri to upgrade his existing innovation into the new 2-part '''“TRI-M Designer Mridangam”''', which has been often appreciated by musicians and audience at large. His maiden book, '''''“PATRI…001 SIR (South Indian Rhythms)”''''' features new age ''korvais'' (finishings) which was published in the year 2020 for the benefit of young professionals.

With an intent of giving back to the world of rhythm, Patri organizes his own music festival known as the '''Patri Drum Festival (PDF)''' – which features legendary and established percussionists. He has performed at venues such as [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], [[Kennedy Center]], [[Lincoln Hall (Chicago)|Lincoln Hall]], [[Royal Albert Hall]], [[Southbank Centre|South Bank Centre]], The Menuhin Hall (Surrey), Music Academy (Chennai), NCPA Tata Theatre (Mumbai), Sydney Opera House (Sydney), Paul Getty Hall (Los Angeles), and [[Théâtre de la Ville]]. He has performed at music festivals such as ''Festival of France, Miami Beachfront Festival, Madrid Jazz Festival, India Gate Festival,'' and ''Harbourfront Festival''. He has been a part of many musical confluences in ''Classical, Fusion'' and ''Jazz'' genres. His performances have been featured in many national and international broadcasts such as ''Radio France, Radio Germany, Radio South Africa, All India Radio'' and ''Ceylon Radio''. He has received many awards because of these achievements and continues to carry on his legacy to the future generation.

Patri has performed in the presence of some saints of India such as ''Kanchi'', ''Udupi'' and ''Sringeri Mutt Peethadhipathis'' and so on. He performed in many spiritual congregations including ''Brahmotsavams '' and ''Kumbhabhishekams'' of the ancient most temples of India, and ''Kumbhamelas'' and ''Pushakara Festivals'' of rivers ''Ganga, Godavari, Krishna'' and ''Kaveri''.

==Awards and achievements==
[[File:Patri0.jpg|265px|thumb|right|alt=Patri Satish Kumar|Patri Satish Kumar receiving the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 2020 from the President of India, Smt. Draupadi Murmu]]
[[File:Patri5.jpg|265px|thumb|right|alt=Patri Satish Kumar being honored by the Ex-President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil|Patri Satish Kumar being honored by the Ex-President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil]]
* ''Mridanga Samrat'' title - SAMPADA, Silicon Andhra - 2nd Apr, 2023
* ''Mridanga Soori'' title - Sree Kacchapi Kalakshethram, Sreekakulam - 31st Jan, 2023
* ''Mridanga Saarvabhouma'' title - Shri Vaaraahi Vedashastra Sangeeta Seva Trust, Hyderabad - 7th Jan, 2023
* ''Sangeeta Natak Akademy Award'' – 2020
* ''Vishwa Nadha Sagara'' title – Sampoornam Foundation, Chennai – 2019
* April 5 declared as ''"SATISH KUMAR PATRI DAY"'' by the Mayor of the city of Tempe, Arizona - 2019
* ''Shaarada Puraskar'' from Sringeri Sharada Peetham - 2019
* ''Global Peace Award'' from the Universal Socio Cultural Association in collaboration with Philanthropic Society India – International - 2018
* March 26 declared as ''"SATISH KUMAR PATRI DAY"'' by the Mayor of the city of Houston, Texas - 2018
* ''Vocational Excellence Award'' from the [[Rotary International|Rotary Club]] of Chennai for his contributions to the field of music (percussion) – 2017
* ''Sunada Sudhanidhi'' title - ‘Gayaka Sarvabhouma’ Sangeeta Parishat, Vijayawada – 2016
* ''Lifetime Achievement Award'' from Shanti Arts Foundation and Endowments, Chennai – 2014
* ''Mridanga Nadha Mani'' title – Kanchi Paramacharya Peetham, Kanchipuram
* ''Asthana Vidwan'' of Tirunelveli Shakti Peetham from 2008
* ''Navayuga Nandi'' title – Sri Siddha Bala Peetam, Kallidaikurichi - 2008
* ''Asthana Vidwan'' of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham from 2006

==References==
<ref>{{Cite web| title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the Year 2019 | url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/nov/doc20221125136501.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125131032/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/nov/doc20221125136501.pdf | archive-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://video.webindia123.com/interviews/musician/patrisatishkumar/index.htm | title=Video, interview, patri satish kumar,mridamgam artist,india }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQJwIoqw_48&t=2s | title=Patri Satish Kumar documentary - 50th birthday occasion | website=[[YouTube]] | date=4 August 2020 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_cPu_tlqd4 | title=Sampoornam Foundations for Music and Arts-S.V. Sahana Veenai | website=[[YouTube]] | date=14 December 2019 }}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Patri Satish Kumar|nowrap=yes}}
* {{Cite web | title=Telegram: View @PatriSatishKumar | url=https://t.me/PatriSatishKumar | access-date=2025-11-26 | website=t.me}}
* [https://www.livdemy.com/patri] at [[Livdemy]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Patri Satish}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mridangam players]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian drummers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Hindutva pseudohistory

2026-03-31T14:52:35Z

Showbiz sportlight: Put up first details more to come

{{short description|Hindutva approach to historiography}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
[[File:Swatyantra Vir Savarkar.jpg|thumb|[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] who published the 1923 pamphlet ''[[Essentials of Hindutva]]'']]
[[Hindutva]] is a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] political ideology that seeks to justify [[Hindu nationalism]] and the belief in establishing a Hindu hegemony. Hindutva ideologues and figures have engaged in numerous instances of [[disinformation]] since the Hindutva movement began.

According to Jaffrelot, the Hindutva ideology has roots in an era where the fiction in ancient Indian mythology and [[Vedic]] antiquity was presumed to be valid. This fiction was used to "give sustenance to Hindu ethnic consciousness".<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=C. |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-231-10335-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2buDDwdgIsC |access-date=2024-12-04 |page=77}}</ref> Hindutva organisations treat events in [[Hindu mythology]] as history.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=R. |title=Science circus |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=2019-01-17 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article26004777.ece |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |title=Age of unreason |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] | date=2018-06-20 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/age-of-unreason/article24200525.ece |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Meera |last=Nanda |date=2 January 2004 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30220434.ece |title=Postmodernism, Hindu nationalism and 'Vedic science' |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812120255/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30220434.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Truschke" >{{cite journal |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |title=Hindutva's Dangerous Rewriting of History |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |publisher=OpenEdition |issue=24/25 |date=2020-12-14 | issn=1960-6060 |doi=10.4000/samaj.6636 |doi-access=free |page= }}</ref> Hindutva organisations have been criticized for their belief in statements or practices that they claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the [[scientific method]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nanda |first=Meera |title=Hindutva's science envy |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=2016-08-31 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/hindutvas-science-envy/article9049883.ece |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=From dissing Darwin to yogic farming: A short history of the BJP's brush with pseudoscience |website=Scroll.in |date=2018-01-21 |url=https://scroll.in/article/865872/from-dissing-darwin-to-yogic-farming-a-short-history-of-the-bjps-brush-with-pseudoscience |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>

According to [[Anthony Parel]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] and his 1929 work ''Hindutva, Who is a Hindu?'' regarded as the fundamental text of Hindutva ideology, presents the "Hindu culture as a self-sufficient culture, not needing any input from other cultures", which is "an unhistorical, narcissistic and false account of India's past".<ref>{{cite book | last=Parel | first=A. | title=Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-521-86715-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC | access-date=2024-12-04 | pages=42–43}}</ref> Writing for the ''New York Times'', [[Romila Thapar]] states that Modi's government and the BJP have "peddled myths and stereotypes", such as the insistence on "a single uniform culture of the Aryans, ancestral to the Hindu, as having prevailed in the subcontinent, subsuming all others", despite the scholarly evidence for [[Indo-Aryan migrations|migrations into India]], which is "anathema to the Hindutva construction of early history".<ref>{{cite news | last=Thapar | first=Romila | title=They Peddle Myths and Call It History | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2019-05-17 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/opinion/india-elections-modi-history.html | access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>

An investigative report by [[Reuters]], based on testimonials from scholars, including [[Mahesh Sharma]], the creator of the committee, claimed that the Modi government had established a committee of scholars to promote certain narratives, such as linking evidence of Indian history with ancient scriptures, establishing a view that Indian civilization is older than currently believed, proving the existence of the mystical [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati river]], mapping and excavating sites of battles mentioned in the Mahabharata. Sharma also stated that his ministry had organised workshops and seminars to "to prove the supremacy of our glorious past."<ref>{{cite news | title=By rewriting history, Hindu nationalists lay claim to India | work=[[Reuters]] | date=2018-03-06 | url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/india-modi-culture/ | access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>

==Examples==
Distortion of history in [[National Council of Education Research and Training]] (NCERT) textbooks has been frequently observed under the BJP governments.<ref name="l272">{{cite news | last=P'Rayan | first=Albert | title=Why we need to fight the distortion of history in NCERT textbooks | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=2024-06-22 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/why-we-need-to-fight-the-distortion-of-history-in-ncert-textbooks/article68306861.ece | access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref><ref name="y602">{{cite magazine | last=Das | first=Suchintan | title=Narendra Modi's Government Is Falsifying Indian History | magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] | date=2024-04-29 | url=https://jacobin.com/2024/04/narendra-modi-falsify-history-authoritarianism | access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref> [[G. N. Devy]] writes, "the discipline of history is so rich now in its knowledge of the past that Hindutva’s speculative historiography, though imposed upon learners through the NCERT, can hardly make a dent in it."<ref name="t893">{{cite news | last=Devy | first=G N | title=The Hindutva challenge to the historiography of India | work=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=2023-04-22 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/the-hindutva-challenge-to-the-historiography-of-india-1212105.html | access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref>

[[Audrey Truschke]] states that Hindutva followers have fabricated evidence such as the Indus horse seal in order to equate the [[Indus valley civilisation]] with the [[Vedic culture]] and that they have also propagated the [[Indigenous Aryanism|Out of India Theory]] (OIT) which claims that Aryans originated in India and spread out to the rest of the world. According to Tony Joseph, OIT lacks support from even "a single, peer-reviewed scientific paper" and that it is nothing "more than a kind of clever and angry retort."<ref name=" Truschke"/>

According to Truschke, [[California textbook controversy over Hindu history|Hindu nationalists in the U.S. have attempted to censor historical references]] to Hindu practices such as the caste system and untouchability from history textbooks. In India, they have also attempted to erase references to Muslim figures, such as [[Akbar the Great]], or secular figures, such as [[Nehru]], replacing them with icons such as [[Shivaji]] whom they falsely imagine "to have been seeking to establish a Hindu Rashtra in premodernity". Truschke concludes that Hindutva efforts at altering history textbooks have been successful in the US and India and with their attempts at subverting academic views to political narratives, they have succeeded in limiting dialogue on Indian history.<ref name=" Truschke"/><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |date=2023-10-06 |title=How India's Hindu Nationalists Are Weaponizing History Against Muslims |url=https://time.com/6320003/india-weaponizing-history-against-muslims/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |language=en}}</ref>

Truschke further elaborates that Hindutva ideologues want to promote a view that Hindus alone are indigenous to India and therefore Hindu as a social group can be considered as the definition of Indian, in an attempt to exclude groups such as Muslims from said definition.<ref name=" Truschke"/> She also states that Narendra Modi, a Hindu nationalist claims that Islamic rule of India was “1,200 years of slavery". Hindu nationalist websites also propagate a narrative about a “Hindu Holocaust” perpetuated by Muslim rulers.<ref name=" Truschke"/> French journalist and Hindutva ally, [[François Gautier]] has in past proposed the idea of a "Hindu Holocaust Museum"'.<ref>{{cite book | last=Chatterji | first=Angana P. | title=Violent gods: Hindu nationalism in India's present: narratives from Orissa | publisher=Three Essays Collective | publication-place=Gurgaon, India | date=2009 | isbn=978-81-88789-45-0 | page=43|quote=In 2003, the idea of a 'Hindu Holocaust Museum' was proposed by French journalist and Hindutva - ally, François Gautier.}}</ref>

According to Tanika Sarkar, Hindutva narratives portray Hindus as the sole victims of violence during the [[partition of India]], despite both sides being "equally combative". These narratives also depict Indian Muslims as "perpetual aggressors, invaders, and agents of terror", despite their significant "social, educational, and economic disadvantages" after losing electoral power following the partition.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Tanika |title=When Politics are Sacralized: Comparative Perspectives on Religious Claims and Nationalism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2021 |editor-last=N. Rouhana |editor-first=Nadim |chapter=7 - Hindutva: The Dominant Face of Religious Nationalism in India (from Part II – India) |doi=10.1017/9781108768191.008 |editor-last2=Shalhoub-Kevorkian |editor-first2=Nadera |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/when-politics-are-sacralized/hindutva/CF515B7FB786C2DF490B6AD24F879899 |pages=172–173}}</ref>

The BJP government has taken the initiative to "[[Saffronisation|saffronise]]" history textbooks ever since taking to power through exclusion of Muslim rulers and their contributions from Indian history.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bhattacharya | first=N. | title=Teaching History in Schools: the Politics of Textbooks in India | journal=History Workshop Journal | volume=67 | issue=1 | date=2009-03-01 | issn=1363-3554 | doi=10.1093/hwj/dbn050 | pages=99–110}}</ref> This is part of a larger effort to promote and reshape Hindutva, often leading to actions that sideline minorities. Examples include changing the names of places to Hindu ones and [[Anti-Mosque campaign in India|attempting to claim centuries-old mosques as Hindu religious sites]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Amit |date=2024-02-02 |title=Hindutva is at war with secular democracy in India |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/religionglobalsociety/2024/02/hindutva-is-at-war-with-secular-democracy-in-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602193742/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/religionglobalsociety/2024/02/hindutva-is-at-war-with-secular-democracy-in-india/ |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=Religion and Global Society |language=en-US |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |author-link=Shashi Tharoor |date=2023-06-26 |title=The main chapter of how Hindutva sees the past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-main-chapter-of-how-hindutva-sees-the-past/article67012655.ece |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
[[File:Sanjeev Sanyal Image.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Sanjeev Sanyal]], a popular historian who publishes works of Hindutva revisionism.<ref name="Prakash"/>]]
According to [[The Print]], the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) has revised the engineering curriculum to introduce an [[Indian Knowledge Systems]] (IKS) course textbook which makes claims about ancient Indians pioneering aviation and credits the Vedic period for inventing batteries, electricity production, maritime engineering and discovering the phenomenon of gravity based on certain interpretations of Hindu scriptures such as the Vedas.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Kritika | title=In engineering courses soon: Wright brothers didn't invent plane, batteries existed in Vedic age | website=ThePrint | date=2018-09-26 | url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/in-engineering-courses-soon-wright-brothers-didnt-invent-plane-batteries-existed-in-vedic-age/124540/ | access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Modi Government's Pseudoscience Drive Is More Than an Attack on Science | website=The Wire | date=2018-03-30 | url=https://thewire.in/the-sciences/the-modi-governments-pseudoscience-drive-is-more-than-an-attack-on-science | access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref> Critics such as Jaheer Mukthar, an assistant professor of economics at Kristu Jayanti College in Bangalore, have stated that "One can say that the government is clearly using the textbook as a tool for propagating the Hindutva agenda" <ref>{{cite web | last=Thomas-Alexander | first=Tiya | title=Mandatory 'Indian knowledge' course seen as 'indoctrination' | website=Times Higher Education (THE) | date=2023-06-27 | url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/mandatory-indian-knowledge-course-seen-indoctrination | access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>

[[Shivkar Bapuji Talpade]] was an Indian instructor who has been claimed to have flown a [[Aircraft#Heavier than air|heavier-than-air aircraft]] in 1895, before the first successful flight by the Wright brothers. The contemporary evidence about a successful flight does not exist and no reliable sources report this account. The pseudo-historical narrative about Talpade was propagated in the early 2000s by the [[Hindutva|Hindu-nationalists]], who claimed that Talpade had "invented the modern aircraft".<ref>{{cite web | title=The aviator? | website=Business Standard | date=2015-01-10 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-aviator-115010901145_1.html | access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Mazur | first1=E.M. | last2=Taylor | first2=S.M.F. |editor-first=Wendy|editor-last=Doniger|chapter=The Myth of Ancient Indian Airplanes| title=Religion and Outer Space | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-000-90469-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBi-EAAAQBAJ | access-date=2024-12-04 | pages=25–33 |doi=10.4324/9781003088264-4 |publication-place=London}}</ref>

[[Popular history|Popular historians]] like [[Sanjeev Sanyal]] are notable for writing books on [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] Hindutva history.<ref name="Prakash">{{cite book |editor-first=Amrita|editor-last=Pande |first=Devika |last=Prakash |series=Governing Intimacies in the Global South |chapter=Racialising ancient skeletons: How haplogroups are mobilised in the re-writing of origin stories in the Indian media |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |date=14 June 2022 |title=Birth controlled - Selective reproduction and neoliberal eugenics in South Africa and India |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7765/9781526160553/html |isbn=978-1-5261-6055-3 |doi=10.7765/9781526160553.00013 |chapter-url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/display/9781526160553/9781526160553.00013.xml |page=96 |quote=Sanjeev Sanyal, an economist who writes popular books on revisionist Hindutva history}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[NCERT textbook controversies]]
* [[2015 Indian Science Congress ancient aircraft controversy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=D. N. |date=October 1998 |title=Against Communalising History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517941 |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=52–62 |doi=10.2307/3517941 |jstor=3517941 |issn=0970-0293 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book | last=Nussbaum | first=Martha C. | title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-674-02482-3 | jstor=j.ctt13x0k4v | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0k4v | chapter= The Assault on History| pages= 231–284| doi=10.2307/j.ctt13x0k4v }}
* {{cite book | title=Hindu nationalism: a reader | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot|publication-place=Princeton, N.J | date=2010 | isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6 | language=en | pages=269, 361|chapter =Education 'The Diaspora and Hindu Nationalism'}}
* {{cite journal | last=Thapar | first=Romila | title=Fallacies of Hindutva Historiography | journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] | volume=50 | issue=1 | year=2015 | issn=0012-9976 | jstor=24481243 | pages=68–69 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24481243 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Humes | first=Cynthia Ann | title=Hindutva, Mythistory, and Pseudoarchaeology | journal=Numen | publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] | volume=59 | issue=2/3 | year=2012 | issn=0029-5973 | jstor=23244958 | pages=178–201 | doi=10.1163/156852712X630770 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23244958 | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite web | last=Devy | first=G N | title=The Hindutva challenge to the historiography of India | website=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=2023-04-22 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/the-hindutva-challenge-to-the-historiography-of-india-1212105.html }}
* {{cite web | last=Dahiya | first=Himanshi | title=Viral Fake News on Social Media Networks – Facebook, WhatsApp and Twitter: Fake News on Internet Is Helping Hindutva's Retelling of History | website=[[TheQuint]] | date=2021-04-06 | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/fake-news-on-internet-is-helping-hindutvas-retelling-of-history#read-more }}
* {{cite journal | last=Bhagavan | first=Manu | title=Princely States and the Hindu Imaginary: Exploring the Cartography of Hindu Nationalism in Colonial India | journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] | volume=67 | issue=3 | date=2008 | issn=0021-9118 | doi=10.1017/S0021911808001198 | doi-access=free | url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article-pdf/67/3/881/1783155/s0021911808001198.pdf }}
* {{cite book | last=Kingston | first=Jeff | title=The Politics of Religion, Nationalism, and Identity in Asia | publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] | publication-place=Lanham Boulder New York London | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-4422-7688-8|chapter= Hinduism and Hindutva|pages=27–29|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHahDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Tanika |title=When Politics are Sacralized: Comparative Perspectives on Religious Claims and Nationalism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2021 |editor-last=N. Rouhana |editor-first=Nadim |chapter=7 – Hindutva: The Dominant Face of Religious Nationalism in India (from Part II – India) |doi=10.1017/9781108768191.008 |editor-last2=Shalhoub-Kevorkian |editor-first2=Nadera |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/when-politics-are-sacralized/hindutva/CF515B7FB786C2DF490B6AD24F879899}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mishra | first=Atul | title=Locusts vs. the gigantic octopus: the Hindutva international and 'Akhand Bharat' in V.D. Savarkar's history of India | journal=India Review | volume=21 | issue=4–5 | date=2022-10-20 | issn=1473-6489 | doi=10.1080/14736489.2022.2131121 | pages=512–545}}
* {{cite book |first=Vinay|last=Chaturvedi|editor-first1=Vinayak |editor-last1=Chaturvedi | title=Hindutva and Violence: V. D. Savarkar and the Politics of History | publisher=[[SUNY Press|State University of New York Press]]|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781438488783/html#contents| year=2022 | isbn=978-1-4384-8878-3 | doi=10.1515/9781438488783 }}
* {{cite web |title=The Risks of Looking at India's History Through the Eyes of Pseudo-Historians |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=18 March 2019 |url=https://thewire.in/history/india-history-pseudo-historians-risks}}
* {{cite web | last=Visvanathan | first=Meera | title=Sanjeev Sanyal's attempts to rewrite India's past | website=[[The Caravan]] | date=30 September 2021 | url=https://caravanmagazine.in/books/history-sanjeev-sanyal-attempts-rewrite-india-past}}

[[Category:Historical revisionism]]
[[Category:Fake news in India]]
[[Category:Hindutva|Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Pseudoarchaeology]]
[[Category:Archaeology and racism]]
[[Category:Propaganda in India]]

List of trains run by Indian Railways

2026-03-29T16:53:08Z

Showbiz sportlight: fixed issues

{{Short description|none}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
This is a list of trains run by [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Names of trains |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/Etymology%20of%20Train%20Names%20of%20Indian%20Railways.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506170749/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/Etymology%20of%20Train%20Names%20of%20Indian%20Railways.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=indianrailways.gov.in |quote=Contents & Interpretation of the author only, not official}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/trains/newregular |title= New Non-Special regular Trains |work=IndiaRailinfo |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>
{{Horizontal TOC|nonum=yes|no_parenthesis=yes|align=center|links=}}

==A==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=yes|rules=yes|
* [[Abohar-Jodhpur-Bathinda Express]]
* [[Adilabad–Hazur Sahib Nanded Express]]
* [[Agartala–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express]]
* [[Ahmedabad–Howrah Superfast Express]]
* [[Ahmedabad–Kolkata Express]]
* [[Ahmedabad–Jammu Tawi Express]]
* [[Ahmedabad–Yesvantpur Weekly Express]]
* [[Ajmer–Amritsar Express]]
* [[Ajmer–Chandigarh Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Ajmer–Hazrat Nizamuddin Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Alipurduar–Kamakhya Intercity Express]]
* [[Allahabad–Haridwar Express]]
* [[Allahabad–Jaipur Express]]
* [[Allahabad–New Delhi Humsafar Express]]
* [[Amravati–Jabalpur Superfast Express]]
* [[Amritsar–Chandigarh Superfast Express]]
* [[Amritsar–Haridwar Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Amritsar Mail]]
* [[Amritsar Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Asansol–Mumbai CSMT Superfast Express]]
* Amritsar–Attari DEMU
===Notable Names===
*[[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]]
* [[Amrit Bharat Express]]
* [[Agnibina Express]]
* [[Ahilyanagari Express]]
* [[Ahimsa Express]]
* [[Ajanta Express]]
* [[Akal Takht Express]]
* [[Ala Hazrat Express (via Ahmedabad)]]
* [[Amaravati Express]]
* [[Amarkantak Express]]
* [[Amarnath Express]]
* [[Amrapali Express]]
* [[Amrapur Aravali Express]]
* [[Amritha Express]]
* [[Anantapuri Express]]
* [[Ananya Express]]
* [[Andaman Express]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh Express]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[Anga Express]]
* [[Antyodaya Express]]
* [[Anuvrat AC Superfast Express]]
* [[Aranyak Express]]
* [[Archana Express]]
* [[Arunachal Express]]
* [[Arunachal AC Superfast Express]]
* [[Ashram Express]]
* [[Assam Mail]]
* [[August Kranti Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Avadh Assam Express]]
* [[Avantika Express]]
* [[Azad Hind Express]]
* [[Azimabad Express]]
}}

==B==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
* Bandra Terminus–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express
* Bandra Terminus–Bhavnagar Terminus Express
* [[Bandra Terminus–Bikaner AC Superfast Express]]
* [[Bandra Terminus–Dehradun Express]]
* [[Bandra Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Bandra Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin Yuva Express]]
*[[Bandra Terminus-Lal Kuan Weekly Superfast Express]]
* [[Bandra Terminus–Jaipur Superfast Express]]
* [[Bandra Terminus–Jammu Tawi Vivek Express]]
* [[Bandra Terminus–Lucknow Weekly Express]]
* [[Bandra Terminus–Surat Intercity Express]]
* Bandra Terminus–Udaipur Express
* [[Bandra Terminus–Vapi Passenger]]
* [[Bangalore Cantonment–Kamakhya Humsafar Express]]
* [[Bangalore Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Bangalore City–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express]]
* [[Bangalore City–Hubli Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Barauni–Gwalior Mail]]
* [[Delhi Bareilly Express|Bareilly–Delhi Express]]
* [[Bareilly–New Delhi Intercity Express]]
* [[Barmer–Guwahati Express]]
* [[Barmer–Munabao Passenger]]
* [[Bathinda–Jammu Tawi Express (via Firozpur)]]
* [[Bathinda–Jammu Tawi Express (via Rajpura)]]
* [[Belampalli–Hyderabad Express]]
* [[Bhagalpur–Anand Vihar Terminal Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Bhagalpur–Ajmer Express]]
* [[Bhagalpur–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Superfast Express]]
* [[Bhagalpur–New Delhi Weekly Superfast Express]]
* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi–Bilaspur Express]]
* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi–Kamakhya Express]]
* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi–Mannargudi Weekly Express]]
* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi–Pune Express]]
*[[Bhavnagar Terminus-Ayodhya Cantt Weekly Express]]
* [[Bhiwani–Kalka Ekta Express]]
* [[Bhopal–Bilaspur Express]]
* [[Bhopal–Bina Passenger]]
* [[Bhopal–Gwalior Intercity Express]]
* [[Bhopal–Indore AC Double Decker Express]]
* [[Bhopal–Indore Fast Passenger]]
* [[Bhopal–Indore Intercity Express]]
* [[Bhopal–Jaipur Express]]
* [[Bhopal–Jodhpur Passenger]]
* [[Bhopal–Lucknow Express]]
* [[Bhopal–Pratapgarh Express (via Lucknow)]]
* [[Bhopal–Ujjain Passenger]]
* Bhopal Bharat Teerth Express
* [[Bhopal Janata Express]]
* [[Bhubaneswar–Howrah Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Bhubaneswar–Junagarh Express]]
* [[Bhubaneswar–Krishnarajapuram Humsafar Express]]
* [[Bhubaneswar–New Delhi Duronto Express]]
* [[Bhubaneshwar–Visakhapatnam Intercity Express]]
* [[Bhuj–Pune Express]]
* [[Bikaner–Coimbatore Superfast AC Express]]
* [[Bikaner–Bandra Ranakpur Express]]
* [[Bikaner–Dadar Superfast Express]]
* [[Bikaner–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Intercity Express]]
* [[Bikaner–Guwahati Express]]
* [[Bikaner–Puri Express]]
* [[Bilaspur Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Bilaspur–Bikaner Express]]
* [[Bilaspur–Patna Weekly SF Express]]
* [[Bina–Katni 505 Passenger]]
*[[Boudh-Bhubaneswar Express]]
===Notable Names===
* [[Bagh Express]]
* [[Basava Express]]
* [[Begampura Express]]
* [[Betwa Express]]
* [[Bhagirathi Express]]
* [[Bhagmati Express]]
* [[Bhagyanagar Express]]
* [[Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Bhusaval–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gondwana Express]]
* [[Bihar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express]]
* [[Black Diamond Express]]
* [[Boat Mail]]
* [[Brahmaputra Mail]]
* [[Brindavan Express]]
* [[Budhpurnima Express]]
* [[Bundelkhand Express]]
* [[Bharat Gaurav Express]]
* [[Baidyanathdham Express]]
}}

==C==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|*[[Chalisgaon–Dhule Passenger]]
*[[Chandigarh–Amritsar Intercity Express]]
*[[Chandigarh–Bandra Terminus Superfast Express]]
*[[Chandigarh–New Delhi Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Chennai–Ahmedabad Humsafar Express]]
*[[Chamarajanagar–Tirupati Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Asansol Ratna Express]]
*[[Chennai–Bangalore Double Decker Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Bengaluru City Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Bengaluru City Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Bhubaneswar Intercity Express]]
*[[Chennai–Coimbatore Intercity Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Coimbatore Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Hazrat Nizamuddin Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Ahmedabad Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Ahmedabad Humsafar Express]]
*[[Chennai Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Chennai–Hyderabad Superfast Express]]
*[[Chennai Central-Bhagat Ki Kothi Superfast Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Jaipur Superfast Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Mysuru Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Chennai–New Jalpaiguri SF Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Thiruvananthapuram Central Mail]]
*[[Chennai–Salem Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Vijayawada Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Chennai–Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express]]
*[[Chennai–Madurai AC Duronto Express]]
*[[Tambaram–Mangaluru Central Express]]
*[[Chennai–Alleppey Express]]
*[[Chennai–Thiruvananthapuram Superfast Express]]
*[[Chennai-Sainagar Shirdi Express]]
*[[Chennai Central–Tirupati Express]]
*[[Chhapra–Amritsar Weekly Express]]
*[[Bangalore City–Coimbatore Uday Express]]
*[[Coimbatore–Chennai Central Superfast Express]]
*[[Coimbatore–Jaipur Superfast Express]]
*[[Coimbatore–Nagercoil Express]]
*[[Coimbatore–Rameswaram Express]]
*[[Coimbatore–Tuticorin Link Express]]
*[[CSMT Kolhapur–Ahmedabad Express]]
*[[CSMT Kolhapur–Hazrat Nizamuddin Superfast Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Chambal Express]]
*[[Chamundi Express]]
*[[Charminar Express]]
*[[Chhattisgarh Sampark Kranti Superfast Express]]
*[[Chauri Chaura Express]]
*[[Chemmozhi Express]]
*[[Chendur Express]]
*[[Cheran Superfast Express]]
*[[Chetak Express]]
*[[Chhapra Express]]
*[[Chhattisgarh Express]]
*[[Chitrakoot Express]]
*[[Cholan Express]]
*[[Circar Express]]
*[[Coalfield Express]]
*[[Cocanada AC Express]]
*[[Coromandel Express]]
}}

==D==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Dadar–Ajmer Superfast Express]]
*[[Dadar–Bhuj Superfast Express]]
*[[Dadar–Chennai Egmore Express]]
*[[Dadar–Madgaon Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Dadar Sawantwadi Road Rajya Rani Express]]
*[[Damoh–Kota Passenger]]
*[[Daurai-Godda Express]]
*[[Daurai-Tanakpur Express]]
*[[Dehradun–Amritsar Express]]
*[[Dehradun–Gorakhpur Express]]
*[[Dehradun Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Dehradun–Muzaffarpur Express]]
*[[Dehradun Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Delhi–Bareilly Express]]
*[[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bandra Terminus Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bikaner Superfast Express]]
*[[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Jammu Tawi Duronto Express]]
*[[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Udhampur AC Superfast Express]]
*[[Devlali–Bhusaval Passenger]]
*[[Dhanbad–Bhubaneswar Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh–Kanyakumari Vivek Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh–Kolkata Superfast Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh–Chandigarh Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh–Tambaram Express]]
*[[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar (Mhow)–Yesvantpur Weekly Express]]
*[[Durg–Nautanwa Express (via Varanasi)]]
*[[Durg–Ajmer Express]]
*[[Durg–Hazrat Nizamuddin Humsafar Express]]
*[[Dadar Central–Jalna Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-New Delhi Superfast Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Duronto Express]]
*[[Dakshin Express]]
*[[Darjeeling Mail]]
*[[Darshan Express]]
*[[Dayodaya Express]]
*[[Deccan Express]]
*[[Deccan Queen]]
*[[Deekshabhoomi Express]]
*[[Devagiri Express]]
*[[Dhauli Express]]
*[[Doon Express]]
*[[Durgavati Express]]
*[[Dwarka Express]]
*[[Deccan Odyssey]]
*[[Double Decker Express]]
}}

==E==
*[[Ernakulam–H.Nizamuddin Duronto Express]]
*[[Ernakulam–Okha Express]]
*[[Ernakulam–Patna Superfast Express (via Asansol)]]
*[[Ernakulam–SMVT Bengaluru Superfast Express]]
*[[Ernakulam–Velankanni Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[East Coast Express (India)]]
*[[Ernad Express]]

==F==
*[[Faizabad Delhi Express]]
*[[Faizabad Superfast Express]]
*[[Firozpur Janata Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Fairy Queen (locomotive)|Fairy Queen Express]]
*[[Falaknuma Express]]
*[[Farakka Express (via Sultanpur)]]
*[[Flying Ranee]]

==G==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Gandhidham-Nagercoil Express]]
*[[Gandhidham–Kamakhya Express]]
*[[Gandhidham–Puri Weekly Express]]
*[[Kishanganj–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express]]
*[[Gaya–Anand Vihar Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Gorakhpur–Anand Vihar Express]]
*[[Gorakhpur–Anand Vihar Terminal Humsafar Express (via Basti)]]
*[[Gorakhpur–Anand Vihar Terminal Humsafar Express (via Barhni)]]
*[[Gorakhpur–Okha Express]]
*[[Gorakhpur–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Superfast Express]]
*[[Gorakhpur–Pune Express]]
*[[Gorakhpur–Pune Weekly Express]]
*[[Gorakhpur-Secunderabad Express]]
*[[Gorakhpur–Yesvantpur Express]]
*[[Guwahati–Chennai Egmore Express]]
*[[Guwahati–Secunderabad Express]]
*[[Guwahati–Anand Vihar Terminal North East Express]]
*[[Guwahati–Jorhat Town Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Guwahati–Thiruvananthapuram Express]]
*[[Guwahati–Dibrugarh Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Gwalior–Chhindwara Express]]
*[[Guwahati-Sairang Express]]
*[[Gwalior - SMVT Bengaluru Express]]
*[[Godda-Delhi Weekly Express]]
*[[Gonda-Asansol Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Ganadevata Express]]
*[[Ganga Damodar Express]]
*[[Ganga Gomti Express]]
*[[Ganga Kaveri Express]]
*[[Ganga Sagar Express]]
*[[Ganga Sutlej Express]]
*[[Garbha Express]]
*[[Garhwal Express]]
*[[Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Gatimaan Express]]
*[[Gitanjali Express]]
*[[Goa Express]]
*[[Goa Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Godaan Express]]
*[[Gol Gumbaz Express]]
*[[Golconda Express]]
*[[Golden Chariot]]
*[[Golden Temple Mail]]
*[[Gomti Express]]
*[[Gondwana Express]]
*[[Gorakhdham Express]]
*[[Gour Express]]
*[[Gowthami Express]]
*[[Grand Trunk Express]]
*[[Gujarat Superfast Express]]
*[[Gujarat Mail]]
*[[Gujarat Queen]]
*[[Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Gurumukhi Superfast Express]]
*[[Guruvayur Express]]
}}

==H==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Habibganj–Indore InterCity Express]]
*[[Habibganj–Dahod Fast Passenger]]
*[[Habibganj–Jabalpur Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Hadapsar-Rewa Weekly Express]]
*[[Hapa Tirunelveli Superfast Express]]
*[[Haridwar–Una Link Janshatabdi Express]]
*[[Haridwar-Firozpur Cantt Weekly Express]]
*[[Hatia–Pune Superfast Express]]
*[[Hazrat Nizamuddin–Kolhapur Express]]
*[[Hazrat Nizamuddin–Jabalpur Express]]
*[[Hazrat Nizamuddin–Pune Duronto Express]]
*[[Hazrat Nizamuddin–Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Hazur Sahib Nanded-Firozpur Cantt Weekly Express]]
*[[Hisar–Coimbatore AC Superfast Express]]
*[[Howrah–Ahmedabad Superfast Express]]
*[[Howrah–Azimganj Kavi Guru Express]]
*[[Howrah–Barbil Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Howrah–Bhopal Weekly Express]]
*[[Howrah–Bolpur Kavi Guru Express]]
*[[Howrah–Delhi Janata Express]]
*[[Howrah–Digha Super AC Express]]
*[[Howrah–Ernakulam Antyodaya Express]]
*[[Howrah–Hatia Express]]
*[[Howrah–Jodhpur Express]]
*[[Howrah–Lalkuan Express]]
*[[Howrah–Malda Town Intercity Express]]
*[[Howrah–Mumbai CST Duronto Express]]
*[[Howrah–Mumbai Mail]]
*[[Howrah–Mumbai Superfast Express]]
*[[Howrah–New Delhi Express]]
*[[Howrah–New Delhi Duronto Express]]
*[[Howrah–New Delhi Yuva Express]]
*[[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri AC Express]]
*[[Howrah–Porbandar Express]]
*[[Howrah–Puri Express]]
*[[Howrah–Purulia Express]]
*[[Howrah–Kanyakumari Express]]
*[[Howrah Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Howrah–Ranchi Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express]]
*[[Howrah–Yeshvantapur Duronto Express]]
*[[Howrah–Yesvantpur Humsafar Express]]
*[[Howrah–Yesvantpur Superfast Express]]
*[[Hubballi-Kushtagi Express]]
*[[Hubballi–Varanasi Weekly Express]]
*[[Hyderabad–Jaipur Meenakshi Express]]
*[[Hyderabad–Vasco da Gama Express]]
*[[Hyderabad–Mumbai Express]]
*[[Hyderabad–Pune Express]]
*[[Hyderabad–Visakhapatnam Godavari Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Humsafar Express]]
*[[Haldighati Passenger]]
*[[Hampi Express]]
*[[Haripriya Express]]
*[[Hazarduari Express]]
*[[Hemkunt Express]]
*[[Himachal Express]]
*[[Himalayan Queen]]
*[[Himalayan Queen Express]]
*[[Himgiri Superfast Express]]
*[[Himsa Express]]
*[[Himsagar Express]]
*[[Hirakhand Express]]
*[[Hirakud Express]]
*[[Hool Express]]
*[[Hussainsagar Express]]
*[[Hutatma Express]]
}}

==I==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
* [[Indore–Amritsar Express]]
* [[Indore–Bareilly Weekly Express]]
* [[Indore–Bhind Express]]
* [[Indore–Bhopal Intercity Express]]
* [[Indore–Chandigarh Weekly Express]]
* [[Indore-Daund Superfast Express]]
* [[Indore–Dehradun Express]]
* [[Indore–Dr. Ambedkar Nagar DEMU]]
* [[Indore–Guwahati Weekly Express]]
* [[Indore–Gwalior Intercity Express]]
* Indore–Jabalpur Overnight Express
* [[Indore–Jaipur Superfast Express]]
* [[Indore–Jaipur Express via Ajmer]]
* [[Indore–Jammu Tawi Weekly Superfast Express]]
* [[Indore–Kota Intercity Express]]
* [[Indore–Maksi Passenger]]
* [[Indore–Nagda Passenger]]
* [[Indore–Nagpur Express]]
* [[Indore–Nagpur Tri Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Indore–New Delhi Intercity Express]]
* [[Indore–Patna Express]]
* [[Indore–Pune Express (via Panvel)]]
* [[Indore–Pune Superfast Express]]
* [[Indore–Puri Humsafar Express]]
* [[Indore–Rajendra Nagar via Faizabad Express]]
* [[Indore–Rajendranagar Express (via Sultanpur)]]
* [[Indore–Ratlam DEMU]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|Intercity Express]]
* [[Indrayani Express]]
* [[Island Express (train)|Island Express]]
* [[Ispat Express]]
}}

==J==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Jabalpur–Ambikapur Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–Indore Intercity Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–Yeshwantpur Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–Somnath Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–Amravati Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–Habibganj Intercity Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–Indore Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–Jammu Tawi Express]]
*[[Mumbai–Jaipur Duronto Express]]
*[[Jaipur–Nagpur Weekly Express]]
*[[Jaipur Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–Mumbai Garibrath Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–New Delhi Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–Rewa Intercity Express]]
*[[Jabalpur–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express]]
*[[Jaipur–Agra Fort Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Jaipur–Bandra Terminus Superfast Express]]
*[[Jaipur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express]]
*[[Jaipur–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express]]
*[[Jaipur–Mysore Superfast Express]]
*[[Jaipur Superfast Express]]
*[[Jammu Tawi–Kathgodam Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Jammu Tawi Rajdhani Express]]
*Jaipur–Jodhpur Intercity Express
*[[Jalandhar City–New Delhi Intercity Express]]
*[[Jalna Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Jammu Tawi–Indore Express]]
*[[Jaynagar–Anand Vihar Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Jhansi–Lucknow Intercity Express]]
*[[Jodhpur-Hadapsar Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Jan Sadharan Express]]
*[[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Jammu Mail]]
*[[Janmabhoomi Express]]
*[[Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Jharkhand Swarna Jayanti Express]]
*[[Jhelum Express]]
*[[Jnaneswari Express]]
*[[Jallianwalla Bagh Express]]
*[[Jaynagar Howrah Express]]
}}

==K==
*[[Kacheguda–Ashokapuram Express]]
*[[Kacheguda-Bhagat Ki Kothi Express]]
*[[Kacheguda–Chengalpattu Express]]
*[[Kacheguda–Repalle Express]]
*[[Kalka–New Delhi Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Kalka Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Kamakhya–Anand Vihar Weekly Express]]
*[[Kamakhya–Gaya Weekly Express]]
*[[Kamakhya–Howrah Vande Bharat Sleeper Express]]
*[[Kamakhya–Ledo Intercity Express]]
*[[Kamakhya–Mumbai LTT AC Express]]
*[[Kamakhya–Murkongselek Lachit Express]]
*[[Kannur–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Kanpur–Allahabad Intercity Express]]
*[[Kanpur–New Delhi Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Kanpur–Varanasi Varuna Express]]
*[[Kanpur Central–Kathgodam Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Chennai Egmore–Kanniyakumari Express]]
*[[Kanyakumari–Mumbai Express]]
*Karikal–Bangalore City Passenger
*[[Kochuveli–Dehradun Superfast Express]]
*[[Kochuveli-Indore Express]]
*[[Kochuveli–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Kochuveli–Yesvantpur AC Express]]
*[[Kochuveli–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Kolkata–Azamgarh Weekly Express]]
*[[Kolkata–Guwahati Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Kolkata–Jammu Tawi Express]]
*[[Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express]]
*[[Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Superfast Express]]
*[[Kolkata–Anand Vihar Express]]
*[[Kolkata–Haldibari Intercity Express]]
*[[Kolkata-Sairang Express]]
*[[Kolkata–Patna Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Kolkata Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Kolkata Shalimar–Patna Duronto Express]]
*[[Kollam–Visakhapatnam Express]]
*[[Koraput–Rourkela Express]]
*[[Korba–Visakhapatnam Express]]
*[[Kota–Hazrat Nizamuddin Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[KSR Bangalore–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express (via Ballari)]]
*[[KSR Bengaluru–Hazur Sahib Nanded Express]]
*[[KSR Bengaluru–Jolarpettai Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Kaghaznagar Express]]
*[[Kaifiyat Express]]
*[[Kalindi Express]]
*[[Kalinga Utkal Express]]
*[[Kalka Mail]]
*[[Kamayani Express]]
*[[Kamrup Express]]
*[[Kanchan Kanya Express]]
*[[Kanchenjunga Express]]
*[[Kasi Tamil Sangam Express]]
*[[Karnataka Express]]
*[[Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express (via Ballari)|Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Karnavati Express]]
*[[Kashi Express]]
*[[Kashi Vishwanath Express]]
*[[Kathgodam Express]]
*[[Katol Passenger]]
*[[Kaveri Express]]
*[[Kaziranga Superfast Express]]
*[[Kerala Express]]
*[[Kerala Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Kolkata Mail]]
*[[Konark Express]]
*[[Kongu Express]]
*[[Konkan Kanya Express]]
*[[Kovai Express]]
*[[Koyna Express]]
*[[Krishak Express]]
*[[Krishna Express]]
*[[Kumbha Express]]
*[[Kushinagar Express]]
*[[Kutch Express]]
*[[Krishak Express]]
*[[Kulik Intercity Express]]
*[[Kollam Mail Express]]

==L==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Latur–Mumbai Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Coimbatore Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Hazur Sahib Nanded Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya AC Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Karaikal Weekly Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Madurai Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Puri Superfast Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Prayagraj Duronto Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Ernakulam Duronto Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Haridwar AC Superfast Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin AC Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Karimnagar Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Madgaon AC Double Decker Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Manmad Godavari Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Gorakhpur Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Gaya Weekly Superfast Express]]
*[[Lucknow Junction–Anand Vihar Terminal Double Decker Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kochuveli Express]]
*[[Lucknow Junction–Kathgodam Express]]
*[[Lucknow–Chandigarh Express]]
*[[Lucknow–Bhopal Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Lucknow–Raipur Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Lucknow–Vindhyachal Intercity Express]]
*[[Lucknow–New Delhi AC Superfast Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Lal Bagh Express]]
*[[Lashkar Express]]
*[[Lichchavi Express]]
*[[Lohit Express]]
*[[Lok Shakti Express]]
*[[Lucknow Mail]]
}}

==M==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Madgaon Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Madurai–Chennai Egmore Express]]
*[[Madurai–Dehradun Express]]
*[[Mangaluru–Chennai Mail]]
*[[Mangalore–Yaswanthpur Express]]
*[[Mau–Anand Vihar Terminal Express]]
*[[Mayiladuthurai–Coimbatore Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[MGR Chennai Central–Shivamogga Town Superfast Express]]
*[[Mhow–Indore Passenger]]
*[[Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad Double Decker Express]]
*[[Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Mumbai–Chennai Mail]]
*[[Mumbai CST–Amritsar Express]]
*[[Mumbai CST–Chhapra Express]]
*[[Mumbai CST–Pandharpur Fast Passenger]]
*[[Mumbai CST–Chennai Express]]
*[[Mumbai CSMT-Mangaluru Junction Superfast Express]]
*[[Mumbai–Nagercoil Express]]
*[[Mumbai–Jhansi Express]]
*[[Mumbai LTT – Chhapra Express]]
*[[Mumbai–New Delhi Duronto Express]]
*[[Mumbai Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Mumbai CSMT–Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Mysuru–Ajmer Express]]
*[[Mysuru–Cuddalore Port Express]]
*[[Mysuru–Dharwad Express]]
*[[Mysuru Junction–Talaguppa Intercity Express]]
*[[Mysuru–Tuticorin Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Madhya Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Magadh Express]]
*[[Mahabodhi Express]]
*[[Mahakoshal Express]]
*[[Mahalaxmi Express]]
*[[Mahamana Express]]
*[[Mahanadi Express]]
*[[Mahanagari Express]]
*[[Mahananda Express]]
*[[Mahaparinirvan Express]]
*[[Maharashtra Express]]
*[[Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Maithili Express]]
*[[Maitree Express]]
*[[Malabar Express]]
*[[Malwa Express]]
*[[Manas Rhino Passenger]]
*[[Mandore Express]]
*[[Mandovi Express]]
*[[Mangala Lakshadweep Express]]
*[[Mangalore Mail]]
*[[Mannai Express]]
*[[Manwar Sangam Express]]
*[[Marathwada Express]]
*[[Marudhar Express]]
*[[Marusagar Express]]
*[[Matsyagandha Express]]
*[[Maur Dhawaj Express]]
*[[Maveli Express]]
*[[Mewar Express]]
*[[Millennium Express]]
*[[Mithila Express]]
*[[Muri Express]]
*[[Mussoorie Express]]
*[[Maharajas' Express]]
}}

==N==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Nagda–Bina Passenger]]
*[[Nagercoil Passenger]]
*[[Nagpur–Bhusawal Superfast Express]]
*[[Nagpur Duronto Express]]
*[[Nagpur–Jabalpur Express]]
*[[Nagpur–Amritsar AC Superfast Express]]
*[[Naharlagun–Guwahati Donyi Polo Express]]
*[[Naharlagun–Guwahati Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Naharlagun–Dekargaon Passenger]]
*[[Nanded–Hyderabad Passenger]]
*[[Nangal Dam–Amb Andaura Passenger]]
*[[Nangal Dam–Ambala Passenger]]
*[[Narasapur–Hyderabad Express]]
*[[Narasapur–Nagarsol Express (via Guntur)]]
*[[New Delhi–Amritsar Shatabdi Express]]
*[[New Delhi–Daurai Shatabdi Express]]
*[[New Delhi–Firozpur Shatabdi Express]]
*[[New Delhi–Habibganj Shatabdi Express]]
*[[New Delhi–Kathgodam Shatabdi Express]]
*[[New Delhi–Ludhiana Shatabdi Express]]
*[[New Delhi–Moga Shatabdi Express]]
*[[New Delhi–Naharlagun AC Superfast Express]]
*[[New Delhi–Amritsar Shatabdi Express]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri–New Delhi Superfast Express]]
*[[New Tinsukia–Bengaluru Weekly Express]]
*[[Nizamabad–Kacheguda DEMU]]
*[[Nizamabad–Pune Passenger]]
*[[Nanded–Visakhapatnam Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Nagaland Express]]
*[[Nagarjuna Express]]
*[[Nagavali Express]]
*[[Nanda Devi AC Express]]
*[[Nandigram Express]]
*[[Narayanadri Express]]
*[[Narmada Express]]
*[[Nauchandi Express]]
*[[Navjeevan Express]]
*[[Navyug Express]]
*[[Neelachal Express]]
*[[Nellai Superfast Express]]
*[[Netravati Express]]
*[[Nilgiri Express]]
*[[North East Express]]
*[[Netaji Express]]
}}

==O==
*[[Odisha Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Okha–Tuticorin Vivek Express]]
*[[Okha-Bhavnagar Express]]

==P==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Pachora–Jamner Passenger]]
*[[Patliputra–Chandigarh Superfast Express]]
*[[Patna–Howrah Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Patna–Kota Express]]
*[[Patna–Mumbai CST Suvidha Superfast Express]]
*[[Patna–Kota Express]]
*[[Patna–Ranchi Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Patna–Anand Vihar Terminal Express]]
*[[Porbandar–Santragachi Kavi Guru Express]]
*[[Pune–Ahmedabad Duronto Express]]
*[[Pune–Kamakhya Suvidha Special Express]]
*[[Pune–Ajni AC Superfast Express]]
*[[Pune–Bhusaval Express]]
*[[Pune–Nagpur Express]]
*[[Pune–Nagpur Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Pune–Darbhanga Gyan Ganga Express]]
*[[Pune–Ernakulam Express]]
*[[Pune–Howrah Duronto Express]]
*[[Pune–Manduadih Gyan Ganga Express]]
*[[Pune–Secunderabad Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Pune–Kazipet Weekly Superfast Express]]
*[[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express]]
*[[Puri–Ahmedabad Express]]
*[[Puri–Digha Express]]
*[[Puri–Howrah Express]]
*[[Puri–Howrah Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Puri–Howrah Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Puri–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express]]
*[[Puri–Okha Dwarka Express]]
*[[Puri–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Padatik Express]]
*[[Padmavat Express]]
*[[Padmavati Express]]
*[[Paharia Express]]
*[[Palani Express]]
*[[Palaruvi Express]]
*[[Pallavan Superfast Express]]
*[[Palnadu Express]]
*[[Pamani Express]]
*[[Panchvalley Express]]
*[[Panchvati Express]]
*[[Pandian Superfast Express]]
*[[Parasnath Express]]
*[[Parasuram Express]]
*[[Paschim Express]]
*[[Patalkot Express]]
*[[Patliputra Express]]
*[[Pawan Express]]
*[[Pearl City Express]]
*[[Pinakini Express]]
*[[Pooja Superfast Express]]
*[[Poorbiya Express]]
*[[Poorna Express]]
*[[Poorva Express (via Patna)]]
*[[Poorva Express (via Gaya)]]
*[[Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Pothigai Superfast Express]]
*[[Pragati Express]]
*[[Prashanti Express]]
*[[Prashanti Nilayam Express]]
*[[Pratap Express]]
*[[Pratham Swatrantata Sangram Express]]
*[[Prayagraj Express]]
*[[Prerana Express]]
*[[Punjab Mail]]
*[[Purushottam Express]]
*[[Purvanchal Express]]
*[[Pushpak Express]]
*[[Palace on Wheels]]
}}

==Q==
*[[Kollam Mail Express|Quilon Mail]]

==R==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Kolkata–Radhikapur Express]]
*[[Raigarh–Gondia Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Raigarh–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gondwana Express]]
*[[Rajendra Nagar–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Janta Express]]
*[[Rajendra Nagar Patna–Indore Express]]
*[[Rajendra Nagar Patna Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Rajgir–Bakhtiyarpur DEMU]]
*[[Rajgir–Danapur MEMU]]
*[[Rajkot–Secunderabad Express]]
*[[Rajkot–Coimbatore Express]]
*[[Rajgir–Mumbai LTT Janta Express]]
*[[Rameswaram–Tirupathi Meenakshi Express]]
*[[Ranchi–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express]]
*[[Ranchi–Kamakhya Express]]
*[[Ranchi-Gorakhpur Weekly Express]]
*[[Ranchi–New Delhi Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Ranchi Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Radhikapur-Anand Vihar Terminal Weekly Express]]
*[[Rewa–Dr. Ambedkar Nagar Express]]
*[[Rohtak–Rewari DEMU]]
*[[Rani Kamalapati–New Delhi Shatabdi Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Rajya Rani Express]]
*[[Rajasthan Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Rajgriha Express]]
*[[Ramayana Express]]
*[[Ranakpur Express]]
*[[Rani Chennamma Express]]
*[[Ranikhet Express]]
*[[Ranthambore Express]]
*[[Raptisagar Express]]
*[[Ratnachal Express]]
*[[Rayalaseema Express]]
*[[Rewanchal Express]]
*[[Rockfort Superfast Express]]
*[[Royal Orient]]
*[[Royal Rajasthan on Wheels]]
*[[Rupashi Bangla Express]]
*[[Boat Mail|Rameswaram Express]]
}}

==S==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Sainagar Shirdi–Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Fast Passenger]]
*[[Sainagar Shirdi–Dadar SuperFast Express]]
*[[Sainagar Shirdi–Howrah Express]]
*[[Sainagar Shirdi-Secunderabad Express]]
*[[Sainagar Shirdi-Visakhapatnam Express]]
*[[Sainagar Shirdi–Machilipatnam Express]]
*[[Sairang–Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Salem–Karur Passenger]]
*[[Sambalpur-Boudh Express]]
*[[Santragachi–Chennai Central AC Express]]
*[[Santragachi–Mangaluru Central Vivek Express]]
*[[Sealdah Ballia Express]]
*[[Sealdah–Bikaner Duronto Express]]
*[[Sealdah–New Delhi Duronto Express]]
*[[Sealdah Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Sealdah–Puri Duronto Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Danapur Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Manuguru Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Mumbai Duronto Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Nanded Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express]]
*[[Secunderabad Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Shalimar Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Visakhapatnam AC Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Secunderabad-Vasco da Gama Express]]
*[[Shalimar–Bhuj Weekly Superfast Express]]
*[[Shalimar (Howrah) Express]]
*[[Shalimar–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express]]
*[[Shalimar–Puri Express]]
*[[Silchar–Bhairabi Passenger]]
*[[Silchar–Jiribam Passenger]]
*[[Solapur-Hassan Express]]
*[[Solapur–Mumbai CST Express]]
*[[Sogaria (Kota)–Danapur Express]]
*[[Sri Ganganagar–Tiruchirappalli Humsafar Express]]
*[[Sukrimangela–Jabalpur Passenger]]
*[[Surat–Bhagalpur Express]]
*[[Surat–Jamnagar Intercity Express]]
*[[Surat–Malda Town Express]]
*[[Surat–Muzaffarpur Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Manuguru Express]]
*[[SMVT Bengaluru–Murdeshwar Express]]
*[[SMVT Bangalore–Tirupati Intercity Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Sabari Express]]
*[[Ahmedabad–Darbhanga Sabarmati Express]]
*[[Ahmedabad-Varanasi City Sabarmati Express]]
*[[Sachkhand Express]]
*[[Sadbhawna Express (via Sagauli)]]
*[[Sahid Express]]
*[[Sahyadri Express]]
*[[Saket Express]]
*[[Samarsata Express]]
*[[Samata Express]]
*[[Samjhauta Express]]
*[[Sampoorna Kranti Express]]
*[[Samleshwari Express]]
*[[Sangam Express]]
*[[Sanghamithra Express]]
*[[Sapt Kranti Express]]
*[[Saraighat Express]]
*[[Sarguja Express]]
*[[Sarnath Express]]
*[[Satavahana Express]]
*[[Satpura Express]]
*[[Satyagrah Express]]
*[[Saurashtra Express]]
*[[Saurashtra Mail]]
*[[Sayajinagari Express]]
*[[Saryu Yamuna Express]]
*[[Ahmedabad–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Sarvodaya Express]]
*[[Seshadri Express]]
*[[Sethu Express]]
*[[Seven Hills Express]]
*[[Sewagram Express]]
*[[Shaan-e-Bhopal Express]]
*[[Shaheed Express]]
*[[Shaktipunj Express]]
*[[Shakuntala Express]]
*[[Shalimar Express (India)|Shalimar Express]]
*[[Shan-e-Punjab Express|Shan–e–Punjab Express]]
*[[Shanti Express]]
*[[Shantiniketan Express]]
*[[Sharavati Express]]
*[[Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Shipra Express]]
*[[Shiv Ganga Express]]
*[[Shram Shakti Express]]
*[[Shramik Express]]
*[[Shramjeevi Superfast Express]]
*[[Shri Ramayana Express]]
*[[Shri Shakti AC Express]]
*[[Siddhaganga Intercity Express]]
*[[Siddheshwar Express]]
*[[Silambu Express]]
*[[Simhadri Express]]
*[[Simhapuri Express]]
*[[Sinhagad Express]]
*[[Somnath Superfast Express]]
*[[Sri Jagannath Express]]
*[[Steel Express]]
*[[Suryanagri Express]]
*[[Sushasan Express]]
*[[Swaraj Express]]
*[[Swarna Jayanti Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Swarnarekha express]]
*[[Swatantra Senani Superfast Express]]
*[[Sapthagiri Express]]
*[[Suvidha Express]]
*[[Samudra Kanya Express]]
*[[Seemanchal Express]]
*[[Sahibganj Intercity]]
}}

==T==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Tambaram-Rameswaram Express]]
*[[Tatanagar–Ernakulam Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram North–Amritsar Weekly Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram–Veraval Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram–Indore Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram North−Porbandar Superfast Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram–Hazrat Nizamuddin Express (Via Alappuzha)]]
*[[Tinsukia-Naharlagun Express]]
*[[Tiruchirappalli–Howrah Superfast Express]]
*[[Tiruchirappalli–Thiruvananthapuram Intercity Express]]
*[[Tiruchirappalli–Mayiladuthurai Express]]
*[[Tirupati-Chikkamangaluru Express]]
*[[Tirupati–Vasco da Gama Express]]
*[[Tirupati–Amravati Express]]
*[[Tirupati–Sainagar Shirdi Express]]
*[[Tirupati–Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Tejas Express]]
*[[Taj Express]]
*[[Tamil Nadu Express]]
*[[Tamil Nadu Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Tapaswini Express]]
*[[Tapovan Express]]
*[[Tapti Ganga Express]]
*[[Tea Garden Express]]
*[[Tebhaga Express]]
*[[Teesta Torsha Express]]
*[[Telangana Express]]
*[[Thar Express]]
*[[Thiruchendur Express]]
*[[Thirukural Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram Mail]]
*[[Tirhut Express]]
*[[Tirumala Express]]
*[[Tripura Sundari Express]]
*[[Triveni Express]]
*[[Tulsi Express]]
*[[Tippu Express]]
}}

==U==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Udaipur City–Jaipur Intercity Express]]
*[[Udaipur City–Chandigarh Superfast Express]]
*[[Udaipur City–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Rajasthan Humsafar Express]]
*[[Udaipur City–Mysuru Palace Queen Humsafar Express]]
*[[Udhna–Banaras Express]]
*[[Ujjain–Bhopal Passenger]]
*[[Ujjain–Nagda Passenger]]
*[[Ujjain–Indore Passenger]]
*[[Una Jan Shatabdi Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Uday Express]]
*[[Udyan Express]]
*[[Udyog Karmi Express]]
*[[Udyognagri Express]]
*[[Ujjaini Express]]
*[[Unchahar Express]]
*[[Upasana Express]]
*[[Utsarg Express]]
*[[Uttar Banga Express]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Uttar Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Uttarakhand Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Uttaranchal Express]]
*[[Uzhavan Express]]
}}

==V==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|gap=|rules=yes|
*[[Mumbai Central–Vadodara Express]]
*[[Vadodara–Kota Express]]
*[[Valsad–Haridwar Superfast Express]]
*[[Valsad–Puri Superfast Express]]
*[[Varanasi–Anand Vihar Terminal Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Varanasi–Dehradun Express]]
*[[Varanasi–Lucknow Intercity Express (via Pratapgarh)]]
*[[Varanasi–Lucknow Intercity Express]]
*[[Varanasi–Lucknow Charbagh Varuna Express]]
*[[Vasco Chennai Express]]
*[[Vasco da Gama–Velankanni Weekly Express]]
*[[Vijayapura-Mangaluru Central Express]]
*[[Vijayawada–Rayagada Passenger]]
*[[Visakhapatnam–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express]]
*[[Visakhapatnam–Koraput Intercity Express]]
*[[Visakhapatnam–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express]]
*[[Visakhapatnam Swarna Jayanti Express]]
*[[Visakhapatnam–Gandhidham Express]]
*[[Visakhapatnam–Kirandul Passenger]]
*[[Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Duronto Express]]
*[[Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Visakhapatnam–Tirupati Double Decker Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Vande Bharat Express]]
*[[Vaigai Superfast Express]]
*[[Vaishali Express]]
*[[Vanchinad Express]]
*[[Venad Express]]
*[[Venkatadri Express]]
*[[Vibhuti Express]]
*[[Vidarbha Express]]
*[[Vikramshila Express]]
*[[Vindhyachal Express]]
*[[Visakha Express]]
*[[Viswabharati Fast Passenger]]
*[[Vivek Express]]
*[[Vananchal Express]]
*[[Vishwamanava Express]]
*[[Veer Bhumi Chittaurgarh Express]]
*}}

==W==
*[[Wainganga Superfast Express]]
*[[West Bengal Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[West Coast Express (India)]]
*[[Wodeyar Express]]

==Y==
*[[Yesvantpur–Ahmedabad Weekly Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Barmer AC Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Chandigarh Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Yeshvantapur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Duronto Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Harihar Intercity Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Hassan Intercity Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Howrah Superfast Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Jabalpur Superfast Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Kamakhya AC Superfast Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Latur Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Puducherry Weekly Express]]
===Notable Names===
*[[Yelagiri Express]]
*[[Yercaud Express]]
*[[Yoga Express]]
*[[Yuva Express]]

==Z==
*[[Ziyarat Express]]

==Defunct trains==
*[[Agartala–Lumding Express]]
*[[Ahmedabad–Udaipur Express]]
*[[Andhra Pradesh Express (old)]]
*[[Assam Mail]]
*[[Cachar Express]]
*[[East Bengal Express]]
*[[East Bengal Mail]]
*[[Imperial Indian Mail]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Myth - The Indian Mail |url=http://trains-worldexpresses.com/400/401.htm |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=trains-worldexpresses.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lean |first=David |title=A Passage To India - Location-Notes, Photos, and Maps of the Railway Scenes |url=http://www.mapability.com/travel/p2i/railway.php |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=MapAbility.com}}</ref>
*[[Udyan Abha Toofan Express]]
*[[Sealdah-Varanasi Express]]
*[[Sealdah-Anand Vihar Terminal Express]]
*[[Kolkata-Patna Express]]
*[[Sealdah-Muzaffarpur Fast Passenger|Sealdah-Sitamarhi Express]]
*[[Jhajha–Dibrugarh Weekly Express]]
*[[Howrah-Anand Vihar Yuva Express]]
*[[Howrah-Amritsar Express]]
*[[Lal Quila Express]]
*[[Howrah-Delhi Janata Express]]
*[[Howrah-Rajgir Fast Passenger]]
*[[Howrah-Ranchi Intercity Express (via Asansol)]]
*[[Sealdah-Rampurhat Intercity Express]]
*[[Barddhaman-Rampurhat Express]]
*[[Kolkata-Jasidih Fast Passenger]]
*[[Howrah-Dhanbad Double Decker Express]]
*[[Howrah-New Jalpaiguri AC Express]]
*[[Chalukya Express]]
*Jaipur - Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express

==See also==
{{portal|Trains}}
* [[List of railway stations in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Trains of India}}

[[Category:Indian railway-related lists|Trains run by Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Lists of named passenger trains]]

Koduvally Municipality

2026-03-28T07:09:36Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koduvally Municipality
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Koduvally Municipality Logo
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.359444|N|75.911111|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 01-11-2015
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Local Government (പ്രാദേശിക സർക്കാർ)
| governing_body = Municipal Council
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Muhammed jaseem rc
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 23.58
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 48678
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673572
| registration_plate = KL 57
| website = {{URL|www.facebook.com/Koduvallymunicipality}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]],
}}
[[File:Koduvally Main Road.jpg|thumb|Koduvally Main Road]]

'''Koduvally''' is a major municipal town in [[Kozhikode district]].<ref>{{cite news
|title = Koduvally in festive mode
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/20/stories/2008122054600300.htm
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105051149/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/20/stories/2008122054600300.htm
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 5 November 2012
|date = 20 December 2008
|work = [[The Hindu]]
|access-date = 26 July 2009
}}</ref> Koduvally is known as the city of gold. It is located on the [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]-[[Wayanad]] [[National Highway 766 (India)|National Highway 212]] (NH 766) and is about 22 km northeast of [[Kozhikode]] (Calicut) city. Koduvally Municipality is a newly converted 3rd grade Municipality form Koduvally Grama Panchayat with effect from 01.11.2015, Koduvally Municipality has 36 Wards. The main local towns in this municipality are Vavad, Nellamkandi, Koduvally West, Koduvally East, Koduvally Town, South Koduvally, Vennakkad, Thalapperumanna, Karuvanpoyil, Kareettiparamba, Manipuram And Kalaranthiri. The nearest local bodies are [[Kizhakkoth]] (West), [[Madavoor, Kozhikode|Madavoor]] (West), [[Omassery]] (East), [[Kunnamangalam]] (South) and [[Thamarassery]] (North).Smt. Shareefa Kannadippoyil is the first chairperson of the Koduvally Municipality and Sri. A.P Majeed Master is the first deputy chairperson of the Koduvally Municipality.

== Revenue villages ==
* Vavad
* Koduvally
* Puthoor (partially)

== Head of the municipality ==
'''List of chairpersons'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/AE/S11/partycomp23.htm |title=State Elections 2006 - Partywise Comparison for 23-Koduvally Constituency of Kerala |access-date=22 April 2018 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529074059/http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/AE/S11/partycomp23.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl No !! Name !! Political party !! From !! Up to
|-
|1
|[[Shareefa Kannadippoyil]]
|IUML
|15.11.2015
|11.11.2020
|-
|2
|Sumayya Beevi S
(Municipal Secretary)
|Administrator for State Govt.
|12.11.2020
|29.12.2020
|-
|3
|[[Abdu Vellara]]
|IUML
|28.12.2020
|Continuing
|}

'''List of secretaries '''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/AE/S11/partycomp23.htm |title=State Elections 2006 - Partywise Comparison for 23-Koduvally Constituency of Kerala |access-date=22 April 2018 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529074059/http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/AE/S11/partycomp23.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl No !! Name !! Designation !! From !! Up to
|-
|1
|[[Babu Prasad B]]
|Secretary (GP)
|01.11.2015
|15.03.2017
|-
|2
|[[Vrija N K]]
|Municipal Secretary Gr-III
|16.03.2017
|16.11.2017
|-
|3
|[[AM Anilkumar]]
|Superintendent
|17.11.2017
|19.07.2018
|-
|4
|[[Jayanthi NP]]
|Municipal Engineer
|20.07.2018
|10.03.2019
|-
|5
|[[Faisal A]]
|Municipal Secretary Gr-III
|11.03.2019
|03.02.2019
|-
|6
|[[Abdul Kader P]]
|Health Inspector Gr-I
|04.12.2019
|08.12.2019
|-
|7
|[[Madhu TM]]
|Superintendent
|09.12.2019
|28.01.2020
|-
|8
|[[Abdul Kader P]]
|Health Inspector Gr-I
|29.01.2020
|29.02.2020
|-
|9
|[[Shailesh M]]
|Superintendent
|01.03.2020
|06.07.2020
|-
|10
|[[Anupama T]]
|Municipal Secretary Gr-III
|06.07.2020
|28.10.2020
|-
|11
|[[Sumayya Beevi S]]
|Municipal Secretary Gr-III
|28.10.2020
|31.01.2021
|-
|12
|Abdul Gafoor M
|Municipal Engineer
|01.02.2021
|10.02.2021
|-
|13
|Praveen A
|Municipal Secretary Gr-III
|11.02.2021
|07.03.2022
|-
|14
|Sujith P
|Superintendent
|08.03.2021
|02.09.2022
|-
|15
|Sasi Naduvilakkandi
|Health Inspector Gr-I
|03.09.2022
|04.09.2022
|-
|16
|Shaju Paul
|Municipal Secretary Gr-III (Provisional)
|05.09.2022
|10.09.2023
|-
|17
|Abdul Gafoor M
|Municipal Engineer
|11.09.2023
|18.09.2023
|-
|18
|Sudheer K
|LSGD Secretary
|19.09.2023
|Continuing
|}

==Landmarks==
Koduvally Municipality contains a mini stadium, a branch of [[State Bank of India]], the [[Federal Bank]], [[Canara Bank|Canara bank]], [[Syndicate Bank]] for ATMs. a police station, Koduvally Muslim Orphanage,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koduvallymuslimorphanage.org/|title=Orphanage|publisher=Koduvally Muslim Orphanage|access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Mohammed2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCBdogPnnqsC&pg=PA186|title=Educational empowerment of Kerala Muslims: a socio-historical perspective|last=Mohammed|first=U.|publisher=Other Books|year=2007|isbn=978-81-903887-3-3|page=186|access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> the KMO Arts and Science College and the Phoenix Pain and Palliative Care Society. A mini civil station, which was inaugurated in 2012 by Hon Chief Minister Oommen Chandy in the presence of Hon Industries minister PK Kunhalikutty is situated at the heart of Koduvally.

== Educational institutions ==

=== Government sector ===

# - Govt. ITI, Koduvally
# - Govt Higher secondary School, Koduvally
# - Govt Higher secondary School, Karuvanpoyil
# - GMUP School Kalarathiri
# - GMUP School Vennakkad
# - GMUP School Karuvanpoyil
# - GMLP School Koduvally
# - GMLP School Vavad
# - GMLP School Thalapperumanna

=== Aided sector ===

# - AUP School Manipuram
# - AMLP School Parambathu Kavu
# - AMLP School Palakkutty

=== Private sector ===

# - KMO Arts & Science College, Koduvally
# - KMO Industrial Training Center, Koduvally
# - KMO Teachers Education School, Koduvally
# - KMO Higher Secondary School, Koduvally

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Municipalities of Kerala]]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kozhikode district]]

List of Hindu gurus and sants

2026-03-27T06:20:44Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{Short description|None}}
{{dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Hinduism}}
This is a list of religious people in Hinduism, including [[guru]]s, ''[[Sant (religion)|sant]]s'', [[monk]]s, [[yogi]]s and spiritual masters.

A guru is defined as a "teacher, spiritual guide, [or] [[Godman (India)|godman]],"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations|last=Smith|first=David|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-0-415-85881-6|location=New York, New York|pages=70}}</ref> by author David Smith. To obtain the title of guru, one must go through a standard initiation process referred to as ''[[diksha]]'', in which they receive a [[mantra]], or sacred [[Sanskrit]] phrase.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations|last=Smith|first=David|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-0-415-85881-6|location=New York, New York|pages=58}}</ref>

== The list ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

=== A to C ===

* [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]]<ref>{{Cite book| first = Satsvarupa| last =Dasa Goswami| author-link = Gurupada| title =Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta Vol 1–2| publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]| year = 2002 | pages = vol.1 1133 pages vol.2 1191 pages | isbn = 0-89213-357-0| no-pp = true}}</ref> (1{{nbsp}}September 1896{{snd}}14{{nbsp}}November 1977)

* [[Abhinavagupta]] (c. 950{{snd}}1020)
* [[Adi Shankara]] (8th c. CE)<ref name=Namboodiripad>{{cite journal | author = Namboodiripad, E.M.S. | year =1989 | title = Adi Sankara and His Philosophy: A Marxist View | jstor=3520108 | pages = 3–12 | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | journal = [[Social Scientist]] | doi = 10.2307/3520108}}</ref>
* [[Acharya Prashant]] (1978 {{snd}} Present)
* [[Advaita Acharya]] (1434–1539)
* [[Agastyar]] (3rd millennium BCE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://murugan.org/bhaktas/agastyar.htm|title=Sri Agastiyar: The Ageless Guru of Gurus|website=murugan.org}}</ref>
* [[Akka Mahadevi]] (c.1130 – 1160), [[Kannada literature]]
* [[Akshobhya Tirtha]] ({{circa}} 1282- {{circa}} 1365), disciple of [[Madhvacharya]]
* [[Alvars|Alvar]] Saints (700–1000)
* [[Anandamayi Ma]] (30{{nbsp}}April 1896 – 27{{nbsp}}August 1982)
* [[Anasuya Devī]], also known as Jillellamudi Amma(28{{nbsp}}March 1923{{snd}}12{{nbsp}}June 1985)
* [[Andal]] (c.767), [[Tamil literature]]
* [[Anukulchandra Chakravarty]], also known as Sree Sree Thakur (1888–1969)
* [[Arunagirinathar]] (15th century A.D.)
* [[Asaram|Asaram Bapu]] (born 1941)
* [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] (c. 1st and 2nd century AD), [[Tamil literature]]
* [[Ayya Vaikundar]] (1809–1851)
* [[Atri]] (Vedic times)

* [[Baba Hari Dass]] (26{{nbsp}}March 1923{{snd}}25{{nbsp}}September 2018)
* [[Baba Mast Nath]] (born 1764)
* [[Bahinabai]] (1628–1700), [[Marathi literature]]
* Balakrishnaji (Third son of Shri [[Gusainji]])
* [[Bamakhepa]], or Bamakhyapa/ Bamdev Bhairav (1837{{snd}}1911)
* [[Basava]] (1105 CE–1167 CE)
* [[Bhadase Maraj|Bhadase Sagan Maraj]] (1920–1971), [[Indo-Trinidadian]] [[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Hindu]] leader and politician, founded the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]]
* [[Bhagat Dhanna]] (born 1415)
* [[Bhagatji Maharaj]] (20{{nbsp}}March 1829{{snd}}7{{nbsp}}November 1897)
* [[Bhagawan Nityananda]]<ref name=White1974>{{cite journal | author = White, C.S.J. | year = 1974 | title = Swami Muktananda and the Enlightenment Through Sakti-pat | journal = [[History of Religions (journal)|History of Religions]] | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 306–322 | doi = 10.1086/462708 | jstor=1062089| s2cid = 162248231 }}</ref> (November or{{nbsp}}December 1897{{snd}}8{{nbsp}}August 1961)
* [[Bhakti Charu Swami]] (17{{nbsp}}September 1945 – 4 July 2020)
* [[Bhakti Tirtha Swami]]<ref name=Sherbow2004>{{cite journal | author = Sherbow, P.H. | year = 2004 | title = Ac Bhaktivedanta Swam Is Preaching in the Context of Gaudiya Vaishnavism | journal = The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant}}</ref> (25{{nbsp}}February 1950{{snd}}27{{nbsp}}June 2005)
* [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] (6 February 1874 – 1 January 1937)
* [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] (2{{nbsp}}September 1838 – 23{{nbsp}}June 1914)
* [[Bharathi Tirtha]] (born 11 April 1951, 36th Jagadguru Shankaracharya of Sringeri Sharada Peetham)
* [[Bhaskararaya]] (c. 1690–1785)
* [[Bijoy Krishna Goswami]] (2{{nbsp}}August 1841{{snd}}1899)
* [[Brahma Chaitanya]], also known as Gondavalekar Maharaj (1845–22{{nbsp}}December 1913)
* [[Brahmanand Swami]] (1772–1832)
* [[Brahmananda Saraswati]]<ref>{{cite web|title=TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM Part One: Is TM a Religion?|url=https://truecosmic.com/transcendental-meditation-in-the-new-millennium/ |access-date=2008-07-02}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> (20{{nbsp}}December 1868{{snd}}20{{nbsp}}May 1953)

* [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]<ref name=Rosen2004>{{cite journal | author = Rosen, S.J. | year = 2004 | title = Who Is Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu | journal = The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant}}</ref> (18{{nbsp}}February 1486{{snd}}14{{nbsp}}June 1534)
* [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati]] (20{{nbsp}}May 1894{{snd}}8{{nbsp}}January 1994)
* [[Chandrashekhara Bharati III]] (1892–1954)
* [[Chattampi Swamikal]] (c. 1853–1924)
* [[Chaturbhuj Sahay]] (3{{nbsp}}November 1883{{snd}}24{{nbsp}}September 1957)
* [[Chinmayananda Saraswati]] (8{{nbsp}}May 1916{{snd}}3{{nbsp}}August 1993)
* [[Chokhamela]] (14th century)


=== D to F ===


* [[Dada Bhagwan]], founder of Akram Vignan (7{{nbsp}}Novembery 1908{{snd}}2{{nbsp}}January 1988)<ref>{{cite web |title=About Gnani Purush (Enlightened Being) |url=https://www.dadabhagwan.org/spiritual-masters/pujya-dadashri/about-gnani-purush/ |website=/www.dadabhagwan.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519072646/https://www.dadabhagwan.org/spiritual-masters/pujya-dadashri/about-gnani-purush/ |archive-date=19 May 2016}}</ref>
* [[Damodardev]] (c. 1488{{snd}}c. 1598)
* [[Dayananda Saraswati (Ärsha Vidya)]] (15{{nbsp}}August 1930{{snd}}24{{nbsp}}September 2015)
* [[Dayananda Saraswati]], founder of Arya Samaj (12{{nbsp}}February 1824{{snd}}30{{nbsp}}October 1883)
* [[Dhyanyogi Madhusudandas]] (1878–1994)
* [[Dhirendra Krishna Shastri]]
* [[Devraha Baba]]
* [[Dnyaneshwar]]<ref name=Abbas>{{cite journal | author = Abbas, K.A. | title = Sant Dnyaneshwar—His Miracles and Manushya Dharma | journal = Bombay Chronicle | pages = 33–35}}</ref> (1275–1296)
* [[Dvārkeshaji]] (Also known as “Bhaav Bhavna Wale Maharajshri)
* [[Drona]] (Mahabharat era)
* [[Eknath]] (1533–1599)
* [[Eknath Easwaran]] (1910–1999)


=== G to I ===


* [[Gagangiri Maharaj]] (1906{{snd}}4{{nbsp}}February 2008)
* [[Gajanan Maharaj]] (c. mid-19th century)
* [[Ganapati Muni]] (c. 1878–c.1936)
* [[Gambhirnath]] (death 1917)
* [[Garib Das]] (1717–1778)
* [[Gaurakisora Dasa Babaji]] (1838–1915)
* [[Girdharaji]] (1540-1621) (Owner of the First House in Pushtimarg and First son of Shri [[Gusainji]])
* [[Gnanananda Giri]]<ref name=devimathaji>{{cite book | author = Dr. T.M.P. MahaDevan |author2=M.P. Pandit | year = 1979 | title = Sadguru Gnanananda, His life, Personality and teaching | publisher = S.Ramakrishan / Sudarsan Graphics | pages = xxi / 308}}</ref> (c. early 19th century)
* [[Gokulanatha]] (1551-1641) (Author of Chaurasi and Dou Sau Bavan Vaishnavo Ki Varta)
* [[Gopala Dasa]] (1721-1769
* [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]] (1503–1578)
* [[Gopalanand Swami]] (1781–1852)
* [[Gopi Krishna (yogi)]] (1903–1984)
* [[Gora Kumbhar]] (c. 1267–c.1317)
* [[Gorakhnath]] (c. 10th or 11th
century)
* [[Govīndarayaji]] (The Owner of Second House of Pushtimarg and Second son of Shri [[Gusainji]])
* [[Gulabrao Maharaj]] (6 July 1881 – 20 September 1915 )
* [[Gunatitanand Swami]] (17{{nbsp}}October 1785{{snd}}11{{nbsp}}October 1867)
* [[Guru Jambheshwar]] (1451–1536)
* [[Gurumayi Chidvilasananda]]<ref name=SY>{{cite web | url = http://www.siddhayoga.org | title = Siddha Yoga | access-date = 2009-07-14}}</ref> (born 24{{nbsp}}June 1955)


* [[Hans Ji Maharaj]] (8{{nbsp}}November 1900{{snd}}18{{nbsp}}July 1966)
* [[Haridasa Thakur]]<ref name=Dimock1963>{{cite journal| author = Dimock, E.C. Jr| year = 1963| title = Doctrine and Practice among the Vaisnavas of Bengal| journal = History of Religions| volume = 3| issue = 1|page=106| doi = 10.1086/462474| jstor=1062079| s2cid = 162027021}}</ref><ref name=O>{{cite journal| author = O'Connell, J.T.| year = 1973| title = The Word'Hindu'in Gaudiya Vaisnava Texts| journal = [[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]| volume = 93| issue = 3| pages = 340–344| doi = 10.2307/599467| jstor=599467}}</ref> (born 1451 or 1450)
* [[Hariharananda Giri]] (Paramahamsa Hariharananda) (27{{nbsp}}May 1907{{snd}}3{{nbsp}}December 2002)
* [[Hathiram Bhavaji]]
* [[Isaignaniyar]] (c. 7th century), [[Tamil literature]]


=== J to L ===


* [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]] (c. 1490-1550] Odia Vaishnav poet and devotee
* [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)]]
* [[Jaggi Vasudev]] (born 3{{nbsp}}September 1957)
* [[Jalaram Bapa]] (4{{nbsp}}November 1799{{nbsp}} 23{{nbsp}}February 1881)
* [[Janabai]] (c. 13th century), [[Marathi literature]]
* [[Jayadeva]] (CE 1170), Indian Sanskrit poet and devotee
* [[Jayatirtha]] (1345–1388)
* [[Jiva Goswami]] (c. 1513–1598)


* [[Kabir]] (c. 15th century), Indian saint and mystic
* [[Kalki Bhagwan]] (born 1949)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/kalki-bhagavan-guru-started-as-lic-clerk-undisclosed-income-500-crore/309158/|title=Kalki Bhagavan, guru who started as LIC clerk & now has 'undisclosed income' of Rs 500 cr|first=Rohini|last=Swamy|date=22 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~adarkara/d-kalki.html|title=Narayanan, "A 'White Paper' on Kalki Bhagavan"|website=msuweb.montclair.edu}}</ref>
* [[Kamlesh D. Patel]], also known as Daaji (born 28 September 1965)
* [[Kanakadasa]] (1509–1609)
* [[Kanhopatra]] (c. 15th century), [[Marathi literature]]
* [[Karaikkal Ammaiyar]] (c. 6th century), [[Tamil literature]]
* [[Khaptad Baba]]
* [[Khatkhate Baba]] (1859–1930)<ref>G.K. Gurtu, "Khatkhate Baba – The Savior of Etawah". [http://ikashmir.net/gkgurtu/doc/Khatkhate%20Baba.pdf Ikashmir.net]</ref>
* [[Kirpal Singh]] (c. 1894–1974) (Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission)
* [[Kirupanandha Variyar]] (25{{nbsp}}August 1906{{snd}}7{{nbsp}}November 1993)
* [[Kripalu Maharaj]] (5{{nbsp}}October 1922{{snd}}15{{nbsp}}November 2013)
* [[Krishna Prem]] (1898–1965)
* [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]] (born 1496)
* [[Krishnananda Saraswati]] (25{{nbsp}}April 1922{{snd}}23{{nbsp}}November 2001)

* [[Lahiri Mahasaya]] (Shyamacharan Lahiri)<ref name=Uban1978>{{cite book | author = Uban, S.S. | year = 1978 | title = The Gurus of India | publisher = Sterling }}</ref> (30{{nbsp}}September 1828{{snd}}26{{nbsp}}September 1895)
* [[Lakshman Joo]] (9{{nbsp}}May 1907{{snd}}27{{nbsp}}September 1991), modern scholar of [[Kashmiri Shaivism]]
* [[Lakshmanananda Saraswati]] (1926{{snd}}23{{nbsp}}August 2008)
* [[Lalleshwari]] (c.1320{{snd}}1392), [[Kashmiri literature]]


=== M to O ===


* [[Madhavdev]] (c. 1489{{snd}}c. 1596)
* [[Madhvacharya]]<ref name=Sarma2007>{{cite book | author = Sarma, D. | year = 2007 | title = Madhva Vedanta and Krishna | series = Krishna: A Sourcebook | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&q=Madhvacharya%5D&pg=PA357 | access-date = 2008-07-02 | isbn = 978-0-19-514892-3}}</ref> (c. 1238{{snd}}1317)
* [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]] (born 13{{nbsp}}September 1933)
* [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]<ref name=someone>{{cite web | title = Journal of Religious Culture | url = http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2007/4892/pdf/relkultur06.pdf |access-date = 2008-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218070134/http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/560/file/relkultur06.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> (12{{nbsp}}January 1918{{snd}}5{{nbsp}}February 2008)
* [[Mahavatar Babaji]]<ref name=Key2004>{{cite book | author = Key, P.S. | year = 2004 | title = The Journey to Radiant Health | publisher = [[Celestial Arts]] }}</ref> (mid-19th{{snd}}mid-20th century)
* [[Mangayarkkarasiyar]] (c. 7th century), [[Tamil literature]]
* [[Manik Prabhu]]
* [[Master C. V. V.]] (4{{nbsp}}August 1868 – 12{{nbsp}}May 1922)
* [[Mata Amritanandamayi]]<ref name=Warrier2003>{{cite journal | author = Warrier, M. | year = 2003 | title = Processes of Secularization in Contemporary India: Guru Faith in the Mata Amritanandamayi Mission | journal = [[Modern Asian Studies]] | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 213–253 | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X03001070| s2cid = 145492491 }}</ref> (born 27{{nbsp}}September 1953)
* [[Matsyendranath]] (c. 10th century)
* [[Meera]] (c. 1498{{snd}}c. 1547), [[Hindi literature]]
* [[Meher Baba]] (25{{nbsp}}February 1894{{snd}}31{{nbsp}}January 1969)
* [[Mehi]] (28{{nbsp}}April 1885{{snd}}8{{nbsp}}June 1986)
* [[Mirra Alfassa]] (21{{nbsp}}February 1878{{snd}}17{{nbsp}}November 1973)
* [[Morari Bapu]] (born 25{{nbsp}}September 1946)
* [[Mother Meera]]<ref name=Ross1997>{{cite journal | author = Ross, C. | year = 1997 | title = Experiencing Mother Meera | journal = [[Canadian Woman Studies]] | volume = 17 | pages = 78–82 | url = https://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/cws/article/view/8918/8095 | access-date = 2008-07-02}}</ref> (born 26{{nbsp}}December 1960)
* [[Muktabai]] (c.1279{{snd}}1297), [[Marathi literature]]
* [[Muktanand Swami]] (1758–1830)
* [[Muktananda]]<ref name=SY /> (16{{nbsp}}May 1908{{snd}}2{{nbsp}}October 1982)
* [[Murugan Chillayah]] (born 22{{nbsp}}November 1978)
* [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] (24{{nbsp}}March 1776{{snd}}21{{nbsp}}October 1835)

* [[Namdev]] (c. 1270{{snd}}c. 1350)
* [[Narahari Tirtha]]
* [[Narasimha Saraswati]](1378–1459)
* [[Narayan Maharaj]]<ref name=Bhide1933>{{cite journal | author = Bhide, R.G. | year = 1933 | title = Shri Narayan Maharaj | journal = Marathi, Published by DL Lele, Wai}}</ref> (20{{nbsp}}May 1885{{snd}}3{{nbsp}}September 1945)
* [[Narayana Guru]], writer of [[Daiva Dasakam]]<ref name=Thomas1965>{{cite book | author = Thomas, D. | year = 1965 | title = Sree Narayana Guru | publisher = Bangalore: The Christian Institute for the Religion and Society }}</ref> (c. 1854{{snd}}1928)
* [[Narayanprasaddasji Swami]] (14{{nbsp}}January 1921{{snd}}30{{nbsp}}January 2018), also known as Tapomurti Shastri Swami (Gujarati: તપોમૂર્તિ શાસ્ત્રી સ્વામી)
* [[Narottama Dasa]] (born 1466)
* [[Narsinh Mehta]] (1414–1481), also known as Narsi Mehta or Narsi Bhagat
* [[Nayakanahatti Thipperudra Swamy]] (c. 15th–c. 16th century), also known as Nayakanahatti Thippeswamy
* [[Nayanmars]] Saints (700–1000)
* [[Neem Karoli Baba]]<ref name=Dass1979>{{cite book | author = Dass, Ram | author-link = Ram Dass | year = 1979 | title = Miracle of love: stories about Neem Karoli Baba | url = https://archive.org/details/miracleoflovesto00ramd| url-access = registration| publisher = New York: [[E. P. Dutton]] | isbn = 9780525476115 }}</ref> (c. late 19th or early 20th century{{snd}} 11{{nbsp}}September 1973)
* [[Nigamananda Paramahansa]]<ref name="Prajnanananda2006">{{cite book|author=Paramahamsa Prajnanananda|title=My Time with the Master|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hrnJd9cRMcC&pg=PA25|access-date=18 March 2011|date=15 August 2006|publisher=Sai Towers Publishing|isbn=978-81-7899-055-2|pages=25–}}</ref> (18{{nbsp}}August 1880 – 29{{nbsp}}November 1935)
* [[Nimbarka]]<ref name=Khurana1990>{{cite book | author = Khurana, G.R. | year = 1990 | title = The theology of Nimbārka : a translation of Nimbārka's Daśaślokī with Giridhara Prapanna's Laghumañjūsā | publisher = Vantage | isbn =978-0-533-08705-1}}</ref> (c. 7th century or earlier)
* [[Niranjanananda]] (c. 1862{{snd}}9{{nbsp}}May 1904)
* [[Nirmala Srivastava]], also known as Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi (21{{nbsp}}March 1923{{snd}}23{{nbsp}}February 2011)
* [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]]<ref name=Maharaj1987>{{cite book | author = Maharaj, N. |author2=Powell, R. | year = 1987 | title = The Nectar of the Lord's Feet: Final Teachings of Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj: Discourses January–November 1980 | publisher = [[Element Books]] }}</ref>(17{{nbsp}}April 1897{{snd}}8{{nbsp}}September 1981)
* [[Nishkulanand Swami]] (1766–1848)
* [[Nischalananda Saraswati]] (born {{nbsp}}30 June 1943 145th Jagadguru Shankaracharya of Govardhan Math)
* [[Nityananda|Nityananda Prabhu]] (born 1474)

* [[Om Swami]] (born 1979)


=== P to R ===


* [[Padmanabha Tirtha]]
* [[Panth Maharaj]] (3 September 1855 – 16 October 1905)
* [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]<ref name=Yogananda2005>{{cite book | author = Yogananda, P. | year = 2005 | title = Autobiography of a Yogi | publisher = Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. }}</ref> (5{{nbsp}}January 1893{{snd}}7{{nbsp}}March 1952)
* [[Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari]], also known as chariji (24 July 1927 – 20 December 2014)
* [[Pattinathar]] (c. 10th or 14th century AD)
* [[Pavhari Baba]] (birth unknown{{snd}}1898)
* [[Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami]] (c. 17th century)
* [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]], also known as Shrii Shrii Anandamurti (21{{nbsp}}May 1921{{snd}}21{{nbsp}}October 1990)
* [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]]<ref>"Spiritual Leader of Bochansanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha...", ''[[Calgary Herald]]'', 18{{nbsp}}July 2012, available at https://calgaryherald.com/life/story.html?id=6952731{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Kalarthi>{{cite journal | author = Kalarthi, S.M. | title = Idol of Inspiration—Pramukh Swami Maharaj | journal = Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith}}</ref> (born 7{{nbsp}}December 1921 – 13{{nbsp}}August 2016)
* [[Pranavananda]], also known as Yugacharya Srimat Swami Pranavananda Ji Maharaj (29{{nbsp}}January 1896{{snd}}8{{nbsp}}February 1941)
* [[Pranavanda Saraswati]] (28{{nbsp}}August 1908{{snd}}28{{nbsp}}August 1982)
* [[Prem Rawat]], also known as Maharaji, Guru Maharaj Ji, and Balyogeshwar (born 10{{nbsp}}December 1957)
* [[Premanand Ji Maharaj]], Radhavallabh Sampradaya, Vrindavan (born 30{{nbsp}}March 1969)
* [[Purandara Dasa]] (c. 1484 – c. 1565)
* [[Puran Puri]] (born 1742)

* [[Rambhadracharya]] (born 14{{nbsp}}January 1950)
* [[Ramdas Kathiababa]] (early 24{{nbsp}}July 1800 – 8{{nbsp}}February 1909)
* [[Ramdev Pir]] (1352–1385 AD)
* [[Radhanath Swami]] (born 7{{nbsp}}December 1950)
* [[Raghavendra Swami]]<ref name=Narayanan2006>{{cite journal | author = Narayanan, V. | year = 2006 | title = Religious Vows at the Shrine of Shahul Hamid | journal = Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h80yOTwlAUcC&q=%22Raghavendra+Swami%22&pg=PA65 | access-date = 2008-07-02 | isbn = 978-0-7914-6707-7}}</ref> (1595{{snd}}1671)
* [[Raghunatha Bhatta Goswami]] (1505–1579)
* [[Rajinder Singh (spiritual master)]] (20 September 1946) (Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission) (Founder of Science of Spirituality)
* [[Rakeshprasad]]<ref name="ToI">{{cite news|title=Vadtal, the delinquent in Swaminarayan family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Vadtal-the-delinquent-in-Swaminarayan-family/articleshow/37796601.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023194706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-17/ahmedabad/27275061_1_vadtal-nautam-swami-swaminarayan-sect|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-23|date= 2003-02-17|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2009-04-13}}</ref> (born 23{{nbsp}}July 1966)
* [[Rakesh Jhaveri]] (born 26{{nbsp}}Sep 1966)
* [[Raghuttama Tirtha]] (1537{{snd}}1596)
* [[Ram Chandra (Babuji)]] (30{{nbsp}}April 1899 – 19{{nbsp}}April 1983)
* [[Ram Thakur]] (2{{nbsp}}February 1860{{snd}}1{{nbsp}}May 1949)
* [[Rama Tirtha]] (22{{nbsp}}October 1873{{snd}}27{{nbsp}}October 1906)
* [[Ramakrishna]]<ref name=Kripal1998>{{cite journal | author = Kripal, J.J. | year = 1998 | title = Mystical Homoeroticism, Reductionism, and the Reality of Censorship: A Response to Gerald James Larson | journal = [[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] | volume = 66 | issue = 3 | pages = 627–635 | jstor=1466137 | doi=10.1093/jaarel/66.3.627}}</ref> (18{{nbsp}}February 1836{{snd}}16{{nbsp}}August 1886)
* [[Ramalinga Swamigal]] (5 October 1823, disappeared on 30 January 1874), also known as Vallalar
* [[Ramana Maharshi]]<ref name=Osis1970>{{cite journal | author = Osis, K. | year = 1970 | title = Informal methods of research in psychic phenomena for religious believers | journal = [[Psychology of religion#Pastoral psychology|Pastoral Psychology]] | volume = 21 | issue = 7 | pages = 35–40 | doi = 10.1007/BF01797827| s2cid = 143283370 }}</ref> (30{{nbsp}}December 1879{{snd}}14{{nbsp}}April 1950)
* [[Ramanuja]] (c. 1077{{snd}}c. 1157)
* [[Ramprasad Sen]] (c. 1718 or c. 1723{{snd}}c. 1775)
* [[Ravidas]] (1398–1540)
* [[Rupa Goswami]] (1489–1564)


=== S to U ===


* [[Siyaram Baba]](1914 – 11 December 2024)
* [[Rampal (Spritual Leader)|Sant Rampal Ji Maharaj]] (1951–present)
* [[Sahadeo Tiwari]] (1892–1972)
* [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]] (1838–1918)
* [[Samarth Ramdas]] (1608–1681)
* [[Samyamindra Thirtha]]
* [[Sanatana Goswami]] (1488–1558)
* [[Sankardev]] (c. 1449{{snd}}c. 1568)
* [[Sant Charandas]] (1703–1782)
* [[Sant Nirmala]] (c. 14th century), [[Marathi literature]]
* [[Sant Soyarabai]] (c. 14th century), [[Marathi literature]]
* [[Sarada Devi]] (22 December 1853 – 20 July 1920)
* [[Satchidananda Saraswati]] (22{{nbsp}}December 1914{{snd}}19{{nbsp}}August 2002)
* [[Sathya Sai Baba]] (23{{nbsp}}November 1926{{snd}}24{{nbsp}}April 2011)
* [[Satnarayan Maharaj]] (born 1931), [[Indo-Trinidadian]] [[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Hindu]] leader and son-in-law of [[Bhadase Maraj|Bhadase Sagan Maraj]]
* [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Rochford, E. Burke |title=Hare Krishna transformed |url=https://archive.org/details/harekrishnatrans00roch |url-access=limited |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8147-7579-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/harekrishnatrans00roch/page/n234 224]}}</ref> (born 6{{nbsp}}December 1939)
* [[Satyadhyana Tirtha]] A great mystic
* [[Satyasandha Tirtha]] Dvaita philosopher
* [[Satyanatha Tirtha]]
* [[Satyavrata Tirtha]]
* [[Satyapriya Tirtha]]
* [[Satyanidhi Tirtha]]
* [[Satyasandha Tirtha]]
* [[Satyadharma Tirtha]]
* [[Satya Narayan Goenka]] (30{{nbsp}}January 1924{{snd}}29{{nbsp}}September 2013)
* [[Satyananda Saraswati]] (25{{nbsp}}December 1923{{snd}}5{{nbsp}}December 2009)
* [[Satyapramoda Tirtha]] (1918–1997)
* [[Satyatma Tirtha]] (born 1973)
* [[Shaunaka]]
* [[Seshadri Swamigal]] (22{{nbsp}}January 1870{{snd}}4{{nbsp}}January 1929)
* [[Shastriji Maharaj]] (31{{nbsp}}January 1865{{snd}}10{{nbsp}}May 1951)
* [[Shivabalayogi]] (24{{nbsp}}January 1935{{snd}}28{{nbsp}}March 1994)
* [[Shreedhar Swami]] (7{{nbsp}}December 1908{{snd}}19{{nbsp}}April 1973)
* [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] (11{{nbsp}}November 1867{{snd}}9{{nbsp}}April 1901)
* [[Shripad Shri Vallabha]]
* [[Shriram Sharma Acharya]] (20{{nbsp}}September 1911{{snd}}2{{nbsp}}June 1990)
* [[Shrivatsa Goswami]] (27{{nbsp}}October 1950{{snd}}present
* [[Shyama Shastri]] (26{{nbsp}}April 1762{{snd}}6{{nbsp}}February 1982)
* [[Sitaramdas Omkarnath]] (17{{nbsp}}February 1892{{snd}}6{{nbsp}}December 1827)
* [[Sivananda Saraswati]] (8{{nbsp}}September 1887{{snd}}14{{nbsp}}July 1963)
* [[Sivaya Subramuniyaswami]]<ref name=Feuerstein2002>{{cite book | author = Feuerstein, G. | author-link = Georg Feuerstein | year = 2002 | title = The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice | publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]] }}</ref> (5{{nbsp}}January 1927{{snd}}12{{nbsp}}November 2001)
* [[Soham Swami]] (birth unknown{{snd}}1918)
* [[Sopan]] (c. 13th century)
* [[Sri Aurobindo]] (15{{nbsp}}August 1872{{snd}}5{{nbsp}}December 1950)
* [[Sripadaraja]] (c. 1422 – 1480)
* [[Sri Chinmoy]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/13/nyregion/13chinmoy.html?_r=0 |title= Athletic Spiritual Leader, Dies at 76|date=1997-10-13|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2013-04-01}}</ref> (27{{nbsp}}August 1931{{snd}}11{{nbsp}}October 2007)
* [[Sri Madhukarnath]] (born 06{{nbsp}}November 1948)
* [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]] (born 1956)
* [[Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj]] (born May 1955)
* [[Surdas]] (c. late 15th-century)
* [[Swami Abhedananda]] (2{{nbsp}}October 1866{{snd}}8{{nbsp}}September 1939)
* [[ Swami Avdheshanand Giri]]
* [[Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha]] (born 13{{nbsp}}May 1933)
* [[Swami Chidbhavananda]] (11{{nbsp}}March 1898{{snd}}16{{nbsp}}November 1985)
* [[Swami Janakananda]] (born 13{{nbsp}}June 1939)
* [[Swami Keshwanand Satyarthi]] (born 5 September 1943) (Paramhans Satyarthi Mission, [[Advait Mat]] )
* [[Swami Nithyananda]] (born 1{{nbsp}}January 1978 or 13{{nbsp}}March 1977)
* [[Swami Prakashanand Saraswati]] (born 15 January 1929 – )
* [[Swami Purnachaitanya]] (born 1984)
* [[Swami Sharnanandji]] (birth unknown - 1974)
* [[Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri]] (1855–1936)
* [[Swami Rama]] (1925–1996)
* [[Swami Ramanand]] (c. 1738{{snd}}c. 1802)
* [[Swami Ramdas]] (10{{nbsp}}April 1884{{snd}}25{{nbsp}}July 1963)
* [[Swami Samarth]]
* [[Swami Vivekananda]] (12{{nbsp}}January 1863{{snd}}4{{nbsp}}July 1902)
* [[Swaminarayan]] (3{{nbsp}}April 1781{{snd}}1{{nbsp}}June 1830)
* [[Swarupanand]] (1{{nbsp}}February 1884{{snd}}9{{nbsp}}April 1936), part of Advait Mat lineage
* [[Swarupananda]] (8{{nbsp}}July 1871{{snd}}27{{nbsp}}June 1906)

* [[Trailanga]] (1607{{snd}}1887)
* [[Tukaram]] (c. 1608{{snd}}1649)
* [[Tulsidas]] (1532{{snd}}1623), also known as Goswami Tulsidas
* [[Tyagaraja]] (4{{nbsp}}May 1767{{snd}}6{{nbsp}}January 1847)

* [[Upasni Maharaj]] (15{{nbsp}}May 1870{{snd}}24{{nbsp}}December 1941)
* [[Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti]] (9{{nbsp}}July 1918{{snd}} 22{{nbsp}}March 2007)
* [[Utpaladeva]] (ca. 900–950), teacher of [[Kashmiri Shaivism]]


=== V to X ===


* [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] (1480–1600)
* [[Vallabha]]<ref name=Barz1992>{{cite book | author = Barz, R. | year = 1992 | title = The Bhakti sect of Vallabhacarya | publisher = [[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |location= New Delhi}}</ref> (1479{{snd}}1531)
* [[Valmiki]] ([[Ramayana]])
* [[Vasistha]] ([[Rig Veda]])
* [[Vasugupta]] (~ 800–850 CE), author of the [[Shiva Sutras]] in [[Kashmiri Shaivism]]
* [[Vedanta Desika]], Sri Vaishnava Philosopher and Guru (c. 1268{{snd}}c. 1369)
* [[Vethathiri Maharishi]] (1911 - 2006) Indian yoga guru, philosopher and spiritual leader
* [[Shrimad Vidyadheesh Teerth Swamiji|Vidyadheesh Teertha Swamiji]]
* [[Vidyaranya]] (c. 1268{{snd}}c. 1386)
* [[Vijaya Dasa|Vijayadasaru]] (1682-1755)
* [[Vijayindra Tirtha]] ( The guru of guru of Raghavendra Swami)
* [[Vishwananda]]<ref name=Vishwananda1008>{{cite book| author = Vishwananda, P. | year = 2021| title = Just Love: A Journey into the Heart of God | publisher = Bhakti Event GmbH }}</ref> (13 June 1980)
* [[Vishwesha Tirtha]] (1931{{snd}}2019)
* [[Vyasatirtha]] (c. 1460{{snd}}1539)


=== Y to Z ===


* [[Yogaswami]] (1872{{snd}}March 1964)
* [[Yogi Ramsuratkumar]] (1{{nbsp}}December 1918{{snd}}20{{nbsp}}February 2001)
* [[Yogiji Maharaj]] (23{{nbsp}}May 1892{{snd}}23{{nbsp}}January 1971)
* [[Yukteswar Giri]] (10{{nbsp}}May 1855{{snd}}9{{nbsp}}March 1936)


{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion}}
* [[Dalit saints of Hinduism]]
* [[List of Hindus]]
* [[Mahacharya]] — honorific title used for distinguished teachers in Hindu traditions.
* [[List of founders of religious traditions]]
* [[Modern yoga gurus]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Saints by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu gurus and sants}}
[[Category:Lists of Hindu religious leaders|Gurus and saints]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related lists]]

List of 2024 Indian Premier League personnel changes

2026-03-21T09:01:35Z

Showbiz sportlight: Added Basic Entry First Draft

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox sports draft
| name = 2024 Indian Premier League Auction
| sport = Cricket
| date = 19 December 2023
| time = 1:00 PM IST
| location = [[Coca-Cola Arena]], [[Dubai]], [[UAE]]
| network = {{plainlist|
* [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] (TV)
* [[JioCinema]] (Internet)}}
| league = [[Indian Premier League]]
| teams = 10
| prev = [[List of 2023 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2023]]
| next = [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2025]]
}}

This is a list of personnel changes which took place ahead of the [[2024 Indian Premier League]] (IPL).

== Retirement ==
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Date
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Name
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]] team
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Age
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Ref
|-
| 30 May 2023 ||| [[Ambati Rayudu]]||[[Chennai Super Kings]] || 38 || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2023-csk-batter-ambati-rayudu-to-retire-from-ipl-after-final-against-gujarat-titans-1378788|title=Rayudu to retire from IPL after final against Titans, promises 'no U-turn'|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=28 May 2023 |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Pre-auction ==
The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] set the deadline of 26 November 2023 5 pm IST for IPL teams to announce their lists of players to be retained and released before the auction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl-teams-retained-players-release-deadline-november-26-auction-december-19-bcci/article67494214.ece|title=IPL 2024: BCCI extends player retention deadline to November 26|work=Sportstar|date=3 November 2023 |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2024 auction: Titans' Hardik-sized hole, and other key positions the teams need to fill |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2024-auction-holes-mi-csk-kkr-rcb-srh-dc-gt-lsg-pbks-rr-need-to-fill-1412875 |access-date=2023-12-18 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

=== Traded players ===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+List of Traded players ahead of 2024 Auction
|-
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |From
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |To
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Date
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Ref
|-
|[[Romario Shepherd]]
|{{cr|WIN}}
|{{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|3 November 2023
|<ref name=india24nov23>{{cite web |access-date=24 November 2023 |title=IPL 2024: List Of Players Traded And Released Ahead Of Mini-Auction|url=https://www.india.com/sports/ipl-2024-list-of-players-traded-and-released-ahead-of-mini-auction-cricket-news-6529924/ |website=www.india.com |date=24 November 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Avesh Khan]]
|{{cr|IND}}
|{{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|22 November 2023
|<ref name=india24nov23/>
|-
|[[Devdutt Padikkal]]
|{{cr|IND}}
|{{INRConvert|7.75|c|lk=on}}
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|22 November 2023
|<ref name=india24nov23/>
|-
|[[Mayank Dagar]]
|{{cr|IND}}
|{{INRConvert|1.8|c|lk=on}}
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|25 November 2023
|<ref name=cb25nov23>{{cite web |access-date=25 November 2023 |title=SRH, RCB trade Mayank Dagar and Shahbaz Ahmed|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/128607/srh-rcb-trade-mayank-dagar-and-shahbaz-ahmed-cricbuzzcom |work=Cricbuzz }}</ref>
|-
|[[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]
|{{cr|IND}}
|{{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}}
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|25 November 2023
|<ref name=cb25nov23/>
|-
|[[Hardik Pandya]]
|{{cr|IND}}
|{{INRConvert|15|c|lk=on}}
|[[Gujarat Titans]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|26 November 2023
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 November 2023 |title=Hardik Pandya officially traded to Mumbai Indians|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/128615/hardik-pandya-officially-traded-to-mumbai-indians |work=Cricbuzz |date=26 November 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Cameron Green]]
|{{cr|AUS}}
|{{INRConvert|17.5|c|lk=on}}
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|26 November 2023
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 November 2023 | title=Hardik returns to MI, Cameron Green moves to RCB |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/128615/hardik-pandya-officially-traded-to-mumbai-indians-cricbuzzcom |work= Cricbuzz| date=26 November 2023 }}
</ref>
|}

=== Released players ===
{{Hidden begin|titlestyle=background: #841B2D;color:white;text-align:center|title=List of Released players ahead of 2024 Auction}}
{{div col}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ {{flagicon image|}} [[Chennai Super Kings]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Ben Stokes]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|16.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kyle Jamieson]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Dwaine Pretorius]]
| {{cr|RSA}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Sisanda Magala]]
| {{cr|RSA}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Subhranshu Senapati]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 2002)|Akash Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Bhagath Varma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ {{flagicon image|}} [[Delhi Capitals]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Rilee Rossouw]]
| {{cr|RSA}}
| {{INRConvert|4.6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Chetan Sakariya]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Rovman Powell]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|2.8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Manish Pandey]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
| {{cr|BAN}}
| {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Phil Salt]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kamlesh Nagarkoti]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|1.1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Aman Hakim Khan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Ripal Patel]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Priyam Garg]]
|{{cr|IND}}
|{{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ {{flagicon image|}} [[Gujarat Titans]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Shivam Mavi]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Yash Dayal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|3.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Alzarri Joseph]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[KS Bharat]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|1.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Dasun Shanaka]]
| {{cr|SL}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Odean Smith]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Pradeep Sangwan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Urvil Patel]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ {{flagicon image|}} [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Shardul Thakur]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|10.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Lockie Ferguson]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Umesh Yadav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
| {{cr|BAN}}
| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Tim Southee]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[David Wiese]]
| {{cr|NAM}}
| {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Narayan Jagadeesan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|90|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Johnson Charles]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mandeep Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Litton Das]]
| {{cr|BAN}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| Aarya Desai
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kulwant Khejroliya]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ {{flagicon image|}} [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Daniel Sams]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Karun Nair]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Arpit Guleria]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Manan Vohra]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Swapnil Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| Suryansh Shedge
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ {{flagicon image|}} [[Mumbai Indians]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Jofra Archer]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Jhye Richardson]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Riley Meredith]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Sandeep Warrier]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Arshad Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arshad Khan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Duan Jansen]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Hrithik Shokeen]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Raghav Goyal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Tristan Stubbs]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ {{flagicon image|}} [[Punjab Kings]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|9|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Raj Angad Bawa]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]]
| {{cr|SL}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Matthew Short]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Baltej Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Gurnoor Brar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mohit Rathee]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ {{flagicon image|}} [[Rajasthan Royals]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Jason Holder]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|5.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Joe Root]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Obed McCoy]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[KM Asif]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[KC Cariappa (cricketer)|KC Cariappa]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Murugan Ashwin]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Abdul Basith (cricketer)|Abdul Basith]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Akash Vashist]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kuldip Yadav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ {{flagicon image|}} [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
| {{cr|SL}}
| {{INRConvert|10.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Harshal Patel]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|10.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Josh Hazlewood]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|7.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kedar Jadhav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Michael Bracewell (cricketer)|Michael Bracewell]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Finn Allen]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|80|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Siddharth Kaul]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Wayne Parnell]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| Avinash Singh
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|60|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Sonu Yadav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ {{flagicon image|}} [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Harry Brook]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|13.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kartik Tyagi]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Vivrant Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2.6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Adil Rashid]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Akeal Hosein]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Samarth Vyas]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{div col end}}
{{Hidden end}}

=== Retained players ===
{{Hidden begin|titlestyle=background: #841B2D;color:white;text-align:center|title=List of Retained players ahead of 2024 Auction}}
{{div col}}
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+{{flagicon image|}} [[Chennai Super Kings]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|16|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Deepak Chahar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[MS Dhoni]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Moeen Ali]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Shivam Dube]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mitchell Santner]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|1.9|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Prashant Solanki]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|1.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Devon Conway]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Maheesh Theekshana]]
| {{cr|SL}}
| {{INRConvert|70|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Nishant Sindhu]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|60|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Ajay Mandal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Matheesha Pathirana]]
| {{cr|SL}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mukesh Choudhary]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Shaik Rasheed]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Simarjeet Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Tushar Deshpande]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+{{flagicon image|}} [[Delhi Capitals]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Rishabh Pant]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|16|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Axar Patel]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Prithvi Shaw]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Anrich Nortje]]
| {{cr|RSA}}
| {{INRConvert|6.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mitchell Marsh]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|6.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|6.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|5.50|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Khaleel Ahmed]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|5.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|65|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Pravin Dubey]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Lungi Ngidi]]
| {{cr|RSA}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Yash Dhull]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Ishant Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Vicky Ostwal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| Abishek Porel
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+{{flagicon image|}} [[Gujarat Titans]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Rashid Khan]]
| {{cr|AFG}}
| {{INRConvert|15|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Rahul Tewatia]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|9|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Shubman Gill]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|7|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mohammed Shami]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|6.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Josh Little]]
| {{cr|IRE}}
| {{INRConvert|4.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[R Sai Kishore]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Abhinav Manohar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2.6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Matthew Wade]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kane Williamson]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Wriddhiman Saha]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|1.9|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Jayant Yadav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|1.7|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Vijay Shankar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|1.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mohit Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Noor Ahmad]]
| {{cr|AFG}}
| {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Darshan Nalkande]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Sai Sudarshan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+{{flagicon image|}} [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Andre Russell]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Shreyas Iyer]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|12.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Varun Chakaravarthy]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Venkatesh Iyer]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Nitish Rana]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Sunil Narine]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Harshit Rana]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Jason Roy]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Vaibhav Arora]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|60|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|55|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Rahmanullah Gurbaz]]
| {{cr|AFG}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Anukul Roy]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Suyash Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+{{flagicon image|}} [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[KL Rahul]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|17|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Nicholas Pooran]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|16|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Marcus Stoinis]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Krunal Pandya]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|8.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Devdutt Padikkal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|7.75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|7.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Quinton de Kock]]
| {{cr|RSA}}
| {{INRConvert|6.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Deepak Hooda]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|5.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Krishnappa Gowtham]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|90|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kyle Mayers]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Amit Mishra]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Naveen-ul-Haq]]
| {{cr|AFG}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Yash Thakur]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|45|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mayank Yadav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Ayush Badoni]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Yudhvir Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Prerak Mankad]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+{{flagicon image|}} [[Mumbai Indians]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Rohit Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|16|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Ishan Kishan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|15.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Hardik Pandya]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|15|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Tim David]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|8.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Dewald Brevis]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Tilak Varma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|1.7|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Jason Behrendorff]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Piyush Chawla]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Romario Shepherd]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Arjun Tendulkar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Akash Madhwal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kumar Kartikeya]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Nehal Wadhera]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Shams Mulani]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Vishnu Vinod]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+{{flagicon image|}} [[Punjab Kings]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Sam Curran]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|18.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Liam Livingstone]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|11.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kagiso Rabada]]
| {{cr|RSA}}
| {{INRConvert|9.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|8.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Jonny Bairstow]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|6.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Rahul Chahar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|5.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Harpreet Brar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|3.80|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Nathan Ellis]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Prabhsimran Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|60|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Rishi Dhawan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|55|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Sikandar Raza]]
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Harpreet Singh Bhatia]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|40|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Atharva Taide]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Jitesh Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| Shivam Singh
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Vidwath Kaverappa]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+{{flagicon image|}} [[Rajasthan Royals]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Sanju Samson]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Avesh Khan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Jos Buttler]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Prasidh Krishna]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Shimron Hetmyer]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|8.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Trent Boult]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|6.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Riyan Parag]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|3.80|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Navdeep Saini]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2.60|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Adam Zampa]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Donovan Ferreira]]
| {{cr|RSA}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Sandeep Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Dhruv Jurel]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kuldeep Sen]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Kunal Singh Rathore]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+{{flagicon image|}} [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Cameron Green]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|17.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Virat Kohli]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|15|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Glenn Maxwell]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Faf du Plessis]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{INRConvert|7|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mohammed Siraj]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|7|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Dinesh Karthik]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|5.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Anuj Rawat]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|3.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Will Jacks]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|3.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Reece Topley]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|1.9|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mayank Dagar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|1.8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mahipal Lomror]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|95|l|lk=on}}
|-
| Rajan Kumar
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|70|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Karn Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Suyash Prabhudessai]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Akash Deep]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Himanshu Sharma (cricketer)|Himanshu Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Manoj Bhandage]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Rajat Patidar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+{{flagicon image|}} [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Salary
|-
| [[Washington Sundar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|8.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Rahul Tripathi]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|8.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mayank Agarwal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|8.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|6.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Heinrich Klaasen]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{INRConvert|5.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Marco Jansen]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[T Natarajan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Umran Malik]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Aiden Markram]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{INRConvert|2.6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Fazalhaq Farooqi]]
| {{cr|AFG}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Mayank Markande]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Upendra Yadav (cricketer)|Upendra Yadav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|25|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Anmolpreet Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Sanvir Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{div col end}}
{{Hidden end}}

=== Purse remaining ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Purse remaining ahead of 2024 Auction
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Team
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Purse available
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" |Slots left
|-
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|{{INRConvert|31.40|c|lk=on}}
|6 (3 overseas)
|-
|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|{{INRConvert|28.95|c|lk=on}}
|9 (4 overseas)
|-
|[[Gujarat Titans]]
|{{INRConvert|38.15|c|lk=on}}
|8 (2 overseas)
|-
|[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|{{INRConvert|13.15|c|lk=on}}
|6 (2 overseas)
|-
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|{{INRConvert|32.70|c|lk=on}}
|12 (4 overseas)
|-
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|{{INRConvert|17.75|c|lk=on}}
|8 (4 overseas)
|-
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|{{INRConvert|29.10|c|lk=on}}
|8 (2 overseas)
|-
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|{{INRConvert|14.50|c|lk=on}}
|8 (3 overseas)
|-
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|{{INRConvert|23.25|c|lk=on}}
|6 (3 overseas)
|-
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|{{INRConvert|34|c|lk=on}}
|6 (3 overseas)
|}

== Auction ==
The IPL 2024 auction was conducted on 19 December 2023 in [[Dubai]]. A total of 333 players were available for auction including 214 Indian and 119 foreign players.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-auction-2024-december-19-time-teams-squads-remaining-purse-money-left-slots-full-players-list-base-price/article67640875.ece/ | title=IPL Auction 2024: Start date and time, full players list, updated squads, base price, purse left and slots available on December 19 | work=Sportstar The Hindu | date=19 December 2023}}</ref> 77 places were available to be filled across the ten teams including 30 overseas slots. [[Mitchell Starc]] became the most expensive player in IPL auction's history when he was bought at 24.75 crore by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], surpassing [[Pat Cummins]] who was bought for 20.50 crore by [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the same auction. [[Pat Cummins]] had surpassed [[Sam Curran]]'s record of 18.50 crore in [[List of 2023 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2023 auction]].<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2024-auction-mitchell-starc-travis-head-rachin-ravindra-shardul-thakur-go-under-the-hammer-1413456 Starc shatters Cummins' record for most expensive player at IPL auction] ESPNcricinfo. 19 December 2023.</ref> On the other hand, prominent players like [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]], [[Michael Bracewell (cricketer)|Michael Bracewell]], [[Josh Hazlewood]] and [[Josh Inglis]] went unsold.

[[Mallika Sagar]] was announced as the auctioneer for the hosting of the auction and she replaced Hugh Edmeades for the role as Edmeades stepped aside from hosting the auction due to health issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallika Sagar: Who Is Women's Premier League 2024 Auctioneer? {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/women-s-premier-league-2024/mallika-sagar-who-is-womens-premier-league-2024-auctioneer-4648489 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-18 |title=All about Mallika Sagar: The first female auctioneer in the history of IPL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/all-about-mallika-sagar-the-first-female-auctioneer-in-the-history-of-ipl/articleshow/106098635.cms |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Mallika Sagar became the first female auctioneer in the Indian Premier League during the process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=IPL 2024 Auction: Mallika Sagar to replace Hugh Edmeades as auctioneer |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/ipl-2024-auction-mallika-sagar-hugh-edmeades-auctioneer-13516112.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Sold players ===
{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:70%;"
! S.No.
! Set No.
! Set
! Name
! Country
! Playing Role
!IPL Matches
! Capped / Uncapped / Associate
! Base Price (in {{INR}} Lacs)
! [[2024 Indian Premier League|IPL 2024]] Team
! Auctioned Price (in {{INR}} Lacs)
! [[2023 Indian Premier League|IPL 2023]] Team
! Previous IPL Team(s)
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Set 1: Capped Batters'''
|-
| 1
| 1
| BA1
| [[Harry Brook]]
| {{cricon|ENG}}
| Batsman
| 11
| Capped
| 200
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| 400
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|{{N/a}}
|-
| 2
| 1
| BA1
| [[Travis Head]]
| {{cricon|AUS}}
| Batsman
| 10
| Capped
| 200
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| 680
| {{N/a}}
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| 5
| 1
| BA1
| [[Rovman Powell]]
| {{cricon|WIN}}
| Batsman
| 17
| Capped
| 100
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| 740
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Set 2: Capped All-Rounders'''
|-
| 10
| 2
| AL1
| [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
| {{cr|SL}}
| All-rounder
| 26
| Capped
| 150
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| 150
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 14
| 2
| AL1
| [[Rachin Ravindra]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| All-rounder
| 0
| Capped
| 50
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| 180
| {{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| 15
| 2
| AL1
| [[Shardul Thakur]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-rounder
| 86
| Capped
| 200
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| 400
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| [[Kings XI Punjab]] [[Rising Pune Supergiants]] [[Delhi Capitals]]
|-
| 12
| 2
| AL1
| [[Azmatullah Omarzai]]
| {{cr|AFG}}
| All-rounder
| 0
| Capped
| 50
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| 50
| {{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| 9
| 2
| AL1
| [[Pat Cummins]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| All-rounder
| 42
| Capped
| 200
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| 2050
| {{N/a}}
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] [[Delhi Daredevils]]
|-
| 8
| 2
| AL1
| [[Gerald Coetzee]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| All-rounder
| 0
| Capped
| 200
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 500
| {{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| 13
| 2
| AL1
| [[Harshal Patel]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-rounder
| 92
| Capped
| 200
| [[Punjab Kings]]
| 1175
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| [[Delhi Daredevils]]
|-
| 11
| 2
| AL1
| [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| All-rounder
| 2
| Capped
| 100
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| 1400
| {{N/a}}
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| 16
| 2
| AL1
| [[Chris Woakes]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| All-rounder
| 21
| Capped
| 200
| [[Punjab Kings]]
| 420
| {{N/a}}
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] [[Delhi Capitals]]
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Set 3: Capped Wicket-Keepers'''
|-
| 21
| 3
| WK1
| [[Tristan Stubbs]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| Wicket-Keeper
| 4
| Capped
| 50
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| 50
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 17
| 3
| WK1
| [[K. S. Bharat]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Wicket-Keeper
| 10
| Capped
| 50
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 50
|[[Gujarat Titans]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] [[Delhi Capitals]]
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Set 4: Capped Fast Bowlers'''
|-
| 27
| 4
| FA1
| [[Chetan Sakariya]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
| 19
| Capped
| 50
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 50
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 24
| 4
| FA1
| [[Alzarri Joseph]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| Bowler
| 19
| Capped
| 100
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 1150
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 30
| 4
| FA1
| [[Umesh Yadav]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
| 141
| Capped
| 200
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| 580
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 26
| 4
| FA1
| [[Shivam Mavi]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
| 32
| Capped
| 50
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| 640
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 28
| 4
| FA1
| [[Mitchell Starc]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| Bowler
| 27
| Capped
| 200
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 2475
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 29
| 4
| FA1
| [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
| 94
| Capped
| 50
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| 160
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 25
| 4
| FA1
| [[Dilshan Madushanka]]
| {{cr|SL}}
| Bowler
|
| Capped
| 50
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 460
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Set 6: Uncapped Batters'''
|-
| 39
| 6
| UBA1
| [[Shubham Dubey]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Batsman
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| 580
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 42
| 6
| UBA1
| [[Sameer Rizvi]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Batsman
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| 840
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 40
| 6
| UBA1
| [[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Batsman
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Set 7: Uncapped All-Ronders'''
|-
| 48
| 7
| UAL1
| [[Arshin Kulkarni]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-rounder
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 45
| 7
| UAL1
| [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-rounder
| 33
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| 740
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 52
| 7
| UAL1
| [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-rounder
| 5
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 20
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| {{N/a}}
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Set 8: Uncapped Wicket-Keepers'''
|-
| 54
| 8
| UWK1
| [[Tom Kohler-Cadmore]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| Wicket-Keeper
|
| Uncapped
| 40
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| 40
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 53
| 8
| UWK1
| [[Ricky Bhui]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Wicket-Keeper
| 2
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
| 55
| 8
| UWK1
| [[Kumar Kushagra]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Wicket-Keeper
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| 720
| {{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Set 9: Uncapped Fast Bowlers'''
|-
| 59
| 9
| UFA1
| [[Yash Dayal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
| 14
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 500
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 60
| 9
| UFA1
| [[Sushant Mishra]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| 220
| {{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| 63
| 9
| UFA1
| [[Kartik Tyagi]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
| 19
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| 500
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| 58
| 9
| UFA1
| [[Rasikh Dar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
| 3
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| [[Mumbai Indians]] [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
| 62
| 9
| UFA1
| [[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 2002)|Akash Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
| 7
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| 20
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Set 10: Uncapped Spinners'''
|-
| 70
| 10
| USP1
| [[Manav Suthar]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 68
| 10
| USP1
| [[Manimaran Siddharth]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| 240
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 66
| 10
| USP1
| [[Shreyas Gopal]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
| 49
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Accelerated Round 1'''
|-
| 78
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Sherfane Rutherford]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| Batsman
| 10
| Capped
| 150
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 150
| {{N/a}}
| [[Delhi Capitals]] [[Mumbai Indians]] [[Rajasthan Royals]] [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| 79
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Ashton Turner]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| Batsman
| 4
| Capped
| 100
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| 100
| {{N/a}}
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| 93
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| All-Rounder
| 13
| Capped
| 150
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 150
| {{N/a}}
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] [[Rajasthan Royals]] [[Delhi Capitals]]
|-
| 111
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| All-Rounder
| 11
| Capped
| 200
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| 200
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
| 126
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Spencer Johnson (cricketer)|Spencer Johnson]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| Bowler
|
| Capped
| 50
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| 1000
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 138
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
| {{cr|Bangladesh}}
| Bowler
| 48
| Capped
| 200
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| 200
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] [[Mumbai Indians]] [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| 139
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Jhye Richardson]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
| Bowler
| 3
| Capped
| 150
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| 500
| {{N/a}}
| [[Punjab Kings]] [[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
| 147
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Nuwan Thushara]]
| {{cr|SL}}
| Bowler
|
| Capped
| 50
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 480
| {{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| 191
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Naman Dhir]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 200
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Anshul Kamboj]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| 205
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| Sumit Kumar
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| 100
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 231
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Ashutosh Sharma (cricketer)|Ashutosh Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Punjab Kings]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 236
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| Vishwanath Singh
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Punjab Kings]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 237
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Shashank Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
| 10
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Punjab Kings]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| [[Delhi Capitals]] [[Rajasthan Royals]] [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
| 241
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Tanay Thyagarajan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Punjab Kings]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 255
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| Robin Minz
| {{cr|IND}}
| Wicket-Keeper
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| 360
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 317
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| Prince Choudary
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Punjab Kings]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 330
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-1|ACC}}
| [[Jhathavedh Subramanyan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align: center" colspan=13|'''Accelerated Round 2'''
|-
| 4
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Manish Pandey]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| Batsman
| 170
| Capped
| 50
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 50
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| [[Mumbai Indians]] [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] [[Pune Warriors India]] [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|-
| 6
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Rilee Rossouw]]
| {{cr|RSA}}
| Batsman
| 14
| Capped
| 200
| [[Punjab Kings]]
| 800
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| 22
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Lockie Ferguson]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| Bowler
| 38
| Capped
| 200
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 200
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| [[Rising Pune Supergiants]] [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
| 32
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]]
| {{cr|AFG}}
| Bowler
| 19
| Capped
| 200
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 200
| {{N/a}}
| [[Kings XI Punjab]] [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
| 46
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Arshad Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arshad Khan]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
| 6
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| 20
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 101
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Mohammad Nabi]]
| {{cr|AFG}}
| All-Rounder
| 17
| Capped
| 150
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 150
| {{N/a}}
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
| 115
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Shai Hope]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| Wicket-Keeper
|
| Capped
| 75
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| 75
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 119
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Gus Atkinson]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| Bowler
|
| Capped
| 100
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 100
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 152
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| Swastik Chhikara
| {{cr|IND}}
| Batsman
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 213
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Abid Mushtaq]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 232
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Shivalik Sharma]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 238
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Swapnil Singh]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| All-Rounder
| 7
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 20
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| [[Kings XI Punjab]]
|-
| 246
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| Avanish Rao Aravelly
| {{cr|IND}}
| Wicket-Keeper
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 275
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| [[Nandre Burger]]
| {{cr|RSA}}
| Bowler
|
| Capped
| 50
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| 50
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 282
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| Sakib Hussain
| {{cr|IND}}
| Bowler
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| 38
| colspan="2" |{{ref label|rounding|ACC-2|ACC}}
| Saurav Chauhan
| {{cr|IND}}
| Batsman
|
| Uncapped
| 20
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 20
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|}
{{note label|rounding|ACC|ACC}}'''ACC-1/2''': Players who were part of accelerated bidding.

== Support staff changes ==
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;"
|+Support staff changes ahead of 2024 IPL
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Team
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Name
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Change
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Role
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Notes
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Delhi Capitals]]
| [[Ajit Agarkar]]
|Resigned
|Assistant coach
| Chairman of the BCCI selection committee
|<ref name="ie24nov">{{cite news |title=Ajit Agarkar quits Delhi Capitals after throwing his hat in selection ring |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ajit-agarkar-quits-delhi-capitals-after-throwing-his-hat-in-selection-ring/articleshow/101367808.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 November 2023 |work=[[Times of India]]| date=29 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Shane Watson]]
|Sacked
|Assistant coach
| rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|<ref name=ie24nov/>
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[[Gautam Gambhir]]
|Appointed
|Mentor
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2024-gautam-gambhir-returns-to-kolkata-knight-riders-as-team-mentor-1410044|title=Gambhir returns to Kolkata Knight Riders as team mentor|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| [[Andy Flower]]
|Sacked
| Head coach
| Replaced by [[Justin Langer]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/lucknow-super-giants-part-ways-with-coach-andy-flower-8837279/|title=Lucknow Super Giants part ways with Andy Flower, appoint Justin Langer as new coach|access-date=24 November 2023 |work=[[Indian Express]]|date=14 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Justin Langer]]
|Appointed
|Head coach
|Replaced [[Andy Flower]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-justin-langer-front-runner-to-replace-andy-flower-as-lucknow-super-giants-head-coach-1387452 |title=Langer takes over from Flower as Lucknow Super Giants head coach | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | first=Nagraj | last=Gollapudi | date=14 Jul 2023 | accessdate=20 August 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Sridharan Sriram]]
| Appointed
|Assistant coach
| rowspan="4" {{n/a}}
|
|-
|[[Gautam Gambhir]]
| Resigned
|Mentor
|
|-
| [[Lance Klusener]]
| Appointed
|Assistant coach
|
|-
| [[Adam Voges]]
| Appointed
| Consultant
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mumbai Indians]]
| [[Shane Bond]]
|Resigned
|Bowling coach
|Replaced by [[Lasith Malinga]]
|
|-
| [[Lasith Malinga]]
|Appointed
|Bowling coach
|Replaced [[Shane Bond]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2024-malinga-replaces-bond-as-mi-fast-bowling-coach-msk-prasad-lucknow-super-giants-strategic-consultant-1392987|title=Malinga replaces Bond as Mumbai Indians' fast-bowling coach for IPL 2024|access-date=24 November 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Punjab Kings]]
| [[Sanjay Bangar]]
| Appointed
| Head of Cricket Development
| rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2024-sanjay-bangar-appointed-head-of-cricket-development-at-punjab-kings-1411930|title=Bangar appointed head of cricket development at Punjab Kings|access-date=8 December 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Wasim Jaffer]]
| Resigned
| Batting Coach
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| [[Lasith Malinga]]
|Resigned
|Fast bowling coach
|Replaced by [[Shane Bond]]
|
|-
| [[Shane Bond]]
| Appointed
| Fast bowling coach
| Replaced [[Lasith Malinga]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2024-shane-bond-named-rajasthan-royals-assistant-and-fast-bowling-coach-1404897|title=IPL 2024: Shane Bond named Rajasthan Royals' assistant and fast-bowling coach|access-date=24 November 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=23 October 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| [[Sanjay Bangar]]
|Sacked
|Head coach
|Replaced by [[Andy Flower]]
|<ref name=toi24nov>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/royal-challengers-bangalore-end-stint-of-mike-hesson-sanjay-bangar/articleshow/101803623.cms?from=mdr|title=Royal Challengers Bangalore end stint of Mike Hesson, Sanjay Bangar|access-date=24 November 2023|work=[[Times Of India]]|date=16 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mike Hesson]]
|Sacked
|Director of Cricket Operations
|Replaced by [[Mo Bobat]]
|<ref name=toi24nov/>
|-
| [[Andy Flower]]
|Appointed
|Head coach
|Replaced [[Sanjay Bangar]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/rcb-head-coach-ipl-2024-andy-flower-royal-challengers-bangalore/article67157109.ece/amp/|title=RCB appoints Andy Flower as head coach ahead of IPL 2024|access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Mo Bobat
|Appointed
|Director of Cricket Operations
|Replaced [[Mike Hesson]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ecb-s-bobat-to-join-rcb-in-ipl-as-director-of-cricket-after-12-years-in-england-set-up-1400496|title=Mo Bobat to join RCB as director of cricket after 12 years in England set-up|access-date=26 November 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sridharan Sriram]]
|Resigned
|Batting and spin bowling coach
|{{N/a}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| [[Brian Lara]]
|Sacked
|Head coach
|Replaced by [[Daniel Vettori]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sunrisers-hyderabad-part-ways-with-brian-lara-bottom-place-finish-ipl-2023-ex-rcb-coach-named-replacement-daniel-vettori-101691399405126.html|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad part ways with Brian Lara after bottom-place finish in IPL 2023, ex-RCB coach named replacement|access-date=24 November 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 August 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Daniel Vettori]]
|Appointed
|Head coach
|Replaced [[Brian Lara]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/daniel-vettori-named-new-sunrisers-hyderabad-head-coach-1391275|title=Daniel Vettori named new Sunrisers Hyderabad head coach|access-date=24 November 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dale Steyn]]
|Resigned
|Bowling coach
|Replaced by [[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]]
|<ref name=franklinsteynipl2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/james-franklin-replaces-dale-steyn-as-sunrisers-bowling-coach-for-ipl-2024-1423297|title=Franklin replaces Steyn as Sunrisers' bowling coach for IPL 2024|access-date=2 March 2024|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]]
|Appointed
|Bowling coach
|Replaced [[Dale Steyn]]
|<ref name=franklinsteynipl2024 />
|}

== Withdrawn players ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|+Withdrawn players in 2024 IPL
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Team
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Auctioned/retention price
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Reason
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Withdrawal announcement date
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Replacement player
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Nationality
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Replacement player's price
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Replacement player's base price
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | Signing date
!style="background: #841B2D;color:white" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
| rowspan="2" |{{cr|ENG}}
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| {{INRConvert|7.5|c|lk=on}}
| rowspan="2" | Workload management
| 10 February 2024
| [[Shamar Joseph]]
|{{cr|WIN}}
| {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on}}
|{{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
| 10 February 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3988/lucknow-super-giants-name-shamar-joseph-as-replacement-for-mark-wood|title=Lucknow Super Giants name Shamar Joseph as replacement for Mark Wood|access-date=14 March 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gus Atkinson]]
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
| 19 February 2024
| [[Dushmantha Chameera]]
|{{cr|SL}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2"|{{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
| 19 February 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3989/kolkata-knight-riders-name-dushmantha-chameera-as-replacement-for-gus-atkinson|title=Kolkata Knight Riders name Dushmantha Chameera as replacement for Gus Atkinson|access-date=14 March 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mohammed Shami]]
|{{cr|IND}}
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| {{INRConvert|6.25|c|lk=on}}
| Achilles Tendon surgery
| 1 March 2024
| [[Sandeep Warrier]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| 20 March 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mohammed-shami-set-to-miss-ipl-2024-after-undergoing-ankle-surgery-1422792 |title=GT's Mohammed Shami ruled out of IPL 2024 due to Ankle Surgery |access-date=14 March 2024|work=[[ESPN Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jason Roy]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| {{INRConvert|2.8|c|lk=on}}
| Personal reasons
| 10 March 2024
| [[Phil Salt]]
|{{cr|ENG}}
| colspan="2" |{{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
| 10 March 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3991/kkr-name-phil-salt-as-replacement-for-jason-roy|title=KKR Name Phil Salt As Replacement For Jason Roy|access-date=14 March 2024| work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prasidh Krishna]]
|{{cr|IND}}
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
| Left Proximal Quadriceps Tendon surgery
| 12 March 2024
| [[Keshav Maharaj]]
|rowspan="2" | {{cr|RSA}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
| 28 March 2024
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title=KKR Name Allah Ghazanfar As Replacement For Mujeeb Ur Rahman; Keshav Maharaj Joins RR In Place Of Prasidh Krishna |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4010/kkr-name-allah-ghazanfar-as-replacement-for-mujeeb-ur-rahman-keshav-maharaj-joins-rr-in-place-of-prasidh-krishna |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=IPLT20}}</ref>
|-
| [[Harry Brook]]
|{{cr|ENG}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Delhi Capitals]]
| {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
| Personal reasons
| 13 March 2024
| [[Lizaad Williams]]
| 7 April 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4028/lizaad-williams-joins-delhi-capitals-as-a-replacement-for-harry-brook|title=Lizaad Williams Joins Delhi Capitals As A Replacement For Harry Brook |access-date=8 April 2024| work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lungi Ngidi]]
|{{cr|RSA}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
| Lower Back Injury
| 15 March 2024
| [[Jake Fraser-McGurk]]
|{{cr|AUS}}
| rowspan="3" |{{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|{{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
| 15 March 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3992/delhi-capitals-name-all-rounder-jake-fraser-mcgurk-as-replacement-for-lungisani-ngidi|title=Delhi Capitals Name Jake Fraser-McGurk As Replacement For Lungisani Ngidi|access-date=15 March 2024| work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jason Behrendorff]]
|{{cr|AUS}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Mumbai Indians]]
| {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
| rowspan="2" | Injury
| 18 March 2024
| [[Luke Wood (cricketer)|Luke Wood]]
|{{cr|ENG}}
| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|18 March 2024
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Indians Name Luke Wood As Replacement For Jason Behrendorff |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3993/mumbai-indians-name-luke-wood-as-replacement-for-the-injured-jason-behrendorff |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dilshan Madushanka]]
|{{cr|SL}}
| {{INRConvert|4.60|c|lk=on}}
| 20 March 2024
| [[Kwena Maphaka]]
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|20 March 2024
|<ref>{{cite web |title=MI name U-19 World Cup hero Kwena Maphaka as Dilshan Madushanka's replacement |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/mumbai-indians-u19-world-cup-kwena-maphaka-dilshan-madushanka-replacement-2517416-2024-03-20 |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Adam Zampa]]
|{{cr|AUS}}
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| {{INRConvert|1.50|c|lk=on}}
| Personal reasons
| 21 March 2024
| [[Tanush Kotian]]
| rowspan="2" |{{cr|IND}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|rowspan="2" |22 March 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3998/gujarat-titans-add-b-r-sharath-to-squad-as-replacement-for-robin-minz-tanush-kotian-joins-rajasthan-royals-in-place-of-adam-zampa|title=Tanush Kotian joins Rajasthan Royals in place of Adam Zampa|access-date=22 March 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| Robin Minz
|{{cr|IND}}
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| {{INRConvert|3.60|c|lk=on}}
| rowspan="2" | Injury
| 22 March 2024
| [[BR Sharath]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3998/gujarat-titans-add-b-r-sharath-to-squad-as-replacement-for-robin-minz-tanush-kotian-joins-rajasthan-royals-in-place-of-adam-zampa|title=Gujarat Titans add BR Sharath to squad as replacement for Robin Minz|access-date=22 March 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]]
|{{cr|AFG}}
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| rowspan="2" |{{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
| 28 March 2024
| [[Allah Ghazanfar]]
|{{cr|AFG}}
| 28 March 2024
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]]
|{{cr|ENG}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| Personal Reasons
| 30 March 2024
| [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]]
|{{cr|NZ}}
| {{INRConvert|1.25|c|lk=on}}
|{{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
| 30 March 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4013/lucknow-super-giants-pick-matt-henry-as-a-replacement-for-david-willey|title=Lucknow Super Giants pick Matt Henry as a replacement for David Willey|access-date=30 March 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shivam Mavi]]
|{{cr|IND}}
| {{INRConvert|6.4|c|lk=on}}
| rowspan="2"| Injury
| 3 April 2024
| colspan="5" {{n/a}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Apr 2024 |title=Injured Shivam Mavi ruled out of IPL 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lucknow-super-giants-shivam-mavi-ruled-out-of-ipl-2024-1427594 |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
|{{cr|SL}}
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
| 6 April 2024
| [[Vijayakanth Viyaskanth]]
|{{cr|SL}}
| colspan="2"| {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
| 9 April 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Vijayakanth Viyaskanth joins SRH as replacement for Wanindu Hasaranga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/vijayakanth-viyaskanth-joins-srh-as-replacement-for-wanindu-hasaranga/articleshow/109168214.cms |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vishnu Vinod]]
|{{cr|IND}}
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
| Forearm Injury
| 11 April 2024
| [[Harvik Desai]]
|{{cr|IND}}
| colspan="2"| {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
| 11 April 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4034/mumbai-indians-sign-harvik-desai-as-replacement-for-vishnu-vinod|title=Mumbai Indians sign Harvik Desai as a replacement for Vishnu Vinod|access-date=11 April 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Devon Conway]]
|{{cr|NZ}}
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|Thumb Injury
| 18 April 2024
| [[Richard Gleeson]]
|{{cr|ENG}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
| 18 April 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.iplt20.com/news/4044/devon-conway-ruled-out-tata-ipl-2024-due-to-an-injury-chennai-super-kings-add-richard-gleeson-to-the-squad |title=Chennai Super Kings signs Richard Gleeson as replacement for Devon Conway|access-date=18 April 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mitchell Marsh]]
|{{cr|AUS}}
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| {{INRConvert|6.5|c|lk=on}}
|Injury
| 25 April 2024
| [[Gulbadin Naib]]
|{{cr|AFG}}
| 25 April 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.iplt20.com/news/4060/gulbadin-naib-signs-with-delhi-capitals-as-a-replacement-for-mitchell-marsh|title = Delhi Capitals signs Gulbadin Naib as replacement for Mitchell Marsh|access-date=25 April 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}
</ref>
|-
|[[Sikandar Raza]]
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|{{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
| rowspan="2" |National Duty
|27 April 2024
| colspan="5" rowspan="5" {{n/a}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2024 |title=Punjab Kings all-rounder leaves India after sensational win over Kolkata Knight Riders |url=https://crictoday.com/cricket/daily-cricket-news/punjab-kings-all-rounder-leaves-india-after-sensational-win-over-kolkata-knight-riders/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=Crictoday}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mustafizur Rahman]]
|{{cr|BAN}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|{{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|1 May 2024
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2024 |title=CSK desperately missed Pathirana and Mustafizur vs GT: Mitchell McClenaghan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/csk-missed-matheesha-pathirana-and-mustafizur-rahman-mitchell-mcclenaghan-gtvscsk-ipl-2024-2537834-2024-05-11 |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|[[Deepak Chahar]]
| rowspan="2" |{{cr|IND}}
|{{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
| rowspan="2" |Injury
| rowspan="2" |4 May 2024
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=Will injured Deepak Chahar, Mayank Yadav miss out on remaining IPL 2024 matches? All you need to know |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/will-injured-csk-deepak-chahar-lsg-mayank-yadav-miss-out-on-remaining-ipl-2024-matches-all-you-need-to-know-11714803028644.html |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=Mint}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mayank Yadav]]
|[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| rowspan="2" |{{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|-
|[[Matheesha Pathirana]]
|{{cr|SL}}
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|Jolt Injury
|5 May 2024
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Sushant Mishra]]
|{{cr|IND}}
|[[Gujarat Titans]]
|{{INRConvert|2.2|c|lk=on}}
|Injury
|11 May 2024
|[[Gurnoor Brar]]
|{{cr|IND}}
| colspan="2" |{{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on}}
|11 May 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2024 |title=IPL 2024: Gujarat Titans sign Gurnoor Singh Brar as replacement for Sushant Mishra |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/ipl-2024-gujarat-titans-sign-gurnoor-singh-brar-as-replacement-for-sushant-mishra/#google_vignette |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=CricTracker}}</ref>
|-
|[[Liam Livingstone]]
| rowspan="5" |{{cr|ENG}}
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|{{INRConvert|11.5|c|lk=on}}
| rowspan="5" |National Duty
| rowspan="4" |13 May 2024
| colspan="5" rowspan="10" {{n/a}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Englishmen leave IPL for T20 World Cup duty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2024-t20-world-cup-2024-jos-buttler-liam-livingstone-will-jacks-reece-topley-leave-india-1433690 |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jos Buttler]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|{{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
|-
|[[Will Jacks]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|{{INRConvert|3.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
|[[Reece Topley]]
|{{INRConvert|1.9|c|lk=on}}
|-
|[[Phil Salt]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|{{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
| rowspan="3" |14 May 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Shreyas Iyer, KKR players flock Instagram as Phil Salt leaves IPL for Pakistan series and T20 World Cup |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shreyas-iyer-kkr-players-flock-instagram-as-phil-salt-leaves-ipl-for-pakistan-series-and-t20-world-cup-101715673851838.html |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kagiso Rabada]]
|{{cr|RSA}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Punjab Kings]]
|{{INRConvert|9.25|c|lk=on}}
| rowspan="2" |Injury
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=RR vs PBKS: Blow for Punjab Kings! Kagiso Rabada, Shikhar Dhawan ruled out of the remainder of IPL 2024 |url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/rr-vs-pbks-blow-for-punjab-kings-kagiso-rabada-shikhar-dhawan-ruled-out-of-the-remainder-of-ipl-2024/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=Cricket Addictor}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shikhar Dhawan]]
|{{cr|IND}}
|{{INRConvert|8.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
|[[Sam Curran]]
| rowspan="3" |{{cr|ENG}}
|{{INRConvert|18.5|c|lk=on}}
| rowspan="3" |National Duty
| rowspan="3" |18 May 2024
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Jitesh Sharma to lead Punjab Kings against Sunrisers Hyderabad as Sam Curran returns home |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/jitesh-sharma-to-lead-punjab-kings-against-sunrisers-hyderabad-as-sam-curran-returns-home-101716030694546.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jonny Bairstow]]
|{{INRConvert|6.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
|[[Moeen Ali]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|{{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Why is Moeen Ali not playing today's RCB vs CSK IPL 2024 match? |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/news-why-moeen-ali-playing-today-s-rcb-vs-csk-ipl-2024-match |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=Sportskeeda}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{2024 Indian Premier League}}{{Indian Premier League}}{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

[[Category:2024 Indian Premier League|personnel changes]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League personnel changes]]
[[Category:Cricket player auction lists]]

Sports18

2026-03-16T12:00:41Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{Short description|Indian sports TV channel}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Sports18 Network
| logo_size = 180px
| logo = Sports18 logo.svg
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2022|}}
| closed_date = {{end date and age|2025|}}
| replaced_by = [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]]
| network = [[Viacom18]]
| owner = [[Viacom18]]
| key_people = [[Nita Ambani]]
| type = [[Sports]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| country = India
| area = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| languages = English, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Bangla, Hindi
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India
| website = {{URL|https://www.sports18.com/|sports18.com}}
}}
'''Sports18 Network''' was a group of Indian multinational [[pay television]] [[List of sports television channels|sports channels]] owned by [[Viacom18]]. Initially launched on 15 April 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viacom18 launches new sports broadcasting channel Sports18 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/sports-trends/viacom18-launches-new-sports-broadcasting-channel-sports18-8365661.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> the network broadcast various flagship sports tournaments. On 15 March 2025, the network was discontinued, and its channels were integrated into the [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports Network]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |first=Roshni |date=2025-03-17 |title=Sports18 rebranded as Star Sports, expanding network to 24 channels |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/sports18-rebranded-as-star-sports-expanding-network-to-24-channels-125031700931_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Channels ==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
! Channel
! Launched
! Defunct
! Language
! Availability
! Notes
|-
| Sports18 1
| 15 April 2022
| rowspan="4" | 15 March 2025<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="1" | [[Hindi]]
| SD+HD
| Rebranded as ''[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports 2 Hindi]]''
|-
| Sports18 2
| rowspan="2" | 1 November 2023
| rowspan="1" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| rowspan="3" | SD
| Rebranded as ''[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports 2 Telugu]]''
|-
| Sports18 3
| rowspan="1" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Rebranded as ''[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports 2 Tamil]]''
|-
| Sports18 Khel
| 25 April 2022
| rowspan="1" | [[Hindi]]
| Rebranded as ''[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports Khel]]''
|}

==Programming==
===Football===
====Club====
* [[Indian Super League]]

====National====
* [[Indian football team]] home matches

=== Cricket ===

==== Club ====

* [[Indian Premier League]]
* [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]

==== National ====

* [[India national cricket team|Indian National Cricket Team]] home matches

==See also==
* [[Paramount International Networks]]
* [[Paramount Networks EMEAA]]
* [[Viacom18]]
* [[Network18 Group]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{official website}}

{{Network 18}}
{{Sports Television in India}}

{{Television in India}}

[[Category:Cable television in India]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:Sports television networks in India]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Viacom18]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2022]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2025]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2025 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2022]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]

Uttutta Herolu

2026-03-16T07:44:02Z

Showbiz sportlight: started a entry!

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uttutta Herolu
| image = Uttutta Herolu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Harsha Kodali
| writer = Harsha Kodali
| producer = Mahesh Vitta Kaushik Reddy
| starring = Mahesh Vitta Thanu Konidela Hara Srinivas Walter Vinay Praveena Sony Ganga Chitikala
| cinematography = Harsha Kodali
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| music = John K. Joseph
| studio = MVM Pictures Laxmi Narayana Movies
| distributor = Laxminarayana movies
| released = {{Film date|2026|02|27|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Uttutta Herolu''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language crime comedy thriller film written and directed by Harsha Kodali. The film is produced by Mahesh Vitta and Kaushik Reddy under the banners MVM Pictures and Laxmi Narayana Movies. It stars Mahesh Vitta, Thanu Konidela, Hara Srinivas, Walter Vinay, Praveena Sony, and Ganga Chitikala in lead roles. The film was theatrically released on 27 February 2026.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=March 2026}}

== Cast ==
* Mahesh Vitta as Chandu
* Thanu Konidela as Sampangi
* Hara Srinivas as Rami Reddy
* Walter Vinay as Tippu
* Praveena Sony as Sonemma
* Ganga Chitikala

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by Harsha Kodali, who also serves as the cinematographer. It is produced by Mahesh Vitta and Kaushik Reddy under MVM Pictures and Laxmi Narayana Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=మహేష్ విఠా ప్రధాన పాత్రలో 'ఉత్తుత్త హీరోలు' మూవీ ఫస్ట్ లుక్ |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/cinema/cinema-news/mahesh-vittas-uthutha-herolu-first-look-unveiled-with-ugadi-wishes-68239.html |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Latest Telugu News {{!}} తెలుగు వార్తలు {{!}} NRI Telugu News Paper in USA - Telugu Times |language=te}}</ref> Editing is handled by Chota K. Prasad, while the music is composed by John K. Joseph. Bharadwaj Gali worked as lyricist and Nagendra Gopu as dialogue writer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Velugu |first=V6 |date=2024-04-11 |title=ఉత్తుత్త హీరోలు మూవీ ఫస్ట్ లుక్ పోస్టర్‌‌‌‌ విడుదల |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/uthuttha-herolu-movie-first-look-poster-released |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te |archive-date=2024-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416060252/https://www.v6velugu.com/uthuttha-herolu-movie-first-look-poster-released |url-status=live }}</ref>Co producer by Bharathi vitta

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film 2.75/5 stars and wrote, "While the pacing slows in parts and the screenplay could be tighter, the film succeeds in delivering relatable humour, friendship-driven emotions, and a feel-good message about dreams and perseverance."<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttutta Herolu: A Rayalaseema-flavoured comedy about dreams, friendship and small-town cinema |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/uttutta-herolu-a-rayalaseema-flavoured-comedy-about-dreams-friendship-and-small-town-cinema-1052596 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=28 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "While the screenplay could have been sharper and more consistent, the film delivers enough entertaining moments to connect with its target audience."<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttutta Herolu Review: Mahesh Vitta's Rooted Friendship Comedy |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/uttutta-herolu-review-mahesh-vittas-rooted-friendship-comedy-477725 |work=[[Sakshi Post]] |date=28 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[News18]]'' critic wrote, "Mahesh is the main attraction of the movie Vitta Energy."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/mahesh-vitta-utthutta-herolu-movie-review-and-rating-slb-3060819.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2026-03-02 |archive-date=2026-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228190255/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/mahesh-vitta-utthutta-herolu-movie-review-and-rating-slb-3060819.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Zee News]]'' critic stated, "''Utthutthi Herolu''.. A fun effort set in the backdrop of Rayalaseema."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=Uthutha Herolu Review: ఉత్తుత్త హీరోలు రివ్యూ.. మహేష్ విట్టా రాయలసీమ కామెడీ ఫన్ ఎలా ఉందంటే..! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/hyderabad-city-news/uthutha-herolu-review-rating-public-talk-mahesh-vitta-movie-will-impress-full-movie-analisis-ta-290372 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|40108671}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 crime comedy films]]

Alif Laila

2026-03-10T18:31:26Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{short description|Indian television series from 1993 to 2002}}
{{other uses}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{MOS|shortcut=MOS:TV|date=February 2018}}
{{original research|date=February 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aliflailacover.jpg
| alt_name = Arabian Nights
| genre = Fantasy
| based_on = ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''
| director = {{Unbulleted list|Anand Sagar|[[Prem_Sagar_(cinematographer)|Prem Sagar]]|Moti Sagar}}
| theme_music_composer = Ravindra Jain
| opentheme = Krishna M. Gupta
| endtheme = Krishna M. Gupta
| composer = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| country = India
| language = {{unbulleted list|Hindi|Urdu}}
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 303
| producer = Subhash Sagar
| runtime = 22 Minutes
| network = {{ubl|[[DD National | DD1]] (season 1)|[[SAB TV]] (season 2)}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|1993}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2002}}
| company = [[Sagar Arts]]
| screenplay = [[Ramanand Sagar]]
}}

'''''Alif Laila''''' is an Indian television series based on the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'', also known as the ''Arabian Nights''.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1994">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOZkAAAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1994|isbn=978-0-85170-455-5|pages=42, 63, 572|access-date=30 May 2012}}</ref> It was produced by [[Sagar Pictures Entertainment]].<ref name="Kapoor2000">{{cite book|author=Ravi Shanker Kapoor|title=More equal than others: a study of the Indian Left|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJUFAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=978-81-7094-381-5}}</ref> It was made in two seasons. The series from 1993 to 2002 for 303 episodes on [[DD National]] and later on [[SAB TV]].

The plotline of the series starts from the very beginning when [[Scheherazade|Shahrzad]] starts telling stories to [[Shahrayar|Shahryar]] and contains both the well-known and the lesser-known stories from the ''One Thousand and One Nights'' which are mentioned here. The name ''Alif Laila'' is a short form of the original Arabic title of the ''One Thousand and One Nights'' - ''Alif Layla wa-Layla'' ({{langx|ar|ألف ليلة وليلة}}).

==Stories==
===Season 1 (1993–1997) on DD1 ===
* Prologue to the story of King Shahryar and Queen Shahrzad
*EP (03–06) – The Trader and the Genie ''(Taajir aur [[Jinn]])''
*EP (07–09) – Story of the First Traveller ''(Pahla Musaafir aur Do Kutton ki Kahaani)''
*EP (10–13) – Story of the Second Traveller ''(Doosra Musaafir aur Bakri ki Kahaani)''
*EP (14–15) – [[The Fisherman and the Jinni|The Fisherman and the Genie]]<ref name="selection">{{cite book|title=A selection of stories from Alif laila wa laila: the Arabian nights' entertainment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvRMAAAAMAAJ|year=1892|publisher=Ginn & co.}}</ref> ''(Maahigir aur Jinn)''
*EP (16–18) – Tale of the Vizier and the Sage [[List of One Thousand and One Nights characters#Duban|Duban]] ''(Hakeem Dobaan ki Kahaani)''
* EP (19-33) – [[Aladdin]] and the Magic Lamp ''(Aladeen aur Jaadui Chiraagh)''
*EP (34–47) – [[Ali Baba]] and the Forty Thieves'''<ref name="ColbyWilliams19182">{{cite book |author1=Frank Moore Colby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GwNAQAAMAAJ |title=The New international encyclopædia |author2=Talcott Williams |publisher=Dodd, Mead and company |year=1918}}</ref>''' ''(Ali Baba aur Chaalis Chor)''
*EP (48-49) – [[Sinbad the Sailor]] ''(Sindbad Jahaazi)''
*EP (50–55) – Sindbad's First Voyage ''(Prince Gulfam and Jadugarni Azbela & Jadugar Bargwan)''
*EP (56–69) – Sindbad's Second Voyage ''(Maut Ki Vaadi)''
*EP (70–89) – Sindbad's Third Voyage ''(Nigaristan)''
*EP (90–106) – Sindbad's Fourth Voyage ''(Kaala Jazeera)''
*EP (107–135) – Prince Jalal Talib and Malika Hamira ''(Shahzaada Jalaal Taalib aur Malika Hameera)''
*EP (136–143) – Prince Jamal Saqib and Princess Mahapara ''(Shahzaada Jamaal Saaqib aur Shahzaadi Mahapaara)''
* Epilogue to the story of Shahryar and Shahrzad

===Season 2 (2001–2002) on SAB TV ===
* The Night-Adventures of '''[[Caliph]] [[Harun al-Rashid]]''' ''(Khaleefa Haarun al-Rasheed ke Gashte)''
* EP (02–10) – Story of the Blind Man ''(Andhe Faqeer Jamaal ki Kahaani)''
* EP (11–27) – Zishan and Sofonisba ''(Zishaan aur Sofonisba),'' ''loosely based on the History of Sidi Nu'uman''
* EP (28–35) – History of Khwajah Hasan al-Khabbal ''(Khwaaja Hasan Khabaal ki Kahaani)''
* EP (36–83) – Two Brothers Jalal and Bilal ''(Do Bhaai Jalaal aur Bilaal)''
* EP (84–103) – Prince Afat and Firoza vs Firoz ''(Prince Afat aur Firoza banaam Firoz)''
* EP (104–160) – Sindbad's Four Skull Raids ''(Sindbad ka Chaar Khopdi abhijan)''
* End-of-night adventures of Harun al-Rashid

==Cast==

=== Main ===
* [[Girija Shankar]] as King [[Shahrayar|Shahryar]]
* [[Damini Kanwal Shetty]] as Queen [[Scheherazade|Shahrzad]]

=== Recurring ===
* Navdeep singh as Aladdin
* [[Papiya Sengupta]] as princess Gulafsha of Naglistaan
* [[Mukul Nag]] as prince Jamal Saakib
* Sunil Pandey as Sabeer Ahmed, Ali Baba
* [[Shahnawaz Pradhan]] as Sindbad, Royal Vizier (Prologue), Clone Badrous, Thief Asfandyaar
* Vilas Raj as Qehermaan,Zingalu Zungla
* Jharna Dave as Zubeidaa
* Tarakesh Chauhan as Jalal Talib / Harun-Ar Rashid
* Mona Parikh as Princess Tayyabah
* Lata Haya (née Lata Nagar) as witch-queen Hameera
* [[Pinky Parikh]] as Duraksha, Fairy Zeba Zeemi Shaheen, Marjina, Princess [[Badroulbadour]] and witch-queen Taaguti
* Jyotin Dave as Shah Of Baghdad
* [[Mulraj Rajda]] as Hakim Douban
* Neela Patel as Fisherman's wife, Aladdin's mother, Shah of Baghdad's consort, Queen Zamaani of Shahristaan
* Sanjeev Sharma as Haasim, Daniel
* [[Sulakshana Khatri]] as witch Asbela & Princess of corpses Asjaar Salatiya
* Radha Yadav as Dilshad, Mother of kidnapped child (Sinbad arc)
* [[Pramod Kapoor]] as merchant Sirajuddin Shareef Zardaari, prince Gulfaam/Shah Khurram of Mehrabaad/sorcerer Misri, Sorcerer Azgar, King Baazik
* Kumar Hegde as Shape-Shifter Halkaash
* Sunil Nagar as King Of Nigaristan
* Aslam Khan as Kiled Brother Jinn
* Sanjay Bn Sharma as Tabbak Jinn
* Dayal Singh Kashyap as Qayamat Jinn
* Hyder Kazmi as Jadugar Talimosh
* Neha Grewal as Heena (Fairy)
* Swati Anand as Sofonisba / Sharara Gul
* Ritambhara Sahni as Ismatjahan
* Yashodhan Rana as Sindbad
* Firoz Ali as Shehzada Afak

==Home media==
The episodes of ''Alif Laila'' were released on both [[Video CD|VCD]] and [[DVD]] format from Moserbaer. The DVD release was marketed as 20 volumes consisting of 143 episodes.

== Broadcast ==
Alif Laila first aired on [[DD National|DD1]], and later, Season 2 was broadcast on [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sagarpictures.com Sagar Pictures website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121001171704/http://sagartv.com/alif-laila.htm Production website]
*[http://www.dhamaal.tv/aliflaila.htm Dhamaal TV page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028171745/http://www.dhamaal.tv/aliflaila.htm |date=28 October 2019 }}

{{DD National Shows}}
{{Sagar Arts}}
{{One Thousand and One Nights}}
{{Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves}}
{{Aladdin}}
{{Sinbad the Sailor}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]
[[Category:1993 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on One Thousand and One Nights]]
[[Category:Television shows based on fairy tales]]
[[Category:Works based on Aladdin]]
[[Category:1997 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows about genies]]
[[Category:Works based on Sinbad the Sailor]]
[[Category:Works based on Ali Baba]]
[[Category:Arabian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Television series about Islam]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Harun al-Rashid]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]

Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions

2026-03-05T07:00:46Z

Showbiz sportlight: Put up some pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|கலக்க போவது யாரு? சாம்பியன்}}
| image =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Stand-up comedy]]
}}
| starring =
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
'''season 1'''
* Sriranjani Sundaram
* VJ Pappu
'''season 2'''
* [[Rakshan]]
* [[Manimegalai]]
'''season 3'''
* [[Myna Nandhini]]
* [[Erode Mahesh]]
'''season 4'''
*[[Aranthangi Nisha]]
*[[KPY Bala]]
}}
| judges = {{plainlist|
'''season 1'''
* [[Grace Karunas]]
* Thadi Balaji
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
'''season 2'''
* [[Grace Karunas]]
* Thadi Balaji
[[Myna Nandhini]]
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
'''season 3'''
* [[Robo Shankar]]
* [[Archana Chandhoke]]
* [[Madurai Muthu]]
'''season 4'''
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]]
* [[Madurai Muthu]]
* Thadi Balaji
* [[Shrutika]]
* [[Myna Nandhini|Nandini]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 112
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = approx.42–50 minutes per episode
| company =
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|6|18}}
| last_aired = present
| voices =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| related = Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?
}}

'''''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions''''' or '''''KPY Champions''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality [[stand-up comedy]] television show that airs on [[Star Vijay]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Over six years, ''KPY Champions'' has aired three seasons. [[Grace Karunas]], Thadi Balaji and [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] were the judges for the first two seasons.

The first season premiered on 18 June 2017.

==Overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
! rowspan="2" |Winner
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:Orange"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 1|1]]'''
| 84
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2017|6|18}}
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|01|27}}
|style="background:cyan;" | Pulikesi Team
|-
|style="background:Red"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 2|2]]'''
| 23
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2019|08|11}}
| {{start date|df=yes|2020|02|02}}
|style="background:cyan;" | Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? 6 Team
|-
|style="background:Pink"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 3|3]]'''
| 25
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2022|2|20}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2022|08|14}}
|style="background:cyan;" | Amuthavanan and Pazhani Pattalam, [[Azhar (actor)|Azhar]] and TSK
|-
|style="background:Blue"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 4|4]]'''
|17
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|02|19}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2023|06|11}}
|style="background:cyan;" | Bloody sweet Team
|-
|}

==Season 1==
The first season had eighty-four episodes and featured contestants from ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' Season 5 and Season 6, and the Siricha Pochu team.

[[Grace Karunas]], Thadi Balaji and [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] judged Sriranjani Sundaram and VJ Pappu hosted the show. The winner of the season was Pulikesi Team, and Anja Singam was the runner-up.<ref>{{cite news |title='Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru Champions' all set for its grand finale|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kalakka-povadhu-yaaru-champions-all-set-for-its-grand-finale/articleshow/67691984.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

* '''Winner''': Pulikesi Team
* '''First Runners-Up''': Anja Singam

==Season 2==
The second season had twenty three episodes, judged by the previous season's [[Grace Karunas]], Thadi Balaji and [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]. They were accompanied by a new judge, [[Myna Nandhini]]. It was hosted by [[Rakshan]] and [[Manimegalai]].

* '''Winner''': Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? 6 Team

==Season 3==
The third Season of KPY Champions was called '''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions Doubles'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Champions Doubles Grand Finale|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-champions-doubles-grand-finale-winner-runner-up-of-kpy-2022-revealed/42614/|website=thenewscrunch.com|date=10 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It was premiered on 20 February 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Champions Season 3 Launching on 20 February at 01.30 PM|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-champions-season-3/|website=www.indiantvinfo.com|date=19 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kalaka Povathu Yaru Champions is Back|url=https://chennaivision.com/kalaka-povathu-yaru-champions/|website=chennaivision.com|date=19 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Catch Double the Fun & Giggles with KPY Champions Doubles, Premiering this Sunday!|url=https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/catch-double-fun-giggles-kpy-champions-doubles-premiering-sunday-237321|website=astroulagam.com|language=en}}</ref> and ended on 14 August 2022. There were twenty five episodes. The judges were [[Madurai Muthu]], [[Robo Shankar]] and [[Archana Chandhoke]] and the hosts were [[Myna Nandhini]] and [[Erode Mahesh]].

* '''Winner''': Amuthavanan and Pazhani Pattalam, Azhar and TSK
* '''First Runners-Up''': Sathish and Rajuvelu

===Contestants===
* [[KPY Bala|Bala]] and Vinoth
* Raja and Yogi
* Azhar and [[TSK (actor)|TSK]]
* Amudavanan<ref>{{cite web |title=15 வருட உழைப்பு.. விஜய் டிவி அமுதவாணனுக்கு நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் கொடுத்த அங்கீகாரம்!|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-kpy-champions-amuthavanan-comdey-preformance-infront-of-actor-sathyaraj-kpy-lollusabha-siricha-pochi-amuthavanan-sre-759026.html|website=tamil.news18.com|date=16 June 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sathyaraj is Impressed With Comedian Amutha Vanan's Mimicry|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sathyaraj-is-impressed-with-comedian-amutha-vanans-mimicry-5392249.html|website=www.news18.com|date=17 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and Palani Pattalam
* Naveen and Sharath
* Sathish and Rajavelu
* Ramar and Nisha
* Adhavan and Jayachandaran

==Season 4==
The fourth season of KPY Champions aired every Sunday at 13:30, from 19 February 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reality show 'KPY Champion 4' set to launch soon; deets inside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/reality-show-kpy-champion-4-set-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/97722061.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India| date=8 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Reshma Pasupuleti]], [[Madurai Muthu]], Dhadi Balaji, [[Shrutika]] and [[Myna Nandhini|"Myna" Nandini]] (who replaced Shruthika) were the judges, whereas [[KPY Bala]] and [[Aranthangi Nisha]] were the hosts.<ref>{{cite web |title=வயிறு குலுங்க சிரிக்க தயாரா மக்களே.. விரைவில் கலக்கப் போவது யாரு சாம்பியன்ஸ் 4 நிகழ்ச்சி!|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vijay-tv-announces-kalakka-povathu-yaaru-champions-4-show-soon-105048.html|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=12 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

Bloody sweet Team (announced by actor [[Senthil]]) was announced the Winner of the 'Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions' and received a 3 lakhs award by Star Vijay. Mamakutty Team was the first runner up of the season and was awarded an amount of 2 lakhs.

* '''Winner''': Bloody sweet Team
* '''First Runners-Up''': Mamakutty Team
* '''Second Runners-Up''': Eppudida Team

==Episodes==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Airing
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Round
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Guests
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Reference
|-
| 1
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|2|19}}
| Fun Overloaded
| [[Seeman]]
|
|-
| 2
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|2|26}}
| Laugher Riot
| [[Seeman]]
|
|-
| 3
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|3|5}}
| Ramarajan Graces the Show
| [[Ramarajan]]
|
|-
| 4
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|3|12}}
| A Comic Riot
| [[Radha Ravi]]
|
|-
| 5
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|3|19}}
| The Spoof Round
| [[Radha Ravi]]
|
|-
| 6
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|3|26}}
| Tent Kotta Round
| [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]] & [[Dindigul I. Leoni]]
|
|-
| 7
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|2}}
| Entertainment Guaranteed
| [[Gautham Karthik|Gautam Karthik]] & [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
|
|-
| 8
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|9}}
| The Thriller Round
| [[Vinusha Devi]] & Sobana
|
|-
| 9
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|16}}
| Summer Special
| [[Shakeela]] & [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
|
|-
| 10
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|23}}
| Pasamalar Round
| Amuthavaanan, Janani & Dhanalakshmi
|
|-
| 11
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|30}}
| Unlimited Entertainment
| [[Roopa Sree]] & Meena Vemuri
|
|-
| 12
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|5|7}}
| Entertainment Guaranteed
| [[Farina Azad]] & Asha
|
|-
| 13
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|5|14}}
| Thillu Mullu Round
| [[K. Manikandan|Manikandan]] & [[Meetha Raghunath]] (cast of ''[[Good Night (2023 film)|Good Night]]'')
|
|-
| 14
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|5|21}}
| Sidharth Joins the Fun
| [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
|
|-
| 15
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|5|28}}
| Fun with Arya
| [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
|
|-
| 16
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|6|4}}
| Back to School
| Siddharth & Gabriella
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch KPY Champions Season 4 Full Episodes on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kpy-champions/14465/seasons/season-4/ss-10189 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 17
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|6|11}}
| The Final Battle
| [[Senthil]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title |tt10196074}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kpy-champions/14465 Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions] at [[Hotstar]]

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television spinoffs]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television seasons]]

Actually (film)

2026-03-03T20:40:59Z

Showbiz sportlight: expanded information and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Actually
| image = Actually poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Shine Kurian
| producer =
| writer = Shine Kurian
| starring = [[Hemanth Menon]] [[Aju Varghese]] [[Sreenivasan]] Sneha Unnikrishnan [[Anjali Aneesh]] [[Bhagath Manuel]] [[Chembil Ashokan]]
| narrator =
| music = Kilimanoor Ramavarma Gopu Krishna P.S
| cinematography = James Chris
| editing = Mendoz Antony
| studio = Right Turn Films
| distributor = Right Turn Release
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|12|05}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Actually''''' is a 2014 [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]] Indian [[feature film]] written and directed by Shine Kurian, starring [[Hemanth Menon]], [[Aju Varghese]], Sneha Unnikrishnan, [[Anjali Aneesh]], and [[Bhagath Manuel]] with veteran actors [[Sreenivasan]] and [[P. Balachandran]] in important characters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=ദിനേശ്‌ |first1=എ.എസ്‌. |title=സിനിമ ലൊക്കേഷൻ - ആക്ച്വലി |url=http://origin.mangalam.com/cinema/location/262743 |accessdate=28 May 2017 |publisher=[[Mangalam]] |date=17 December 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Picture Gallery - Actually Malayalam film stills |url=http://www.nanaonline.in/cinema-gallery/401/Registration.aspx |accessdate=28 May 2017 |publisher=Nana Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525134724/http://www.nanaonline.in/cinema-gallery/401/Registration.aspx |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ആക്ച്വലി:പ്രണയം സസ്പെൻസ് |url=http://sv1.mathrubhumi.com/movies/welcome/printpage/433978/ |accessdate=28 May 2017 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226212013/http://sv1.mathrubhumi.com/movies/welcome/printpage/433978/ |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Summary==

''Actually'' is the story of Sanu and Gopalakrishnan and their unexpected involvement in two different incidents. A group of youngsters also gets involved in the happenings. Sanu is forced to fight for his rights along with his family when he realizes that his life is in tatters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Real lives |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/dec/04/real-lives-690230.html |access-date=28 May 2017 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=4 December 2014}}</ref>

==Cast==

*[[Hemanth Menon]] as Deepak
*[[Aju Varghese]] as Blog Kavi Saji
*[[Sreenivasan]] as Sanu
*Sneha Unnikrishnan as Priya
*[[Anjali Aneesh]] as Roopa
*[[Bhagath Manuel]] as Vinay
*[[P. Balachandran]] as Gopalakrishnan
*[[Chembil Ashokan]] as Shivan
*James Pottackal as Short Film Producer (Cameo)
*Jayakrishnan as Managing Director
*[[Lishoy]] as Deepak's Father

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5356538}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language romantic thriller films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

X Videos (film)

2026-03-03T03:13:06Z

Showbiz sportlight: brief improve article after review per sources

{{short description|2018 Indian crime thriller film}}
{{Distinguish|XVideos}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = X Videos
| image = X Videos (film poster).jpg
| alt = The poster features lead actress of the film laid on the red carpet in a crouched position and wearing a black gown. The title appears at bottom in Tamil script.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sajo Sundar
| producer =
| writer = Sajo Sundar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|Akruti Singh|Prasanna Shetty |Riyamikka|Ajay Raj|Abhenav Mahajit|Praboojit|Shan}}
| music = Johan
| editing = K. Anandha Lingakumar
| studio = Colour Shadows Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|6|1|Tamil}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''X Videos''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[cyber crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] [[drama film]] directed by Sajo Sundar, which is also his directorial debut. Inspired by the real life hidden-cam pornography cases, the film depicts social awareness and cautions against such dirty works.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2018 |title=எக்ஸ் வீடியோ-வுக்கு தணிக்கை குழு பாராட்டு |trans-title=Auditing Committee appreciation for X Videos |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/67361/cinema/Kollywood/Censor-board-congrats-X-videos.htm |access-date=3 June 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> It was released on 1 June 2018 in Tamil. Based on its content and subject, the film was given an ''A'' certificate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeyya |first=Siby |date=9 March 2018 |title=We Ain't Kidding - Censor Board Appreciated XVIDEOS |url=https://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/299148/We-Ain-t-Kidding--Censor-Board-Appreciated-XVIDEOS-/ |access-date=3 June 2018 |work=India Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Selvaraj |first=Vignesh |date=12 February 2018 |title='எக்ஸ் வீடியோஸ்' படத்துக்கு 'ஏ' சர்ட்டிஃபிகேட்! |trans-title='A' Certificate to 'X Videos' |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/x-videos-gets-censor-certificate-051784.html |access-date=3 June 2018 |work=FiLMiBEAT |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramaniam |first=Anupama |date=11 February 2018 |title=Social awareness film on porn videos gets 'A' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/110218/social-awareness-film-on-porn-videos-gets-a.html |access-date=3 June 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Manoj, a journalist, sets out to find out an answer for the question "Is there any use of the porn industry to the country"? He tries to find out the opinion of the common people on porn websites and ends up in a big jolt and shock about his findings. In this research, he happens to see a naked video of the wife of his friend Ankith on a pornographic website. When Manoj shares this information, Ankith kills himself in shame. Manoj begins his secret investigation on how could a personal video get posted online. Along with Daniel, his fellow journalist, and his buddy Sub-Inspector Imran, he gets deep into this. In this investigation, they find out that it was Vikram and his associates who operate the porn websites and their various ways and means of collecting the videos. Though Manoj writes about Vikram in his magazine with proper evidence, Vikram escapes with an anticipatory bail. How Manoj and Imran trap Vikram and if Vikram and his associates get caught and brought to justice forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
* Akruti Singh
* Prasanna Shetty
* Riyamikka
* Ajay Raj
* Abhenav Mahajit
* Praboojit
* Shan

==Production==
This movie is the first production of Colour Shadows Entertainment and this production unit is a result of like minded friends coming together, to produce social awareness films and handle controversial subjects.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} The film was shot in Tamil and Hindi simultaneously.<ref name="bmdb" />

The film's idea was conceived by the director Sajo Sundar when one day he found a video clip on the internet which featured his close friend's wife fully naked. Shocked by this incident he further researched about the world of hidden camera pornography and discovered that there were many more of such cases, sometimes that had led to the suicide of the affected person. He decided to direct a social awareness movie which would warn men and women about the risk of saving their personal videos on their mobiles.<ref name="bmdb">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Mohnish |date=10 August 2017 |title=The Filmmaker Sajo Sundar Interview: I'll donate the profit of my film 'X-Videos' to government schools to make toilets for girls! |url=http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/interviews/the-sajo-sundar-interview-i-ll-donate-the-profit-of-my-film-x-videos-to-government-schools-to-make-toilets-for-girls |access-date=13 May 2018 |work=BollywoodMDB.com}}</ref><ref name="dc">{{Cite news |last=Subramaniam |first=Anupama |date=14 August 2017 |title=An awareness film on porn videos |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/141017/an-awareness-film-on-porn-videos.html |access-date=13 May 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="i">{{Cite news |date=15 October 2017 |title=X Videos is Not a Porn Movie But Awareness Film About Porn Videos |url=http://www.india.com/buzz/x-videos-is-not-a-porn-movie-but-awareness-film-about-porn-videos-bold-film-to-reveal-secrets-of-the-xxx-industry-2534343 |access-date=15 May 2018 |work=[[India.com]] |archive-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516015407/http://www.india.com/buzz/x-videos-is-not-a-porn-movie-but-awareness-film-about-porn-videos-bold-film-to-reveal-secrets-of-the-xxx-industry-2534343/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wanted to reveal the mafia behind such crimes and how they made money in [[crore]]s by doing so.<ref name="dc" /><ref name="i" />

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote that "Despite being a film on the flourishing porn industry, and with scope to add explicit, ‘X’-rated scenes, it's commendable how Sajo has kept the content 'clean'".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=1 June 2018 |title=X VIDEOS MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/x-videos/movie-review/64406249.cms |access-date=3 June 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14774002}}

[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films about pornography]]
[[Category:Awareness activism]]
[[Category:2018 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Pornography in India]]
[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]

1992 India–Pakistan floods

2026-02-27T08:21:57Z

Showbiz sportlight: Page refined with updated information

{{Short description|Natural disaster in India and Pakistan}}
{{Infobox flood
| name = 1992 India–Pakistan floods
| image =
| image_size = 300 px
| alt =
| caption =
| cause = [[Monsoon|Heavy rain]] [[Landslide]] [[Severe weather]]
| duration = {{start date|1992|09|07|df=y}} – unknown<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/485607-climate-change-catching-pakistan-unprepared|title=Climate change catching Pakistan unprepared|newspaper=The News International (newspaper)|author=Amjad Bashir Siddiqi|date=17 June 2019|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref>
| date =
| damages = $1 billion (estimated) {{small|9.3 million affected 350,000 families went homeless 12,672 villages swept away 160,000 cattle drowned 80% bridges and roads destroyed 3.3 million evacuated}}
| fatalities = 2,496 total {{small|2,000 – Azad Kashmir}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/jammu-and-kashmir-floods-omar-abdullah-maharaj-k-pandit-global-warming-292237-2014-09-12|title=Jammu and Kashmir disaster was waiting to happen|website=India Today}}</ref> {{small|296 – Punjab(Pakistan)}}<ref name="OFDA Annual Report - United States. Agency for International Development. Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance - Google Libri">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8h8MoQRugMC&pg=RA5-PA46 |title=OFDA Annual Report|first=United States Agency for International Development Office of U. S. Foreign Disaster|last=Assistance|publisher=The Office|via=Google Books}}</ref> {{small|200 – Jammu and Kashmir}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/5Pq6ov9rVifupnpxQJUo1O/Jammu-and-Kashmir-has-had-a-long-history-of-flooding.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir has had a long history of flooding|first=Venkat|last=Ananth|date=September 9, 2014|website=Livemint}}</ref>
| affected = [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[North-West Frontier Province]]
}}
The '''1992 India–Pakistan floods''' was a deadly flood caused by a five days long heavy [[monsoon]] rains and [[severe weather]] that occurred on 7 September 1992<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pmd.gov.pk/rnd/rnd_files/vol3_issue6/3.%20Simulations%20of%201992%20Flood%20in%20River%20Jhelum%20using%20High%20Resolution%20Regional%20Climate%20Model.pdf| title=Simulations of 1992 flood in river jhelum using high Pakistan Meteorological |website=pmd.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjA5-8xJlH0C&pg=PA11 |title=Pakistan - The Land|first=Carolyn|last=Black|date=March 25, 2003|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|isbn=9780778793465 |via=Google Books}}</ref> across the north-Pakistan of [[Azad Kashmir]], [[North-West Frontier Province]] and Indian administered state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Severe floods left at least 2,496 fatalities, including 2,000 deaths in Pakistan administered state, 296 in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]], and 200 in northern India with several others missing. The floods swept away more than 12,672 villages and several people were buried alive due to landslides near mountains. Punjab, that shares its borders with Azad Kashmir, suffered a heavy agriculture loss in its [[economic history]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/19/world/2500-dead-in-heavy-flooding-across-north-pakistan-and-india.html|title=2,500 Dead in Heavy Flooding Across North Pakistan and India|first=Sanjoy|last=Hazarika|work=The New York Times |date=September 19, 1992|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
[[File:Kashmir map.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Kashmir]] approx location of affected regions ([[Azad Kashmir]] shown in green while orange-brown represents [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]])]]
The floods evacuated 3.3 million people from the affected areas. Initial reports cited between 900 and 1,000 dead with 1,000 missing.

==Background==
The floods originated from the three major rivers such as [[Indus River|Indus river]], the longest river of the country, which flows through Pakistan, China and India, [[Chenab River|Chenab river]], the major river of India and Pakistan, and the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum river]], a river in northern India and eastern Pakistan. The heavy rainfall in northern mountains made three rivers overflow.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/18/world/over-900-in-pakistan-dead-in-severe-floods.html|title=Over 900 in Pakistan Dead in Severe Floods|work=The New York Times |date=September 18, 1992|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-13-mn-1427-story.html|title=Floods in Northern Pakistan Kill 600|date=September 13, 1992|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The Jhelum river swept away more than 400 people in Punjab province, including refugees along with shelters built of mud on the banks of the river.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/09/12/Officials-up-death-toll-to-1700-in-Indo-Pakistan-flooding/4727716270400/|title=Officials up death toll to 1,700 in Indo-Pakistan flooding|website=UPI}}</ref> Pakistan suffered a heavy loss of 2,000 fatalities as well as millions of worth properties, while hundreds of people died in Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/so-little-time-between-hope-and-death-kashmir-flood/382796/|title='So Little Time Between Hope and Death'|first=Ashwaq|last=Masoodi|date=November 16, 2014|website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/pakistan-counts-cost-as-force-of-the-flood-eases-1552247.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/pakistan-counts-cost-as-force-of-the-flood-eases-1552247.html |archive-date=2022-05-01 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Pakistan counts cost as force of the flood eases|date=September 19, 1992|website=The Independent}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Emergency response==
After floods struck Pakistan, mostly Azad Kashmir, the [[Government of Pakistan]] declared a nationwide emergency. The [[United Nations]] mobilized [[Emergency management|disaster management team]] to make [[Disaster response|necessary arrangements]] for dispatching disaster relief and to provide medical assistance to the flood victims of Pakistan. Pakistan also established the ''Prime Minister Relief Fund for 1992'', a relief account designed to receive international funds as well as provincial-level relief contributions to combat the disaster. Government mobilized [[Pakistan army]] as well as [[Federated state|local administration]] in an effort to recover missing people and to provide emergency services to the victims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/pakistan-floods-sep-1992-un-dha-situation-reports-1-8|title=Pakistan Floods Sep 1992 UN DHA Situation Reports 1 - 8 - Pakistan|website=ReliefWeb|date=15 September 1992 }}</ref> The [[World Bank]], a financial organization for government agencies, described the efforts of Pakistan "satisfactory" towards its swift recover of damage, although hundreds of people were confirmed dead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/335111468074333185/Pakistan-1992-Flood-Damage-Restoration-Project|title=Pakistan - 1992 Flood Damage Restoration Project|first=The World|last=Bank|date=June 1, 1998|pages=1|via=documents.worldbank.org}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Severe floods left 2,500 people dead, including 296 from Punjab. More than 9.3 million people were affected, and 350,000 families rendered homeless, including refuge huts. A report by the Pakistani government stated that 12,672 villages in north Pakistan were washed away, 160,000 cattle drowned away, and 80% of bridges and roads were completely destroyed. It was declared a deadliest flood in the history of Pakistan, destroying an estimated [[United States dollars|$]]1 billion of property of that time.<ref name="OFDA Annual Report - United States. Agency for International Development. Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance - Google Libri" />

==See also ==
* [[2014 India–Pakistan floods]]
* [[India–Pakistan border]]
* [[International response to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake]]
* [[2010 Pakistan floods]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Floods in Pakistan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1992 India-Pakistan floods}}
[[Category:Weather events in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1992 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1992 in India]]
[[Category:1990s floods in Asia]]
[[Category:1992 floods]]
[[Category:1992 disasters in India|Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1992 disasters in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th century in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th century in North-West Frontier Province]]
[[Category:20th century in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:Floods in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Disasters in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:September 1992 in Asia]]
[[Category:International responses to natural disasters]]
[[Category:September 1992 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:September 1992 in India]]

Karni Mata

2026-02-20T21:24:43Z

Showbiz sportlight: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|Hindu goddess of power and victory}}
{{About|Karni Mata|the temple in [[Deshnoke]]|Karni Mata Temple}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Shri Karni Mata Deshnoke.png
| name = Karni Mata
| other_names = Riddhi Baisa
| Devanagari = करणी माता
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Charan]]s|[[Rajput]]s}}
| god_of = Goddess of Power and Victory
and Incarnation of [[Hinglaj]]
| abode = Western Rajasthan ([[Marwar]])
| weapon = Trident
| symbol = [[Eagle]] (''Sanwali'')
| mount = [[Lion]] flanked by [[eagle]]
| mantra =
| spouse = Depaji Rohadiya of Sathika
| parents = Mehaji Kiniya & Deval Bai
}}

'''Karni Mata''' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: करणी माता, or '''Bhagwati Karniji Maharaj'''), known by various names such as '''Bhagwati''', '''Mehaai''', '''Jagdamba''', and '''Kiniyani''' is a [[Devi|Hindu Goddess]] of power and [[victory]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Geer |first=Alexandra van der |url=https://brill.com/view/title/15305 |title=Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time |date=2008-10-16 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-4356-8 |language=en}}</ref> described as a warrior sage, who lived between 14th and 16th centuries in Western [[Rajasthan]]. Karni Mata is the [[tutelary deity]] of the [[Rajput]]s and [[Charan]]s of northwestern India. As a Sagati, she is also worshipped as an incarnation of [[Hinglaj Mata mandir|Hinglaj]] or [[Durga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazing Shri Manshapurna Karni Mata Temple – HariBhakt {{!}} History, Facts, Awareness of Hindu Dharma |work=HariBhakt {{pipe}} History, Facts, Awareness of Hindu Dharma - |date=9 November 2015 |url=https://haribhakt.com/amazing-shri-manshapurna-karni-mata-temple/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |language=en-US |quote=Shri Karni Mata is the incarnation of Devi Hinglaj or Devi Durga(The Goddess of Power and Victory. Goddess Durga is synonymous with Shakti, the cosmic power that wages an eternal war against the evil and also the energy of life for everyone). |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120133647/https://haribhakt.com/amazing-shri-manshapurna-karni-mata-temple/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is the official [[deity]] of the [[Royal family|royal families]] of [[Bikaner]] and [[Jodhpur]]. Karniji played an important role in shaping the history of the region. She is intimately associated with the establishment of the [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput hegemony]] in the region. With her blessings, [[Jodha of Mandore|Rao Jodha]] and [[Rao Bika]] founded the kingdoms of Jodhpur and Bikaner. At the request of the [[Maharaja]]s of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] and [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]], she laid the foundations of Bikaner Fort and [[Mehrangarh Fort]], the two most important forts in the region.<ref name=":332">{{Cite book |last=Matheson |first=Sylvia A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajasthan, Land of Kings |date=1984 |publisher=Vendome Press |isbn=978-0-86565-046-6 |pages=129, 131 |language=en |quote=After performing miracles and foretelling the future early in her life, Karanji dedicated herself to the service of the poor. She is said to have laid the foundations of the fortress of Jodhpur in 1458, prophesying that the dynasty would rule until the 'twenty-eighth step', and when Prince Bika, son of the Jodhpur ruler, was on his way to found his own kingdom of Bikaner in 1465, he visited Karanji for her blessing. Today she is known as Karni Mata. On important occasions her image is dressed in clothes from the royal Bikaner house, whose rulers never engaged in battle without first seeking the saint's blessing.}}</ref> She lived an [[Asceticism|ascetic]] life and was widely revered during her lifetime.<ref name=":432">{{Cite book |last=Schaflechner |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khBADwAAQBAJ |title=Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-085052-4 |pages=65, 66 |language=en}}</ref> [[Indian Army]] troops from the [[Marwar]] region also regard Karni Mata as their patron deity.<ref name=":52" />

The most famous of the Karni Mata temples is the [[Karni Mata Temple]] of Deshnoke where the temple and surrounding Oran land are a sacred [[sanctuary]] for all the living beings and no one is to be harmed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ujwal |first=Kailash Dan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pkkqAAAAYAAJ |title=Bhagwati Shri Karniji Maharaj: A Biography |date=1985 |publisher=<nowiki>[s.n.]</nowiki> |language=en}}</ref> In Rajasthan, [[Blackbuck]]s are considered sacred as Karni Mata is supposed to protect them.<ref name=":1" />

== Significance ==
[[File:Maharaja Gaj Singhji (1723, r.1745-1787) of Bikaner worshiping goddess Karni Mata.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Maharaja Gaj Singh of Bikaner worshiping goddess Karni Mata, 1723 CE]]

The spiritual importance of the symbol of the Karni Mata is that of [[Nonviolence|non violence]], protector, [[peaceful coexistence]] and provider of the power & legitimacy to the Rajputs. One of the most revered deities of [[Rajput]]s is Karni Mata, whom many [[Rajput clans]] worship as family goddess and link their community's existence or survival in dire times.<ref name=":432"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&dq=%22karni%22+%22rajputs%22&pg=PA224 |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=2016-03-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-08031-7 |language=en |quote=Several Charani goddesses like Avad, Karni, Nagnechi, Sangviyaan, Barbadi, among others are revered by Rajputs as patron deities.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeoeAQAAMAAJ&q=%22karni%22+%22rajputs%22 |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1966 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en |quote=The principal followers of the deity are Charans, who are also the priests and belong to the community to which Karni Mata belonged, and Rajputs who worship her as their family deity.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhākara |first=Manohara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXcSAAAAMAAJ&q=%22karni%22+%22rajputs%22 |title=A Critical Study of Rajasthani Literature, with Exclusive Reference to the Contribution of Cāraṇas |date=1976 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |language=en |quote=Karni : Presiding Deity of Rajputs and Cāraņas}}</ref> Karni Mata is also attributed with having a close relationship with the Rathore rulers, not only of Bikaner but also of Jodhpur. Throughout the history of both states, there are numerous accounts of the deity interceding on behalf of a ruler during times of battle, or in matters of alliance building. As [[Karni Singh]], the last titular [[Bikaner State|Maharaja of Bikaner]], noted:<blockquote>"Karniji has always been important for the house of Bikaner. My father was a great devotee of the Goddess, as was his father before him. She has protected every member of this lineage. My wife and I worship her in her temple each day and she continues to watch over us all ... ... the first act of [[Rao Bika|Bika]] upon entering the territory of the [[Jangladesh|Jangli Desh]], was to come to touch the feet of the most revered incarnate deity, Karni Mata ...'"<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Kim |date=1993-01-01 |title=Negotiating sacred space: The Mandirand the Oran as contested sites |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00856409308723191 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=sup001 |pages=49–60 |doi=10.1080/00856409308723191 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription }}</ref></blockquote>In present times, the [[Karni Mata Temple|Karni Mata temple]] in Deshnoke has become an important gathering spot for many [[Charan]] clans. Her devotees often mention that after the 1947 [[Partition of India]] and the subsequent problems in reaching [[Hinglaj Mata mandir|Hinglaj]], Karni Mata temple of Deshnoke has become the most important site for the community.<ref name=":432"/>

== Cāraṇa Sagat ==
Karni Mata worshipped Awad Mata who was an earlier incarnation of Hinglaj in 8-9th century.<ref name=":432"/> When [[Charan]]s chart the genealogy of incarnate deities, they usually begin with [[Hinglaj Mata mandir|Hinglaj Mata]] and continue the list with the names of [[Awad Mata]] and then Karni Mata. Each successive figure is believed to be an incarnation or [[avatar]] of the previous ''sagat''. However, it is important to note that not all incarnate [[Deity|deities]] follow this [[genealogy]] and not all are considered to be forms of, or linked to, any previously known ''sagat''.<ref name=":52" />

== History ==
=== Polity of contemporary Rajasthan ===
The conditions of the region (present day [[Rajasthan]]) were unstable, with frequent internecine warfare between rival Hindu chiefs, mostly [[Rajput]]s, holding sway over small principalities. Muslim rulers who had conquered [[Delhi]] were expanding their territory throughout North India, with [[Sikandar Lodi|Sikander Lodi]] gaining control of [[Nagaur]] in Rajasthan. The arrival of the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]s, evicted from their seat of power in [[Kannauj]], in Marwar led to tensions with the [[Bhati]]s, rulers of the Jaisalmer kingdom, who held small principalities like [[Pugal]] in Northern Rajasthan and Southern Punjab. Bhagwati Karniji utilised her influence over her devotees by uniting the Rathores and the Bhatis by marriage and eliminating scope for strife.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Harcourt |first=Max |date=1993-01-01 |title=The Deshnoke 'Karni Mata' temple and political legitimacy in Medieval Rajasthan |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00856409308723190 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=sup001 |pages=33–48 |doi=10.1080/00856409308723190 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The northern region of Rajasthan, which would later form the kingdom of Bikaner, was divided into small principalities ruled by various Rajput, [[Muslims|Muslim]], and [[Jats|Jat]] clans. Rajput clans such as Sankhla, [[Mohil]], and Bhati held significant principalities, while Jat tribes, including the Godara of Ladhdiya and Shekhsar, the Saran of Bhadang, and the Kasava of Sidhmukh, divided the northeast portion of the region. Bhati Muslims known as [[Ranghar|Ranghad]] ruled [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]], and [[Johiya]] Muslims controlled most of the present-day [[Sri Ganganagar district|Ganganagar district]].<ref name=":12" />

These principalities were not sovereign powers and often shifted allegiances, leading to frequent internecine [[war]]fare among them. This contributed to the chaos and insecurity prevalent during this time, as these small principalities often indulged in short-lived alliances and battles or organized plundering expeditions in neighboring areas.<ref name=":12" />

Despite various Muslim powers having conquered most of Northern India, Rajasthan remained a region where defeated dynasties from the rest of India had regrouped and were competing for regional hegemony. It was during this period that Karniji recognized the need and opportunity to unite the Hindu polity under one banner, and found in the Rathores a means of achieving this objective.<ref name=":12" />

The prevalent insecurity and chaos of this time period put the social and economic life of common people in jeopardy. Karniji foresaw the need for a strong and united kingdom for the Rathores out of the scattered principalities of the [[History of Bikaner|Jangal Pradesh]] and lands to the north and east of it. She directed Rao Bika and his associates to work towards this objective, predicting even greater glory and a larger domain for Bika than his illustrious father, Rao Jodha, had won.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Ujwal |first=Kailash Dan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pkkqAAAAYAAJ |title=Bhagwati Shri Karniji Maharaj: A Biography |date=1985 |publisher=<nowiki>[s.n.]]</nowiki> |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Karniji, named Ridhi Kanwar at birth, was born at the [[Suwap, Jodhpur|Suwap village]] on Asoj Shukla 7th of Vikram Samvat 1444 (1387 AD). Her father, Mehaji Kiniya, was the lord of the village and belonged to Kiniya clan of [[Charan]]as.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Anway |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vum2DQAAQBAJ |title=Literary and Cultural Readings of Goddess Spirituality: The Red Shadow of the Mother |date=2016-12-14 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5553-2 |language=en |quote=The daughter of Meha Ji Kiniya and Dewal, Karni was born in 1347 AD in a village, Suvap, in Jodhpur ("Mother Karni"). She was an ascetic who, nevertheless, was not exclusively "other-worldly".}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Dalton |first=Robert H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcnDjwEACAAJ |title=Sacred Places of the World: A Religious Journey Across the Globe |date=2010 |publisher=Abhishek Publications |isbn=978-1-4416-6384-9 |language=en}}</ref>

The founder of the Kiniya clan lived at Khod in the [[Kathiawar]] region of [[Gujarat]]. In the 13th century, Bhimal, 4th generation descendant of the founder, left home and migrated to [[Jangloos|Janglu]] region in Northern Rajasthan. He received a grant of land from Rai Sankhla, the ruler of Janglu, where he founded a village named Kiniya-ki-Basti and lived there. Mehaji Kiniya was born four generations later in the lineage of Bhimal. He was a contemporary of Meha Mangaliya, the ruler of a surrounding region in Jodhpur, from whom Mehaji Kiniya received a grant of a village called "''Suwa-Brahman-Ki-Dhani''", later renamed to Suwap.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |title=Goddesses of Western India |date=2020-05-12 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_1010073187 |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |access-date=2023-03-01 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref>

Karniji's mother was Deval Bai of Arha (or Adha) clan. Deval Bai was the granddaughter of Arha Mandha, the ruler of Adha (or Asada) village, situated on the border of [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]] and [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]. The birth of Karniji was the long-awaited culmination of the prayers and piety of Mehaji Kiniya, the father of Bhagwati Karniji, and a great devotee of [[Hinglaj Mata mandir|Hinglaj]]. He had, in quest of the boon, undertaken the long and arduous journey to Hinglaj in [[Lasbela District|Las Bela]] of present-day [[Balochistan]] province of [[Pakistan]]. While Karniji's father was undertaking the pilgrimage to Hinglaj, the Goddess Hinglaj appeared to her mother and foretold the coming of the [[Devi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lunheim |first=Rolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuRtAAAAMAAJ |title=Desert People: Caste and Community--a Rajasthani Village |date=1993 |publisher=University of Trondheim |isbn=978-82-90896-12-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Karniji was born as the successive sixth girl child. It is said that her mother had an abnormally long gestation period which lasted for 21 months, and the girl was named Ridhi Kanwar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ |title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India |date=1996-12-31 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-176-1 |language=en}}</ref>

=== First miracle ===
During the customary [[Surya]] Pujan, performed seven days after the birth, relatives and friends had gathered hoping for a son. Among them was Meha's sister, who eagerly entered the purified maternity chamber to bless the child and claim long-expected gifts. However, the child was a girl, which was disapproved of by Meha's sister. In the moment when the aunt tried to strike-more perhaps in anger than play-the newborn with the back of her hand, her fingers became impaired immediately. This light punishment for unjust physical violence to the Infant was the [[Avatar|avatar's]] first miracle. As taking the clue from Mehaji's remark that the child could do things and was in other words ''Karni'', she came to be called Karni. Thus, the occasion of the birth of a miraculous child was celebrated with rejoicing by all.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Suwa Brahman obtains a Boon ===
Suwap village, now belonging to the Kiniya Charanas as their [[jagir]], was named after a Brahmin named Suwa who settled there and made a fortune as a moneylender to local jagirdars. Despite being prosperous and married thrice, Suwa was mocked for being childless. Thus he went and prayed to Karniji, who by then was known as a divine child, an incarnation of [[Shakti]], and she blessed him. In due course, a son was born to Suwa.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Cāraṇa |first=Narendrasiṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0wqAQAAMAAJ |title=Śrīkaraṇīmātā kā itihāsa |date=2009 |publisher=Cirāga Prakāśana |isbn=978-81-907329-9-4 |language=hi}}</ref>

News of Bhagwati Karniji's miracles soon spread, and people came from far and wide in large numbers seeking her help. They returned healed and content, their prayers answered.<ref name=":03"/>

=== Pugal kingdom and Rao Shekha (1402 AD) ===
Pugal, located 80&nbsp;km west of Bikaner, was ruled by Rao Shekha, a Bhati chieftain, during Karniji's childhood. The small kingdom was frequently raided by the ruler of Multan due to its exposed position to the expanding Rathore domains. Rao Shekha led raids into distant towns and villages of [[Multan]] and [[Sindh]] to sustain his followers, as resources were scarce in the [[Thar Desert|Thar desert]]. Despite Multan's punitive raids on Shekha's domains, he was undeterred.<ref name=":4" />

During this period, Karniji's fame had spread to nearby lands and attracted devotees across the region. One such devotee was Rao Shekha's wife, a pious woman devoted to Shakti, and convinced that Bhagwati Karniji was an avatar of Bhagwati Avadji, the [[Kuladevata|Kuldevi]] of Bhati Rajputs, and urged her husband to seek Karniji's blessings.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

On his way to an expedition against his enemies, Rao Shekha stopped at Suwap and sought Karniji's blessings. When he saw a 15-year-old girl with a basket of food, he realised it was Karniji. He and his soldiers dismounted from their horses and camels and bowed before her, seeking blessings and prosperity for their line.<ref name=":3" />

Karniji directed Rao Shekha and his men to wait at the ''Kotri'' while she delivered the food to her father, Mehaji. Although Shekha insisted on proceeding with his expedition, Karniji insisted that they stay as guests and have a meal before leaving. Shekha expressed concern that there were around 140 men with him and it might not be possible to feed everyone at the moment. However, he instructed his warriors to take whatever was served and not embarrass the hostess by requesting a second helping.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

Karniji then began to serve the meals, and to the amazement of all present, the provisions available more than sufficed for each of the 140 soldiers and their leader. They recalled a similar miracle by Bhagwati Barwadiji, who had fed [[Hammir Singh|Maharana Hamir]] and his army from a single pitcher on their way to Dwarka. Shekha prayed for a similar boon of victory over his more numerous enemies, just as Birwadiji had granted Hamir the boon to recover [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittor]] from his enemies and the aid of horses by her son Baruji.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

After receiving Karniji's blessings and defeating his enemies with ease, Rao Shekha returned to Suwap to express his gratitude to the goddess. He requested that Karniji tie a [[Raksha Bandhan|rakhi]] to him and accept his gifts, as Rajputs and Charanas are considered brothers and sisters by custom. Initially reluctant, Karniji eventually agreed and tied the rakhi to Shekha.<ref name=":4" />

The legend recounts that Karniji was hesitant because she knew that Shekha would ask for the impossible boon of immortality. When Shekha made this request, Karniji reminded him that even she would have to leave her body eventually and that granting such a boon would go against the principles of Dharma. However, Shekha persisted and asked Karniji to predict his death so that he could prevent it. Karniji warned him that she could not prevent events from taking place, but she did predict the conditions of his death. Vithoo Bhomji of Deshnoke recorded the forecast in [[Dingal]] verses:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":03"/><blockquote>Translation: Shekha prayed, "Bhagwati, you are an avatar. Make me immortal, kindly grant me your protection." Thus, Karniji replied, "Who is immortal? You shall live so long as you take precautions and do not allow the conjunction of these four circumstances/events viz. (1) Amavasya (2) khimp cot (3) shade of an aak tree, and (4) meat of black ram."</blockquote>

== Marriage ==
In Hindu tradition, girls are typically married by their late teens, and Mehaji Kiniya and Deval Bai were concerned about their daughter Karniji remaining unmarried at the age of 27, which was uncommon. Under pressure from her parents, Karniji agreed to get married. However, finding a suitable groom was challenging due to her reputation as an divine incarnation.<ref name=":4" />

Karniji conveyed to her father through her friend, Suwa Brahman's daughter, that Depaji, the son of Keluji of Rohadiya clan and Jagirdar of [[Sathika|Satheeka]] was an ''amsha'' (partial) incarnation of [[Shiva]] as a result of Keluji's devotion and penance to Lord Shiva. Only such an incarnation of Lord Shiva could have been considered for holding the hand of Karniji, an Incarnation of Sati (Shakti). The wedding was conducted with traditional customs, including chanting by Brahmins and singing by Damamis, Motisars, and Raos. Negs were given to various village attendants. On an auspicious day, Mehaji proceeded to Keluji's village with the offer of his daughter's hand for Depaji which was promptly and gladly accepted.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

The wedding took place in the Suwap village with traditional customs of the community which including [[brahmin]]s chanting [[mantra]]s, singing by the Damamis ([[Mirasi]]), geet recitation by the [[Motisar (caste)|Motisars]], and Raos ([[Bhāts|Bhats]]). Proper rituals were followed and Negs (customary gifts) were given to Brahmins, Motisars, Raos (bhats), [[Rawal (caste)|Rawals]], and Damamis (mirasi) as well as other village attendants including [[Sutradhar (caste)|Suthars]] (Carpenters), [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]]s (Blacksmiths), [[Kumhar|Kumbars]] (Potters), [[Meghwal]]s (Messengers), etc.<ref name=":4" />

The wedding took place on Asadh Sudi 9th of Samvat 1473 (1416 AD). While they were on their way to Sathika, Bhagwati Karniji explained to Depaji that she had married out of respect for her parents' wishes, but her physical form was not subject to common bodily feelings and desires. She informed Depaji that he would have to marry another woman for the satisfaction of these needs and to further his line.

In Samvat 1474 (1417 AD), Depaji married Karniji's sister Gulab Bai and their descendants are known as Depawats, who now live in Deshnoke and are descended from the four sons born from Depaji's second marriage.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Anway |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vum2DQAAQBAJ |title=Literary and Cultural Readings of Goddess Spirituality: The Red Shadow of the Mother |date=2016-12-14 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5553-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nāṭāṇī |first=Kamaleśa Kumāra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1xuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rājasthāna jñāna kosha: Rājasthāna Loka Sevā Āyoga, Ajamera dvārā āyojita kī jāne vālī Rājasthāna Rājya evaṃ Adhīnastha Sevāem̐ Saṃyuktta Pratiyogī Parikshā (R.A.S. & R.T.S., Exam) kī prārambhika evaṃ mukhya parīkshā ke lie pūrṇarūpa se upayogī pustaka, 1999-2000 |date=1999 |publisher=Jaina Prakāśana Mandira |isbn=978-81-87449-03-4 |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Karnisar (Village Keliya) ===
The wedding party en route to Sathika camped at a few wayside villages. People in large numbers would gather around at these camps and pray to the goddess and ask for advice and blessings to overcome their woes and troubles. At one such village called Keliya, Karniji granted the boon of plentiful water in the village well which since then came to be known as Karnisar.<ref name=":4" />

=== Sathika (1416–1418 AD) ===
Karniji lived at Sathika for two years after her wedding. Her exemplary pious life became a source of inspiration to others.<ref name=":03"/>

== Janglu (Jangaldesh) ==
=== Departure from Sathika (1418 AD) ===
Like other villages in the Thar desert, Sathika also suffered from a scarcity of potable water. The village had only one well, which barely sufficed. Water shortages worsened with the arrival of a large herd of about 400 cows and 200 camels as gifts from Mehaji for his two daughters, Karniji and Gulab Bai.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":4" />

Understanding the situation, Karniji decided to leave the village along with her large household in search of sufficient water and good [[pasturage]]. Despite prayers and requests from the villagers to stay, Karniji declined to cancel her departure. She ordered her servants to proceed to [[Jangladesh|Janglu]] and await her arrival and decision about the future course of action. Thus, on Jeth Sudi 9th of Samvat 1475 (1418 AD), Karniji bade goodbye to Sathika.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Arrival at Janglu ===
Karniji arrived at Janglu after a short while. There, the Charans and men of Rao Kanha came into conflict over the usage of a well by the herds of Charans. After an altercation, Rao Kanha's soldiers ran away and reported the incident to their chief. At the time, Rao Kanha was hosting [[Ranmal|Rao Ranmal]], who was the son of [[Chunda of Mandore|Rao Chunda]], the founder of the Rathore dynasties of Rajasthan. Ranmal was an ardent devotee of Karniji and paid homage to the goddess on every Shukla Chaturdashi. Ranmal had been deprived of his patrimony due to his father's favoring his other son Satta, Ranmal's half-brother. Consequently, he was biding his time at the village of Chundasar.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":03"/>

Upon learning of Karniji's arrival in Janglu, Rao Ranmal suggested that they both should go and pay respects to the Devi. However, Kanha dismissed the proposal, saying he had no time. Nonetheless, Ranmal ignored Kanha's words and went alone to the Charans' camp to pay respects without starting an argument.<ref name=":4" />

=== Prophecy for Rao Ranmal ===
Rao Ranmal paid homage to Karniji and expressed that he was content with his current situation, even though he felt as unfulfilled as a landless Rajput who was wasting his time in unbecoming pursuits. Karniji reassured Ranmal and revealed his destiny. She prophesied:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":03"/>

"As I see it these lands shall be yours, and you and your descendants shall conquer vast territories and rule happily for generations."

Rao Ranmal thanked Karniji for her blessings, bowed, and returned to Chundasar.

=== Rao Kanha's Demise ===
Rao Kanha became enraged upon learning about the prophecy made for Rao Ranmal. He hadn't forgotten the earlier conflict between his soldiers and the Charans regarding the pasture ground. Earlier, Karniji had declined Ranmal's offer to send cows to his village, stating that the grassland where they were currently camping would be sufficient. Kanha sent his men to ask the Charanas to evict the lands and prevent their cows from consuming pasture which he wanted for his horses. Karniji declined and asked his men to go back and convey her message to Kanha:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":03"/>

"Kanha, you are the son of [[Chunda of Mandore|Rao Chunda]] and a Rathore. Relations between Vithoo Charanas and Rathore Rajputs are several generations old and very intimate, You have plenty of lands. This Johad is extensive and the grass will more than suffice for your horses and these cows."

Kanha ignored the message and the Charanas did not oblige him. The [[altercation]]s between the two sides went on for seven months. Finally, Kanha sent his men under Arjun and Vija Udawat to confront the Charanas and regain control of the pasture land. They arrived at Johad land and ordered Karniji's servants to leave but the cowherds ignored them. Enraged, they began hurling abuses at which the Charan men came up in arms and were about to attack Kanha's men when Karniji pacified the Charanas and asked their cowherds to return to their work. However, Arjun and Vija continued with their verbal abuse, at which Karniji thundered, "Jackals, leave this place forthwith."<ref name=":12" />

Immediately, the faces of Arjun and Vija assumed similarity with those of jackals. Kanha's men pleaded they were innocent and returned to Kanha, who decided to take the matter into his own hands. Ranmal, who was incidentally also in Janglu on pilgrimage to Karniji's shrine, pleaded with his brother Kanha to see reason and desist from his unjust intention of driving out the Charanas. Ignoring Ranmal's advice, Kanha assembled 50 horsemen and marched to Karniji's camp. Arriving at the destination, Kanha loudly called out for Karniji referring to her as a "sorceress".<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":4" />

Karniji was meditating in the morning when Kanha's arrival and loud calls caused tension in the camp. People gathered, thinking that Kanha's evil ways were coming to an end. Karniji emerged from her meditation and broke the silence, asking Kanha about his purpose. Kanha replied that he wanted the Charans to leave the land along with their servants and herds. Karniji asked: "How are you harmed, Kanha, by our staying here? We are not depriving you of what is legitimately your due."<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=व्यास |first=वेद |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0RXAAAAMAAJ |title=राजस्थान के लोकतीर्थ |date=1971 |publisher=Kathāloka Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref>

Kanha answered: "No, I cannot allow you to stay. Leave my jagir immediately". At which Karniji replied, "Very well. I may agree but you know I am a devotee of Bhagwati Avadji and camped here under divine guidance. My prayer kit is in this vicker box. If Avadji allows you to put it on the cart, I will leave willingly."<ref name=":7" />

Kanha ordered one of his men to put the box in the cart, but he failed to even lift it. More men tried and failed and finally all 50 men alighted from their horses tied a rope to the box and together pulled, but in vain. Thereupon Karniji said, "The wishes of Avadji are clear. She does not want us to leave this place. You have been instrumental in damaging one of the legs of this venerable box. By knocking off a portion of the box, you have knocked off a part of your life."<ref name=":7" />

Kanha termed this a trick and said, "If you are really an incarnation, as people say, let me know when I shall die." Karniji warned Kanha to abandon his foolish path, but Kanha did not listen and even ridiculed Karniji. Karniji prophesied that Kanha would die within 6 months, but Kanha laughed it off. As time passed, the prediction became 2 months, 2 days, and then just a day. Finally, Karniji drew a line on the ground with a twig and said, "If you insist on proceeding to your doom, cross this line and you will die."<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":7" />

Kanha, adamant with his abusive language and insolent behaviour, rode towards the front lines on his horse. However, as soon as he reached the line, there was a thunderous noise and a lion appeared, dealing the death blow to Kanha. He fell across the line, vomiting blood and lying dead. The remaining soldiers fled, but when they looked back, they saw Karniji standing at the place where the lion had appeared, holding a trident.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":7" />

=== Karniji declares Rao Ridmal as ruler of Janglu (1418 AD) ===
Ranmal, who was present in Janglu, arrived at Johad in the camp of Charanas after learning of the events that took place and attended the cremation of Rao Kanha.<ref name=":03"/>

He then went to Karniji's camp, and after bowing and respectfully touching Karniji's feet, he sat down. Karniji rose up and declared Ranmal as the new ruler of Janglu and prophesied that he shall, in due time, become king of [[Mandore]] as well. This took place on Falgun Sudi 14th of Samvat 1475 (1418 AD). She advised him to approach his stepmother (mother of Kanha), to accept her terms of serving her as a son in her old age and ascend the throne of Janglu as her adopted son.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":4" />

Rao Ranmal, as the new ruler of Janglu, offered to share Janglu immediately and the Kingdom of Mandore when conquered with, Karniji as patron deity. Declining the offer, Karniji informed him that acquisition of territories was not her mission. The Johad in their occupancy was enough for her beloved cows. Governance of territories was the proper domain of [[Raja]]s and Rao Ranmal was fully entitled to the prerogatives & privileges of the kingdom that he acquired with his arms and the blessings of Avad Mata.<ref name=":4" />

== Deshnoke ==
=== Foundation of Deshnoke (1419 AD) ===
From the time they first arrived in Janglu, Karniji and her followers were living in cottage settlement around which the present Nehriji Temple is situated. This settlement was called Karniji's Dhani. Realising the need for a permanent settlement, a place with enough underground water about a mile east of the Dhani was selected and on Vaisakh Sudi 2nd of Samvat 1476 (1419 AD), Karniji laid the foundation of Deshnoke. Initially, [[Ranmal|Rao Ranmal]] suggested the name ''Deshoat'' meaning "Shield of the land" hoping that true to this name it would protect his kingdom. However, Karniji stated that kingdoms will belong to their rulers so long as they depend on their own might and fight for moral values. Therefore, she named the village as ''Deshnak'' (Nose of the Land), to be as important to the Marwar kingdom of [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]s as a nose is to an honorable man. In course of time, the village ''Deshnak'' came to be known as Deshnoke.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":4" />

Karniji focused her attention on the improvement of Deshnoke. The surrounding forest mostly had old Jal trees that were not good for cattle and were decaying due to age. The people of Deshnoke used wood as [[fuel]], damaging healthy branches and trees. Karniji was worried that overuse and mismanagement of the forest would cause it to be lost. To prevent this, she replaced the old Jal trees with useful Ber trees and protected the new plantation. Fuel for the village was to come from fallen dead branches of Jal trees, and cutting or using Ber trees for fuel was not allowed. This decision resulted in an extensive grove of Ber trees around Deshnoke and Sri Nehriji temple, which saved the town from desertification in later centuries.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Depawats of Deshnoke ===
With the permission of Karniji, Depaji married a second time to Karniji's sister, Gulab Bai, to ensure continuity of his line. They had four sons: Punya Raj (1477 VS), Naga Raj (1483 VS), Siddha Raj (1489 VS), and Laxman Raj (1500 VS).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Trembley |first=Kyle J. |date=2022-04-18 |title=Jatikaran: Caste, Rats, and the control of space at the Karni Mata Mandir |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/25148486221094132 |journal=Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space |volume=6 |issue=2 |language=en |pages=717–735 |doi=10.1177/25148486221094132 |s2cid=248248576 |issn=2514-8486|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

All the four sons married, and their descendants populate the town of Deshnoke. The eldest Punya Raj, who had four sons, married at Sinla in the Sandu clan while the other three viz: Nag Raj, Sidh Raj, and Laxman Raj married respectively in the Lalas, Khiriya and Khiriya clans residing in their respective ''[[Sasan (land grant)|sasan]]'' villages Judiya, Kanwalian, and again Kanwalian. These descendants of Depaji are known as Depawat who are the traditional [[priest]]s of the Karni Mata temple at Deshnoke.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Bapat |first1=Jayant Bhalchandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEoKAQAAMAAJ |title=The Iconic Female: Goddesses of India, Nepal, and Tibet |last2=Mabbett |first2=Ian W. |date=2008 |publisher=Monash University Press |isbn=978-1-876924-66-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Passing of Depaji (1454 AD) ===
Karniji's father-in-law Keluji Rohadiya died in Samvat 1500 (1443 AD). Friends and relatives, including Ranmal's sons [[Jodha of Mandore|Jodha]] and his brothers, paid condolence visits.<ref name=":03"/> Depaji Rohadiya died 11 years later in 1454 AD. On his demise, Karniji's attire changed to the traditional clothing of a widow, a brown rough cloth called ''lovadi'' and a light brown ''lambi angarakhi''.<ref name=":03"/>

=== Reviving Laxman (1467 AD) ===
Laxman Raj, the youngest son was fond of travelling. In Samvat 1524 (1467 AD), he went to [[Kolayat]] fair held on Sudi Chaturdashi of the month of Kartik where he drowned in the tank while taking a bath. His dead body was recovered and taken to Deshnoke where his mother Gulab Bai, stricken with grief, brought the dead body to Karniji hoping for a miracle. Karniji had the body put inside the cottage where she sat down in [[meditation]]. For three days, it is said, the cottage remained closed and Karniji did not give darshan to anyone. Anxious relatives and devotees kept a constant vigil outside. On the fourth day, at sunrise, Laxman opened the door and to the joy and amazement of everyone, walked out. At the same time, to assure Gulab Bai, Karniji promised to protect the children during the period of her life on earth.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":12" />

In order to revive Laxman, Karniji had to travel to the yamloka and asked [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yamraja]] (god of death) to give back her son. Yamraja refused and stated his inability to do so since it would be against the rules of the underworld. The soul of a dead person would have to take birth into thousands of yonis before being born as a human again. Karniji took Laxman with her anyway, breaking the birth cycle for him. As a result, Karniji ordained that her Charan devotees, after death, will be reborn as mice in Deshnoke before being reborn as humans again.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guides |first=Rough |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL_kDAAAQBAJ |title=The Rough Guide to India (Travel Guide eBook) |date=2016-10-03 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=978-0-241-29539-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":332"/><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":8" />

== Ranmal and Mandore ==
=== Ranmal's attempt on Mandore (1430 AD) ===
[[File:Mandore_Fort.png|thumb|344x344px|Mandore Fort]]
On Chaitra Sudi 7th of Samvat 1487 (1430 AD), while on his periodic pilgrimages, Rao Ranmal expressed his desire to take [[Mandore]] from Satta and sought her blessings. Despite Karniji's warning that it might take months, Ranmal quickly prepared by obtaining 5000 horses from his nephew Rana Mokal, the ruler of Chittor, who owed him a debt. He left 500 horsemen to guard Janglu and marched to Mandore with 500 of his other horsemen and the 5000 horses from Chittor.<ref name=":03"/>

Satta, the son of Rao Chunda who ruled Mandore, learned that Ranmal was approaching with troops. Satta's emissary Randhir contacted Mohammed Khan Khokhar, who was then ruling [[Nagaur]] on behalf of [[Sikandar Lodi|Sikander Lodi]]. Khokhar saw an opportunity to cause conflict among the heirs of Rao Chunda due to his growing fear of Rathore's increasing power. Together with Satta's son Narbad and 3000 horsemen, they met Ranmal's invading force of 7000 soldiers at the frontier. Ranmal's men fought Kohokar's, while the Mewar force contended with troops under Narbad. Ranmal retreated when the Mewar horsemen fared poorly against Narbad's troops, saving his Mewar allies from defeat and preserving forces for better times.<ref name=":03"/>

He strengthened the defences of Janglu and sought advice from Karniji in Deshnoke. Karniji reminded him that he should have waited and prepared before trying to take over Mandore. Karniji assured him that Satta could not march on Janglu and that Ranmal need not worry about the safety of his new capital, despite Satta's success in the recent battle.<ref name=":03"/>

"Do not, however, give way to despondency. You are fated to recover and rule Mandore. Soon the situation will take a turn for the better. Satta will fall out with Randhir, his chief supporter and the latter shall be the cause of the former's downfall as he was the cause of his good fortune."

=== Conquest of Mandore (1430 AD) ===
After defeating Ranmal, Randhir accompanied Satta to Mandore and demanded half of the revenue share claiming the victory was attributable primarily to his help. Satta agreed, but secretly plotted with his son Narbad to kill Randhir and his son Napa. They poisoned Napa, through a maidservant leading to his death, and then attacked Randhir, who managed to escape to Chittor.<ref name=":03"/>

At Chittor, Rao Ranmal was acting as the regent to the Maharana. He received Randhir who told him of the events transpired. Promising to avenge his son's death, Ranmal secured the loyalty of Randhir who now accepted Ranmal's claim to Mandore. After securing a strong force, Rao Ranmal invoked the blessings of Karniji and once again marched against Satta. In a fierce battle between the Rathore kinsmen, Satta's forces led by commanders Chotha and Jeeya fought valiantly but lost when the two Inda commanders fell. Satta's son Narbad was gravely injured and carried from the field while Satta fled to Pipar and was captured. Ranmal arrived at Mandore, captured it, and declared himself ruler.<ref name=":03"/>

Ranmal despatched his prisoners Satta and Narbad to Chittor with the Maharana's army and proceeded to Deshnoke for Karniji's blessings.<ref name=":03"/>

== Polity in Marwar ==
The first Rathore kingdom of Jodhpur in Rajputana was founded by Rao Jodha, but the Rathores had already established a foothold thanks to Rao Siha Setramot, a descendant of Jaichand of Kannauj. [[Chunda of Mandore|Chunda]], Siha's descendant, was the first Rathore ruler to acquire a fort, [[Mandore]], from its previous rulers, the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Inda Pratiharas]], through the help of a Charan named [[Alhaji Barhath]].<ref name=":03"/>

Rao Chunda visited Suwap in Vikram Samvat 1463 (1406 AD) to seek Karniji's blessing. He had 14 sons, with the eldest being Rao Ranmal. Chunda took control of [[Nagaur]] in Vikram Samvat 1465 (1408 AD) and decided to stay there, leaving Mandore to one of his sons. Chunda's sons wanted Ranmal to succeed him, but the fourth brother Randhir favored Satta, who was born of the favored queen. Randhir succeeded in depriving Ranmal of his inheritance, putting Satta in charge of Mandore while Rao Chunda established his headquarters at Nagaur. Ranmal settled in Chundasar, founded by his father with a promise of a [[jagir]] to be granted later.<ref name=":03"/>

Chunda's aggressive expansion led to an alliance against him by surrounding chieftains. The Rao of [[Pugal]], Sankhlas of [[Jangladesh|Janglu]], and Khidar Khan of [[Multan]] attacked him unexpectedly at Nagaur. Chunda charged his enemies and was killed in action on Vaisakh Badi 15 Vikram Samvat 1470 (1413 AD).<ref name="CD">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rajasthan%20rima%20hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan |publisher=Rupa and co. |year=2006 |isbn=9788129115010 |pages=379–380}}</ref>

== Assassination of Ranmal (1438 AD) ==
Rao Chunda's favorite son, Satta, succeeded him as the king of Mandore. Meanwhile, Ranmal, his eldest son, joined the court of his brother-in-law, [[Lakha Singh]] of Mewar, where he gained influence and became regent for his nephew, [[Mokal Singh]]. After returning to Marwar in 1428, Ranmal defeated Satta and captured Mandore in 1430. He then took over governance of Mewar in the name of Mokal's son, [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbha]], after Mokal Singh's assassination. However, his Rathore influence in the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] kingdom caused resentment among Mewar nobles. Ranmal's arrogance led him to claim the kingdom of Mewar for himself and order the murder of a Mewari prince, resulting in a coup against him in 1438 and his subsequent assassination, followed by the invasion of Marwar.<ref name=":03"/>

Prince Jodha, the son of Ranmal, fled Chittor after it was invaded by Sisodia forces. He left Mandore with as much treasure as he could carry and sought the blessings and advice of the Rathores' patron deity, Shri Karniji. After reaching Deshnok, he narrated how his father was assassinated due to the suspicion of the Maharana and Mewar nobles. Karniji condemned Ranmal's conduct and urged Jodha to lead a life of moral rectitude. She assured him that by serving [[Dharma]], he would be able to reconquer Mandore.<ref name=":03"/>

"For the time being," she said, "you should repair to Janglu, which shall always be beyond the pale of the Sisodia's swords." He repaired to Janglu, fortified its defenses, and began preparations to avenge his father's death and reclaim Mandore.<ref name=":03"/>

== Kingdom of Jodhpur ==
=== Coronation of Jodha (1439 AD) ===
Due to the weakening of Rathore power after the Sisodia assault on Mandore, Rathore chiefs set aside their internal feuds and rallied under the banner of Jodha. At Kavani, Rathore clansmen collectively decided to declare Jodha as Rao and successor to Rao Ranmal. Emissaries were sent and Karniji was requested to apply the Tilak but instead, she sent her sons with Pugree Dastoor to Kavani.<ref name=":03"/>

Therefore, on Kartik Vadi 5th of Samvat 1496 (1439 AD), Jodha was put on the Rathore throne and declared the Rao. On the request of the assemblage, Karniji's son Punya Raj, on her behalf, performed the ceremony and applied the Raj-Tilak. Punya Raj gave five leaves of ''Jhadberi'' as Karniji's gift which Jodha respectfully put in the [[Turban|Pugree]] that he had received from Karniji. After the ceremony, Jodha proceeded to Deshnoke, paid respects to Karniji, and obtained her blessings.<ref name=":03"/>

=== Jodha captures Mandore (1453 AD) ===
Mandore was occupied by Sisodia forces and Narbad, stationed there on behalf of Maharana of Mewar, attempted to capture Jodha for the next 12 years. Narbad frequently left his flanks exposed and the route to Mandore ill-defended to entice Jodha to attack, but Karniji had warned Jodha to wait until given the all clear. Thus forewarned, Rao Jodha bided his time at Kavani for 12 years.<ref name=":03"/>

One day in Samvat 1510 (1453 AD), Karniji sent a message to Rao Jodha asking him to promptly reach Deshnoke with as many Rathores as he could muster. Accordingly, he reached Deshnoke and appearing before Karniji sought advice and directions. Karniji told him that the opprtune time for invading Mandore had arrived and he must march with his men towards Mandore.<ref name=":03"/>

While on the way to Mandore, Jodha camped at Modhi Moolani in village Sirdan where he was served halwa dish by Modhi. Modhi reassured him of victory and urged him to proceed to Mandore. Jodha's next stop was at Bengati where Harbuji Sankhla, a holy man, offered his men ''bajra khichri''. Harbuji also reassured Jodha of victory with Karniji's blessings and Jodha continued his journey with help from chiefs of other estates and villages on the way.<ref name=":03"/>

Jodha arrived at Mandore with 700 horses and 10,000 foot soldiers. With the help of Kalu Mangalia, an insider for the enemy, Jodha entered the citadel with 1,000 men. These men let in the rest of the army at night and attacked the fort from within. The Sisodias and their Rathore supporters were caught off guard and by sunrise, Jodha had taken over Mandore. The next day, Rao Kandhal (Jodha's brother) attacked the nearest Sisodia outpost at Chokri. He then marched his army on Merta and Ajmer, which he conquered over the course of a year Samvat 1510 (1453 AD). Thus, Rao Jodha was able to reconquer his inheritance & restrengthened the Rathores in Marwar.<ref name=":03"/>

=== Foundation of Jodhpur – Mehrangarh Fort (1459 AD) ===

{{see also|Mehrangarh}}
[[File:Mehrangarh_Fort.jpg|thumb|333x333px|Mehrangarh Fort]]
Rao Jodha was an ambitious ruler and Mandore and its fort were not adequate since he had plans for a larger capital commanded by a stronger fort. He chose a site five miles away, which had low hills for protection and a view above the adjacent hills and terrain. An ascetic named Jogi Chidyanath lived there and refused to move when asked. So Rao Jodha sought help from Karniji. [[Amaraji Barhath]] (whom Rao Jodha addressed as 'Kakosa' and also a close ally of Jodha), was chosen to personally carry the invitation to Deshnoke because of his high status, and the fact that he belonged to the clan in which Karniji was married. Amaraji was accompanied by the Rajpurohit of the Rathores (the estate holder of Tinwari) whose ancestors came with Rao Siha to Marwar. They soon reached Deshnoke and conveyed the invitation to Karniji, which was accepted.<ref name=":332" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpLXAAAAMAAJ |title=Rājasthāna meṃ dharma, sampradāya, va, āsthāem̐ |date=2004 |publisher=Itihāsa Vibhāga |isbn=978-81-8268-002-9 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāṭhauṛa |first=Mahīpāla Siṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bBjAAAAMAAJ |title=Rājasthānī sāhitya meṃ loka devatā Pābūjī |date=2001 |publisher=Himāṃśu Pablikeśans |language=hi}}</ref>

A royal reception was held from the site of the fort to village Chopasani near to the Amaraji's estate Mathania. Rao Jodha advanced up to Chopasani to receive the guests from Deshnoke and escort his tutelary deity Karniji to the site where on Jeth Sud 11th of Samvat 1515 (1459 AD), a Thursday, Karniji laid the foundation of the fort and the city of Jodhpur at an auspicious hour. Seeing a superior power, Jogi Chidyanath left the place at once.<ref name=":03"/>

The assembled Rathore clansmen while paying respectful homage to Karniji with one voice solicited blessings for their dynasty to rule until eternity. Karniji replied that it was impossible, as even incarnations like Lord Rama and Krishna and great souls like Yudhishthira and Ikshvaku had to bow to destiny. Kingdoms change hands according to the theory of Karma and those who misuse power are replaced by those who earned virtue in their previous lives. Jodha then asked to foresee the future of his dynasty. The Goddess thereupon, reportedly, prophesied, "This fort and Jodhpur shall be ruled for 28 generations by your descendants. The generations that follow shall live as Bhomias."<ref name=":03"/>

== Kingdom of Bikaner ==

=== In search of a kingdom (1465 AD) ===
Rao Jodha, proud of the new capital Jodhpur and a chain of victories had decided to expand his kingdom's boundaries through further conquests. Jodha has 20 sons one of whom was Rao Bika. One day, Jodha saw his brother Rao Kandhal in conversation with Rao Bika and jokingly enquired if Kandhal was secretly planning to conquer new territory and put his favorite nephew on the throne. The tradition proud Kandhal took this seriously as a challenge and took upon himself the responsibility of carving a kingdom for his nephew Bika. They left Jodhpur on Dussehra day of Samvat 1522 (1465 AD) with 400 horses and Kandhal proclaimed he wouldn't return until Bika had a kingdom.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":03"/><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0UqAAAAYAAJ |title=Mām̐ Karaṇī, shaṭśatī smārikā, Vi. Samvat 1444-2044 |date=1987 |publisher=Śrī Karaṇī Shaṭśatī Jayantī Mahotsava Samiti |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Deshnoke-Chundasar-Kodamdesar ===
Since childhood, Bika was a devoted believer in Karniji's blessings and carried an idol of Bhairava with him. He proceeded to Deshnoke with his uncles and soldiers and sought blessings for success in their ventures. Rao Kandhal spoke, "Bhuvaji (aunt), we left Jodhpur on the strength of our faith in your protection. Your sanctuary was our destination. We are at your command ready to fight for the establishment of Dharma. Kindly direct us to the destiny of Rajputs. We abide by your directions."<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":432"/>

The goddess blessed Bika and said that he would have a brilliant future in these lands, greater than that of his father. He was to wait at Chundasar, worshipping the Bhairava idol he carried and not be hasty or covetous like his grandfather Ranmal and await further instructions for the next venture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Powlett |first=P. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOjRtgAACAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Bikaner State |date=1907 |publisher=Durbar Print. Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11" />

Bika and Kandhal spent three years at Chundasar organizing and arming their contingents. When during this sojourn, Bika's queen conceived, they then moved to Deshnoke, where on Magh Shukla 10th of Samvat 1526 (1469 AD), Bika's queen gave birth to a son. They stayed a few more years at Deshnoke in the worship and service of Karniji, and then Karniji directed them to proceed to Kodamdesar and install their Bhairava idol. Bika and Kandhal arrived at Kodamdesar with their families and soldiers and settled there, installing the idol of Bhairava at the banks of Kodamdesar lake.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Kodamdesar_bheruji.JPG|thumb|334x334px|Bhairav Temple at Kodamdesar]]

=== Kodamdesar Fort (1480 AD) ===
Bika installed the idol of Bhairava at Kodamdesar and planned to build a fort around the shrine. The Bhatis under Rao Shekha of Pugal opposed the move and the Baghodas, another Rajput clan joined them and began preparations for war. Bika proceeded to Deshnoke to consult Karniji and narrated the design of his opponents' plan and requested her to accompany him to Kodamdesar as, he believed, her presence would deter his opponent Rajput chieftains from attacking.<ref name=":12" />

Karniji faced a dilemma when asked to approve Rao Bika's request to build a fort at Kodamdesar, as it threatened the neighboring kingdoms, including Pugal whose ruler was her devotee and sworn-brother, Rao Shekha. Therefore, while predicting his success, Karniji advised him to drop the idea of constructing the fort at Kodamdesar.<ref name=":12" />

Shortly after, Rao Shekha visited Karniji to seek her blessings for the inevitable battle. Karniji predicted that Rao Bika would ultimately win. When Rao Kelan of Tanot called for war, Rao Shekha feigned illness and dropped out of the Bhati alliance, causing a significant reduction in the attacking force. Despite this setback, Kelan continued preparations for the attack. Before the battle, the old Rao Kelan traveled to Deshnoke to pay homage and seek blessings. Karniji replied, "You shall have what a brave Rajput desires most - a heroic and glorious death on the battlefield."<ref name=":03"/>

The valiant Rao Kelan, 80 at the time, returned to his camp and led 2000 Bhatis and Baghodas to march on Kodamdesar. They were met by Bika and his 500 warriors including his uncle Kandhal and Mandla, brother Bida and Sankhla Napa. Rathores won the battle and Rao Kelan died fighting until the last. Bhatis lost 300 men but continued guerrilla warfare and Rao Bika was compelled to approach Karniji at Deshnoke and sought her intervention.Karniji advised him drop the idea of building a fort at Kodamdesar and thus make a victor's gesture towards the Bhatis, as this is necessary for peace and prosperity in the land and meeting the threat from Multan and Delhi.<ref name=":03"/>

=== Rathore-Bhati alliance ===
To maintain peace and prosperity, an alliance between Bhatis and Rathores was needed. Since, Bhatis had stopped raiding Bika's territory and Bika had abandoned the fort construction, Karniji advised Rao Shekha that Princess Rangkunwari be married to Rao Bika. However, Shekha was hurt by the proposal and stating that it was insulting. He explained that Bika was not the heir to Rao Jodha's throne because he had given up his rights of succession to the kingdom, and was now just a wandering prince. Meanwhile, Shekha was a ruler and felt it would be unacceptable for her daughter to marry a disinherited prince. He would lose face among his people for such a proposal.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":03"/>

However, a few days later, Shekha made a plundering raid on Multan but was taken prisoner. Shekha was held captive for two years, despite failed escape attempts by his supporters. His wife prayed to Karniji for help, as she couldn't bear to see her husband suffer any longer. In a dream, Karniji advised her to marry their daughter to Rao Bika in order to secure Shekha's freedom. The family sought advice from their kinsmen, and traveled to Deshnoke to seek instructions from Karniji. After paying their respects, they asked for Karniji's suggestion for a spouse for their daughter.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhāṭī |first=Hari Siṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayFuAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Pugal |date=1989 |publisher=Dalīpasiṃha Bhāṭī |language=hi}}</ref>

Karniji said, "I had expressed before Shekha my desire of seeing her united with Rao Bika, but he did not agree." Shekha's wife replied, "According to our custom, a mother has a prior say about the daughter's fate, and that of the son is linked with the father. In exercise of this right, I accept your proposal and would abide by the promise till the last." Thus, the marriage between royal families of Bhati and Rathore was fixed at the behest of Karniji and a suitable date was chosen for nupitals.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":9" />

=== Release of Rao Shekha from Multan (1482 AD) ===
The wedding rituals began, but there was no one to perform Kanyadan as Rao Shekha was still a prisoner in Multan. Meanwhile, Rao Shekha was stuck in the Multan prison and had lost all hope of escape. Believing his end was near, he invoked Karniji thus:<ref name=":22" /><blockquote>"''O Karniji! appear as a samali and free me from this bondage."''</blockquote>Using her divine power, Karniji appeared before the prisoner Rao Shekha in Multan with a trident in hand. Shekha prostrated before her, amazed by her presence and answering his prayers. Karniji freed Shekha and took him to the nuptial grounds of the wedding in Pugal, where Shekha was surprised by the marriage festivities. He performed the [[Kanyadan]] ceremony, giving his daughter to the bridegroom Rao Bika. The wedding united the families and created an alliance, with Karniji swearing the Rathores and Bhatis to a lasting friendship and asking Rao Shekha to forget his objections to the marriage. The wedding was solemnized in Samvat 1539 (1482 AD).<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Founding of Bikaner (1485 AD) ===
[[File:Gardens_Junagarh_Fort_2007.jpg|thumb|333x333px|Gardens of [[Junagarh Fort]], Bikaner]]
During one his homages to Deshnoke in Samvat 1540 (1483 AD), Karniji predicted that a quarrel would soon start between the Jat principalities and advised Bika to offer shelter and assistance to those who sought it. This prediction came true when Pandu Godara sought Rao Bika's help against rival Jat tribes who had taken his territory. Thanks to Karniji's warning, Bika was able to promise assistance on the condition that Pandu accept Rathore protection. The anti-Pandu alliance, however, enlisted the help of Tanwar Rajputs and the combined forces of the Tanwars and Jat chiefs met the Rathores at Dhenka. Rao Bika emerged victorious, the Tanwar chiefs killed and the battle, adding 720 villages to his kingdom.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":12" />

Karniji's desire to see order and peace in the region that was prey to frequent feuds and looting was thus fulfilled by her devotee Rao Bika. The victorious Bika came to Deshnoke to seek blessings where Karniji advised him to formally lay the foundations of his kingdom by building his capital. A site was suggested near the meeting point of roads connecting Multan with Nagaur and Ajmer.<ref name=":12" />

For the fort, Bika selected the ''rati ghati'' (the red pass) and requested the Goddess to lay the foundation. Thus, Karniji, in Samvat 1542 (1485 AD) laid the foundations of the Bikaner citadel, the second Rathore kingdom of the Thar desert.<ref name=":12" />

=== Coronation of Rao Bika ===
When the Bikaner fort and capital were completed, Karniji was approached for gracing the coronation of Rao Bika. However, similar to the coronation of Rao Ranmal and Rao Jodha, she sent Punya Raj to represent her instead. Punya Raj conveyed her blessing and gave five leaves of a Jhadberi tree as a gift ensuring peace and prosperity to the kingdom. On the following day of the coronation, Rao Bika and his family paid homage to Karni Mata in Deshnoke. Karniji gave blessings for a prosperous reign and advised him to remember the obligations and selfless services of Rao Kandhal.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":12" />

=== Prediction to Rao Loonkaran ===
Rao Bika ruled until Samvat 1561 (1504 AD) and was succeeded by his son Loonkaran. Karniji declined to attend Loonkaran's coronation and was represented by Punya Raj who applied tilak to the new Rao. While Rao Bika was in power, Loonkaran and his sons Jaitsi, Pratapsi, Bersi, Ratansi, and Tejsi traveled to Deshnoke to pay homage to Karni Mata. Karniji then made a prediction:<ref name=":03"/><blockquote>"Jaitsi shall have numerous progenies and head the clan, Bersi and his descendants would be extraordinarily brave and vindicate the clan's honor, Partap would be so so while Ratansi and progeny will win prestige."</blockquote>In 1526 AD, Loonkaran planned an attack on Narnaul and sought Karniji's guidance. Despite her advice against the venture, Loonkaran went ahead with the attack and died fighting at Dhosi on Srawan Vadi 4th of Samvat 1583. After his father's death, Rao Jaitsi became the ruler of the kingdom and paid homage to Karniji at Deshnoke on Asoj Sudi 14 V.S. 1583 (1526 AD).<ref name=":03"/>

== Later days and ''mahaprayana'' ==

Like the Rathore rulers of Marwar and Bikaner, the Bhati rulers of Jaisalmer and Pugal also had strong faith in Karniji. The rulers of Jaisalmer, Chachagdev, Devidas, Ghadsi and Jaitasi had paid homage and sough blessings from Karniji at Deshnoke.<ref name=":13" />

=== The frontier of Bikaner and Jaisalmer ===
After the Bikaner kingdom was established in Samvat 1541 (1484 AD), a dispute arose over the boundary between the villages of Gadhiyala in Bikaner and Girachar in Jaisalmer. Despite arbitration, a snide remark from the Rathore side enraged the Bhatis of Jaisalmer, leading to a full declaration of war between the two kingdoms.<ref name=":03"/>

Seeing the peace of the region threatened, Karniji intervened and declared the Dhineru talai and catchment between the villages of Gadhiyala and Girachar as a no man's land between the two kingdoms and serve as pasture ground for the cattle. She further declared that she would breathe her last near the Dhineru talai and the boundary pillar between the two kingdoms should be installed at the spot.<ref name=":9" />

=== Visit to Jaisalmer (1537 AD) ===
Karniji used to worship the goddess Avad Mata. There are 52 dhams (pilgrimage sites) in the Jaisalmer state of Avad Mata. Out of these, Karniji had a strong faith in Temra Rai (another name of Avad Mata) and from time to time she used to go to Temra Rai Temple for darshan. Sometime after Navratri of Samvat 1594 (1537 AD), she made a pilgrimage to Temra Rai Temple. At that time, the ruler of Jaisalmer was Maharawal Jaitsi, who was suffering from a chronic boil (tumor). Knowing that the end time was near, he expressed desire to have final darshan of Karni Mata. When Maharawal Jaitsi heard the news of Karniji's arrival to Temra Rai, in spite of being in pain, he travelled all the way himself to see Karniji and bowing his head at her feet, he said "You have done me a great favor by giving me darshan at the last moment because now my death is near."<ref name=":03"/>

At the same time, Karniji moved her hand on the back of bowing Maharawal and gave a boon that you will not die from this disease and you will start curing from today. In few days, the disease left Jaitsi's body and he started getting healthy.The grateful Maharawal Jaitsi respectfully presented a village to Karniji which she granted to a Solanki Rajput before leaving.<ref name=":03"/>

=== Pratima of Karni Mata ===
Karniji was now 150 years old. She bid adeau to her family and embarked on a final journey to Jaisalmer and [[Umerkot|Amarkot]]. In the beginning of the Magh month of 1594 VS (1537 AD), Karniji left Deshnoke to visit Temra Rai in Jaisalmer and [[Bahuchara Mata|Bahuchara]] and Boot Bhawani in Kharoda of Amarkot-[[Sindh]]. She was accompanied by her eldest son Punya Raj, charioteer Sarang [[Bishnoi|Vishnoi]], a [[Ravana Rajputs|Daroga]] servant and other attendants.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":03"/>

During her stay at Jaisalmer, Karniji called on her devotee Bana [[Sutradhar (caste)|Suthar]], who was blind since birth, and in the following words directed him to prepare her Pratima (statue):<ref name=":332" />

"The desires and lusts of the world have not touched you as you are born blind. You are also my devotee. Hence you are the proper person to draw my likeness on a stone for the benefit of posterity. Your sight will be restored, for the present, temporarily to see and remember my likeness in your mind. Your sight will be permanently restored when the Pratima is ready and installed at Deshnoke after my departure from earth."

=== Journey to Kharoda-Sindh ===

{{see also|Sindh}}
The travelers proceeded from Jaisalmer to Kharoda (Sindh), where Karniji stayed with sister goddesses [[Bahuchara Mata|Bahuchara]] and Boot Bhawani for twelve days. Karni Mata's cousin, [[Deval Mata]], had two daughters, Boot and Bahuchara, who are also considered incarnations of Shakti.<ref name=":03"/>

After bidding farewell, the group turned back towards Deshnoke and eventually reached Bengati, where Karniji called on the pious Rajput saint Harbuji Sankhla. After a stay of two days, the journey was resumed.

=== Mahaprayana (1538 AD) ===
On Chaitra Shukla 9th of Samvat 1595 (1538 AD), after an overnight journey, Karniji's entourage reached Dhineru talai-the place Karniji declared as the no man's land between the kingdoms of Bikaner and Jaisalmer. It is at this place that Karniji is said to have disappeared into a flame at the age of 151 years.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":11" />

"The sun was about to rise. She had Her chariot stopped and asked Punya Raj to arrange water for her bath. Unable to find water at hand, he proceeded as directed to get some from the nearby Dhineru talai. She then asked Sarang Vishnoi to look for water in the silver pitcher. It had only a few drops. Sarang was directed to pour it on Shri Karniji who sat in meditation facing the east and the rising sun. As the sun emerged in the east, the water poured from the pitcher touched her head and with it appeared a flame sublimating the physical form which became a part of the Universal Flame."<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":11" />

=== The Karni Mata Temple (1538 AD) ===
After Karni Mata's ''mahaprayana'', her son Punya Raj and other attendants returned to Deshnoke. On the fourth day, Banna Suthar arrived with the pratima (idol) of Karni Mata and on Chaitra Shukla 14 Thursday of V.S. 1595 (1538 AD), the idol was installed in a temple according to the orders of Karniji, which became the most important pilgrimage site for the devotees of Karni Mata.<ref name=":03"/>

== Other Miracles ==

=== Saving Jagdu Shah (1459 AD) ===

{{see also|Jagadu}}

[[File:Harshad_Temple_(On_Hill).jpg|thumb|307x307px|The old [[Harsidhhi|Goddess Harshad]] Temple on Koyal hill is accredited to [[Jagadu]] Shah.]]
Jagdu Shah was a prosperous [[Maheshwari]] Jain merchant of [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]]. He fled to Khinvsar near Nagaur after falling out of favor with [[Mokal Singh|Maharana Mokal]]. In [[Khinvsar]], he sought the blessings of the goddess Karniji, whom he had heard of while in Chittor. Karniji was pleased with his devotion and assured him of safety from Maharana's wrath. She also promised him protection from future accidents and mishaps if he continued to lead a pious and good life, stating that God always comes to the rescue of his devotees.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dt1EEAAAQBAJ |title=भारत : दर्शन एक, दृष्टि अनेक |date=2021-09-27 |publisher=अखिल भारतीय साहित्य परिषद्, अजमेर |language=hi}}</ref>

Satisfied, Jagdu Shah returned home. He prospered, his ships brought [[Merchandising|merchandise]] & caravans carried them to trade [[Market share|markets]] scattered all over the region. His business required a lot of traveling. While travelling on one such journey in Samvat 1516 (1459 AD), his [[ship]] was caught in a perilous [[storm]]. The ship seemed to be fragile against the force of storm and the crew prayed for divine mercy. This reminded Jagdu Shah of the assurance given by his patron deity Karniji. He invoked her name and the legend states that Karniji rescued the floundering ship by milking a [[Cattle|cow]] with one hand and saving Jagdu Shah and his people with the other.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":10" />

Soon after reaching [[port]], Jagdu Shah proceeded to [[Deshnoke]] to pay homage. He narrated to anxious listeners how his ship was saved from a storm by invoking Karniji's name and a ''lovadi'' covered arm that guided them to safety. At Deshnoke, Jhagadu Shah told his wish to construct temple. Karniji told him to construct temple at Porbandar as [[Harsiddhi]] temple. According to the Deshnoke registers, this event took place on Bhadwa Sudi 10, (Thursday) of Samvat 1516 (1459 AD).<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":10" />

== Temples of Karni Mata ==
[[File:20191212 Świątynia Karni Maty w Deśnok 1031 8078 DxO.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Sri Karni Mata Temple of Deshnoke]]

=== Sri Karni Mata Temple (Deshnoke) ===
{{Main|Karni Mata Temple}}
The Deshnoke temple is the most important [[pilgrimage]] site for the devotees of Karni Mata. The temple is famous for the approximately 25,000 [[black rat]]s and a few [[Albinism|white rats]] (which are rarest to be seen) that live, and are revered, in the temple. These holy rats are considered to be reincarnated [[Charan|Cāraṇas]] devotees of previous birth, taking birth among humans and rat form alternately. Many people travel great distances to pay their respects. The temple draws visitors from across the country for blessings, as well as curious [[Tourism|tourists]] from around the world.<ref>''Rats''. Dir. Morgan Spurlock. Perf. Dr. Michael Blum, Ed Sheehan, Bobby Corrigan. Discovery Channel, 2016. Netflix. Chapter: Temple of the Rats</ref>

The Gumbhara in which the idol (carved by a suthar named Banna Khati on yellow marble of [[Jaisalmer]] in three months) was installed in the presence of Karniji herself. It's an uncemented structure with the roof of Jal tree [[Salvadora oleoides]]. For the shelter of Kabas, no mortar has been used. After the victory over [[Kamran Mirza]], the king Rao Jaitsi (fourth ruler of Bikaner) constructed a structure around the Gumbhara called 'The Mandh'. Later Maharaja Surat Singh changed it to Pucca structure.<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAQNxQEACAAJ |title=Flight of Deities and Rebirth of Temples: Episodes from Indian History |date=2019 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-619-2 |language=en}}</ref> The gold door of the sanctum was presented by Maharaja Bakhtawar Singh of Alwar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agravāla |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ZFAQAAIAAJ |title=Cūrū Maṇḍala kā śodhapūrṇa itihāsa |date=1974 |publisher=Loka Saṃskr̥ti Śodha Saṃsthāna |language=hi |quote=ससैन्य देपालसर (चूरू ठाकुरों की बिरादरी का एक गाँव, त. चूरू) पहुँचे महाराजा ने देपालसर को नष्ट-भ्रष्ट कर दिया, वहां की गढ़ी ढ़हादी और उसके किवाड़ करणीजी के मन्दिर में भिजवा दिये।}}</ref> In the 20th century, Maharaja [[Ganga Singh]] renovated a major part of the temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |language=en |quote=He had also sanctioned Rs. 415 per year for the expenditure of the worship of Goddess Karni there from Bikaner Devasthaan budget as suggested by Inder Baiji (Vide File 3522 (pad No. 174) of 1931 K.W.D. Pratistha Sadul Museum Lalgarh Palace Bikaner).}}</ref>

==== Temra Rai Temple ====
It is dedicated to goddess Avadji and located at the same place where Rao Kanha suffered for his obstinacy. The original Karand (basket used by Karniji to worship Avadji) and the idol of Avadji are still present there in the temple.<ref name=":03"/>

==== Sati Mankumariji Temple ====
The temple is a [[cenotaph]] containing the image of Mankumariji, Karniji's granddaughter, and her friend Sakhi. Mankumariji declared herself a [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] upon receiving news of her husband's death, and her friend Sakhi joined her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weinberger-Thomas |first=Catherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wPthVcxWGkC |title=Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India |date=1999 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-88568-1 |language=en |quote=In the Deshnok temple of Karniji (the deified Charan woman who is the tutelary goddess of the Rajahs of Bikaner), there is a cenotaph containing the image of two women: these are Mankumari, Karni's granddaughter, and her friend Sakhi, a woman of the Carpenter (Khati) caste who burned herself along with Mankumari when the latter, upon receiving news of her husband's death, declared herself a sati.}}</ref>

=== Sri Nehriji Temple (Deshnoke) ===
Shri Nehriji is another temple at Deshnoke associated with Karniji when she lived at Deshnoke. The word Nehri means a dry [[wood]] which was revived to life to serve the requirement of churning [[curd]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUluAAAAMAAJ |title=Prince, Patriot, Parliamentarian: Biography of Dr. Karni Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner |date=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-81-7223-260-3 |language=en}}</ref>

When the migrants from Sathika first arrived at Johad in Janglu, they needed facilities for extracting [[ghee]] and churning [[curd]] from the cow [[milk]]. While pots and other required materials for the task had been brought, extraction of butter could not begin without a ''nehri'' (a Rajasthani name for one of the churning tools). Karniji asked one of the servants to fetch a piece of wood for the purpose who searched but what he did bring was not fit for making a proper ''nehri''. Karniji thereupon planted the deadwood branch brought by the servant and sprinkled it with curd. The wood (a piece of dead Jal tree) took root and grew up as the only green Jal tree now to be seen in the Deshnoke Oran (protected village forest). A noteworthy feature of this tree is marks of sprinkled curds that have survived to this day.<ref name=":6"/>

=== Karni Mata Temple (Mathania) ===
This is the oldest temple of Shree Karni Mata built by her devotee, brother and follower, [[Amaraji Barhath]] of Mathania. After laying the foundation stone of the new capital of Jodhpur, Mehrangarh fort, Karniji on her return journey to Deshnoke stopped at [[Mathania, Jodhpur|Mathania]] on the request of its ruler Amaraji Barhath who had earlier came to Deshnoke as an emissary of Rao Jodha. Mathania was about 12 miles from Mandore. To commemorate the visit of the goddess, Amaraji raised a temple and dedicated it to her which became the first Shree Karni Mata Temple in history. With blessings from Maa Karniji, Amaraji had numerous progeny who came to be known as Amrawat.<ref name=":03"/>

The temple's inner sanctum consists of foot imprints of Shree Karni Mata which are worshipped. Everyday after sunrise, the goddess first blesses the people of Mathania and the Amrawats in particular with her presence, as the first 'jyot' is performed in the Madh of Mathania.

=== Harsiddhi Temple (Porbandar) ===

{{see also|Harsidhhi}}
Once a devotee [[Jagadu]] or [[Jagadu|Jhagdu Shah]], a 15th-century Gujarati trader was sailing and got stuck in a sea storm. He prayed to Maa Karni from his small boat, and she safely got him to [[Porbandar]] port. After reaching, Jhagadu Shah came to Maa Karni at Deshnoke for thanksgiving her kindness, and told his wish to construct temple. With Karni Mata's approval, he had the [[Harsiddhi]] temple built in Porbandar.<ref name=":03"/>

=== Karni Mata Temple (Mathura) ===
This temple was originally built by [[Lakhaji Barhath]] in the 16th century in [[Mathura]]. In the 20th century, it was reconstructed by [[Thakur Akshay Singh Ratnu]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://artandculture.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/doitassets/art-and-culture/Rajasthani-Bhasha-Sahitya-Avm-Sanskriti-Academy-Bikaner/pdf/JJ_All_Pdf/JJ_24_04_04_July_to_July_1995.pdf |title=Jagti Jot Year-24 Vol-4 |publisher=Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya & Sanskriti Academy |year=1995 |location=Bikaner |language=Rajasthani}}</ref>

=== Karni Mata Temple by Rana Sanga (Mewar) ===
A shrine dedicated to Karni Mata was built by the [[Charan|Chāraṇas]] in the village of Bheemal Charanan in the [[Mewar]] kingdom. The priestess of the temple, ''Viri Maa,'' was renowned in the region for her prophecies. When the crown princes of Mewar, Sanga, Jaimal, and Prithviraj, were in a tussle over their succession to the throne, their uncle Surajmal suggested visiting the venerated shrine of Karni Mata at Nahar Magra ("Tiger's Mount") to obtain an omen from ''Viri Maa''. The dispute between Sanga and Prithviraj to become Maharana was decided in this shrine and the prediction that Rana Sanga would become the ruler of Mewar was made by Viri Maa.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Lakhāvata |first=Oṅkārasiṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFKSnQAACAAJ |title=Hiṅgalāja śaktipīṭha |date=2011 |publisher=Tīrtha Pailesa Prakāśana |isbn=978-81-920932-0-8 |language=hi}}</ref>

However, this prediction did not sit well with crown prince Prithviraj who gravely injured Sanga causing him to lose vision in one eye. Ultimately, [[Rana Sanga]] defeated Prithviraj and became the ruler of Mewar and constructed a temple dedicated to Karni Mata at this shrine.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":14" />

=== Manshapurna Karni Mata Temple (Udaipur) ===
{{Main|Karni Mata, Udaipur}}
Another temple dedicated to Karni Mata is Shri Manshapurna Karni Mata Temple or [[Karni Mata, Udaipur]], located on the Machla Hills, near Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Park in [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]. Between the years 1620 and 1628, [[Karan Singh II|Maharana Karan Singh]] developed a residential area at Machla Magra for Udaipur's safety. The temple was built by Maharana Karan Singh as to mark the boundary and safety of Udaipur. The temple was deserted for a long time, and in 1997 the Shri Manshapurna Karni Mata Development Committee rebuilt it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Aakib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sxEAAAQBAJ |title=Complete Rajasthan GK (English) |publisher=SI Publication |language=en |quote=The temple is believed to have been built during the reign of Maharana Karan Singh, 1621–1628. However, it remained in ruins for years, until 1994 when it was restored by Shree Karni Mata Trust. Owing to its location on a hill, the views are simply stunning from the top, especially during sunset. You can reach the temple by ropeway.}}</ref>

=== Karni Mata Temple (Alwar) ===
Another temple dedicated to Karni Mata is located in the historical city of [[Alwar]], Rajasthan. It is situated in the heart of city, near the Sagar Palace and Bala Qila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-18 |title=करणी माता मंदिर अलवर: राजा ने मान्यता पूरी होने पर कराई थी स्थापना, जानिए क्या है इतिहास {{!}} Karni Mata Temple In Alwar History And Manyata |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/karni-mata-temple-in-alwar-history-and-manyata-6467425/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

This temple was built by the second ruler of the [[Alwar State]], Maharao Raja Sawai Bakhtawar Singh (1791–1815). Since then, the royal family of Alwar has been worshipping Karni Mata for whom two temples were built in Bala Qila and Rajbhawan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOqNc9Rd5CoC |title=Apūrva śodha-pūrṇa Durgā-saptaśatī. Baṭuka vairava stotra sahita |date=1979 |publisher=Māyārāma Śarmā |language=hi |quote=अलवर के राजघराने में करणी माता की उपासना चली आ रही है, यहां पर अलवर के बाला किला व भूतपूर्व राजभवन में करणी देवी के दो मन्दिर हैं।}}</ref>

=== Shree Madh Khurad Dham (Nagaur) ===
Another historical temple dedicated to Maa Karni is located at Khurad, 12&nbsp;km northeast from [[Gachhipura railway station|Gachhipura]] in the district of [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], Rajasthan. The original temple was built by the [[Charan|Cāraṇas]] of village Khurd. Inder Baisa, a 20th-century figure, was seen as an incarnation of the goddess Karni by her followers. The Bikaner ruler [[Ganga Singh|Maharaja Ganga Singh]] was also among her devotees and on her advice sanctioned Rs. 11,157 on 8 September 1930 from his privy purse for carrying out the original works and repairs of the temple of Goddess Karni. Ganga Singh entrusted this work to his trusted minister Hari Singh of Sattasar. It was built as a [[Fortification|fort]]. Lying close to the marble city [[Makrana]], it is built mainly of white marble.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |language=en |quote=Ganga Singh sanctioned Rs. 11,157 on 8th September 1930 from his privy purse for carrying out the original works and repairs of the temple of Goddess Karni at village Khurd near the railway station of Baroli. The Pratistha ceremony of the temple took place at 9:00 A.M. on 19th May 1931 AD. Ganga Singh entrusted this work to his trusted Army Minister Hari Singh of Sattasar with the directions that he should do nothing to displease Inder Baisa. Hari Singh took 100 bottles of country liquor and Lawazama from Bikaner on the opening ceremony. Ganga Singh had sanctioned Rs. 7000 for the opening ceremony of this temple. Rs. 5000 were spent in feeding visitors. Rs. 2000 were presented to Inder Baiji. He had also sanctioned Rs. 415 per year for the expenditure of the worship of Goddess Karni there from Bikaner Devasthaan budget as suggested by Inder Baiji.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Karni Mata}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070922005507/http://www.religiousportal.com/KarniMataTemple.html Read Details about Karni Mata Temple]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040703034830/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0628_040628_tvrats.html National Geographic News: Rats Rule at Indian Temple]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACzWdSfZXmw Deshnok Temple] A three-minute video news report on Karni Mata, aka the "Bagwati Karniji" temple in Deshnoke, Rajasthan. Accessed 10 August 2007.
{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mata, Karni}}
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Hindu ascetics]]
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:Charan]]
[[Category:Miracle workers]]
[[Category:15th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Religious leaders in Asia]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:War goddesses]]
[[Category:Lion goddesses]]
[[Category:Childhood goddesses]]
[[Category:Cāraṇa Sagatī]]

Closed-circuit television

2026-02-19T20:31:24Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{Short description|Video camera system with a limited set of receivers}}
{{redirect|CCTV|the broadcasting company in China|China Central Television|other uses|CCTV (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Closed captioning}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}

[[File:Three Surveillance cameras.jpg|thumb|Surveillance cameras on the corner of a building]]
'''Closed-circuit television''' ('''CCTV'''), also known as '''video surveillance''',<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Kumar|editor1-first=Vikas|editor2-last=Svensson|editor2-first=Jakob|title=Promoting Social Change and Democracy Through Information Technology|date=2015|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=9781466685031|page=75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkdLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dempsey|first1=John S.|title=Introduction to private security|date=2008|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth|location=Belmont, CA|isbn=9780534558734|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQo7oDMSVXgC&pg=PA78}}</ref> is the use of [[closed-circuit television camera]]s to transmit a signal to a specific place on a limited set of monitors. It differs from [[broadcast television]] in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ [[Point-to-point (telecommunications)|point-to-point]], [[point-to-multipoint]] (P2MP), or [[Mesh networking|mesh]] wired or [[Wireless|wireless links]]. Even though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for [[surveillance]] in areas that require additional security or ongoing monitoring ([[videotelephony]] is seldom called "CCTV").<ref>Verman, Romesh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1VUU-eRAObAC Distance Education In Technological Age], Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005, pp.166, {{ISBN|81-261-2210-2}}, {{ISBN|978-81-261-2210-3}}.</ref><ref>"Distance education in Asia and the Pacific: Proceedings Of The Regional Seminar On Distance Education, 26 November – 3 December 1986", Asian Development Bank, Bangkok, Thailand, Volume 2, 1987</ref>

The deployment of this technology has facilitated significant growth in [[Mass surveillance|state surveillance]], a substantial rise in methods of advanced social monitoring and control, and a host of [[crime prevention]] measures throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caves |first=R. W. |title=Encyclopedia of the City |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |pages=114}}</ref> Though surveillance of the public using CCTV cameras is common in many areas around the world, video surveillance has generated significant debate about balancing its use with individuals' [[right to privacy]] even when in public.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's wrong with public video surveillance?|url=https://www.aclu.org/other/whats-wrong-public-video-surveillance|publisher=ACLU|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Surveillance Cameras and the Right to Privacy|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/surveillance-cameras-and-the-right-to-privacy/|access-date=5 January 2017|work=CBS News|date=13 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Best PoE Security Camera System|url=https://top10reviewss.com/best-poe-security-camera-system-reviews/|access-date=5 January 2017|work=CBS News|date=9 November 2019|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128025924/https://top10reviewss.com/best-poe-security-camera-system-reviews/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Factory|industrial plants]], CCTV camera equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central [[control room]], especially if the environments observed are dangerous or inaccessible to humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, using [[digital video recorder]]s (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as [[motion detection]] and [[email]] alerts). More recently, decentralized [[IP camera]]s, some equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to [[network-attached storage]] devices or internal [[Flash memory|flash storage]] for stand-alone operation.

== History ==
[[File:THE CENTRAL POLICE CONTROL STATION, MANNED 24 HOURS A DAY CONTROLS ALL TRAFFIC LIGHTS, RECEIVES REMOTE TV INPUTS FROM... - NARA - 551905.tif|thumb|CCTV monitoring at the Central Police Control Station, Munich, Germany, in 1973]]
[[File:Cameratoezichtcentrale politie nederland.jpg|thumb|Desk in one of the regional control-rooms of the National Police in the Netherlands in 2017]]
[[File:CCTV control room monitor wall.jpg|thumb|CCTV control-room monitor wall for 176 open-street cameras in 2017]]
An early [[Mechanical television|mechanical]] CCTV system was developed in June 1927 by Russian physicist [[Leon Theremin]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Theremin: ether music and espionage|last=Glinsky, Albert.|date=2000|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=0252025822|location=Urbana|pages=46–47|oclc=43286443}}</ref> Originally requested by CTO (the Soviet [[Council of Labor and Defense]]), the system consisted of a manually operated scanning-transmitting camera and wireless shortwave transmitter and receiver, with a resolution of a hundred lines. Having been commandeered by [[Kliment Voroshilov]], Theremin's CCTV system was demonstrated to [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Semyon Budyonny]], and [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]], and subsequently installed in the courtyard of the [[Moscow Kremlin]] to monitor approaching visitors.<ref name=":0" />

Another early CCTV system was installed by [[Siemens AG]] at [[Test Stand VII]] in [[Peenemünde]], Nazi Germany, in 1942, for observing the launch of [[V-2 rocket]]s.<ref name="dornberger">[[Walter Dornberger|Dornberger, Walter]]: ''V-2'', [[Ballantine Books]] 1954, ASIN: B000P6L1ES, page 14.</ref>

In the United States, the first commercial closed-circuit television system became available in 1949 from [[Remington Rand]] and designed by [[CBS Laboratories]], called "Vericon".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/pdf/nyt_8-16-50_agreement_is_seen_to_spur_color_tv.pdf|title=Agreement Seen Spur to Color TV|date=August 16, 1950|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Vericon was advertised as not requiring a government permit due to the system using cabled connections between camera and monitor rather than over-the-air transmission.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pCQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA179 '' "Television Rides Wires" '', February 1949, Popular Science] small article, bottom of page 179</ref>

=== Technology ===
The earliest video surveillance systems involved constant monitoring because there was no way to record and store information. The development of [[reel-to-reel]] media enabled the recording of surveillance footage. These systems required magnetic tapes to be changed manually, with the operator having to manually thread the tape from the tape reel through the recorder onto a take-up reel. Due to these shortcomings, video surveillance was not widespread.<ref name=":2" />

Later, [[videocassette recorder]] technology became available in the 1970s, making it easier to record and erase information, and the use of video surveillance became more common.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaQY8CrmqFcC&pg=PA276 |title=CCTV Surveillance|isbn=9780080468181|last1=Kruegle|first1=Herman|date=15 March 2011|publisher=Elsevier }}</ref> During the 1990s, digital [[multiplexing]] was developed, allowing several cameras to record at once, as well as [[time-lapse]] and motion-only recording. This saved time and money which then led to an increase in the use of CCTV.<ref name="wecusurveillance.com"/> CCTV technology has been shifting towards Internet-based products and systems, and other technological developments.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://fennoturvapalvelut.com/ | title=Internet based CCTV on cloud services|language=fi|date=27 March 2015|publisher=fennoturvapalvelut}}</ref>

=== Application ===
Early CCTV systems were installed in central London by the Metropolitan Police between 1960 and 1965.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rowe |first1=Mark |url=https://professionalsecurity.co.uk/news/case-studies/polices-1960s-cctv-experiments-part-1/ |title=Police's 1960s CCTV experiments, part 1 |website=Professional Security Magazine Online |date=2023}}</ref> By 1963, CCTV was being used in Munich to monitor traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://professionalsecurity.co.uk/news/case-studies/polices-1960s-cctv-experiments-part-2/ |title=Police's 1960s CCTV experiments, part 2 |website=Professional Security Magazine Online |date=2023 |last1=Rowe |first1=Mark }}</ref> Closed-circuit television was used as a form of [[pay-per-view]] [[theatre television]] for sports such as [[professional boxing]] and [[professional wrestling]], and from 1964 through 1970, the [[Indianapolis 500]] automobile race. Boxing telecasts were broadcast live to a select number of venues, mostly theaters, with arenas, stadiums, schools, and convention centres also being less often used venues, where viewers paid for tickets to watch the fight live.<ref name="Ezra">{{cite book|last=Ezra|first=Michael|title=The Economic Civil Rights Movement: African Americans and the Struggle for Economic Power|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136274756|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DL41bsCigZcC&pg=PA105|language=en}}</ref><ref name="bloodyelbow">{{cite news|title=History of Prizefighting's Biggest Money Fights|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2017/8/24/16170894/history-of-prizefightings-biggest-money-fights-boxing-mma-ufc|work=[[Bloody Elbow]]|agency=[[SB Nation]]|date=24 August 2017}}</ref> The first fight with a closed-circuit telecast was [[Joe Louis vs. Jersey Joe Walcott II]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite book|title=Television|date=1965|publisher=Frederick A. Kugel Company|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it0aAQAAMAAJ&q=Louis+Walcott|language=en|quote=Teleprompter's main-spring, Irving B. Kahn (he's chairman of the board and president), had a taste of closed circuit operations as early as 1948. That summer, Kahn, then a vice president of 20th Century-Fox, negotiated what was probably the first inter-city closed circuit telecast in history, a pickup of the Joe Louis-Joe Walcott fight.}}</ref>

Closed-circuit telecasts peaked in popularity with [[Muhammad Ali]] in the 1960s and 1970s,<ref name="Ezra" /><ref name="bloodyelbow" /> with "[[The Rumble in the Jungle]]" fight drawing 50{{nbsp}}million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1974,<ref>{{cite news|title=Zaire's fight promotion opens new gold mines|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/28336306/|work=[[The Morning Herald]]|date=18 November 1974|language=en}}</ref> and the "[[Thrilla in Manila]]" drawing 100{{nbsp}}million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1975.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Karriem Allah|journal=[[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]]|date=1976|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref> In 1985, the [[WrestleMania I]] professional wrestling show was seen by over one million viewers with this scheme.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wrestlemania In Photographs: 1-10|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wrestlemania-in-photographs-1-10|work=Sportskeeda|date=1 April 2017}}</ref> As late as 1996, the [[Julio César Chávez vs. Oscar De La Hoya]] boxing fight had 750,000 viewers.<ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/06/07/chavez-de-la-hoya-fight-is-a-bout-about-contrasts/ Chavez-De La Hoya Fight Is A Bout About Contrasts], Chicago Tribune article, 1996-06-07, Retrieved on 2015-02-23</ref> Although closed-circuit television was gradually replaced by [[pay-per-view]] home [[cable television]] in the 1980s and 1990s, it is still in use today for most awards shows and other events that are transmitted live to most venues but do not air as such on network television, and later re-edited for broadcast.<ref name="bloodyelbow" />

In September 1968, [[Olean, New York]], was the first city in the United States to install CCTV video cameras along its main business street in an effort to fight crime.<ref name="Robb, Gary C. 1979 pg. 571-602">[Robb, Gary C. (1979) "Police Use of CCTV Surveillance: Constitutional Implications and Proposed Regulations" University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. pg. 572]</ref> [[Marie Van Brittan Brown]] received a patent for the design of a CCTV-based home security system in 1969. (''{{US patent|3482037}}''). Another early appearance was in 1973 in [[Times Square]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="Yesil, Bilge">[Yesil, Bilge. (2006) "Watching Ourselves" Cultural Studies. Vol 20(4-5) pp. 400-416]</ref> The NYPD installed it to deter crime in the area; however, crime rates did not appear to drop much due to the cameras.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge" /> Nevertheless, during the 1980s, video surveillance began to spread across the country specifically targeting public areas.<ref name="wecusurveillance.com">Roberts, Lucy. "[http://www.wecusurveillance.com/cctvhistory History of Video Surveillance and CCTV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221172303/http://www.wecusurveillance.com/cctvhistory |date=21 December 2019 }}" We C U Surveillance Retrieved 2011-10-20</ref> It was seen as a cheaper way to deter crime compared to increasing the size of the police departments.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge" /> Some businesses as well, especially those that were prone to theft, began to use video surveillance.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge" /> From the mid-1990s on, police departments across the country installed an increasing number of cameras in various public spaces including housing projects, schools, and public parks.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge" /> CCTV later became common in banks and stores to discourage theft by recording evidence of criminal activity. In 1997, 3,100 CCTV systems were installed in public housing and residential areas in New York City.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_pub_whos_watching.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_pub_whos_watching.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Who's Watching? Video Camera Surveillance in New York City and the Need for Public Oversight|year=2006|pages=5|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref>

Experiments in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, including outdoor CCTV in [[Bournemouth]] in 1985, led to several larger trial programs later that decade. The first use by local government was in [[King's Lynn]], Norfolk, in 1987.<ref name=wndc>{{cite web|url=http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=21697|title=CCTV|last=Staff|date=August 2007|publisher=Borough Council of King's Lynn & West Norfolk|access-date=2008-12-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523184010/http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=21697|archive-date=23 May 2009}}</ref>

== Uses ==
=== Crime prevention ===
[[File:Bulger cctv.jpg|thumb|The two-year-old [[Murder of James Bulger|James Bulger]] being led away by his killers, recorded on shopping centre CCTV in 1993; this [[narrow-bandwidth television]] system had a low [[frame rate]]]]
[[File:Video surveillance sign.jpg|thumb|Sign warning that premises are watched by CCTV cameras]]
{{further|crime prevention|predictive policing|criminal investigation}}

A 2008 report by UK Police Chiefs concluded that only 3% of crimes were solved by CCTV.<ref>[http://forward-edge.net/the-big-question-are-cctv-cameras-a-waste-of-money-in-the-fight-against-crime-822079.html "Are CCTV cameras a waste of money in the fight against crime?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061337/http://www.forward-edge.net/the-big-question-are-cctv-cameras-a-waste-of-money-in-the-fight-against-crime-822079.html|date=4 March 2016}} Forward Edge, 7 May 2008</ref> In London, a [[Metropolitan Police]] report showed that in 2008 only one crime was solved per 1000 cameras.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hughe |first=Mark |date=25 August 2009 |title=CCTV in the spotlight: one crime solved for every 1,000 cameras |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/cctv-in-the-spotlight-one-crime-solved-for-every-1000-cameras-1776774.html |publisher=Independent News and Media Limited}}</ref> In some cases CCTV cameras have become a target of attacks themselves.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_east/3676550.stm |title=CCTV mast destroyed by vandals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404235819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_east/3676550.stm |archive-date=4 April 2022 |date=21 September 2004 |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref> A 2009 systematic review by researchers from [[Northeastern University]] and the [[University of Cambridge]] used [[meta-analytic]] techniques to pool the average effect of CCTV on crime across 41 different studies.<ref name="Public">{{cite web|url = http://journalistsresource.org/studies/economics/housing/surveillance-cameras-and-crime/ |title = Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |publisher = Journalist's Resource.org |date = 11 February 2014 }}</ref> The studies included in the meta-analysis used [[quasi-experiment|quasi-experimental evaluation designs]] that involved before-and-after measures of crime in experimental and control areas.<ref name="Public" /> However, researchers have argued that the British car park studies included in the meta-analysis cannot accurately control for the fact that CCTV was introduced simultaneously with a range of other security-related measures.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The economics of subjective security and camera surveillance|url = https://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/wwz/redaktion/wipo/Alois_Stutzer/Zehnder_B-099.pdf |date = 2009|last = Zehnder|journal = WWZ Research Paper|access-date = 27 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706060053/https://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/wwz/redaktion/wipo/Alois_Stutzer/Zehnder_B-099.pdf|archive-date = 6 July 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref> Second, some have noted that, in many of the studies, there may be issues with [[selection bias]] since the introduction of CCTV was potentially [[Endogeneity (econometrics)|endogenous]] to previous crime trends.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Effects of Surveillance Cameras on Crime: Evidence from the Stockholm Subway|journal = The Economic Journal|date = 1 November 2015|issn = 1468-0297|pages = F289–F305|volume = 125|issue = 588|doi = 10.1111/ecoj.12327|first = Mikael|last = Priks|s2cid = 96452277}}</ref> In particular, the estimated effects may be biased if CCTV is introduced in response to crime trends.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Is camera surveillance an effective measure of counterterrorism?|journal = Defence and Peace Economics|date = 2013|pages = 1–14|volume = 24|doi = 10.1080/10242694.2011.650481|last = Stutzer|doi-access = free}}</ref>

[[File:Alexis Navy Yard 012 1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg|thumb|A CCTV captured the perpetrator of the [[Washington Navy Yard shooting]], [[Aaron Alexis]], during his rampage]]
[[File:Classroom security camera.webp|thumb|3D design of [[School security#Surveillance|classroom security camera]]]]
In 2012, cities such as Manchester in the UK are using [[Digital video recorder|DVR]]-based technology to improve accessibility for crime prevention.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-06-28 |title=Digital CCTV scheme switches on |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2070312.stm |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2013, City of Philadelphia Auditor found that the $15 million system was operational only 32% of the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viakoo.com/orphaned-video-system-in-philadelphia/|title=Orphaned Video System in Philadelphia?|date=May 2015|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028042359/https://www.viakoo.com/orphaned-video-system-in-philadelphia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is [[anecdotal evidence]] that CCTV aids in detection and conviction of offenders; for example, UK police forces routinely seek CCTV recordings after crimes.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10512087/10484338Police-are-failing-to-recover-crucial-CCTV-footage-new-figures-suggest.html?fbHow&goback=%2Egde_1889337_member_5817222616544473092 "Police are failing to recover crucial CCTV footage, new figures suggest"], The Daily Telegraph</ref> Cameras have also been installed on [[public transport]] in the hope of deterring crime.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-09-11 |title=CCTV to drive down cab attacks |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hereford/worcs/3101016.stm |access-date=2024-12-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-02-25 |title=Taxi CCTV cameras are installed |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/4295859.stm |access-date=2024-12-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

A 2017 review published in the [[Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention]] compiles seven studies that use such research designs. The studies found that CCTV reduced crime by 24–28% in public streets and urban subway stations. It also found that CCTV could decrease unruly behaviour in football stadiums and theft in supermarkets/mass merchant stores. However, there was no evidence of CCTV having desirable effects in parking facilities or suburban subway stations. Furthermore, the review indicates that CCTV is more effective in preventing property crimes than in violent crimes.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Gustav Alexandrie |date=2017 |title=Surveillance cameras and crime: a review of randomized and natural experiments |journal=Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=210–222 |doi=10.1080/14043858.2017.1387410 |s2cid=149144413}}</ref> However, a 2019, 40-year-long [[systematic review]] study reported that the most consistent effects of crime reduction of CCTV were in car parks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Piza |first1=Eric L. |last2=Welsh |first2=Brandon C. |last3=Farrington |first3=David P. |last4=Thomas |first4=Amanda L. |date=2019 |title=CCTV surveillance for crime prevention: A 40-year systematic review with meta-analysis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12419 |journal=Criminology & Public Policy |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=135–159 |doi=10.1111/1745-9133.12419 |issn=1538-6473|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A more open question is whether most CCTV is cost-effective. While low-quality domestic kits are cheap, the professional installation and maintenance of high definition CCTV is expensive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allthings.com.au/Catalogue/cctv%20security%20surveillance%20ip%20network%20dome%20camera%20articles/Tip%20Sheet%205.pdf |title=National community Crime Prevention Programme |access-date=2016-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229022046/http://www.allthings.com.au/Catalogue/cctv%20security%20surveillance%20ip%20network%20dome%20camera%20articles/Tip%20Sheet%205.pdf |archive-date=29 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gill and Spriggs did a [[cost-effectiveness analysis]] (CEA) of CCTV in crime prevention that showed little monetary saving with the installation of CCTV as most of the crimes prevented resulted in little monetary loss.<ref name="Assessing">{{cite web |url=http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr1205.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr1205.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-02-18 |title=Assessing the impact of CCTV |access-date=2011-10-16}}</ref> Critics however noted that benefits of non-monetary value cannot be captured in a traditional cost effectiveness analysis and were omitted from their study.<ref name="Assessing" />

In October 2009, an "Internet Eyes" website was announced which would pay members of the public to view CCTV camera images from their homes and report any crimes they witnessed. The site aimed to add "more eyes" to cameras which might be insufficiently monitored. Civil liberties campaigners criticized the idea as "a distasteful and a worrying development".<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8293784.stm Public to Monitor CCTV From Home], ''[[BBC]]''</ref> Russia has also implemented a video surveillance system called 'Safe City', which has the capability to recognize facial features and moving objects, sending the data automatically to government authorities. However, the widespread tracking of individuals through video surveillance has raised significant privacy issues.<ref>Artificial intelligence in local government services: Public perceptions from Australia and Hong Kong, Government Information Quarterly, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2023, 101833</ref>

==== Forensics ====
Material collected by surveillance cameras has been used as a tool in post-event forensics to identify tactics and perpetrators of [[terrorist attack]]s. Furthermore, there are various projects—such as [[INDECT]]—that aim to detect suspicious behaviours of individuals and crowds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mould |first1=Nick |last2=Regens |first2=James L. |last3=Jensen |first3=Carl J. |last4=Edger |first4=David N. |date=30 August 2014 |title=Video surveillance and counterterrorism: the application of suspicious activity recognition in visual surveillance systems to counterterrorism |journal=Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=151–175 |doi=10.1080/18335330.2014.940819 |s2cid=62710484}}</ref> It has been argued that terrorists will not be deterred by cameras, that terror attacks are not really the subject of the current use of video surveillance and that terrorists might even see it as an extra channel for [[propaganda]] and publication of their acts.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=10 May 2010 |title=In the Petabyte Age of Surveillance, Software Polices |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/security/how-to/a5776/surveillance-cameras-and-data/ |access-date=4 January 2017 |magazine=Popular Mechanics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=Mehr Videoüberwachung gegen Terroristen - WDR aktuell - Sendung - Video - Mediathek - WDR |url=http://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/video/sendungen/wdr-aktuell/video-mehr-videoueberwachung-gegen-terroristen-100.html |access-date=4 January 2017 |publisher=WDR}}</ref> In Germany, calls for extended video surveillance by the country's main political parties, [[SPD]], [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]], and [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]] have been dismissed as "little more than a [[placebo]] for a subjective feeling of security" by a member of the Left party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calls increase for sweeping surveillance after Berlin attack |url=http://www.dw.com/en/calls-increase-for-sweeping-surveillance-after-berlin-attack/a-36854715 |access-date=4 January 2017 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref>

In Singapore, since 2012, thousands of CCTV cameras have helped deter [[loan shark]]s, nab litterbugs, and stop illegal parking, according to government figures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2016 |title=Network of CCTV cameras proving effective |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/network-of-cctv-cameras-proving-effective |access-date=2017-02-06 |publisher=straitstimes}}</ref> In 2013, [[Oaxaca]], Mexico, hired deaf police officers to [[lip read]] conversations to uncover criminal conspiracies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maria Alvarez |first=Jose |date=November 19, 2013 |title=Deaf police officers monitor Oaxaca city streets |url=https://apnews.com/article/5136db0b276d4624bf70efc14756770f |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=Associated Press|access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
[[File:Omar Habhan Westgate attack.webp|thumb|[[Omar Nabhan]], as seen on CCTV during the [[Westgate shopping mall attack]] that resulted in the deaths of 71 people. Authorities observed the attack via the cameras within the mall.]]

=== Body-worn cameras ===
{{Main|Body worn video}}
In recent years, the use of [[body-worn video]] cameras has been introduced for a number of uses. For example, as a new form of surveillance in law enforcement, there are surveillance cameras that are worn by the police officer and are usually located on a police officer's chest or head.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bayley|first1=David H.|last2=Stenning|first2=Philip C.|title=Governing the Police: Experience in Six Democracies|date=2016|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1412862318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klW5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100}}</ref><ref name=Hung>{{cite web|last1=Hung |last2=Babin |last3=Coberly |first1=Vivian |first2=Steven |first3=Jacqueline|title=A Market Survey on Body Worn Camera Technologies|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250381.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250381.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|website=The Department of Justice's National Institute of Justice|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory}}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]] (BJS), in the United States, in 2016, about 47% of the 15,328 general-purpose [[Law enforcement in the United States|law enforcement]] agencies had acquired body-worn cameras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. Hyland |first=Shelley |date=November 2018 |title=Body-Worn Cameras in Law Enforcement Agencies, 2016, NCJ 251775 |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/bwclea16.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Justice Statistics}}</ref>

=== Traffic flow monitoring ===
{{Main|Traffic camera}}

Many cities and [[motorway]] networks have extensive traffic-monitoring systems. Many of these cameras however, are owned by private companies and transmit data to drivers' [[GPS]] systems.

[[Highways England]] has a publicly owned CCTV network of over 3000 pan–tilt–zoom cameras covering the British motorway and trunk road network. These cameras are primarily used to monitor traffic conditions and are not used as [[speed cameras]]. With the addition of fixed cameras for the [[active traffic management]] system, the number of cameras on the Highways England's CCTV network is likely to increase significantly over the next few years.<ref>Networx Security. "[https://www.networxsecurity.org/members-area/glossary/c/cctv.html Closed Circuit Television]." Retrieved 7 March 2019.</ref> The [[London congestion charge]] is enforced by cameras positioned at the boundaries of and inside the congestion charge zone, which automatically read the number plates of vehicles that enter the zone. If the driver does not pay the charge then a fine will be imposed.<ref>Kablenet, The Register. "[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/06/congestion_charge_tags/ TfL hands out contracts for congestion charge tags]." 6 June 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2019.</ref> Similar systems are being developed as a means of locating cars reported stolen.<ref>Rowena Coetsee, Bay Area News Group. "[https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2017/08/11/new-surveillance-cameras-doing-their-job-antiochs-top-cop-says/ New surveillance cameras doing their job, Antioch's top cop says]." 11 August 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2019.</ref> Other surveillance cameras serve as [[traffic enforcement camera]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Volokh |first=Eugene |date=March 26, 2002 |title=Traffic Enforcement Cameras |url=https://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/cameras.htm |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

In [[Mecca]], Saudi Arabia, CCTV cameras are used for monitoring (and thus [[Crowd control|managing]]) the flow of crowds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2016/05/26/Saudi-Arabia-installs-new-security-cameras-in-Makkah|title=Saudi Arabia installs new security cameras in Makkah|date=26 May 2016|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> In the Philippines, [[barangay San Antonio]] used CCTV cameras and artificial intelligence software to detect the [[Social distancing|formation of crowds]] during an [[Disease outbreak|outbreak of a disease]]. Security personnel were sent whenever a crowd formed at a particular location in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2020 |title=AI-equipped CCTV cameras enable a barangay to monitor people out on the streets |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/motoring-news/san-antonio-pasig-street-monitoring-system-a4354-20200327 |website=TopGear Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2020 |title=Pasig barangay turns to smart CCTV to enforce social distancing |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/731619/pasig-mayor-vico-sotto-turns-to-smart-cctv-to-enforce-social-distancing/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107201859/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/731619/pasig-mayor-vico-sotto-turns-to-smart-cctv-to-enforce-social-distancing/story/ |archive-date=7 January 2022 |website=GMA News Online |location=Philippines}}</ref>

=== Use in homes and buildings ===

==== In schools ====
{{further|Video surveillance in schools|School violence}}
[[File:Andover Tornado CCTV.webm|thumb|250x250px|Surveillance video of the [[2022 Andover tornado]] as it passed by a school. Several cameras in and outside of the building captured the event.]]
[[File:Security camera monitoring for school security.webp|thumb|3D design of security camera monitoring for [[school security]]]]
In the United States, Britain, Canada,<ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2013 |title=Use of CCTV surveillance in schools |url=https://www.atl.org.uk/policy-and-campaigns/policy-posts/use-cctv-surveillance-schools?resetmyATL=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109021738/https://www.atl.org.uk/policy-and-campaigns/policy-posts/use-cctv-surveillance-schools?resetmyATL=true |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=8 November 2016 |publisher=ATL the education union}}</ref> Australia,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/school-security-cctv-puts-bullies-on-pause/story-e6freuzi-1226311797645|title= School security CCTV puts bullies on pause | author= Bruce McDougall and Katherine Danks |access-date=8 November 2016|newspaper= The Daily Telegraph|date=28 March 2012}}</ref> and New Zealand, CCTV is widely used in schools to prevent [[bullying]], [[vandalism]], monitoring visitors, and maintaining a record of evidence of a crime. There are some restrictions: cameras are not typically installed in areas where there is a "reasonable [[expectation of privacy]]", such as bathrooms, gym locker areas, and private offices. Cameras are generally acceptable in parking lots, cafeterias, and supply rooms. Though some teachers object to the installation of cameras.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ncjrs.gov/school/ch2a_18.html/|title = Legal aspects of the use of video cameras in schools =|access-date = 25 March 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160215174520/https://www.ncjrs.gov/school/ch2a_18.html/|archive-date = 15 February 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> A study of high school students in Israeli schools shows that students' views on CCTV used in school are based on how they think of their teachers, school, and authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Birnhack|first1=Michael D.|last2=Perry-Hazan|first2=Lotem|date=2020|title=School Surveillance in Context: High School Students' Perspectives on CCTV, Privacy, and Security|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3587450|s2cid=234991261|issn=1556-5068|doi-access=free}}</ref> It also stated that most students do not want CCTV installed inside a classroom.<ref name=":1" />

==== In private and public places ====
Many homeowners choose to install CCTV systems either inside or outside their own homes, sometimes both. Modern CCTV systems can be monitored through mobile phone apps with internet coverage. Some systems also provide motion detection, so when movement is detected, an alert can be sent to a phone.<ref name="cnet">{{cite web |last1=Wollerton |first1=Megan |title=Turn an old phone into a security camera in 3 steps. Here's how to do it |url=https://www.cnet.com/home/security/turn-old-phone-into-security-camera-in-3-steps-heres-how-android-iphone/ |website=cnet.com |publisher=CNET |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>[[File:SISS VPU3400 8-channel 20080502.jpg|thumb|right|Digital video recorder for public transport]]

On a [[driver-only operated]] train, CCTV cameras may allow the driver to confirm that people are clear of doors before closing them and starting the train.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-k9n6WVihu0 |title=FCC Train Dispatch training video |date=25 March 2013 |access-date=2018-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630053044/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-k9n6WVihu0 |archive-date=2014-06-30 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}} (From 7:35, the video explains about DOO train dispatch and describes the use of CCTV at stations.)</ref> A trial by [[Rotterdamse Elektrische Tram|RET]] in 2011 with [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] cameras mounted on trams made sure that people who were banned from them did not sneak on anyway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2011 |title=Facial recognition cameras to be installed on Rotterdam trams |url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2011/09/facial_recognition_cameras_to/}}</ref> CCTV has also been frequently operated in many department stores and shopping malls to mitigate concerns of potential theft. In some countries, malls must obtain approval from the [[Ministry of Interior]] (MOI)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-19 |title=Leading New Steps for MOI CCTV Approval for Malls |url=https://axlesys.com/steps-for-moi-cctv-approval-for-malls/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Axle Systems |language=en-US}}</ref> or [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO) before installing CCTVs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-04 |title=A Quick Guide to CCTV Systems for Retail Centres {{!}} ACCL |url=https://network-data-cabling.co.uk/blog/cctv-retail-guide/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=ACCL Network Data Cabling |language=en}}</ref> Some organizations also use CCTV to monitor the actions of workers in a workplace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Using CCTV to monitor the workplace |url=http://www.icaew.com/en/archive/library/subject-gateways/business-management/smes/small-business-update/2015-01/using-cctv-to-monitor-the-workplace |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014052835/http://www.icaew.com/en/archive/library/subject-gateways/business-management/smes/small-business-update/2015-01/using-cctv-to-monitor-the-workplace |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=2016-09-18 |publisher=icaew}}</ref>[[File:CCTV dome camera subway Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|upright|Dome camera in [[Rotterdam Centraal station|Rotterdam central metro station]]]]Many sporting events in the United States use CCTV inside the venue, either to display on the stadium or arena's [[scoreboard]] or in the concourse or restroom areas to allow people to view action outside the seating bowl. The cameras send the feed to a central control centre where a producer selects feeds to send to the television monitors that people can view. In a trial with CCTV cameras, football club fans no longer needed to identify themselves manually, but could pass freely after being authorized by the facial recognition system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Doe mee aan de proef met gezichtsherkenning |trans-title=Participate in the facial recognition trial |url=https://www.heracles.nl/2019/03/26/doe-mee-aan-de-proef-met-gezichtsherkenning/ |website=Heracles |language=nl}}</ref>

=== Criminal use ===
Criminals may use surveillance cameras to monitor the public. For example, a [[hidden camera]] at an [[ATM]] can capture people's [[Personal Identification Number|PINs]] as they are entered without their knowledge. The devices are small enough not to be noticed, and are placed where they can monitor the keypad of the machine as people enter their PINs. Images may be transmitted wirelessly to the criminal. Even lawful surveillance cameras sometimes have their data received by people who have no legal right to receive it.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2018 |title=Benalla. Trois policiers suspendus pour avoir transmis des images de vidéosurveillance |trans-title=Benalla: Three police officers suspended for transmitting video surveillance images |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/france/benalla-trois-policiers-suspendus-pour-avoir-transmis-des-images-de-videosurveillance-20-07-2018-12032279.php |language=fr}}</ref>

== Prevalence ==
[[File:Surveillance cameras mapped.png|thumb|A crowdsourced map of CCTV cameras near [[Grande Arche]], Paris, using [[OpenStreetMap]] data<ref>{{cite web |url=http://osmcamera.tk/index.php?lat=48.89280064&lon=2.2415328&zoom=17&layer=osm |title=The CCTV Map |website=osmcamera |author=khris78 |access-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025180244/http://osmcamera.tk/index.php?lat=48.89280064&lon=2.2415328&zoom=17&layer=osm |archive-date=25 October 2014 }}</ref>]][[File:UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG|thumb|right| The [[headquarters of the United Nations]] in New York, with cameras visible on the side of the [[UN General Assembly Building]]]]

=== In Asia ===
About 65% of CCTV cameras in the world are installed in Asia.<ref name="SDM2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.sdmmag.com/articles/92407-rise-of-surveillance-camera-installed-base-slows |website=SDM Magazine |title=Rise of Surveillance Camera Installed Base Slows|date=5 May 2016|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> In Asia, different human activities attracted the use of surveillance camera systems and services, including but not limited to business and related industries,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walton, Greg|title=China's Golden Shield: corporations and the development of surveillance technology in the People's Republic of China|publisher=Rights & Democracy|year=2001}}</ref> transportation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/australian-state-government-to-expand-cctv-use-across-transport-network|title=Australian state government to expand CCTV use across transport network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091654/http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/australian-state-government-to-expand-cctv-use-across-transport-network|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-03-11}}</ref> sports,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/early-doors/chinese-tv-station-cctv-provide--old-school--analysis-of-afc-asian-cup-match-133815624.html|title=Chinese TV station CCTV provide 'old school' analysis of AFC Asian Cup match|work=Yahoo Eurosport UK |access-date=2015-03-11}}</ref> and care for the environment.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ng | first = Kelly|url=http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/4530-indian-state-government-uses-cctv-to-cut-forest-crimes|title=Indian state government uses CCTV to cut forest crimes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011012135/http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/4530-indian-state-government-uses-cctv-to-cut-forest-crimes|date = 11 October 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-03-11}}</ref>

In 2018, China was reported to have over 170 million CCTV cameras.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-13 |title=Chinese man caught by facial recognition at pop concert |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-43751276 |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=British Broadcasting Corporation |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2023, China was estimated to have [[Mass surveillance in China|a huge surveillance network]] of around 540–626 million surveillance cameras, though numbers differ significantly between sources.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=Who's watching: the cities with the most CCTV cameras |url=https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/whos-watching-the-cities-with-the-most-cctv-cameras |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Geographical |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bischoff |first=Paul |date=2019-08-15 |title=Surveillance Camera Statistics: Which City has the Most CCTV? |url=https://www.comparitech.com/vpn-privacy/the-worlds-most-surveilled-cities/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Comparitech |language=en}}</ref> [[Beijing]], China's capital city, has the most cameras for a city overall, with a total of 1.15 million installed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=November 2020 |title=Surveillance Cities: who has the most CCTV cameras in the world? |url=https://surfshark.com/surveillance-cities |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Surfshark |language=en-US}}</ref> The cameras are used to record details such as gender, age, and ethnicity. Cameras have been used in a southern Chinese city to issue tickets to people for [[Summary offence|infractions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hui |first=Mary |date=2024-02-21 |title=China wants more control of its mass surveillance system |url=https://qz.com/china-mass-surveillance-system-control-1851273607 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> In India, the cities of [[Hyderabad]] and [[Delhi]], the capital, have around 900,000 and 450,000 cameras, respectively.<ref name=":3" /> The city of [[Chennai]] has the highest density per area of CCTV cameras worldwide, with 657 cameras per square kilometer in 2020 (from 280,000 CCTVs). China and India have some of the highest-density and the most amount of CCTVs in cities.<ref name=":4" />
[[File:2025 Shandong chemical explosion on CCTV.webm|thumb|A CCTV captures the [[2025 Shandong factory explosion]]]]
South Korea's military has removed over 1,300 surveillance Chinese cameras from its bases for security reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jankowicz |first=Mia |date=September 17, 2024 |title=South Korea removed 1,300 cameras from its military bases after discovering they're designed to feed back to a Chinese server |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/south-korea-military-removes-1300-cctv-cameras-china-bases-security-2024-9 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> In Hong Kong, the police have stated that they are planning to install up to 7,000 surveillance cameras across Hong Kong in roughly three years time, up from the estimated 600 installed cameras in 2024; this amounts to roughly 2,000 planned cameras every year starting from 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Police plan to put up 7,000 CCTVs in HK by 2027 |url=https://gbcode.rthk.hk/TuniS/news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1783865-20241217.htm |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Radio Television Hong Kong |language=en-gb}}</ref> Earlier, in June 2024, the cameras have also been vaguely planned to be integrated with facial recognition artificial intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2024 |title=New CCTV cameras in Hong Kong to be equipped with facial recognition technology, security chief says |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2024/07/26/new-cctv-cameras-in-hong-kong-to-be-equipped-with-facial-recognition-technology-security-chief-says/ |access-date=December 19, 2024 |website=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yeung |first=Jessie |date=2024-10-06 |title=Hong Kong plans to install thousands of surveillance cameras. Critics say it's more proof the city is moving closer to China |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/05/asia/hong-kong-police-cameras-facial-recognition-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The plan has been criticized for the potential for the country to become similar to the "intense surveillance of mainland China".<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Leonie Helm |date=2024-10-11 |title=Hong Kong to get thousands of new security cameras – with AI and facial recognition technology |url=https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/news/hong-kong-to-get-thousands-of-new-security-cameras-with-ai-and-facial-recognition-technology |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=digitalcameraworld |language=en}}</ref> In Japan, an estimation by [[Nikkei Business]] estimated that the total number of security cameras in Japan is approximately 5 million in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yoshino |first=Jiro |date=13 November 2018 |title=日本の防犯カメラ、500万台に迫る |trans-title=Japan's security cameras approach 5 million |url=https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/report/16/110800252/111200002/ |access-date=5 February 2023 |language=ja}}</ref> In Singapore, it was estimated that the total number of CCTVs was around 90,000 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=Almost 90,000 police cameras installed in Singapore, 'many more to come': Shanmugam |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/90000-police-cameras-installed-singapore-shanmugam-102536548.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAKrzGD0rET5mGJEye2JXEGcYpvYV6G4ozyUmZlkOhi29hPl3Y1s9oebOaE-AKJlQoNoC25cFJxik-TjU0bDE8k91qiC9iu9WbhByp6FGFSR9ARZs_kUExjgfiCwi-n0XH3uF0ys9OOkWGI-X0wWrNpeVDlxo01wNS_Sc3to6A2TQ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-SG}}</ref>

===In the Americas===
[[File:2017-08-13 Sunriver Airport 18.jpg|thumb|Surveillance camera mounted on a tripod in [[Sunriver, Oregon]]]]
In 2009, there were an estimated 15,000 CCTV systems in [[Chicago]], many linked to an integrated camera network.<ref name="WSJ2009">{{cite news |date=17 November 2009 |title=Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704538404574539910412824756 |access-date=5 January 2017 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Chicago Links Police, Private Cameras |url=https://abc7chicago.com/archive/7370352/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406171238/http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=7370352 |archive-date=6 April 2010 |access-date=2010-08-16 |publisher=[[WLS-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 2011 |title=Chicago's Video SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS: A PERVASIVE AND UNREGULATED THREAT TO OUR PRIVACY |url=http://www.aclu-il.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Surveillance-Camera-Report1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327043725/http://www.aclu-il.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Surveillance-Camera-Report1.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=5 January 2017 |publisher=ACLU of Illinois}}</ref> New York City's [[Domain Awareness System]] has 6,000 video surveillance cameras linked together,<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2013 |title=NYPD expands surveillance net to fight crime as well as terrorism |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-ny-surveillance-idUSL2N0EV0D220130621 |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=Reuters}}</ref> there are over 4,000 cameras on the subway system (although nearly half of them do not work),<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2010 |title=Lack of Video Slows Hunt for a Killer in the Subway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/nyregion/30subway.html |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> and two-thirds of large apartment and commercial buildings use video surveillance cameras.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2005 |title=The State Of Surveillance |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2005-08-07/the-state-of-surveillance |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=Bloomberg Business}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 October 2013 |title=The Building Has 1,000 Eyes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/realestate/more-surveillance-cameras-at-new-york-residences.html |access-date=5 January 2017 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In [[Washington, D.C.]], there are more than 30,000 surveillance cameras in schools,<ref>{{cite news |date=1 January 2015 |title=30,000 Surveillance Cameras Monitor D.C.-Area Public Schools |url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/30000-Surveillance-Cameras-Monitor-DC-Area-Public-Schools-287297041.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006071902/http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/30000-Surveillance-Cameras-Monitor-DC-Area-Public-Schools-287297041.html |archive-date=6 October 2015 |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=NBC Washington}}</ref> and the [[Washington Metro|Metro]] has nearly 6,000 cameras in use across the system.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2013 |title=Metro Plans to Triple Number of Security Cameras |url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Metro-Plans-to-Triple-Number-of-Security-Cameras-200859881.html |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=NBC Washington}}</ref>

There were an estimated 30 million surveillance cameras in the United States in 2011.<ref>{{cite book |title=Technocreep: the surrender of privacy and the capitalization of intimacy. |date=2014 |publisher=Greystone Books |location=[S.l.] |isbn=978-1771641227 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RExHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |postscript=none}}; {{cite news |title=Surveillance Society: New High-Tech Cameras Are Watching You |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a2398/4236865/ |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=Popular Mechanics |date=30 September 2009 |postscript=none}}; {{cite news |title=Lawmakers want more surveillance on the ground -- and in the sky |url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/20/17830619-lawmakers-want-more-surveillance-on-the-ground-and-in-the-sky?lite |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=NBC News |date=20 April 2013 |postscript=none}}; {{cite book |last1=Dempsey |first1=John |last2=Forst |first2=Linda |title=An Introduction to Policing |date=2015 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=9781305544680 |page=485 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4TCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA485}}</ref> Video surveillance has been common in the United States since the 1990s; for example, one manufacturer reported net earnings of $120 million in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Video Surveillance: Is It An Effective Crime Prevention Tool? |url=http://www.library.ca.gov/crb/97/05/ |publisher=California Research Bureau |access-date=5 February 2015 |date=June 1997 |quote=The popularity of CCTV security systems has not gone unnoticed by the manufacturers of camera surveillance systems. ...A leading CCTV manufacturer reported net earnings of $120 million in 1995, compared with net earnings of $16 million the previous year. ...Over 50 percent of all CCTV surveillance equipment sales are to industrial and commercial clients. CCTV surveillance is also very common in the American workplace. |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417005043/http://www.library.ca.gov/CRB/97/05/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> With lower cost and easier installation, sales of home security cameras increased in the early 21st century. Following the [[September 11 attacks]], the use of video surveillance in public places became more common to deter future terrorist attacks.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge" /> Under the [[Homeland Security Grant Program]], government grants are available for cities to install surveillance camera networks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Minoli |first1=Daniel |title=Building the internet of things with IPv6 and MIPv6 the evolving world of M2M communications |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley |location=New Jersey |isbn=9781118647134 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DW8UbAiaLEC&pg=PT85}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The great surveillance boom |url=http://fortune.com/2013/04/26/the-great-surveillance-boom/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=24 January 2016 |date=26 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Privacy Fears Grow as Cities Increase Surveillance|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/technology/privacy-fears-as-surveillance-grows-in-cities.html|access-date=5 January 2017|work=The New York Times|date=13 October 2013}}</ref> In 2018, there are approximately 70 million surveillance cameras in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilic-Godfrey |first=Stanislava |date=2021 |title=Artificial intelligence: taking on a bigger role in our future security |url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-10/investigation-and-security-services.htm |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Bureau of Labor Statistics |language=en}}</ref>

In Canada, Project SCRAM is a policing effort by the Canadian policing service [[Halton Regional Police Service]] to register and help consumers understand privacy and safety issues related to the installations of home security systems. The project service has not been extended to commercial businesses.<ref name="One Vision, One Mission, One Team">{{Cite web |title=Security Camera Registration And Monitoring (S.C.R.A.M.) |url=http://haltonpolice.ca/CommunityPolicing/Pages/securitycameraregistration.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114161848/http://www.haltonpolice.ca:80/COMMUNITYPOLICING/Pages/securitycameraregistration.aspx |archive-date=2016-01-14 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Halton Regional Police Service}}</ref>

In Latin America, the CCTV market is growing rapidly with the increase of property crime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2009 |title=Latin American Physical Security Market Growing Rapidly |url=https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/80152-latin-american-physical-security-market-growing-rapidly |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Security Magazine |language=en}}</ref> In Brazil, CCTV usage is only permitted in public areas, though individuals must be informed about the presence of the camera according to the Brazilian [[LGPD]] (which broadly aligns with the EU's GDPR),<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title=Law in Brazil |url=https://www.dlapiperdataprotection.com/?t=law&c=BR |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=DLA Piper Global Data Protection Laws of the World}}</ref> the [[Brazilian Civil Code]],<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Brazil: Relevant legislation |url=https://www.npsa.gov.uk/system/files/documents/npsa_dentons_brazil.pdf |journal=National Protective Security Authority}}</ref> and the [[Brazilian National Standards Organization|Brazilian Association of Technical Standards]]. However, starting in 2023, in Brazil, the Smart Sampa project, a project that plans to deploy 20,000 facial recognition cameras by 2024, has been criticized for its potential to be "biased against [[Black people|Black individuals]]" and overall risks of data privacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mari |first=Angelica |date=13 July 2023 |title=Facial recognition surveillance in São Paulo could worsen racism |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/7/13/facial-recognition-surveillance-in-sao-paulo-could-worsen-racism |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== In Russia ===
[[File:Soviet Motorised CCTV camera - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Soviet motorized CCTV camera]]
In 2017, in Russia, the Moscow network included 160,000 CCTV cameras and 95 percent of residential buildings; over 3,500 Russian cameras were connected to the General Centre for Data Storage and Processing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2017 |title=Moscow has one of the world's largest CCTV systems with face recognition |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/30105073/ |website=mos.ru}}</ref> Video recordings are used to solve 70 percent of offenses and crimes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McGoogan |first=Cara |date=29 September 2017 |title=Facial recognition fitted to 5,000 CCTV cameras in Moscow |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/09/29/facial-recognition-fitted-5000-cctv-cameras-moscow/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/09/29/facial-recognition-fitted-5000-cctv-cameras-moscow/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |newspaper=The Telegraph |via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2024, there are over 1 million video surveillance cameras in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Шадаев сообщил, что в России работает более 1 млн камер видеонаблюдения |trans-title=Shadayev reported that there are more than 1 million CCTV cameras in operation in Russia |url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/20219873 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=[[TASS]] |language=ru}}</ref> About 230,000 are in use in Moscow alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Создание городской системы видеонаблюдения |trans-title=Creation of a city video surveillance system |url=https://um.mos.ru/exhibits/sozdanie-gorodskoy-sistemy-videonablyudeniya/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605174427/https://um.mos.ru/exhibits/sozdanie-gorodskoy-sistemy-videonablyudeniya/ |archive-date=2024-06-05 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=um.mos.ru |language=ru}}</ref> According to data from the Russian Minister for Digital Development, [[Maksut Shadayev]], one in three of all CCTVs in Russia were connected to a [[facial recognition system]]. A leaked document revealed that the president of Russia, [[Vladimir Putin]], called on the [[Federal Security Service|Russian security services]] to fund "a massive AI-based surveillance apparatus". The spending of over {{Currency|115 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} was planned for the system in 2024–2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gielewska |first=Anna |date=2024-03-27 |title=Kremlin Leaks: How Putin's Regime is Building AI Surveillance Operations |url=https://vsquare.org/kremlin-leaks-russia-putin-ai-surveillance-facial-recognition-ntechlab/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=VSquare.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== In Europe ===

==== In the United Kingdom ====
In the United Kingdom, the vast majority of CCTV cameras are operated not by government bodies, but by private individuals or companies, especially to monitor the interiors of shops and businesses. According to the [[Freedom of Information Act 2000]] requests, the total number of local government-operated CCTV cameras was around 52,000 over the entirety of the UK.<ref name="refBBW1">{{cite web|title= The Price of Privacy: How local authorities spent £515m on CCTV in four years|url= http://www.bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/files/priceofprivacy/Price_of_privacy_2012.pdf|publisher= Big Brother Watch|date= February 2012|page= 30|access-date= 4 February 2015|archive-date= 23 September 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185058/http://www.bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/files/priceofprivacy/Price_of_privacy_2012.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>

An article published in ''CCTV Image'' magazine estimated the number of private and local government-operated cameras in the United Kingdom was 1.85 million in 2011. The estimate was based on extrapolating from a comprehensive survey of public and private cameras within the [[Cheshire Constabulary]] jurisdiction. This works out as an average of one camera for every 32 people in the UK, although the density of cameras varies greatly from place to place. The Cheshire report also claims that the average person on a typical day would be seen by 70 CCTV cameras.<ref name="Guardian2011">{{cite news|title=You're being watched: there's one CCTV camera for every 32 people in UK - Research shows 1.85m machines across Britain, most of them indoors and privately operated|url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/02/cctv-cameras-watching-surveillance |first1=Paul |last1=Lewis |access-date=7 January 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 March 2011}}</ref>

The Cheshire figure is regarded as more dependable than a previous study by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris of ''UrbanEye'' published in 2002.<ref name="Guardian2011" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbaneye.net/results/ue_wp6.pdf |website=UrbanEye |date=June 2002 |first1=Michael |last1=McCahill |first2=Clive |last2=Norris|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.urbaneye.net/results/ue_wp6.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=CCTV in London|access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> Based on a small sample in [[Putney]] High Street, McCahill and Norris extrapolated the number of surveillance cameras in [[London|Greater London]] to be around 500,000 and the total number of cameras in the UK to be around 4.2 million. According to their estimate, the UK has one camera for every 14 people. Although it has been acknowledged for several years that the methodology behind this figure is flawed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/factcheck+how+many+cctv+cameras/2291167|title=FactCheck: how many CCTV cameras?|publisher=Channel 4 News|date=18 June 2008|access-date=8 May 2009|archive-date=11 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511054941/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/factcheck+how+many+cctv+cameras/2291167|url-status=dead}}</ref> it has been widely quoted. Furthermore, the figure of 500,000 for Greater London is often confused with the figure for the police and local government-operated cameras in the [[City of London]], which was about 650 in 2011.<ref name="refBBW1" />

The ''CCTV User Group'' estimated that there were around 1.5 million private and local government CCTV cameras in city centres, stations, airports, and major retail areas in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cctvusergroup.com/art.php?art=94|title=How many cameras are there?|publisher=CCTV User Group|date=18 June 2008|access-date=8 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023191646/http://www.cctvusergroup.com/art.php?art=94|archive-date=23 October 2008}}</ref> Research conducted by the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research and based on a survey of all Scottish local authorities identified that there are over 2,200 public space CCTV cameras in Scotland.<ref>Bannister, J., Mackenzie, S. and Norris, P. [http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/pubs/Public-Space-CCTV-in-Scotland--Results-of-a-National-Survey-of-Scotlands-Local-Authorities/182 Public Space CCTV in Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927060757/http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/pubs/Public-Space-CCTV-in-Scotland--Results-of-a-National-Survey-of-Scotlands-Local-Authorities/182 |date=27 September 2012 }}(2009), Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research (Research Report)</ref> The UK has often been cited as a country that has one of the most CCTV cameras in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surveillance cameras in Germany and Europe: A statistical overview |url=https://weberprotect.com/en/blogs/news/uberwachungskameras-in-deutschland-und-europa-ein-statistischer-uberblick |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Weber Protect |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2021 |title=The story of CCTV in Europe, from resistance to adoption |url=https://www.calipsa.io/blog/the-story-of-cctv-in-europe-from-resistance-to-adoption |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=www.calipsa.io |language=en}}</ref>

=== In Africa ===
In South Africa, due to the [[Crime in South Africa|high crime rate]], CCTV surveillance is widely prevalent. The first [[IP camera]] was released in 1996 by [[Axis Communications]], but IP cameras did not arrive in South Africa until 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intellisec.co.za/cctv-systems/|title=CCTV Systems|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402063442/http://intellisec.co.za/cctv-systems/|url-status=dead}}</ref> To regulate the number of suppliers in 2001, the Private Security Industry Regulation Act was passed requiring all security companies to be registered with the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psira.co.za/psira/images/Documents/Code_of_conduct/2014_psira_act.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.psira.co.za/psira/images/Documents/Code_of_conduct/2014_psira_act.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=PSIRA ACT|publisher=Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority|date=25 February 2002|access-date=2016-10-12}}</ref> In Egypt, the capital city of [[Cairo]] has approximately 47,000 cameras,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bischoff |first=Paul |date=2019-08-15 |title=Surveillance Camera Statistics: Which City has the Most CCTV? |url=https://www.comparitech.com/vpn-privacy/the-worlds-most-surveilled-cities/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Comparitech |language=en}}</ref> while the [[New Administrative Capital]] has more than 6,000 surveillance cameras in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023 |title=Concern over violations as Egypt plans CCTV cameras in new high-tech capital |url=https://thearabweekly.com/concern-over-violations-egypt-plans-cctv-cameras-new-high-tech-capital |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105224717/https://www.thearabweekly.com/concern-over-violations-egypt-plans-cctv-cameras-new-high-tech-capital |archive-date=2023-01-05 |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=Arab Weekly |language=en}}</ref> In South Sudan, the Ministry of Interior has reinstated the operation of CCTV surveillance cameras in [[Juba]] after the cameras have been inactive for over four years;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=Interior ministry restores Juba CCTV cameras |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/interior-ministry-restores-juba-cctv-cameras |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref> South Sudan also launched a drone security system in 2024 in Juba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=South Sudan launches CCTV and drone system to fight crime |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/12/04/south-sudan-launches-cctv-and-drone-system-to-fight-crime/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=AfricaNews |language=en}}</ref>

== Privacy ==
[[File:Wfm cctv van.jpg|thumb|A mobile closed-circuit TV van monitoring a street market]]{{See also|Visual privacy}}
Proponents of CCTV cameras argue that cameras are effective at deterring and solving crime, and that appropriate regulation and legal restrictions on surveillance of ''public'' spaces can provide sufficient protections so that an individual's [[right to privacy]] can reasonably be weighed against the benefits of surveillance.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kroener|first1=Inga|title=CCTV: A Technology Under the Radar?|date=2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn= 9781472400963}}</ref> However, [[anti-surveillance activists]] have held that there is a right to privacy in public areas, that the development of CCTV in public areas, linked to databases of people's pictures and identity, presents a breach of [[civil liberties]] and the loss of [[anonymity]] in [[public place]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author=Todd Lewan |date=7 July 2007 |title=Microchips in humans spark privacy debate |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/surveillance/2007-07-21-chips_N.htm |access-date=2012-06-07 |newspaper=[[USAToday]]}}</ref>[[File:CCTV graffiti - geograph.org.uk - 977154.jpg|thumb|Anti-CCTV graffiti on the wall of the [[British Library]]]]

Furthermore, some scholars have argued that situations wherein a person's rights can be justifiably compromised are so rare as to not sufficiently warrant the frequent compromising of public privacy rights that occurs in regions with widespread CCTV surveillance. For example, in her book ''Setting the Watch: Privacy and the Ethics of CCTV Surveillance'', Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen argues that CCTV surveillance is ethically permissible only in "certain restrictively defined situations", such as when a specific location has a "comprehensively documented and significant criminal threat".<ref>{{cite book|author= Beatrice Von Silva-Tarouca Larsen|year=2011| title=Setting the watch: Privacy and the ethics of CCTV surveillance|publisher=Hart Publishing|isbn=9781849460842|page=160}}</ref>
=== Law by countries ===

==== United States ====
In the [[United States]], the Constitution does not explicitly include the [[right to privacy]] although the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] has said several of the amendments to the Constitution implicitly grant this right.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 17, 2003 |title=Students: Your Right to Privacy |url=https://www.aclu.org/documents/students-your-right-privacy |access-date=12 February 2026 |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> Access to video surveillance recordings may require a judge's [[writ]], which is readily available.<ref>[[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] - [https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/7mcrm.htm Video Surveillance] Retrieved 6 August 1982</ref> However, there is little legislation and regulation specific to video surveillance.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Wrong With Public Video Surveillance|url=https://www.aclu.org/whats-wrong-public-video-surveillance|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Inga Kroener|title=CCTV: A Technology Under the Radar?|date=2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=9781472400963|page=110}}</ref>

==== Canada ====
In [[Canada]], the use of video surveillance has grown very rapidly. In [[Ontario]], both the ''municipal'' and ''provincial'' versions of the [[Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (Ontario)|Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act]] outline guidelines that control how images and information can be gathered by this method and or released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. F.31 |url=https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90f31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216053951/https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90f31 |archive-date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Ontario.ca |language=en}}</ref>

==== European Union ====

All countries in the [[European Union]] are signatories to the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], which protects individual rights, including the right to privacy. The [[General Data Protection Regulation]] (GDPR) required that the footage should only be retained for as long as necessary for the purpose for which it was collected.

===== Sweden =====

In [[Sweden]], the use of CCTV in public spaces is regulated both nationally and via GDPR. In an opinion poll commissioned by [[Lund University]] in August 2017, the general public of Sweden was asked to choose one measure that would ensure their need for privacy when subject to CCTV operation in public spaces: 43% favored regulation in the form of clear routines for managing, storing, and distributing image material generated from surveillance cameras, 39% favored regulation in the form of clear signage informing that camera surveillance in public spaces is present, 10% favored regulation in the form of having restrictive policies for issuing permits for surveillance cameras in public spaces, 6% were unsure, and 2% favored regulation in the form of having permits restricting the use of surveillance cameras during certain times.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lahtinen |first1=Markus |date=2017 |title=The perception of surveillance cameras and privacy among the general public in Sweden |url=http://lusax.se/Lahtinen_2017_OpinionPoll_DataSheet.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://lusax.se/Lahtinen_2017_OpinionPoll_DataSheet.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |publisher=LUSAX-research group, Lund University School of Economics and Management, Sweden}}</ref>[[File:SurveillanceCamera4.jpg|thumb|upright|A surveillance camera aimed at a public street ([[Kungsgatan, Stockholm|Kungsgatan]]) in Stockholm, Sweden, mounted on top of the pole]]

In an updated opinion poll commissioned by [[Lund University]] in December 2019, the general public of Sweden was asked to share their attitudes toward the use of surveillance cameras (CCTV) in public spaces. A significant majority, 88%, expressed a positive view—45% were very positive and 43% quite positive—while only 11% held negative views, and 1% were unsure. Participants were also asked whether they believed surveillance cameras in various environments violated their personal privacy. A majority rejected that such surveillance violated their privacy at national border-crossings (82%), in city centers (77%), parks and green spaces (74%), large public events (80%), and healthcare units (68%). Somewhat less rejection was observed for surveillance in residential areas, where 67% rejected the notion that it violated their privacy. When asked about the perceived use of automatic facial recognition in surveillance cameras in Sweden, 9% believed it was used quite a lot, 55% believed it was not used much, 21% believed it was not used at all, and 15% were unsure. Regarding privacy risks, 55% of respondents believed the greatest risk came from commercial documentation of individuals (e.g., data collection tracking online consumer behavior), followed by 20% who pointed to other members of the public documenting them (e.g., photography or audio recording), and 11% who saw the greatest risk in public sector data collection (e.g., by law enforcement or healthcare providers). 15% were unsure. When asked to whom they would turn to report a privacy breach related to public camera surveillance, 35% said the Swedish National Police, 6% mentioned the Swedish Data Protection Authority, and 39% did not know where to turn.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lahtinen |first1=Markus |date=2019 |title=The Swedish general public's attitudes towards the use of surveillance cameras (CCTV) in public spaces |url=http://lusax.se/Lahtinen_2019_OpinionPoll_DataSheet.pdf |publisher=LUSAX-research group, Lund University School of Economics and Management, Sweden}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Data Protection Act 1998]] imposes legal restrictions on the uses of CCTV recordings and mandates the registration of CCTV systems with the Data Protection Agency. In 2004, the successor to the Data Protection Agency, the [[Information Commissioner's Office]], clarified that this required registration of all CCTV systems with the Commissioner and prompt deletion of archived recordings. However, subsequent case law (''[[Durant v Financial Services Authority]]'') limited the scope of the protection provided by this law, and not all CCTV systems are currently regulated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Memorandum by A A Adams, BSc, MSc, PhD, LLM, MBCS, CITP School of Systems Engineering|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ldconst/18/18we03.htm|website=UK Parliament Constitution Committee - Written Evidence. Surveillance: Citizens and the State|date=January 2007}}</ref>

A 2007 report by the UK Information Commissioner's Office highlighted the need for the public to be made more aware of the growing use of surveillance and the potential impact on civil liberties.<ref>{{cite news|title=Privacy watchdog wants curbs on surveillance|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550218/Privacy-watchdog-wants-curbs-on-surveillance.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550218/Privacy-watchdog-wants-curbs-on-surveillance.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=1 May 2007}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 April 2012 |title=CCTV, computers and the 'climate of fear' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/cctv-computers-and-the-climate-of-fear-7204625.html |newspaper=Evening Standard}}</ref> In the same year, a campaign group claimed that the majority of CCTV cameras in the UK are operated illegally or are in breach of privacy guidelines.<ref name="Telegraph2007">{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Tim |date=31 May 2007 |title=Majority of UK's CCTV cameras 'are illegal' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/31/ncamera131.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602114448/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fncamera131.xml |archive-date=2 June 2007 |access-date=18 July 2021 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref> In response, the Information Commissioner's Office rebutted the claim and added that any reported abuses of the Data Protection Act are swiftly investigated.<ref name="Telegraph2007" /> Even if there are some concerns arising from the use of CCTV such as involving privacy,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Siddique |first=Haroon |date=2014-12-11 |title=Home surveillance CCTV images may breach data protection laws, ECJ rules |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/dec/11/home-surveillance-cctv-images-may-breach-data-protection-rules-european-court-judgment-says |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> more commercial establishments are still installing CCTV systems in the UK. In 2012, the UK government enacted the [[Protection of Freedoms Act]] which includes several provisions related to controlling the storage and use of information about individuals. Under this Act, the [[Home Office]] published a code of practice in 2013 for the use of surveillance cameras by government and local authorities. The code wrote that "surveillance by consent should be regarded as analogous to [[policing by consent]]."<ref>{{cite web|title=Surveillance Camera Code of Practice|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/204775/Surveillance_Camera_Code_of_Practice_WEB.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/204775/Surveillance_Camera_Code_of_Practice_WEB.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=UK Government Home Office|access-date=1 December 2013|page=5|date=June 2013}}</ref>

==== Philippines ====
In the [[Philippines]], the main laws governing CCTV usage are [[Data Privacy Act of 2012]] and the [[Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012]]. The Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) is the primary law that governs data privacy in the Philippines. The Act mandates that the privacy of individuals must be respected and protected. The law applies to CCTV cameras as they collect and process personal data. The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175) includes provisions that apply to CCTV usage. Under the Act, the unauthorized access to, interception of, or interference with data is a criminal offense. This means that unauthorized access to CCTV footage could potentially be considered a cybercrime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manalo |first1=Dennes M. |last2=Mapoy |first2=Kim Alvin |last3=Villano |first3=Kim Joem K. |last4=Reyes |first4=Kenneth Angelo D. |last5=Bautista |first5=Merwina Lou A. |date=2015 |title=Status of Closed Circuit Television Camera Usage in Batangas City: Basis for Enhancement |url=https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CRIM-2015-003-Status-of-Closed-Circuit-Television-Camera-Usage-in-Batangas-City.pdf |journal=College of Criminology Research Journal |volume=6 |via=Pubatangas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic Act 10173 - Data Privacy Act of 2012 |url=https://www.privacy.gov.ph/data-privacy-act/ |website=National Privacy Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic Act No. 10175 {{!}} GOVPH |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/09/12/republic-act-no-10175/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |date=12 September 2012 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209023224/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/09/12/republic-act-no-10175/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Technological developments ==
[[File:closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|Surveillance camera at [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow Airport]] with a wiper for clear images during rain]]

=== Computer-controlled identification ===
Computer-controlled cameras can identify, [[video tracking|track]], and categorize objects in their field of view.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=2018-01-23 |title=Artificial intelligence is going to supercharge surveillance |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/23/16907238/artificial-intelligence-surveillance-cameras-security |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[Video content analysis]], also referred to as video analytics, is the capability of automatically analyzing [[video]] to detect and determine temporal events not based on a single image but rather on [[object classification]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=2018 9th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS) : 3-5 April 2018, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.|others=Jordan University of Science & Technology, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Jordan Section, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|year=2018 |isbn=9781538643662|location=Piscataway, New Jersey}}</ref> Advanced VCA applications can measure object speed. Some video analytics applications can be used to apply rules to designated areas. These rules can relate to access control. For example, they can describe which objects can enter into a specific area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mate.co.il/page.asp?newsid=53&type=6&cat=28&lang=1|title=MATE's Analytics Integrate with Hirsch Security Systems|access-date=28 March 2011|archive-date=16 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216014657/http://www.mate.co.il/page.asp?newsid=53&type=6&cat=28&lang=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are different approaches to implementing VCA technology. Data may be processed on the camera itself ([[Edge computing|edge processing]]) or by a centralized server.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Image Processing Techniques for Video Content Extraction |url=http://www.ercim.eu/publication/ws-proceedings/DELOS4/oliveira.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ercim.eu/publication/ws-proceedings/DELOS4/oliveira.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> [[Artificial intelligence]]-powered CCTV cameras have also been further tested to detect congestion,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Indra Bayu Pangestu |last2=Maimunah |first2=Maimunah |last3=Mukhtar Hanafi |date=2024-09-30 |title=Traffic Congestion Detection Using YOLOv8 Algorithm With CCTV Data |journal=PIKSEL: Penelitian Ilmu Komputer Sistem Embedded and Logic |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=435–444 |doi=10.33558/piksel.v12i2.9953 |issn=2620-3553|doi-access=free }}</ref> be used as a facial recognition system, and predict signs of criminal activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2024 |title=CCTV Surveillance Systems |url=https://communications.itas-egy.com/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=itas communications |language=en}}</ref>

=== Compression ===
There is a cost in the retention of the images produced by CCTV systems. The amount and quality of data stored on storage media is subject to compression ratios, images stored per second, and image size, and is affected by the retention period of the videos or images.<ref name="JVSG Video Compression Guide 2010">{{cite web|title= MotionJPEG, JPEG2000, H.264 and MPEG-4 compression methods in CCTV|access-date=2011-05-01|url=http://www.jvsg.com/cctv-compression-guide/}}</ref> DVRs store images in a variety of [[proprietary file format]]s. CCTV security cameras can either store the images on a local hard disk drive, an SD card, or in the cloud. Recordings may be retained for a preset amount of time and then automatically archived, overwritten, or deleted, the period being determined by the organisation that generated them.

=== IP cameras ===
{{Main|IP camera}}

[[File:Intellinet Network Solutions NSC11-WN Home Network IP Camera.jpg|thumb|A wireless [[IP camera]]]]
A growing branch in CCTV is ''Internet Protocol'' cameras (IP cameras). It is estimated that 2014 was the first year that IP cameras outsold analog cameras.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=Global value of IP camera sales now close to 50% of CCTV cameras sold, but... |url=http://www.networkwebcams.co.uk/blog/2013/12/19/the-global-value-of-ip-camera-sales-is-close-to-50-of-total-cctv-cameras-sold-worldwide-but-they-are-not-yet-plug-and-play/ |website=Network Webcams}}</ref> IP cameras use the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) used by most [[local area network]]s (LANs) to transmit video across data networks in digital form. IP can optionally be transmitted across the public internet, allowing users to view their cameras remotely on a computer or phone via an internet connection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remote Escort |url=https://www.securitasinc.com/services/remote-guarding/remote-escort/ |website=Securitas |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> IP cameras are considered part of the [[Internet of things]] ([[IoT]]) and have many of the same benefits and security risks as other IP-enabled devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/mx/security/news/internet-of-things/securing-ip-surveillance-cameras-in-the-iot-ecosystem|title=Securing IP Surveillance Cameras in the IoT Ecosystem - Noticias de seguridad - Trend Micro MX|website=www.trendmicro.com|language=es|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> [[Smart doorbell]]s are one example of a type of CCTV that uses IP to allow it to send alerts.

The main types of IP cameras include fixed cameras, [[Pan–tilt–zoom camera|pan–tilt–zoom]] (PTZ) cameras, and multi-sensor cameras.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/selecting-most-suitable-cameras/ |title= Selecting the most suitable cameras to monitor large areas |website= internationalsecurityjournal.com |date= 19 November 2020 |publisher= International Security Journal |access-date= 2021-06-23}}</ref> Fixed cameras' resolution typically does not exceed 20 [[Pixel|megapixels]]. The main feature of a PTZ is its remote directional and [[Zoom lens|optical zoom]] capability. With multi-sensor cameras, wider areas can be monitored. Industrial video surveillance systems use [[network video recorder]]s to support IP cameras. These devices are responsible for the recording, storage, video stream processing, and alarm management. Since 2008, IP video surveillance manufacturers can use a standardized network interface ([[ONVIF]]) to support compatibility between systems.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ifsecglobal.com/onvif/ |title= ONVIF: a guide to the open security platform |website= ifsecglobal.com |publisher= IFSEC Global |access-date= 2021-06-23}}</ref> For professional or public infrastructure security applications, IP video is restricted to within a private network or [[VPN]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dispelling the Top 10 Myths of IP Surveillance |url=http://www.axis.com/files/articles/ar_10myths_secinfowatch_us_0512.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.axis.com/files/articles/ar_10myths_secinfowatch_us_0512.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>

=== Networking CCTV cameras ===
The city of [[Chicago]] operates a networked video surveillance system which combines CCTV video feeds of government agencies with those of the private sector, installed in city buses, businesses, public schools, subway stations, housing projects, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=The City of Chicago's OEMC and IBM Launch Advanced Video Surveillance System|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22385.wss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524151923/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22385.wss|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2009|website=IBM News Room}}</ref> Even homeowners are able to contribute footage. It is estimated to incorporate the video feeds of a total of 15,000 cameras.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704538404574539910412824756|title=Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere|author=William M. Bulkeley|newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> The system is used by Chicago's [[Office of Emergency Management]] in case of an emergency call: it detects the caller's location and instantly displays the real-time video feed of the nearest security camera to the operator, not requiring any user intervention. While the system is far too vast to allow complete real-time monitoring, it stores the video data for use as evidence in criminal cases.<ref>"[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704538404574539910412824756 Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere]", The Wall Street Journal</ref>

=== Wireless security cameras ===
{{Main|Wireless security camera}}

[[File:Lorex digital wireless camera.jpg|thumb|[[Wireless security camera]]]]
Many consumers are turning to wireless security cameras for home surveillance. Wireless cameras do not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, simply a cable for power. Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCTV Camera Installation Guide |url=https://is3tech.com/commercial-security-camera-systems/cloud-based |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=iS3 Tech}}</ref> Previous generations of wireless security cameras relied on analogue technology; modern wireless cameras use digital technology with usually more secure and interference-free signals.<ref>{{cite book|title=Digital Video Essentials: Shoot, Transfer, Edit, Share By Erica Sadun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_yb92nsqnUC&q=video+digital+vs+analog&pg=PA3|access-date=16 October 2013|isbn=9780470113196|last1=Sadun|first1=Erica|date=26 December 2006| publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref> [[Wireless mesh network]]s have been used for connection with the other radios in the same group.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Caputo |first=Tony C. |title=Digital video surveillance and security |date=2010 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-0-08-096169-9 |location=Burlington, MA |pages=146–149}}</ref> There are also cameras using solar power. Wireless IP cameras can become a client on the [[WLAN]], and they can be configured with encryption and [[authentication protocol]]s with a connection to an [[access point]].<ref name=":5" />

=== Talking CCTV ===
{{main|Talking CCTV}}

In [[Wiltshire]], United Kingdom, in 2003, a [[pilot scheme]] for what is now known as "Talking CCTV" was put into action, allowing operators of CCTV cameras to communicate through the camera via a speaker when it is needed. In 2005, [[Ray Mallon]], the mayor and former senior police officer of [[Middlesbrough]], implemented "Talking CCTV" in his area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/5353538.stm|title=Town trials talking CCTV cameras|work=BBC News|date=17 September 2006}}</ref> Other towns have had such cameras installed. In 2007, several of the devices were installed in [[Bridlington]] town centre, [[East Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/humber/6492925.stm|title='Talking' CCTV cameras are tested|work=BBC News|date=25 March 2007}}</ref>

== Countermeasures ==
In December 2016, a form of anti-CCTV and facial recognition sunglasses called "reflectacles" were invented by a craftsman based in Chicago named Scott Urban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2016 |title=Be Seen and Unseen! Reflectacles are the Sunglasses of the Future |url=http://www.magneticmag.com/2016/12/be-seen-and-unseen-reflectacles-are-the-sunglasses-of-the-future/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205042059/https://www.magneticmag.com/2016/12/be-seen-and-unseen-reflectacles-are-the-sunglasses-of-the-future/ |archive-date=5 December 2017 |website=Magnetic Magazine}}</ref> They reflect infrared and, optionally, visible light which makes the user's face a white blur to cameras. The project passed its funding goal of $28,000, and "reflectacles" became commercially available in June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/reflectacles/reflectacles-reflective-eyewear-and-sunglasses|title=Reflectacles - Reflective Eyewear and Sunglasses|website=Kickstarter|date=22 July 2019 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Artificial intelligence for video surveillance]]
* [[Bugging]]
* [[Cable television|"CATV" as cable television]]—not to be confused with CCTV
* [[Closed-circuit television camera]]
* [[Day and night camera]]
* [[Effio]], uncompressed analog streaming video format
* [[Eye in the sky (camera)]]
* [[Fake security camera]]
* [[INDECT]]
* [[IP camera]]
* [[Security operations center]]
* [[Security smoke]]
* [[Smart camera]]
* [[Sousveillance]] (inverse surveillance)
* [[Surveillance]]
* [[The Convention on Modern Liberty]]
* [[TV Network Protocol]]
* [[Under vehicle inspection]]
* [[Video content analysis]]
* [[Digital evidence]]
* [[Videotelephony]]
* [[Washington County Closed-Circuit Educational Television Project]]
* [[Unmanned aerial vehicle#Applications|Surveillance drone]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|editor=Armstrong, Gary|title=The maximum surveillance society: the rise of CCTV|publisher=Berg (originally, University of Michigan Press)|year=1999|isbn=9781859732212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gENAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author1=Fyfe, Nicholas|author2=Bannister, Jon|chapter=City Watching: Closed-Circuit Television in Public Spaces|editor=Fyfe, Nicholas |editor2=Kenny, Judith T.|title=The Urban Geography Reader|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2005|isbn=9780415307017|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=box4yhB5TL4C&pg=PA364|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/urbangeographyre0000unse}}
* {{cite journal|author=Nassauer, Anne|title=How Robberies Succeed or Fail: Analyzing Crime Caught on CCTV|journal=[[Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency]]|year=2018|volume=55|issue=1|pages=125–154|doi=10.1177/0022427817715754|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|author1=Newburn, Tim |author2=Hayman, Stephanie|title=Policing, Surveillance and Social Control: CCTV and police monitoring of suspects|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2001|isbn=9781843924692|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YaonBzDpUjIC}}
* {{cite book|author=Norris, Clive|chapter=From Personal to Digital: CCTV, the panopticon, and the technological mediation of suspicion and social control|editor=Lyon, David|title=Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2003|isbn=9780415278737|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCLFBfZwl08C&pg=PA249}}
* Wei Qi Yan (2019). [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-10713-0 Introduction to Intelligent Surveillance: Surveillance Data Capture, Transmission, and Analytics], Springer London.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Closed-circuit television (CCTV)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070212072806/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors292.pdf Assessing the impact of CCTV, a UK Home office study on the effectiveness of closed-circuit television]

{{privacy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Closed-Circuit Television}}
[[Category:Applications of computer vision]]
[[Category:Assistive technology]]
[[Category:Crime prevention]]
[[Category:Law enforcement techniques]]
[[Category:Physical security]]
[[Category:Public safety]]
[[Category:Security engineering]]
[[Category:Security technology]]
[[Category:Surveillance]]
[[Category:Video surveillance]]
[[Category:Video]]
[[Category:Warning systems]]
[[Category:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1942]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Rahul Bhatt

2026-02-11T11:33:58Z

Showbiz sportlight: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian fitness trainer and actor (born 1982)}}
{{distinguish|Rahul Bhat}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Rahul Bhatt
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1982|1|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Fitness trainer]]
| spouse =
| parents = [[Mahesh Bhatt]] Kiran Bhatt
| relatives = [[Bhatt family]]
| website =
}}

'''Rahul Bhatt''' (born 24 January 1982) is an Indian fitness trainer and actor.<ref name="hindustantimeswho">{{cite news|title=Who's Rahul Bhatt|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Who-s-Rahul-Bhatt/Article1-475931.aspx|date=13 November 2009|author=Hindustan Times|publisher=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009032129/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Who-s-Rahul-Bhatt/Article1-475931.aspx|archivedate=9 October 2010}}</ref> The son of film director [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and Kiran Bhatt, Rahul gained notoriety in 2009 following the revelations that [[David Headley]], an accused in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], had befriended him and they were close friends.<ref name="channel4hunch">Rahul Bhatt said, "One incident when we were going to South Mumbai that he mentioned to us there was a bombing in Islamabad, at the Marriott in Islamabad, and I remember him very clearly telling me "you know guys you are going to see things like that happening now in this country.""
{{cite news|title=Exclusive: I had a hunch he was an agent|publisher=Channel 4|last=Miller|first=Jonathan|date=21 January 2010|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/asia_pacific/exclusive+aposi+had+a+hunch+he+was+an+agentapos/3511062|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314062136/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/asia_pacific/exclusive+aposi+had+a+hunch+he+was+an+agentapos/3511062|archive-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> In an investigative report by [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]], Bhatt was described as a [[B movie|B-movie]] actor, asking for favours to reveal more details about Headley.<ref name="PBS-Report-A-Perfect-Terrorist">{{cite news|title=A Perfect Terrorist|url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-a-perfect-terrorist/|date=22 November 2011|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|access-date=20 October 2020}} The segment about Rahul Bhatt starts at 30:30 of the video report</ref> In 2010, he was a contestant in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)|Bigg Boss 4]]''.

==Biography==
Rahul is the second child of Mahesh Bhatt and Kiran Bhatt (born Loraine Bright). On his father's side, Bhatt is of predominantly [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] descent and on his mother's side, he is of [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Armenian people|Armenian]], and [[Burmese people|Burmese]] ancestry. He is the younger brother of actress and filmmaker [[Pooja Bhatt]] and his younger half-sister [[Alia Bhatt]] is a [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] filmstar. In September 2010, Rahul became a part of the Indian reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Season 4)|Bigg Boss 4]]'', hosted by [[Salman Khan]]. <ref>{{cite web|title='Bigg Boss evictions aren't through public voting'|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/interview/rahul-bhatt-on-bigg-boss-tv/20101108.htm|work=Rediff|accessdate=3 December 2010|quote=Rahul Bhatt was evicted from Bigg Boss last week}}</ref>

==Association with David Headley==
In September 2008, Rahul Bhatt and friend Vilas Varak met [[David Headley]] at a Mumbai gym. Even after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 attacks]], they were continuously in touch, with Headley writing to Rahul an email in which he said he would soon be visiting them again.<ref name="channel4doublelife">{{cite news|title=The double life of David Headley|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/asia_pacific/the+double+life+of+david+headley/3511242|publisher=Channel 4|date=21 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123194829/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/asia_pacific/the+double+life+of+david+headley/3511242|archive-date=23 January 2010}}</ref> According to Headley's testimony, he was fond of Bhatt. He claimed to have warned Bhatt not to visit South Mumbai area on 26 November, the day the Mumbai attacks started.<ref>{{cite news|title=I wanted to cultivate Rahul Bhatt as ISI agent: Headley|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-wanted-to-cultivate-Rahul-Bhatt-as-ISI-agent-Headley/Article1-702512.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=27 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530005206/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-wanted-to-cultivate-Rahul-Bhatt-as-ISI-agent-Headley/Article1-702512.aspx|archive-date=30 May 2011}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Name !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)|Bigg Boss 4]]'' || rowspan="2" | Contestant || [[Colors TV]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Rahul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Exercise instructors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Bhatt family|Rahul]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Burmese descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

Ram Pande

2026-02-10T02:52:54Z

Showbiz sportlight: new some entry first draft

{{Short description|Indian historian and civil servant (1945–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Ram Pande
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = September 1945
| birth_place = [[Bhusawar]], Bharatpur, Rajasthan
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|2019|09|17}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship =
| other_names =
| occupation = Historian and Civil Servant
| period =
| known_for =
| title =
| boards = 
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = 
| website =
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = {{br separated entries|[[University of Cambridge]] (Master's)|[[University of Rajasthan]] (Ph.D.)}}
| thesis_title = A Social and Political History of the State of Bharatpur upto 1826 (Ph.D.)
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]]
| academic_advisors =
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = History
| sub_discipline = 
| workplaces = {{br separated entries|Former director of ''Shodhak''<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Gemeinsame Normdatei]] |title=Ram Pande |url=http://d-nb.info/gnd/1145580831 |accessdate=6 February 2021 |quote=Weitere Angaben: Honorary Dir. cum Secretary, SHODHAK |language=de}}</ref>|Former 'Senior Research Officer' at the Department of Labour, Government of Rajasthan}}
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students =
| main_interests =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ram Pande''' (September 1945 – 17 September 2019) was an Indian historian and civil servant.

==Biography==
Pande was born at [[Bhusawar]] in Rajasthan's [[Bharatpur district]] in September 1945. He did his master's degree from the [[University of Cambridge]] in the UK and his Ph.D. from the [[University of Rajasthan]] in India.<ref name="RP">{{cite web |website=Shodhak |place=Jaipur, India |title=About Us |url=http://www.shodhak.co.in/aboutus.aspx |accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="AMR">{{cite book |title=Agrarian Movement in Rajasthan |year=1974 |orig-year=Archived 18 January 2017 |publisher=University Publishers |place=Delhi, India |first=Ram |last=Pande |oclc=2121233 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.64837/2015.64837.Agrarian-Movement-In-Rajasthan_djvu.txt |accessdate=5 November 2020 |quote=Author of four books on different aspects of Indian history and one on international relations, he has presented a number of research papers at Indian History Congress, Rajasthan History Congress and proceedings of the Indian Historical Records Commission. He secured his Ph.D degree from the University of Rajasthan for his thesis, 'Bharatpur upto 1826', and is now working for D.Lit. on 'The History of Mauritius'.}}</ref> The doctoral supervisor for his Ph.D. was [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]], and the subject of his doctoral thesis was "A Social and Political History of the State of Bharatpur upto 1826".<ref name="RP"/> He pursued his [[D.Litt]] with "The History of Mauritius" as the subject of research.<ref name="AMR"/> He spoke multiple languages including French, Marathi, Persian, and Rajasthani languages. Between 1967 and 1974, Pande taught at the [[Meerut University]] in Uttar Pradesh and at several colleges in Rajasthan. From 1975 to 1997, he had worked as a "[[senior civil servant]]" for the [[government of Rajasthan]].<ref name="RP"/> He had served as the "senior research officer" at the Rajasthani government's Department of Labour.<ref>{{cite book |title=National Survey on the Incidence of Bonded Labour |type=Preliminary Report: An Action Research Project of Gandhi Peace Foundation, National Labour Institute |work=[[Gandhi Peace Foundation]] |year=1979 |publisher=National Labour Institute |place=India |lccn=79907421 |oclc=559449241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhgdAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ram+Pande%22 |quote-page=92 |quote=Dr. Ram Pande Senior Research Officer Ministry of Labour Govt. of Rajasthan Jaipur.}}</ref> Pande died on 17 September 2019 at the age of nearly 74 years.<ref>{{cite web |website=Shodhak |place=Jaipur, India |title=Home |url=http://www.shodhak.co.in/ |accessdate=5 November 2020 |quote=Dr Ram Pande is no more. He left for his heavenly abode on the 17th September, 2019.}}</ref>

==Research==
Pande was a member of the [[Indian History Congress|Indian History Congress Association]], the Indian History Commission, and the [[Planning Commission (India)|Indian Planning Commission]]'s Technical Advisory Committee.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=31 |year=1969 |page=548 |publisher=Indian History Congress |place=India |title=Appendix (List of Members) |jstor=44138433 |jstor-access=free}}</ref><ref name="RP"/>

Pande was of the view that [[Mewar State]]'s [[Bijolia movement]] of 1897 was Rajasthan's first agrarian movement.<ref>{{cite book |title=Law, Social Justice, and Agricultural Labour |edition=1st |type=Research Papers from the All India Seminar on 'The Law Relating to Agricultural Labour' |orig-year=Composed 8–10 February 1987 |publication-date=1989 |page=349 |publisher=Faculty of Law of the [[University of Jodhpur]] |place=Jodhpur, India |editor-first=Sanwat Raj |editor-last=Bhansali |oclc=21081886 |url=http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990018791490203941/catalog}}</ref> He shed light on [[Ram Narayan Chaudhary#Fighting princely feudalism: Rajasthan Seva Sangh & Bijolia satyagraha|Rajasthan Seva Sangh's]] role in mobilizing the peasants against the oppression of landlords in the Bijolia movement. He provided a study of the origin of the peasants' struggle against the authorities and landlords. He identified the "excessive taxation", "maladministration", "rapacity of the officials", and the "atrocities committed by the [[Jagirdar]]s" on the peasants in [[Alwar]], [[Bikaner]], [[Marwar]], and [[Shekhawati]] as the root causes for the "agrarian unrest" in those areas of Rajasthan. He inquired into the [[Bhils]]' struggle against the [[British Raj|British government]] and [[Udaipur State]]'s [[Maharana]], the roots of which he traced back to 1823, and pointed out the "census work" which was done in 1881 as one of the reasons for the "dissatisfaction among the Bhils". According to Pande, the Rajasthan Seva Sangh and the Vanvasi Seva Sangh supplemented their struggle from 1920 to 1946.<ref name="JCG">{{cite journal |journal=Indian Journal of Industrial Relations |volume=11 |number=3 |date=January 1976 |pages=398–401 |publisher=Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations and Human Resources |place=New Delhi, India |editor1-first=Andre |editor1-last=Beteille |editor2-first=Ishwar |editor2-last=Dayal |editor3-first=Nitish R. |editor3-last=De |editor4-first=Arun |editor4-last=Joshi |editor5-first=S. M. |editor5-last=Pandey |editor6-first=C. K. |editor6-last=Johri |editor7-first=B. M. |editor7-last=Kapur |editor8-first=B. |editor8-last=Sivaraman |editor9-first=P. L. |editor9-last=Tandon |editor10-first=G. K. |editor10-last=Suri |editor1-link=Andre Beteille |editor4-link=Arun Joshi |editor8-link=B. Sivaraman |display-editors=4 |title=Reviewed Work: Agrarian Movement in Rajasthan by Ram Pande |first=Jagdish C. |last=Joshi |jstor=27765549 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

[[Motilal Nehru College#History|Hastinapur College]]'s Jagdish C. Joshi noted that Pande described the [[Champaran Satyagraha]] as a successor movement to the [[Bijolia movement]]; stated that the leaders of the peasant uprisings were not peasants themselves but "external" people with "political motives"; and stressed that the movements' goal was not fighting and overthrowing the [[feudal system]] but to "get redress of some of their grievances". According to Joshi, Pande did not provide evidence that [[Mahatma Gandhi]] "took cue from it [Bijolia movement]" and did not point out "to what extent leadership was able to impart to the [peasant] movements a political ideology".<ref name="JCG"/> According to Horatio Freeman and Allen Isaacmen, Pande showed that in the satyagraha, Gandhi used the same "tactics" which the peasants used in Rajasthan's agrarian movements which predated his satyagraha. Freeman and Isaacmen noted that he depicted Rajasthan's peasant movement as "conservative in its goals, operating within the framework of a peasant moral economy based upon a feudal system of land tenure".<ref>{{cite book |title=Third World Peasants and Agrarian Change in the Twentieth Century: A Select Bibliography |year=1988 |page=59 |publisher=Institute of International Studies |place=Minneapolis, US |section=South Asia |first1=Horatio |last1=Freeman |first2=Allen |last2=Isaacmen |oclc=1083344949 |quote=Focuses on the agrarian movements in the former Rajput kingdoms of India prior to Independence, conceived of as a history of the common people who used tactics similar to but predating Gandhi's satyagraha. Depicts this movement as conservative in its goals, operating within the framework of a peasant moral economy based upon a feudal system of land tenure.}}</ref> Joshi concurred with Pande's analysis that majority of the peasants were not part of the movements but noticed that he did not sift through the reasons for the absence of other peasants in the movements. Joshi considered Pande's analysis that "in India, specially in Rajasthan, [peasants] have a faith in democratic socialism which is quite different from Russia or Chinese socialism"; that "India is a traditionally democratic country"; and that "the Rajasthan peasant was not a [[serf]] of European type" as assertions.<ref name="JCG"/>

==Works==
In total, Pande authored 11 books, 107 research articles, and edited over 30 books.<ref name="RP"/>

===Books===
*{{cite book |title=Appraisal of Land Reforms in Rajasthan |year=1980 |publisher=Shodhak |place=Jaipur, India |first=Ram |last=Pande |oclc=253849280 |url=https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300347740}}
*{{cite book |title=Agrarian Movement in Rajasthan |year=1974 |first=Ram |last=Pande |publisher=University Publishers |place=Delhi, India |oclc=2121233 |url=https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300532732}}
*{{cite book |title=Bharatpur upto 1826: A Social and Political History of the Jats |year=1970 |publisher=Rama |place=Jaipur, India |first=Ram |last=Pande |oclc=131923 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBJuAAAAMAAJ}}

===Books edited===
*{{cite book |title=Congress 100 Years |type=Papers Presented at the Seminar on "Congress Hundred Years" Held in Jaipur, in 1984 |editor-first=Ram |editor-last=Pande |publication-date=1985 |publisher=Jaipur Pub. House |place=Jaipur, India |lccn=85901925 |oclc=572887801}}
*{{cite book |title=Land Reforms and Social Change |type=Papers Presented at the Seminar on 'Land Reforms and Social Change in Rajasthan' at Jaipur on 29–30th September 1983 |editor-first=Ram |editor-last=Pande |year=1983 |publisher=Jaipur Pub. House |place=Jaipur, India |lccn=84900006 |oclc=12106077}}

===Selected papers===
*{{cite book |title=Cultural Heritage of Jaipur |editor1-first=Jai Narayan |editor1-last=Asopa |year=1979 |pages=76–81 |publisher=Rajasthan History Congress |place=Jaipur, Rajasthan |article=Position of Women in Jaipur (A Note Regarding Modern Period) |first=Ram |last=Pande |lccn=81903228 |oclc=644098719}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=34 (Part I) |year=1973 |page=205 |publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] |editor1-first=Satish |editor1-last=Chandra |editor2-first=Barun |editor2-last=De |editor3-first=B. R. |editor3-last=Grover |editor4-first=B. D. |editor4-last=Chattopadhyaya |editor5-first=Suvira |editor5-last=Jaiswal |editor6-first=G. D. |editor6-last=Sharma |editor7-first=J. C. |editor7-last=Dua |editor8-first=Hasan |editor8-last=Mahmud |editor1-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |editor2-link=Barun De |editor3-link=B. R. Grover |display-editors=4 |title=Treaty Between Akbar and Surjan Rao Hara of Bundi – Re-examined |first=Ram |last=Pande |jstor=44138623 |jstor-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=31 |year=1969 |page=368 |publisher=Indian History Congress |editor1-first=Suvira |editor1-last=Jaiswal |editor2-first=Qeyamuddin |editor2-last=Ahmad |editor3-first=R. L. |editor2-link=Qeyamuddin Ahmad |editor3-last=Shukla |editor1-link=Suvira Jaiswal |title=Fall of Bharatpur |first=Ram |last=Pande |jstor=44138398 |jstor-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=31 |year=1969 |page=214 |publisher=Indian History Congress |editor1-first=Suvira |editor1-last=Jaiswal |editor2-first=Qeyamuddin |editor2-last=Ahmad |editor3-first=R. L. |editor2-link=Qeyamuddin Ahmad |editor3-last=Shukla |title=Relations Between the Jats and Rajputs |first=Ram |last=Pande |jstor=44138365 |jstor-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=29 (Part I) |year=1967 |pages=173–176 |publisher=Indian History Congress |editor1-first=R. K. |editor1-last=Chaudhary |editor2-first=Irfan Mohammed |editor2-last=Habib |editor3-first=Barun |editor3-last=De |editor2-link=Irfan Habib |title=Raja Bishan Singh's Campaign Against the Jats (1688–1693) |first=Ram |last=Pande |jstor=44155493 |jstor-access=free}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pande, Ram}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]

Kerala reformation movement

2026-02-09T20:43:31Z

Showbiz sportlight: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Socio-cultural movement in Kerala}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Renaissance of Kerala}}

The '''reformation movement in Kerala''' refers to a socio-cultural shift that began in the late 19th century, resulting in significant transformations in the social fabric of the southern Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]].

==Background==
The foundations of social change in Kerala can be traced back to the 16th century. The emergence of the [[Bhakti movement]] and the development of the modern [[Malayalam]] language and the influence of figures like [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] led to the breaking of [[Brahmin]] dominance over literature and knowledge.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The arrival of European powers, including the Portuguese, Dutch, and English, played a significant role as catalysts for these changes. The arrival of missionaries from Europe contributed to the establishment of educational institutions in Kerala.

The political landscape of Kerala underwent significant changes with the establishment of centralized monarchies in [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], leading to the decline of the feudal order. The [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar|Mysorean invasion of Kerala]] (1766–1792) further disrupted the existing caste hierarchy. Although the Mysoreans attempted to establish an [[Islamic state]] in Malabar, their advances were ultimately thwarted by the British.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Christo-Racist Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Rhetoric Are Gaining Ground in Kerala |url=https://thewire.in/religion/kerala-syrian-christians-caste-anti-muslim-rhetoric |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003161517/https://thewire.in/religion/kerala-syrian-christians-caste-anti-muslim-rhetoric |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=2021-06-15 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name="Innes2">{{cite book |last=Innes |first=Charles Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up |title=Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume I) |date=1908 |publisher=Madras Government}}</ref>

Unlike the four-fold ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' division seen in other parts of India, Kerala's social hierarchy was based on caste. The [[Malayali Brahmins]] occupied the top priestly class.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nâyars of Malabar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF-pMrcqw5UC |page=185 |author=F. Fawcett |publisher=Asian Educational Services |date=1 February 2004 |isbn=9788120601710}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Palghat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1lwAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Department of Education, Superintendent of Government Presses, Kerala |author=A. Sreedhara Menon |year=1976 |page=159}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM5TDwAAQBAJ|page=167|author=Sebastian R. Prange|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=3 May 2018|isbn=9781108424387}}</ref> Apart from the [[Hindu]] Brahmins, all other castes, were considered lower in hierarchy. These castes had to abide [[untouchability]] and ritualistic pollution norms enforced by the upper castes. Some castes like [[Nair]] were exploited by Namboothiri Brahmins as their servants and through exploitative relationships. [[Nairs]] were not allowed access to education by the [[Namboothiri]] community.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sasilekha S.S. | first1= | last2=Joel, T. Wins | first2=Dr. | title=Namboothiri – Nair Alliance: Is It Holy or Not? | journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research | date=May 2019 | volume=6 | issue=5 | pages=249–255 | issn=2349-5162 | url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1905V94.pdf }}</ref> Though the Namboothiris held the highest position in Kerala society from the 12th to the 20th century, their women were exploited by Namboothiri men. This included child marriages in which young girls were married to very old Namboothiri men, and the confinement of women within their homes, denying them freedom to go outside.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Santhan |first=Sunitha |title=From Subjugation to Liberation: The Plight of Namboodiri Women and the Reform Movements in Kerala |journal=ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=1082–1088 |date=July–December 2022 |issn=2582-7472 |doi=10.29121/shodhkosh.v3.i2.2022.4194 |url=https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v3.i2.2022.4194 |publisher=ShodhKosh |access-date=27 October 2025|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manjalloor |first1=Dr. Michael |title=Case Study of the Dalits of Kerala, India |journal=[[CORE (research service)]] |date=November 2015 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56365374.pdf |access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref>

Prominent reformist leaders such as [[Narayana Guru]] and [[Ayyankali]] hailed from castes that were deemed lower in the social hierarchy of ancient Kerala. Consequently, leaders like Guru and Ayyankali focused on the abolition of the caste system rather than its reformation.<ref>{{cite web |last=PANIKKAR |first=K. N. |date=15 February 2017 |title=Three phases of Indian renaissance |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/three-phases-of-indian-renaissance/article9541139.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428211440/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/three-phases-of-indian-renaissance/article9541139.ece |archive-date=28 April 2021 |accessdate=4 March 2019 |website=Frontline.thehindu.com}}</ref>

The winds of reformation were set in by the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] priest [[Suriyani Malayalam|(kathanar)]] [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara|St. Kuriakose Elias Chavara]]. The first Sanskrit schools for the lower caste Hindus were set up by Chavara in 1846.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Column {{!}} A Malayali saint, Sanskrit school and socially inclusive education |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/keralaspora/2021/08/08/kuriakose-chavara-sanskrit-school-mannanam.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Column {{!}} A Malayali saint, Sanskrit school and socially inclusive education |language=en}}</ref> The revolutionary concept of a school along with every church (''palliyum pallikoodavum'') was also implemented by Chavara.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kuriakose Elias Chavara |date=2024-12-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuriakose_Elias_Chavara |access-date=2024-12-31 |language=en}}</ref> He also initiated the practice of a mid-day meal scheme in schools.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roshni |date=2017-03-02 |title=malayalam: Fr. Kuriakose Elias Chavara as an eminent social reformer |url=https://roshnikma.blogspot.com/2017/03/fr-kuriakose-elias-chavara-as-eminent.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=malayalam}}</ref> In contrast to northern India, the reformation in Kerala was driven by the lower castes.

==Leaders==
Prominent leaders of Kerala reformation include :

* [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]]
* [[Narayana Guru]]
* [[Chattampi Swamikal]]
* [[Ayyankali]]
* [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]]
* [[Padmanabhan Palpu]]
* [[Kumaran Asan]]
* [[Mannath Padmanabhan]]
* [[Ayyathan Gopalan]]
* [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi]]
* [[Vagbhatananda]]
* [[Nitya Chaitanya Yati]]
* [[Nataraja Guru]]
* [[VT Bhattathiripad]]
* [[C. V. Kunhiraman]]
* [[Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal]]
* [[Vakkom Moulavi]]
* [[Pandit Karuppan]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Pandit Karuppan |date=2024-10-22 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit_Karuppan |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en}}</ref>
* Kurumban Daivathan<ref>{{Citation |title=കുറുമ്പൻ ദൈവത്താൻ |date=2022-09-10 |work=വിക്കിപീഡിയ |url=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=ml}}</ref>
* [[Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran |date=2024-06-29 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavarikulam_Kandan_Kumaran |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Poykayil Yohannan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekher |first=Dr Ajay S. |date=2018-02-18 |title=Poykayil Appachan, practitioner of critique and co-option |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/180218/poykayil-appachan-practitioner-of-critique-and-co-option.html |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pampady Joseph]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Oommen |first=George |title=Dalit Liberative Identity as Amalgam: Kerala's Pulaya Christians and Communist Movement in the Mid-Twentieth Century |date=2019-03-28 |work=Religious Interactions in Modern India |pages=0 |editor-last=Fuchs |editor-first=Martin |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/32287/chapter-abstract/268506541?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2024-12-11 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-808168-5 |editor2-last=Dalmia |editor2-first=Vasudha}}</ref>
* [[Mithavaadi Krishnan|Mithavaadi krishnan]]

== Major events ==

# [[Channar revolt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Channar Revolt: Using Clothing As A Tool Of Repression |url=https://clpr.org.in/blog/the-channar-revolt-using-clothing-as-a-tool-of-repression/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Centre for Law & Policy Research |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Consecration at Aruvippuram <ref>{{Citation |title=Ezhava Siva |date=2024-10-14 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezhava_Siva |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en}}</ref>
# Formation of [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irschick |first=Eugene F. |last2=Jeffrey |first2=Robin |date=1977 |title=The Decline of Nayar Dominance. Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847-1908. |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2756149 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=150 |doi=10.2307/2756149 |issn=0030-851X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
# Villuvandi Samaram
# [[Kallumala Samaram]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Kallumala Samaram |date=2024-01-11 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallumala_Samaram |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en}}</ref>
# Education agitation by Mahatma Ayyankali <ref>{{Cite book |title=Life as a Dalit: views from the bottom on caste in India |date=2013 |publisher=Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-321-1777-3 |editor-last=Channa |editor-first=Subhadra |location=Thousand Oaks}}</ref>
# [[Vaikom Satyagraha]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ranjani |first=Lalitha |date=2023-03-30 |title=Remembering Vaikom Satyagraha: A movement that spearheaded social reforms in two States |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/remembering-vaikom-satyagraha-a-movement-that-spearheaded-social-reforms-in-tn-kerala/article66679378.ece |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
# [[Guruvayur Satyagraha|Gurvayoor Satyagraha]]

==See also==
*[[Caste system in Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* R.Ponnu, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the struggle for Social Equality in South India, Madurai, 2000.

[[Category:Anti-caste movements]]
[[Category:Social history of Kerala]]

Mohammad Maqbool Hossain

2026-02-09T06:57:28Z

Showbiz sportlight: minor improved details for consistency and added references

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Maqbool Hossain
| office = Member of Bangladesh Parliament
| term_start = 1979
| term_end = 1986
| predecessor = [[Atowar Rahman Talukder]]
| successor = [[Shahriar Alam (politician)|Shahriar Alam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1930|03|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Akkelpur, British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
}}
'''Mohammad Maqbool Hossain''' is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and a former member of parliament for [[Rajshahi-6]].

==Biography==
Mohammad Maqbool Hossain was born on 1 March 1930 in Akkelpur village in what is now Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harun |first1=Mostapha |title=Pariciti |trans-title=Who's Who in the Parliament |year=1979 |language=bn |oclc=13793896 |page=81}}</ref>

Hossain was elected to parliament from Rajshahi-6 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 1979.<ref name="1979results">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf |title=List of 2nd Parliament Members |author= |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904090815/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossain, Mohammad Maqbool}}
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:People from Rajshahi District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rajshahi Division]]

{{Rajshahi-politician-stub}}

M. V. Devan

2026-02-08T12:00:00Z

Showbiz sportlight: put up a info

{{Short description|Indian sculptor, (1928 – 2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. V. Devan
| image = KERALA ARTIST M.V.Devan CNV000028.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Madhathil Vasudevan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|01|15}}
| birth_place = [[Panniyannur]], [[Tellicherry]], [[Malabar district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|04|29|1928|01|15}}
| death_place = [[Aluva]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Painter]], [[sculptor]], [[writer]], [[art critic]], [[orator]]
| spouse = Sreedevi
| children = Jameela M Devan, Shalini M Devan
Grandchildren = Aparna P Kochumon, Ashwin P Kochumon, Sidharth Rajmohan
| awards = {{Unbulleted list|2000 [[Vayalar Award]]|2002 Raja Ravi Varma Puraskaram|2003 [[Mathrubhumi Literary Award]]|[[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] Fellowship|[[Lalit Kala Akademi|Chennai Lalitkala Akademi]] Fellowship|Malayattoor Award|Critics Award|[[M. K. K. Nair]] Award}}
}}
'''Madathil Vasudevan''', popularly identified as '''M. V. Devan''' (15 January 1928 – 29 April 2014), was an Indian [[Painting|painter]], [[sculptor]], [[writer]], [[art critic]] and [[orator]]. Besides his artistic works, he was also known for his [[Building design|architectural designs]] for a number of [[cultural institution]]s as well as for his contributions in founding ''[[Kerala Kalapeetom]]'', Kochi-based cultural organization, ''[[Malayala Kalagramam]]'', an art village in [[New Mahe]] and ''Kalagramam'', another art village in [[Kollam]]. A former [[Chairperson|chairman]] of the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]], he was a recipient of several honours including the ''[[Raja Ravi Varma Puraskaram]]'' of the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]], the [[Vayalar Award]] and the [[Mathrubhumi Literary Award]].

== Biography ==
M. V. Devan was born on January 15, 1928, at [[Panniyannur]], a small village in [[Thalassery]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Eminent painter and sculptor M V Devan dies">{{Cite web |url=http://www.madhayamam.com/en/node/22882 |title=Eminent painter and sculptor M V Devan dies |website=www.madhayamam.com |access-date=2019-03-31 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After completing high school in 1946, he left for [[Madras]] to study painting.<ref name="M. V. Devan - Kerala Tourism">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/mr-m-v-devan/76 |title=M. V. Devan - Kerala Tourism |date=2019-03-31 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> At Chennai, he joined the [[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai]] where he had the opportunity to study under [[D. P. Roy Choudhury]] and [[K. C. S. Paniker]], the then principal and vice principal of the institution. It was during this time itself, he met [[M. Govindan]], who influenced his thinking.<ref name="Artist M.V. Devan passes away">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/artist-mv-devan-passes-away/article5960643.ece |title=Artist M.V. Devan passes away |last=S. Anandan |date=2014-04-27 |access-date=2014-05-01 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Returning to Kerala, he was involved in many artistic, cultural and literary movements, besides his own artistic pursuits.<ref name="M V Devan fought for art, says M Mukundan - Times of India">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/m-v-devan-fought-for-art-says-m-mukundan/articleshow/58332174.cms |title=M V Devan fought for art, says M Mukundan - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=24 April 2017 |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref>

Devan was married to Sreedevi and the couple had two daughters, Jameela and Shalini. He died on April 29, 2014, at the age of 86, at his residence in [[Aluva]], survived by his daughters; his wife had predeceased him.<ref name="Artist M.V. Devan passes away" />

== Career and legacy ==
On his return from Chennai in 1952, he joined ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' daily at their [[Kozhikode]] office as a staff artist and stayed there until 1961 when he got an opportunity as an art consultant with ''Southern Languages Book Trust'', Chennai.<ref name="Kerala Artiste M.V. Devan Dies At 86">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/art-and-culture/kerala-artiste-mv-devan-dies-at-86_-145244.html |title=Kerala Artiste M.V. Devan Dies At 86 |date=2014-04-30 |website=indiatimes.com |language=en |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> A year later, he quit the job when the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], Chennai was established to work as its founder secretary;<ref name="Kerala artist who left a mark on Cholamandal - Times of India">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/residence-near-Aluva/articleshow/34501738.cms |title=Kerala artist who left a mark on Cholamandal - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=2 May 2014 |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> during his tenure, the academy was a meeting point for the Chennai based artists and this was known to have served as an inspiration for the formation of [[Cholamandal Artists' Village]], of which he was also a founder member.<ref name="Another first for Indian art">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Another-first-for-Indian-art/article15382347.ece |title=Another first for Indian art |date=2008-06-03 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> Later, he moved to the [[New Delhi]] office of the academy in 1996 for a two year stint and it was during this time he came in touch with [[M. K. K. Nair]], the visionary civil servant, with whom he was involved in the organization of the ''All India Writers’ Conference'' in [[Aluva]].<ref name="Artist M.V. Devan passes away" /> Nair, who headed the [[Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore|Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited]] (FACT) during those days, invited Devan as an art consultant with Fact Engineering and Design Organisation (Fedo), a division of FACT and he worked for FACT till 1972, a year after Nair left the company to take up the position of a joint secretary at the [[Planning Commission of India]].<ref name="Gained in translation? Patel man’s tale">{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/gained-in-translation-patel-mans-tale-minister-tewari-can-check-communalist-account-when-english-version-of-mkks-book-comes-out-soon/cid/241276 |title=Gained in translation? Patel man's tale |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref>

In 1977, Devan was selected as the chairman of the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]], a post he held till 1977. Simultaneously, he ran an architectural design firm, ''Perunthachan'', where he practised environment-friendly cost-effective construction techniques, a pioneering effort much before [[Laurie Baker]] popularised the concept in the state; he designed around 450 constructions, which include auditoria, hotels and church.<ref name="Remembering M V Devan-Catalogue of Drawings, Paintings, Graphic paints, and Sculptures">{{Cite web |url=https://www.welcomekeralaonline.com/other/remembering-m-v-devan-catalogue-drawings-paintings-graphic-paints-and-sculptures |title=Remembering M V Devan-Catalogue of Drawings, Paintings, Graphic paints, and Sculptures |website=www.welcomekeralaonline.com |language=en |access-date=2019-03-31 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331204506/https://www.welcomekeralaonline.com/other/remembering-m-v-devan-catalogue-drawings-paintings-graphic-paints-and-sculptures |url-status=dead }}</ref> After his tenure with [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] ended in 1977, he continued his involvement with the fine arts, literature and cultural activities; the founding of ''Nadaka Kalari'', a theatre group based in [[Vaikom]], in 1967, along with [[M. Govindan]], [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]], K. S. Narayana Pillai, [[K. Ayyappa Paniker]] and [[G. Sankara Pillai]], was one among them.<ref name="Bitten by the theatre bug">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/bitten-by-the-theatre-bug/article21884624.ece |title=Bitten by the theatre bug |date=2017-12-19 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref name="Celebrating 50 years of amateur theatre movement">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/dec/17/celebrating-50-years-of-amateur-theatre-movement-1729905.html |title=Celebrating 50 years of amateur theatre movement |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref>

Devan founded ''Kerala Kalapeedom'', art and cultural centre based in Kochi, in 1978, where several artists such as [[T. Kaladharan]], [[M. R. D. Dattan]], [[C. N. Karunakaran]] and [[Artist Namboothiri]];<ref name="Artist and his ‘kingdom’">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/artist-and-his-kingdom/article6511516.ece |title=Artist and his 'kingdom' |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2014-10-17 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref name="The colourful landscapes of T. Kaladharan">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/The-colourful-landscapes-of-T.-Kaladharan/article14397012.ece |title=The colourful landscapes of T. Kaladharan |last=Menon |first=Anasuya |date=2016-06-23 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> he would also chair the organization later.<ref name="M. V. Devan - Art Chennai">{{Cite web |url=https://artchennai.wordpress.com/archives/art-chennai-2011/galleries-2/cholamandal-artists%e2%80%99village/artists-work-cholamandal-artists%e2%80%99village/m-v-devan/ |title=M. V. Devan - Art Chennai |date=2011-03-14 |website=ART CHENNAI |language=en |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> He was also involved in the founding of two art villages, ''Malayala Kalagramam'', in [[New Mahe]] and ''Kalagramam'', in [[Kollam]].<ref name="Eminent painter and sculptor M V Devan dies"/><ref name="Kerala artist who left a mark on Cholamandal - Times of India"/><ref name="M.V Devan Kalagramam">{{Cite web |url=http://www.devankalagramam.org/ |title=M.V Devan Kalagramam |website=www.devankalagramam.org |access-date=2019-03-31 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331121828/http://www.devankalagramam.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Navashakti'', ''Gopuram'', ''Sameeksha'', ''Kerala Kavita'' and ''Jwala'' were some of the literary publications he was associated with.<ref name="M. V. Devan - Kerala Tourism" /><ref name="Eminent painter and sculptor MM Devan dies in Kerala - Times of India">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eminent-painter-and-sculptor-MM-Devan-dies-in-Kerala/articleshow/34380212.cms |title=Eminent painter and sculptor MM Devan dies in Kerala - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> Devan compiled the articles he had published earlier, as an essay anthology, under the title, ''Devaspandanam'', in 2001.<ref name="M. V. Devan - Art Chennai" />

Devan's paintings and sculptures have been exhibited in many paces in India. T. Kaladharan, one of his proteges, has cataloged his drawings, paintings, graphic paints, and sculptures which has since been published by the Kerala Lalithakala Akademi, under the title, ''Remembering M. V. Devan''.<ref name="Remembering M V Devan-Catalogue of Drawings, Paintings, Graphic paints, and Sculptures" />

In 2019, the family members of Devan, primarily his daughters and grandchildren, as a commemoration of Devan’s art and legacy, initiated the ‘M V Devan Puraskaram’ - an award in Devan’s name. It was envisaged to render recognition to exemplary icons in the field of visual arts. The primary M V Devan Puraskaram was presented to artist [[NKP Muthukoya]] on 29 April 2019, the death anniversary of Devan

== Awards and honours ==
''Devaspandanam'', which is considered by many the magnum opus of Devan, was selected for two awards, starting with the [[Vayalar Award]] in 2000,<ref name="Vayalar Award winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/vayalar-award/575 |title=Vayalar Award winners |website=keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref name="Vayalar Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Award%20Pages.pdf |title=Vayalar Award |date=2019-03-31 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> followed by the [[Mathrubhumi Literary Award]] in 2003. The book would also receive Malayattoor Award later. In between, he received the [[Raja Ravi Varma Puraskaram]] of the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] in 2002.<ref name="Raja Ravi Varma Puraskaram - Kerala Lalithakala Akademi">{{Cite web |url=http://lalithkala.org/content/raja-ravi-varma-puraskaram |title=Raja Ravi Varma Puraskaram - Kerala Lalithakala Akademi |website=lalithkala.org |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> He also received the fellowship of the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi|academy]]<ref name="Akademi Fellowships - Kerala Lalithakala Akademi">{{Cite web |url=http://lalithkala.org/content/akademi-fellowships |title=Akademi Fellowships - Kerala Lalithakala Akademi |website=lalithkala.org |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> as well as the fellowship of the Chennai [[Lalit Kala Akademi]].<ref name="M. V. Devan - Kerala Tourism" /> The other honours received by Devan include the Critics Award and the M. K. K. Nair Award.<ref name="M. V. Devan - Kerala Tourism" /> On the occasion of his first death anniversary, an event was organized in Kochi, ''Remembering Devan'', which featured several lectures and an exhibition of Devan's paintings as well as the works of some of his contemporaries including [[Tyeb Mehta]], [[F. N. Souza]], [[K. K. Hebbar]], [[Laxma Goud]], [[Bhupen Khakhar]] and [[Akbar Padamsee]].<ref name="The palette of the modernist">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/the-palette-of-the-modernist/article7204944.ece |title=The palette of the modernist |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2015-05-14 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> Binuraj Kalapeedam, one of his students at Kerala Kalapeedam, has made a documentary on the life of Devan, titled ''Devaspandanam'', the title of his award-winning book.<ref name="Artist M.V. Devan passes away" /><ref name="Etching the Dreams of the Master Artist">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/mar/17/etching-the-dreams-of-the-master-artist-587204.html |title=Etching the Dreams of the Master Artist |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.devankalagramam.org/ |title=M.V Devan Kalagramam |website=www.devankalagramam.org |access-date=2019-03-31 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331121828/http://www.devankalagramam.org/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkerala.com/news/ormakaliluday-a-remembrance-of-mv-devan-at-nanappa-art-gallery-cochin |title="Ormakaliluday" a Remembrance of MV Devan at Nanappa Art Gallery Cochin |website=www.pinkerala.com |access-date=2019-03-31}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore/6370/artist-m-v-devan-dies/E |title=ചിത്രകാരന്‍ എം.വി. ദേവന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |language=en |access-date=2019-03-31}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_Gj9iowftc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/z_Gj9iowftc |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=M.V.Devan - Obituary |last=jofy. p.j. |date=2014-05-01 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-31}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/24/stories/2002102400400300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030324215006/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/24/stories/2002102400400300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-03-24 |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=A pot pourri of paintings |date=2002-10-24 |access-date=2019-03-31}}

{{Painters from Kerala}}
{{Vayalar Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devan, M. V.}}
[[Category:Painters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian illustrators]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]
[[Category:Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian art critics]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

Aditya Ghosh

2026-02-07T18:12:00Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aditya Ghosh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = Indian
| education = ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]) [[Kirori Mal College]] ([[Bachelor of Law|L.L.B.]]) [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] (AMP) [[Harvard Business School]]
| occupation = Businessman
| known for = Former president [[IndiGo]] airline
Co-Founder of [[Akasa Air]]
| networth =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
}}
'''Aditya Ghosh''' is an Indian lawyer-turned-businessman working primarily in the civil aviation and hospitality industries. He was the former president and whole time director of [[IndiGo]] from 2008 to 2018. He is the co-founder of [[Akasa Air]] with Vinay Dube.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-28|title=IndiGo's journey under Aditya Ghosh to become India's largest airline; a peek at its future plans|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/indigos-journey-under-aditya-ghosh-to-become-indias-largest-airline-growth-take-off-plans/1148653/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104064934/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/indigos-journey-under-aditya-ghosh-to-become-indias-largest-airline-growth-take-off-plans/1148653/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-28|title=IndiGo president Aditya Ghosh to exit airline on July 31|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/indigo-president-aditya-ghosh-to-exit-airline-on-july-31-5154464/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104070109/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/indigo-president-aditya-ghosh-to-exit-airline-on-july-31-5154464/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Anirban|last2=Ghosh|first2=Sugata|title=Former IndiGo boss Aditya Ghosh joins hands with Rakesh Jhunjhunwala; set to be Akasa co-founder|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/former-indigo-chief-aditya-ghosh-join-hands-jhunjhunwala-set-to-be-akasa-co-founder/articleshow/84846224.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104070223/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/former-indigo-chief-aditya-ghosh-join-hands-jhunjhunwala-set-to-be-akasa-co-founder/articleshow/84846224.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Ghosh was also the CEO of [[Oyo Rooms|OYO Hotel & Homes]], South Asia and currently serves as a member of its board.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Sayan |last2=Dhamija |first2=Anshul |date=2018-08-15 |title=Aditya Ghosh checks in at OYO |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/aditya-ghosh-checks-in-at-oyo/51787/1 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=Forbes |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830120209/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/aditya-ghosh-checks-in-at-oyo/51787/1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-02 |title=OYO elevates India & South Asia CEO Aditya Ghosh to board of directors |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/oyo-elevates-india-south-asia-ceo-aditya-ghosh-to-board-of-directors-4692631.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=Moneycontrol |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830120209/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/oyo-elevates-india-south-asia-ceo-aditya-ghosh-to-board-of-directors-4692631.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a member of the board of management at [[Ashoka University]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Leadership Team |url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/roles/leadership-team/?filterby=319 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Ashoka University |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830120210/https://www.ashoka.edu.in/roles/leadership-team/?filterby=319 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a visiting faculty at the university's Department of Entrepreneurship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pursuit of Service Excellence |url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/courses/in-pursuit-of-service-excellence/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Ashoka University |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830120836/https://www.ashoka.edu.in/courses/in-pursuit-of-service-excellence/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Aditya Ghosh Bio |url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/profile/aditya-ghosh/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Ashoka University |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830120836/https://www.ashoka.edu.in/profile/aditya-ghosh/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ghosh was born in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family, and raised in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Mathures |date=16 March 2019 |title=Aditya Ghosh touches down on OYO |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/aditya-ghosh-touches-down-on-oyo/cid/1686955 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705115639/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/aditya-ghosh-touches-down-on-oyo/cid/1686955 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=The Telegraph |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a son of an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer.<ref name=":1" />He graduated with an [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] degree from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dash |first=Sanchita |date=2019-12-02 |title=This Delhi University graduate went from being a lawyer to the CEO of India’s largest airline to a boardroom with the likes of Betsy Atkins who backed Yahoo and eBay |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/oyo-hotels-aditya-ghosh-alongside-betsy-atkins-who-backed-yahoo-and-ebay/articleshow/72329051.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]] degree from [[Kirori Mal College]] of [[Delhi University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Phadnis |first=Ashwini |date=2 October 2015 |title=Lawyer with a flight plan |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/work/lawyer-with-a-flight-plan/article21179800.ece1 |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=The Hindu Business Line |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104063955/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/work/lawyer-with-a-flight-plan/article21179800.ece1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Ghosh started his career in 1997 by joining J. Sagar Associates, a law firm. He later worked at InterGlobe Enterprises as Group General Counsel followed by [[IndiGo]] as the President and whole time director.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-28|title=Aditya Ghosh resigns as IndiGo President as major top level rejig at IndiGo|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/aditya-ghosh-resigns-as-indigo-president/1148515/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104065301/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/aditya-ghosh-resigns-as-indigo-president/1148515/|url-status=live}}</ref> Under him, IndiGo reached a market capitalisation of 55,000 [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2014 |title=Here's what you need to know about IndiGo's president Aditya Ghosh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/who-is-aditya-ghosh-1222358-2018-04-28 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501183513/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/who-is-aditya-ghosh-1222358-2018-04-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> After ten years, in 2018, he resigned from IndiGo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phadnis |first=Ashwini |date=29 April 2018 |title=The man who propelled IndiGo to great heights |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/the-man-who-propelled-indigo-to-great-heights/article23721199.ece |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=The Hindu Business Line |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104063909/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/the-man-who-propelled-indigo-to-great-heights/article23721199.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year on 1 December, he was appointed as the CEO of [[OYO Rooms|OYO]] hotels in India and South Asia.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-16|title=Former President of IndiGo joins OYO Rooms|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/former-president-of-indigo-joins-oyo-rooms/article25510915.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2020, he joined [[Fabindia]] as a member of its board of directors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tewari|first=Saumya|date=2020-07-01|title=IndiGo former president Aditya Ghosh joins Fabindia board|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indigo-former-president-aditya-ghosh-joins-fabindia-board-11593600077464.html|access-date=2021-11-04|website=livemint|language=en|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104062425/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indigo-former-president-aditya-ghosh-joins-fabindia-board-11593600077464.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, he collaborated with his friend Anjan Chatterjee and opened a restaurant named ''Chourangi'' in London.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-22|title=Ex-IndiGo boss Aditya Ghosh launches Indian restaurant Chourangi in London|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/a-lifelong-dream-ex-indigo-boss-aditya-ghosh-launches-indian-restaurant-chourangi-in-london-11632316566317.html|access-date=2021-11-04|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104062608/https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/a-lifelong-dream-ex-indigo-boss-aditya-ghosh-launches-indian-restaurant-chourangi-in-london-11632316566317.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2021 he co-founded [[Akasa Air]] along with Vinay Dube. The airline began its operation on 7 August 2022 from Mumbai to Ahmedabad. As of February 2024 the airline has 24 aircraft flying to 19 destinations. Dube holds a 10% stake in the airline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Anirban |last2=Ghosh |first2=Sugata |title=Former IndiGo boss Aditya Ghosh joins hands with Rakesh Jhunjhunwala; set to be Akasa co-founder |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/former-indigo-chief-aditya-ghosh-join-hands-jhunjhunwala-set-to-be-akasa-co-founder/articleshow/84846224.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-12-25 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104070223/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/former-indigo-chief-aditya-ghosh-join-hands-jhunjhunwala-set-to-be-akasa-co-founder/articleshow/84846224.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Aditya Ghosh is married to Manavi Ghosh.<ref name="Melissa A. Mint">{{cite news |last1=Bell |first1=Melissa A. |title=He says, she says |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xp1ou2puopx3poS0jMmxWO/He-says-she-says.html |access-date=5 November 2021 |work=mint |date=5 February 2007 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Low Cost Leadership Award at World Airlines awards in 2011.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=From IndiGo's lawyer to its President, the no-frills story of Aditya Ghosh|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/from-indigos-lawyer-to-its-president-the-no-frills-story-of-aditya-ghosh/articleshow/63949333.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-04}}</ref>
*GQ Businessman of the Year award in 2013.<ref name=":0" />
*CEO of the Year award by SABRE in 2013.<ref name=":0" />
*Ghosh ranked 27th globally in [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] 40 UNDER 40 list of businesspersons.<ref name=":0" />
*CEO of the year’ award by SABRE.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Ajay Singh (entrepreneur)|Ajay Singh]], Indian businessman, Chairman and Managing Director of SpiceJet
* [[Lloyd Mathias]], Indian business executive and an entrepreneur

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Aditya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Kirori Mal College alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jaisinagar

2026-02-06T13:49:36Z

Showbiz sportlight: Put up first details basic info

{{Short description|Town in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaisinagar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Jaisinagar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.61|N|78.57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,848
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 470226
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-15]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Jaisinagar''' is a town in [[Sagar district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is a [[tehsil]] and [[Development Block]],<ref>{{cite web
|title=Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001
|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|website=censusindia.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004}}</ref>

Jaisinagar is a part of [[Surkhi Assembly constituency]], [[Govind Singh Rajput]] MLA from here

==Geography ==
Jaisinagar is situated between the latitude 23.61' north and the longitude 78.57' east. The region is predominantly [[Agrarian society|agrarian]].<ref>https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Jaisinghnagar2.html</ref>

==Demographics ==
The Jaisinagar<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999</ref> town has population of 7,848 of which 4,149 are males while 3,699 are females as per Population Census 2011. The literacy rate of Jaisinagar village was 79.71% compared to 69.32% of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/460790-jaisinagar-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Jaisinagar Village Population - Sagar - Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in|accessdate=6 January 2024}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=This does not appear to be an official government website.}}

==Transportation==
Jaisinagar situated on [[State Highway 15 (Madhya Pradesh)|MP SH 15]], its connected [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] with roads, Jaisinagar 40 km away from Sagar,Daily bus service available from here, it's connected sagar, [[Silwani]], [[Begamganj]] and [[Rahatgarh]] from bus,

==See also==
* [[Surkhi]]
* [[Rahatgarh]]
* [[Bilehra]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Sagar district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Nanakmatta

2026-02-03T14:52:23Z

Showbiz sportlight: small update information for clarity further and fixed typos after review

{{short description|Town in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nanakmatta
| other_name =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|56|26|N|79|48|44|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of Countries|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1880
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =[[Nagar Panchayat]]
| governing_body =[[Nagar Panchayat|Nanakmatta Nagar Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 5.88
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 298
| population_total = 8,470 approx
| population_as_of = [[Census of India, 2011|2011]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 262311
| area_code = 05948
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UK 06
| website = {{URL|uk.gov.in}}
}}
''' Nanakmatta''' is a town named after the [[Sikh]] pilgrimage site, Gurdwara Nanak Mata Sahib, also known as Gurdwara Nanakmatta Sahib, in the state of [[Uttarakhand]], India.

Sikh tradition says it was once called Gorakhmata, a centre of Siddh-jogis named after the founder of their order, [[Gorakhnath]], and that it was renamed Nanakmatta after a visit which the [[Sidh Gosti|Siddh-Gost]] in [[Guru Granth Sahib]] said [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of Sikhism, made in which he discussed religion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Sikhs and their Religion. Vol. I; The Guru Period (1469-1708 CE) |author1=Kirpal Singh |author2=Kharak Singh}}</ref>

It is on the bank of [[Deoha]] stream, which is dammed into a reservoir named Nanak Sagar.<ref>[http://usnagar.nic.in/Nanakmatta%20photo.htm Nanakmatta] [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] Official website.</ref>

It is also an [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituency within the [[Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Gurdwara Nanak Matta Sahib.jpg|Gurudwara Nanakmatta Sahib
File:Entrance to Gurudwara Nanakmatta.jpg|Entrance to Gurudwara Nanakmatta
File:Gurudwara Bauli Sahib.jpg|Gurudwara Bauli Sahib
File:Nanak Sagar Dam.jpg|Nanak Sagar Dam
File:Nanak Sagar Lake.jpg|Nanak Sagar Lake
</gallery>

== References ==

<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.nanakmattasahib.com/ Official website]
* [http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&q=&ie=UTF8&ll=28.908408,79.809494&spn=0.286717,0.466919&t=h&z=11&om=1 Google map of the area]

[[Category:Sikh places]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Udham Singh Nagar district]]
{{Udham Singh Nagar district}}

Battle of Shimoga

2026-01-06T13:35:31Z

Showbiz sportlight: done

{{Short description|1791–92 conflict in the Third Anglo-Mysore War}}
{{more footnotes|date=April 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Capture of Shimoga
| partof = the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 29 December 1791 – 3 January 1792 (6 days)
| place = [[Shimoga]], [[Mysore]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|56|N|75|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| result = Anglo-Maratha victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Maratha Empire]] {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[East India Company]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Parshuram Bhou]] {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[John Little]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Reza Sahib]]{{POW}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Third Anglo-Mysore War}}
}}

The '''Capture of Shimoga''', a town and fortress held by forces of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], occurred on 3 January 1792, after a preliminary battle with the attacking forces of the [[British East India Company]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], not far from the town on 29 December, had scattered much of its defending army. The defenders surrendered after the fort's walls were breached. The battle was part of a campaign during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] by Maratha leader Purseram Bhow to recover Maratha territories taken by [[Hyder Ali]] in an earlier conflict between Mysore and the Marathas. By the end of the siege, Reza Sahib a leading [[Mysore]] commander, was among the captured.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbLOEAAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes] |date=2006-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02799-4 |pages=936 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1791|Shimoga]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1792|Shimoga]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Mysore|Shimoga 1791]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire|Shimoga 1791]]
[[Category:Battles of the Third Anglo-Mysore War|Shimoga 1791]]
[[Category:1792 in India]]
[[Category:1791 in India]]

{{UK-battle-stub}}
{{India-battle-stub}}

2022 Rajasthan political crisis

2026-01-01T11:54:54Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{Short description|Cabinet crisis in Indian state of Rajasthan}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2022 Rajasthan political crisis
|image ={{Photomontage
|photo1a=Sachin Pilot addressing at the concluding session of Young Achievers, at the 12th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas ‘Engaging Diaspora Connecting Across Generation’, in New Delhi on January 07, 2014.jpg
|photo1b=Ashok Gehlot 2012.jpg
|photo1c=
| position = center
| size = 300
| color = #F5F5F5
| border = 6
| color_border = grey
| spacing = 3
| foot_montage =
|text= {{center|[[Sachin Pilot]] (left), [[Ashok Gehlot]] (right)}}
}}
| image_size = 200px
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name =
| time =
| duration =
| date = 25 September 2022 – 5 October 2022
| venue =
| location = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| also_known_as =
| type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary crisis]]
| theme =
| cause = Series of disputes between [[Ashok Gehlot]] and [[Sachin Pilot]]
| participants = *[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
*[[Independent Politician|Independent MLAs]]
|result=[[Ashok Gehlot]] remained [[List of Chief Ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]], and the [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] decided to withdraw their resignation.
}}

On 25 September 2022 at around 9 PM (IST), 82
[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] supporting [[Ashok Gehlot]], [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] suddenly went to [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]], [[C. P. Joshi]]'s residence in [[Jaipur]] and gave their resignation to oppose the decision of making [[Sachin Pilot]] as [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/live-updates-rajasthan-political-crisis-ashok-gehlot-mla-resign-sachin-pilot-made-chief-minister-post-rahul-gandhi-sonia-gandhi-cp-joshi-2514271|title=Rajasthan Political Crisis LIVE: Gehlot's MLAs resign; AICC observers Maken, Kharge to submit report to top leadership|date=25 September 2022|work=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

It was the second time in the term of the [[Third Gehlot ministry]], the rival factions of the [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]], started a [[Cabinet crisis|governmental crisis]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/rajasthan-political-crisis-sachin-pilot-vs-ashok-gehlot-what-we-know-10-points-11664245105522.html|title=Rajasthan political crisis intensifies, Congress sends Kamal Nath to Jaipur|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|LiveMint]]|date=25 September 2022}}</ref>

== Background ==
On 24 September 2022, [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]], [[Ashok Gehlot]] expressed his wish to file nomination for upcoming [[2022 Indian National Congress presidential election|elections]] for becoming [[List of presidents of the Indian National Congress|President of the Indian National Congress]]. After which Gehlot suggested the name of [[C. P. Joshi]] for the post of Chief Minister to senior Congress leaders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ashok-gehlot-recommends-speaker-cp-joshi-name-rajasthan-cm-post-2003432-2022-09-22|title=Ashok Gehlot recommends speaker CP Joshi's name for Rajasthan CM post: Sources|date=23 September 2022|access-date=25 September 2022|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Following his wish, the party had made clear the decision of 'One Person, One Post', so Gehlot has to resign as the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]]. Instead of Gehlot, senior Congress leaders [[Ajay Maken]] and [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] decided to appoint [[Sachin Pilot]] as next Chief Minister of Rajasthan. But [[Ashok Gehlot]] supporting MLAs were not ready to support that decision and decided to give their resignation as MLAs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2022/09/25/rajasthan-congress-crisis-ashok-gehlot-sachin-pilot.html|title=Crisis in Rajasthan Congress; Gehlot-loyalist MLAs threaten to resign|date=25 September 2022}}</ref> On 25 September 2022, at around 9 PM (IST), almost 82 MLAs reached the residence of [[C. P. Joshi]], [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in [[Jaipur]] and submitted their resignation. However, their resignation were not accepted by the Speaker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/82-rajasthan-mlas-resign-in-fresh-crisis-for-congress-2004650-2022-09-25|title='Operation desert storm': 82 Rajasthan MLAs resign in fresh crisis for Congress|date=25 September 2022|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> A similar crisis, happened in [[2020 Rajasthan political crisis|July 2020]], in which [[Sachin Pilot]], was removed as [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]], [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee|President of the Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]] and various other posts. But the situation was managed by the interference of [[Rahul Gandhi]] and [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-crisis-sachin-pilot-fired-as-deputy-cm-state-party-chief-1700440-2020-07-14|title=Rajasthan crisis LIVE: Sachin Pilot fired as Rajasthan deputy CM, state party chief|date=14 July 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Following the resignation, in late night, Congress President [[Sonia Gandhi]] has directed [[Ajay Maken]] and [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] to return [[Delhi]] to tackle the situation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajasthan-political-crisis-ashok-gehlot-sachin-pilot-congress-crisis-rajasthan-congress-crisis-rajasthan-crisis-live-updates-rajasthan-crisis-latest-u-3377375|title=Rajasthan Congress Crisis Live Updates: Ajay Maken, Mallikarjun Kharge Return To Delhi|date=25 September 2022|access-date=25 September 2022|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Also, [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] members requested [[Sonia Gandhi]] to pull Ashok Gehlot out of party president race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aninews.in/news/national/politics/rajasthan-political-crisis-congress-committee-urges-sonia-gandhi-to-pull-ashok-gehlot-out-of-party-president-race20220926125157/|title=Rajasthan political crisis: Congress committee urges Sonia Gandhi to pull Ashok Gehlot out of party president race|work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=26 September 2022}}</ref> On 26 September 2022, a meeting was held in the residence of [[Sonia Gandhi]] to discuss the situation of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-political-crisis-live-updates-ashok-gehlot-sachin-pilot-congress-mlas-gudha-jaipur-news-2223969|title=Rajasthan Political Crisis Live: राजस्थान के सियासी घटनाक्रम पर सोनिया गांधी के घर पर हुई बैठक, कांग्रेस अध्यक्ष ने मांगी लिखित रिपोर्ट|work=[[ABP News]]|date=26 September 2022}}</ref> On the other hand, President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Rajasthan]], [[Satish Poonia]] said that "Congress should do 'Congress Jodo Yatra' before 'Bharat Jodo Yatra'".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-congress-political-crisis-rajasthan-bjp-chief-satish-poonia-says-bjp-doors-are-not-closed-for-sachin-pilot-2224248|title=Rajasthan Congress Political Crisis: सचिन पायलट के लिए बंद नहीं हैं बीजेपी के दरवाजे! राजस्थान बीजेपी चीफ सतीश पूनिया ने दिये ये संकेत|work=[[ABP News]]|date=25 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Following the meeting of [[Sonia Gandhi]], former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] [[Kamal Nath]] was sent to [[Jaipur]] for talks with MLAs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-hopeful-kamal-nath-will-defuse-rajasthan-crisis/articleshow/94459511.cms|title=Congress hopeful Kamal Nath will defuse Rajasthan crisis|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=26 September 2022}}</ref> Many political commentators and media thought that [[Ashok Gehlot]] faction MLA [[Shanti Kumar Dhariwal]] played an important role in the political crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ashok-gehlots-most-trusted-shanti-dhaliwal-comes-through-for-him-again-hosts-his-loyalist-mlas-8174302/|title=Ashok Gehlot's most trusted, Shanti Dhariwal, comes through for him again, hosts his loyalist MLAs|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=27 September 2022}}</ref> Although both Gehlot and Pilot are silent on the crisis and not given any official statement on it. On 29 September 2022, after meeting with [[Sonia Gandhi]], Gehlot took the decision not to contest the [[2022 Indian National Congress presidential election|Congress presidential election]] and to continue as [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]. However, secretary of the party, [[K. C. Venugopal]] said that the party will take a decision on the post of [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] within 2 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-congress-crisis-live-updates-cm-gehlot-delhi-president-election-sonia-gandhi-digvijay-singh-8179413/|title=Congress President polls LIVE Updates: Ashok Gehlot won't contest elections; Sonia Gandhi to decide on Rajasthan CM in a day or two, says KC Venugopal|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[2020 Rajasthan political crisis]]
*[[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis]]
*[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:September 2022 in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Political crises in India|R]]

Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary

2025-12-27T10:49:20Z

Showbiz sportlight:

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}{{Infobox protected area
| name = Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = Himachal Pradesh, India
| area = 61 km²
| established = 1992
}}
'''Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[wildlife sanctuary]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is situated near the banks of the Tirthan river.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The official website of Great Himalayan National Park {{!}} A UNESCO World Heritage |url=https://www.greathimalayannationalpark.org/location-of-ghnp-sainj-wls-tirthan-wls-and-ecozone/|access-date=2022-02-12}}</ref> It features densely forested areas and hosts a diverse fauna. In 2021, it was ranked the Best Managed Protected Area of India as per the Management Effectiveness Evaluation.<ref>{{Cite web| date=2021 |title=The GHNP and Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary Ranked as Best Managed Protected Areas of India |work=Himachal Watcher |url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2021/01/15/management-effectiveness-evaluation-2018-19/|access-date=2022-02-12}}</ref>

== Location ==
Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the [[Kullu district]] of Himachal Pradesh and covers an area of {{cvt|6112|ha|km2}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/tirthan-wildlife-sanctuary-iba-india|access-date=2022-02-12 |work=Birdlife International}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary harbours a variety ‌of ‌forested areas such as oak forest, coniferous forest, deodar forest. Wildlife includes the [[snow leopard]], [[musk deer]], [[Himalayan brown bear]] and [[Kashmir flying squirrel]].<ref name=":1" /> It also hosts the [[Himalayan tahr]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|31|37|10|N|77|32|50|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:10000|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh]]

Cnemaspis stellapulvis

2025-12-16T04:00:16Z

Showbiz sportlight: Created A Info Needs Work.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Cnemaspis
| species = stellapulvis
| authority = Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2020
}}

'''''Cnemaspis stellapulvis''''' is a species of [[Diurnality|diurnal]], [[insectivorous]], rock-dwelling [[gecko]] endemic to the [[Mysore Plateau]] of [[Karnataka]] in [[South India]]. It occurs only in an isolated hill range near [[Yadiyur]] of [[Mandya district]] and [[Tumkur district]] border.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=stellapulvis
* https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Cnemaspis_stellapulvis

{{Taxonbar|from=Q105123601}}

[[Category:Reptiles described in 2020]]
[[Category:Cnemaspis|stellapulvis]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]

Mankidia

2025-12-12T11:46:11Z

Showbiz sportlight: put up new pg

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = '''Mankidia'''
| image =
| total = 2,222 (2011)
| total_ref = <ref name="census 2011">{{cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212310/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region1 = Odisha
| pop1 = 2,222
| ref1 = <ref name="census 2011" />
| languages = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Munda language|Munda]]
| religions = Autonomous Tribal Religion
| related =
}}

The '''Mankidia''' (also known as '''Mankadia''', '''Mankidi''', '''Mankirdia''')<ref name="Pati Dash 2002 p. 86">{{cite book | last1=Pati | first1=R.N. | last2=Dash | first2=J. | title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects | publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-7648-322-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA86 | access-date=2019-12-13 | page=86}}</ref><ref name="Panda 2006 p. 119">{{cite book | last=Panda | first=N. | title=Policies, Programmes, and Strategies for Tribal Development: A Critical Appraisal | publisher=Kalpaz Publications | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-7835-491-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6iSisqgBVkC&pg=PA119 | access-date=2019-12-13 | page=119}}</ref><ref name="scstrti-Tribe-Profile-Mankidia">{{cite web | last=[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute|scstrti]]| first=scstrti | title=Mankirdia | website=Home | url=http://www.scstrti.in/index.php/communities/pvtg/113-pvtg/454-mankidia | access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref> are a nomadic ethnic group of India that live in [[Odisha]]. Mankidias mostly live in the [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] and [[Sundergarh district]]s.<ref name="scstrti-Tribe-Profile-Mankidia" /> According to the 2011 census, the population of Mankidia was 2,222. They are classified as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] by the Indian government.<ref name="census 2011"/>

==Origins==

The Mankidia are an ethnic offshoot of the [[Birhor people|Birhor]] tribe. They specialize in catching monkeys (called ''mankada'' in [[Odia language|Odia]]), hence their name was derived from the name that neighboring tribes called them. People believe that their origin is from [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. They might have migrated to different parts of Odisha and finally settled in the hilly areas.

== Culture ==

The Mankidia are a semi-nomadic [[hunter/gatherer]] community. Traditionally skilled in rope making, catching, and hunting of monkeys, they are often employed by local people to drive away invasive monkeys in rural areas. They move around forests in small bands and stay at different temporary makeshift settlements called tanda/tandia. The tandia comprises a temporary dome-shaped leaf hut known as Kumbhas. They speak a form of [[Mundari language]], and some can also speak Odia.<ref name="Panda 2006 p. 119"/> Each ''Tandia'' is headed by a religious head man called ''Dehuri''. The ''Dehuri'' has an assistant called ''Naya''.

The Mankidia people's religious beliefs are polytheistic. They believe in many malevolent and benevolent spirits and gods. Their supreme deities are ''Logobir'' and ''Budhimai''. They also worship their ancestors for good health and success in hunting and harvesting forest produce.

Besides hunting they also engage in making baskets and ropes out of [[Phanera vahlii|Siali]] fiber, [[Eulaliopsis binata|Sabai grass]] and [[Jute]], as well as making disposable plates made out of leaves called ''[[Patravali|Khali]]''.

==See also==
* [[Tribes of India]]
* [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]

Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization

2025-12-10T06:21:49Z

Showbiz sportlight: improved article

{{Short description|Autonomous institution located in Wardha, Maharashtra, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization Wardha
| formation = 2008
| logo = Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization (MGIRI) logo.png
| abbreviation = MGIRI
| headquarters = Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| location_city = Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| location_country = India
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = Dr. Ashutosh Murkute
| website = {{URL|https://www.mgiri.org/}}
}}

'''Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization (MGIRI)''', '''[[Wardha]], [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra state]] of [[India]]''' is a national institute under the '''[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)]], [[Government of India]]'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=MGIRI Official Website|url=https://www.mgiri.org/}}</ref> The vision of MGIRI is to support, upgrade and accelerates the process of rural industrialization in the country following Gandhian vision of sustainable village economy, self- sufficient in employment and amenities and to provide S&T inputs to make the rural products and services globally competitive.

== History ==
Mahatma Gandhi started the All India Village Industries Association (AIVIA) on 14 December 1934 in Wardha. The AIVIA got reorganized in Maganwadi, [[Wardha]], [[Maharashtra]], in a spacious orchard belonging to Seth Jamanalal Bajaj. Gandhiji stayed there with Kasturba during 1934–36 and supervised the works of AIVIA which became a hub of rural industrial activity with focus on research, production, training, extension, organization, propaganda and publication.

Jamanalal Bajaj Central Research Institute (JBCRI) was created in 1955 to carry forward the R&D works of AIVIA. From 1 April 1957, the Institute came under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), which was established in 1956. The objective of JBCRI was to carry on research and investigations into the problems of village industries and in particular the development of improved tools and techniques. When KVIC adopted a more inclusive definition of rural industries, which permitted infinite number of activities vide M. Ramakrishnayya Review Committee Report 1987, a new pattern of R&D support system became necessary. Thus revamping of JBCRI was become necessary to meet the technological challenges arising out of the above paradigm shift.

Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization (MGIRI) at Wardha was developed during 2001–2008 by the collaborative efforts of [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission|KVIC]] and [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi.]] MGIRI was setup as a National institute under the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Govt. of India]] at the historical premises of Maganwadi, Wardha by revamping JBCRI. Its autonomous function started effectively from October 2008.

== Divisions ==
MGIRI, Wardha has six major sections catering to the generic areas of rural industrialization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MGIRI – Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization |url=https://mgiri.org/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

# Khadi& Textile Industries (K&T)
# ·Bio-processing and Herbal based Industries (B&H)
# ·Rural Chemical Industries (RCI)
# ·Rural Crafts and Engineering (RC&E)
# Rural Infrastructure and Energy (REI)
# · Management and Systems (M&S)

==Objectives==
The main objectives of the institute as enunciated in its Memorandum of Association are<ref>{{Cite web |title=MGIRI – Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization |url=https://mgiri.org/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

* To upgrade and accelerate the process of Rural Industrialization for sustainable village economy.
* To Attract professionals and experts to facilitate rural industries become globally competitive
* To Empower traditional artisans
* To Promote innovation and foster creativity in products and processes through pilot study/field trials
* To do R&D on alternative technology using local resources for sustainable rural development

==See also==
* [https://msme.gov.in/ Ministry of MSME]
* [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission|KVIC]]
* [https://mgiri.org/about-institute/genesis-of-mgiri/ Genesis of MGIRI]
* [https://mgiri.org/publications/ MGIRI Annual Report]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Maharashtra]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Ahmadpur, Ghiror

2025-12-09T02:18:29Z

Showbiz sportlight: new...

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Other uses|Ahmadpur (disambiguation){{!}}Ahmedpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ahmadpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.31675|N|78.73526|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.865
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 949
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ahmadpur''' is a village in [[Ghiror]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 949, in 157 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Ahmadpur had a population of 949, in 157 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|73}} This population was 51.7% male (491) and 48.3% female (458). The 0-6 age group numbered 137 (65 male and 72 female), or 14.4% of the total population. No residents were members of Scheduled Castes.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|64–5}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Ahmadpur (as "Ahamadpur") as having a population of 504 people, in 85 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|126–7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Ahmadpur (as "Ahamadpur") as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 362 people (180 male and 182 female), in 63 households and 38 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 824 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lxx}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Ahmadpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|73–8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Sharog

2025-09-20T14:20:18Z

Showbiz sportlight: updated page

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=November 2021}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
'''Sharog''' is a village in [[Shimla district]] in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It is a located near the town of [[Rohru]] and is about 125 kilometres (78 mi) away from [[Shimla]] and 8 km from Rohru. There is a temple of Devi Jaga Mata and the people of this village worship Dhonlu Devta, Shalonu Devta and Mahasu Maharaj. There is a temple of Dhonlu Devta.

In the year 2021, village Sharog along with village Barara and village Palkan forms a new panchayat namely Sharog-Barara Gram panchayat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|31.120|77.130|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Shimla district]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Kendara

2025-09-08T16:37:43Z

Showbiz sportlight: Put up basic post v1

{{Short description|Wooden string instrument}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=Kendara
|names=Kendera
|image=Kendara, traditional instrument from Odisha.jpg
|image_capt=An old Kendara displayed at [[Odisha State Museum]], Bhubaneswar.
|background=string
|hornbostel_sachs=321.322-71
|hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite [[chordophone]] sounded by a [[bow (music)|bow]]
|developed=
|range=
|related=
* [[Khamak]]
* [[Ektara]]
|musicians=
|builders=
}}
[[File:ଯୋଗୀ କେନ୍ଦରା ବାଦକ.webm|thumb|A ''jogi'' playing Kendara.]]
The '''Kendarā''' ( [[Odia language|Odia]]- କେନ୍ଦରା ) is a wooden [[string instrument]]. The ''kendara'' has one [[strings (music)|string]] and is most commonly played by drawing a [[bow (music)|bow]] across its string.<ref name="NettlPorter1998">{{cite book|author1=Bruno Nettl|author2=James Porter|author3=Timothy Rice|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA983|year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=983–}}</ref> They are mostly played traditionally by ''jogi''s, people who would go from door to door with a dried [[gourd]] container to keep rice, and a kendara to play while singing, and accept food as alms.<ref name="BeheraIndia)1991">{{cite book|author1=Mohan Behera|author2=Tribal and Harijan Research-cum-Training Institute (Bhubaneswar, India)|title=The Jayantira Pano: a scheduled caste community of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ITWAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Tribal and Harijan Research-cum-Training Institute}}</ref> They are rarely used in genres of folk including [[country music]]. The folk genre of music played in a ''kendara'' is known as ''Kendarā Gita'' ( [[Odia language|Odia]]- କେନ୍ଦରା ଗୀତ ).<ref name="HejmadiPatnaik2007">{{cite book|author1=Priyambada Mohanty Hejmadi|author2=Ahalya Hejmadi Patnaik|title=Odissi, an Indian classical dance form|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSD0AAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=978-81-7305-324-5}}</ref><ref name="Behera1997">{{cite book|author=Jyoshnarani Behera|title=Political Socialization of Women: A Study of Teenager Girls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJr97JZXJPcC&pg=PA82|year=1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-85495-21-7|pages=82–}}</ref><ref name="(India)">{{cite book|author=Orissa (India)|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Sambalpur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTduAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Praharaj |first=Gopal Chandra |url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.10:8421.praharaj |title=Purnachandra Ordiya Bhashakosha |publisher=Utkal Sahitya Press |year=1931 |location=Vuttack |quote=ଭିକମଗା ଉତ୍କଳୀଯ ୟୋଗୀଙ୍କ ବୀଣା—1. A one-stringed fiddle (horse-hair-stringed instrument) used by J̄ogī-beggars of Orissa.}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes|url=https://desibulletin.in/%e0%ac%89%e0%ac%a4%e0%ad%8d%e0%ac%95%e0%ac%b3%e0%ad%80%e0%ac%af%e0%ad%9f%e0%ad%8b%e0%ac%97%e0%ad%80%e0%ac%99%e0%ad%8d%e0%ac%95%e0%ac%ac%e0%ad%80%e0%ac%a3%e0%ac%be-%e0%ac%8f%e0%ac%95%e0%ac%b8%e0%ac%82/}}</ref> The instrument rose to popularity during 12th century when [[Sanskrit]] was made the official language of the then [[Utkala Kingdom]] but the common people did not understand, but the jogis were performing folk songs.<ref name="Jena1980">{{cite book|author=B. B. Jena|title=Orissa, people, culture, and polity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zNuAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Kalyani Publishers}}</ref> Kendara is often tied to ''Natha'' ([[Odia language|Odia]]-ନାଥ), a particular sect of the jogis that play the most popular variation of kendara. The other variation is known as ''Majhi Kendarā'' ( [[Odia language|Odia]]- ମଝି କେନ୍ଦରା ) and is played by the [[Santhal people]] in Odisha.<ref>{{cite book|title=Folk Culture: Folk music & dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2lDAAAAYAAJ|date=1983|publisher=Institute of Oriental and Orissan Studies}}</ref><ref name="KarPanda1997">{{cite book|author1=Indu Bhusan Kar|author2=Durga Charan Panda|title=Art Heritage of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a_WAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Advanced Centre for Indological Studies}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=ଉତ୍କଳୀଯ ୟୋଗୀଙ୍କ ବୀଣା: ଏକ ସଂସ୍କୃତିକ ଓ ସଂଗୀତମୟ ଅଭିଯାନ - Desi Bulletin |url=https://desibulletin.in/%e0%ac%89%e0%ac%a4%e0%ad%8d%e0%ac%95%e0%ac%b3%e0%ad%80%e0%ac%af%e0%ad%9f%e0%ad%8b%e0%ac%97%e0%ad%80%e0%ac%99%e0%ad%8d%e0%ac%95%e0%ac%ac%e0%ad%80%e0%ac%a3%e0%ac%be-%e0%ac%8f%e0%ac%95%e0%ac%b8%e0%ac%82/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Odia culture}}
{{Indian musical instruments|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Stringed percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Plucked membranophones]]
[[Category:Music of Odisha]]

{{India-music-stub}}
{{Composite-instrument-stub}}
{{Membranophone-instrument-stub}}

Chiling I and II

2025-08-30T17:32:23Z

Showbiz sportlight: Created Basic Post W/ Refs.

{{short description|Mountain in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Chiling I and II
| other_name =
| photo = Chiling I and II.jpg
| photo_caption = Northeast aspect
| elevation_m = 6349
| elevation_ref =<ref name=explorersweb>{{cite web|url=https://explorersweb.com/2024-cutting-edge-grants-part-5-chiling-ii/|title=Climbing History of the Peaks of the 2024 Cutting Edge Grants. Part 5: Chiling II|first=Kris|last=Annapurna|date=July 13, 2024|website=explorersweb.com|access-date=May 19, 2025}}</ref><ref name=aaj_2019>{{cite aaj|article_id=13201214795|title=Chiling I, East Ridge, and the Enigma of Z2|first=Lindsay|last=Griffin|year=2019|access-date=May 19, 2025}}</ref>
| prominence_m = 851
| prominence_ref=<ref name=peakvisor>{{cite web|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/chiling-i.html|title=Chiling-I|website=peakvisor.com|access-date=May 19, 2025}}</ref>
| isolation_km = 9.17
| isolation_ref =<ref name=peakvisor/>
| parent_peak = Doda<ref name=peakvisor/>
| range = [[Himalayas]] [[Western Himalayas]]
| location = [[Kashmir]]
| country = [[India]]
| region_type = Union territory
| region = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] / [[Ladakh]]
| district = [[Kargil district|Kargil]]
| part_type = Protected area
| part =
| map = India
| map_caption = Location in India
| label_position = right
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Chiling I and II
| coordinates = {{Coord|33.811614|N|76.161275|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =<ref name=peakvisor/>
| first_ascent = 1977
| rock = [[Granite]]<ref name=explorersweb/>
}}

'''Chiling I and II''' is a mountain on the border of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]] in northern [[India]].

==Description==
Chiling is a {{Convert|6349|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}} glaciated [[double summit]] in the [[Himalayas]]. The lower peak, Chiling II, rises to an elevation of 6,253 metres and is 790 metres north of Chiling I.<ref name=explorersweb/><ref name=peakvisor2>{{cite web|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/chiling-ii.html|title=Chiling-II|website=peakvisor.com|access-date=May 19, 2025}}</ref> The remote mountain is situated {{convert|53|km|mi}} south of the city of [[Kargil]], and north of [[Kishtwar National Park]]. Precipitation runoff from this mountain's slopes drains into the [[Chenab River]] drainage basin and the [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]] drainage basin. [[Topographic relief]] is significant as the summit rises 1,300 metres (4,265 ft) above the Chiling Glacier in {{convert|1|km|mi|spell=in}}. The first ascent of Chiling I was probably achieved in 1977 by Gino and Silvia Buscaini via the south ridge.<ref name=aaj_2019/><ref name=AlpineJ>[https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_2019_files/AJ%202019%20Vol%20123%20261-274%20India.pdf ''The Alpine Journal 2019''], Timothy Elson, p. 266.</ref> The east ridge of Chiling I was first climbed in 2017 by Jon Griffin and Tad McCrea via a route they named ''Wantonly Tarnished'', and a few days earlier Oriol Baró and Lluc Pellissa made the first ascent of the east ridge of Chiling II.<ref name=AlpineJ/>

==Climate==
Based on the [[Köppen climate classification]], Chiling is located in a [[tundra climate]] zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool summers.<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal | author = Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson, B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. | year = 2007 | title = Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification | journal = Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume = 11 | issn = 1027-5606}}</ref> Weather systems are forced upwards by the Himalaya mountains ([[orographic lift]]), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Mid-June through early-August is the monsoon season. The months of March, April, and May offer the most favorable weather for visiting Kashmir.<ref>[https://www.thomascook.in/india-tourism/best-time-to-visit-kashmir ''Best time to visit Kashmir''], thomascook.in, Retrieved May 19, 2025.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Geology of the Himalayas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Weather: [https://peakvisor.com/peak/chiling-i.html Chiling I]

{{Geographic Location 2
| Center = Chiling I
| North = Chiling Glacier
| Northeast = [[National Highway 301 (India)|NH301]]
| East = Lalung Glacier
| Southeast = [[Ladakh]]
| South = Lalung Peaks
| Southwest = N8
| West = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| Northwest = [[Nun Kun]]
}}
{{Portal bar|Mountains|Geography|Geology}}

[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of India]]
[[Category:Climbing areas of India]]
[[Category:Mountains of Ladakh]]

Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh

2025-07-30T02:15:46Z

Showbiz sportlight: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian writer, historian, Gandhian, and academic (1924–2021)}}
{{See|Manipur (Mahabharata)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 14 September 1924
| birth_place = Yaiskul Hiruhanba Leikai, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| death_date = 8 January 2021 (aged 96)
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer Historian
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Meitei literature]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Maipak Sana Ningthemcha Rajani Devi
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh''' (14 September 1924 – 8 January 2021) was an Indian writer, historian, Gandhian and academic.<ref name="International Day of Non- Violence observed">{{cite web | url=http://archive.imphaltimes.com/international-day-non-violence-observed/#more-6208 | title=International Day of Non- Violence observed | publisher=Imphal Times | date=2 October 2013 | access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Who's Who of Indian Literature">{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/SASearchSystem/sauser/writerinfo.jsp?wrids=2777 | title=Who's Who of Indian Literature | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | date=2015 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> He was known for his book, ''"A Short History of Manipur"'', which was banned from publishing or selling by his own family members, because the book misleads the readers that the [[Manipuris]] are the descendants of [[Arjuna]] of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family bans Jhalajit's book 'A Short History of Manipur' |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/2972/family-bans-jhalajits-book-a-short-history-of-manipur |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921213159/https://www.ifp.co.in/2972/family-bans-jhalajits-book-a-short-history-of-manipur |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-09 |title=Family Bans Manipuri Author's Book 'A Short History Of Manipur' {{!}} East Turn Recommended |url=https://eastturn.in/family-bans-manipuri-authors-book-a-short-history-of-manipur/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=East Turn |language=en-US |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921231750/https://eastturn.in/family-bans-manipuri-authors-book-a-short-history-of-manipur/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Born on 14 September 1924 at Yaiskul Hiruhanba Leikai, [[Imphal]], in the Northeast Indian state of [[Manipur]] to Maipak Sana and Ningthemcha Rajani Devi, he did his schooling at local schools and graduated from Guwahati Cotton College.<ref name="Padmashri Awardee of Literature">{{cite web | url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Donny_Luwang.Rajkumar_Jhaljit_Singh | title=Padmashri Awardee of Literature | publisher=E Pao | date=2 November 2015 | access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref> His post graduate studies were at [[Calcutta University]] from where he secured his master's degree (MA) in Economics, followed by a graduate degree in Law (LLB). He was active in student politics during his college days and participated in the ''All India Students' Congress'', held in Delhi. He carried on his political activities after studies and was involved with [[Indian National Congress — Freedom Era|Indian National Congress]] as a member of the Assam Congress Working Committee and as the general secretary of the [[Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee]]. His contributions are reported in getting Manipur seceded from the undivided [[Assam]] state and eventually getting it full statehood.<ref name="Padmashri Awardee of Literature" />

Singh was one of the early journalists of Manipur and has been the Editor of ''Anouba Matam'', one of the oldest local dailies.<ref name="Historical Study Of Print Journalism (Newspapers) In Manipur (1910-1980)">{{cite web | url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Focus_On_Media.Historical_Study_Of_Print_Journalism_3 | title=Historical Study Of Print Journalism (Newspapers) In Manipur (1910-1980) | publisher=E Pao | date=2015 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> He worked as a lawyer for a while, before turning to law academics by joining the erstwhile Manipur Law College (presently LMS Law College) as a lecturer. Subsequently, he became the principal of the institution and also worked as a visiting professor at [[Guwahati University]]. He was a former president of Manipur Sahitya Parishad (1987–1989) and continued his association with the organization as its member.<ref name="Manipur Sahita Parishad members">{{cite web | url=http://mspa.in/life2.html | title=Manipur Sahita Parishad members | publisher=Manipur Sahita Parishad | date=2015 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> He also worked with [[Manipur University]] as the Controller of Examinations and was the president of Research Society of Manipur.<ref name="Padmashri Awardee of Literature" /> He was the founder president of ''Manipur Sanskrit Parishad'' and sat in management committee of Sanskrit College, a Parishad initiative.
He has published several books such as ''Manipur from 1508'', ''Bharatkee Swaraj'', ''A History of Manipur Literature'' (2 volumes) and ''A Short History of Manipur'' and has contributed a chapter, ''History and Development of the Ras Leela Dance of Manipur'' to a book, ''Aesthetics and Culture:Performing Arts''.<ref name="Aesthetics and Culture:Performing Arts">{{cite book | url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1123/to/1123/bkId/DKA26217162763212230174732822971/details.html | title=Aesthetics and Culture:Performing Arts | publisher=Ruby Press | editor1=M.A. Siva Raju |editor2=Pukhrambam Lilabati Devi | year=2015 | pages=161 | isbn=978-9382395836}}</ref> He has also released a book, ''Kabita Nikunja'', as publisher.<ref name="Kabita nikunja">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kabita-nikunja-Simha-Rajkumar-balajit/dp/B0019TUEKM | title=Kabita nikunja | publisher=R K Jhaljit Singh | author=Simha Rajkumar balajit | year=1997}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1999.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Singh resided at Yaiskul Hiruhanba Leikai of Imphal.<ref name="Who's Who of Indian Literature" />

Singh died in January 2021 at the age of 96.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh's (1924–2021) contribution in the historiography of Manipur|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/1/9/Kakchingtabam-Ruhinikumar-SharmaThe-ultimate-curtains-down-has-arrived-for-Rajkumar-Jhalajit-Singh-1924-2021-historian-teacher-poet-literature-and-above-all-a-social-and-political-activist-fi.html|publisher=The Sangai Express|access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RK Jhalajit condoled |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=29..090121.jan21 |publisher=EPao |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Meitei literature]]
{{portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajkumar Jhalajit}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Scientists from Manipur]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Manipur]]

Veer Hamirji – Somnath ni Sakhate

2025-06-29T04:19:26Z

Showbiz sportlight: started new data

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veer Hamirji — Somnath ni Sakhate
| image = Veer Hamirji - Somnath ni Sakhate.jpg
| alt = 
| director = Nilesh Indu Maruti Mohite
| producer = Bhagirath Joshi, Chintan, Maulik
| writer = Devn Shah
| starring = Maulik Pathak
| music = Samir Raval
| screenplay = Maulik Pathak and Nilesh Mohite
| editing = Maulik Pathak
| studio = Mahee Studio
| distributor = Mahee Productions
| runtime = 150 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|5|25}}
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Veer Hamirji - Somnath ni Sakhate''''' is a [[Gujarati film]] released on 25 May 2012. The film did not perform well at the Gujarati box office as it stayed in the cinema for just one week. However, it was shortlisted for [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]]<ref name=wow /><ref name="not this time" />(but lost to [[Barfi!]]), making it the first ever Gujarati film to do so. Following the shortlisting, the movie was rescheduled for a release in India, as well as in the United States in December 2012.

==Plot==
[[File:Warrior (16060625644).jpg|thumb|left|Monument of Hamirji in front of Somnath temple]]
The story revolves around compositions of the poets [[Zaverchand Meghani]], [[Kalapi]], Jaymal Parmar and Dipakkumar Vyas. The movie is based on the historical story of the warrior [[Hammir Ji Gohil]]. The movie shows the life of Gohil: fights, personal life, love and death. The movie centres on Rajput warrior Gohil, who fought and sacrificed his life to save the [[Somnath Temple]]. There is a monument to his memory in front of the temple of Somanath in [[Veraval]], Gujarat, which is shown at the end of the movie.

==Voice cast==
Most of the cast are alumni of [[M.S. University]], [[Vadodra]].<ref name="wow" /> The cast includes: Maulik Pathak (lead actor), Shivalika Kataria, Pramthes Mehta, Linesh Phanse, Sonya Shah and Chetan Doshi, Darshan Purohit & Dipakkumar Vyas.

==Production and release==
The film was a maiden production by Vadodara-based Mahee Productions.<ref name=wow /> It was produced by Bhagirath Joshi and the lead actor, Maulik Pathak.<ref name=wow /> The film was released on 25 May 2012 in Gujarati cinemas.<ref name=wow /><ref name="not this time" /> The movie ran for one week and was pulled off. However, it will be released again in December 2012 in the United States and [[India]].<ref name=wow /><ref name="not this time" />

==Recognition==
The movie became the first ever [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] film to have been shortlisted for the official [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]].<ref name=wow /><ref name="not this time" /> Along with the movie, there are also 17 other nominations from India, of which 11 are [[Hindi]] films. The nominations for the category along with the movie, include ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]], [[Barfi!]], [[Kahaani]], [[The Dirty Picture]], [[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]], [[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 1]], [[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 2]],'' etc.<ref name=wow /><ref name="not this time">{{cite news|last=Pathak Dave|first=Dhwani|title=Will Veer Hamirji be India's entry to the Oscars?|url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/article/3/201209222012092202375971110555014/Will-Veer-Hamirji-be-India%E2%80%99s-entry-to-the-Oscars.html|access-date=22 September 2012|newspaper=Ahmedabad Mirror|date=22 September 2012}}</ref> Maulik Pathak, talking about the nomination said that, "[T]his is a historical event for Gujarati cinema and a matter of great pride. This is the first time that a Gujarati film has been shortlisted for Oscar nomination. It's a proud moment for the industry. We hope that the film gets nominated and gives a new beginning to the Gujarati film industry. Till now, people thought it was just another historical film but the shortlisting has generated the perception. The impression that every Gujarati film is just another movie disturbed us. But the Oscar shortlisting will give a boost to the film. We also have a dubbed version of the film ready in Hindi for the national audience".<ref name=wow />

==Box office==
Upon its release on 25 May in Gujarati cinemas, the movie did not do well at the box office in another part of Gujarat, but it completed 100 days in Bhavnagar and other regions of Saurashtra. Because of its historical values, The education minister of Gujarat signed a letter for showing the movie to children of Gujarat.<ref name="wow">{{cite news|title=Gujarati film shortlisted for Oscar nomination|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarati-film-shortlisted-for-Oscar-nomination/articleshow/16498971.cms|access-date=22 September 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="not this time" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2497612}}
*[https://www.jairajputana.com/hamirji-gohil-legendary-warrior-somnath-defender/ About Veer Hamirji Gohil]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veer Hamirji - Somnath ni Sakhate}}
[[Category:Films set in the 13th century]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Biographical films about military leaders]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of military officers]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]