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Panchayati raj in India

2026-05-08T13:23:58Z

ShondaLemos: updated references as per guidelines per standard format

{{Short description|Village self-government system in rural India}}
{{See also|Local government in India}}
{{other uses|Panchayat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Politics of India}}

[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg|thumbnail|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]]

'''Panchayati raj''' ({{lit|council of five officials}}) is the [[political system|system]] of [[local government in India|local self-government]] of [[Village#South Asia|villages]] in rural [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Panchayati Raj Institutions in India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992|website=India.gov.in}}</ref> as opposed to urban and suburban [[municipal governance in India|municipalities]].

It consists of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through which the self-government of villages is realized.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019">{{cite web |url=https://pesadarpan.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf |url-status=live |title=Basic Statistics of Panchayati Raj Institutions |author= |date=2019 |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407051945/https://pesadarpan.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-07}}</ref> They are tasked with "economic development, strengthening social justice and implementation of Central and State Government Schemes including those 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule" of the Indian constitution<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Renukadevi Nagshetty |date=2015 |title=Problems and Challenges in the Working of Panchayat Raj Institutions in India. A Case Study of Gulbarga Zilla Panchayat |type=PhD |chapter=IV. Structure and Organisational Aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka and Gulbarga District |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/36516 |url-status=live |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013185717/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36516/9/09_chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-13 |page=93 |hdl=10603/36516 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf |url-status=live |title=Record of Proceedings. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 671/2015 |author= |date=2015 |website=Website "India Environment Portal" by the Centre for Science and Environment |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028214205/https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-28 |page=3}}</ref> It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants there are three levels of PRIs:
*the [[gram panchayat]] at village level
*the [[panchayat samiti]] (block ''samiti,'' mandal parishad) at [[Community development block|block]] level, and
*the [[District council (India)|zilla panchayat]] (district council) at [[District (India)|district]] level.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />
In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha|Gram Panchayat]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. By federal law, the Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population and at least one-third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women. Some states have increased the required minimum proportion for women to one-half.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inaugurated Panchayat at [[Nagaur]] on 2 October 1959. The day was selected on the occasion of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s birthday. Gandhi wanted Gram Swaraj through Panchayati Raj.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book | last=Sharma | first=Shakuntla | title=Grass Root Politics and Panchayati Raj | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | year=1994 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOotj52KG9QC | page=131}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Surat | title=Decentralised Governance in India: Myth and Reality | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7629-577-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-4taHca3HQC | page=74}}</ref> The system was modified in 1992 with the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd constitutional amendment]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/2005/051109structure.htm |title= Structure of Rural Local Government of India |access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Singh 2003"/><ref name="dandc.eu">{{cite web | url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/after-25-years-elected-village-councils-india-democracy-still-needs-be-deepened | title=Living in the villages | D+C - Development + Cooperation | date=12 February 2013 }}</ref>

In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government|local administration]]. Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except [[Nagaland]], [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-02-22 |title=Opinion: Make Panchayats more effective |url=https://telanganatoday.com/opinion-make-panchayats-more-effective |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Tiers of Government in India.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Tiers of Government in India]]

==History==
Panchayati raj has its origins in India since [[Vedic period]] (1700 BCE). Since Vedic times, the village (gram) in the country is considered as the basic unit for regional self-administration.<ref>Panchayati Raj: The Grassroots Dynamics in Arunachal Pradesh, p. 13, APH Publishing, 2008, Pratap Chandra Swain</ref>

[[File:Panchayat India.jpg|thumb|Open Panchayat near Narsingarh, [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India's political system, as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sisodia, R. S. |year=1971 |title=Gandhiji's Vision of Panchayati Raj |journal=Panchayat Aur Insan |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sharma, Manohar Lal |year=1987 |title=Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|oclc=17678104}} [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000916234 HathiTrust copy, search only]</ref> The term for such a vision was ''[[Swaraj|Gram Swaraj]]'' ("village self-governance"). Instead, India developed a highly centralized form of government.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Hardgrave, Robert L. |author2=Kochanek, Stanley A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation |edition=seventh |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT157 157] |isbn=978-0-495-00749-4}}</ref> However, this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats. There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system, that was envisioned by Gandhi, and the system formalized in India in 1992.<ref name="Singh 2003">{{Cite book|author=Singh, Vijandra |year=2003 |chapter=Chapter 5: Panchayate Raj and Gandhi |title=Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration |series=Studies in public administration |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sarup & Sons |pages=84–90|isbn=978-81-7625-392-5}}</ref>

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inaugurated Panchayati at [[Nagaur]] on 2 October 1959. The day was selected on the occasion of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s birthday. Gandhi wanted Gram Swaraj through Panchayati Raj.<ref name="Sharma"/> Rajasthan was the first state to implement it. Nehru inaugurated Panchayat Raj in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] on 11 October 1959 on the occasion of [[Dussehra]]. The system was gradually established all over India.<ref name="Singh"/> The system was modified in 1992 with the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd constitutional amendment]].<ref name="Singh 2003"/><ref name="dandc.eu"/>

The [[Balwant Rai Mehta Committee]], headed by the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] [[Balwantrai Mehta]], was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953), to suggest measures to improve their work. The committee's recommendation was implemented by NDC in January 1958, and this set the stage for the launching of Panchayati Raj Institutions throughout the country. The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ‘democratic decentralization’, which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj. This led to the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system: Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level.

On 24 April 1993, the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitutional (73rd amendment) Act]] of 1992 came into force in India to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Rajasthan]] beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.<ref name="India 2007">India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref> The Act aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over two million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]] and women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats, and to constitute a District Planning Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India|website=Pbrdp.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-08|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928062951/https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==3 - tier panchayat system==
The 3 tier panchayat system was inaugurated in June 1973 by the ''West Bengal Panchayat Act'' passed that year. This system was adopted into the [[Constitution of India]] by the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd Amendment]] in 1992. This system is in place in most states of India & the union territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]. It consists of
#[[Gram panchayat]]s
#[[Panchayat samiti]]s and
#[[District Councils of India|Zilla panchayat]]s

===Nomenclature===
In different parts of India, the levels of panchayati raj institutions might have different names because of the various languages spoken and cultural differences. However, they usually represent the village, [[Community development block|block]], and district levels and similar in nature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of Panchayats |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=68122&ref=hir.harvard.edu |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

====District Council;====
Zilla Parishad, Zila Parishad, Zilla Panchayat, District Panchayat, etc.

====Block Panchayat;====
Panchayat Samiti, Panchayat union, Mandal Parishad, Mandal Praja Parishad, Anchalik Panchayat, Janpad Panchayat, Kshetra Panchayat, Taluka Panchayat, etc.

====Village Panchayat====
Gram Panchayat, Gaon Panchayat, etc.

==2-tier panchayat system==
The earliest panchayats in post-independence India that were created in 1948 were all 2-tier structures consisting of only Gram Panchayats & Zilla Parishads. Currently, this system exists only the union territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Daman, Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli]], [[Lakshadweep]] & [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puduchery]] and also in the states of [[Goa]], [[Sikkim]] & [[Manipur]] (all of which were formerly union territories).{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==Alternatives of panchayat system==
Areas under the [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] are exempted from having panchayati raj structures. Instead they have other mechanisms of rural governance.

===Meghalaya===
In Meghalaya, the [[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council]], [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]] & [[Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council]] act as the alternatives of zilla parishads for the [[Khasi people|Khasis]], [[Garo people|Garos]] & [[Pnar people|Jaintia people]] respectively. Khasis & Jaintia people from various villages elect a clan headman as Rangbah Shnong to head the local [[Durbar (court)|Dorbar]] Shnong (village council), while Garos elect a Nokma to administer the Akhing lands which is held in [[Common ownership|common proprietorship]] for [[Slash-and-burn|jhum cultivation]]. These Rangbah Shnongs & Nokmas become the ex-officio members of their respective Autonomous District Councils.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rawan239 |date=2024-12-24 |title=Panchayati Raj and Local Governance |url=https://meghalaya.pscnotes.com/meghalaya-polity/panchayati-raj-and-local-governance/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Meghalaya PCS Free Notes |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Nagaland===
Under Article 371A, the right of the [[Naga people]] in Nagaland to administer themselves through village-level tribal councils is protected. These tribal councils are responsible for implementation of tribal laws enacted by [[tribal chief]]s. An attempt to introduce the 3-tier panchayati raj framework in Nagaland in 2002 was met with opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rawan239 |date=2024-12-24 |title=Panchayati Raj and Its Relevance in Nagaland |url=https://nagaland.pscnotes.com/nagaland-polity/panchayati-raj-and-its-relevance-in-nagaland/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Nagaland PCS Free Notes |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Mizoram===
''The [[Mizo District|Lushai Hills district]] (Village Council) Act'', 1953 replaced the traditional [[Mizo people|Mizo]] tribal [[Mizo Chieftainship|chiefdom]] with elected village councils as the basic unit of rural governance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=by |date=2024-12-24 |title=Decentralization and Panchayati Raj in Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.pscnotes.com/polity-of-mizoram/decentralization-and-panchayati-raj-in-mizoram/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Mizoram PSC Free Notes |language=en-US}}</ref> Other tribes like the [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Lai people|Lai]] & [[Mara people]] have alternative governments in the form of [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]], [[Lai Autonomous District Council]] & [[Mara Autonomous District Council]] respectively.

==Election==
The members at all levels of Panchayati Raj are elected directly, and the chairpersons/presidents at the [[Panchayat samiti|intermediate]] and [[District council (India)|district]] levels are elected indirectly from among the elected members. At the village level, the chairperson/president is elected as determined by the state government. Some states use direct elections, while others use indirect elections (elected from among the members) to choose the chairperson of the gram panchayat.

For the purpose of representation, the village panchayat, block panchayat, and district panchayat are divided into constituencies/wards, each represented by an elected member. These members constitute the panchayat council. In some states, there are ex-officio members at the block or district level who are not elected members, such as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]], [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An overview to the Panchayati Raj Institutions in India |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2004/West_Bengal_PRI_2004_chap_1.pdf}}</ref>

===Duration===
The term of Panchayati Raj Institutions at all levels is 5 years, and elections to these are conducted by the respective [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commission]].

===Reservation of seats===
Reservation of seats in Panchayati Raj Institutions is a mechanism to ensure representation of marginalized and underprivileged sections of society. These reservations typically include seats for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] (SCs), [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (STs), and women. The percentage of reserved seats varies from state to state based on demographic factors and social considerations.

==Gram panchayat sabha==
The [[sarpanch]] (head of five) is its elected head. The members of the gram panchayat are elected directly by the voting-age village population for a period of five years.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch |title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam |first=Mukkavilli |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170992271 |oclc=23346237 |page=34 |language=en}}</ref> The Gram Panchayat President, also known as Sarpanch often presides over the Sabha meetings.

Elected standing committees operate in the panchayat, focusing on specific areas like finance, development, education, health, and welfare. Each committee, headed by a chairperson, comprises three to five members, ensuring representation and expertise in their respective domains.

==Block level panchayat or Panchayat Samiti==
{{Main|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}
[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg|thumb|Elected panchayat president in [[Kottayam district]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece|title = Mani nominee is Kottayam district panchayat president|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 July 2019}}</ref>]]

Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]], ''Uratchi Onriyam '' in Tamil Nadu and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.

===Composition===
Membership in the block panchayat is mostly [[Wiktionary:ex-official|ex-official]]; it is composed of: all of the ''Sarpanchas'' (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the Sub-District Officer (SDO) of the sub-division, co-opt members (representatives of the SCs, STs and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members. However, in [[Kerala]], block panchayat members are directly elected, just like gram panchayat and district panchayat members.

The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/ |title=Panchayati Raj System and Article 243 – Bodhivriksh |website=bodhivriksh.org |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920135109/https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/ |archive-date=20 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==System in practice==
The Panchayats, throughout the years, have relied on federal and state grants to sustain themselves economically. The absence of mandatory elections for the Panchayat council and infrequent meetings of the Sarpanch have decreased the spread of information to villagers, leading to more state regulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Ritesh|last2=Poddar|first2=Krishna|date=2013-12-01|title=Functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions in India: A Status Paper|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277901610|journal=Adhyayan|volume=3|issue=2|doi=10.21567/adhyayan.v3i2.10183|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Many Panchayats have been successful in achieving their goals, through cooperation between different bodies and the political mobilization of previously underrepresented groups in India. There is an obstacle of literacy that many Panchayats face for engagement of villagers, with most development schemes being on paper. However, homes linked to the Panchayati Raj System have seen an increase in participation for local matters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singhal|first=Vipin|date=2015-11-17|title=Dynamics of Panchayati Raj Institutions – Problems and Prospects|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=2692119}}</ref> The reservation policy for women on the Panchayat councils have also led to a substantial increase in female participation and have shaped the focus of development to include more domestic household issues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Billava|first1=Nnarayan|last2=Nayak|first2=Nayanatara|date=2016-01-01|title=Empowerment of Women Representatives in Panchayat Raj Institutions: A Thematic Review|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319297501|journal=Journal of Politics and Governance|volume=5|issue=4|pages=5|doi=10.5958/2456-8023.2016.00001.2|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 1992, the 73rd amendment was passed, transforming the role of women in Panchayati raj.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaul |first1=Shashi |last2=Sahni |first2=Shradha |date=2009-07-01 |title=Study on the Participation of Women in Panchayati Raj Institution |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2009.11885273 |journal=Studies on Home and Community Science |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=29–38 |doi=10.1080/09737189.2009.11885273 |issn=0973-7189|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The 73rd amendment established reservation of one-third of seats for women in basic village councils. This reservation had led to a significant increase in women's participation in local governance. Women are now serving as elected representatives in various positions, including as sarpanch (village head) and panchayat members. Women also demonstrated their positive and enlightened thinking in the panchayat to respond to the government's expectations of women. The supportive actions from their families are encouraging women to attend every PRI (Panchayati Raj in India) meeting. Even though the bureaucracy was all male dominated, Gandhi hoped that Panchayati raj could be the framework for a free Indian political order. As a promoter of liberalism, he proposed gram swaraj, or self-contained and autonomous villages, to give women the most rights.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=Anupma |last2=Shaktawat |first2=Gayatri |date=December 2010 |title=Women in Panchayati Raj Institutions: A Case Study of Chittorgarh District Council |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0169796X1002600404 |journal=Journal of Developing Societies |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=473–483 |doi=10.1177/0169796X1002600404 |issn=0169-796X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The 73rd amendment was also resisted because reservation of seats meant that high caste people had to accept marginal caste women into the political empowerment system. Indirectly, this leads to corruption when the government devotes funds to the grassroots panchayat where resources and funds are exploited by bureaucratic channels.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tiwari |first=Nupur |date=January 2008 |title=Women in Panchayati Raj |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019556120080103 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=34–47 |doi=10.1177/0019556120080103 |issn=0019-5561|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Issues==
In Panchayati raj system there is a practice of male relatives assuming the roles of elected women, often referred to as pradhan pati (boss husband) which undermines the intent of reserving seats for women in local governance. Such incidents have been reported in multiple states of India.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Travelli |first1=Alex |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |date=2025-03-19 |title=Six Women Were Elected. So Why Were Their Husbands Sworn In? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/19/world/asia/india-panchayat.html |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In March 2025 a controversy emerged in Paraswara village, [[Chhattisgarh]], when six men took oaths of office on behalf of their wives, who had been elected as panchayat members. This incident, captured on video and widely shared on social media, led to public outrage and the suspension of the village secretary responsible for administering the oaths.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title=In a Chhattisgarh village, 6 women elected to panchayat, their husbands take oath, and a video goes viral |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-village-women-elected-panchayat-husbands-take-oath-9874233/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> For instance, in Madhya Pradesh, there have been cases where husbands or male family members took oaths in place of elected women representatives, prompting the government to consider measures to prevent such occurrences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sikdar |first=Shubhomoy |date=2022-08-07 |title=In Madhya Pradesh panchayats, husbands of elected women taking oath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/male-family-member-take-oath-on-behalf-of-women-in-mp/article65742124.ece |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd Amendment of the Constitution of India]]
*[[National Panchayati Raj Day]]
*[[Local self-government in India]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/nepal/np_glos.html Nepal glossary], United States Library of Congress
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061129102419/http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=333357&sid=REG Article 333357], zeenews.com
* [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-07.htm Article India994-07], hrw.org

==Further reading==
* [[Subrata K. Mitra|Mitra, Subrata K.]]; Singh, V.B. (1999). ''Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate''. New Delhi: Sage Publications. {{ISBN|978-81-7036-809-0}} (India HB) {{ISBN|978-0-7619-9344-5}} (U.S. HB).
* Mitra, Subrata K.. (2001). "Making Local Government Work: Local elites, Panchayati raj and governance in India", ''in'' [[Atul Kohli|Kohli, Atul]] (ed.). ''The Success of India's Democracy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-80144-7}}
* Mitra, Subrata K.. (2003). "Chapter 17: Politics in India", ''in'' Almond, Gabriel A. et al. (eds.), ''Comparative Politics Today''. 8th edition. New York: Addison-Wesley-Longman, pp. 634–684. {{ISBN|978-0-321-15896-3}} (also reprinted in the 9th (2007), 10th (2012) and 11th (2015) editions)
* Palanithurai, Ganapathi (ed.) (2002–2010) ''Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India''. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. in seven volumes, volume 1 (2002) "Select States" {{ISBN|978-81-7022-911-7}}; volume 2 (2002) "Select States" {{ISBN|978-81-7022-912-4}}; volume 3 (2004) "Select States" {{ISBN|978-81-8069-129-4}}; volume 4 (2004) "Empowering Women" {{ISBN|978-81-8069-130-0}}; volume 5 (2005) "Panchayati Raj and Multi-Level Planning" {{ISBN|978-81-8069-244-4}}; volume 6 (2008) "Capacity Building" {{ISBN|978-81-8069-506-3}}; volume 7 (2010) "Financial Status of Panchayats" {{ISBN|978-81-8069-672-5}}.
* Shourie, Arun (1990). ''Individuals, Institutions, Processes: How one may strengthen the other in India today''. New Delhi, India: Viking. {{ISBN|978-0-670-83787-8}}.
* Sivaramakrishnan, Kallidaikurichi Chidambarakrishnan (2000) ''Power to the People: The politics and progress of decentralisation''. Delhi: Konark Publishers. {{ISBN|978-81-220-0584-4}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Panchayati Raj}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India]
* {{Cite web|url=http://rural.nic.in/ |title=Home page |publisher=Department of Rural Development, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |title=Panchayat (article 440944)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129034756/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead}} about the [[caste panchayat]]s
* {{Cite web|author=The Hunger Project |title=Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government |publisher=[[International Museum of Women]] |url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915015639/http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}
{{Local government in India}}

[[Category:Constitution of India]]

Piravom Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T10:36:31Z

ShondaLemos: new

{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Piravom
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 85
| map_image = PIRAVOM PALAM.jpg
| map_caption = [[Piravom]] Bridge in Piravom Assembly constituency
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,00,003 (2016)
| mla = [[Anoop Jacob]]
| party = {{Party index link|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
}}
'''Piravom State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://ernakulam.nic.in/legislative-assembly
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Anoop Jacob]] of [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|KC(J)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Piravom Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="ekm">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala.
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Elanji]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Muvattupuzha Taluk|Muvattupuzha]]
|-
|2
|[[Maneed]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Muvattupuzha Taluk|Muvattupuzha]]
|-
|3
|[[Pampakuda]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Muvattupuzha Taluk|Muvattupuzha]]
|-
|4
|[[Ramamangalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Muvattupuzha Taluk|Muvattupuzha]]
|-
|5
|[[Thirumarady]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Muvattupuzha Taluk|Muvattupuzha]]
|-
|6
|[[Amballur, Ernakulam|Amballur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kanayannur]]
|-
|7
|[[Edakkattuvayal]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kanayannur]]
|-
|8
|[[Chottanikkara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kanayannur]]
|-
|9
|[[Mulanthuruthy]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kanayannur]]
|-
|10
|[[Thiruvankulam]] region of [[Thrippunithura]]
|Municipality
|[[Kanayannur]]
|-
|11
|[[Piravom]]
|Municipality
|[[Muvattupuzha Taluk|Muvattupuzha]]
|-
|12
|[[Koothattukulam]]
|Municipality
|[[Muvattupuzha Taluk|Muvattupuzha]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[T. M. Jacob]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[P. C. Chacko]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|[[Benny Behanan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Gopi Kottaramunikkal
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="3" |T. M. Jacob
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (M)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Kerala Congress (Jacob)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|M. J. Jacob
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|T. M. Jacob
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Kerala Congress (Jacob)|dab=y}}
|-
|2012*
| rowspan="3" |[[Anoop Jacob]]
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|2021
|-
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>by-election

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Piravom}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party= Kerala Congress (Jacob) |candidate=[[Anoop Jacob]]|votes=89551|percentage=58.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Sabu K Jacob|votes=44,870|percentage=29.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Twenty20 Party|candidate=Jibi Abraham|votes=14,861|percentage=9.75|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Eldho Abraham|votes=1,004|percentage=0.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,105|percentage=0.73|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 44,681
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress (Jacob)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: [[Piravom]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate=[[Anoop Jacob]]
|party=Kerala Congress (Jacob)
|votes=85,056
|percentage=53.8
|change={{increase}}8.03|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
||candidate= [[Sindhumol Jacob]]
|party=Kerala Congress (M)
|votes=59,692
|percentage=37.76
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link

||candidate=N. Ashish

|party=Bharatiya Janata Party

|votes=11,021

|percentage=6.97

|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1109|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=25,364|percentage=16.04|change={{increase}}12.20}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,58,097|percentage=74.62|change={{decrease}}7.04|}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,11,861
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress (Jacob)
|loser = Kerala Congress (M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,81,261 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Piravom}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (Jacob)|candidate=Anoop Jacob|votes=73,770|percentage=45.77|change={{decrease}}7.04|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. J .Jacob|votes=67,575|percentage=41.93|change={{decrease}}0.32|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=C. P. Sathyan|votes=17,503|percentage=10.86|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=964|percentage=0.60|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate|party=[[Peoples Green Party|PpGP]]|candidate=Gireesh|votes=485|percentage=0.30|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=K. O. Sudheer|votes=342|percentage=0.21|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Anoop|votes=298|percentage=0.18|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Rajan|votes=233|percentage=0.14|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,195|percentage=3.84|change={{decrease}}3.86}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,61,770|percentage=80.58|change={{decrease}}5.72}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (Jacob)|swing={{decrease}}7.04}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 by-election ===
A by-election was held in [[Piravom]] Assembly constituency following the death of the sitting MLA and minister [[T. M. Jacob]] on 30 October 2011.<ref name="Anoop Jacob to contest in Piravom">{{cite web|title=Anoop Jacob to contest in Piravom|url=http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=12692|access-date=21 November 2011|publisher=kaumudiglobal.com|archive-date=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523000319/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=12692|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="M J Jacob to face son of late UDF minister in Piravom by-poll">{{cite web|title=M J Jacob to face son of late UDF minister in Piravom by-poll|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5615541|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903134827/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5615541|archive-date=3 September 2014|access-date=23 November 2011|publisher=News.in.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Anita|date=2012-03-21|title=Piravom bypoll results {{!}} Kerala {{!}} UDF's Anoop Jacob wins {{!}} 12,071 vote margin {{!}} LDF {{!}} MJ Jacob|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/03/21/kerala-udf-candidate-anoop-jacob-rout-ldf-by-12071-vote.html|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mathew|first=Roy|date=2012-03-21|title=UDF candidate wins Piravom bypoll in Kerala|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/udf-candidate-wins-piravom-bypoll-in-kerala/article3019648.ece|access-date=2020-07-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There were 1,81,556 registered voters in the constituency for the resulting by-election.
{{Election box begin|title=2012 by-election: Piravom}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (Jacob)|candidate=Anoop Jacob|votes=82,756|percentage=52.81|change={{increase}}5.28|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. J. Jacob|votes=70,686|percentage=45.11|change={{decrease}}2.30|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. R. Rajagopal|votes=3,241|percentage=2.07|change={{decrease}}0.96|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=12,071|percentage=7.70|change={{increase}}7.58}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,56,683|percentage=86.30|change={{increase}}6.93}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (Jacob)|swing={{increase}}5.28}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,59,877 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Piravom}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (Jacob)|candidate=T. M. Jacob|votes=66,503|percentage=47.53|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. J. Jacob|votes=66,346|percentage=47.41|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. N. Madhu|votes=4,234|percentage=3.03|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sau Kunjappan|votes=958|percentage=0.65|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=M. K. Usha|votes=908|percentage=0.65|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=157|percentage=0.12|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,928|percentage=79.37|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (Jacob)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Piravom]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Sourav Sikdar

2026-05-05T20:20:01Z

ShondaLemos: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1978)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]{{br}}for [[Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency|Dum Dum North]]
| predecessor = [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]] ([[Trinamool Congress|TMC]])
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1978}}
| relations = [[Tapan Sikdar]] (paternal-uncle)
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]])<ref name=a/>
| occupation = Politician, businessman
}}

'''Sourav Sikdar''' is an Indian politician who is serving as a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency|Dum Dum North]] constituency since 2026. He is the state party spokesperson of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal]].<ref name=a>{{Cite web |title=Sourav Sikdar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DUM DUM UTTAR(NORTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=2938 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Sikdar was born on 1978. He is the nephew of [[Tapan Sikdar]] who served as Union Minister during the tenure of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], and State BJP president. He has done his undergraduate degree on [[Bachelor of Commerce]] in [[University of Calcutta]] at 1999. He joined as BJP in late 2000s. He won in [[Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency]] in 2026 election from [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]] by a margin of 26,404 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-19 |title=BJP rank and file feeling neglected: Sourav Sikdar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/bjp-rank-and-file-feeling-neglected-sourav-sikdar/articleshow/81589632.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sourav Sikdar, DUM DUM UTTAR constituency, BJP, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/sourav-sikdar-2938/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Surender Panwar

2026-05-02T14:56:43Z

ShondaLemos: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Surender Panwar''' (born 1969)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. He is an MLA from [[Sonipat Assembly constituency]] in [[Sonipat district]]. He won the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonipat Constituency Election Results 2019: Sonipat Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/constituency-show/sonipat |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonipat (Haryana) Assembly Election Results 2022: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-Up, Latest News and Updates, Videos , Photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/sonipat-election-results-in-haryana/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was nominated to contest the Sonipat seat by the Congress in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024 Haryana election]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Congress plays very safe in first Haryana list, all its sitting MLAs are in |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-plays-very-safe-in-first-haryana-list-all-its-sitting-mlas-are-in-9554407/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> where he lost to [[Nikhil Madaan]] of the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-08 |title=Sonipat assembly election results today: BJP's Nikhil Madaan wins Sonipat by 29,627 votes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/sonipat-assembly-election-results-today-bjps-nikhil-madaan-in-tough-fight-with-congress-surender-panwar-who-is-winning/articleshow/114032139.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Panwar is from [[Sonipat]], Haryana. He is the son of Dalip Singh. He completed his Class 12 in 1988 from Madhyamik Shisha Mandal board, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh before discontinuing his studies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Surender Panwar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SONIPAT(SONIPAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8114 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Panwar won from Sonipat Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election. He polled 79,438 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Kavita Jain]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 32,878 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonipat Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Sonipat Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/haryana-election/sonipat-assembly-election-result-2019-31.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Sonipat Election Results 2019 Live Updates (सोनीपत): Surender Panwar of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sonipat-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359297.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>He was nominated to contest the Sonipat seat by the Congress in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024 Haryana election]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Congress plays very safe in first Haryana list, all its sitting MLAs are in |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-plays-very-safe-in-first-haryana-list-all-its-sitting-mlas-are-in-9554407/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> where he lost to [[Nikhil Madaan]] of the BJP by a margin of 29,627 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-08 |title=Sonipat assembly election results today: BJP's Nikhil Madaan wins Sonipat by 29,627 votes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/sonipat-assembly-election-results-today-bjps-nikhil-madaan-in-tough-fight-with-congress-surender-panwar-who-is-winning/articleshow/114032139.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panwar, Surender}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Sonipat district]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Shankar Dev

2026-04-24T18:06:54Z

ShondaLemos: Info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = 1922
| birth_place = Bidar, Karnataka
| parents = Balaji Rao
| alma_mater = Gurukul University, Hardwar and [[Agra University]].
| spouse = Padmavati (1950)
| children = 2 sons and 3 daughters
| office = MLA - [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1957
| minister = * Deputy Minister
* Later Minister in former Hyderabad State (1952–1956)
| office1 = Member of Parliament in [[2nd Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]]
| term_start1 = 5 April 1957
| term_end1 = 31 March 1962
| office2 = Member of Parliament in [[5th Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 15 March 1971
| constituency2 = [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]]
| term_end2 = 18 January 1977
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| office3 = Member of Parliament in [[6th Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]]
| term_start3 = 23 March 1977
| term_end3 = 22 August 1979
| awards = * State award from the Govt of Karnataka for social service.
}}

'''Shankar Dev''' was an Indian politician and three-time [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in [[Lok Sabha]] (the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]]). He was also a Member of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly]] and served as Deputy Minister and later Minister in former [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] from 1952 to 1956.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palati |first=Dr Venkat Rao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvT_BgAAQBAJ&dq=shankar+dev+bidar&pg=PA64 |title=Role Of Freedom Fighters In Bidar District (1890 -1948) |date=2014-08-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-312-40623-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Vasant Sitaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9rYQ3_wLlwC&q=shankar+dev+bidar |title=India's Parliament, 1971: Who's who of Indian M.P.s: Encyclopaedia of India's Parliament, 1971 |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Suniti Vasant |last3=Kokil |first3=Prakash |year=1971 |publisher=Law Book House |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Dev was born in [[Bidar]], Karnataka in 1922. Balaji Rao was his father. He completed his education from Gurukul University, Hardwar and [[Agra university|Agra University]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OBFAQAAIAAJ&q=Shankar+Dev+s.+of+Shri+Balaji+Rao |title=Who's who |year=1977 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shankar Dev married Padmavati in 1950 and the couple had two sons and three daughters.<ref name="nic">{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1159.htm |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
He left politics and joined Sarvodaya and Bhoodan Movement along with Acharya Vinobaji from 1962 to 1971.<ref name="nic"/>

== Position held ==

* General Secretary - All India Depressed Classes League (1960–1962).<ref name="nic"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!From
!To
!Position
|-
|1952
|1956
|Member of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="nic"/>

* Deputy Minister and later Minister in former Hyderabad State (1952–1956).
|-
|1956
|1957
|Member of [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="nic"/>
|-
|1957
|1962
|[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (1st term) [[2nd Lok Sabha]] from [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kashyap |first=Subhash C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpOJAAAAMAAJ&q=shankar+dev+bidar |title=The Ten Lok Sabhas: From the First to the Tenth, 1952-1991 |year=1992 |publisher=Shipra Publications |isbn=978-81-85402-10-9 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1971
|1977
|[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[5th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVnVAAAAMAAJ&dq=shankar+dev+bidar&pg=PP18 |title=Lok Sabha Debates |year=1975 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=Karnataka (India) Social Welfare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-sD7LARnbEC&q=shankar+dev+bidar |title=Report - Social Welfare Department and Department of Probation and Aftercare Services |year=1973 |publisher=Social Welfare Department |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sabha |first1=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAnCAdIih8QC&q=shankar+dev+bidar |title=Parliament of India, the Fifth Lok Sabha, 1971-1977: A Study |last2=Shakdher |first2=S. L. |year=1977 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1977
|1979
|[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in [[6th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVc3AAAAIAAJ&q=shankar+dev+bidar |title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report |year=1979 |publisher=Parliament Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8mnCQh6xbEC&q=shankar+dev+bidar |title=List of Members of Lok Sabha Showing Permanent and Delhi Addresses and Telephone Numbers |year=1979 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
Dev received a State award from the Govt of Karnataka for social service.<ref name="nic"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dev, Shankar}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State politicians]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Jørgen Bjørn

2026-04-23T11:22:14Z

ShondaLemos: added the article with sources

{{Short description|Governor of Tranquebar from 1702 to 1704}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jørgen Bjørn
| order = 17th
| monarch = [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV]]
| country = [[Denmark–Norway]]
| predecessor = [[Mikkel Knudsen Crone]]
| successor = [[Johan Sigismund Hassius]]
| birth_date = 1652
| birth_place = Copenhagen, Denmark–Norway
| death_date = 12 June 1704
| death_place = [[Tranquebar]], Danish India
| office = Governor of Tranquebar
| term_start = July 1702
| term_end = 12 June 1704
| spouse = {{marriage|Margrethe Dahl|1675|end=div}} {{marriage|Anna Lauritsdatter Uddal|1699}}
| children = 4-6
| battles = [[Battle of Helgoland (1684)|Battle of Heligoland]] [[Dano-Mughal War]] [[Arrest attempt of Jørgen Bjørn]]
| allegiance = [[Denmark–Norway]]
| service_years = 1671–1701
| branch = [[History of the Danish navy|Royal Danish Navy]]
| rank = ''[[Schout-bij-nacht#Denmark–Norway|Schoutbynacht]]''
}}
'''Jørgen''' '''Hermandsen Bjørn{{Efn|{{IPA|da|jœɐ̯n haɐ̯mansən bjœɐ̯n}}}}''' (1652 – 12 June 1704) was a Danish captain and [[governor of Tranquebar]] from July 1702 to his death on 12 June 1704.

Bjørn was born in Copenhagen in 1652 and went to sea at the age of 16. In 1671, he entered the [[History of the Danish navy|Danish navy]] and became a captain in 1682, participating in the conquest of [[Heligoland]] in 1684. The following year, he went to [[Danish India]], possibly [[Dano-Mughal War|conducting privateering against the Mughals]], and returned in 1687. During the return voyage, he became involved in a conflict with Governor [[Wolf Henrik von Kalnein]], who wanted to arrest Bjørn. After a short armed encounter, Bjørn's ship left the fleet and returned to Copenhagen alone.

In 1701, he was appointed [[Governor of Danish India]] and reached the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]] in July 1702. Notwithstanding, he governed with great authority and caused trade to decline. Consequently, he was replaced by [[Johan Sigismund Hassius]] on 31 June 1704, but had already died on 12 June.

== Early career ==
Jørgen Hermandsen Bjørn was born in Copenhagen in 1652.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=47}}{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=120}} He was the son of a sailmaker and compassmaker at [[Bremerholm]], Herman Bjørn (or Bjørnssøn),{{Sfn|Bricka|1905|p=430}}{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=120}} and Birgitte Lygtemager Bjørn,{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} daughter of the [[List of Danish vice admirals|Danish vice admiral]], Jørgen Bjørnsen.{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}}

At the age of 16, he went to sea and in 1671 became a naval [[cadet]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=47}}{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=120}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} In 1673, he became a [[Lieutenant]] and was on board the vessel, ''Hvide Falk'', in the following year under the command of {{ill|Christian Bielke|da}}.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=47}} Hereafter, Bjørn conducted merchant shipping in India for eight years.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=55}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=47}}{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=120}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} Bjørn became Captain of the 3rd Class in 1682 and received many commands, including commanding the [[frigate]] ''Tumleren'' in 1684 during the conquest of [[Heligoland]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=47}}{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=120}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}}{{Sfn|Lützow|1788|p=128}}

== Captain of ''Antoinetta'' ==
{{Main|Arrest attempt of Jørgen Bjørn}}
{{See also|Wolf Henrik von Kalnein}}
In 1685, Bjørn became Captain of 2 Class and got a sea passport ({{Langx|da|sø-pas|label=none}}) as captain of ''Antoinetta'' on 19 September of the same year. Together with the [[Governor of Tranquebar]], [[Wolf Henrik von Kalnein]], on the ''Flyvende Ulv'', ''Antoinetta'' sailed for [[Danish India]] on 7 October, reaching the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]] on 12 July 1686.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=47}}

It is possible that Bjørn partook in the [[Dano-Mughal War]] with ''Antoinetta'', capturing a [[Prize (law)|prize]] renamed ''Gyldenløve''.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=47}}

On 11 October 1687, Bjørn returned to Copenhagen from Tranquebar with ''Flyvende Ulv'', ''Gyldenløve'', and the [[Yacht#History|yacht]] ''Haabet''.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=47}} During the return voyage, Bjørn became increasingly more in conflict with Wolf Henrik von Kalnein:{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=47}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} once reaching the [[Cape of Good Hope]], Bjørn was berated by von Kalnein in front of the entire crew.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}} The fleet left the Cape of Good Hope on 27 January 1688,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}} reaching [[Ascension Island]] on 29 February.{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} Here, the relationship between Bjørn and von Kalnein completely deteriorated: von Kalnein summoned Bjørn to ''Flyvende Ulv''; however, upon warnings that von Kalnein would arrest Bjørn, the latter excused himself and remained on board ''Antoinetta''. In response, von Kalnein sent two vessels with armed men to ''Antoinetta'', but they were quickly driven away after a short encounter.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}}

Subsequently, the ship council on ''Antoinetta'' resolved to make the ship ready for sailing in case of attack. Again on 5 March, the ship council decided to leave the fleet and go directly to Copenhagen. ''Antoinetta'' reached Copenhagen on 19 June 1688, but Bjørn initially refrained from complaining about von Kalnein.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}}

== Governor of Tranquebar ==
On 2 June 1691, Bjørn received the office of [[Commander of Dansborg]] by royal decree,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} but was quickly dismissed on 7 October.{{Sfn|Rise|2011}} However, shortly thereafter, a different decision was made regarding him.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}} In 1694, he became the commanding captain of the frigate ''Søhunden'', which he saved during a storm in the [[Texel roadstead]] through his [[seamanship]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}} Furthermore, he was appointed head of the shipyard in [[Christianssand]], Norway, in 1699,{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=120}}{{Sfn|Engevold|2022}} but stepped down on 5 April 1701.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}}

On 17 September 1701, he was appointed as the [[Governor of Danish India]] by the [[Danish East India Company]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} Consequently, he left the [[History of the Danish navy|Danish navy]] on 20 September and instead became ''[[schoutbynacht]]'' in November.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}}{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|pp=120–121}} It is not known why Bjørn was chosen as governor; nonetheless, it is likely that his wealthy father-in-law, {{ill|Laurits Andersen Undal|no}}, who was a shareholder in the {{Abbr|D.E.I.C.|Danish East India Company}}, may have influenced this decision.{{Sfn|Engevold|2022}}

Upon his arrival at Tranquebar in July 1702,{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=55}} he intervened authoritatively in all affairs, abolishing the old ceremonial military honors for secretaries and officers, so that no one received any respect except himself, who retained a military escort of 1 lower officer ({{Langx|da|underofficer|label=none}}), 6 white soldiers, and 8 to 10 {{Langx|da|talliarer|label=none}} ([[sepoy]]s from present-day [[Thirunallar]]).{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}} Accordingly, Jørgen Bjørn set about enjoying to the full extent the benefits his position offered: in particular, he was keen on exploiting the Indian custom of giving gifts on festive occasions, such as when applying for offices and "thank-you visits." The Danish officers kept everything in the old routine and were left undisturbed in their own affairs.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=59}} Despite this, many of them felt that Bjørn put his own interests before theirs and the company's.{{Sfn|Engevold|2022}} Concurrently, Bjørn increased his private fortune, while his wife, Anna Uddal,{{Efn|Some older sources erroneously identify Bjørn's wife as "Anna Dahl".{{sfn|Larsen|1907|page=59}}{{sfn|Lützow|1788|page=179}} It is possible that the 18th-century historian, {{Interlanguage link|Johan Henrik Lützow|da}}, had confused Anna Uddal with Bjørn's earlier wife, Margrethe Dahl.{{sfn|Thomle|1888|page=71}}}} ensured that [[Danish Governor Bungalow|the Government House]] became the center of social life.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=59}}

Bjørn continued the fortification works on [[Fort Dansborg]], so that in 1704, the so-called {{Langx|da|ravelinen|label=none}} (fortified island) was finished.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=59}} Nevertheless, trade got worse everywhere,{{Sfn|Engevold|2022}} especially on the [[Malabar Coast]], where trade almost completely ceased for a period.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=59}} This was soon noticed by the company management in Copenhagen,{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=59}} who therefore decided to elect [[Johan Sigismund Hassius]] as the new governor and bring Bjørn home.{{Sfn|Engevold|2022}} Hassius reached Tranquebar on 31 June 1704; however, Bjørn had already died on 12 June.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48|pp=48, 71}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=60}}{{Sfn|Thomle|1888|p=69}}

== Personal life ==
Jørgen Bjørn was married twice:{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=121}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}}{{Sfn|Thomle|1888|p=69}} first in 1675 to Margrethe Dahl and second to Anna Lauritsdatter Uddal in {{Circa|1699}}.{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|pp=120–121}} He had 3-4 children in his first marriage,{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} and is mentioned as a father on 12 April 1684 in [[Holmen Church]].{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=121}}

He remarried in c. 1699 in Christianssand with Anna Lauritsdatter Uddal.{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=120}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} Together, they had Jørgen Bjørn ({{Born in|29 September 1704}} in Tranquebar),{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}}{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}}{{Sfn|Klitgaard|1918}} but also raised other non-biological children,{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} including Anne Sophie Jørgensdatter (b. 1 July 1691 in Copenhagen).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Topsøe-Jensen |first=Theodor Andreas |date=2011-07-17 |title=Peter Grib |url=https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Peter_Grib |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Dansk Biografisk Leksikon {{!}} Lex |language=da}}</ref> Additionally, a number of later sources talk of a certain Anna Cathrina, claimed to be born in Tranquebar in 1703,{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} which could be a biological daughter of Jørgen Bjørn.{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=294}} Furthermore, Norwegian [[Genealogy|genealogist]] {{ill|Erik Andreas Thomle|no}} claims that Jørgen Bjørn and Anna Uddal had a second child, named Margrethe Bjørn.{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=121}}

After Bjørn's death in 1704, Anna Uddal became notably wealthy and remained in Tranquebar.{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}} She remarried in 1707 to the new governor of Tranquebar, Johan Sigismund Hassius,{{Sfn|Christensen|2021|p=291}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=48}} who received much of her wealth.{{Sfn|Thomle|1906|p=121}}{{Sfn|Bricka|1887}}

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Claus Vogdt}}
* {{Annotated link|Moritz Hartmann (officer)}}
* {{Annotated link|Sivert Adeler}}

== Notes and references ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

== Works cited ==
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |author-link=Kay Larsen |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, Residenter, Kommandanter og Chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=[[Copenhagen]] |language=Danish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske Koloniers Historie |publisher=Centralforlaget |year=1907 |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies}}
* {{Cite book |last=Christensen |first=Bernhard |title=Om min grønlandske familie |publisher=self-published |year=2021 |language=Danish |trans-title=About my Greenlandic family|url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/924331.pdf}}
*{{Cite book |last=Thomle |first=Erik Andreas |url=https://www.google.dk/books/edition/Personalhistorisk_tidsskrift/fPFAAAAAYAAJ?hl=da&gbpv=1&dq=johan+sigismund+hassius&pg=PA121&printsec=frontcover |title=Personhistorisk tidsskrift |publisher=Samfundet for dansk genealogi og personalhistorie |year=1906 |volume=27 |location=Harvard University |language=Danish |trans-title=Journal of personal history}}
*{{Cite book |last=Klitgaard |first=Carl |title=Kjærulfske studier |publisher=Schultz Forlag |year=1918 |language=Danish |trans-title=Kjærulfian studies|url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/920064.pdf|pages=215}}
*{{Cite book |last=Engevold |first=Per Ivar |title=Nordmenn i slavefart |publisher=Humanist Forlag |year=2022 |language=Norwegian |trans-title=Norwegians in the slave trade |url=https://www.google.dk/books/edition/Nordmenn_i_slavefart/jVdhEAAAQBAJ?hl=da&gbpv=1&dq=J%C3%B8rgen+bj%C3%B8rn+trankebar&pg=PT94&printsec=frontcover}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bricka |first=Carl Frederik |url=https://www.google.dk/books/edition/Dansk_biografisk_lexikon/BbxAAAAAYAAJ?hl=da&gbpv=1&dq=Dansk+biografisk+lexikon+hassius&pg=PA290&printsec=frontcover |title=Dansk biografisk lexikon |publisher=[[Gyldendal]] |year=1887 |location=Copenhagen |pages=290 |language=Danish |trans-title=Danish biographical dictionary}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rise |first=Hansen |title=Sources of the History of North Africa, Asia and Oceania in Denmark |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |year=2011 |language=en |url=https://www.google.dk/books/edition/Sources_of_the_History_of_North_Africa_A/EL77Dk9jyaQC?hl=da&gbpv=1&dq=J%C3%B8rgen+bj%C3%B8rn+tranquebar&pg=PA59&printsec=frontcover|pages=59}}
*{{Cite book |last=Thomle |first=Erik Andreas |title=Personhistorisk tidsskrift |publisher=Samfundet for dansk genealogi og personalhistorie |year=1888 |volume=3 |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish |trans-title=Journal of personal history |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/900990.pdf}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bricka |first=Carl Frederik |title=Dansk biografisk lexikon |publisher=[[Gyldendal]] |year=1905 |language=Danish |trans-title=Danish biographical dictionary|url=https://runeberg.org/dbl/19/0520.html|pages=430|volume=19}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lützow |first=Johan Henrik |title=Historiske Efterretninger om Danske Søe-officierer |publisher=Johan Frederik Schultz |year=1788 |language=Danish |trans-title=Historic information about Danish naval officers |author-link=:da:Johan Henrik Lützow |url=https://www.kb.dk/e-mat/dod/130020578212.pdf |location=Copenhagen |volume=1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bjorn, Jorgen}}
[[Category:1652 births]]
[[Category:1704 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Copenhagen]]
[[Category:People from Danish India]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Governors of Danish India]]
[[Category:17th-century Danish naval officers]]

V. R. Rajangam

2026-04-22T01:44:16Z

ShondaLemos: Created...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. R. Rajangam
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|10|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2006
| predecessor = [[L. Santhanam]]
| successor = [[P. Moorthy]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Agriculture, Business
| website =
}}
'''V. R. Rajangam''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from the Chinna Chokkikulam area in the [[Madurai district]]. A postgraduate degree holder, Rajangam is a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the [[Sholavandan Assembly constituency]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001 state assembly elections]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 417-419.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IndiaVotes AC: Sholavandan 2001 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2001/tamil-nadu/sholavandan/40/23549/153 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sholavandan<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3338-tamil-nadu-2001/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2001 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Rajangam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,392 |percentage=51.59% |change=+20.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Moorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,551 |percentage=32.77% |change=-16.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Duraisamy |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=5,110 |percentage=4.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Manoharan |party=Janata Party |votes=3,967 |percentage=3.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Bitchal |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,075 |percentage=2.92% |change=-9.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,146 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. C. Natarajan |party=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=737 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,841 |percentage=18.82% |change= 1.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,430 |percentage=67.65% |change= -3.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,871 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Khatima Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:24Z

ShondaLemos: added basic details and citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khatima
| latest_election_year = 2022
| mla = [[Bhuwan Chandra Kapri]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:120145}}<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 70
| map_image = Khatima Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Khatima Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It includes [[Khatima, Uttarakhand|Khatima]] area of [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]<ref name=khatima_seat>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/khatima-uttarakhand-assembly-constituency#2007|title=Khatima Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> and is a part of [[Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Yashpal Arya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Lakhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || [[Yashpal Arya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Suresh Chandra Arya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Gopal Singh Rana]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=2 | [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Bhuwan Chandra Kapri]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khatima<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhuwan Chandra Kapri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,177 |percentage=51.89% |change={{increase}}18.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=41,598 |percentage=44.80% |change={{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=937 |percentage=1.01% |change={{decrease}}20.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sawindarjeet Singh Kaler |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=764 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=656 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,579 |percentage=7.09% |change= {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,850 |percentage=75.57% |change= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,870 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}15.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khatima<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,539 |percentage=36.37% |change={{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhuwan Chandra Kapri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,830 |percentage=33.03% |change={{increase}}10.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Singh Rana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=17,804 |percentage=21.92% |change={{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Lalit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,516 |percentage=5.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=890 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chandra Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=452 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,709 |percentage=3.34% |change= {{decrease}}4.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,223 |percentage=76.48% |change= {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,200 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khatima<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,586 |percentage=29.91% |change={{increase}}10.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Davendra Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,192 |percentage=22.07% |change={{decrease}}19.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Singh Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=13,845 |percentage=20.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. G. C. Pandey |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,475 |percentage=13.76% |change={{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunwar Jaivardhan Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,056 |percentage=5.89% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chandar Joshi Urf Ramu Bhaya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,804 |percentage=2.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Sudeshpal Singh |party=Maidani Kranti Dal |votes=640 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Chand |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=564 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}17.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manvinder Singh Khaira |party=Independent politician |votes=543 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chetram |party=Independent politician |votes=469 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Krishna Joshi Urf Dayalu Guru |party=Independent politician |votes=467 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,394 |percentage=7.84% |change= {{decrease}}13.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,835 |percentage=75.56% |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,104 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khatima<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,561 |percentage=41.12% |change={{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Singh Harlal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,637 |percentage=19.84% |change={{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. R. Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=15,989 |percentage=17.98% |change={{increase}}3.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bheem Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=10,368 |percentage=11.66% |change={{decrease}}8.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dan Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=5,544 |percentage=6.24% |change={{decrease}}4.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harnam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,559 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=459 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,924 |percentage=21.28% |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,913 |percentage=67.19% |change= {{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,32,349 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Khatima<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,588 |percentage=37.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,844 |percentage=19.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushama Rana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,648 |percentage=14.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. R. Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=8,392 |percentage=14.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veer Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=6,364 |percentage=10.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Vyas |party=Independent politician |votes=1,228 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indra Singh |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=509 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,744 |percentage=18.04% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,573 |percentage=58.50% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,845 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|28.9|80.0|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Udham Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

2016 Delhi Daredevils season

2026-04-17T22:04:38Z

ShondaLemos: New...

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Delhi Daredevils]]
| season =2016
| coach = [[Paddy Upton]]
| captain = [[Zaheer Khan]]
| ground = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| comp1 = [[2016 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 6th
| prevseason = [[Delhi Daredevils in 2015|2015]]
| nextseason = [[Delhi Daredevils in 2017|2017]]
| most runs=[[Quinton de Kock]] (445)
| most wickets=[[Chris Morris (cricketer) | Chris Morris]] (13)}}

[[Delhi Daredevils]] (DD) were a franchise cricket team based in [[Delhi]], [[India]], which played in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams to compete in the [[2016 Indian Premier League]].

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps before the start of 2016 IPL are listed in '''bold'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Indian Premier League 2016 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/delhi-daredevils-squad-969875/series-squads |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|14|| [[Mayank Agarwal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1991|02|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.6|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|21|| '''[[JP Duminy]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1984|04|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.2|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|41|| [[Shreyas Iyer]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1994|12|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.6|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|69|| [[Karun Nair]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1991|12|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|2|| '''[[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1987|04|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7|c|year=2016|mode=historical}} || Overseas
|-
|6|| '''[[Pawan Negi]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1993|01|06|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical}} ||
|-
|19|| [[Jayant Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1990|01|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|26|| '''[[Carlos Brathwaite]]''' || {{cr|BAR}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1988|07|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
| || [[Akhil Herwadkar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1994|10|31|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
| || [[Mahipal Lomror]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1999|11|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|7|| '''[[Sam Billings]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1991|06|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
|9|| '''[[Sanju Samson]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1994|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|12|| '''[[Quinton de Kock]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1992|12|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|777|| [[Rishabh Pant]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1997|10|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.9|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|11|| '''[[Mohammed Shami]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1990|03|09|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.25|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|13|| '''[[Nathan Coulter-Nile]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1987|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.25|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|18|| '''[[Amit Mishra]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1982|11|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|28|| '''[[Gurinder Sandhu]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1993|06|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.7|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|34|| '''[[Zaheer Khan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1978|10|07|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|88|| [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1989|08|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|85|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Imran Tahir]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1979|03|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] googly || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|313|| [[Khaleel Ahmed]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1997|12|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
| || '''[[Joel Paris]]'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|ruled out of the season with an injury}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1992|12|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
| || [[Pawan Suyal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1989|10|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
| || [[Chama Milind]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1994|09|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
| || [[Pratyush Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1994|09|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] googly || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|}

{{notelist}}

==Season standings==
{{2016 Indian Premier League Points table|team=DC}}

==Match log==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Man of the Match
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 1 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=10|format=dmy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 9 wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/engine/match/980903.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=15|format=dmy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Delhi]] || Won by 8 wickets || [[Amit Mishra]] - 4/11 (3 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/engine/match/980913.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 3 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=17|format=dmy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 7 wickets || [[Quinton de Kock]] 108(51) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/engine/match/980921.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=23|format=dmy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Delhi]] || Won by 10 runs || [[Sanju Samson]] 60(48) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/engine/match/980933.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 5 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=27|format=dmy}} || [[Gujarat Lions]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Delhi]] || Lost by 1 run || [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] 82*(32) & 2/35(4 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980945.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 6 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=30|format=dmy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Delhi]] || Won by 27 runs || [[Carlos Brathwaite]] 34(11) & 3/47 (4 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/engine/match/980951.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=3|format=dmy}} || [[Gujarat Lions]] || [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Rajkot]] || Won by 8 wickets || [[Rishabh Pant]] 69(40) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980961.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 8 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=5|format=dmy}} || [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Delhi]] || Lost by 7 wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980965.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 9 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=7|format=dmy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|Nagpur]] || Lost by 9 runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980971.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 10 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=12|format=dmy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 7 wickets || [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] 1/19 (4 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980983.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 11 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=15|format=dmy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[ACA-VDCA Stadium|Visakhapatnam]] || Lost by 80 runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980993.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 12 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=17|format=dmy}} || [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] || [[ACA-VDCA Stadium|Visakhapatnam]] || Lost by 19 runs (D/L) || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980997.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 13 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=20|format=dmy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Raipur]] || Won by 6 wickets || [[Karun Nair]] 83*(59) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/981003.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 14 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=22|format=dmy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Raipur]] || Lost by 6 wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/981011.html Scorecard]
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 7–7. Failed to advance.
|-
|}

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most runs
!Player
!Runs
|-
|[[Quinton de Kock]]
|445
|-
|[[Karun Nair]]
|357
|-
|[[Sanju Samson]]
|291
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most wickets
!Player
!Wickets
|-
|[[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
|13
|-
|[[Amit Mishra]]
|13
|-
|[[Zaheer Khan]]
|10
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Delhi Daredevils}}

[[Category:Delhi Capitals seasons]]
[[Category:2016 Indian Premier League]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122511/http://www.iplt20.news/teams/delhi-daredevils/ IPL-9 Delhi Daredevils Team 2016]

{{india-sport-stub}}

Manpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:51:06Z

ShondaLemos: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manpur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 90
| map_image = 90-Manpur.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Umaria district|Umaria]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency|Shahdol]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Meena Singh (Manpur politician)|Meena Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}
'''Manpur''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518200210/http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html |archive-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

The constituency was created in 2008 and it comprises [[Manpur tehsil]] and [[Pali tehsil]], both in [[Umaria district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Meena Singh (Manpur politician)|Meena Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan=4 | [[Meena Singh (Manpur politician)|Meena Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Madhya Pradesh Election Results 2023 - Manpur">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh Election Results 2023 - Manpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1290.htm |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304082942/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1290.htm |archive-date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Manpur Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Manpur Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/manpur |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304082950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/manpur |archive-date=4 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Manpur<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Meena Singh (Manpur politician)|Meena Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86089}}
|percentage = 44.25
|change = -2.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tilak Raj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:60824}}
|percentage = 31.26
|change = -5.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Radhe Shyam Kukodiya
|votes = {{formatnum:28839}}
|percentage = 14.82
|change = +11.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Usha Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:5936}}
|percentage = 3.05
|change = +2.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Party Of India (Democratic)
|candidate = Rajendra Baiga
|votes = {{formatnum:2323}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3402}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change = -1.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25265}}
|percentage = 12.99
|change = +2.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194555}}
|percentage = 77.7
|change = +0.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Manpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Meena Singh (Manpur politician)|Meena Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:82287}}
|percentage = 46.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gyanvati Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:63632}}
|percentage = 36.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rekha Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:9243}}
|percentage = 5.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Devlal Singh Tekam
|votes = {{formatnum:5291}}
|percentage = 3.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramprasad Baiga
|votes = {{formatnum:2523}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Annu Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:2277}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamlal Baiga
|votes = {{formatnum:2158}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5320}}
|percentage = 3.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18655}}
|percentage = 10.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:175461}}
|percentage = 77.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Manpur, Umaria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.43|75.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Umaria district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Machhlishahr Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:01Z

ShondaLemos: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Machhlishahr
| map_image = 369-Machhlishahr.svg
| mla = [[Ragini Sonkar]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,02,078
| constituency_no = 369
}}
'''Machhlishahr''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Machhlishahr in the [[Jaunpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Machhlishahr is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 369 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Machhlishahr Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/machhlishahr.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Mohammed Rauf Jafri
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Kesari Prasad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Mohammed Rauf Jafri
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Moti Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Agha Zaidi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Arun Kumar
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Keshri Prasad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |Jwala Prasad Yadav
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Vinod Kumar Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Subhash Pandey
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jagdish Sonkar]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ragini Sonkar]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Machhlishahr<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh-Machhlishahr |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24369.htm?ac=369 |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Dr. Ragini Sonkar <ref name="election2022-1">{{cite web |title=Samajwadi party UP list, 10 February 2022
|url=https://twitter.com/SanjayAzadSln/status/1491834432252424195
|website=twitter |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=en}}
</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:91659}}
|percentage = 41.99
|change = {{increase}}7.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mihilal Gautam
|votes = {{formatnum:83175}}
|percentage = 38.1
|change = {{increase}}5.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:35059}}
|percentage = 16.06
|change = {{decrease}}9.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mala Devi Sonkar
|votes = {{formatnum:2178}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1198}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change = {{decrease}}0.5
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8484}}
|percentage = 3.89
|change = {{increase}}1.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:218312}}
|percentage = 54.3
|change = {{decrease}}2.76
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Samajwadi Party]] candidate [[Jagdish Sonkar]] won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Anita Rawat by a margin of 4,179 votes.<ref name="2017 result">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/machhlishahr.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Machhlishahr<ref name="2017 result"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Jagdish Sonkar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:72368}}
|percentage = 34.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anita Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:68189}}
|percentage = 32.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sushila Saroj
|votes = {{formatnum:52796}}
|percentage = 25.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Ram Sevak
|votes = {{formatnum:4484}}
|percentage = 2.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2165}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4179}}
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:208344}}
|percentage = 57.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.69|82.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Pendulum (2014 film)

2026-04-11T08:46:59Z

ShondaLemos: stub

{{Short description|2014 film by Soukarya Ghosal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pendulum
| image = Poster_for_the_Pendulum_(2014_film).jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
| producer = Cozum Analytics Limited
| story = [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
| screenplay = [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
| starring = [[Radhika Apte]] [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] [[Sreelekha Mitra]] [[Rajatava Dutta]] [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
| music = Mainak Nag Chowdhury
| editing = Mita Chakraborty
| color_process = [[Technicolor]]
| studio =
| distributor = Cozum Analytics
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2014|3|7|Kolkata|}}
| runtime = 130 minute
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| native_name = {{langx|bn|পেন্ডুলাম}}
}}
'''''Pendulum''''' ({{langx|bn|পেন্ডুলাম}})<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/pendulum-bengali-time-travel-recast/|title=Pendulum (Bengali) / Time travel recast|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> is a 2014 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] language Indian [[thriller film|thriller]] based on surrealism time travel written and directed by [[Soukarya Ghosal]] and starring [[Radhika Apte]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Subhasish Mukherjee]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], and [[Samadarshi Dutta]]. The film is based on a surrealistic painter who can provide time travel experience to his audience and can physically take them into his virtual world of painting. Through his painting, he travels time and tries to settle the
disputes of several lives in Kolkata, affecting different individuals in a chain system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/independent-film-in-bengali-to-be-released-in-halls-114030100833_1.html|title='Independent film' in Bengali to be released in halls |publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A car accident caused by Nandita, a young girl from the advertisement world is the sole truth moment of this hyperlink cinema, where five different stories are intertwined. The accident is shown thrice in the film, from three different povs of time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/378698/radhika-apte-turns-up-ad.html|title=Radhika Apte turns up as ad professional in Bengali flick|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

First, it is shown in the real-time frame, second, it is shown in the flashback of Anirudhha, one of the characters of the film, and for the third time, it is shown in the virtual space of a Painter’s work.

The Painter lives in a dilapidated house in north Kolkata as one of the tenants. He practices a strange kind of art in his own closed room. After every painting is done, he takes out his secret bottle of colour from an iron safe. The colour is black and never ever spills out from the bottle even if it drops on the floor uncorked. The secret colour is actually made with the same element that creates black hole out there in space. The painter draws a labyrinth with that colour on the painting which actually creates a wormhole that acts as a shortcut to the virtual world of his canvas. A non-Bengali builder buys the house and plans for demolishing it to make a shopping mall.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-pendulam-bengali-movie-1.7404|title=দেওয়াল ঘড়ির পিছল সুরে|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/welcome-2020-ace-tollywood-director-srijit-mukherjee-selects-his-favorite-11-bengali-films-of-the-decade/73031682.cms|title=আসছে বছর ২০: সৃজিতের মতে দশকের সেরা ১১ বাংলা সিনেমা কোনগুলি, দেখে নিন|publisher=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra|Ei Samay]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Actor
!Role

|-
| [[Radhika Apte]]
| Nandini
|-
| [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
|Builder
|-
|[[Sreelekha Mitra]]
| Bublu
|-
|[[Rajatava Dutta]]
|Chitresh
|-
|[[Subhasish Mukherjee]]
|Painter
|-
| [[Shantilal Mukherjee]]
| Driver
|-
|[[Samadarshi Dutta]]
|Baban
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pendulum
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Mainak Nag Chowdhury
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:48
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label =
| producer =
}}

The Music of the film is composed by debutant music director Mainak Nag Chowdhury. The sound design is done by Sukanta Majumder. Out of five original songs, [[Chandril Bhattacharya]] and [[Anindya Chatterjee]] who won National Film Award for best lyrics have penned two. Ghosal has written the other three songs. The soundtrack was released by Cozum Analytics. The full music album was released in 2014.
{{track listing
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Unki Diley Jhunki Hoy
| note1 =
| length1 = 5:57
| writer1 = [[Chandril Bhattacharya]]
| extra1 = [[Tushar Dutta]]
| title2 = E Kalo Golpo
| note2 =
| length2 = 5:36
| writer2 = [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| extra2 = [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| title3 = Kauke Janachhina
| note3 =
| length3 = 6:55
| writer3 = [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
| extra3 = [[Somlata Acharyya Chowdhury]]
| title4 = Odol Bodol
| note4 =
| length4 = 5:34
| writer4 = [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
| extra4 = [[Lagnajita Chakraborty]], Gorki Mukherjee
| title5 = Sohore Ekhono
| note5 =
| length5 = 2:20
| writer5 = [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
| extra5 = Sanchita Roy
| title6 = Nath Be Sar
| note6 =
| length6 = 1:09
| writer6 = Traditional
| extra6 = [[Sayani Palit]]
| title7 = Ab Ke Sawan
| note7 =
| length7 = 2:44
| writer7 = Traditional
| extra7 = Ivy Banerjee
| total_length = 28:48
}}

==Reception==
The film was released on 7 March 2014 in India and received positive critical reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/pendulum/movie-review/31675687.cms|title=Pendulum Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>"The use of music in Pendulum is very intelligent, it creeps up on your senses. The music has come together very seamlessly, never intruding in the mood of the scenes," says Filmmaker [[Srijit Mukherji]] in an interview to [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-industry-is-as-much-about-pendulum-as-it-is-about-chander-pahar-says-srijit-mukherji-in-a-chat-with-debutant-soukarya-ghosal-and-t2/cid/200935|title=The industry is as much about Pendulum as it is about Chander Pahar, says srijit mukherji in a chat with debutant Soukarya Ghosal and t2|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="3"|''Mirchi Music awards 2014'' Bangla [[Radio Mirchi]]
| Upcoming Male Vocalist of the year
| [[Tushar Dutta]] for the song '''Unki Diley Jhunki Hoy'''
| {{won}}
|-
| Upcoming Female Vocalist of the year
| ''Ivy Banerjee'' for the song '''Old Lady's Theme'''
| {{won}}
|-
| Programmer of the year
| [[Tushar Dutta]] for the song '''Unki Diley Jhunki Hoy'''
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12817168}}
* {{Facebook|Pendulum-a-tale-of-time-168006216743157}}
* [https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/bangla/winners-bangla-2014|Mirchi Music awards Bangla 2014]

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2014 drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films directed by Soukarya Ghosal]]

Kuthu

2026-04-07T20:29:10Z

ShondaLemos: added a details first draft

{{short description|2004 film by A. Venkatesh}}
{{More plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kuthu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Venkatesh]]
| writer = V. Prabhakar (dialogues)
| screenplay = A. Venkatesh
| story = [[V. V. Vinayak]]
| producer = K. C. N. Chandrasekar Amudha Durairaj
| starring = [[Silambarasan]] [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
| cinematography = [[Venkatesh Anguraj]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = Deivanai Movies
| released = {{film date|df=y|2004|4|14}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuthu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kuthu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdy3nzc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250104163254/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kuthu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdy3nzc |archive-date=4 January 2025 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kuthu''''' ({{translation|Punch}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] directed by [[A. Venkatesh]], starring [[Silambarasan]], [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] and [[Kalabhavan Mani]]. It is a remake of the 2003 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]''. The music was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]], with cinematography by [[Venkatesh Anguraj]] and editing by [[V. T. Vijayan]].

''Kuthu'' was released on 14 April 2004 Tamil New Year <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuthu / குத்து |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kuthu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250127112340/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kuthu |archive-date=27 January 2025 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Screen4Screen}}</ref> and became a commercial success. Ramya was credited in later Tamil films by her birth name Divya Spandana because she disliked the nickname "Kuthu Ramya" that emerged after the release of this film.<ref name="timesnownews">{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=29 November 2023 |title=DYK Divya Spandana Did NOT Like Being Called 'Kuthu Ramya' By Fans. Here's Why |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/dyk-divya-spandana-did-not-like-being-called-kuthu-ramya-by-fans-heres-why-article-105600449 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207191449/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/dyk-divya-spandana-did-not-like-being-called-kuthu-ramya-by-fans-heres-why-article-105600449 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Gurumoorthy "Guru" is a sociable boy from a middle-class family. He lives with his parents- a doting mother and a strict but well-meaning father- and a playful maternal uncle, Senthil. He enrolls at the VOC College of Arts and Sciences, and falls in love with Anjali, a fellow student, who doesn't reciprocate his affections.

Anjali's father is the rich and powerful gangster Veerabahu, who is extremely protective of his daughter to the point that he brutally beats up a boy at a temple for brushing past her by accident. A misunderstanding results in Guru being beaten up by Veerabahu's men, who suspect that he and Anjali are lovers. After this, he vows to win Anjali's love for real. In due course, she falls in love with him too. How the lovers stand strong in the face of Veerabahu's increasingly desperate attempts to separate them forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Silambarasan]] as Gurumoorthy (Guru)
*[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as Anjali
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Guru's father
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Adhi Kesav, College Principal
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Annamalai, Anjali's grandfather
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Veerabahu, Anjali's father
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Arunachalam
*[[Besant Ravi]] as Veerabahu's henchman
*[[Suman Setty]] as Ramanathan Jr. (Raja Ramanathan Bahadur's Grandson and a Board Member)
*[[Karunas]] as Senthil, Guru's uncle
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Anjali's grandmother
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] ([[item number]] in the song "Pottu Thaakku")
*[[Mumtaj]] ([[item number]] in the song "Otha Viral Kattuna")
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Guru's mother
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Meenakshi, Anjali's mother
;Uncredited
*[[Cool Suresh]] as College Rowdy
*Ruthu as Anjali's friend
*Kannan Ponnaiya as Veerabahu's henchman
*[[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] as himself ([[cameo appearance]] in the song "Pottu Thaakku")
*Ashok Raja as himself ([[cameo appearance]] in the song "Otha Viral Kattuna")
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in September 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2003 |title=Simbu's next film 'Kutthu'! |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/12092003-17.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212014056/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/12092003-17.shtml |archive-date=12 December 2003 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Kannada actress Divya Spandana made her debut in Tamil with this film under the name "Ramya".<ref name="timesnownews" /> A song was picturised with the lead pair in studios with an erected set costing {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2004}} while another song was shot at Thirumayam Kottai near [[Karaikudi]] with Ramya Krishnan which took three days to complete. The fight scene was shot at SRM College Grounds for 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=18 February 2004 |title=Kuthu |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kuthu.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040614234705/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kuthu.asp |archive-date=14 June 2004 |access-date=2 April 2013 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The songs were shot in Lebanon and [[Phuket]], Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2004 |title=Kuthu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kuthu-review-tamil-pclv1kbicejcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128064246/http://www.sify.com/movies/kuthu-review-tamil-pclv1kbicejcf.html |archive-date=28 January 2017 |access-date=29 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13696357|title=Ramya undergoes plastic surgery?|date=18 March 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406201306/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13696357|archive-date=6 April 2005|access-date=23 March 2026|website=[[Sify]]|author=Moviebuzz}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2004 |title=Kuthu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kuthu/Bga6lNIvOiA_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926171358/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kuthu/Bga6lNIvOiA_ |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuthu - Settai Tamil Film Audio CD |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kuthu-settai-tamil-film-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116030350/https://mossymart.com/product/kuthu-settai-tamil-film-audio-cd/ |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Mossymart |language=en-US}}</ref> It marked the debut of Assamese singer [[Zubeen Garg]] as a playback singer for this Tamil film as well as his first South Indian film.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:04
| title1 = Otha Viral Kattuna
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 5:31
| title2 = Nibuna Nibuna
| lyrics2 = Kalaikumar
| extra2 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 = 5:39
| title3 = Sappida Vada
| lyrics3 = Kalaikumar
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Malathy Lakshman]]
| length3 = 5:33
| title4 = Pottu Thakku
| lyrics4 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra4 = [[Silambarasan]], [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
| length4 = 5:08
| title5 = Pachai Kili
| lyrics5 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| extra5 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
| length5 = 4:48
| title6 = Assana Assana
| lyrics6 = [[Snehan]]
| extra6 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length6 = 4:58
| title7 = Ennai Theendi Vittai
| lyrics7 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra7 = Prasanna Rao, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length7 = 3:27
}}

== Critical reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "A spirited youth falling in love with a local don's daughter and the hurdles he crosses... This subject has been hacked to death in quite a few films recently. That 'Kuthu' comes from the Telugu hit 'Dhil' is no excuse to push it down the throat of the viewers again!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 April 2004 |title=Kuthu |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov339.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016075135/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov339.asp |archive-date=16 October 2006 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote, "Director VEnkatesh has whipped up a formula for commercial success. 'Kuthu' sticks to it".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuthu |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/kuthu.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804043759/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/kuthu.shtml |archive-date=4 August 2004 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "For city slickers it is an ordeal to watch ''Kuthu'' meant strictly for the frontbenchers".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuthu |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13446373&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603053035/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13446373&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=3 June 2004 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. Venkatesh (director)}}

[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Asafoetida

2026-03-19T15:10:27Z

ShondaLemos: Stub

{{Short description|Indian spice derived from Ferula roots}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2019}}
'''Asafoetida''' ([[Help:IPA/English|/æsəˈfɛtɪdə/]]; also spelled '''asafetida''') is the dried [[latex]] ([[Natural gum|gum]] [[oleoresin]]) exuded from the [[rhizome]] or [[tap root]] of several species of ''[[Ferula]]'', [[perennial]] [[herb]]s of the [[carrot family]]. It is produced in [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[India]], [[Central Asia]] and [[Northwest China|north-western China]] ([[Xinjiang]]). Different regions have different botanical sources.

Like other related resins, including [[galbanum]] and [[sagapenum]], asafoetida was known in [[Classical antiquity|Greco-Roman antiquity]]. Its historical use partly overlaps with that of the now-extinct [[Silphium (antiquity)|silphium]], a plant highly valued in the ancient Mediterranean world for its reputed [[medicinal plant|medicinal]] and [[gastronomy|culinary]] properties. Asafoetida is frequently mentioned in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] texts, later in [[Arabic medicine|Arabo-Persian medical treatises]], in {{Interlanguage link|medieval herbals|fr|Herbier médiéval}}, in the literature of [[traditional Chinese medicine]], and in the [[pharmacopoeia]]s of the [[early modern period]].

The [[taxonomy]] of plants producing asafoetida is complex and has been subject to differing interpretations. The resin is most commonly associated with ''[[Ferula assa-foetida]]'' and ''[[Ferula foetida]]'', which were long treated as [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]]. ''[[Ferula narthex]]'' is also frequently cited as a source. Additional ''Ferula'' species are mentioned in the specialised literature, although they appear to be of lesser economic importance and may differ substantially in their [[phytochemistry|phytochemical]] composition. In many languages, the same term is used to refer both to the resin and to the plants from which it is derived.

In traditional medical systems, including Ayurveda, [[Unani medicine|Unani]] medicine, and Western [[phytotherapy]], asafoetida has been used for a variety of purposes, particularly in relation to the [[gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] and [[respiratory system|respiratory]] systems. The resin has been investigated in [[pharmacology|pharmacological]] research, and a range of biological activities has been reported. Its chemical composition includes compounds such as [[ferulic acid]], [[coumarin|sesquiterpene coumarins]], and [[organosulfur compound]]s, which are known to exhibit biological activity.

As a culinary ingredient, asafoetida is primarily used in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisines, where it is employed to complement or substitute for [[Allium|alliaceous]] ingredients such as [[garlic]] and [[onion]]. Its use in the [[Western world|West]] has historically been limited, largely because of its odour, although it is included in certain products such as [[Worcestershire sauce]]. Beyond food, asafoetida has also been used in [[perfumery]], mainly as a [[fixative (perfumery)|fixative]], and in some agricultural contexts as a {{Interlanguage link|plant protection product|fr|Produit phytosanitaire}}, including applications as a natural [[pesticide]].

Historically, [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iran]] have been the principal producers of asafoetida, exporting most of their production to [[India]] in raw form. In India, the resin is processed and packaged and is partly re-exported, sometimes in blended forms, to other markets. Since 2020, efforts have been undertaken in India to establish domestic cultivation, notably in [[Himachal Pradesh]], in response to increasing internal demand.

== Characteristics ==
=== Description ===
[[File:Asafoetida culture in South Khorasan 18.jpg|thumb|upright|Piece of gum-resin of Iranian origin, drying.|alt=Very irregularly shaped piece, amber-colored, with whitish areas on the upper surface that are still moist and glossy.]]
Asafoetida is an oleo-gum-resin obtained primarily from the [[taproot]], and occasionally from the [[rhizome]] and the [[Plant stem|stem]], of several species of the genus ''Ferula'', notably ''[[Ferula assa-foetida]]'', ''[[Ferula foetida]]'', and ''[[Ferula narthex]]''.<ref name="ISO676">{{cite book |author=International Organization for Standardization (ISO) |url=https://www.iso.org/fr/standard/4844.html |title=Norme internationale 676: Épices — Nomenclature botanique |date=December 15, 1995 |edition=2nd |pages=21 |language=French |trans-title=International Standard 676: Spices — Botanical nomenclature |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> It is found in irregularly shaped pieces of varying size. Externally, the resin is yellowish to brownish pink. The fractured surface is [[conchoidal fracture|conchoidal]], whitish or milky white, translucent, and [[nacreous]], with a [[wax]]y lustre. When exposed to light and air, a freshly fractured surface may develop a violet-red or peach-blossom red colouration within a few hours; this colouration gradually fades over days or weeks, turning yellowish brown or pinkish. Asafoetida is fusible and flammable, burning in air with a white flame and producing abundant smoke. It has an acrid, bitter taste and a strong, [[alliaceous]] odour.<ref name="Pereira1840">{{cite book |last=Pereira |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOtN2FjdRP0C |title=The Elements of Materia Medica |date=1840 |publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans |volume=2 |location=London |pages=1043–1044 |language=English |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> The odour is primarily attributed to the presence of [[organosulfur compound]]s.{{sfn|Panda|2010|p=217}}

Asafoetida is commercially available in three main forms. The form known as "tears" is considered the purest and consists of round or flattened grains measuring approximately 5 to 30 mm in diameter, typically grey or dull yellow in colour. The mass form is more common and consists of agglomerated tears, often mixed with fragments of root and soil.{{sfn|Panda|2010|p=217}} The paste form is soft and sticky and likewise contains varying amounts of foreign material.{{sfn|George|2012|p=158}}

=== Commercial varieties ===
[[File:Heing.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Mass asafoetida in Pakistan.|alt=Ball of resin with a waxy appearance and dark reddish-brown color.]]
In the Indian market, asafoetida is sold in several forms that are subject to distinct classifications, with prices generally reflecting differences in purity and [[organoleptic]] characteristics.

A primary distinction is made between ''Hing'' and ''Hingra''. ''Hing'' is generally regarded as the higher-grade product and is more aromatic. It is typically pale in colour and soluble in water. ''Hingra'' is darker in appearance and dissolves in oil.{{sfn|George|2012|p=155}} ''Hing'' is commonly associated with ''F. assa-foetida'' and ''F. alliacea'', while ''Hingra'' is mainly derived from ''[[Ferula foetida|F. foetida]]'', and to a lesser extent from ''F. assa-foetida'' and ''F. narthex''.{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=701}}

''Hing'' is further divided into categories based on geographic origin and physical characteristics. Resins originating from Iran are known as ''Irani Hing'' (formerly ''Abushaharee Hing''), reflecting their historical shipment through the port of [[Bushehr]] on the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name="Dymock1876">{{cite journal |last=Dymock |first=M. W. |date=1876 |title=L'asa-fœtida sur le marché de Bombay |trans-title=Asafoetida on the Bombay market |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCgFAAAAQAAJ |journal=Journal de pharmacie et de chimie |language=French |pages=149–151 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> These resins are typically dry and may contain woody residues. A milder variety, brown in colour, is obtained from a horizontal incision in the stem and may include stem fragments. A more bitter and often translucent variety is produced by incising the root.{{sfn|George|2012|p=155}} Resins from Afghanistan are referred to as ''Pathani Hing'' or, less commonly, ''Kandaharee Hing'', after the province of [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]]. These products are generally agglomerated and moist, with a stronger and more bitter taste and odour. Several commercial types are recognised, including ''Naya Chal'', ''Naya Zamin'', ''Charas'', ''Galmin'', ''Khawlal'', ''Kabuli'', ''Shabandi'', and ''Hadda'',<ref name="Sood-2020">{{cite journal |last=Sood |first=Ruchi |date=2020-12-09 |title=Asafoetida (''Ferula asafoetida''): A high-value crop suitable for the cold desert of Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/view/2418 |journal=Journal of Applied and Natural Science |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=607–617 |doi=10.31018/jans.v12i4.2418 |issn=2231-5209}}</ref> of which ''Hadda'' is described as particularly pungent and is typically sold at a higher price.{{sfn|George|2012|p=155}} The product known as ''Bandhani Hing'' is not a distinct variety but a [[#Processing and derived products|composite product]] prepared to facilitate culinary use.{{sfn|Small|2011}}

''Hingra'', which is less commonly used in India, has historically been associated with lower-cost markets and export trade.<ref name="Dymock1876" /> It may originate from Iran or Afghanistan and is generally the form most often encountered in [[Europe]]. In commercial terminology, distinctions are sometimes made between '''asa foetida electa in granis''' (or ''in lacrimis'', in tears), ''in massis'' (or ''amygdaloides'', in mass), and ''asa foetida petraea'' (in stones).{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=701}} The last category, which is uncommon, consists of irregular, angular pieces resembling [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]] and may represent an [[adulteration|adulterated]] product with a high [[gypsum]] content.<ref name="Pereira1840" />

=== Related products ===
[[File:Galbanum2.JPG|thumb|upright|Galbanum extracted from ''Ferula gummosa''.|alt=A bottle labeled "Galbanum – Ferula galbaniflua" containing a dark brown sticky mass.]]
The gum-resins produced by species of the genus ''Ferula'' have been known since [[Ancient history|antiquity]] and were frequently confused with one another in historical sources. Despite similarities in appearance and traditional use, these substances are obtained through different extraction methods and show notable differences in their [[phytochemistry|phytochemical]] composition. Some of these gum-resins have occasionally been marketed under the name '''asafoetida'''.{{sfn|George|2012|p=155}}

Galbanum typically occurs as irregular, almost translucent "tears", which may agglutinate into a yellow-brown mass that becomes soft and sticky at body temperature.{{sfn|George|2012|p=155}} ''[[Ferula gummosa]]'' (syn. ''Ferula galbaniflua'') is generally regarded as its principal source, although the resin is also obtained from ''{{Interlanguage link|Ferula rubricaulis|fr}}'', ''{{Interlanguage link|Ferula kokanica|fr}}'', and ''{{Interlanguage link|Ferula varia|fr}}''. The resin exudes naturally at the base of the stem and from the [[leaf sheath]]s, and incisions are often unnecessary. Galbanum has a strong, distinctive odour, sometimes described as heavy or cloying.{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=705}} Although it was recommended for medicinal use by authors such as [[Hippocrates]] and [[Pliny the Elder]], galbanum is now used mainly in perfumery.{{sfn|Gayet|2010}}

[[Sagapenum]] is a gum-resin with an odour similar to that of asafoetida. It is red or yellow externally and white internally. Also known as "seraphic gum", it is obtained by making grooves in the stem near the leaves.{{sfn|Barzegar|Salim|Badr|Khosravi|2020}} Sagapenum is produced primarily from ''[[Ferula persica]]'' and ''{{Interlanguage link|Ferula szowitziana|fr}}''.{{sfn|Ravindran|2017|p=64}}

[[Ammoniacum|Ammoniacum gum]] continues to be used in traditional medicine, although its properties are not well documented,{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=532}} as well as in perfumery and in [[Illuminated manuscript|illumination]], where it serves as an adhesive for [[gold leaf]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Niederhauser |first=Marc |title=Alchimie de l'enluminure |date=2011 |publisher=Eyrolles |isbn=978-2212414080 |pages=56 |language=French |trans-title=Alchemy of Illumination}}</ref> It is most commonly associated with ''[[Dorema ammoniacum]]'', a species reassigned in 2015 to the genus ''Ferula'' on the basis of phylogenetic evidence.<ref name="Kraichak-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Kraichak |first1=Ekaphan |last2=Huang |first2=Jen-Pan |last3=Nelsen |first3=Matthew |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H Thorsten |date=2018-09-06 |title=A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach |url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/botlinnean/boy060/5091569 |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boy060 |issn=0024-4074}}</ref> The term ammoniacum gum is also applied to resins obtained from ''{{Interlanguage link|Ferula orientalis|fr|Ferula orientalis}}'', ''[[Ferula tingitana]]'' (Moroccan ammoniacum gum), and ''{{Interlanguage link|Ferula marmarica|fr}}'' (Cyrenaican ammoniacum gum).{{sfn|Ravindran|2017|p=64}}

[[Muskroot|Sumbul]], or "musk root", refers to the root of ''[[Ferula moschata]]'' (syn. ''Ferula sumbul'') or ''{{Interlanguage link|Ferula diversivittata|fr}}'' (syn. ''Ferula suaveolens'').{{sfn|Ravindran|2017|p=64}} It is marketed as spongy slices that appear marbled white and brownish grey in cross-section.{{sfn|Gayet|2010}} The associated resin, known as "sumbul resin", exudes from stems and roots through natural fissures caused by temperature variation or by damage from animals or insects.{{sfn|George|2012|p=155}}

== Names ==
In most languages, the names given to the resin also apply to the plants that produce it.

=== Spelling and etymology ===
[[File:Description of a plant yielding asa fœtida (1).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Drawing of a central umbel and two lateral umbels, with details of flowers and fruits|''Description of a plant yielding asa fœtida'', letter from [[John Hope (botanist)|John Hope]] to [[Joseph Banks]] in 1784.<ref name="Hope1785">{{cite journal |last=Hope |first=John |date=December 31, 1785 |title=Description of a plant yielding asa fœtida: In a letter from John Hope, M.D. F.R.S. to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P.R.S |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1785.0005 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |language=English |volume=75 |pages=36–39 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1785.0005 |issn=0261-0523 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>]]

The term "asafoetida" (French: ''ase fétide'', very rarely ''asse fétide'') entered English, [[French language|French]], and [[Occitan language|Occitan]] through borrowing from [[Medieval Latin]] ''{{lang|la|asa fœtida}}''. This designation remains in use in scholarly contexts in several European languages.<ref name="FEW">{{cite book |last=Wartburg |first=Walther von |url=https://apps.atilf.fr/lecteurFEW/index.php/page/lire/e/18775 |title=Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch |year=1928 |volume=XXV |pages=402–403 |language=German |trans-title=Etymological Dictionary of French |chapter=asa |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> The word has given rise to numerous orthographic and typographic variants, including "''asa-fœtida''",<ref name="ISO676" /> "''asa fétida''",<ref>{{cite book |last=Bouant |first=Émile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrntTBZqyAAC |title=Nouveau dictionnaire de chimie |date=1889 |publisher=J.-B. Baillière et fils |location=Paris |pages=114 |language=French |trans-title=New Dictionary of Chemistry |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> "''assa fœtida''",<ref>{{cite book |last=Stokvis |first=Barend Josef |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9xs63ejx-kC |title=Lecons de pharmacotherapie |date=1905 |publisher=Octave Doin |volume=3 |pages=536 |language=French |trans-title=Lessons in Pharmacotherapy |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> "''assa fetida''",<ref>{{cite book |last=Teyssou |first=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAxvuSV8ylwC |title=Quatre siècles de thérapeutique médicale : du XVIe au XIXe siècle en Europe |date=2007 |publisher=L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-296-03827-1 |pages=20 |language=French |trans-title=Four Centuries of Medical Therapeutics: 16th to 19th centuries in Europe |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> and "''asafœtida''",<ref>{{cite book |last=Toussaint |first=Murielle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBiGDwAAQBAJ |title=D'ici ou d'ailleurs, les épices qui guérissent |date=2019 |publisher=Leduc.s |isbn=9791028514013 |language=French |trans-title=From Here or Elsewhere, the Spices That Heal |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> among others. The origin of the term has long been debated, and no single etymology has been universally accepted.<ref name="Miller1875">{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Adolph W. |date=February 1875 |title=Orthography of Asafœtida |trans-title=Orthography of Asafœtida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4tLAAAAMAAJ |journal=American Journal of Pharmacy |language=English |volume=47 |pages=49–53 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

The element "fetid" (from {{lang|la|foetidus}}) refers to the resin’s odour and served to distinguish it from the "sweet asa" described by [[Arabic medicine|medieval Arab physicians]]. The epithet has been attested since the 14th century. In Old and Middle French, it was later replaced in common usage by the synonym "puant" ("stinking"). The terms "asafoetida" and "fetid asa" have consistently retained a learned or technical connotation, whereas popular usage favoured more colloquial names such as "devil's dung".<ref name="FEW" />

The earliest known occurrence in Latin of ''{{lang|la|asa}}'' is generally traced to the translations of [[Dioscorides]] produced by [[Constantine the African]] in the 11th century. The most widely cited hypothesis connects this term, along with its variants ''{{lang|la|assa}}'' and ''{{lang|la|asca}}'', to the [[silphium]] of antiquity.<ref name="MLW">{{cite book |author=Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften |url=https://www.mlw.badw.de/mlw-digital/mlw-open-access.html |title=Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert |publisher=Beck |year=1967 |isbn=978-3-406-68394-7 |volume=1 |location=Munich |pages=1012 |language=German |trans-title=Medieval Latin Dictionary up to the End of the 13th Century |chapter=asa |oclc=4005657 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> This plant was known to the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] as {{lang|grc|σίλφιον}} (''silphion''), a word whose own etymology is uncertain. It entered Latin as ''{{lang|la|sirpe}}'', and its sap was referred to as ''{{lang|la|lac sirpicium}}'' ("milk of silphium"), later shortened to ''{{lang|la|laserpicium}}'' or ''{{lang|la|laserpitium}}''.<ref name="Déniau-1868">{{cite book |last=Déniau |first=P. C. Félix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuJZAAAAcAAJ |title=Le Silphium (Asa fœtida) |year=1868 |language=fr |trans-title=Silphium (Asa foetida)}}</ref> These forms subsequently developed into ''{{lang|la|laser-picium}}'' through reinterpretation involving ''{{lang|la|pix}}'' (pitch). Once established as an independent term, ''{{lang|la|laser}}'' or ''{{lang|la|lasar}}'' is thought to have evolved into ''{{lang|la|asar}}'' by deglutination, and finally into ''{{lang|la|asa}}'' through regular morphological adaptation.<ref name="FEW" />

An alternative explanation derives ''{{lang|la|asa}}'' from the [[Persian language|Persian]] term ''{{lang|fa|azā}}'', meaning [[mastic (resin)|mastic]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kurath |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q99NkQ1WitgC |title=Middle English Dictionary |date=1957 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |volume=3 |location=Ann Arbor |pages=415 |language=English |trans-title=Middle English Dictionary |chapter=asa-fetida |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> In Persian, however, this word refers specifically to the resin of the [[Pistacia lentiscus|mastic tree]], and the names used for asafoetida and its source plants differ.{{refn|name=FEW}} Another proposal links the term to Persian ''{{lang|fa|asā}}'', meaning "stick" or "club", a meaning that parallels the Latin ''ferula'' and may allude to the tall stature of the plant or the use of its dried stem as a staff or cudgel.<ref name="Miller1875" /> Other authors have suggested a [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] origin, deriving the word from roots meaning "to heal". In this interpretation, the Arabic ''{{lang|ar|asâ}}'' and Hebrew ''{{lang|he|asah}}'' would render asafoetida as a "fetid remedy".{{sfn|Vigier|1869|p=28}} A [[Ancient Greek]] derivation from {{lang|grc|ἄση}} (''asē''), meaning "disgust" or "nausea", has also been proposed, in reference to the substance’s [[emetic]] properties.<ref name="FEW" /> Finally, a [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] origin has been suggested by [[Reginald Campbell Thompson]], who, in ''The Assyrian Herbal'', identified the term ''{{lang|sux|aš}}'' in texts dating to the 7th century BCE as a possible early designation of asafoetida.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Reginald Campbell |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/bprusxfh |title=The Assyrian herbal |date=1924 |publisher=Luzac and Co. |location=London |pages=17 |language=English |trans-title=The Assyrian Herbal |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> In this view, the term would have been transmitted into later languages through Greek and Arabic, as occurred with the names of several other plants.

=== Other languages ===
[[File:Description of a plant yielding asa fœtida (2).jpg|thumb|alt=Drawing of a finely divided leaf|Letter of John Hope: plant native to [[Gilan Province|Gilan]] in Persia, and successfully cultivated in [[Edinburgh]].<ref name="Hope1785"/>]]

In the [[Languages of Europe|European languages]], the resin is designated either by forms derived from its Latin name or by direct translations of it. In [[English language|English]], these include ''asafœtida'', ''stinking gum''{{sfn|Ravindran|2017|p=63}} and ''stinking assa'';<ref name="Déniau-1868" /> in [[German language|German]], ''Asafötida'', ''Asant'', or ''Stinkasant'';{{sfn|Ravindran|2017|p=63}} and in [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], ''assafétida'' and related orthographic variants.{{sfn|Ravindran|2017|p=63}}{{sfn|Iranshahy|Iranshahi|2011|p=2}} In [[Russian language|Russian]], the term is {{Lang|ru|аса́фети́да}} (''asafetida'').{{sfn|Ravindran|2017|p=63}} In several [[Germanic languages]], names equivalent to the French expression "devil's dung" (''merde du diable'') are also used, such as English ''devil's dung'',{{sfn|Ravindran|2017|p=63}} German ''Teufelsdreck'',{{sfn|Iranshahy|Iranshahi|2011|p=2}} Dutch ''duivelsdrek'', Swedish ''dyvelsträck'', Danish ''dyvelsdræk'', and Norwegian ''dyvelsdrekk''.

In [[Persian language|Persian]], the resin is designated by terms derived from Middle Persian (Pahlavi) ''{{Lang|pal|*anguzad}}'', with classical forms including {{Lang|fa|انگوزه}} [angūza], {{Lang|fa|انگژد}} [angužad], {{Lang|fa|انگیان}} [anguyān], and {{Lang|fa|انگدان}} [angudān].{{sfn|Laufer|1919|p=361}} These forms are derived from the Proto-Indo-Iranian root ''*anga-'' ("bent, curved"), extended by semantic development to "branch", combined with the Proto-Iranian element ''*ǰátu'' ("gum, resin"). In Modern Persian, the substance is commonly known as {{Lang|fa|آنقوزه}} [ānqūzeh] or {{Lang|fa|آنغوزه}} [ânğuze], and is also referred to as {{Lang|fa|کما}} [koma] or {{Lang|fa|خوراکما}} [khorakma].

These Iranian terms were subsequently borrowed into several other languages, including Classical [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{Lang|ar|أنجدان}} [ʾanjudān],{{sfn|Laufer|1919|p=361}} Classical [[Armenian language|Armenian]] {{Lang|xcl|անգուժատ}} [angužat],{{sfn|Laufer|1919|p=361}} and [[Middle Chinese]] {{Lang|lzh|阿魏}} [āwèi].

The [[Sanskrit]] term {{Lang|sa|हिङ्गु}} [hiṅgú] may share this Iranian origin, although the direction of borrowing has also been debated.{{sfn|Laufer|1919|p=361}} It is the source of the terms used in most of the [[languages of India]], including [[Hindi]] {{Lang|hi|हींग}} [hīṅg] and [[Urdu]] {{Lang|ur|ہینگ}} [hīng]. The term was also borrowed into Chinese as {{Lang|lzh|形虞}} [xíngyú].{{sfn|Laufer|1919|p=361}}

In the [[Semitic languages]], a distinct set of terms was used to designate both the plant and its resin. These include Mishnaic [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] {{Lang|hbo|חלתית}} [ḥiltīt] or {{Lang|hbo|חילתית}} [ḥīltīt], [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] {{Lang|arc|חלתיתא}} [ḥiltīṯā], and [[Syriac language|Syriac]] {{Lang|syc|ܚܠܬܝܬܐ}} [ḥeltīṯā], which was later borrowed into Arabic as {{Lang|ar|حلتيت}} [ḥiltīt]. These principal terms were cited and transcribed in altered forms by early European authors. [[Garcia de Orta]] refers to ''altiht'' or ''anjuden'' among Arab-Persian speakers and to ''imgu'' in India, while [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] describes in Persia a plant known as {{Lang|fa|هِينكِسَه}} [hingiseh].

== Historical aspects ==
Some authors have proposed that asafoetida was already included in ancient pharmacopoeias and may be identifiable in some of the earliest medical texts. It has been suggested, for example, that it is mentioned in the [[Ebers Papyrus]], an [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] medical treatise dating to the 16th century BCE, where it appears in treatments for severe [[burn]]s and in ophthalmic [[collyrium]]s administered with a [[vulture]] feather.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oliver-Bever |first=Bep |date=January 1966 |title=Pharmacognosie de l'époque pharaonique |trans-title=Pharmacognosy in the Pharaonic Period |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/13880206609078054 |journal=Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research |language=fr |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=853–876 |doi=10.3109/13880206609078054 |issn=0033-5525 |access-date=December 24, 2025}}</ref> The resin may also have been among the medicinal plants known and cultivated in [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name="Thompson"/> Its inclusion in the foundational texts of Ayurveda indicates that knowledge of the substance was well established in Asia prior to the [[Common Era]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahindru |first=Som Nath |title=Spices in Indian Life, 6500 B.C.-1950 A.D.: A Comprehensive and Critical Narration about the Role of Spices in Indian Life |publisher=Sultan Chand |year=1982 |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Substitute for silphium ===
[[File:Coin minted in Achaemenid Barce (Barca).jpg|thumb|alt=Coin showing on one side a plant with sheathing leaves and on the other a profile portrait|Silphium ''(left)'' depicted on a coin minted in [[Barca (ancient city)|Barca]] in Cyrenaica in the 5th century BCE]]

The history of asafoetida is often discussed in relation to that of ancient [[silphium]], an unidentified plant whose [[sap]] was a major source of wealth for [[Cyrenaica]] (in present-day Libya). Valued both as a luxury spice and for its reputed medicinal properties, silphium held a prominent place in the ancient Mediterranean world. Although its precise botanical identity remains uncertain, it is generally considered that asafoetida was assimilated to silphium and entered the Mediterranean sphere following the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] in the 4th century BCE.{{sfn|Dalby|2013}}

Asafoetida was brought to Europe by an expedition of Alexander the Great, who, after returning from a trip to northeastern [[ancient Persia]], thought that he had found a plant almost identical to the famed silphium of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] in North Africa—though less tasty. [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscorides]], in the first century, wrote, "the Cyrenaic kind, even if one just tastes it, at once arouses a humour throughout the body and has a very healthy aroma, so that it is not noticed on the breath, or only a little; but the Median [Iranian] is weaker in power and has a nastier smell." Nevertheless, it could be substituted for silphium in cooking, which was fortunate, because a few decades after Dioscorides' time, the true silphium of Cyrene became extinct, and asafoetida became more popular amongst physicians, as well as cooks.<ref name="Dalby">''Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices''. Andrew Dalby. 2000. University of California Press. Spices/ History. 184 pages. {{ISBN|0-520-23674-2}}</ref>

In his ''[[Anabasis (Arrian)|Anabasis]]'', [[Arrian]] quotes [[Aristobulus of Cassandreia]], who accompanied the [[Ancient Macedonian army|Macedonian army]] in Asia and reported that beyond the Caucasus—here referring to the [[Hindu Kush]], crossed by Alexander in the spring of 329 BCE—nothing grew except "the [[terebinth]] and the silphium".<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://hodoi.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/arrien_anabase_03/lecture/9.htm |title=Anabasis |language=grc |trans-title=Anabasis |chapter=Book III, chapter 28, sections 6–7 |access-date=December 24, 2025}}</ref> [[Strabo]] similarly relates in his ''[[Geographica|Geography]]'' that soldiers suffering from hunger were forced to eat raw meat for lack of fuel, but that their digestion was aided by silphium, "which grew in abundance in the country".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://mediterranees.net/geographie/strabon/XV-2.html |title=Geography |language=grc |trans-title=Geography |chapter=Book XV, chapter 2, section 10 |access-date=December 24, 2025}}</ref>

According to the account of [[Pliny the Elder]], the Cyrenaican silphium had become rare and may even have disappeared entirely: "For several years it has not been found in Cyrenaica, because the farmers of the pastures, finding greater profit in it, allow their flocks to graze in the places where this plant grows".<ref name="Pline">{{Cite book |last=Pliny the Elder |url=http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/plineancien/livre19.htm |title=Historia naturalis |language=la |trans-title=Natural History |chapter=Book XIX, chapter 15, section 1 |access-date=December 24, 2025}}</ref> Asafoetida is commonly identified with the "silphium of [[Media (region)|Media]]", which appears to have gradually replaced the Cyrenaican product in its various uses.<ref name="Parejko2003">{{Cite journal |last=Parejko |first=Ken |date=June 2003 |title=Pliny the Elder's Silphium: First Recorded Species Extinction |trans-title=Pliny the Elder's Silphium: First Recorded Species Extinction |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02067.x |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=925–927 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02067.x |bibcode=2003ConBi..17..925P |issn=0888-8892 |access-date=December 24, 2025}}</ref> Strabo notes in this respect that "another plant that Media also produces is silphium, and the sap extracted from it, called Median sap, although usually far inferior to the Cyrenaican sap, sometimes nonetheless surpasses it".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strabo |author-link=Strabo |url=https://mediterranees.net/geographie/strabon/XI-13.html |title=Geography |language=grc |trans-title=Geography |chapter=Book XI, chapter 13, section 7 |access-date=December 24, 2025}}</ref>

[[Dioscorides]] describes the method of resin extraction and draws attention to differences in quality and odour between the Cyrenaican product and its eastern counterparts:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dioscorides Pedanius of Anazarbus |author-link=Dioscorides |title=De materia medica |publisher=Olms-Weidmann |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-487-12881-8 |pages=218–220 |language=en |translator=Lily Y. Beck |trans-title=On Medical Matters |chapter=Book III, chapter 80}}</ref> {{blockquote|The sap [of silphium] is extracted from the root and stem by incision. The best sap is reddish and translucent; it has the smell of [[myrrh]] and a strong fragrance, is neither greenish nor unpleasant in taste, and quickly turns white. One should know that the Cyrenaican sap, even when tasted in very small quantity, immediately induces perspiration of the whole body and has a very sweet fragrance, so that the taster's breath smells only briefly. The saps of Media and Syria are decidedly weaker and their odour is rather foetid.}}
Pliny likewise emphasises the inferior quality of these substitutes and mentions frequent [[adulteration]]: "For a long time now we have received no other laser than that which grows abundantly in Persia, or in Media, or in Armenia; but it is far inferior to that of Cyrenaica; and even then it is adulterated with gum, or with [[sagapenum]], or with crushed [[broad bean]]".<ref name="Pline"/>

Roman and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] medical authors writing after Dioscorides continued to cite silphium in their works. [[Galen]] (2nd century), [[Oribasius]] (4th century), [[Caelius Aurelianus]] (5th century), [[Aëtius of Amida]], [[Alexander of Tralles]] (6th century), and [[Paul of Aegina]] (7th century)<ref name="Adams1847">{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Adams (translator) |url=https://archive.org/details/sevenbooksofpaul03pauluoft/page/336/mode/2up |title=The seven books of Paulus Ægineta translated from the Greek: with a commentary embracing a complete view of the knowledge possessed by the Greeks, Romans, and Arabians on all subjects connected with medicine and surgery |publisher=The Sydenham Society |year=1847 |volume=III |pages=337–339 |language=en |access-date=December 24, 2025}}</ref> describe the resin and its properties, but largely reproduce earlier accounts without substantial additions.<ref name="Déniau-1868" /> Despite its scarcity, Cyrenaican silphium appears to have retained a primarily therapeutic role, and the question of its replacement by Persian resin was not definitively resolved. Some authors mention alternative preparations depending on availability: [[Soranus of Ephesus]] (2nd century), for example, gives recipes for four [[emmenagogue]] remedies, only two of which include silphium.

The latest generally accepted evidence for the presence of silphium in Libya comes from two letters by [[Synesius of Cyrene]], bishop of Cyrenaica, dated to the early 5th century. He refers to a silphium plant grown in his brother's garden and later to sap sent among other "luxury gifts" to a correspondent in [[Constantinople]]. These references suggest that the plant may by then have been rare in the wild and maintained primarily through cultivation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amigues |first=Suzanne |date=2004 |title=Le silphium - État de la question |trans-title=Silphium: State of the Question |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jds_0021-8103_2004_num_2_1_1685 |journal=Journal des savants |language=fr |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=191–226 |doi=10.3406/jds.2004.1685 |issn=0021-8103 |access-date=December 24, 2025}}</ref>

Asafoetida is also mentioned numerous times in [[Jewish literature]], such as the [[Mishnah]].<ref>m. ''[[Avodah Zarah]]'' ch. 2; m. Shabbat ch. 20; et al.</ref> [[Maimonides]] also writes in the ''[[Mishneh Torah]]'' "In the rainy season, one should eat warm food with much spice, but a limited amount of mustard and asafoetida [{{lang|he|{{Script|Hebrew|חִלְתִּית}}|rtl=yes}} {{lang|he-Latn|chiltit}}]."<ref>''Mishneh Torah'', Laws of Opinions (Hilchot Deot) 4:8.</ref>

During the Italian Renaissance, asafoetida was used as part of the exorcism ritual.<ref name="Britannica-2024"/>

While it is generally forgotten now in Europe, it is widely used in India. Asafoetida is mentioned in the [[Bhagavata Purana]] (7:5:23-24), which states that one must not have eaten hing before worshipping the deity. Asafoetida is eaten by [[Brahmins]] and [[Jains]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Prance|editor1-first=Ghillean|editor2-last=Nesbitt|editor2-first=Mark|last=Pickersgill|first=Barbara|author-link=Barbara Pickersgill|date=2005|title=The Cultural History of Plants|publisher=Routledge|page=157|isbn=0415927463}}</ref> Devotees of the [[ISKCON|Hare Krishna]] movement also use hing in their food, as they are not allowed to consume onions or garlic. Their food has to be presented to [[Lord Krishna]] for sanctification (to become [[Prasadam]]) before consumption and onions and garlic cannot be offered to Krishna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why no onions or garlic?|url=http://food.krishna.com/article/why-no-garlic-or-onions|website=food.krishna.com|publisher=Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

=== ''Sweet asa'' and ''asafoetida'' ===

Arab [[Medicine in the medieval Islamic world|physicians of the Islamic Golden Age]], drawing in part on [[Ancient Greek medicine|Greek medical literature]], attributed to asafoetida properties similar to those ascribed to silphium by Dioscorides. [[Yuhanna ibn Masawaih|Yuhanna ibn Masawayh (Johannitius)]], [[Rhazes]] (9th century), [[Avicenna]] (11th century), and later [[Averroes]] (12th century), [[Serapion the Younger]], and [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (13th century), distinguished between two types of medicinal resins: one described as sweet-smelling and pleasant, and the other as having a strong and unpleasant odour.<ref name="Adams1847" /> These authors also provided indications of the geographical origin of the plants producing them. According to [[Abu Hanifa Dinawari|Abū Ḥanīfa]], as cited by Ibn al-Baitar,<ref name="Leclerc1877">{{cite book |last=Leclerc |first=Lucien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFT0Ntb2FyYC |title=Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale et autres bibliothèques |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |year=1877 |volume=23 |location=Paris |pages=141–145 |language=fr |trans-title=Notices and extracts from the manuscripts of the National Library and other libraries |chapter=Traité des simples par Ibn El-Beïthar |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> the plant grows in the sandy plains between [[Lashkar Gah|Bost]] and [[Qalat|Kikan]]; for [[Abu Mansur al-Tha'alibi|Abū Manṣūr]], the highest-quality variety comes from [[Merv]]; for [[Istakhri]], asafoetida is produced in large quantities in the desert between [[Sistan]] and [[Makran]]; whereas, according to [[Al-Idrisi]], it originates in a region at the confluence of the [[Helmand River|Helmand]] and the [[Arghandab River|Arghandab]].{{sfn|Laufer|1919|p=354}} Ibn al-Baitar and [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] described some positive medicinal effects on the respiratory system.<ref name="Britannica-2024"/>

Arabo-Persian medical knowledge was transmitted to medieval Europe through the [[Schola Medica Salernitana|School of Salerno]], and the term {{lang|la|asa}} entered Latin in the 11th century through the writings of [[Constantine the African]]. The {{lang|la|Circa instans}}, attributed to [[Matthaeus Platearius|Platearius]], is generally regarded as the earliest attestation of the compound {{lang|la|assa fetida}},<ref name="MLW" /> under which name the resin is subsequently cited by [[Albertus Magnus|Albert the Great]] and [[Arnaldus de Villanova|Arnau de Vilanova]].<ref name="Déniau-1868" /> By the late 13th century, a substantial tradition of illustrated [[herbal]]s had developed under the title {{lang|la|[[Tractatus de Herbis]]}}, later translated into French in the 15th century as the ''{{Interlanguage link|Livre des simples médecines|fr}}''. Asafoetida is consistently included in these works, although its depiction is typically schematic and not based on direct observation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Minta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7c2EaxDYjUC |title=Medieval Herbals: The Illustrative Traditions |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-8020-8313-7 |pages=239–298 |language=en |chapter=The ''Tractatus de Herbis'' and the Fifteenth-century Herbals |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Assa fetida -alfa.l.09.28.jpg|thumb|left|upright|"Assa fetida", in a 1458 copy of the {{lang|la|Tractatus de Herbis}}. [[Biblioteca Estense]] of [[Modena]].|alt=Text in a narrow left column with colored initials and a colored drawing of a plant with oval entire leaves bearing resin-like fruits on the right.]]

In the [[early modern period]], likely as a result of a misinterpretation of [[Ludovico di Varthema]]'s description of the [[Benzoin (resin)|benzoin]] of [[Sumatra]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Temple |first=Richard Carnac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTVFCZ-nGjQC |title=The itinerary of Ludovico di Varthema of Bologna from 1502 to 1508 as translated from the original Italian edition of 1510 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1997 |isbn=81-206-1269-8 |pages=xxii |language=en |trans-title=The itinerary of Ludovico di Varthema of Bologna |chapter=A Discourse On Varthema And His Travels In Southern Asia |access-date=24 December 2025 |orig-year=1928}}</ref> several authors identified this resin with the "Cyrenaic juice" described by Dioscorides and with the Arab notion of a ''sweet asa''. Although this identification was disputed from an early stage and is not supported by botanical or biogeographical evidence,{{sfn|Orta|1913|pp=58–65}} it nonetheless gained wide acceptance and persisted for an extended period.<ref name="Déniau-1868" /> As a result, some dictionaries and pharmaceutical reference works continue to list {{lang|la|assa dulcis}} as a synonym for benzoin resin.<ref>{{cite web |title=assa |trans-title=assa |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/assa |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=CNRTL |language=fr}}</ref>

=== Travelers' accounts ===

The earliest detailed account by a European observer of asafoetida is generally attributed to the Portuguese physician [[Garcia de Orta]], who was residing in [[Goa]] in [[Portuguese India|India]] in the mid-16th century.{{sfn|Laufer|1919|p=356}} In his ''[[Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India]]'', published in 1563, he discusses—through a dialogue with the fictional interlocutor Ruano—the uncertainty and confusion surrounding the names applied to the resin. Although he was unable to determine the method of extraction or to identify the plant from which the gum was obtained, Orta established that it was transported to India from [[Khorasan]] via the port of [[Hormuz, Iran|Hormuz]]. He also distinguished asafoetida from {{lang|la|laserpitium}}, which he argued had been conflated by ancient and Arabic authors, and rejected the then-recent proposal equating it with benzoin. In addition, he noted that asafoetida was widely available in India and commonly used both medicinally and as a culinary seasoning.{{sfn|Orta|1913|pp=40–52}}

{{blockquote
|text=To me, the most unpleasant odor in the world is that of asafoetida; yet greens seasoned with it do not smell bad. You should not be surprised by this, for onions have a very bad smell, and yet dishes seasoned with them are very good. The truth is that there are many habits when it comes to odors.
|author=Garcia de Orta
|source=''Coloquio setimo: Do Altiht''{{sfn|Orta|1913|pp=40–52}}
}}

About a century later, the German traveller [[Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo]] visited Persia and India and recorded observations on a variety of unfamiliar products encountered there.{{sfn|Laufer|1919|p=357}} In his travel account published in 1669, he reports that ''hing'', referred to by European [[druggist]]s and [[apothecary|apothecaries]] as "asafoetida", originated chiefly in Persia and was produced by two distinct plants:

{{blockquote
|text=One grows like a shrub and has small leaves like those of [[Ruta|rue]]; the other resembles a [[turnip]], and its greenness is like that of [[fig]] leaves. It grows preferably in stony and dry places, and its gum begins to exude toward the end of summer, so that it must be harvested in autumn.
|author=Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo
|source=''The Voyages and Travels of J. Albert de Mandelslo into the East-Indies''<ref>{{cite book
|author=Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo
|title=The Voyages and Travels of J. Albert de Mandelslo into the East-Indies
|location=London
|year=1669
|pages=67
|language=en
|trans-title=The Voyages and Travels of J. Albert de Mandelslo into the East-Indies
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPS_NYFKTzwC
|access-date=24 December 2025
}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Asa foetida Kaempfer.jpg|thumb|upright|Plate depicting ''Hingiseh'' or asafoetida in Kaempfer's work.|alt=Pen-and-ink drawing of a plant with a tuberous root, a rosette of leaves, and several umbels, with details of leaves and fruits.]]

The first comprehensive botanical description of the plant is generally credited to the German naturalist [[Engelbert Kaempfer]]. After travelling to [[Isfahan]] in 1684 as part of a mission associated with King [[Charles XI of Sweden]], Kaempfer entered the service of the [[Dutch East India Company]] as a physician. During the four years he spent in [[Iran|Persia]], he gathered extensive observations on the region’s natural history.{{sfn|Carrubba|1979}} His work ''{{Interlanguage link|Amoenitatum exoticarum|fr}}'' ("Exotic pleasures"), published in 1712, includes a full chapter devoted to "Asa foetida".<ref name="Kaempfer-1712">{{cite book |last=Kaempfer |first=Engelbert |author-link=Engelbert Kaempfer |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/147012 |title=Amœnitatum exoticarum politico-physico-medicarum, fasciculi V |publisher=Henricus Wilhelmus Meyer |year=1712 |location=Lemgo |pages=535–551 |language=la |trans-title=Exotic political, physical and medical delights |chapter=Observatio V: Historia Asae foetidae Disgunensis |trans-chapter=Observation V: History of Asafoetida}}</ref> This chapter is illustrated with a detailed plate of the plant and provides a systematic description of the successive stages of [[#Harvesting|resin extraction]] as practised in the village of ''Disguun'',{{sfn|Chamberlain|1977}} located in a mountainous area along the [[Persian Gulf]], based on observations made in 1687.{{sfn|Carrubba|1979}}

=== Botanical discoveries and debates ===

In the system of [[biological nomenclature]] established in the mid-18th century by [[Carl Linnaeus]], the plant identified as producing asafoetida was assigned the [[binomial name]] ''Ferula assa-foetida''. At that time, the circumscription of the [[species]] was based solely on the description provided by [[Engelbert Kaempfer]], and subsequent botanical illustrations largely reproduced the plate published in ''Amoenitatum exoticarum''. In the 1840s, however, several additional asafoetida-producing plants were discovered and described independently. ''Ferula foetida'' (initially described as ''Scorodosma foetidum'') was collected by {{Interlanguage link|Alexander Lehmann|fr|Alexandre Adolfovitch Lehmann}} in the desert plains near the [[Aral Sea]] and later formally described by [[Alexander von Bunge]], who also observed the species in the vicinity of [[Herat]]. ''Ferula narthex'' was identified by [[Hugh Falconer]] in the [[Astor River|Astor]] valley of [[Kashmir]]. In Persia, between [[Jandaq]] and [[Yazd]], [[Friedrich Alexander Buhse]] collected material later recognised as representing ''Ferula alliacea''.{{sfn|Chamberlain|1977}}
{| align="center"
|+'''Herbarium specimens used for the typification of the three main species'''
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:BM000815358-S.jpg
File:BM000815359-S.jpg
File:BM000815360-S.jpg
</gallery><div style="text-align:center;">
[[Holotype]] of Ferula assa-foetida L., collected by Kaempfer in Iran, 1691-1692, [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]].
</div>
| width="5%" |
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:MNHN-P-P02272144.jpg
File:MNHN-P-P02272145.jpg
</gallery><div style="text-align:center;">
Syntype of Scorodosma foetidum Bunge, collected by Lehman in Uzbekistan, 1841-1842, [[National Museum of Natural History, France|National Museum of Natural History]].
</div>
| width="5%" |
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:MNHN-P-P02272032.jpg
</gallery><div style="text-align:center;">
[[Type (biology)|Type]] of Ferula narthex Boiss., collected by Falconer in Pakistan, 1838, National Museum of Natural History.
</div>
|}
During the 19th and 20th centuries, the botanical origin of asafoetida and its relationship to silphium and other resins mentioned by ancient authors, such as galbanum and sagapenum, were the subject of sustained scholarly discussion.{{sfn|Vigier|1869|pp=15–26}}{{sfn|Chamberlain|1977}} Both general and specialised literature has often presented divergent or inconsistent interpretations. More recent political developments in major producing regions—including the [[Iranian Revolution]], the [[War in Afghanistan|conflicts in Afghanistan]], and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]—have further limited fieldwork and delayed comprehensive [[flora|floristic]] revisions and taxonomic reassessments.<ref name="Kraichak-2018" /><ref name="Pimenov2020">{{cite journal |last=Pimenov |first=Mikhail Georgievich |date=December 28, 2020 |title=Updated checklist of the Umbelliferae of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan: nomenclature, synonymy, typification, distribution |url=http://turczaninowia.asu.ru/article/view/9087 |journal=Turczaninowia |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=127–257 |doi=10.14258/turczaninowia.23.4.12 |bibcode=2020Turcz..23d.127P |issn=1560-7267 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

== Botanical sources ==
[[File:Ferula distribution map fr (with types).svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Distribution ranges of the three main species producing asafoetida, after Chamberlain (1977),{{sfn|Chamberlain|1977}} with modifications proposed by later authors.

Locations of collection sites for [[type (biology)|type]] specimens:

# ''Ferula assa-foetida''

# ''Ferula foetida''

# ''Ferula narthex''

# ''Ferula alliacea''

# ''Ferula pseudalliacea''

|alt=Map of Asia Minor and Central Asia showing colored distribution areas.]]

Species of the genus ''[[Ferula]]'' are [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]], often robust in habit and exhibiting [[plant sexuality|polygamous]] reproductive systems. The leaves are typically [[compound leaf|compound]], divided into two to four pairs of [[pinna (botany)|pinnae]], with bases that are usually [[leaf sheath|sheathing]]. The [[inflorescence]] is borne on a large, strongly branched [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] and consists of numerous [[umbel]]s, each bearing many [[flower]]s. The central umbel is [[sessility (botany)|sessile]] or shortly pedunculate and fertile, whereas the lateral umbels are male or polygamous. The [[petal]]s are generally yellow and only rarely white. The [[fruit]] is a dorsally strongly compressed [[schizocarp]], [[wikt:elliptical|elliptical]] to [[wikt:oblong|oblong]] in shape, with conspicuously winged lateral ribs.{{sfn|Ravindran|2017|p=63}}

=== Main species ===
''Ferula assa-foetida'' L. and ''Ferula foetida'' (Bunge) Regel are the two species most frequently cited as botanical sources of asafoetida. Their application has been affected by persistent nomenclatural and taxonomic uncertainty, and the two names have long been—and in some contexts continue to be—treated as [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]].

''F. assa-foetida'' is endemic to [[Southern Iran]] and is the source of asafoetida there. It has sulphur-containing compounds in the essential oil.<ref name="Sahebkar2">{{Cite journal|last1=Sahebkar|first1=Amirhossein|last2=Iranshahi|first2=Mehrdad|date=2010-12-01|title=Biological activities of essential oils from the genus ''Ferula'' (Apiaceae)|journal=Asian Biomedicine|language=en|volume=4|issue=6|pages=835–847|doi=10.2478/abm-2010-0110|s2cid=86139520|issn=1875-855X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Farhadi20204">{{Cite journal|last1=Farhadi|first1=Faegheh|last2=Iranshahi|first2=Mehrdad|last3=Taghizadeh|first3=Seyedeh Faezeh|last4=Asili|first4=Javad|date=2020-11-01|title=Volatile sulfur compounds: The possible metabolite pattern to identify the sources and types of asafoetida by headspace GC/MS analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0926669020307445|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|volume=155|article-number=112827|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112827|s2cid=224886254|issn=0926-6690|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Although it is often considered the main source of asafoetida on the international market,<ref name="Britannica-2024"/> this notion is attributable to the fact that several ''Ferula'' species acting as the major sources are often misidentified as ''F. assa-foetida''.{{sfn|Chamberlain|1977}}<ref name="Panahi2">{{Cite journal|last1=Panahi|first1=Mehrnoush|last2=Banasiak|first2=łukasz|last3=Piwczyński|first3=Marcin|last4=Puchałka|first4=Radosław|last5=Kanani|first5=Mohammad Reza|last6=Oskolski|first6=Alexei A|last7=Modnicki|first7=Daniel|last8=Miłobędzka|first8=Aleksandra|last9=Spalik|first9=Krzysztof|date=2018-09-28|title=Taxonomy of the traditional medicinal plant genus ''Ferula'' (Apiaceae) is confounded by incongruence between nuclear rDNA and plastid DNA|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=188|issue=2|pages=173–189|doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boy055|issn=0024-4074|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, the production of asafoetida from ''F. assa-foetida'' is confined to its native range, namely Southern Iran, outside which the sources of asafoetida are other species.<ref name="Farhadi20204"/><ref name="Farhadi20193">{{Cite journal|last1=Farhadi|first1=Faegheh|last2=Asili|first2=Javad|last3=Iranshahy|first3=Milad|last4=Iranshahi|first4=Mehrdad|date=2019-11-01|title=NMR-based metabolomic study of asafoetida|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0367326X19315758|journal=Fitoterapia|volume=139|article-number=104361|doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104361|pmid=31629871|s2cid=204814018|issn=0367-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfn|Barzegar|Salim|Badr|Khosravi|2020}} It was described by Linnaeus on the basis of the description and engraved plate published in 1712 by [[Engelbert Kaempfer]]. Kaempfer’s observations, as well as the herbarium specimen regarded as the [[holotype]] of the species, originate from the village of ''Disguun'' in southern Iran. Although the name has historically been applied in a broader sense, most botanists now restrict the [[taxon]] to this area, where it is considered [[endemism|endemic]]. Its [[phylogeny]]<ref name="Kraichak-2018" /> and [[systematics]] remain poorly resolved, and ''F. assa-foetida'' has been proposed as a possible synonym of several later-described species, including ''[[Ferula gummosa|F. erubescens]]'' Boiss., ''F. rubricaulis'' Boiss., and ''F. pseudalliacea'' Rech.f.{{sfn|Chamberlain|1977}}{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|pp=697–698}}

[[File:Ferula assa-foetida - Kyzylkum (1).jpg|thumb|left|''Ferula foetida'' in the [[Kyzylkum Desert]], [[Uzbekistan]].|alt=Tall plant with a rosette of green leaves, a very thick yellowish-green stem, and a panicle of umbels of the same colour as the stem, growing in sandy desert conditions.]]
''F. foetida'' has a substantially wider distribution, occurring in [[Eastern Iran]], western [[Afghanistan]], western [[Pakistan]] and [[Central Asia]] ([[Karakum Desert]], [[Kyzylkum Desert]]).{{sfn|Chamberlain|1977}}<ref name="Farhadi20193"/> Asafoetida derived from this species is likely the most widely traded form and the one that has been studied most extensively, although a significant portion of the literature refers to it under the name ''F. assa-foetida''. It has sulphur-containing compounds in the essential oil, the same way as ''F. assa-foetida''.<ref name="Farhadi20204"/> In European pharmaceutical usage, ''F. foetida'' is generally regarded as the principal botanical source of asafoetida.{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=700}} From an economic perspective, it is thought to account for most of the harvests in Afghanistan,{{sfn|Samimi|Unger|1979}} a country that continues to play a leading role in global production and export.{{sfn|George|2012|p=153}}

''[[Ferula narthex|F. narthex]]'' has traditionally been cited in the literature as a third source of asafoetida. The species occurs naturally in northern Pakistan, as well as in eastern Afghanistan and southern [[Tajikistan]]. However, a study of Afghan production published in 1979 reported that the resin obtained from ''F. narthex'' lacked the organosulphur compounds considered characteristic of asafoetida.{{sfn|Samimi|Unger|1979}} In India, it is nevertheless regarded by regulatory authorities as a substitute with a comparable odour.<ref name="Raghavan-1974">Raghavan, G. (1974). ''Spices''. Indian Council of Agricultural Research.</ref>

=== Other cited sources ===
In pharmacopoeias, the three principal species are commonly cited with the addition “and other species of ''Ferula''”, without further specification. The names applied in the literature are affected by substantial taxonomic uncertainty, and the identity, economic significance, and resin yield of these additional species remain insufficiently documented.{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=700}}{{sfn|Barzegar|Salim|Badr|Khosravi|2020}}

Among the species concerned are several taxa endemic to Iran, of which ''Ferula alliacea'' Boiss. is generally regarded as the most important. It occurs mainly in the north-eastern parts of the country and is mentioned in Iranian folk medicine as a medicinal plant.{{sfn|Barzegar|Salim|Badr|Khosravi|2020}} It has also been considered to have economic relevance.<ref name="Raghavan-1974" />{{sfn|Coppen|1995|p=109}} In the treatment of Umbelliferae in ''Flora Iranica'', however, ''F. alliacea'' is annotated as a ''nomen confusum'', since the published [[diagnosis (taxonomy)|diagnoses]] can be referred to other species.{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=697}} The composition of the [[essential oil]] obtained from the roots was first investigated in 2016, revealing the presence of organosulphur compounds.<ref name="Kasaian-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Kasaian |first1=Jamal |last2=Asili |first2=Javad |last3=Iranshahi |first3=Mehrdad |date=2016-10-02 |title=Sulphur-containing compounds in the essential oil of Ferula alliacea roots and their mass spectral fragmentation patterns |url=https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2016.1152279 |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=2264–2268 |doi=10.3109/13880209.2016.1152279 |issn=1388-0209 |pmid=26963574}}</ref> Subsequent work has suggested that comparative analyses of the types and concentrations of these compounds may help clarify the botanical sources of asafoetida produced in Iran.<ref name="Farhadi-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Farhadi |first1=Faegheh |last2=Iranshahi |first2=Mehrdad |last3=Taghizadeh |first3=Seyedeh Faezeh |last4=Asili |first4=Javad |date=2020-11-01 |title=Volatile sulfur compounds: The possible metabolite pattern to identify the sources and types of asafoetida by headspace GC/MS analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669020307445 |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |volume=155 |article-number=112827 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112827 |issn=0926-6690}}</ref> ''Ferula lutensis'', like ''Ferula alliacea,'' is a source of asafoetida in Eastern Iran; both species have sulphur-containing compounds in their essential oil.<ref name="Farhadi20204"/><ref name="Farhadi20193"/>

[[File:Ferula jaeschkeana kz03.jpg|thumb|''{{Interlanguage link|Ferula jaeschkeana|fr}}'' at the [[Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum|Berlin Botanical Garden]].|alt=Colour photograph of the apex of a stem with a developing inflorescence protected by leaf sheaths.]]
Other Iranian species cited as potential sources include ''F. rubricaulis'' Boiss. {{sfn|Coppen|1995|p=109}}<ref name="Panahi2020">{{cite journal |last1=Panahi |first1=Mehrnoush |last2=Rezaee |first2=Mohammad-Bagher |last3=Jaimand |first3=Kamkar |date=September 2020 |title=A Review of Phytochemistry and Phylogeny that Aid Bio-prospecting in the Traditional Medicinal Plant Genus Ferula L. (Apiaceae) in Iran |trans-title=A Review of Phytochemistry and Phylogeny that Aid Bio-prospecting in the Traditional Medicinal Plant Genus Ferula L. (Apiaceae) in Iran |url=https://doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2020.123118 |journal=Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=133–148 |doi=10.22092/jmpb.2020.123118 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> and ''F. pseudalliacea'' Rech.f., endemic to western and southwestern [[Iran]] and sometimes considered conspecific with ''F. assa-foetida'';{{sfn|Chamberlain|1977}}<ref name="Panahi2"/> and ''F. gabrielii'' Rech.f.<ref name="Panahi2020" /> The first of these is also frequently mentioned as a possible source of galbanum,{{sfn|George|2012|p=152}} whereas the second has been proposed as corresponding to bitter asafoetida, which is often regarded as deriving from a variety of ''F. assa-foetida''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hossein Jafari |first1=Samira |last2=Sepehry |first2=Adel |last3=Soltanloo |first3=Hassan |last4=Karimian |first4=Ali Akbar |date=February 2019 |title=Genetic differentiation between bitter and sweet asafetida plants using ISSR markers |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11033-018-4565-1 |journal=Molecular Biology Reports |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=1069–1078 |doi=10.1007/s11033-018-4565-1 |pmid=30556109 |issn=0301-4851 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> The phylogeny and taxonomy of these taxa remain unresolved, as they are often based on incomplete material; for example, the leaves and stem of ''F. rubricaulis'' have not been described,{{sfn|Chamberlain|1977}} and the [[type (biology)|type]] specimen of ''F. gabrielii'' lacks fruits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Safina |first1=Lucia K. |last2=Ostroumova |first2=Tatiana A. |last3=Pimenov |first3=Michael G. |date=April 2015 |title=Carpology of the species of Ferula subgen. Merwia (Umbelliferae-Apioideae) and some taxonomic implications |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00315.x |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=140–150 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00315.x |bibcode=2015NorJB..33..140S |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

Additional species are occasionally cited. ''F. rigidula'' Fisch. ex DC.<ref name="Panahi2020" /> has a more westerly distribution, occurring in [[Turkey]] ([[Anatolia]]), the [[Caucasus]] ([[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]]), and western Iran ([[Iranian Azerbaijan]]). Its aerial parts are used in traditional medicine in Turkey and contain several bioactive constituents, but its status as a source of asafoetida is not supported by available evidence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zengin |first1=Gokhan |last2=Sinan |first2=Kouadio Ibrahime |last3=Ak |first3=Gunes |last4=Mahomoodally |first4=Mohamad Fawzi |date=October 2020 |title=Chemical profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxicity of seven Apiaceae species from Turkey: A comparative study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S092666902030488X |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |language=en |volume=153 |article-number=112572 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112572 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> ''F. jaeschkeana'' Vatke{{sfn|Ravindran|2017|p=63}} is distributed from the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Himalayas]] ([[Tibet]] and [[Bhutan]]). It is the only one of these species that occurs in [[India]], which accounts for the attention it has received there, given the country’s high consumption of asafoetida. The species is found mainly around [[Gulmarg]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] at elevations between {{convert|2000|and|4000|m}}. In this region, its roots are locally used to obtain a gum resin applied to wounds and contusions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gulati |first1=B. C. |title=Essential Oil Ferula Jaeschkeana Vatke |last2=Shawl |first2=A. S. |last3=Channa |first3=O. N. |date=1976 |publisher=Perfumery and Flavour Association of India |location=Calcutta |language=en}}</ref> It is not considered comparable to what is generally termed “authentic” asafoetida, as its essential oil does not contain organosulphur compounds.{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=706}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sahebkar |first1=Amirhossein |last2=Iranshahi |first2=Mehrdad |date=January 2011 |title=Volatile Constituents of the Genus Ferula (Apiaceae): A Review |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0972060X.2011.10643969 |journal=Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants |language=en |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=504–531 |doi=10.1080/0972060X.2011.10643969 |bibcode=2011JEOBP..14..504S |issn=0972-060X |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

Furthermore, ''Ferula latisecta'' is the source of asafoetida in Eastern Iran and southern [[Turkmenistan]],<ref name="Farhadi20193" /> with sulphur-containing compounds in its essential oil.<ref name="Sahebkar2"/> Lastly, ''Ferula sinkiangensis'' and ''Ferula fukanensis'' are endemic to [[Xinjiang]], [[China]]. They are the sources of asafoetida in China<ref name="药典">{{Cite book|author=国家药典委员会|title=中华人民共和国药典：2015年版|publisher=中国医药科技出版社|year=2015|isbn=978-7-5067-7337-9|volume=一部|location=北京|pages=190|trans-title=[[Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China]]|oclc=953251657}}</ref> and also have sulphur-containing compounds in their essential oil.<ref name="Sahebkar2" />

== Cultivation, extraction, and processing ==
[[File:Ase fétide .png|thumb|upright|Gum resin exuding from the stem after incision.|alt=Color photograph of a green Ferula stem exuding a milky white liquid.]]
''Ferula assa-foetida'' is a [[monoecious]], [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]], [[perennial plant]] of the family [[Apiaceae]]. It grows to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}} high, with a circular mass of {{convert|30|–|40|cm|abbr=on|in|0}} leaves. Stem leaves have wide sheathing [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]]. Flowering stems are {{convert|2.5|–|3|m|abbr=on|ft|0}} high and {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} thick and hollow, with a number of [[wiktionary:schizogenous|schizogenous]] ducts in the [[Cortex (botany)|cortex]] containing the resinous gum. Flowers are pale greenish yellow produced in large compound [[umbel]]s. Fruits are oval, flat, thin, reddish brown and have a milky juice. Roots are thick, massive, and pulpy. They yield a resin similar to that of the stems. All parts of the plant have a distinctive smell.{{Sfn|Ross|2005|p=224}}

Most plant [[exudate]]s available on the global market are obtained from trees; by contrast, asafoetida—together with [[tragacanth gum]]—is among the relatively few products derived from incisions made in the roots of a [[herbaceous plant]].{{sfn|Coppen|1995|p=108}} Although gum exudes from all parts of the plant when cut, traditional production of asafoetida involves making incisions at the surface of the [[root crown]].

Demand for the gum resin is high, while supply relies largely on harvesting from [[natural habitat]]s. This harvesting pressure has reduced the [[biocapacity]] of affected [[ecosystem]]s and poses a risk to the persistence of the species. For this reason, efforts to develop large-scale [[agriculture|cultivation]] have been undertaken, motivated by both economic and [[environmentalism|environmental]] considerations.<ref name="Elyasirad2017">{{cite journal |last1=Elyasirad |first1=Somayeh |last2=Mousavi |first2=Sied Gholamreza |last3=Sanjari |first3=Gholamreza |date=April 2017 |title=Effects of priming and salt stress on seed germination and emergence characteristics of Asafetida (Ferula assa foetida) |url=http://www.arpnjournals.org/jabs/research_papers/rp_2017/jabs_0417_858.pdf |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=150–160 |issn=1990-6145 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> A range of [[cultivar]]s is commercially available; these are generally differentiated by country of origin and perceived quality rather than by precise botanical source.<ref name="Sood-2020" />

=== Cultivation parameters ===
The plant grows best under [[temperate climate|temperate]] and [[aridity|dry]] climatic conditions. Optimal annual [[precipitation]] is reported to range between 250 and {{convert|350|mm}}. Although the plant tolerates temperatures of up to {{convert|35|°C}}, optimal temperatures are around {{convert|15|°C}} for [[germination]] and between {{convert|10|and|20|°C}} for [[plant morphogenesis|vegetative growth]], under conditions of high light availability. Cultivation is reported from elevations between 600 and {{convert|2400|m}}, often on slopes steeper than 25%. The species favours fertile, well-drained soils of sandy or clayey [[loam]] type and tolerates a wide range of soil [[pH]], from acidic to alkaline.<ref name="Sood-2020" />

Propagation is most commonly achieved by [[seed]]. [[Vegetative reproduction]] through root division is possible in September but is generally discouraged because it causes substantial disturbance to the plant.<ref name="Sood-2020" /> Seeds are typically collected at the end of summer.{{sfn|Golmohammadi|2016|p=4}} Under [[greenhouse]] conditions, sowing may take place in autumn as soon as seeds reach maturity, whereas in open-field cultivation sowing is usually carried out in December–January or in April. [[Germination]] generally begins after approximately {{convert|20|days}}. Winter sowing is associated with higher emergence rates and improved tuber yield but requires the use of protective [[mulch]]. Seeds exhibit prolonged [[seed dormancy|dormancy]] and relatively low germination rates; these constraints may be alleviated by [[Stratification (seeds)|stratification]], washing, or treatment with [[plant hormone|growth hormones]].<ref name="Sood-2020" /> An Iranian study also reported that [[Priming (agriculture)|priming]] techniques improved germination and reduced the adverse effects of [[salinity]] stress.<ref name="Elyasirad2017" />

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Asafoetida cultivation in eastern Iran">
File:Asafoetida culture in South Khorasan 14.jpg|Seeds.|alt=Color photograph of a pile of golden seeds on a white surface.
File:Asafoetida culture in South Khorasan 5.jpg|Sowing.|alt=Photograph of a person working the soil in the foreground, with two others in the background.
File:Asafoetida culture in South Khorasan 1.jpg|Young shoots.|alt=Color photograph of three small seedlings growing in pale, dry soil.
File:Asafoetida culture in South Khorasan 10.jpg|Plants {{convert|3|to|4|years}} old.|alt=Color photograph of two [[rosette (botany)|rosettes]] growing on rocky soil, each covered by a stone at the center.
File:Asafoetida culture in South Khorasan 13.jpg|Flowering plant.|alt=Color photograph of a herbaceous plant with numerous yellow-flowered umbels on rocky, dry soil.
File:Asafoetida culture in South Khorasan 11.jpg|Seed-bearing plant.|alt=Color photograph of a dried plant bearing numerous seeds.
</gallery>

During the first year of cultivation, an application of approximately {{convert|15|to|20|tonnes}} of [[manure]] per hectare is generally recommended. In subsequent years, nutrient inputs are typically supplied through [[fertiliser]]s, with application rates progressively increased up to about the tenth year of growth. Commonly cited initial application rates are {{convert|20|g}} of [[ammonium nitrate|N]], {{convert|18|g}} of [[superphosphate|P]], and {{convert|18|g}} of [[potassium oxide|K]] per plant. In soils identified as deficient in [[zinc]], a basal application of zinc sulphate at approximately {{convert|20|kg}} per hectare is reported to improve yields. Two periods of [[weeding]] per year are usually required (June–July and October–November), along with [[digging]] or loosening of the soil around plants in August–September.

[[Water stress]] is considered one of the main limiting factors for growth and productivity. Moist conditions are primarily required during germination, whereas prolonged or excessive moisture at later stages may be detrimental. Weekly [[irrigation]] is generally regarded as adequate under cultivated conditions. In high-altitude cultivation areas, water requirements may be met in part or entirely by spring [[snowmelt]].<ref name="Sood-2020" />

=== Harvest ===

The specific sequence and timing of operations vary by region, but the overall harvesting technique is broadly similar throughout the plant’s range. [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] provided a detailed account of the method used in the region of [[Lar, Iran|Lar]] in southern Iran at the end of the 17th century.<ref name="Kaempfer-1712" /> In the 19th century, [[Henry Walter Bellew]], followed by [[James Edward Tierney Aitchison]], documented comparable practices in the area around [[Herat]] in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aitchison |first1=James Edward Tierney |author-link1=James Edward Tierney Aitchison |date=January 1891 |title=Notes to assist in a further Knowledge of the Products of Western Afghanistan and of North-Eastern Persia |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03746609109468059 |journal=Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1–4 |pages=1–228 |doi=10.1080/03746609109468059 |issn=0374-6607 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> Ethnobotanical surveys indicate that the preparation and harvesting methods used in rural areas of both countries remain broadly consistent with these historical descriptions.{{sfn|Golmohammadi|2016|p=4}}

The plant generally requires about five years to reach full development, attaining heights of up to {{Convert|2|m}}.{{sfn|Golmohammadi|2016|p=2}} Older individuals tend to yield larger quantities of resin.<ref name="Sood-2020" /> Plants selected for harvesting are often identified and marked by local collectors in November of the preceding year.{{sfn|Golmohammadi|2016|p=4}} Collection of the [[latex]] begins when the foliage changes from green to yellow, typically in March or April, shortly before [[flowering]].{{sfn|Panda|2010|p=217}} The initial step involves clearing soil and stones from around the plant and removing the foliage and stem. The upper part of the root, surmounted by a brush-like structure, is exposed, then covered with loose soil and gravel and left for approximately five days. The brush is subsequently removed, and the top of the root is scraped over an area of up to {{Convert|6.5|cm2}}, after which it is covered with a dome-shaped structure made of twigs and stones.

After two or three days, a first incision is made and the exuding latex is collected. Two to three days later, a second incision, slightly deeper (about {{Convert|0.5|cm}}), is made to allow further exudation. This sequence of cutting and collection is repeated for ten to fifteen cycles, until latex production ceases.<ref name="Sood-2020" /> In an alternative method, the exudate is allowed to dry on the root and is then scraped off after several days.{{sfn|Panda|2010|p=217}} After each operation, the exposed surface of the root is protected to prevent contamination by soil or gravel and to maintain cool conditions conducive to resin maturation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pruthi |first1=J. S. |title=Minor spices and condiments |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |year=2001 |location=New Delhi |pages=782 |language=en |chapter=Asafoetida}}</ref> The collected exudate is stored in a pit dug into the ground, the dimensions of which depend on the expected yield but may reach {{Convert|1.8|m}} in length and {{Convert|2.4|m}} in depth. The sides of the pit are lined with mud, and the opening is covered with plant stems, leaving an aperture of about {{Convert|30|cm}} in diameter through which the daily harvest is added.{{sfn|George|2012|pp=157–158}} The entire harvesting period lasts approximately three months. Average yields have been estimated at around {{Convert|40|g}} of resin per root, although individual plants may produce up to {{Convert|900|g}}.<ref name="Sood-2020" />

In [[South Khorasan Province|South Khorasan]], in eastern Iran, harvesting is conducted later in the year and follows a somewhat modified procedure. Collection takes place in 12 to 16 cycles of four to five days between June and August. In this region, the base of the stem is retained, and a thin slice is removed at each stage. These slices, known in Persian as ''keshteh'', are collected together with the exuded resin and allowed to dry. The dried material is then sold to processing facilities, where the crude gum-resin is extracted. An experienced harvester may process up to 1,000 plants per cycle and obtain between {{Convert|2|and|3|kg}} of raw product in favourable years.{{sfn|Golmohammadi|2016|p=4}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Asafoetida harvesting in the village of Sorond near [[Tabas]], South Khorasan">
File:Asafoetida harvesting in South Khorasan 2.jpg|Traditional tools.|alt=On a flat stone in the foreground, two metal blades or scrapers; in the background, another tool attached to a cord and a leather satchel.
File:Asafoetida harvesting in South Khorasan 3.jpg|Traditional equipment.|alt=The hand of a man carrying a hoop made from a plant stem framing a leather bag, connected on the right side to the lower part of a green plastic bottle.
File:Asafoetida harvesting in South Khorasan 1.jpg|Protective dome over a plant being exploited.|alt=Three flat stones standing on stony ground, topped by a square stone marked with green paint.
File:Asafoetida harvesting in South Khorasan 9.jpg|Root crown exuding gum-resin.|alt=A pickaxe (left) and the hand of a harvester (right) framing the upper part of a root with whitish latex visible at the top.
File:Asafoetida harvesting in South Khorasan 4.jpg|Stem slice with exudate.|alt=Close-up of a blade holding a thin slice of stem covered with partially dried pale yellow resin.
File:Asafoetida harvesting in South Khorasan 6.jpg|Dried stem slices sold on the market.|alt=Palm of a hand above a sack holding a handful of dirty brown vegetable slices.
File:Asafoetida harvesting in South Khorasan 8.jpg|Melted gum-resin obtained from the slices.|alt=Close-up of a metal container filled with a thick beige substance stirred with a metal blade.
</gallery>

The resin may also be obtained through a series of incisions made at the junction between the rhizome stem and the taproot.{{sfn|Panda|2010|p=217}} In parts of Afghanistan, some [[Pashtuns]] collect resin by cutting the stems of wild plants and boiling them together with the roots to evaporate the water. Resin produced using this method is generally regarded as being of lower quality than that obtained through standard tapping techniques.{{sfn|George|2012|pp=157–158}}

=== Processing and derived products ===

The resin stored in pits is typically thick and sticky. It is characterised by a strong odour and a bitter, acrid taste, and its colour ranges from white to grey or dark red. During storage, the material continues to mature and can subsequently be hand-moulded and processed into forms commonly referred to as “tears”, “mass”, or “paste”. White asafoetida was traditionally wrapped in cloth and then placed in [[jute]] sacks, whereas the dark red variety was packed in goat or sheep skin, a method associated with more pronounced maturation. In contemporary practice, packaging is generally carried out using plastic bags or sheets, which are then placed in wooden boxes.{{sfn|George|2012|pp=159–160}}

[[File:Asafoetida.jpg|thumb|Different presentations of compounded asafoetida, also known in India as "yellow powder".|alt=Colour photograph of four plastic containers; in the foreground, the open container holds a yellow powder.]]

The principal derived products of asafoetida are the essential oil, the tincture, and the compounded powder. The [[essential oil]] is obtained by [[steam distillation]]. It is stored in airtight containers and kept in a cool environment ({{Convert|15|to|-25|°C}}). Because of its high concentration, handling practices generally recommend avoiding contact with the eyes or skin and limiting [[inhalation]] of vapours. The essential oil is used primarily in medicinal preparations. The [[tincture]] is produced by extracting the resin with [[ethanol]] and may vary in concentration according to its application. A commonly cited preparation involves macerating {{Convert|200|g}} of asafoetida in {{Convert|750|mL}} of 70 per cent alcohol for one week, followed by filtration and dilution to volume. When water is added, the tincture becomes milky as a result of [[emulsion|emulsification]] of the essential oil (the [[Ouzo effect]]). Tinctures are used mainly in the [[pharmaceutical industry]], the [[food flavouring]] industry, and [[perfumery]].{{sfn|George|2012|pp=159–160}}

The compounded form of asafoetida, known in India as ''Bandhani Hing'', is produced by diluting resin from one or more sources with substances such as [[gum arabic]], [[rice flour]] or [[wheat flour]], and [[turmeric]].{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=701}} This [[food adulteration|adulteration]] reduces odour intensity, limits clumping, and imparts colour to the preparation.{{sfn|Small|2011}} Compounding allows direct use in cooking without prior dilution, as the pure resin is highly concentrated and difficult to grate. Formulations vary among manufacturers and are generally treated as [[trade secret]]s, but the final product typically contains about 30% asafoetida.

''Bandhani Hing'' is especially popular in southern India and is marketed in powdered form or as bricks of compacted powder.{{sfn|George|2012|pp=159–160}}

== Composition and phytochemistry ==
[[File:Asafoetida2.jpg|thumb|Asafoetida in pieces and as a tincture.|alt=Two glass containers, one holding pieces of resin with plant debris, the other an orange-yellow tincture.]]

Asafoetida is an oleo-gum-resin (or gum oleoresin), consisting of three main groups of constituents: resinous compounds (approximately 40–64%), [[endogeneous]] gum (about 25%), and a volatile fraction in the form of essential oil (10–17%).

The total [[ash (chemistry)|ash]] content typically ranges from 1.5 to 10%.{{sfn|Panda|2010|p=218}} The resin fraction contains up to 60% ferulic acid and its [[ester]]s, along with [[coumarin]]s and various [[terpenoid]]s, [[asaresinotannol]]s A and B, [[umbelliferone]], and four unidentified compounds.<ref name="Singhal">''Handbook of Indices of Food Quality and Authenticity''. Rekha S. Singhal, Pushpa R. Kulkarni. 1997, Woodhead Publishing, Food industry and trade {{ISBN|1-85573-299-8}}. More information about the composition, p. 395.</ref> The gum fraction is composed of [[monosaccharide|simple sugars]] ([[glucose]], [[galactose]], [[arabinose|L-arabinose]], [[rhamnose]], and [[glucuronic acid]]), as well as [[polysaccharide]]s and [[glycoprotein]]s. The volatile oil component is rich in various [[organosulfide]] compounds, such as 2-butyl-propenyl-disulphide, diallyl sulphide, [[Diallyl disulfide|diallyl disulphide]] (also present in garlic) <ref name="pharmacognosy">{{Cite journal|last1=Mahendra|first1=Poonam|last2=Bisht|first2=Shradha|date=2012|title=Ferula asafoetida: Traditional uses and pharmacological activity|journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews|volume=6|issue=12|pages=141–146|doi=10.4103/0973-7847.99948|issn=0973-7847|pmc=3459456|pmid=23055640|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[dimethyl trisulfide]], which is also responsible for the odour of cooked onions. The organosulfides are primarily responsible for the odour and flavour of asafoetida.{{sfn|Iranshahy|Iranshahi|2011|p=2}}<ref name="Farhadi20204"/>

=== Ferulic acid ===
Ferulic acid is a [[Naturally occurring phenols|phenolic]] derivative of [[cinnamic acid]] that is widespread and abundant in the [[plant cell wall]]. It was first isolated in 1866 by the Austrian chemists [[Heinrich Hlasiwetz]] and [[Ludwig Barth zu Barthenau]] from asafoetida and was named after its botanical source (''Ferula'' sp.).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hlasiwetz |first1=Heinrich |author-link1=Heinrich Hlasiwetz |last2=Barth |first2=Ludwig |author-link2=Ludwig Barth zu Barthenau |date=1866 |title=Mittheilungen aus dem chemischen Laboratorium in Innsbruck |trans-title=Communications from the Chemical Laboratory in Innsbruck |url=https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jlac.18661380111 |journal=Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie |language=de |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=61–76 |doi=10.1002/jlac.18661380111 |issn=1099-0690 |access-date=2025-12-24}}</ref> Ferulic acid has been reported in the literature to exhibit a range of biological activities, including [[antioxidant]], [[antiallergic]], hepatoprotective, [[anti-cancer]], [[anti-inflammatory]], [[antimicrobial]], [[antiviral]], [[vasodilator]], and antithrombotic effects. It has also been studied for its effects on [[spermatozoon|sperm]] viability and for its involvement in [[chelation]], [[enzyme kinetics|modulation of enzymatic activity]], activation of [[transcription factor]]s, [[gene expression]], and [[signal transduction]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Naresh |last2=Pruthi |first2=Vikas |date=December 2014 |title=Potential applications of ferulic acid from natural sources |journal=Biotechnology Reports |language=en |volume=4 |pages=86–93 |doi=10.1016/j.btre.2014.09.002 |pmid=28626667 |pmc=5466124 }}</ref> In asafoetida, ferulic acid occurs either in free form or as an ester of asaresinotannol.{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=701}} The free acid is converted into [[umbelliferone]] during [[dry distillation]].{{sfn|George|2012|p=156}}

=== Sesquiterpene coumarins ===
[[File:Umbelliprenin.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|{{Interlanguage link|Umbelliprenin|fr|Ombelliprénine}} consists of a coumarin ([[umbelliferone]], in blue) linked via its [[hydroxyl]] group to a sesquiterpene ([[farnesol]], in red).|alt=Topological formula of a bicyclic aromatic benzopyran compound linked by an ether bridge to a fifteen-carbon chain.]]

Sesquiterpene coumarins are naturally occurring compounds with documented [[pharmacology|pharmacological]] activity, produced by certain plant species in the families [[Asteraceae]] (genus ''[[Artemisia (plant)|Artemisia]]''), [[Rutaceae]] (genus ''[[Haplophyllum (plant)|Haplophyllum]]''), and [[Apiaceae]] (genera ''[[Angelica]]'', ''[[Heptaptera]]'', ''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'', ''[[Peucedanum]]'', and ''[[Ferula]]'', which is particularly rich in these constituents). Structurally, they consist of a [[sesquiterpene]] ([[terpene]] with 15 carbon atoms) linked by an [[ether]] bond to a [[coumarin]] derivative. In the case of asafoetida, the coumarin moiety is predominantly [[umbelliferone]] ({{nobr|7-hydroxycoumarin}}).<ref name="Gliszczyńska">{{Cite journal |last1=Gliszczyńska |first1=Anna |last2=Brodelius |first2=Peter E. |date=March 2012 |title=Sesquiterpene coumarins |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11101-011-9220-6 |journal=Phytochemistry Reviews |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=77–96 |doi=10.1007/s11101-011-9220-6 |bibcode=2012PChRv..11...77G |issn=1568-7767 |access-date=2025-12-24}}</ref>

[[File:Farnesiferol A.svg|thumb|Structure of farnesiferol A: umbelliferone (in blue) linked to a cyclic sesquiterpene (in red).|alt=Topological formula of a bicyclic benzopyran compound linked by an ether bridge to a hydroxylated bicyclic fifteen-carbon chain.]]

The simplest compound in this group is umbelliprenin, which was first isolated in 1938 from the seeds of [[Angelica archangelica]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Späth |first1=Ernst |last2=Vierhapper |first2=Friedrich |date=3 August 1938 |title=Über die Konstitution des Umbelliprenins |trans-title=On the constitution of umbelliprenin |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cber.19380710823 |journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft |language=de |volume=71 |issue=8 |pages=1667–1672 |doi=10.1002/cber.19380710823 |access-date=2025-12-24}}</ref> Its biological properties were investigated in detail only in the 21st century, when studies reported [[anti-inflammatory]], [[antioxidant]], and [[antileishmanial]] activities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shakeri |first1=Abolfazl |last2=Iranshahy |first2=Milad |last3=Iranshahi |first3=Mehrdad |date=3 August 2014 |title=Biological properties and molecular targets of umbelliprenin – a mini-review |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10286020.2014.917630 |journal=Journal of Asian Natural Products Research |language=en |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=884–889 |doi=10.1080/10286020.2014.917630 |pmid=24852499 |bibcode=2014JANPR..16..884S |issn=1028-6020 |access-date=2025-12-24}}</ref> Several derivatives of umbelliprenin have also been identified in asafoetida, including {{nobr|5-hydroxyumbelliprenin}}, {{nobr|8-hydroxyumbelliprenin}}, {{nobr|9-hydroxyumbelliprenin}}, asacoumarin ({{nobr|5,8-hydroxyumbelliprenin}}), {{nobr|5-acetoxy-8-hydroxyumbelliprenin}}, {{nobr|8-acetoxy-5-hydroxyumbelliprenin}} (reported to exhibit [[anti-inflammatory]] and [[antiviral]] activity), {{nobr|10-''R''-karatavicinol}}, {{nobr|6,7-dihydroxykaratavicinol}}, and {{nobr|10-''R''-acetoxy-11-hydroxyumbelliprenin}}.<ref name="Gliszczyńska" />

The resin also contains other cyclic compounds that have been investigated for potential therapeutic effects. {{nobr|Farnesiferols A}}, B, C, and D have been reported to show antiviral, anti-tumour, and anti-angiogenic activity. Conferol has been studied for antiviral and [[cytotoxicity|cytotoxic]] effects, as well as for [[synergy|synergistic]] interactions with anti-cancer agents such as [[vincristine]]. Galbanic acid has been reported, among other properties, to influence [[antibiotic resistance]] in [[Staphylococcus aureus]].{{sfn|Iranshahy|Iranshahi|2011|p=7}} Additional cyclic derivatives of sesquiterpene coumarins—including gummosin, {{nobr|assafoetidnol A}} and B, polyanthine, badrakemin, samarcandin, feselol, microlobidene, and kellerin—have been identified in asafoetida and other ''Ferula'' species, and several of these compounds continue to be the subject of pharmacological research.<ref name="Gliszczyńska" />

=== Organosulfur compounds ===
[[File:Asafoetida disulfide compounds.svg|thumb|left|Three of the main disulfides of asafoetida (''from top to bottom''):
{{Plainlist|

* disulfide of {{nowrap|2-butyl}} and {{nowrap|1-propenyl}};
* disulfide of {{nowrap|1-(methylthio)propyl}} and {{nowrap|1-propenyl}};
* disulfide of {{nowrap|2-butyl}} and {{nowrap|3-(methylthio)}}-{{nowrap|2-propenyl}}.
}}|alt=Topological structural formulas.]]

Volatile [[Organosulfur compound]]s are [[Secondary metabolite]]s produced by plants and [[Microorganism]]s and are often characterised by strong odours. These odours arise from various [[Sulfur|sulphur-containing]] molecules, including [[Hydrogen sulfide]] (commonly described as having a rotten egg odour), [[Sulfur dioxide]] (sharp and irritating), and a range of [[Thiol]]s. In plants, such compounds are found primarily in the families ''[[Brassicaceae]]'', ''[[Apiaceae]]'', ''[[Liliaceae]]'', ''[[Caricaceae]]'', ''[[Capparaceae]]'', ''[[Solanaceae]]'', and ''[[Rutaceae]]''. From a pharmacological perspective, organosulfur compounds have been reported to exhibit [[Anti-inflammatory]], [[Immunomodulation|immunomodulatory]], [[Antihypertensive drug|antihypertensive]], [[Antioxidant]], and [[Hypercholesterolemia|hypocholesterolaemic]] activities. They are also used as indicators of quality and authenticity in commercial plant materials and derived products.<ref name="Farhadi-2020" />

The attribution of the characteristic odour and taste of asafoetida to sulphur-containing compounds, by analogy with garlic or onion, has been proposed since the late 19th century.<ref name="Takeoka2001">{{cite book |last=Takeoka |first=Gary |title=Aroma Active Compounds in Foods: Chemistry and Sensory Properties |publisher=American Chemical Society |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8412-3694-3 |editor1-last=Takeoka |editor1-first=Gary R. |series=ACS Symposium Series |volume=794 |pages=33–44 |language=en |chapter=Volatile Constituents of Asafoetida |doi=10.1021/bk-2001-0794.ch004 |editor2-last=Güntert |editor2-first=Matthias |editor3-last=Engel |editor3-first=Karl-Heinz}}</ref> In 1891, the German chemist [[Friedrich Wilhelm Semmler]] demonstrated the presence of a [[Disulfide]] in the essential oil of the resin, although its precise structure could not be determined at that time.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Semmler |first=Friedrich Wilhelm |date=January 1891 |title=Ueber das in der Asa foetida enthaltene ätherische Oel |trans-title=On the essential oil contained in asa foetida |journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft |language=de |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=78–81 |doi=10.1002/cber.18910240112}}</ref> The disulfide of {{nowrap|2-butyl}} and {{nowrap|1-propenyl}} was subsequently identified in 1936 as the principal component of the volatile fraction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mannich |first1=Carl |last2=Fresenius |first2=Ph. |year=1936 |title=Über den Hauptbestandteil des ätherischen Öles der Asa foetida |trans-title=On the main constituent of the essential oil of asa foetida |journal=Archiv der Pharmazie |language=de |volume=274 |issue=8 |pages=461–472 |doi=10.1002/ardp.19362740802}}</ref> The concentration of this compound and the relative proportions of its ''Z'' and ''E'' [[Diastereomer]]s vary considerably depending on the species<ref name="Kasaian-2016" /> and the timing of harvest.<ref name="Kavoosi2013">{{cite journal |last1=Kavoosi |first1=Gholamreza |last2=Rowshan |first2=Vahid |date=June 2013 |title=Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil obtained from Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin: Effect of collection time |journal=Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=2180–2187 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.131 |pmid=23497874 }}</ref>

The essential oil of asafoetida contains more than {{nowrap|80 compounds}}, including at least approximately thirty additional organosulphur compounds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Noleau |first1=Isabelle |last2=Richard |first2=Hubert |last3=Peyroux |first3=Anne-Sophie |date=July 1991 |title=Volatile Compounds in Leek and Asafoetida |journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=241–256 |doi=10.1080/10412905.1991.9697935}}</ref> Several of these molecules activate the TRPA1 channel, a member of the [[Ion channel]] family of [[Transient receptor potential channel|transient receptor potential]] (TRP) channels, in a manner comparable to mustard essential oil or the sulphur compounds present in onion and garlic. This receptor is strongly expressed in the [[Oral cavity]] and the [[Respiratory tract]]. Its activation has been implicated in the [[pungency]] of asafoetida and, through desensitisation mechanisms, may contribute to the symptomatic relief of respiratory conditions traditionally associated with the spice.<ref name="Shokoohinia2013">{{cite journal |last1=Shokoohinia |first1=Yalda |last2=Chianese |first2=Giuseppina |last3=Appendino |first3=Giovanni |last4=Di Marzo |first4=Vincenzo |date=October 2013 |title=Some like it pungent and vile. TRPA1 as a molecular target for the malodorous vinyl disulfides from asafoetida |journal=Fitoterapia |language=en |volume=90 |pages=247–251 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2013.08.001 |pmid=23954176 }}</ref>

Beyond their contribution to the sensory and medicinal properties of the resin, organosulphur compounds may serve as [[Chemotaxonomy|chemotaxonomic]] markers for determining its botanical origin. A 2020 study applied this approach by establishing sulphur compound profiles of asafoetida-producing species in Iran using [[Gas chromatography]] coupled with [[Mass spectrometry]]. Analysis of commercially available resin samples allowed correlations to be drawn with specific taxa and their geographic origin. The results indicated higher absolute concentrations of organosulphur compounds in eastern species such as ''F. foetida'' and ''F. alliacea'', whereas samples of ''F. assa-foetida'' collected in southern Iran showed a higher relative content of [[Monoterpene]] compounds, notably [[Alpha-pinene|α-pinene]] and [[Beta-pinene|β-pinene]].<ref name="Farhadi-2020" />

== Effects and toxicity ==
=== Functional properties ===
In the 1990s, pharmacopoeias noted that the medicinal use of asafoetida was not supported by [[Clinical trial|clinical]] evidence.{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=702}} During the first two decades of the 21st century, however, a substantial body of [[Pharmacology|pharmacological]] research, mainly conducted in Iran, examined the properties of the oleo-gum-resin. These studies, primarily based on laboratory and preclinical models, have reported a range of biological activities that suggest pharmacological potential. The specific active phytochemical constituents have not yet been fully identified, and further investigation is required to establish their safety and clinical relevance.{{sfn|Amalraj|Gopi|2017}}

{| class="wikitable center" style="width:80%"
|+ Main functions of asafoetida reported in the literature
|-
! scope="col" width="10%" | System
! scope="col" width="20%" | Function
! scope="col" width="20%" | Identified active principles
! scope="col" width="20%" | Study type
! scope="col" width="15%" | Product origin
! scope="col" width="15%" | References
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Endocrine system]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Anti-obesity]], [[Antidiabetic drug|antidiabetic]], [[Hyperlipidemia|antihyperlipidemic]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Ferulic acid]], [[Umbelliferone]], [[Quercetin]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[In vivo]]'', [[Laboratory rat|rats]]
| Commercial resin
| Abu-Zaiton (2010)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Abu-Zaiton |first=Ahmed Saber |date=January 1, 2010 |title=Anti-Diabetic Activity of Ferula assafoetida Extract in Normal and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats |journal=Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=97–100 |doi=10.3923/pjbs.2010.97.100 |pmid=20415145 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2025|reason=Predatory journal}}
|-
| Commercial resin
| Azizian et al. (2012)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Azizian |first=Hossain |date=2012 |title=Anti-Obesity, Fat Lowering and Liver Steatosis Protective Effects of Ferula asafoetida Gum in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Possible Involvement of Leptin |journal=Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=120–126}}</ref>
|-
| ''F. assa-foetida'' ([[Bastak]], Iran)
| Latifi et al. (2019)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Latifi |first=Ebrahim |date=February 2019 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of ethanolic Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats |journal=Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy |language=en |volume=110 |pages=197–202 |doi=10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.152 |pmid=30471513 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Digestive system]]
| [[Antidiarrheal]]
| –
| ''in vivo'', rats
| ''F. assa-foetida''
| Jalilzadeh-Amin et al. (2017)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jalilzadeh-Amin |first=G. |date=2017 |title=Antidiarrheal effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula assa foetida in rat |journal=Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences |language=fa |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=7–13}}</ref>
|-
| [[Antispasmodic]]
| –
| ''[[In vitro]]'', [[ileum]] of [[Guinea pig]]
| ''F. assa-foetida'' ([[Gonabad]], Iran)
| Fatehi et al. (2004)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fatehi |first=Mohammad |date=April 1, 2004 |title=Antispasmodic and hypotensive effects of Ferula asafoetida gum extract |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=91 |issue=2–3 |pages=321–324 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2004.01.002 |pmid=15120456 }}</ref>
|}

=== Toxicity ===
In adults, the ingestion of asafoetida is generally considered to be associated with low or negligible [[toxicity]]. A study involving ten volunteers reported no adverse effects following the ingestion of {{convert|3|g}} of oleo-gum-resin consumed on buttered bread, and doses of up to {{convert|15|g}} have also been described as tolerated. Adverse effects have nevertheless been reported after the ingestion of higher amounts, including occasional lip swelling and [[indigestion]], with fetid belching, [[flatulence]], and [[diarrhoea]]. [[Headache]]s, [[dizziness]], and increased [[libido]] have also been described.

In individuals described as nervous or sensitive, doses of approximately 0.05 to {{convert|0.1|g}} have been reported to induce [[convulsion]]s. The external application of resin-based [[poultice]]s to the abdomen has been associated with inflammation and swelling of the [[reproductive system|genital organs]].{{sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=703}} A case of [[methaemoglobinaemia]] has been documented in a five-week-old infant following the ingestion of glycerinated asafoetida administered as a folk remedy for [[colic]]. The infant was hospitalised approximately six hours after ingestion, presenting with [[tachypnoea]] and [[cyanosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=K. J. |last2=Neu |first2=J. |last3=Camitta |first3=B. M. |last4=Honig |first4=G. R. |date=May 1984 |title=Methemoglobinemia in an infant treated with the folk remedy glycerited asafoetida |journal=Pediatrics |language=en |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=717–719 |doi=10.1542/peds.73.5.717 |issn=0031-4005 |pmid=6609339}}</ref>

The [[genotoxicity]] of asafoetida has been investigated in the [[laboratory mouse]]. Oral administration was reported to have a weak inducing effect on [[sister chromatid exchange]]s in [[spermatogonia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abraham |first1=Suresh K. |last2=Kesavan |first2=P. C. |date=April 1984 |title=Genotoxicity of garlic, turmeric and asafoetida in mice |journal=Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology |language=en |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=85–88 |doi=10.1016/0165-1218(84)90138-1 |pmid=6717474 }}</ref> In a separate study, the resin was found to induce [[chromosomal abnormality|chromosomal abnormalities]] in [[spermatocyte]]s, an effect attributed to [[umbelliferone]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walia |first=Karvita |date=1973 |title=Effect of Asafoetida (7-Hydroxycoumarin) on Mouse Spermatocytes |journal=Cytologia |language=en |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=719–724 |doi=10.1508/cytologia.38.719 |pmid=4783359 |issn=0011-4545}}</ref> By contrast, no [[mutagenesis|mutagenic]] effects were observed in [[Drosophila]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abraham |first1=Suresh K. |last2=Kesavan |first2=P. C. |date=August 1985 |title=A preliminary analysis of the genotoxicity of a few spices in Drosophila |journal=Mutation Research Letters |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=219–223 |doi=10.1016/0165-7992(85)90084-3 |pmid=4022024 }}</ref> Because of its reported [[abortifacient]] properties, the use of asafoetida is generally discouraged during [[pregnant women|pregnancy]].{{sfn|George|2012|pp=160–161}}

== Uses ==
=== Spice ===
When the resin is sold in solid chunks, it is typically first broken up and ground in a [[mortar and pestle]] with an absorbent material such as [[rice flour]].{{sfn|Gayet|2010}} The resulting powder is then fried in oil or soaked in water, a process that produces an aroma reminiscent of onion or garlic.{{sfn|George|2012|pp=160–161}} The use of compounded asafoetida reduces the risk of excessive dosing, as only very small amounts are required: approximately one sixteenth of a [[teaspoon]] is sufficient to season a dish for one person. In powdered form, the spice retains its aroma for several years, while the pure resin can preserve its aromatic properties for decades.{{sfn|Small|2011}} The odour of the pure resin is so strong that the pungent smell will contaminate other spices stored nearby if it is not stored in an airtight container.<ref name="Britannica-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06|title=Asafoetida|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/asafetida|access-date=2024-11-24|website=Britannica}}</ref>

Whether silphium truly disappeared in the 1st century or became prohibitively expensive, it appears to have been interchangeable with asafoetida in [[ancient Roman cuisine]]. Both substances were used to flavour a wide variety of dishes, and their culinary role has been compared to that of the onion in modern European cooking.{{sfn|Dalby|2013}} According to the recipe collection ''[[De re coquinaria|The Art of Cooking by Apicius]]'', compiled at the end of the 4th century, ''laser'' "from Cyrenaica or from the [[Parthians]]" was dissolved either alone in [[garum]] (fish sauce) and [[vinegar]], or combined with [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[parsley]], [[Mentha|mint]], and [[honey]]. It was also recommended to store it in a jar with [[pine nut]]s, using the nuts gradually while replacing them with fresh ones to conserve the costly spice.<ref>{{cite book |author=Apicius |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16439/16439-h/apicius.htm |title=De re coquinaria |at=Book I, chapters XIII and XXX |language=la |trans-title=On the Subject of Cooking |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> In the [[Near East]] during the [[Talmudic period]], asafoetida was commonly used both as a seasoning and as a remedy. Typical preparations involved dissolving it in cold or hot water,<ref>{{cite book |title=Talmud Bavli, Shabbat 140a |language=he |trans-title=Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat 140a}}</ref> or in vinegar.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mishnah Shabbat 20:3 |language=he |trans-title=Mishnah, Tractate Shabbat 20:3}}</ref>

Asafoetida and garum appear to have fallen out of common culinary use in the early [[Middle Ages]], possibly replaced by new ingredients such as [[almond milk]] or by evolving combinations of [[spice]]s and [[herb]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adamson |first=Melitta Weiss |title=Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-135-30868-1 |pages=xviii |language=en}}</ref> Border conflicts between [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] and the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian Persia]] may also have restricted resin imports or significantly increased their cost. Asafoetida later reappeared in European [[pharmacopoeia]]s under the influence of Arabic medicine, but it appears to have been less commonly used as a culinary ingredient.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |title=Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96985-2 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, recipes incorporating the resin are found in the ''[[Kitāb al-ṭabīẖ]]'', a 13th-century collection from [[Al-Andalus|Muslim Iberia]], as well as in the dietary guidance of [[Maimonides]] in the ''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', indicating its continued presence in medieval Mediterranean cuisines.<ref>{{cite book |last=Laurent |first=Jean-Michel |title=Traité de cuisine arabo-andalouse dit "Anonyme andalou" |date=2016 |publisher=Les Éditions du Net |isbn=978-2-312-04291-6 |pages=223 |language=fr |trans-title=Arab-Andalusian Cookbook Known as the "Anonymous Andalusian"}}</ref> In the modern period, however, most culinary traditions involving asafoetida are associated with Asian cuisines.

[[File:Indian spices (garam masala components) (49684334741).jpg|thumb|Asafoetida (''below the centre, a very small pile of white powder''), among other spices for preparing an Indian [[curry]].|alt=Various spices of different colours, whole or ground, arranged in small piles on a white plate.]]

In [[Indian cuisine]], asafoetida is widely used to flavour curries, soups, sauces, and [[South Asian pickle|pickles]], most often in combination with other allium-like aromatics. In southern regions of the subcontinent, it is commonly used in vegetarian dishes such as ''[[sambar (dish)|sambar]]'', ''[[Rasam (dish)|rasam]]'', and certain [[lentil]]-based curries. It is also sometimes added to fish dishes and is used in the preparation of ''[[papadum]]s'', flatbreads made from [[urad bean]] flour.{{sfn|George|2012|pp=160–161}} Asafoetida is also a component of traditional [[spice mix]]es such as ''[[chaat masala]]''.{{sfn|Gayet|2010}} In addition, it is an essential seasoning in ''chivda'', a category of snack mixes originating in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. The resin continues to be used as a substitute for garlic or onion by certain communities that avoid these foods, including [[Jain]]s, who refrain from eating roots, and some [[Brahmin]]s, who traditionally regard garlic as a prohibited [[aphrodisiac]].{{sfn|NIIR|2006|p=44}} Asafoetida is quickly heated in hot oil before it is sprinkled on the food, a practice known as [[Chaunk|tempering]].<ref name="Britannica-2024"/> It is sometimes used to harmonise sweet, sour, salty, and spicy components in food.

In Afghanistan and Pakistan, Pashtun communities traditionally use asafoetida in the preparation of ''lahndi''. Fresh meat is rubbed with a mixture of resin and salt, threaded onto tall racks, and left to air-dry. This [[dried meat]] is then consumed during the winter months.{{sfn|George|2012|pp=160–161}}

Among the peoples of the former [[Soviet Union]], the [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] are reported to be the primary consumers of asafoetida, where it is known as {{lang|tk|чомуч}} [tchomutch]. The [[Yomut]] tribe prepares a specific condiment from it called {{lang|tk|алажа}} [alaja].<ref name="Pokhlyobkin">{{cite book |last=Pokhlyobkin |first=William Vasilyevich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgYoAAAAMAAJ |title=Национальные кухни наших народов |date=1996 |publisher=Tsentrpoligraf |isbn=9785218002374 |location=Moscow |pages=470–471 |language=ru |trans-title=The National Cuisines of Our Peoples |access-date=24 December 2025 |orig-date=1978}}</ref> Young plant parts and roots are also used to produce a sweet preparation known as {{lang|tk|тошоп}} [tochop]. These are boiled for several hours until the liquid thickens into a dense, dark brown to black mass resembling [[molasses]]. The mixture is strained to remove fibrous residues, which are used as animal feed. The ''tochop'' is then seasoned with butter or melted sheep fat and eaten with bread.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mamedov |first=Yusup |date=19 July 2020 |title=О полезных свойствах растительной пищи |trans-title=On the beneficial properties of plant-based foods |url=https://ashgabat.in/2020/07/19/o-poleznyh-svojstvah-rastitelnoj-pishhi/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Ashgabat Innovative |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Yagmurova |first=Myakhri |date=12 October 2020 |title=Волшебная сила «чаши джейрана» |trans-title=The magical power of the "gazelle bowl" |url=https://orient.tm/volshebnaya-sila-chashi-dzhejrana/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Orient.tm |language=ru}}</ref> Asafoetida was also used by [[Kazakhs]] in [[Xinjiang]] (China), as well as by [[Dungans]] and [[Uyghurs]] living in Kazakhstan. Because of its strong odour, it was not added directly to dishes; instead, a piece of resin was used to draw one or two lines on the bottom of the cooking vessel before adding rice, vegetables, and meat. This technique was sufficient to impart an allium-like flavour to the dish.<ref name="Pokhlyobkin" />

Asafoetida was among the formerly undisclosed ingredients of [[Worcestershire sauce]], which is used in Anglo-Saxon culinary traditions in soups, boiled meats, [[steak tartare]], and pork pies from [[Wiltshire]].{{sfn|Tucker|DeBaggio|2009}} According to documented recipes, one [[imperial gallon]] ({{convert|4.5|L}}) of the condiment contains {{convert|6.5|impgal|abbr=off}} ({{convert|23|mL}}) of resin dissolved in a [[pint]] of [[brandy]] at 20 percent alcohol by volume.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=William |title=History of Worcestershire Sauce (1837–2012): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook |last2=Aoyagi |first2=Akiko |date=2012 |publisher=Soyinfo Center |isbn=9781928914433 |pages=213 |language=en}}</ref> Despite its very small proportion, this amount contributes to the characteristic flavour of the sauce.{{sfn|Tucker|DeBaggio|2009}}

=== Botanical drug ===
[[File:Usage vétérinaire de l'Ase Fétide.png|thumb|left|Reproduction of an [[Illuminated manuscript|illumination]] (''{{nobr|MS Pal. 586}}'', {{century|14}}, [[National Central Library of Florence|Florence]]). The presence of a dog may allude to veterinary uses.|alt=Color drawing of a shrub with oval, entire leaves showing incisions on the trunk from which whitish resin droplets exude. Behind the plant, a running dog, and to the right, a woman's face, both holding a piece of resin.]]

The medicinal uses of asafoetida as a [[botanical drug]] are long-standing and widespread. Several [[Assyriology|Assyriologists]], including [[Reginald Campbell Thompson]]<ref name="Thompson"/> and [[Samuel Noah Kramer]],<ref>{{Cite book|language=fr|first=Samuel Noah|last=Kramer|author-link=Samuel Noah Kramer|title=L'Histoire commence à Sumer|trans-title=History Begins at Sumer|publisher=Flammarion|year=1994|orig-year=1956|page=87|isbn=978-2-08-081298-8}}</ref> have suggested that the resin was already known in {{Interlanguage link|Mesopotamian medicine|fr|Médecine en Mésopotamie}}. Its introduction into the Mediterranean world has been debated, but it is generally considered likely that the “Medican juice” described by [[Dioscorides]] gradually replaced Libyan ''silphium'', which had been praised by [[Hippocrates]], [[Aristotle]] and [[Theophrastus]] for similar therapeutic uses.{{Sfn|Vigier|1869|p=15}} In the [[Orient]], asafoetida is reported in foundational Ayurvedic texts such as the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' from the early [[Common Era]].{{Sfn|George|2012|p=161}} Around the same period, the [[Talmud]] refers to the resin, notably as a treatment for “heaviness [pain] of the heart”,<ref>Talmud of Babylon, tractate Shabbat, 140a.</ref> while also noting potential risks associated with its use.<ref>Talmud of Babylon, tractate Hullin, 58b–59a.</ref> Persian medical writings by [[Rhazes]] and [[Avicenna]] describe it as a long-established medicinal substance, and these accounts continue to inform Iranian traditional practices and [[Unani medicine]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hamedi |first1=Azadeh |last2=Zarshenas |first2=Mohammad M. |last3=Sohrabpour |first3=Maryam |last4=Zargaran |first4=Arman |year=2013 |title=Herbal medicinal oils in traditional Persian medicine |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=9 |pages=1208–1218 |doi=10.3109/13880209.2013.777462 |pmid=23746335 }}</ref> [[Traditional Chinese medicine]] adopted the resin under Indian and Persian influence, and its properties were described by [[Li Shizhen]] in the ''[[Bencao Gangmu|Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' at the end of the {{century|16}}.{{Sfn|Laufer|1919|p=358}}

In Western medicine, asafoetida was transmitted from medieval herbals into early modern pharmacopoeias and formed part of standard medical practice until the development of [[pharmaceutical chemistry]].<ref group="note">The product thus benefited from a [[monograph]] in the following works: ''Deutsches Arzneibuch 6'' (Germany, 1926), ''Nederlandse Pharmacopee V'' (Netherlands, 1926), ''Pharmacopée belge IV'' (Belgium, 1930), ''Pharmacopoea Helvetica V'' (Switzerland, 1933), ''Pharmacopeia of the United States of America XI'' (United States, 1935), ''Farmacopea Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia VI'' (Italy, 1940), ''British Pharmaceutical Codex V'' (United Kingdom, 1949), ''Indian Pharmaceutical Codex'' (India, 1953), ''Farmacopea Oficial Española IX'' (Spain, 1954), ''National Formulary X'' (United States, 1955), ''British Herbal Pharmacopoeia'' (United Kingdom, 1983), ''Pharmacopée française X'' (France, 1988), ''Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China'' (China, 1988).</ref>{{Sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=703}} It is now mainly regarded as a traditional remedy. In France, asafoetida is included in List A of medicinal plants, for which sale is restricted to pharmacists, and is indicated for use in traditional European and [[Overseas France|overseas]] medicine.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé |author-link=Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé |url=https://ansm.sante.fr/uploads/2021/03/25/liste-a-des-plantes-medicinales-utilisees-traditionnellement-4.pdf |title=Liste A des plantes médicinales utilisées traditionnellement |date=January 2021 |page=5 |language=fr |trans-title=List A of medicinal plants traditionally used |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

The principal traditional indications for the resin concern the [[digestive system|gastrointestinal tract]]. In European, Iranian and Indian traditions, it is described as a [[carminative]] and [[antispasmodic]]. An aqueous extract of the dried gum has also been administered orally as an [[anthelmintic]], while Chinese medicine employs it as an intestinal [[antiparasitic]].{{Sfn|Ross|2005|p=224}} In Ayurveda, it is recommended roasted in ''[[ghee]]'' (clarified butter) for flatulence and related gastrointestinal complaints, a preparation believed to reduce irritation.{{Sfn|Iranshahy|Iranshahi|2011|p=2}} Asafoetida has likewise been used in [[veterinary medicine]] for similar purposes.{{Sfn|NIIR|2006|p=743}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dun |first1=Finlay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AgBU7WYp5IC |title=Veterinary Medicines: Their Actions and Uses |date=1889 |publisher=David Douglas |page=254 |language=en}}</ref> [[Garcia de Orta]] recounts the following anecdote:
{{Blockquote|A Portuguese from [[Vijayanagara|Besnagar]] had a very expensive horse, but it suffered from gas, and the King did not wish to buy it for this reason. The Portuguese cured it by feeding it ''imgu'' [asafoetida] with flour. The King bought it at a good price after its recovery, and asked the man with what he had treated it. He replied that he had given it ''imgu''. The King retorted: "Do not be surprised, for you gave it the food of the gods, the nectar, as the poets say." The man then replied, but softly and in Portuguese, that they would have done better to call it the food of demons.|author=Garcia de Orta|source=''Colóquio sétimo: Do Altiht''{{Sfn|Orta|1913|loc=ch. 7|pp=40–52}}}}

[[File:Assa foetida2.JPG|thumb|upright|Asafoetida in a vial.|alt=Pieces of resin of varying sizes and brownish-pink color in a vial labeled "Assa foetida – Ferula assa-foetida".]]

Asafoetida has also been traditionally associated with [[expectorant]] effects and uses related to the [[respiratory system]]. In Ayurvedic and Iranian traditions, it is described as beneficial in cases of [[asthma]]. It has been used in Afghanistan, India and Saudi Arabia in the treatment of [[whooping cough]] and [[bronchitis]].{{Sfn|Ross|2005|p=224}} In ancient Rome, it is reported to have replaced ''silphium'' in treatments for [[tuberculosis]] and chronic [[cough]]s.{{Sfn|Iranshahy|Iranshahi|2011|p=2}} Sedative or calming properties have also been attributed to it: it has been consumed in India and Afghanistan for [[hysteria]], and regarded as a [[sedative]] in Nepal.{{Sfn|Iranshahy|Iranshahi|2011|p=2}} Its use has also been reported in traditional Iranian{{Sfn|Iranshahy|Iranshahi|2011|p=2}} and Moroccan medicine for [[epilepsy]], the latter recommending chewing the gum.{{Sfn|Ross|2005|p=224}}

Asafoetida has further been employed in contexts related to [[sexual health]] and [[reproductive medicine]]. It has a long-standing reputation as an [[aphrodisiac]] and has been reported as such in Brazil and the United States. In India, a hot extract has been used as an [[emmenagogue]], while in Malaysia the gum has been chewed in cases of [[amenorrhea]].{{Sfn|Ross|2005|p=224}} A study of traditional [[birth control]] practices in [[Alexandria]] (Egypt) during the 1970s found that more than half of the women surveyed reported using asafoetida as a [[contraceptive]], applied to the vaginal walls shortly before or after sexual intercourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=El-Dean Mahmoud |first=A. A. G. |title=Study of indigenous (folk ways) birth control methods in Alexandria |publisher=University of Alexandria – Higher Institute of Nursing |year=1972 |language=en |type=PhD thesis}}</ref> During the [[Spanish flu|influenza pandemic]] following [[World War I]], the resin also gained some popularity as an [[antiviral]] remedy, for reasons that remain unclear.<ref name="Shokoohinia2013"/>

Finally, asafoetida has been used externally in a variety of traditional applications. Iranian medical practice prescribes it mixed with [[honey]] for toothache, in [[olive oil]] for relief of [[otitis]] pain, as a [[cerate]] for [[corn (medicine)|corns]] and [[wart]]s, and as a [[poultice]] in the treatment of [[alopecia]].{{sfn|Barzegar|Salim|Badr|Khosravi|2020}}

== Perfume and incense ==
Extracts of the gum-resin and the essential oil are used in [[perfumery]], primarily as a [[Fixative (perfumery)|fixative]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Groom |first=Nigel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krX1CAAAQBAJ |title=The Perfume Handbook |publisher=Springer Netherlands |year=1992 |isbn=978-94-011-2296-2 |page=16 |language=en |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> The asafoetida [[absolute (perfumery)|absolute]] is obtained by alcoholic extraction. It forms a semi-solid reddish-brown mass with a pronounced alliaceous odour. Beneath this initial note, it is described as having a softer, balsamic character. Upon desiccation, a component with similarities to [[vanillin]] becomes apparent. [[Ferulic acid]], present in relatively large amounts, is chemically related to the aromatic compound [[ferulaldehyde]], associated with the characteristic aroma of [[maple syrup]], as well as to [[isoeugenol]] and vanillin. Steam distillation of the extract can reduce sulphurous notes, yielding a material valued for its fixative properties. At low concentrations, asafoetida may contribute distinctive nuances to rose accords and heavy oriental compositions.

The essential oil ranges from pale yellow to yellow–orange in colour and has a strong garlic-like odour that is often described as acrid. It does not exhibit the same fixative capacity or balsamic base notes as the absolute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arctander |first=Steffen |title=Perfume and flavor materials of natural origin |publisher=Lulu.com |year=2017 |isbn=0-244-32921-4 |page=61 |language=en |orig-year=1960}}</ref> Asafoetida notes have been reported in fragrances such as ''[[Tendre Poison]]'' by [[Dior]], ''[[Cabochard]]'' by [[Madame Grès]], and ''Molinard'' by [[Molinard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asafoetida Perfumes |url=https://www.fragrantica.com/notes/Asafoetida-278.html |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=fragrantica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Asafoetida has also been burnt as [[incense]] for ritual, therapeutic, or symbolic purposes. This practice remains relatively limited in comparison with its culinary and medicinal uses and has not achieved the prominence of [[galbanum]], which is cited as a component of sacred incense in the [[Bible]]. Both gum-resins are nevertheless rich in sesquiterpene coumarins, which may act as precursors of odouriferous compounds formed through [[pyrolysis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Niebler |first=Johannes |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_4 |title=Springer Handbook of Odor |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-26932-0 |editor=Andrea Buettner |series=Springer Handbooks |pages=13–14 |language=en |chapter=Incense Materials |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_4 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

In Iran, in continuity with the Arabic pharmacological tradition,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levey |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtYUAAAAIAAJ |title=Early Arabic pharmacology: An introduction based on ancient and medieval sources |publisher=Brill |year=1973 |isbn=90-04-03796-9 |page=159 |language=en |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> asafoetida has sometimes been used in fumigations for abortive purposes.{{sfn|Barzegar|Salim|Badr|Khosravi|2020}} It has also been reported in [[Eastern esotericism|esotericism]], where it has been attributed various symbolic or ritual properties, including [[exorcism|exorcistic]] functions. The {{century|18}} [[occultism|occultist]] [[Karl von Eckartshausen]], for example, listed it among the substances used in fumigations intended to “provoke apparitions” or to “banish spectres”.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dannaway |first=Frederick R. |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Strange Fires, Weird Smokes and Psychoactive Combustibles: Entheogens and Incense in Ancient Traditions |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2010.10400711 |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |language=en |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=485–497 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2010.10400711 |issn=0279-1072 |pmid=21305913 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Pesticide and other uses ===
Asafoetida has also been reported to have [[agriculture|agricultural]] applications, including use as a natural [[pesticide]] or plant protection product. Medieval sources describe its recommendation for controlling [[caterpillar]]s on vegetables, its use as an [[infusion]] applied to [[squash (plant)|squash]] affected by worms, and its combination with [[vinegar]] to treat stored [[lentil]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zadoks |first=Jan C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ddfAQAAQBAJ |title=Crop protection in medieval agriculture: studies in pre-modern organic agriculture |publisher=Sidestone Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-90-8890-232-1 |page=173 |language=en |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> In Afghanistan, it has been used against [[nematode]]s, and in India against [[termite]]s. Its [[Animal repellent|repellent]] properties have also been employed to deter animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, or game.{{Sfn|Kubeczka|Bohn|1998|p=703}}

The [[insecticide]] properties of asafoetida essential oil have been investigated for the control of the [[black bean aphid]] in Iran.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bezerra |first1=L. L. A. |last2=Azevedo |first2=F. R. |last3=Evangelista-Júnior |first3=W. S. |last4=Paula-Filho |first4=F. J. |last5=Navarro |first5=D. M. a. F. |last6=Santos |first6=E. F. |date=2023 |title=Efficiency of essential oils in the control of the black bean aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/bjb/a/whdfbFKrLhSzcNQM4PmSbjv/?lang=en |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology |language=en |volume=83 |article-number=e275069 |doi=10.1590/1519-6984.275069 |pmid=37792748 |issn=1519-6984}}</ref>

In southern India, an experimental application of the resin has been reported as a plant protection treatment in crops of [[squash (plant)|squash]], [[eggplant]], [[tomato]]es, [[sesame]], and [[peanut]]s. In this context, asafoetida is diluted in irrigation water at a rate of one kilogram per [[acre]], with reports of reduced reliance on synthetic pesticides and increased yields.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/success_stories/pdf/2010/farm%20innovation/An%20experiment%20with%20asafoetida.pdf |title=An experiment with asafoetida leads to a crop protection technique |language=en |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

In [[Pakistan]], treatment of eggplant and [[watermelon]] crops with a suspension of asafoetida combined with powdered species of [[algae]] has been reported to suppress the [[plant pathogen]]ic fungi ''[[Fusarium solani]]'' and ''[[Macrophomina phaseolina]]'', as well as the root-knot nematode ''[[Meloidogyne incognita]]''. Treated plants were described as having greater shoot length and mass and earlier [[fruiting]] than those in the [[control group]] or those treated with a synthetic [[fungicide]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baloch |first1=Ghulam Nabi |last2=Tariq |first2=Samrah |last3=Ehteshamul-Haque |first3=Syed |last4=Athar |first4=Mohammad |last5=Sultana |first5=Viqar |last6=Ara |first6=Jehan |year=2013 |title=Management of root diseases of eggplant and watermelon with the application of asafoetida and seaweeds |url=https://ojs.openagrar.de/index.php/JABFQ/article/view/2263 |journal=Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality |language=en |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=138–142 |doi=10.5073/JABFQ.2013.086.019 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

The use of asafoetida as a natural [[fertiliser]] has produced mixed results. An experiment conducted in India on [[melon]] crops reported no significant effects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Randhawa |first1=K. S. |last2=Singh |first2=K. |year=1970 |title=Influence of foliar applications of certain chemicals on sex-behaviour, fruit-set and quality of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) |url=https://eurekamag.com/research/000/117/000117006.php |journal=Plant Science |volume=2 |language=en |issue=2 |pages=118–122 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> By contrast, a study conducted in China reported that the addition of asafoetida extract to the [[growing medium]] of ''[[Pleurotus eryngii]]'' accelerated [[mycelium]] and [[sporophore]] development and was associated with changes in the [[organoleptic]] and nutritional characteristics of the mushrooms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=Zuoshan |last2=Bai |first2=Yujia |last3=Lu |first3=Fanglin |last4=Huang |first4=Wenshu |date=December 29, 2009 |title=Effect of Asafoetida Extract on Growth and Quality of Pleurotus ferulic |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=41–51 |doi=10.3390/ijms11010041 |doi-access=free |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=2820988 |pmid=20162000 }}</ref>

In industrial contexts, asafoetida diluted in an aqueous salt solution has been investigated as a potential corrosion inhibitor for steel.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2019 |title=Green corrosion inhibition of mild steel by Asafoetida extract in 3.5% NaCl |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785319307783 |journal=Materials Today: Proceedings |language=en |volume=14 |pages=590–601 |doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2019.04.183 |issn=2214-7853 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

== Economic aspects ==
=== Production and trade ===
Information on the global production and trade of asafoetida is limited, as systematic data collection by producing or importing countries is lacking. The resin remains a wild-harvested product, and large-scale cultivation has not yet been developed using standardised scientific methods. [[Productivity]] could potentially be improved through the selection of high-[[Agricultural productivity|yield]] varieties and the refinement of [[Agronomy|agronomic]] practices. Harvesting and processing methods remain largely traditional and could be further developed to increase output and improve resin quality. Contamination of the raw product with foreign matter is reported to be relatively high.{{sfn|George|2012|pp=160–161}}

Afghanistan is the principal exporting country of asafoetida. Most production is collected in [[Herat Province]], near the Iranian border. Reliable information on cultivated areas or harvested volumes is unavailable, as production and trade are not centrally organised. Estimates suggest that annual production amounted to {{convert|500|to|600|tonnes}} in the 1990s, before declining as a result of prolonged political instability.{{sfn|George|2012|pp=153–154}} During the 2010s, production was reported to have increased again, reaching more than {{convert|335|tonnes}} in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 12, 2018 |title=آنقوزه 'بیشتر از تریاک' برای افغانستان دلار می‌آورد؟ |trans-title=Does asafoetida bring more dollars to Afghanistan than opium? |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-46518911 |access-date=December 24, 2025 |website=BBC News Persian |language=fa}}</ref>

[[File:Asafoetida packed for export - Iran.jpg|thumb|left|Crate of raw asafoetida intended for export in an Iranian warehouse.|alt=Close-up of a wooden crate lined with white fabric and filled with resin pieces of varying sizes, light yellow to dark brown in colour.]]
Iran ranks second among producing countries, with output reaching approximately {{convert|110|tonnes}} in favourable years. Asafoetida is mainly harvested in the regions around [[Mashhad]] and [[Kerman]].{{sfn|George|2012|pp=153–154}} Harvesting often constitutes a supplementary activity for rural populations, alongside [[agriculture]] and [[animal husbandry]]. In [[South Khorasan Province]], one of the country’s driest and least developed regions, asafoetida represents the most economically significant [[medicinal plant]]. Annual production in the province ranges from 15 to {{convert|60|tonnes}}, over an area exceeding {{convert|100000|ha}}. Approximately 99% of the resin is exported. In 2016, traditional harvesters reportedly received between 25 and 70 USD per kilogram of dried resin, while the same quantity sold for between 130 and 170 USD on international markets.{{sfn|Golmohammadi|2016|pp=12–13}} Wild harvesting of asafoetida in protected areas is prohibited but has been reported to occur, for example in the [[Bakhtegan Lake]] region.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rasool Haji Bagheri |title=برداشت غیرقانونی آنغوزه در پناهگاه حیات وحش بختگان برگرفته از |trans-title=Illegal harvesting of asafoetida in the Bakhtegan wildlife sanctuary |url=http://didebanstahban.blog.ir/1394/07/24/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=December 24, 2025 |website=didebanstahban.blog.ir |language=fa}}</ref>

Countries of [[Central Asia]] were not traditionally producers of asafoetida. This has changed following declines in Afghan output, and Uzbekistan, [[Tajikistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]] are now among the suppliers to Indian importers.<ref name="TDB2017">{{cite web |author=Anishaa Kumar |date=July 2017 |title=From Afghanistan with love |url=https://www.thedollarbusiness.com/magazine/from-afghanistan-with-love/46065 |access-date=December 24, 2025 |website=The Dollar Business |language=en}}</ref> One of the main wholesalers on the Indian subcontinent, ''Laljee Godhoo & Co.'', reported in 2018 that more than half of its asafoetida imports originated from [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name="ET2018">{{cite web |author=Shailesh Menon |date=March 27, 2018 |title=Meet the hing kings, who brought the spice to India over a century ago |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/meet-the-hing-kings-who-brought-the-spice-to-india-over-a-century-ago/articleshow/63471891.cms |access-date=December 24, 2025 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> In Uzbekistan, an association of asafoetida producers and exporters was established in 2018, with plans to expand cultivation in areas with suitable climatic conditions and to develop technologies for the domestic production of medicines and plant protection products derived from the resin.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 31, 2018 |title=В Узбекистане появится Ассоциация производителей и экспортеров ферулы |trans-title=Uzbekistan to create an association of ferula producers and exporters |url=https://podrobno.uz/cat/economic/v-uzbekistane-poyavitsya-assotsiatsiya-proizvoditeley-i-eksporterov-feruly/ |access-date=December 24, 2025 |website=podrobno.uz |language=ru}}</ref>

[[India]] is the largest importer of asafoetida. In 2007, it imported {{convert|686|tonnes}} of resin, valued at 16.5 million USD.{{sfn|George|2012|p=153}} Import values continued to increase, reaching 89 million USD in 2017,<ref name="TDB2017"/> corresponding to an estimated 6–8% of the Indian spice market.<ref name="ET2018"/> In that year, one kilogram of Afghan white asafoetida cost approximately 62 USD, while transport and insurance from [[Kabul]] to [[Mumbai]] amounted to 131 USD. The resin, acquired at a total cost of 193 USD per kilogram, was resold domestically for about 242 USD.<ref name="TDB2017"/> Most imported asafoetida is processed in India, with a portion re-exported after processing. The price of the processed composite product is considerably lower than that of the raw resin; for example, in 2010 it averaged 9.54 USD per kilogram at export, compared with 42.18 USD per kilogram at import. Export volumes vary substantially and peaked at {{convert|723|tonnes}} in 2005–2006. India’s principal export destinations include the [[United Arab Emirates]], followed by the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]] and [[Malaysia]].{{sfn|George|2012|pp=153–154}} Since 2020, experimental efforts have been underway to introduce the cultivation of asafoetida in the [[Himalayas]] of northern India.<ref name="IE2020">{{cite web |author=Anjali Marar |date=October 28, 2020 |title=Explained: Why scientists are trying to cultivate asafoetida or heeng in the Indian Himalayas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-scientists-are-trying-to-cultivate-heeng-in-the-indian-himalayas-6792923/ |access-date=December 24, 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Adulteration and quality standards ===
Asafoetida is frequently mixed with foreign substances and is widely regarded as one of the most commonly [[Adulteration|adulterated]] spices.<ref name="regencyspices2014">{{cite web |date=July 8, 2014 |title=Asafoetida, the most adulterated spice in existence |url=https://regencyspices.hk/blogs/spicetrade/asafoetida-the-most-adulterated-spice-in-existence |access-date=December 24, 2025 |website=regencyspices.hk |language=en}}</ref> Materials such as [[clay]], [[sand]] or stone are sometimes found mixed with the product. Because resin extraction methods are largely rudimentary, the exudate often contains soil, dust or fragments of plant material.{{sfn|George|2012|p=160}} Historical sources frequently note problems of product falsification. [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] reported the adulteration of Persian ''laser'' with gum, [[sagapenum]] or crushed [[fava bean]]. [[Engelbert Kaempfer|Kaempfer]] mentioned the fraudulent addition of [[silt]].<ref name="Kaempfer-1712" /> Accounts from the {{century|19}} describe products sold on European markets that were manufactured entirely from [[pitch (resin)|pitch]] and the juice of [[garlic]].<ref name="Déniau-1868" /> In the {{century|21}}, the weight of the resin has been reported to be artificially increased through the addition of substances such as [[gypsum]], [[rosin]], [[gum arabic]], [[chalk]], [[wheat flour]] or [[barley]], as well as slices of [[potato]] and other materials.{{sfn|Panda|2010|p=220}} Exudates from other plant species, not necessarily belonging to the genus ''Ferula'', are also reported to be incorporated and sold to less informed buyers.{{sfn|George|2012|p=160}}

As the principal importer of asafoetida, [[India]] has established regulations intended to limit resin adulteration. Under the 1954 ''Prevention of Food Adulteration Act'', the following quality standards apply to asafoetida products:{{sfn|George|2012|p=160}}

* ''Hing'' must not contain more than 15% total ash; ash insoluble in dilute [[hydrochloric acid]] must not exceed 2.5%; the alcoholic extract must not be less than 12%; and the [[starch]] content must not exceed 1% of the total mass;
* ''Hingra'' must not contain more than 20% total ash; ash insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid must not exceed 8%; the alcoholic extract must not be less than 50%; and the starch content must not exceed 1% of the total mass;
* composite products must not contain more than 10% total ash; ash insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid must not exceed 1.5%; and the alcoholic extract must not be less than 5%. The addition of [[rosin]], [[galbanum]], [[ammoniacum|ammoniac gum]] or any other foreign resin, [[dye]]s derived from [[coal tar]] or mineral [[pigment]]s is prohibited.

For consumers, several approximate methods are sometimes described for assessing product purity. When placed in the flame of an alcohol lamp, asafoetida ignites and burns rapidly, in a manner comparable to [[camphor]], with any non-combustible residue indicating impurities. In addition, asafoetida dissolved in water typically produces a milky white colour; the appearance of other colours may indicate the presence of adulterants or added colourants.<ref name="regencyspices2014"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Botany|Spices|Pharmacy|Asia}}
* [[Silphium]]
* [[Galbanum]]
* [[Sagapenum]]
* [[Muskroot|Sumbul]]
* [[Ammoniacum]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Historical works ===
* {{cite book |last=Orta |first=Garcia de |author-link=Garcia de Orta |translator=Clements Markham |title=Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India |location=London |publisher=H. Sotheran and Co. |year=1913 |orig-year=1563 |pages=508 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/colloquiesonsimp00orta/page/40/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last=Kaempfer |first=Engelbert |author-link=Engelbert Kaempfer |trans-title=Exotic political, physical and medical delights |chapter=Observatio V: Historia Asae foetidae Disgunensis |trans-chapter=Observation V: History of Asafoetida |title=Amœnitatum exoticarum politico-physico-medicarum, fasciculi V |location=Lemgo |publisher=Henricus Wilhelmus Meyer |year=1712 |pages=535–551 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/147012|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Déniau |first=P. C. Félix |title=Le Silphium (Asa fœtida) |year=1868 |pages=160 |language=fr |trans-title=Silphium (Asa foetida) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuJZAAAAcAAJ|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Vigier |first=Ferdinand Louis |trans-title=Gum-resins of the umbellifers |chapter=Asa fœtida |title=Gommes-résines des ombellifères |location=Paris |publisher=A. Parent |year=1869 |pages=15–45 |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5UUAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Laufer |first=Berthold |chapter=Asafœtida |title=Sino-Iranica: Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in Ancient Iran |location=Chicago |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |year=1919 |pages=352–362 |language=en |url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-5-C-22/V-1/page-hr/0179.html.en}}

==== Encyclopedic entries ====
* {{cite book |last=Coppen |first=J. J. W. |chapter=Asafoetida and Galbanum |title=Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin |series=Non-wood forest products |volume=6 |location=Rome |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1995 |pages=108–112 |isbn=92-5-103757-4 |language=en |url=http://www.fao.org/3/v9236e/v9236e.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kubeczka |first1=Karl-Heinz |last2=Bohn |first2=Irene |trans-title=Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice |chapter=Ferula |editor=W. Blaschek |editor2=K. Keller |editor3=J. Reichling |editor4=H. Rimpler |editor5=G. Schneider |title=Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis |volume=2 |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |year=1998 |pages=696–713 |isbn=978-3-642-58928-7 |language=de}}
* {{cite book |last=Ross |first=Ivan A. |chapter=Ferula assafoetida L. |title=Medicinal Plants of the World: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses |volume=3 |location=Totowa, New Jersey |publisher=Humana Press |year=2005 |pages=223–234 |doi=10.1007/978-1-59259-887-8_6 |isbn=978-1-59259-887-8 |language=en |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-887-8_6}}
* {{cite book |ref={{sfnref|NIIR|2006}} |author=National Institute of Industrial Research. Board of Consultants & Engineers |chapter=Asafoetida or Asafetida |title=The Complete Book on Spices & Condiments |publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press |year=2006 |pages=733–752 |isbn=81-7833-038-5 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=039ZCwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Arthur O. |last2=DeBaggio |first2=Francesco |chapter=Ferula assa-foetida |title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs: A comprehensive reference to herbs of flavor and fragrance |publisher=Timber Press |year=2009 |pages=236 |isbn=978-1-60469-134-4 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC}}
* {{cite book |last=Gayet |first=Mireille |trans-title=Great Treatise on Spices |chapter=Ase fétide |trans-chapter=Asafoetida |title=Grand traité des épices |publisher=Éditions Le Sureau |year=2010 |pages=42–43 |isbn=978-2-911328-90-9 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Panda |first=H. |chapter=Asafoetida |title=Handbook on Spices and Condiments (Cultivation, Processing and Extraction) |publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. |year=2010 |pages=216–221 |isbn=978-8178331324 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WxcAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Small |first=Ernest |chapter=Asafetida |title=Top 100 Exotic Food Plants |publisher=CRC Press |year=2011 |pages=55–59 |isbn=978-1-4398-5688-8 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Au3RBQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=George |first=C. K. |chapter=Asafoetida |editor=K. V. Peter |title=Handbook of Herbs and Spices |edition=2 |publisher=Elsevier |year=2012 |pages=151–165 |isbn=978-0-85709-040-9 |doi=10.1533/9780857095688.151 |language=en |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780857090409500084}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Dalby |chapter=Asafoetida |title=Food in the Ancient World from A to Z |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |pages=29 |isbn=978-1-135-95422-2 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Ravindran |first=P. N. |chapter=Asafetida (Asafoetida) ''Ferula assa-foetida'' |title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices |publisher=CABI |year=2017 |pages=63–68 |isbn=978-1-78684-754-6 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pJNDwAAQBAJ}}

==== Scientific articles ====
* {{cite journal |last=Chamberlain |first=David Franklin |title=The identity of ''Ferula assa-foetida'' L. |journal=Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh |volume=35 |issue=2 |year=1977 |pages=229–233 |doi=10.24823/nrbge.1977.3068 |doi-access=free|language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/notes-from-royal-botanic-garden-edinburgh-35-002-229-233/page/n1/mode/2up}}
* {{cite journal |last=Carrubba |first=Robert W. |title=The First Report of the Harvesting of Asafetida in Iran |journal=Agricultural History |volume=53 |issue=2 |year=1979 |pages=451–461 |jstor=3742420 |pmid=11615868 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Samimi |first1=M. N. |last2=Unger |first2=W. |title=Die Gummiharze afghanischer "Asa foetida"-liefernder ''Ferula''-Arten. Beobachtungen zur Herkunft und Qualität afghanischer "Asa foetida" |journal=Planta Medica |volume=36 |issue=6 |date=1979 |pages=128–133 |issn=0032-0943 |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1097252 |language=de |trans-title=The gum-resins of Afghan ''Ferula'' species producing "Asa foetida". Observations on the origin and quality of Afghan "Asa foetida" |pmid=461565 |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0028-1097252}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Iranshahy |first1=Milad |last2=Iranshahi |first2=Mehrdad |title=Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of asafoetida (''Ferula assa-foetida'' oleo-gum-resin)—A review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=134 |issue=1 |date=2011 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.067 |pmid=21130854 |bibcode=2011JEthn.134....1I |language=en |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874110008524}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mahendra |first1=Poonam |last2=Bisht |first2=Shradha |title=''Ferula asafoetida'': Traditional uses and pharmacological activity |journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=2012 |pages=141–146 |doi=10.4103/0973-7847.99948 |doi-access=free |issn=0973-7847 |pmc=3459456 |pmid=23055640 |language=en |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Golmohammadi |first=Farhood |title=''Ferula assa-foetida'' as a main medicinal plant in east of Iran (harvesting, main characteristics and economic importance) |journal=Journal of Progressive Agriculture |volume=7 |issue=2 |date=2016-11-17 |pages=1–14 |issn=2229-4244 |eissn=2278-0556 |language=en |url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jpa&volume=7&issue=2&article=001}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Amalraj |first1=Augustine |last2=Gopi |first2=Sreeraj |title=Biological activities and medicinal properties of asafoetida: A review |journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine |volume=7 |issue=3 |date=2017-07-01 |pages=347–359 |issn=2225-4110 |pmc=5506628 |pmid=28725631 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.11.004 |language=en }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Barzegar |first1=Alireza |last2=Salim |first2=Mohammad Amin |last3=Badr |first3=Parmis |last4=Khosravi |first4=Ahmadreza |last5=Hemmati |first5=Shiva |last6=Seradj |first6=Hassan |last7=Iranshahi |first7=Mehrdad |last8=Mohagheghzadeh |first8=Abdolali |title=Persian Asafoetida vs. Sagapenum: Challenges and Opportunities |journal=Research Journal of Pharmacognosy |volume=7 |issue=2 |date=2020 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.22127/rjp.2019.196452.1516 |language=en |url=https://doi.org/10.22127/rjp.2019.196452.1516}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sood |first=Ruchi |title=Asafoetida (''Ferula asafoetida''): A high-value crop suitable for the cold desert of Himachal Pradesh, India |journal=Journal of Applied and Natural Science |volume=12 |issue=4 |date=2020-12-09 |pages=607–617 |issn=2231-5209 |doi=10.31018/jans.v12i4.2418 |language=en |url=https://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/view/2418|ref=none}}

{{Culinary herbs and spices}}
{{Edible Apiaceae}}

[[Category:Antiflatulents]]
[[Category:Edible Apiaceae]]
[[Category:Ferula]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Resins]]
[[Category:Spices]]

Rajesh M. Selva

2026-03-18T20:08:50Z

ShondaLemos: New A Article W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajesh M Selva
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{bda|1981|3|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Rajesh Selvaraj
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]] M. C. C. Higher Secondary School, Chennai
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Screenwriter]]
}}

'''Rajesh M. Selva'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasans-film-with-vikram-akshara-haasan-launched/articleshow/65608890.cms|title=Kamal Haasan's film with Vikram & Akshara Haasan launched|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> is an Indian [[film director]] and [[screenwriter]], primarily working in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/stars/interviews/1280/director-rajesh-m-selva-interview.aspx|title = Director Rajesh M Selva Interview}}</ref> Selva became a notable director with the [[Kamal Haasan]] starrer ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamal sir wanted Thoongavanam to be my film: Rajesh M Selva |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151024/entertainment-kollywood/article/kamal-sir-wanted-thoongavanam-be-my-film-rajesh-m-selva |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=22 September 2023 |date=25 October 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Rajesh began his career in entertainment by being a part of the band, Shenanigans, which was formed in 1999 alongside his school mates Naresh and Sathish Ramalingam at [[M. C. C. Higher Secondary School]]. He is a reputed corporate designer who did his visual design course with Mr. Jullius Mac Van. He also graduated a visual communications degree from St Thomas College in 2003 & did his Master's from [[Loyola College, Chennai]] in 2005 and continued to work on his music career, by recording songs at DesignSelva, a record company he founded in 2005. Alongside his band, he released the independent album ''She 16'', in collaboration with [[Saregama]], during October 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mix-of-genres/article3201249.ece|title = Mix of genres|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 14 October 2006}}</ref> He subsequently went on to make a feature film with new technicians, titled ''Kaalaippani'' (2008), and shot for the project throughout 2007. Featuring [[Vasundhara Kashyap|Vasundhara]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] alongside several newcomers, ''Kaalaipani'' was a murder mystery film which had a low-key release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/an-emotional-thriller/articleshow/3086307.cms|title=An emotional thriller!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2008}}</ref>

In 2008, Rajesh decided to join [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] on the advice of his friend, director Sri Krishna. He subsequently joined [[Kamal Haasan]] for the pre-production works of ''Marmayogi'' and served as the film's third assistant director.<ref name="bwd">{{Cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-director/rajesh-m-selva/rajesh-m-selva-interview.html|title = Rajesh M Selva Interview}}</ref> He worked on gathering information to help script portions set in the 6th century and spent nearly forty-five days with the researchers at the archaeological department to know the scriptures of sixth century Tamil that existed in Pandiya kingdom. The film was shelved soon after but he continued to work with Raaj Kamal Films through the productions of both parts to ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' (2013) and ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' (2015), playing cameo roles as an actor in both films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/do-not-miss-the-beginning-of-thoonga-vanam-says-rajesh-m-selva-news-tamil-plcpRDchfhjde.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102163303/http://www.sify.com/movies/do-not-miss-the-beginning-of-thoonga-vanam-says-rajesh-m-selva-news-tamil-plcpRDchfhjde.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2015|title = Do not miss the beginning of 'Thoonga Vanam', says Rajesh M Selva|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

After gaining offers to direct films in 2014 after the completion of ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]'' (2016), Rajesh left Kamal Haasan's team, but the films which were being planned failed to materialize. Kamal Haasan subsequently called him back to the company in April 2015 and requested that he direct the official remake of ''[[Sleepless Night (2011 film)|Sleepless Night]]'' (2011), which Raaj Kamal Films had purchased.<ref name="bwd"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rajesh-m-selva-is-kamals-fanturnedfilmmaker/article7664906.ece|title=Meet Kamal Haasan's fan-turned-filmmaker|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 September 2015}}</ref> Titled ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]'' (2015) in Tamil and ''[[Cheekati Rajyam]]'' (2015) in Telugu, Rajesh completed both version of the film within sixty days of shoot. Featuring an ensemble cast headed by [[Kamal Haasan]], he worked with the actor on adapting the original script into the Tamil and Telugu languages, and wrote in new characters to be played by [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[Madhu Shalini]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151024/entertainment-kollywood/article/kamal-sir-wanted-thoongavanam-be-my-film-rajesh-m-selva|title = Kamal sir wanted Thoongavanam to be my film: Rajesh M Selva|date = 25 October 2015}}</ref> Rajesh was also in charge of gathering and selecting the members of the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rajesh-selva-tell-about-what-is-it-like-to-direct-kamal-in-ones-debut-film/article7668466.ece|title = 'Kamal's silence is appreciation'|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 19 September 2015|last1 = Srinivasan|first1 = Sudhir}}</ref> The films opened in November 2015 to critical acclaim and had a good performance at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/thoongavanam-director-rajesh-m-selva-on-the-response-of-his-film.html|title=Thoongavanam director Rajesh M Selva on the response of his film|date=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thoongavanam-an-okay-thriller-with-goodies-for-fans/article7865210.ece|title = Thoongavanam: An okay thriller, with goodies for fans|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 November 2015|last1 = Rangan|first1 = Baradwaj}}</ref>

In 2019, he directed ''[[Kadaram Kondan]]'' starring [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Akshara Haasan]] and Abi Hassan, which was a remake of the French film ''[[Point Blank (2010 film)|Point Blank]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2019 |title='Kadaram Kondan'-A remake of French film 'Point Blank'? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kadaram-kondan-a-remake-of-french-film-point-blank-news-tamil-thnrlNdegbbej.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715070444/https://www.sify.com/movies/kadaram-kondan-a-remake-of-french-film-point-blank-news-tamil-thnrlNdegbbej.html |archive-date=15 July 2019 |access-date=2021-02-18 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, Selva helmed ''[[Irai (TV series)|Irai]]'', a Tamil-language crime thriller series for [[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]], starring [[R. Sarathkumar]] in the lead role<ref>{{cite web |title=Irai Series Review: Sarathkumar shines in a series that needed more depth |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/feb/18/irai-series-review-sarathkumar-shines-in-a-series-that-needed-more-depth-29823.html |publisher=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=8 September 2023 |date=18 February 2022}}</ref> and now Selva is directing [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] and [[Anson Paul]] in a Tamil-Telugu bi-lingual.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aditi Rao Hydari to star in director Rajesh M Selva's next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aditi-rao-hydari-to-star-in-director-rajesh-m-selvas-next/article67153169.ece/ |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 September 2023 |date=3 August 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-

|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2008 || ''Kaalaippani'' ||credited as Rajesh Selva
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2015 || ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]'' || Simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Cheekati Rajyam''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2019 ||''[[Kadaram Kondan]]''||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2022 ||''[[Irai (web series)|Irai]]''||TV series
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2025 ||''[[The Game: You Never Play Alone]]''||TV series<ref name="rel:netflix">{{cite press release |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/behind-every-mask-is-a-player-the-game-you-never-play-alone-drops-on-netflix |title=Behind Every Mask is a Player: ‘The Game: You Never Play Alone’ Drops this October 2 on Netflix |publisher=Netflix Newsroom |date=4 September 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

;As actor
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:50px;" class="unsortable"| Role
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-

|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2013 || ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' || rowspan="2" | Terrorist || rowspan="2" | Also assistant director;
Tamil-Hindi bilingual film
|-
|''Vishwaroop''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |2015 || ''[[Uttama Villain]]''|| Spy ||
|-
| ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]'' || rowspan="2" | Head Chef || rowspan="2" | Tamil-Telugu bilingual film
|-
|''Cheekati Rajyam''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selva, Rajesh M}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

Urban area

2026-03-17T11:14:18Z

ShondaLemos: minor edit

{{Short description|Human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment}}
{{Redirect|Built up area|the Highway Code|Built-up area (traffic management)}}
{{Redirect|Urban agglomeration|city clusters|Megalopolis}}
{{Redirect|Urbanite|the type of recycled concrete|Concrete recycling}}

[[File:Seoul (175734251) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Skyline of [[Seoul]] at night]]
[[File:Adelaide DougBarber.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Greater Adelaide]], the [[Adelaide Park Lands|parklands]] serve as a barrier between the inner [[central business district|CBD]] and encompassing urban area]]
[[File:Northeast megalopolis at night.jpg|thumb|A [[satellite]] view of the U.S. [[Northeast megalopolis]] at night, the world's most [[GDP|economically productive]] megalopolis<ref>{{cite news |title = The Real Powerhouses That Drive the World's Economy |last = Florida |newspaper = Bloomberg.com |access-date=December 21, 2024|url = https://www.citylab.com/life/2019/02/global-megaregions-economic-powerhouse-megalopolis/583729/ }}</ref> with over 50 million residents, centered on [[New York City]]]]
[[File:ISS-67_City_lights_of_São_Paulo,_Brazil.jpg|thumb|[[Greater São Paulo]] at night, as seen from the [[International Space Station]]]]
[[File:Aglomeracja warszawska wg Swianiewicza.png|thumb|[[Warsaw metropolitan area]]]]
An '''urban area'''{{efn|Also known as a '''built-up area''' or '''urban agglomeration'''.}} is a [[human settlement]] with a high [[population density]] and an [[infrastructure]] of [[built environment]]. Urban areas originate through [[urbanization]], and researchers categorize them as cities, towns, [[conurbation]]s or [[suburbs]]. In [[urbanism]], the term "urban area" contrasts to [[rural area]]s such as [[village]]s and [[hamlet (place)|hamlets]]; in [[urban sociology]] or [[urban anthropology]], it often contrasts with [[natural environment]].

The development of earlier predecessors of modern urban areas during the [[urban revolution]] of the [[4th millennium BCE]]<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Morris
|first1 = A.E.J.
|date = 2 December 2013
|orig-date = 1972
|chapter = The Early Cities
|title = History of Urban Form Before the Industrial Revolution
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=whBEAgAAQBAJ
|edition = 3
|publication-place = London
|publisher = Routledge
|page = 1
|isbn = 9781317885146
|quote = [...] the Bronze Age, starting between 3500 and 3000 BC [...]. During this [...] period the first urban civilizations were firmly established.
}}
</ref> led to the formation of human [[civilization]] and ultimately to modern [[urban planning]], which along with other human activities such as [[exploitation of natural resources]] has led to a [[human impact on the environment]].

==Recent historical growth==
[[File:Global land use for food production, OWID statistic.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Earth's land use in 2019, built-up area being estimated as 1.5 million square kilometers]]

In 1950, 764 million people (or about 30 percent of the world's 2.5 billion people) lived in urban areas. In 2009, the number of people living in urban areas (3.42 billion) surpassed the number living in rural areas (3.41 billion), and since then the world has become more urban than rural.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Population Division – Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/urbanization/urban-rural.shtml |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> By 2014, it was 3.9 billion (or about 53 percent of the world's 7.3 billion people) that lived in urban areas. The change was driven by a combination of increased total population and increased percent of population living in urban areas.<ref name="UrbanPopulation">{{cite news|title=City population to reach 6.4bn by 2050|url=http://www.heraldglobe.com/index.php/sid/223727231/scat/2411cd3571b4f088/ht/City-population-to-reach-64bn-by-2050|access-date=11 July 2014|work=Herald Globe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714211145/http://www.heraldglobe.com/index.php/sid/223727231/scat/2411cd3571b4f088/ht/City-population-to-reach-64bn-by-2050|archive-date=2014-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was the first time that the majority of the world's population lived in a city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235946/http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2012 |title= Urban population growth |publisher= World Health Organization}}</ref> By that time a high estimate calculated up to 3.5 million square kilometers of land were urban, estimates ranging from 1% of global land area.<ref name="c171">{{cite web | title=How Much of the World is Covered by Cities? | website=Newgeography.com | date=July 23, 2010 | url=https://www.newgeography.com/content/001689-how-much-world-covered-cities |first1=Wendell |last1=Cox | access-date=October 30, 2024}}</ref><ref name="r019">{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | title=Land Use | journal=Our World in Data | date=May 2024 |orig-date=September 2019 | url=https://ourworldindata.org/land-use#half-of-the-world-s-habitable-land-is-used-for-agriculture | access-date=October 30, 2024 | page=}}</ref>

In 2014 there were 7.3 billion people living on the planet,<ref name="WorldPopulation">{{cite news |title= Current world population |url= http://www.geohive.com/earth/population_now.aspx |access-date= 11 July 2014 |publisher= UniGeoHive |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140702055710/http://www.geohive.com/earth/population_now.aspx |archive-date= 2 July 2014 }}</ref> of which the global urban population comprised 3.9 billion. The Population Division of the [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] at that time predicted the urban population would occupy 68% of the world population by 2050, with 90% of that growth coming from [[Africa]] and [[Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |language=en}}</ref>

==Urbanization==
{{Main|Urbanization}}

[[File:Urban land area (km²), OWID.svg|thumb|Urban land area (km2), 2010<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban land area (km²) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-land-area |website=Our World in Data |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>]]
[[File:Cities with 1M People in 2025.png|thumb|Urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2025]]

Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. They are measured for various purposes, including analyzing [[population density]] and [[urban sprawl]]. Urban areas are generally found in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico]], [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], [[Japan]], [[Australia]], and many other countries where the urbanization rate is high.

Unlike an urban area, a [[metropolitan area]] includes not only the urban area, but also intervening rural land and [[satellite city|satellite cities]] that are socio-economically connected to the urban area. The urban area serves as the core of a metropolitan area, typically by [[employment]] ties through [[commuting]], with the urban area being the [[primary labor market]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/about/glossary.html|title=US Census Glossary|publisher= US census Bureau|access-date=October 9, 2025}}</ref>

The concept of an "urban area" as used in economic statistics should not be confused with the concept of the "urban area" used in road safety statistics. This term was first created by Geographer Brian Manning. The last concept is also known as "[[Built-up area (Highway Code)|built-up area in road safety]]". According to the definition by the [[Office for National Statistics]], "Built-up areas are defined as land which is 'irreversibly urban in character', meaning that they are characteristic of a town or city. They include areas of built-up land with a minimum of {{convert|20|ha|sqm acre}}. Any areas [separated by] less than 200 metres [of non-urban space] are linked to become a single built-up area.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/characteristicsofbuiltupareas/2013-06-28|title=2011 Census: Characteristics of Built-Up Areas (4. Introduction)|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=28 June 2013|access-date=20 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Argentina]] and [[Japan]] are countries where the urbanization rate is over 90% while [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[Mexico]], and the [[United States]] are countries where the urbanization rate is between 80% and 90%, although within the [[U.S. state]] of [[New Jersey]], the urbanization rate is 100%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Samborska |first2=Veronika |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=2024-02-23 |title=Urbanization |url=https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization#:~:text=Using%20these%20definitions,%20it%20reports,shown%20in%20the%20chart%20below. |journal=Our World in Data |access-date=2026-01-07}}</ref>

==Largest urban areas==
{{See also|List of largest cities|List of largest urban areas by country|List of largest urban areas by continent}}

There are two measures of the degree of urbanization of a population. The first, urban population, describes the percentage of the total population living in urban areas, as defined by the country. The second measure, rate of urbanization, describes the projected average rate of change of the size of the urban population over the given period of time. According to [[Urbanization by sovereign state]] article, the world as a whole is 56.2% urbanized, with roughly one-quarter of the countries reported as greater than 80% urbanized. Data is taken from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook estimates from 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/urbanization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108184227/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/urbanization|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 8, 2021|title=World Factbook Urbanization|work=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref>

According to [[Demographia]], these are the urban areas in the world with a population exceeding 5,000,000 (as of 2025):<ref>{{cite web |last=Cox |first=Wendell |date=August 2025 |title=Demographia World Urban Areas – 20th Annual Edition |url=https://blogs.chapman.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/56/2025/06/Demographia-World-Urban-2025.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |publisher=[[Demographia]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!
!Urban Area
!Country/ Region
!Population
|-
|1
|[[Guangzhou]]-[[Shenzhen]]
|[[China]]
|69,562,000
|-
|2
|[[Shanghai]]-[[Changzhou]]
|China
|45,115,000
|-
|3
|[[Tokyo]]-[[Yokohama]]
|[[Japan]]
|37,325,000
|-
|4
|[[Jakarta]]
|[[Indonesia]]
|36,877,000
|-
|5
|[[Delhi]]
|[[India]]
|33,224,000
|-
|6
|[[Mumbai]]
|India
|26,237,000
|-
|7
|[[Manila]]
|[[Philippines]]
|25,521,000
|-
|8
|[[Dhaka]]
|[[Bangladesh]]
|25,305,000
|-
|9
|[[Seoul]]-[[Incheon]]
|[[South Korea]]
|23,825,000
|-
|10
|[[Mexico City]]
|[[Mexico]]
|23,146,802
|-
|11
|[[Cairo]]
|[[Egypt]]
|22,684,000
|-
|12
|[[Beijing]]
|China
|22,363,000
|-
|13
|[[São Paulo]]
|[[Brazil]]
|21,747,000
|-
|14
|[[Karachi]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|21,258,000
|-
|15
|[[Kolkata]]
|India
|20,327,000
|-
|16
|[[Bangkok]]
|[[Thailand]]
|20,284,000
|-
|17
|[[New York City|New York]]
|[[United States]]
|19,426,449
|-
|18
|[[Moscow]]
|[[Russia]]
|19,100,000
|-
|19
|[[Bangalore]]
|India
|16,216,000
|-
|20
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|[[Vietnam]]
|16,024,000
|-
|21
|[[Buenos Aires]]
|[[Argentina]]
|15,933,000
|-
|22
|[[Lagos]]
|[[Nigeria]]
|15,283,000
|-
|23
|[[Johannesburg]]-[[Pretoria]]
|[[South Africa]]
|15,026,000
|-
|24
|[[Osaka]]-[[Kobe]]-[[Kyoto]]
|Japan
|14,998,000
|-
|25
|[[Istanbul]]
|[[Turkey]]
|14,749,000
|-
|26
|[[Lahore]]
|Pakistan
|14,256,000
|-
|27
|[[Tehran]]
|[[Iran]]
|14,137,000
|-
|28
|[[Kinshasa]]
|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|13,060,000
|-
|29
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|Brazil
|12,546,000
|-
|30
|[[Hangzhou]]-[[Shaoxing]]
|China
|12,422,000
|-
|31
|[[Los Angeles]]
|United States
|12,237,376
|-
|32
|[[Shantou]]-[[Jieyang]]
|China
|12,187,000
|-
|33
|[[Tianjin]]
|China
|12,095,000
|-
|34
|[[Chennai]]
|India
|11,950,000
|-
|35
|[[Luanda]]
|[[Angola]]
|11,892,000
|-
|36
|[[Chongqing]]
|China
|11,524,000
|-
|37
|[[London]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|11,360,000
|-
|38
|[[Paris]]
|[[France]]
|11,282,000
|-
|39
|[[Lima]]
|[[Peru]]
|10,914,000
|-
|40
|[[Bogotá|Bogota]]
|[[Colombia]]
|10,734,000
|-
|41
|[[Hyderabad]]
|India
|10,101,000
|-
|42
|[[Wuhan]]
|China
|10,041,000
|-
|43
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|[[Malaysia]]
|9,899,000
|-
|44
|[[Taipei]]
|[[Taiwan]]
|9,866,000
|-
|45
|[[Nagoya]]
|Japan
|9,617,000
|-
|46
|[[Nanjing]]
|China
|8,929,000
|-
|47
|[[Dar es Salaam]]
|[[Tanzania]]
|8,877,000
|-
|48
|[[Chicago]]
|United States
|8,790,000
|-
|49
|[[Riyadh]]
|[[Saudi Arabia]]
|8,589,000
|-
|50
|[[Xi'an]]
|China
|8,313,000
|-
|51
|[[Chengdu]]
|China
|8,040,000
|-
|52
|[[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad]]
|India
|7,961,000
|-
|53
|[[Addis Ababa]]
|[[Ethiopia]]
|7,922,000
|-
|54
|[[Shenyang]]-[[Fushun]]
|China
|7,768,000
|-
|55
|[[Onitsha]]
|Nigeria
|7,756,000
|-
|56
|[[Khartoum]]
|[[Sudan]]
|7,677,000
|-
|57
|[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]-[[Baltimore]]
|United States
|7,636,000
|-
|58
|[[Bandung]]
|Indonesia
|7,490,000
|-
|59
|[[Boston]]-[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
|United States
|7,375,000
|-
|60
|[[Nairobi]]
|[[Kenya]]
|7,264,000
|-
|61
|[[Santiago]]
|[[Chile]]
|7,192,000
|-
|62
|[[Baghdad]]
|[[Iraq]]
|7,160,000
|-
|63
|[[Hong Kong]]
|[[Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR]]
|7,117,000
|-
|64
|[[Dallas]]-[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]]
|United States
|6,980,000
|-
|65
|[[Madrid]]
|[[Spain]]
|6,966,000
|-
|66
|[[Pune]]
|India
|6,944,000
|-
|67
|[[Essen]]-[[Düsseldorf]]
|[[Germany]]
|6,874,000
|-
|68
|[[Zhengzhou]]
|China
|6,860,000
|-
|69
|[[Surabaya]]
|Indonesia
|6,820,000
|-
|69
|[[Yangon]]
|[[Myanmar]]
|6,820,000
|-
|71
|[[Houston]]
|United States
|6,804,000
|-
|72
|[[Amman]]
|[[Jordan]]
|6,694,000
|-
|73
|[[Quanzhou]]
|China
|6,487,000
|-
|74
|[[Abidjan]]
|[[Ivory Coast]]
|6,461,000
|-
|75
|[[Toronto]]
|[[Canada]]
|6,400,000
|-
|76
|[[San Francisco]]
|United States
|6,376,000
|-
|77
|[[Accra]]
|[[Ghana]]
|5,785,000
|-
|78
|[[Surat]]
|India
|6,601,000
|-
|79
|[[Xiamen]]-[[Zhangzhou]]
|China
|6,237,000
|-
|80
|[[Miami]]
|United States
|6,129,000
|-
|81
|[[Singapore]]
|[[Singapore]]
|6,056,000
|-
|82
|[[Kabul]]
|[[Afghanistan]]
|6,009,000
|-
|83
|[[Alexandria]]
|Egypt
|5,916,000
|-
|84
|[[Hefei]]
|China
|5,875,000
|-
|85
|[[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]
|Russia
|5,869,000
|-
|86
|[[Qingdao]]
|China
|5,806,000
|-
|87
|[[Hanoi]]
|Vietnam
|5,700,000
|-
|88
|[[Philadelphia]]
|United States
|5,697,000
|-
|89
|[[Faisalabad]]
|Pakistan
|5,650,000
|-
|90
|[[Ankara]]
|Turkey
|5,638,000
|-
|91
|[[Milan]]
|[[Italy]]
|5,631,000
|-
|92
|[[Atlanta]]
|United States
|5,495,000
|-
|93
|[[Barcelona]]
|Spain
|5,489,000
|-
|94
|[[Jeddah|Jiddah]]
|Saudi Arabia
|5,482,000
|-
|95
|[[Taiyuan]]
|China
|5,371,000
|-
|96
|[[Belo Horizonte]]
|Brazil
|5,368,000
|-
|97
|[[Mashhad]]
|Iran
|5,321,000
|-
|98
|[[Rawalpindi]]-[[Islamabad]]
|Pakistan
|5,203,000
|-
|99
|[[Kumasi]]
|Ghana
|5,192,000
|-
|100
|[[Melbourne]]
|[[Australia]]
|5,185,000
|-
|101
|[[Dubai]]
|[[United Arab Emirates]]
|5,097,000
|-
|102
|[[Yaoundé|Yaounde]]
|[[Cameroon]]
|5,095,000
|-
|103
|[[Kampala]]
|[[Uganda]]
|5,074,000
|-
|104
|[[Sydney]]
|Australia
|5,037,000
|}

==Definitions==
Presently, urban data are based on arbitrary definitions that vary from country to country and from year or census to the next, making them difficult to compare.

{{Blockquote|The UN publishes data on cities, urban areas and rural areas, but relies almost entirely on national definitions of these areas. The UN principles and recommendations state that due to different characteristics of urban and rural areas across the globe, a global definition is not possible.|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/work/2014_01_new_urban.pdf |title=A harmonised definition of cities and rural areas: the new degree of urbanisation |last1=Dijkstra |first1=Lewis |last2=Poelman |first2=Hugo |series=Regional Working Paper |publisher=Europa Commission |date=2014 |access-date=28 December 2023 }}</ref>}}

[[Europe]]an countries{{which|date=September 2019}} define urbanized areas on the basis of urban-type [[land use]], not allowing any gaps of typically more than {{convert|200|m|yd}}, and use [[satellite imagery]] instead of census blocks to determine the boundaries of the urban area. In less-developed countries{{which|date=September 2019}}, in addition to land use and density requirements, a requirement that a large majority of the population, typically 75%, is not engaged in agriculture and/or fishing is sometimes used.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==By region==
=== Africa ===
==== South Africa ====
[[File:Aerial View of Cape Town (iau2305a).jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Cape Town]], South Africa's second-largest metro by population]]
[[South Africa]] has eight metro areas. [[Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)|Metropolitan municipalities]] (Category A municipalities), as defined in SA, are the most developed areas of the country, and execute all the functions of local government for a [[city]] or [[conurbation]]. They are created by provincial governments. As per the country's [[2022 South African census|2022 census]] data, South Africa has five [[Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)|metros]] (major urban areas) with a population of over four million residents, with the other three having a population of around one million. [[Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)|Metropolitan municipalities]] (Category A municipalities), as defined in SA, are the most developed areas of the country, and execute all the functions of local government for a [[city]] or [[conurbation]]. They are created by provincial governments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoàng Huy New City |url=https://hoanghuynewcity-haiphong.com/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=hoanghuynewcity-haiphong.com |language=en}}</ref> The country's three branches of government are split over different cities. [[Cape Town]] is the [[Legislature|legislative]] capital, [[Pretoria]] the administrative capital, and [[Bloemfontein]] the judicial capital. The table below shows all South African metro areas, ranked by population size.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Province
! Seat of government
! Population (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa: Administrative Division (Provinces and Municipalities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/southafrica/admin/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
! Area (km2)<ref name="mdb-area">{{cite web|url=http://www.demarcation.org.za/site/shapefiles/|title=Shapefiles Statistics|website=Demarcation.org.za|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref>
! Pop. density (per km2)
|-
| [[City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality]]
| [[Gauteng]]
| [[Johannesburg]]
|style="text-align:right"| 4,803,262
|style="text-align:right"| 1,645
|style="text-align:right"| 2,924
|-
| [[City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality]]
| [[Western Cape]]
| [[Cape Town]]
|style="text-align:right"| 4,772,864
|style="text-align:right"| 2,446
|style="text-align:right"| 1,956
|-
| [[eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality]]
| [[KwaZulu-Natal]]
| [[Durban]]
|style="text-align:right"| 4,239,901
|style="text-align:right"| 2,556
|style="text-align:right"| 1,659
|-
| [[City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality]]
| [[Gauteng]]
| [[Germiston]]
|style="text-align:right"| 4,066,691
|style="text-align:right"| 1,975
|style="text-align:right"| 2,058
|-
| [[City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality]]
| [[Gauteng]]
| [[Pretoria]]
|style="text-align:right"| 4,040,315
|style="text-align:right"| 6,298
|style="text-align:right"| 642
|-
| [[Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality]]
| [[Eastern Cape]]
| [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]]
|style="text-align:right"| 1,190,496
|style="text-align:right"| 1,957
|style="text-align:right"| 608
|-
| [[Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality]]
| [[Eastern Cape]]
| [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]]
|style="text-align:right"| 975,255
|style="text-align:right"| 2,750
|style="text-align:right"| 354
|-
| [[Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality]]
| [[Free State (province)|Free State]]
| [[Bloemfontein]]
|style="text-align:right"| 811,431
|style="text-align:right"| 9,886
|style="text-align:right"| 82
|}

===Asia===
====East Asia====
=====China=====
{{Main|List of cities in China by population}}

Since 2000, [[China]]'s cities have expanded at an average rate of 10% annually. It is estimated that China's urban population will increase by 292 million people by 2050,<ref name="UrbanPopulation"/> when its cities will house a combined population of over one billion.<ref name=McKinseyUrbanBillion>{{cite web|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/mgi/research/urbanization/preparing_for_urban_billion_in_china|title=Preparing for China's urban billion|publisher=McKinsey Global Institute|date=February 2009|access-date=12 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224074932/http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/mgi/research/urbanization/preparing_for_urban_billion_in_china|archive-date=24 December 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The country's urbanization rate increased from 17.4% to 46.6% between 1978 and 2009.<ref name="Ref_abcd">{{cite web|url=http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/Data/wbi/wbicms/files/drupal-acquia/wbi/urban_china_urbanization2011.pdf|title=China urbanization (PDF)|publisher=World Bank Institute|year=2011|access-date=12 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173104/http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/Data/wbi/wbicms/files/drupal-acquia/wbi/urban_china_urbanization2011.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Between 150 and 200 million [[migrant worker]]s work part-time in the major cities, returning home to the countryside periodically with their earnings.<ref name="Harney2008">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/01/china.migrants/index.html|title=Migrants are China's 'factories without smoke'|work=CNN|first=Alexandra|last=Harney|date=3 February 2008|access-date=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Tschang2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2009/gb2009024_357998.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208012238/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2009/gb2009024_357998.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 8, 2009|title=A Tough New Year for China's Migrant Workers|work=Business Week |first=Chi-Chu|last=Tschang|date=4 February 2009|access-date=27 March 2009}}</ref>

China has more cities with one million or more long-term residents than any other country, including the three [[global city|global cities]] of [[Beijing]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Shanghai]]; by 2025, the country will be home to 221 cities with over a million inhabitants.<ref name=McKinseyUrbanBillion/> The figures in the table below are from the 2008 census, and are only estimates of the urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists when considering the total municipal populations (which includes suburban and rural populations). The large "[[floating population]]s" of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult;<ref name="Ref_abce">Francesco Sisci. "China's floating population a headache for census". ''The Straits Times''. 22 September 2000.</ref> the figures below include only long-term residents.

{{wide image|Shanghai_Pudong_Panorama_Jan_2_2014.jpg|950|Panoramic view of [[Pudong]]'s skyline from [[the Bund (Shanghai)|the Bund]] in [[Shanghai]]}}
{{Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China|class=info}}

=====Japan=====
In [[Japan]], urbanized areas are defined as [[Geographic contiguity|contiguous]] areas of densely inhabited districts (DIDs) using [[census]] enumeration districts as units with a density requirement of {{convert|4000|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.

=====South Korea=====
[[Seoul]] is the largest urban area in [[South Korea]].

=====Taiwan=====
[[Greater Taipei]] is the largest urban area in [[Taiwan]].

====South Asia====
=====Bangladesh=====
In [[Bangladesh]], there are total 532 urban areas, which are divided into three categories. Those are [[List of City Corporations of Bangladesh|City Corporation]], [[List of Municipal Corporations of Bangladesh|Municipal Corporation]] (Pourasova) and [[Upazila|Upazila town]]. Among those urban areas, [[Dhaka]] is the largest city by population and area, with a population of 19.10 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Population & Housing Census-2011 |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044832/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> In [[Bangladesh]], there are total 11 [[City Corporations in Bangladesh|City Corporations]] and 329 [[Municipal Corporations in Bangladesh|Municipal Corporations]] and 203 [[Small town]]s, which serves as the center for [[Upazila]]s. According to 2011 population census, [[Bangladesh]] has an urban population of 28%, with a growth rate of 2.8%.<ref>{{Citation|title=Population and Housing Census 2011 – Volume 3: Urban Area Report|date=Aug 2014|url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Population%20%20Housing%20Census%202011.pdf|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> At this growth rate, it is estimated that the urban population of [[Bangladesh]] will reach 79 million or 42% of total population by 2035.

=====India=====
{{Main|Urbanization in India|List of cities in India by population}}

For the Census of [[India]] 2011, the definition of urban area is a place having a minimum population of 5,000 of density {{convert|400|/km2|/sqmi |adj=pre|persons}} or higher, and 75% plus of the male working population employed in non-agricultural activities. Places administered by a municipal corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee are automatically considered urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals Urban Agglomerations and Cities, Data Highlights|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf|publisher=Census of India 2011|date=13 February 2012}}</ref>

The Census of India 2011 also defined the term "urban agglomeration" as an integrated urban area consisting of a core town together with its "outgrowths" (contiguous suburbs).<ref>{{cite web|title=Urban Agglomeration|url=http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Urban_Agglomeration|website=Arthapedia|publisher=India Economic Service|language=en|date=10 April 2015|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812165135/http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Urban_Agglomeration|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Largest urban agglomerations in India|class=}}

=====Pakistan=====
{{Main|Urbanisation in Pakistan|List of cities in Pakistan by population}}
In [[Pakistan]], an area is a major [[city]] and [[municipality]] if it has more than 100,000 inhabitants according to census results. Cities include adjacent [[Cantonments (Pakistan)|cantonments]].

Urbanisation in [[Pakistan]] has increased since the time of independence and has several different causes. The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the [[Indus River]]. Karachi is its most populous city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=N |last2=P |last3=R |date=2008-06-02 |title=Series Overview: The Urban Frontier — Karachi |url=https://www.npr.org/2008/06/02/91009748/series-overview-the-urban-frontier-karachi |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> In the northern half of the country, most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Islamabad]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Sialkot]], [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]], [[Jhelum]], [[Sargodha]], [[Sheikhupura]], [[Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]], [[Mardan]] and [[Peshawar]]. During 1990–2008, city dwellers made up 36% of Pakistan's population, making it the most urbanised nation in [[South Asia]]. Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=2008-08-16 |title=Pakistan looks to life without the general |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/17/pakistan |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Karachi is the most populated city in [[Pakistan]] closely followed by Lahore according to the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]].

====Southeast Asia====
=====Philippines=====
In 2020, 54 percent of the [[Philippines|Philippine]] population lived in urban areas.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis S. |title=Urban Population of the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/urban-population-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705104809/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/1_PR_Urban%20Population_RML_063022_ONS-signed.pdf |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |date=July 4, 2022}}</ref> With an estimated population of 16.3 million, [[Metro Manila]] is the most populous metropolitan area in the [[List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines|Philippines]] and the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|11th in the world]]. However, the greater urban area is the [[List of urban areas by population|5th largest in the world]] with a population of 20,654,307 people (2010 estimate).<ref name="WG">{{cite web|url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=a&va=&srt=pnan|title=World: metropolitan areas|publisher=World Gazetteer|access-date=2010-01-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211424/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=a&va=&srt=pnan|archive-date=2007-09-30}}</ref>

=====Singapore=====
{{Further|Geography of Singapore|Planning areas of Singapore}}

As an island [[city-state]], about 5.6 million people live and work within {{convert|700|km2}}. With 64 [[List of islands of Singapore|islands and islets]], [[Singapore Island]] makes up the largest urban area in the country. According to the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]], the country has the highest urbanised population in [[Southeast Asia]], with 100 percent of its population living in an urban area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/The%20State%20of%20Asian%20and%20Pacific%20Cities%202015.pdf|title=The State of Asian and Pacific Cities 2015|publisher=United Nations ESCAP|date=2015|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> The [[Urban Redevelopment Authority]] (URA) is responsible for the urban [[land-use planning]], which designates land use and [[urban density]] of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/About-Us/What-We-Do|title=Singapore Urban Redevelopment Authority|publisher=URA (Singapore)|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> The country is divided into 5 [[Regions of Singapore|regions]] for planning purposes by the URA, even though as a city state Singapore is defined as a single continuous urban area. It is further subdivided into 55 [[Planning Areas of Singapore|urban planning areas]], which acts as the boundaries of [[New towns of Singapore|planned towns]] within the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Redevelopment Authourity |url=http://www.ura.gov.sg/dgp_reports/angmokio/main.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612192146/http://www.ura.gov.sg/dgp_reports/angmokio/main.html |archive-date=2007-06-12 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.ura.gov.sg}}</ref>

=====Thailand=====
[[Bangkok]] is the largest urban area in [[Thailand]].

=====Vietnam=====
In [[Vietnam]], there are six types of urban areas:

* Special urban area (2 municipalities): [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]].
* Type I urban area (18 provincial cities and 3 municipalities): [[Long Xuyên]], [[Pleiku]], [[Mỹ Tho]], [[Thủ Dầu Một]], [[Bắc Ninh]], [[Biên Hòa]], [[Hải Dương]], [[Thanh Hóa]], [[Hạ Long]], [[Việt Trì]], [[Thái Nguyên]], [[Nam Định]], [[Vũng Tàu]], [[Buôn Ma Thuột]], [[Đà Lạt]], [[Quy Nhơn]], [[Nha Trang]], [[Huế]], [[Vinh]], [[Cần Thơ]], [[Đà Nẵng]] and [[Hải Phòng]].
* Type II urban area (21 provincial cities and 1 district):[[Châu Đốc]], [[Đồng Hới]], [[Uông Bí]], [[Bắc Giang]], [[Ninh Bình]], [[Bạc Liêu]], [[Bà Rịa]], [[Thái Bình]], [[Rạch Giá]], [[Cà Mau]], [[Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm]], [[Tuy Hòa]], [[Phan Thiết]], [[Vĩnh Yên]], [[Lào Cai]] and [[Phú Quốc]].
* Type III urban area (31 provincial cities and 12 towns).
* Type IV urban area (35 towns and 35 townships).
* Type V urban area (586 townships and 54 communes).

===Europe===
====Finland====
{{Main|Urban areas in Finland|List of urban areas in Finland by population}}

[[File:Taajama kyltti Vimpelissä.jpg|thumb|A street sign in [[Vimpeli]] indicating the beginning of an urban area in Finland]]

[[Urban areas in the Nordic countries|As in other Nordic countries]], an urban area ({{lang|fi|taajama}} in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]) in Finland must have a building at least every {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} and at least 200 people. To be considered a [[town]] or a [[city]] ({{lang|fi|kaupunki}}) for statistical purposes, an urban area must have at least 15,000 people. This is not to be confused with the city / town designation used by [[Municipalities of Finland|municipalities]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Locality – Concepts |url=http://www.stat.fi/meta/kas/taajama_en.html |website=2026-01-07 |publisher=Statistics Finland}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alueluokkien kuvaukset |url=http://www.ymparisto.fi/fi-FI/Elinymparisto_ja_kaavoitus/Yhdyskuntarakenne/Tietoa_yhdyskuntarakenteesta/Kaupunkimaaseutu_luokitus/Alueluokkien_kuvaukset |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.ymparisto.fi |publisher=Ymparisto}}</ref>

====France====
{{Main|Functional area (France)}}
In [[France]], an urban area (''Fr: [[aire d'attraction d'une ville]]'') is a zone encompassing an area of built-up growth (called an "urban unit" (''[[unité urbaine]]'')<ref name="unité urbaine">{{Cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1501|website=Definitions, methods and quality |title=Urban unit| access-date=2019-01-18|date=October 31, 2016|language=en|publisher=INSEE}}</ref> – close in definition to the North American urban area) and its commuter belt (''[[couronne périurbaine|couronne]]''). Americans would find the [[INSEE]] definition of the urban area<ref name="aire urbaine">{{Cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2070|website=Definitions, methods and quality| title=Urban area|access-date=2019-01-18|date=October 31, 2016|language=en|publisher=INSEE}}</ref> to be similar to their [[metropolitan area]].

The [[List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants|largest cities]] in France, in terms of urban area population (2017), are [[Paris]] (12,628,266), [[Lyon]] (2,323,221), [[Marseille]] (1,760,653), [[Toulouse]] (1,360,829), [[Bordeaux]] (1,247,977), [[Lille]] (1,191,117), [[Nice]] (1,006,201), [[Nantes]] (972,828), [[Strasbourg]] (790,087) and [[Rennes]] (733,320).<ref>{{cite web |title=Tableaux de l'économie française, Édition 2020, Villes et communes de France |trans-title=French Economy Tables, 2020 Edition, Cities and Municipalities of France |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4277602?sommaire=4318291 |access-date=11 December 2020 |publisher=INSEE}}</ref>
{{Panorama
| image = Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg
| height = 200
|caption = Panorama of Paris as seen from the [[Eiffel Tower]] as full 360-degree view (river flowing from north-east to south-west, right to left
}}

====Germany====
{{main|List of cities in Germany by population}}

[[Germany]] has a number of large [[List of cities in Germany|cities]]. The largest [[conurbation]] is the [[Rhine-Ruhr]] region (11 million {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}}), including [[Düsseldorf]] (the capital of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]), [[Cologne]], [[Bonn]], [[Dortmund]], [[Essen]], [[Duisburg]], and [[Bochum]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |title=Verdichtungsräume nach Fläche, Bevölkerung und Bevölkerungsdichte am 31.12.2017, im November 2018 wegen korrigierter Bevölkerung revidiert |trans-title=Conurbations by area, population and population density on December 31, 2017, revised in November 2018 due to corrected population figures |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ-Nicht/30-verdichtungsraeume.html |access-date=24 March 2019 |publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt |page=10 |language=de}}</ref>

====Netherlands====
The [[Netherlands]] is the [[List of countries by population density|30th-most densely populated]] country in the world, with {{convert|404.6|PD/sqkm|sigfig=4}}—or {{convert|497|PD/sqkm|sigfig=4}} if only the land area is counted. The [[Randstad]] is the country's largest [[conurbation]] located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities: Amsterdam, [[Rotterdam]], [[The Hague]], and [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]]. The Randstad has a population of 7 million inhabitants and is the [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe by population|6th largest]] [[metropolitan area]] in Europe.

====Norway====
{{Main|List of urban areas in Norway by population}}

[[Norway]] defines urban areas ("tettsteder") [[Urban areas in the Nordic countries|similarly to the other Nordic countries]]. Unlike in Denmark and Sweden, the distance between each building has to be of less than 50 m, although exceptions are made due to parks, industrial areas, rivers, and similar. Groups of houses less than 400 m from the main body of an urban area are included in the urban area.<ref name="ssb1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/beftett_en/ |title=Population statistics. Population and land area in urban settlements, 1 January 2008 |access-date=2009-04-17 |date=June 20, 2008 |work=Statistics Norway }}</ref>

====Poland====
In [[Poland]], official "urban" population figures simply refer to those localities which have the status of towns (''miasta''). The "rural" population is that of all areas outside the boundaries of these towns. This distinction may give a misleading impression in some cases, since some localities with only village status may have acquired larger and denser populations than many many smaller towns<ref>{{cite web |title=Polish official population figures |url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/45_655_PLK_HTML.htm |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.stat.gov.pl}}</ref> with most excessive example of [[Poznań]], most spread urban area of the country with population of the city app. 534 thousand and [[Poznań metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] around 1 million inhabitants. On the other hand, the [[Katowice urban area]] with numerous large and medium cities covers 1,468 km and has above 2 million people.
The [[metropolitan areas in Poland]] are the biggest urban zones (e.g. [[Katowice metropolitan area]], [[Łódź metropolitan area]] and [[Szczecin metropolitan area]]) and have great impact on the rural surroundings, as it is around [[Lublin]], [[Radom]], [[Kielce]], [[Tarnów]] and [[Białystok]].

====Russia====
[[File:Business Centre of Moscow 2.jpg|thumb|[[Moscow]], the capital and largest city of [[Russia]]]]

[[Moscow]], the capital and [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|largest city]] of [[Russia]], has a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits,<ref name=est.2020>{{cite web|title=RUSSIA: Central'nyj Federal'nyj Okrug – Central Federal District|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/central/|publisher=City Population.de|date=August 8, 2020|access-date=September 1, 2020}}</ref> while over 17 million residents in the urban area,<ref name="Urban">{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|publisher=Demographia|access-date=July 22, 2020}}</ref> and over 20 million residents in the [[Moscow metropolitan area|Moscow Metropolitan Area]].<ref name="Megapolis">{{cite web|url=https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration|title=A 3-Hour Commute: A Close Look At Moscow The Megapolis|work=Strelka Mag|author=Alexander Akishin|date=August 17, 2017|access-date=May 23, 2020|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121056/https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is among the [[List of largest cities|world's largest cities]], being the [[List of European cities by population within city limits|most populous city]] entirely within [[Europe]], the [[List of urban areas in Europe|most populous urban area]] in [[Europe]],<ref name="Urban" /> the [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe|most populous metropolitan area]] in Europe,<ref name="Megapolis"/> and also the largest city by land area on the European continent.<ref name="Planète Énergies">{{Cite web|url=https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation|title=Moscow, a City Undergoing Transformation|work=Planète Énergies|date=September 11, 2017|access-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref> [[Saint Petersburg]], the cultural capital, is the second-largest city, with a population of roughly 5.4 million inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|title=RUSSIA: Severo-Zapadnyj Federal'nyj Okrug: Northwestern Federal District|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/northwestern/|publisher=City Population.de|date=8 August 2020|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> Other major urban areas are [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Kazan]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], and [[Chelyabinsk]].

====Spain====
[[Spain]] is a very highly urbanized country. [[Madrid]] is its largest urban area. The Southern and Eastern coasts with [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]] and [[Málaga]] are more urbanised than the Northern and Western ones.

====Sweden====
{{Main|Urban areas in Sweden#Statistics{{!}}List of urban areas in Sweden by population}}

[[Urban areas in Sweden]] (''tätorter'') are statistically defined localities, totally independent of the administrative subdivision of the country. There are 1,956 such localities in [[Sweden]], with a population ranging from 200 to 1,372,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortsatt stor ökning av befolkning i tätorter |trans-title=Continued large increase in the population of urban areas |url=http://www.scb.se/Pages/PressRelease____317009.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112062733/http://www.scb.se/Pages/PressRelease____317009.aspx |archive-date=2012-01-12 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]]}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
{{Main|List of urban areas in the United Kingdom}}

In 2013 the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Office for National Statistics]] (ONS) published ''2011 Built-up Areas – Methodology and Guidance'' which sets out its definition of a '''built-up area''' (BUA) as an area of built-up land of at least {{convert|20|ha|sqmi}}, separated from other settlements by at least {{convert|200|m}}. For 2011 census data there are 5,493 built-up areas, of which 501 are divided into '''built-up area sub-divisions''' (BUASD) for which data is also available. Each built-up area is named algorithmically, using Ordnance Survey place-name data.<ref name="ons">{{cite web | title=2011 Built-up Areas – Methodology and Guidance | author=ONS Geography | publisher=Office for National Statistics | date=August 2015 | url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ons::built-up-areas-2011-user-guidance/explore | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913223231/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ons::built-up-areas-user-guidance-1/explore | archive-date=13 September 2024 | access-date=14 December 2024 | url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

The ONS has produced census results from urban areas since 1951, since 1981 based upon the extent of irreversible urban development indicated on [[Ordnance Survey]] maps. The definition is an extent of at least 20 ha and at least 1,500 census residents. Separate areas are linked if less than 200 m (220 yd) apart. Included are transportation features.<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8271&Pos=2&ColRank=1&Rank=224 KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas] For the OS definition of an Urban Area, see the notes tab on the Excel version.</ref> The UK has five Urban Areas with a population over a million and a further sixty nine with a [[List of urban areas in the United Kingdom#Most populous|population over one hundred thousand]].
{{Largest Urban Areas of the United Kingdom|class=}}

===North America===
====Canada====
{{Main|List of the largest population centres in Canada}}

According to [[Statistics Canada]], an urban area in [[Canada]] is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than {{convert|400|/km2|/sqmi |adj=pre|persons}}.<ref name=StatCan1>{{cite web |url= http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/ref/dict/geo049-eng.cfm | title=Urban area (UA) | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=2009-11-20 | access-date=2011-01-21}}</ref> If two or more urban areas are within {{convert|2|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area, provided they do not cross [[census metropolitan area]] or [[census agglomeration]] boundaries.<ref name=StatCan2>{{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/ref/dict/geo049a-eng.cfm | title=More information on Urban area (UA) | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=2009-11-20 | access-date=2011-01-21}}</ref>

In the [[Canada 2011 Census]], Statistics Canada redesignated urban areas with the new term "[[Population centre (Canada)|population centre]]";<ref name="popcentre">{{Cite web |title=From urban areas to population centres |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/subjects-sujets/standard-norme/sgc-cgt/urban-urbain-eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213032942/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/subjects-sujets/standard-norme/sgc-cgt/urban-urbain-eng.htm |archive-date=2012-12-13 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.statcan.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> the new term was chosen in order to better reflect the fact that urban vs. rural is not a strict division, but rather a continuum within which several distinct settlement patterns may exist. For example, a community may fit a strictly statistical definition of an urban area, but may not be commonly thought of as "urban" because it has a smaller population, or functions socially and economically as a suburb of another urban area rather than as a self-contained urban entity, or is geographically remote from other urban communities. Accordingly, the new definition set out three distinct types of population centres: small (population 1,000 to 29,999), medium (population 30,000 to 99,999) and large (population 100,000 or greater).<ref name=popcentre /> Despite the change in terminology, however, the demographic definition of a population centre remains unchanged from that of an urban area: a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per km2.

====Mexico====
[[Mexico]] is one of many countries where the urbanization rate is at least 80%. [[Mexico City]], its capital, is the largest urban area in the country.

====United States====
{{Main|List of United States urban areas}}

In the [[United States]], the [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] defines urban areas and delineates urban area boundaries after each census. The Bureau defines an urban area as "a statistical geographic entity consisting of a densely settled core created from [[census blocks]] and contiguous qualifying territory that together have at least 2,000 housing units or 5,000 persons."<ref name="US 2020 criteria">{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/03/24/2022-06180/urban-area-criteria-for-the-2020-census-final-criteria|title=Urban Area Criteria for the 2020 Census-Final Criteria|date=March 24, 2022|website=Federal Register|author=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> There were 2,646 urban areas identified by the Census Bureau for 2020. 511 of these had a population of 50,000 or more.<ref name="US 2020 list">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html |title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 30, 2022}}</ref>

For the 2000 and 2010 censuses, the Census Bureau differentiated between two kinds of urban areas: urbanized areas and urban clusters. The term ''urbanized area'' denoted an urban area of 50,000 or more people. Urban areas under 50,000 people were called ''urban clusters''. Urbanized areas were first delineated in the United States in the 1950 census, while urban clusters were added in the 2000 census. The distinction between urbanized areas and urban clusters was removed for the 2020 census.<ref name="US 2020 criteria" />

Urban areas consist of a densely-settled urban core, plus surrounding developed areas that meet certain density criteria. Since urban areas are composed of census blocks and not cities, counties, or county-equivalents, urban area boundaries may consist of partial areas of these political units. Urban areas are distinguished from [[rural areas]]: any area not part of an urban area is considered to be rural by the Census Bureau.<ref name="US 2020 criteria" />

The largest urban area in the United States is that of [[New York City]] and its surrounding suburbs. The New York–[[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]–[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], NY–NJ urban area had a population of 19,426,449 as of 2020, while the larger [[New York metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] had a population of 20,140,470, and the [[combined statistical area]] had a population of 23,582,649. The next five largest urban areas in the U.S. are those of [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[Miami]], [[Houston]], and [[Dallas]].<ref name="US 2020 list" /> 80.0 percent of the population of the United States lives within the boundaries of an urban area as of the 2020 census.<ref name="2020 press release">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/urban-rural-populations.html|title=Nation's Urban and Rural Populations Shift Following 2020 Census|date=December 29, 2022|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
{{Panorama
| image = 10 mile panorama of NYC, Feb., 2018.jpg
| height = 200
| caption = The [[List of tallest buildings in New York City|skyscrapers]] of [[New York City]], the [[List of most populous cities in the United States|most populous city in the United States]] and the [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|most populous U.S. metropolitan area]], are almost all situated in [[Manhattan]], the world's largest [[central business district]], seen here in this panorama in February 2018, as viewed from [[Weehawken, New Jersey]].
{{flatlist|
# [[Riverside Church]]
# [[Time Warner Center]]
# [[220 Central Park South]]
# [[Central Park Tower]]
# [[One57]]
# [[432 Park Avenue]]
# [[53W53]]
# [[Chrysler Building]]
# [[Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)|Bank of America Tower]]
# [[Conde Nast Building]]
# [[The New York Times Building]]
# [[Empire State Building]]
# [[Manhattan West]]
# {{nowrap|a: [[55 Hudson Yards]],}} {{nowrap|b: [[35 Hudson Yards]],}} {{nowrap|c: [[10 Hudson Yards]],}} {{nowrap|d: [[15 Hudson Yards]]}}
# [[56 Leonard Street]]
# [[8 Spruce Street]]
# [[Woolworth Building]]
# [[70 Pine Street]]
# [[30 Park Place]]
# [[40 Wall Street]]
# [[Three World Trade Center]]
# [[Four World Trade Center]]
# [[One World Trade Center]]}}
}}

{{Wide image||1670px|
|4=}}

The concept of Urbanized Areas as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau is often used as a more accurate gauge of the size of a city, since in different cities and states the lines between city borders and the urbanized area of that city are often not the same. For example, the city of [[Greenville, South Carolina]] has a city population just over 68,000 and an urbanized area population of around 400,000, while [[Greensboro, North Carolina]] has a city population just over 285,000 and an urbanized area population of around 300,000 — meaning that Greenville is actually "larger" for some intents and purposes, but not for others, such as taxation, local elections, etc.

In the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]]'s [[natural resources inventory]], urban areas are officially known as ''developed areas'' or urban and built-up areas. Such areas include cities, ethnic villages, other built-up areas of more than 10 ac (4 ha), industrial sites, railroad yards, cemeteries, airports, golf courses, shooting ranges, institutional and public administration sites, and similar areas. The 1997 national resources inventory placed over 98,000,000 ac (40,000,000 ha) in this category, an increase of 25,000,000 ac (10,000,000 ha) since 1982.<ref>{{CRS|article = Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition|url = http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf|author= Jasper Womach}}</ref>

===Oceania===
====Australia====
The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] refers to urban areas as Urban Centres, which it generally defines as population clusters of 1,000 or more people.<ref name="AUS">{{cite web|title=Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS)| date=23 May 2011 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2901.0Chapter23102011|access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> Australia is one of the most urbanised countries in the world, with more than 50% of the population residing in Australia's three biggest urban centres.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}<ref name="AUS"/>
{{wide image|Sydney Harbour Bridge night.jpg|950|[[Sydney]] is Australia's largest city, home to 5.3 million inhabitants.<ref name="ABSMRSYD">{{cite web|date=30 March 2021|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2019–20|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330092152/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release|archive-date=30 March 2021|access-date=30 March 2021|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>}}

====New Zealand====
{{Main|Urban areas of New Zealand}}

[[Statistics New Zealand]] defines urban areas in New Zealand, which are independent of any administrative subdivisions and have no legal basis.<ref name=defn>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/surveys_and_methods/methods/classifications-and-standards/classification-related-stats-standards/urban-area/definition.aspx |title=Urban area: Definition |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113181922/http://www.stats.govt.nz/surveys_and_methods/methods/classifications-and-standards/classification-related-stats-standards/urban-area/definition.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> There are four classes of urban area: major urban areas (population 100,000+), large urban areas (population 30,000–99,999), medium urban areas (population 10,000–29,999) and small urban areas (population 1,000–9,999). As of 2021, there are 7 major urban areas, 13 large urban areas, 22 medium urban areas and 136 small urban areas. Urban areas are reclassified after each [[New Zealand census]], so population changes between censuses does not change an urban area's classification.
{{Largest cities of New Zealand}}

===South America===
====Argentina====
Argentina is highly urbanized.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html?countryName=Argentina&countryCode=ar&regionCode=sa&#ar |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090725144030/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html?countryName=Argentina&countryCode=AR&regionCode=sa&#ar |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 25, 2009 |title= Field listing – Urbanization |work= The World Factbook |publisher= CIA}}</ref> The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, and fewer than one in ten live in rural areas. About 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the [[Greater Buenos Aires]] metropolitan area totals around 15 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world, with a population of 18 million all up.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web |url= http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title= Major Cities |publisher= Government of Argentina |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date= 19 September 2009 |url-status= live}}</ref>

[[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] has around 1.5 million people living in the urban area, while [[Rosario]], [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] and [[San Miguel de Tucumán|Tucumán]] have around 1.2 million inhabitants each<ref name=majorcities/> and [[La Plata]], [[Mar del Plata]], [[Salta]] and [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]]<ref name=majorcities/><ref>{{cite web |title=Ubicación de la ciudad de salta |trans-title=Location of the city of Salta |url=http://turismo.municipalidad-salta.gov.ar:8081/ubicacion.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117032939/http://turismo.municipalidad-salta.gov.ar:8081/ubicacion.aspx |archive-date=2010-01-17 |publisher=Directorate-General of Tourism, Municipality of the City of Salta |language=es}}</ref> have at least 500,000 people each.

====Brazil====
{{excerpt|List of metropolitan areas in Brazil|Definitions|paragraphs=1|this=The following paragraph is}}
{{wide image|File:Skyline of São Paulo at dusk (cropped).jpg|950|Skyline of [[São Paulo]], the largest city in [[Brazil]]}}
{{Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil|class=}}

====Chile====
[[Chile]] is highly urbanized. The largest urban area in the country is its capital, [[Santiago]].

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
* [[City]]
* [[Developed environments]]
* [[List of largest urban areas by continent]]
* [[New Urbanism]]
* [[Urban climatology]]
* [[Urban culture]]
* [[Urban decay]]
* [[Urban forest]]
* [[Urban forestry]]
* [[Urban green space]]
* [[Urban planning]]
* [[Urban renewal]]
* [[Urban vitality]]
* [[Urbanization]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/Defintion_of%20Urban.pdf United Nations Statistics Division (UNSTAT): Definition of "urban"]
* [http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf World Urban Areas] All identified world urbanized areas 500,000+ and others: Population & Density.
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091226080929/http://www.e-geopolis.eu/ Geopolis]: research group, University of Paris-Diderot, France for world urban areas
* [http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp Gridded Population of the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510231614/http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp |date=2012-05-10 }} – contains links to urban area definitions and maps for over 230 countries/territories
* [http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_2006_1.html City Mayors – The World's Largest Urban Areas in 2006]
* [http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_2020_1.html City Mayors – The World's Largest Urban Areas Projected for 2020]
* [http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=palmares&rid=4&nom=grandes-villes PopulationData – World's largest urban areas 1,000,000+ population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103183926/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=palmares&rid=4&nom=grandes-villes |date=2011-01-03 }}

{{Cities}}
{{Terms for types of country subdivisions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Urban areas| ]]
[[Category:4th-millennium BC introductions]]
[[Category:Urban design]]
[[Category:Urban planning]]

Andaleeve Rahman

2026-03-13T23:37:53Z

ShondaLemos:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Andaleeve Rahman Partho
| native_name = {{nobold|আন্দালিব রহমান পার্থ}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = File:Andaleeve Rahman Partho.png
| caption = Rahman in 2018
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| status =
| term_start = 17 February 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Tofail Ahmed (politician)|Tofail Ahmed]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Bhola-1]]
| term_start1 = 29 December 2008
| term_end1 = 5 January 2014
| constituency1 = [[Bhola-1]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mosharef Hossain Shahjahan]]
| successor1 = [[Tofail Ahmed (politician)|Tofail Ahmed]]
| office2 = [[Bangladesh Jatiya Party|Chairman of the Bangladesh Jatiya Party]]
| term_start2 = 10 April 2008
| 1blankname2 = Secretary-General
| 1namedata2 = Abdul Matin Saud
| predecessor2 = [[Naziur Rahman Manzur]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Jatiya Party]]
| nationality = [[Bangladeshi]]
| otherparty =
| father = [[Naziur Rahman Manzur]]
| relations =
| relatives = ''see [[Sheikh family of Tungipara|Sheikh Family]] ''
| spouse = Sheikh Shaira Rahman
| children = 3
| education =
| occupation = Politician
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|4|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| primeminister1 =
| profession = [[Barrister]], teacher
| alma_mater = [[St. Joseph Higher Secondary School]] [[University of London]] [[Lincoln's Inn]]
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honorable#Bangladesh|The Honorable]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|MP]]
}}

'''Andaleeve Rahman Partho''' (born 20 April 1974)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2013-03-28-17-14-33?layout=edit&id=764|title=Constituency 115|website=Bangladesh Parliament|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> is a Bangladeshi Barrister, Politician and Member of Parliament for [[Bhola-1]]. He serves as the Chairman of [[Bangladesh Jatiya Party]] and<ref name="bdnews24">{{cite news |title=Partha stirs web storm |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/04/19/partha-stirs-web-storm |website=Bdnews24.com |date=2013-04-19 |access-date=2016-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://andaleeverahman.com|title=Official website for Andaleeve Rahman Partho|website=Andaleeverahman.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925202137/http://andaleeverahman.com/ |archive-date=2015-09-25 |access-date=2016-02-06}}</ref> Principal of the British School of Law in [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Barrister Andaleeve Rahman in Bangladesh Parliament YouTube |url=http://www.firstpost.com/topic/place/bangladesh-barrister-andaleeve-rahman-in-bangladesh-parliament-youtube-video-F5XFWDewn9I-1247-1.html|magazine=First Post |access-date=2016-02-06 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Andaleeve Rahman Partho was born on 20 April 1974 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. His father, [[Naziur Rahman Manzur]], was a politician and former minister who served as the founding chairman of the Bangladesh Jatiya Party and as the Mayor of Dhaka. They belonged to a Bengali Muslim family known as the ''[[Zamindar]]s'' of Balia in [[Bhola Island]]. Through his paternal grandfather Bazlur Rahman, Andaleeve Rahman is a direct descendant of Munga Khan, an eighteenth-century figure who arrived in Bengal from [[Garmsir]] in [[Afghanistan]] and settled in the village of Saluka in greater Barisal. Khan's son, Shaykh Muhammad, was part of the landed aristocracy in Bhola's Balia and Gazaria areas, where the family established themselves as Zamindars.

His mother is Sheikh Reba who is from the [[Sheikh family of Tungipara]] who are deeply involved in the political arena in Bangladesh and are a ''[[Zamindars of Bengal|Zamindar]]'' family of the [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] region, they trace their lineage to a Sufi ''[[Dervish]]'', Sheikh Abdul Awal who likely came from [[Eastern Iran]] as part of a wider missionary group.<ref>"The unfinished memoirs / Sheikh Mujibur Rahman | Catalogue | National Library of Australia". ''catalogue.nla.gov.au''. Retrieved 1 June 2025</ref> [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], a leading figure in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 and the first president of Bangladesh also hailed from this clan.<ref>ilton, Dr Abul Hasnat (17 October 2023). ''Sheikh Hasina: The Making of an Extraordinary South Asian Leader''. Balboa Press. pp. Pages 28-32. {{ISBN|978-1-9822-9828-9}}. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</ref>

Rahman Partha first studied at [[St. Joseph Higher Secondary School]] before going to London to pursue an LL.B. degree.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Chandpur |date=2017-08-18 |title=যে পথ ধরে রাজনীতিতে আসলেন আন্দালিব রহমান পার্থ |url=https://chandpurtimes.com/%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%ac-%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a5%e0%a5%a4/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=bn-BD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=আইন প্রতিমন্ত্রী হচ্ছেন পার্থ! |url=https://barishaltimes.com//general-news/ada24df4-e793-49b7-a715-4f19ad7468e2 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=barishaltimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Rahman passed the Bar Examination at Lincoln's Inn in the 5th. He then returned to the country and joined as an apprentice under the supervision of Barrister Rafiqul Haque and worked with him for five years. He is currently working as a lawyer in Dhaka and serves as principal of the British School of Law in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barrister Andaleeve's BJP quits BNP alliance |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2019/05/06/barrister-andaleeve-s-bjp-quits-bnp-alliance |access-date=21 September 2019 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref>

Rahman has been actively involved in politics with his father, Naziur Rahman Manju, for over 25 years. When his father died in April 2008, Andalib was elected chairman of the [[Bangladesh Jatiya Party]]. In the ninth parliamentary election of the 24th, [[Bhola-1]] was elected as a candidate for the four-party alliance, and Awami League candidate Yusuf Hossain defeated Humayun and won. His party boycotted the election under the leadership of the BNP in the election of 2014. He became a candidate for the unity front and the 25-party alliance in the Dhaka-1 constituency in the 11th parliamentary elections. He collected nomination papers in [[Dhaka-17]] and [[Bhola-3]] seats.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailynayadiganta.com/election/371036/ঢাকা-১৭-আসনে-ধানের-শীষের-প্রার্থী-ব্যারিস্টার-আন্দালিব-রহমান-পার্থ|script-title=bn:ঢাকা-১৭ আসনে ধানের শীষের প্রার্থী ব্যারিস্টার আন্দালিব রহমান পার্থ|work=[[Daily Naya Diganta]]|language=bn|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2013-03-28-17-14-33|script-title=bn:৯ম জাতীয় সংসদ সদস্য তালিকা (বাংলা)|website=Parliament|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

=== Commentary on Adviser Asif Mahmud ===
In August 2025, during the tenure of the interim government, Partho became the subject of public debate following a social media post concerning government adviser [[Asif Mahmud]]. The controversy originated from a press briefing where Adviser [[Asif Mahmud]], responding to questions about his late-night activities, stated that he often went to [[Neela Market]] in the Purbachal 300 Feet area to eat duck meat after finishing his work. He further explained that on occasions when he found the market closed, he would go to [[The Westin Dhaka]] instead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-15 |title=Adviser Asif Mahmud goes to Neela Market for duck, finding it closed, he goes to The Westin |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ws56xcjsai |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref>

In response to the growing discussion, Partho published a post on his verified [[Facebook]] page, writing,<blockquote>"Once he searched for rice in the canteen, now he searches for duck in the Westin" (Bengali: এক সময় ভাত খুঁজতো ক্যান্টিনে, এখন হাঁস খুঁজে ওয়েস্টিনে, romanized: Ek shomoy bhat khujto canteen-e, ekhon hash khuje Westin-e).<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:এক সময় ভাত খুঁজতো ক্যান্টিনে, এখন হাঁস খোঁজে ওয়েস্টিনে: পার্থ |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/747020/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=The Daily Ittefaq |language=bn}}</ref></blockquote>While the comment was widely shared, Partho himself faced a significant backlash. Critics accused him of elitism and snobbery, pointing out that Partho, who comes from a well-known political family, was targeting an adviser with a background in student politics who did not have the same privileged upbringing. This criticism was articulated by figures such as Sarwar Tushar of the [[National Citizen Party|National Citizen's Party (NCP)]], who accused Partho of exhibiting "blatant class hatred" and suggested he could not "accept that a student leader without any family legacy has become a minister of Bangladesh."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-15 |script-title=bn:ওয়েস্টিনে যেতে হলে পার্থ সাহেবদের ক্লিয়ারেন্স লাগবে: তুষার |url=https://www.rupalibangladesh.com/social-media-news/66843 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=rupalibangladesh.com |language=bn}}</ref> The incident broadened the public discourse from the conduct of a single adviser to include themes of class and privilege within Bangladesh's political landscape.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:একসময় ভাত খুঁজতো ক্যান্টিনে, এখন হাঁস খোঁজে ওয়েস্টিনে: কাকে ইঙ্গিত করলেন পার্থ? |url=https://www.dhakatimes24.com/2025/08/15/391850 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Dhaka Times 24 |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons-inline}}
*{{cite news |title=Partho told to know about his father |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/partho-told-to-know-about-his-father |website=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=2013-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821105611/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/partho-told-to-know-about-his-father |archive-date=21 August 2024 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Andaleeve}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Jatiya Party politicians]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Bhola Sadar Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bhola District]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Tungipara Sheikh family]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi barristers]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi lawyers]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Bhola District]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]

Naujawan (album)

2026-03-10T20:47:56Z

ShondaLemos:

#REDIRECT [[Shaan discography]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from album}}
}}

Main Bhi Ardhangini

2026-03-10T06:19:19Z

ShondaLemos: Stub

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Main Bhi Ardhangini.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Drama]]
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Horror film|Horror]]
}}
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Jayesh Patil
* Gopal Kulkarni
* Soumyava
* Nitika Kanwar
* Arundhati Sharma
* Surbhi
}}
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Avinash Sachdev]]
* [[Ankit Raj]]
* Anjali Priya
* Adityarao Nuniwal
* Aditi Rawat
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 200
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Essel Vision Productions]]
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| network = [[And TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|01|21|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|11|01|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''
}}

'''''Main Bhi Ardhangini''''' ({{translation|I am also yours}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]] language television series that aired from 21 January 2019 to 1 November 2019 on [[And TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/tv-presents-an-unusual-love-story-main-bhi-ardhangini-190114|title=&TV presents an unusual love story Main Bhi Ardhangini|date=2019-01-14|website=Indian Television|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> It is the official remake of [[Zee Tamil]]'s TV series [[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|''Yaaradi Nee Mohini'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/tv-set-to-remake-a-hit-tamil-show-in-hindi/|title=&TV set to remake a hit Tamil show in Hindi|website=Eastern Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/tv-confirms-the-launch-date-for-its-new-series-main-bhi-ardhangini/|title=&TV confirms the launch date for its new series Main Bhi Ardhangini|website=Eastern Eye}}</ref> It starred [[Avinash Sachdev]], Aditi Rawat, Anjali Priya and [[Deepshikha Nagpal]].

Season one ended on 27 July 2019 and focused on the union of Madhav and Vaidehi through the power of Madhav's ex-wife and the resistance of Madhav's mother. Season two began on 30 July 2019 and ended on 1 November 2019 shifting its focus on horror and thriller. Season two brought the addition of new cast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://andtv.zee5.com/main-bhi-ardhangini-leap-buh-bye-madhav-vaidehi-we-will-miss-you/|title=Main Bhi Ardhangini Leap: Buh-bye Madhav-Vaidehi, We Will Miss You!|date=2019-07-30|website=&TV|access-date=2019-09-01|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901071407/https://andtv.zee5.com/main-bhi-ardhangini-leap-buh-bye-madhav-vaidehi-we-will-miss-you/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
===Season 1===
Madhav is a widower who lives with the memories of his beloved wife Chitra. However, her spirit returns to haunt those who did her wrong and also tries to unite Madhav with his childhood friend Vaidehi.

==Cast==
===Season 1===
* [[Avinash Sachdev]] as Madhav Singh Thakur:<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/main-bhi-ardhangini-actors-avinash-sachdev-and-aditi-rawat-bid-goodbye-to-the-show/articleshow/70452246.cms|title=Main Bhi Ardhangini actors Avinash Sachdev and Aditi Rawat bid goodbye to the show|date=30 July 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/main-bhi-ardhangini-actors-avinash-sachdev-and-anjali-priya-hospitalised-in-jaipur-after-heat-stroke/articleshow/68597507.cms|title=Main Bhi Ardhangini actors Avinash Sachdev and Anjali Priya hospitalised in Jaipur after heat stroke - The Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
* Aditi Rawat as Vaidehi Sharma / Vaidehi Madhav Singh Thakur<ref name=":1" />
* Anjali Priya as Chitra Khanna / Chitra Madhav Singh Thakur<ref name=":2" />
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Nilambari Thakur<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deepshikha-nagpal-to-return-to-tv/articleshow/67367906.cms|title=Deepshikha Nagpal to return to TV|date=4 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/main-bhi-ardhangini-actor-deepshikha-nagpal-5571857/|title=Main Bhi Ardhangini actor Deepshikha Nagpal: Phase of saas-bahu sagas is gone|date=2019-02-06|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
* Krutika Desai as Shweta<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krutika-desai-to-join-main-bhi-ardhangini-as-the-antagonist/articleshow/67816386.cms|title=Krutika Desai to join 'Main Bhi Ardhangini' as the antagonist|date=3 February 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>
* Ajay Chakraborty as Narayandas Thakur
* Shashank Mishra as Lavish "Lalten" Joshi
* Gulshan Tushir as Jaichand
* Adityarao Nuniwal as Sangram Thakur:
* Diksha Dhami as Anuradha Sangram Thakur

===Season 2===
* [[Ankit Raj]] as Adhiraj, an [[Eagle]]
* [[Heena Parmar]] as Mohini / Malmal<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tvs-new-naagin-heena-is-excited-to-shoot-in-jaipur/articleshow/70362244.cms|title=TV's new naagin Heena Parmar is excited to shoot in Jaipur|date=24 July 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Mahamaya Nilambari
* Saloni Jain as Fauzia
* [[Meer Ali]] as Naagraj Bhujang
* Megha Rawat as Vasudha
* Rahul Trivedi as Chander
* [[Rohit Bakshi (actor)|Rohit Bakshi]] as Vikrant
* Tejaswi Bhadane as Vikrant's daughter

====Extended Guest Appearances====
* [[Kriti Sanon]] as Heera
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Priya
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Mohan
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Vijay
* [[Shraddha Arya]] as Preeta from ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt9737656}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/main-bhi-ardhangini/0-6-1248 ''Main Bhi Ardhangini''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:&TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Television shows about ghosts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

{{TV-film-stub}}

Thanga Gopuram

2026-03-04T04:55:18Z

ShondaLemos: Entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thanga Gopuram
| image = Thanga Gopuram poster.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M. S. Solaimani
| writer = M. S. Solaimani
| producer = P. L. Mohanram
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| cinematography = Sundarababu
| editing = S. A. Murugesan
| music = [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
| studio = Mohan Productions
| released = {{film date|1971|8|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thanga Gopuram''''' ({{translation|Golden [[Gopuram]]}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film produced, written and directed by M. S. Solaimalai. It stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], with [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[M. R. R. Vasu]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[Srividya]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] in supporting roles. The film was released on 12 August 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நடித்த திரைப்படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/ஜெயலலிதா-நடித்த-திரைப்படங்களின்-பட்டியல்-2610816.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624160449/https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |archive-date=24 June 2020 |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Durai
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Seetha
* [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]] as Sadha Sivam
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Boothalingam
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Nithiyantham
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Raja
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao|Krishna Rao]] as Mannaru
* [[Pakoda Kadhar]] as Alwar
* [[Karikol Raju]] as Mahalinga Pillai
* [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] as Malathi
* [[Srividya]] as Shanthi
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Kamala
* Seethalakshmi as Boothalingam's wife
}}

== Production ==
[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], who played [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]'s lover in several films, portrayed her brother for the second time after ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]'' (1966).<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2016 |title=A super star in reel & real life |language=en |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-12-06/A-super-star-in-reel-real-life/267246 |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411185121/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-12-06/A-super-star-in-reel-real-life/267246 |archive-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]], "Kavi" Rajagopal and Ra. Pazhanisamy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thanga Gopuram |url=https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/Thanga%20Gopuram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910055918/https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/Thanga%20Gopuram |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=Tamil Songs Lyrics}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Muthu Tamil Maduraiyin" || [[P. Susheela]], L. R. Anjali, Kousalya || 02:57
|-
| "Vaarai Madammayile" || [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || 02:01
|-
| "Maamalai Seithapillai" || [[P. Susheela]], [[L. R. Eswari]], L. R. Anjali || 03:22
|-
| "Rajathi Rajathi" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 04:06
|-
| "Dhimkita Dhimkita" || S. V. Ponnusamy, [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || 04:21
|-
| "Mukkanigal" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 02:02
|}

== Reception ==
The film was critically acclaimed and commercially successful. In this film Jayalalithaa, also appears as the actress Jayalalithaa for a song in the film, both character reflects on her stardom as well as anticipates her transformation into a meta-object, and was regarded as classic film for her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=J Jayalalithaa, megastar first and chief minister later |url=https://scroll.in/reel/823287/jayalalithaa-megastar-first-and-chief-minister-later |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910055920/https://scroll.in/reel/823287/jayalalithaa-megastar-first-and-chief-minister-later |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa’s films are relevant even today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/dec/06/jayalalithaas-films-are-relevant-even-today-1546349.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130185642/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/dec/06/jayalalithaas-films-are-relevant-even-today-1546349.html |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> She won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa, the actor: Her intelligence and strength were apparent in her choice of roles |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-actor-her-intelligence-and-strength-were-apparent-her-choice-roles-53890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525123208/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-actor-her-intelligence-and-strength-were-apparent-her-choice-roles-53890 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2281491}}

[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Melkote Manja

2026-03-03T21:29:01Z

ShondaLemos: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Melkote Manja
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Jaggesh]]
| producer = R. Krishna
| writer = Jaggesh
| starring = [[Jaggesh]] [[Aindrita Ray]] [[Rangayana Raghu]]
| music = Giridhar Diwan
| cinematography = Dasari Seenu
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Sri Kodanda Beereshwara Swamy Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|02|10|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://chitraloka.com/news/14292-melukote-manja-to-release-on-feb-10th.html | title=Melukote Manja To Release On Feb 10th | publisher=Chitraloka.com| date=27 January 2017 | accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Melkote Manja''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada|Kannada-language]] [[comedy drama]] film written, enacted and directed by [[Jaggesh]]. This is the third film featuring Jaggesh as ''Manja'' after ''[[Eddelu Manjunatha]]'' (2009) and ''[[Manjunatha BA LLB]]'' (2012). The film also stars [[Aindrita Ray]] and [[Rangayana Raghu]] in the lead roles.<ref name=S3AnnounceIndiaToday>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aindrita-ray--s-next-is-melkote-manja-imagegallery-kannada-oh5m4Xcccfgcd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801162609/http://www.sify.com/movies/Aindrita-Ray--s-next-is-Melkote-Manja-imagegallery-kannada-oh5m4Xcccfgcd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2014|title=Aindrita Ray's next is 'Melkote Manja'|work=Sify.com}}</ref> It is a remake of the 2010 Telugu film ''[[Kalavar King]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 January 2017 |title=Melukote Manja To Release On Feb 10th |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14292-melukote-manja-to-release-on-feb-10th.html |work=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>

It is a comedy film and a complete family entertainer. Jaggesh belongs to a lower-middle-class family. He is always under Debt. However, this trait itself will propel him to good acquaintances including his debtors who end up protecting him from even any danger he faces simply to get back their principal amount. Manja quips when asked to give up his ways, and be as his father saying it was a bore to live like a recluse if not his father. The film is shot in Melkote, which is another highlight of this movie. Aindrita & Jaggesh do justice to their roles.

[[Principal photography]] commenced in August 2014 in [[Melkote]], [[Mandya district]] of [[Karnataka]]. Filming process had several delays and took two years for completion. The film was released on 10 February 2017 across Karnataka.

==Cast==

* [[Jaggesh]] as Manja
* [[Aindrita Ray]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Srinivas Prabhu]]
* Chandrakala
* [[Mimicry Dayanand]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* Killer Venkatesh
* Srinivas Gowda
* Kurigalu Pradeep


==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Melkote Manja
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Giridhar Diwan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 27 November 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's soundtrack is scored by Giridhar Diwan. His name was recommended to [[Jaggesh]] by his brother [[Komal Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/melkote-manja-jaggesh-kannada-news-110811.html|title=Melkote Manja Jaggesh|work=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref> The audio rights of the film was acquired by Anand Audio and the complete album was released on 27 November 2016. Actor [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] was signed in to sing a song penned by [[Yogaraj Bhat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/puneeth-croons-for-melkote-manja-news-kannada-oj3jn2dgjdgdf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006060621/http://www.sify.com/movies/puneeth-croons-for-melkote-manja-news-kannada-oj3jn2dgjdgdf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-10-06|title=Puneeth croons for Melkote Manja|work=[[Sify.com]]}}</ref> Rest of the songs are written by Ram Narayan and Jaggesh.
{{tracklist
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = India Deshave
| lyrics1 = [[Jaggesh]]
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Nenedidde Ondu
| lyrics2 = Ram Narayan
| extra2 = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Kanmucchi Nenedaaga
| lyrics3 = Jaggesh
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Manshangirodu (female)
| lyrics4 = Ram Narayan
| extra4 = Sunitha
| length4 =
| title5 = Manshangirodu (male)
| lyrics5 = Ram Narayan
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Lifey Subjectu
| lyrics6 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra6 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| length6 =
}}

==Reception==
The Kannada film Melkote Manja, released in 2017, received mixed reviews from critics. [[The Times of India]] rated it 3/5, calling it a fun family entertainer with Jaggesh’s comedy as the highlight, though the story felt dated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/melkote-manja/movie-review/57082153.cms|title=Melkote Manja Movie Review|publisher=The Times of India|date=10 February 2017|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> [[Deccan Herald]] praised its light-hearted tone and Jaggesh’s charm, describing it as a good timepass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/596016/jolly-good-debtor-run.html|title=Jolly good debtor on the run|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=11 February 2017|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> [[Vijaya Karnataka]] found it entertaining, especially for its local humor and Jaggesh’s performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/melkote-manja-kannada-movie-review/moviereview/57084116.cms|title=Melkote Manja Kannada Movie Review|publisher=Vijay Karnataka|date=10 February 2017|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> [[Prajavani]] also gave it a positive nod for its comedic appeal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2017/02/10/471250.html|title=Melkote Manja Review|publisher=Prajavani|date=10 February 2017|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Melkote Manja}}
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2017 masala films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]

Parankimala

2026-03-03T21:08:56Z

ShondaLemos: created

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parankimala
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Bharathan]]
| producer = M. O. Joseph
| writer = [[Kakkanadan]]
| screenplay = Kakkanadan
| starring = Benny, [[Sukumari]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Soorya]] [[Achankunju]] [[Bahadoor]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = Vipin Das
| editing = N. P. Suresh
| studio = Manjilas
| distributor = Chalachitra
| released = {{Film date|1981|07|10|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Parankimala''''' is a 1981 [[India]]n [[Malayalam]]-language film based on the 1971 novel of the same name by [[Kakkanadan]]. Directed by [[Bharathan]] and produced by M. O. Joseph, the film stars Benny, [[Sukumari]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Achankunju]] and [[Bahadoor]]. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1242|title=Parankimala|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3197|title=Parankimala|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/parankimala-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017161343/http://spicyonion.com/title/parankimala-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 October 2014|title=Parankimala|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>
The film is considered a classic in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Priya Sreekumar |title=Flooded by Controversy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140325/entertainment-mollywood/article/flooded-controversy |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=26 March 2014}}</ref> It was remade in 2014 under the same name.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parvathy Nambidi |title=Parankimala: Revisiting An Intense Romance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/nov/26/parankimala-revisiting-an-intense-romance-541799.html |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 November 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==
Thangam and Appu are in love. But Appu's family opposes their marriage.

Thankam and Appu are childhood friends in love with each other. Appu owns a factory and Thankam's father Pilla Chettan is a labourer staying nearby. Naniyamma, another local married woman lusts after Appu, while Velu Annan/Kottuvadi, the local hooch seller, is having an affair with Naniyamma behind her husband Govinda Kaniyan's back. Appu's sister staying with them happens to see Thankam and Appu in compromising situations various times and warns Thankam not to try and woo him because of their class and caste difference. Meanwhile, Velu tries to seduce Thankam who sternly stops his advances. He gets close to Pilla Chettan by selling his arrack and gets his promise that he will marry off Thankam to him. However Appu and Thankam still love each other madly and refuse to let go of their relationships. Both families vehemently object to this affair and fight with each other to prevent this from happening. Appu's mother requests Thankam to spare his son and go away somewhere since she fears he will take his life if she also commits something the same.

Without any other way and to save Appu from spoiling his life, Thankam runs away one night with Velu after writing a letter to Appu. Both are heartbroken and Appu idles his time away thinking about her for quite some time. Appu's mother and sister plan and bring Sreedevi, his cousin to their house, hoping to make Appu fall for her and get them married off. Meanwhile, Thankam starts living with Velu in some other place where he starts selling arrack again. He subdues her finally and has his way with her, telling her that she belongs to him now. Sreedevi tries to woo Appu but finds him indifferent to her advances. Velu plans of starting his arrack business for Thrissur pooram with his trucker client Kunjipaalu who has an eye on Thankam. He tries various ways to warm up to her with Velu's knowledge. Thankam's pleas for help goes unheard when Velu shuts her down accusing about her relationship with Appu from young age and is hell bent on pimping her out for his personal gains. On the night when they are about to transfer hooch in Kunjipaalu's truck, he tries to get physical with Thankam and she kicks him out. In the ensuing scuffle with Velu, Thankam ends up killing him. She runs out towards her house and reaches there by next day morning. She finds Appu and both embrace each other. Their happiness is short lived as the police arrive and arrest Thankam for the murder of Velu.

==Cast==
*[[Soorya (actress)|Soorya]] as Thankam (Voice dubbed by KPAC Lalitha)
*[[Benny parankimala|Benny]] as Appu (Hero)
*[[Sukumari]] as Appu's Mother
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Velu Annan/Kottuvadi
*[[Achankunju]] as Pillai Chettan, Thankam's Father
* [[Kuttiyedathi Vilasini]] as Thankam's mother
*[[Bahadoor]] as Govinda Kaniyan, Naniyamma's husband
*[[Kundara Johny]] as Chandran, Appu's brother-in-law
*[[Ranipadmini]] as Sreedevi
*[[T. G. Ravi]] as Kunjippalu, Lorry driver
*[[Lalithasree]] as Naniyamma
* Master Kishore Kumar as Thankam's brother

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] with lyrics by [[P. Bhaskaran]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Elam Elam" || [[P. Madhuri]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Jalaleela Jalaleela" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], P. Madhuri || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0155943|Parankimala}}

{{Bharathan}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Devarajan]]
[[Category:1981 Malayalam-language films]]

Anbu (2003 film)

2026-03-03T04:38:19Z

ShondaLemos: quick enhance section based on references and improved wording

{{More plot|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Anbu (2003).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Dalapathiraj
| producer = Udhayageetha
| story = Ln. Udhayakumar
| screenplay =Ln. Udhayakumar
| writer = N. Prasannakumar (dialogues)
| starring = [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] Deepu [[Vadivelu]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = Nithyanandham
| editing = J. N. Harsha S. Sathish
| studio = Udhayageetha Cine Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|02|06}}
| country = India
| budget =
| runtime = 140 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Anbu''''' ({{Translation|Affection}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Dalapathiraj. The film starred [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] and Deepu in the leading roles. It performed below average at the box office.

==Plot==
Anbu, son of a politician Karuppiah, and Veena are lovers, but fate plays villain and the lovers are separated. Veena is from another caste and Anbu’s father is against their marriage. So Veena’s mother gets her married to Adithya (Adithya) in Anbu's absence. Anbu in the meantime goes abroad and when he returns, he is shocked to hear the news about Veena's wedding. He rushes to Ooty with Subbiah, where Veena is spending her honeymoon. Whether the lovers unite in the end forms the rest of this triangular love story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as Anbu
*Deepu as Veena
*Adithya as Adithya
*[[Vadivelu]] as Subbaiah
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Karuppaiah, Anbu's father
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Adithya's father
*[[Dhamu]] as Paari
*[[Abhinayashree]] as Rasiga
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Veena's mother
*[[Jyothi (actress, born 1963)|Jyothi]] as Anbu's mother
*Jaya Murali as Adithya's mother
*[[Singamuthu]] as Customer
*[[Halwa Vasu]] as Customer
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Customer
*[[Nellai Siva]]
*[[Kovai Senthil]]
}}

==Soundtrack==

The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Anbu Songs |url=https://mio.to/album/Anbu+%282003%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904031223/http://mio.to/album/Anbu+%282003%29 |archive-date=4 September 2014 |access-date=2019-03-08 |website=MusicIndiaOnline |publisher=}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aval Yaaraval" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || [[Pa. Vijay]]|| 04:30
|-
| "Manapponnu Azhaga" || [[Tippu (singer)|Dippu]], Srivardhini || [[Na. Muthukumar]] || 04:41
|-
| "Oththa Solluthan" || Anantha Raman ||[[Arivumathi]]|| 05:08
|-
| "Sutti Payale" || [[Vasundhara Das]], Tippu || [[Yugabharathi]] || 04:27
|-
| "Thavamindri Kidaitha" || [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || [[Thamarai]] || 05:01
|-
| "Vannam Kalainthu" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || [[Palani Bharathi]]|| 05:06
|}

==Reception==
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that the director "managed to present things in an entertaining fashion in spite of the familiar stories".<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/03/07/stories/2003030701140201.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306123356/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/03/07/stories/2003030701140201.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-06|work=[[The Hindu]]|title="Anbu"|date=2003-03-07|access-date=2014-03-01}}</ref> Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Vadivelu's comedy, Vidyasagar's music, story writer for having climax which breaks formula and director for making second half interesting but felt Sarathbabu, Vijayakumar and Rekha were underutilised and panned Bala's acting as amateur, dance choreography and director for testing patience in first half.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=30 March 2003 |title='அன்பு' - மேட்ச் ஹைலைட்ஸ் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-03-30/page/12/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240118122244/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-03-30/page/12/mode/2up |archive-date=18 Jan 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=12 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Udhayageetha Cine Creations that had produced a classy film like Thangar Bachchan’s Azhagi has come out with their second film Anbu which is far from entertaining. The film is in the same genre as the Raj Kapoor classic Sangam and K.Bhagyaraj’s Antha Ezhu Naatkal".<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Anbu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anbu-review-tamil-pclu0hdfhdjie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229225911/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12670052&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=29 December 2004 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=29 April 2019 }}</ref>

Deepu went on to star in ''Nee Mattum'' (2004) also starring Vadivelu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=22 March 2004 |title=Nee Mattum |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov338.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016075124/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov338.asp |archive-date=16 October 2006 |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

{{Improve categories|date=January 2024}}

Dowry

2026-02-24T14:08:06Z

ShondaLemos: added references

{{Short description|Payment by one family of a marriage to the other family}}
{{Anthropology of kinship |concepts}}
{{Close relationships |practice}}

A '''dowry''' is a payment such as land, property, money, livestock, or a commercial asset that is paid by the bride's (woman's) family to the groom (man) or his family at the time of marriage.

Dowry contrasts with the related concepts of [[bride price]] and [[dower]]. While bride price or [[bride service]] is a payment by the [[Bridegroom|groom]], or his family, to the bride, or her family, dowry is the wealth transferred from the bride, or her family, to the groom, or his family. Similarly, [[dower]] is the property settled on the bride herself, by the groom at the time of marriage, and which remains under her ownership and control.{{sfn|Goody|1976|p=8}}

Traditional dowry is an ancient custom that is mentioned in some of the earliest writings, and its existence may well predate records of it. Dowries continue to be expected and demanded as a condition to accept a [[marriage]] proposal in some parts of the world, mainly in parts of [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3071963.stm |title=India's dowry deaths |publisher=BBC |date=16 July 2003|access-date=20 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407213904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3071963.stm|archive-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77421/1/WHO_RHR_12.38_eng.pdf|title=Understanding and addressing violence against women|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160307033238/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77421/1/WHO_RHR_12.38_eng.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/cedaw_crc_contributions/AvonGlobalCenterforWomenandJustice.pdf|title=Combating Acid Violence in Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224143417/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/cedaw_crc_contributions/AvonGlobalCenterforWomenandJustice.pdf|archive-date=2012-12-24}}</ref> The custom of dowry is most common in strongly [[patrilineal]] cultures that expect women to reside with or near their husband's family ([[patrilocality]]).<ref name="dowry {{!}} marriage custom">{{Cite web|title = dowry {{!}} marriage custom|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/dowry|website = Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date = 2015-10-14|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016081727/https://www.britannica.com/topic/dowry|archive-date = 2015-10-16}}</ref> Dowries have long histories in [[Europe]], [[South Asia]], [[Africa]], and other parts of the world.<ref name="dowry {{!}} marriage custom" />

==Definition==
A dowry is the transfer of parental property to a daughter at her marriage (i.e. "inter vivos") rather than at the owner's death (''mortis causa'').{{sfn|Goody|1976|p=6}} A dowry establishes a type of conjugal fund, the nature of which may vary widely. This fund may provide an element of financial security in widowhood or against a negligent husband, and may eventually go to provide for her children.{{sfn|Goody|1976|p=6}} Dowries may also go toward establishing a marital household, and therefore might include furnishings such as linens and furniture.

Locally, dowry or trousseau is called {{Transliteration|ur|jahez}} in [[Urdu]], ''jahizie'' (also means prize not specifically dowry) in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]]; ''dahej'' in [[Hindi]], {{Transliteration|pa|dāj}} in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], ''daijo'' in [[Nepali language|Nepali]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harrell |first1=Stevan |last2=Dickey |first2=Sara A. |title=Dowry Systems in Complex Societies |journal=Ethnology |date=1985 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.2307/3773553 |jstor=3773553 |doi-access=free }}</ref> {{Lang|tr|çeyiz}} in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], ''joutuk'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], ''jiazhuang'' in [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], ''varadhachanai'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ''khatnam'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''streedhanam'' in [[Malayalam]], ''miraz'' in [[Serbo-Croatian]] and in various parts of Africa is known as ''serotwana'',<ref>John L. Comaroff (1981), ''Rules and Processes'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|0-226-11424-4}}, Chapter 6.</ref> ''idana'', ''saduquat'' or ''mugtaf''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=S. |year=2007 |title="The economics of dowry and brideprice" in the |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=151–174 |doi=10.1257/jep.21.4.151 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Charles Mwalimu (2007), ''The Nigerian Legal System: Public Law, Volume 1,'' {{ISBN|978-0-8204-7125-9}}, pp. 546–551.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bride price: an insult to women, a burden to men? |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3604892.stm |work=BBC News |date=30 August 2004 }}</ref>

==Origins==
[[File:Aussteuerschrank (fcm).jpg|thumb|''Aussteuerschrank'' – a dowry cabinet, currently in a German museum in [[Hauenstein]].]]

Anthropologist [[Jack Goody]]'s comparative study of dowry systems around the world using the [[Human Relations Area Files|Ethnographic Atlas]] demonstrated that dowry is a form of inheritance found in the broad swath of [[Eurasia]]n societies from [[Japan]] to [[Ireland]] that practice "diverging devolution", i.e., that transmit property to children regardless of sex. This practice differs from the majority of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n societies that practice "homogenous inheritance" in which property is transmitted only to children of the same sex as the property holder. These latter African societies are characterized by the transmission of the "[[bride price]]", the money, goods or property given by the groom or his family to the parents of the bride (not the bride herself).{{sfn|Goody|1976|p=7}}

Goody has demonstrated a historical correlation between the practices of "diverging devolution" (dowry) and the development of intensive [[plough]] agriculture on the one hand, and homogeneous inheritance (brideprice) and extensive [[Hoe-farming|hoe agriculture]] on the other.{{sfn|Goody|1976|pp=27–29}} Drawing on the work of [[Ester Boserup]], Goody notes that the sexual division of labour varies in intensive plough agriculture and extensive shifting horticulture. In sparsely populated regions where [[shifting cultivation]] takes place, most of the work is done by women. These are the societies that give [[Bride price|brideprice]]. Boserup further associates shifting horticulture with the practice of [[polygamy]], and hence bridewealth is paid as a compensation to her family for the loss of her labour. In plough agriculture farming is largely men's work; this is where dowry is given.{{sfn|Goody|1976|p=32}} In contrast, plough agriculture is associated with private property and marriage tends to be monogamous, to keep the property within the nuclear family. Close family are the preferred marriage partners so as to keep property within the group.{{sfn|Goody|1976|pp=33–34}}

There is a scholarly debate on Goody's theory. Sylvia Yanagisako argues, for example, that there are a number of societies including parts of Japan, Southern Italy, and China, that do not support Goody's claim that dowry is a form of female inheritance of male property. She notes that Goody's is an evolutionary model in which these historical variables may not be the decisive factors today.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yanagisako|first=Sylvia|title=Family and Household: The analysis of domestic groups|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|year=1979|volume=8|issue=1 |pages=171–72|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.08.100179.001113 |bibcode=1979ARAnt...8..161Y }}</ref> Susan Mann argues, in contrast, with examples where even in late Imperial China, dowry was a form of female inheritance.<ref name=mann>{{cite journal |id={{Project MUSE|239761}} |last1=Mann |first1=Susan |title=Dowry Wealth and Wifely Virtue in Mid-Qing Gentry Households |journal=Late Imperial China |date=2008 |volume=29 |issue=1S |pages=64–76 |doi=10.1353/late.0.0006 }}</ref>

[[Stanley Tambiah|Stanley J. Tambiah]] later argued that Goody's overall thesis remained pertinent in [[North India]], although it required modification to meet local circumstances. He points out that dowry in North India is only partially used as a bride's conjugal fund, and that a large part goes directly to the groom's joint family. This would initially seem to discount Goody's model, except that in North India, the joint family is composed of the groom's parents, his married brothers and unmarried sisters, and their third generation children. This joint family controlled this part of the dowry, which they used to help fund their own daughter/sister's dowries. But when the parents die, and the joint family partitions, this jointly held wealth was then divided among the married sons, such that ultimately, the bride's dowry given to the joint family returned to her and her husband as their "conjugal fund."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tambiah |first1=Stanley J. |last2=Goheen |first2=Mitzi |last3=Gottlieb |first3=Alma |last4=Guyer |first4=Jane I. |last5=Olson |first5=Emelie A. |last6=Piot |first6=Charles |last7=Van Der Veen |first7=Klaas W. |last8=Vuyk |first8=Trudeke |title=Bridewealth and Dowry Revisited: The Position of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa and North India [and Comments and Reply] |journal=Current Anthropology |date=1989 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=413–435 |doi=10.1086/203761 |jstor=2743370 }}</ref>

Schlegel and Eloul expanded on Goody's model through further statistical analysis of the Ethnographic atlas. They argue that a major factor in determining the type of marriage transaction is the type of property controlled by the household. Bridewealth circulates property and women, and is typical of societies where property is limited. Dowry concentrates property and is found in property owning classes or commercial or landed pastoral peoples. When families give dowry, they not only ensure their daughter's economic security, they also "buy" the best possible husband for her, and son-in-law for themselves.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schlegel|first=Alice|author2=Eloul, Rohn|title=Marriage Transactions: Labor, Property, Status|journal=American Anthropologist|year=1988|volume=90|issue=2|pages=291–309|doi=10.1525/aa.1988.90.2.02a00030}}</ref>

==Historical practices==
===Babylon===
Even in the oldest available records, such as the [[Code of Hammurabi]] in ancient [[Babylon]], the dowry is described as an already-existing custom. Daughters did not normally inherit any of her father's estate. Instead, with marriage, the bride got a dowry from her parents, which was intended to offer her as much lifetime security as her family could afford.<ref name="jct09">Thompson, James C., [http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/hammurabilawcode.htm Women in Babylonia Under the Hammurabi Law Code]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125071026/http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/hammurabilawcode.htm|date=2016-11-25}}, Women in the Ancient World (2009).</ref><ref>[[wikisource:The Code of Hammurabi (Harper translation)|The Code of Hammurabi]], Robert Harper Translation (1923).</ref>

In Babylonia, both bride price and dowry [[auction]]s were practiced. However, bride price almost always became part of the dowry.<ref name=jct09/> According to [[Herodotus]], [[auction]]s of maidens were held annually. The auctions began with the woman the auctioneer considered to be the most beautiful and progressed to the least. It was considered illegal to allow a daughter to be sold outside of the auction method.<ref name="#Shubik|Shubik, 2004: p214">[[Dowry#Shubik|Shubik, 2004, p. 214]].</ref> Attractive maidens were offered in an auction to determine the bride price to be paid by a swain, while in the case of maidens lacking attractivity a [[reverse auction]] was needed to determine the dowry to be paid to a swain.<ref name=cassady>{{cite book |last1=Cassady |first1=Ralph |title=Auctions and Auctioneering |date=1967 | pages=27–28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-03978-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8e3__eR77D4C |language=en}}</ref> In case of [[divorce]] without reason, a man was required to give his wife the dowry she brought as well as the bride price the husband gave. The return of dowry could be disputed, if the divorce was for a reason allowed under Babylonian law.<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp The Code of Hammurabi]. {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20101020002415/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp|date=2010-10-20}}, Translated by L. W. King (1915), See Laws 137 through 164, and Laws 178 through 184.</ref><ref>[http://iws.collin.edu/mbailey/hammurabi's%20code%20overview.htm Hammurabi's Code and Babylonian Law]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515232810/http://iws.collin.edu/mbailey/hammurabi's%20code%20overview.htm|date=2013-05-15}}, Mindi Bailey (2007).</ref>

A wife's dowry was administered by her husband as part of the family assets. He had no say, however, in its ultimate disposal; and legally, the dowry had to be kept separate for it was expected to support the wife and her children. The wife was entitled to her dowry at her husband's death. If she died childless, her dowry reverted to her family, that is her father if he was alive, otherwise her brothers. If she had sons, they would share it equally. Her dowry was inheritable only by her own children, not by her husband's children or by other women.<ref name=jct09/>

===Ancient Greece===
In archaic [[classical Greece|Greece]], the usual practice was to give a [[bride price]] (''hédnon'' (''ἕδνον'')). Dowries (''pherné'' (''φερνή'')) were exchanged by the later classical period (5th century B.C). A husband had certain property rights in his wife's dowry. In addition, the wife might bring to the marriage property of her own, which was not included in the dowry and which was, as a result, hers alone. This property was "beyond the dowry" (Greek ''parapherna'', the root of [[paraphernalia]]) and is referred to as paraphernal property or [[extra-dotal property]].

A dowry may also have served as a form of protection for the wife against the possibility of ill treatment by her husband and his family,<ref>Nigel Guy Wilson. "Dowry". Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. 2002.{{page needed|date=June 2024}}</ref> providing an incentive for the husband not to harm his wife. This would apply in cultures where a dowry was expected to be returned to the bride's family if she died soon after marrying.

In contemporary Greece, dowry was removed from [[family law]] through legal reforms in 1983.<ref>{{cite news |title=AROUND THE WORLD; Greece Approves Family Law Changes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/26/world/around-the-world-greece-approves-family-law-changes.html |work=The New York Times |date=26 January 1983 }}</ref><ref>Demos, Vasilikie. (2007) "The Intersection of Gender, Class and Nationality and the Agency of Kytherian Greek Women." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association. August 11.</ref>

===Roman Empire===
The Romans practiced dowry (''dos'').<ref name="smith1875">William Smith (1875), [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Dos.html Dos], A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, England, pp. 436–438.</ref><ref name=fm/> The dowry was property transferred by the bride, or on her behalf by anyone else, to the groom or groom's father, at their marriage. Dowry was a very common institution in Roman times,<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah13088 |chapter=Dowry, Roman |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |date=2012 |last1=McGinn |first1=Thomas A. J. |isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5 }}</ref> and it began out of a desire to get the bride's family to contribute a share of the costs involved in setting up a new household.<ref>[http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/dowryinancientrome.htm The Dowry in Ancient Rome]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017200544/http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/dowryinancientrome.htm|date=2013-10-17}}, James C. Thompson (2010), Women in the Ancient World; also see review and summary at [http://libguides.lib.msu.edu/content.php?pid=72054&sid=739941 Women in the Classical World]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017044348/http://libguides.lib.msu.edu/content.php?pid=72054&sid=739941|date=2013-10-17}}, Michigan State University (2013).</ref> Dowry was given for the purpose of enabling the husband to sustain the charges of the marriage state (''onera matrimonii''). All the property of the wife which was not dowry, or was not a ''donatio propter nuptias'', continued to be her own property, and was called ''parapherna''.<ref name=smith1875/> The dowry could include any form of property, given or promised at the time of marriage, but only what remained after deducting the debts. Not only the bride's family, any person could donate his property as dowry for the woman.

Two types of dowry were known—''dos profectitia'' and ''dos adventitia''.<ref name="fm">Ferdinand Mackeldey (1883), [https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GeY2AAAAIAAJ Handbook of the Roman law: Volumes 1–2]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011622/https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GeY2AAAAIAAJ|date=2013-10-05}}, Book III, pp. 419–430.</ref> That dowry is ''profectitia'' which was given by the father or father's father of the bride. All other dowry is ''adventitia''. Roman law also allowed for a species of dowry, called ''dos receptitia'', which was given by some other person than the father or father of the bride's father, in consideration of marriage, but on the condition that it should be restored back to the dowry giver, on the death of the wife. The bride's family were expected to give a dowry when a girl married, and in proportion to their means.<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/caecina.shtml#73 M. TVLLI CICERONIS PRO A. CAECINA ORATIO]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014025457/http://thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/caecina.shtml|date=2012-10-14}}, Cicero, Roman Law (in Latin, use translator).</ref> It was customary for the bride's family and friends to pay promised dowries in installments over three years, and some Romans won great praise by delivering the dowry in one lump sum.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/31B*.html#27.5 The Library of History] Diodorus Siculus, Book XXXI, Paragraph 27, Loeb Classical Library Edition, pp. 385–387.</ref>

===Indian subcontinent===
{{Main|Dowry system in India}}
The practice of dowry in the [[Indian subcontinent]] is a controversial subject. Some scholars believe dowry was practiced in antiquity, but some do not. Historical eyewitness reports (discussed below) suggest dowry in ancient India was insignificant, and daughters had inheritance rights, which by custom were exercised at the time of her marriage. Documentary evidence suggests that at the beginning of 20th century, [[bride price|bridewealth]], rather than dowry was the common custom, which often resulted in poor boys remaining unmarried.<ref>Muni Buddhmal, Terapanth ke Drudhdharmi Shravak Arjunlalji Porwal, Kesrimal ji Surana Abhinanda Granth, 1982, p. 95.</ref><ref>Parwar Directory, Pub. Singhai Pannalal Raes ed. Pandit Tulsiram, 1924, p. 15.</ref>

Stanley J. Tambiah claims the ancient [[Code of Manu]] sanctioned dowry and bridewealth in ancient India (typically in Rohtak) and especially in [[Kadia (term)|Kadia]] families, but dowry was the more prestigious form and associated with the Brahmanic (priestly) caste. Bridewealth was restricted to the lower castes, who were not allowed to give dowry. He cites two studies from the early 20th century with data to suggest that this pattern of dowry in upper castes and bridewealth in lower castes persisted through the first half of the 20th century.{{sfn|Goody|Tambiah|1973|pp=68–69}} However, it is more likely that marriages involved both reciprocal gifts between the two families, claims Tambiah, so that insofar as the groom's family gave the bridewealth, it tended to be given back as dowry to the bride as part of her conjugal estate.{{sfn|Goody|Tambiah|1973|p=71}}

[[Michael Witzel]], in contrast, claims the ancient Indian literature suggests dowry practices were not significant during the Vedic period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=Little Dowry, No Sati: The Lot of Women in the Vedic Period |journal=Journal of South Asia Women Studies |volume=2 |issue=4 |date=1996 }}</ref> Witzel also notes that women in ancient India had property inheritance rights either by appointment or when they had no brothers.

The findings of MacDonell and Keith are similar to Witzel, and differ from Tambiah; they cite ancient Indian literature suggesting bridewealth was paid even in brahma- and daiva-types of marriage associated with the Brahmanic (priestly) upper caste. Dowry was not infrequent, when the girl suffered from some bodily defect. Property rights for women increased in ancient India, suggest MacDonell and Keith, over the Epics era (200 BC – 700 AD).<ref>MacDonell, Arthur and Keith, Arthur. ''Vedic Index: Names and Subjects'', Indian Text Series (John Murray, London, 1912), Volume 1:482–485, ページ出版.</ref> Kane claims ancient literature suggests bridewealth was paid only in the asura-type of marriage that was considered reprehensible and forbidden by Manu and other ancient Indian scribes. Lochtefeld suggests that religious duties listed by Manu and others, such as 'the bride be richly adorned to celebrate marriage' were ceremonial dress and jewelry along with gifts that were her property, not property demanded by or meant for the groom; Lochtefeld further notes that bridal adornment is not currently considered as dowry in most people's mind.<ref>James G. Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|9780823931798}}, p. 203, ページ出版.</ref>

The above analysis by various scholars is based on interpreting verses of ancient Sanskrit scriptures from India, not eyewitness accounts. Available eyewitness observations from ancient India give a different picture. One of these are the eyewitness records from [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquest (''ca''. 300 BC), as recorded by Arrian and Megasthenes. Arrian's first book mentions a lack of dowry,

{{Quote box
|quote = They (these ancient Indian people) make their marriages accordance with this principle, for in selecting a bride they care nothing whether she has a dowry and a handsome fortune, but look only to her beauty and other advantages of the outward person.
|source = [[Arrian]], ''The Invasion of India by [[Alexander the Great]]'', 3rd century BC<ref>John Watson McCrindle (Translator), The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as described by Arrian, Archibald Constable & Co. (Westminster, UK): 280 ページ出版</ref> |width = 90% |align = center |fontsize=95%}}

Arrian's second book similarly notes,

{{Quote box
|quote = They (Indians) marry without either giving or taking dowries, but the women as soon as they are marriageable are brought forward by their fathers in public, to be selected by the victor in wrestling or boxing or running or someone who excels in any other manly exercise.
|source = Arrian, ''Indika'' in Megasthenes and Arrian, 3rd century BC<ref>JW McCrindle (Translator), [https://www.academia.edu/40361974/Ancient_India_As_Described_By_Megasthenes_And_Arrian_By_Mccrindle_J_W Megasthenes and Arrian] Trubner & Co (London): 222 ページ出版</ref> |width = 90% |align = center |fontsize=95%}}

The two sources suggest dowry was absent, or infrequent enough to be noticed by Arrian.<ref>CV Vaidya, Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, {{ISBN|978-8120615649}}.</ref> About 1200 years after Arrian's visit, another eyewitness scholar visited India named [[Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī]], also known as Al-Biruni, or Alberonius in Latin. Al-Biruni was an Islamic era Persian scholar who went and lived in India for 16 years from 1017 CE. He translated many Indian texts into Arabic, as well as wrote a memoir on Indian culture and life he observed. Al-Biruni claimed,

{{Quote box
|quote = The implements of the wedding rejoicings are brought forward. No gift (dower or dowry) is settled between them. The man gives only a present to the wife, as he thinks fit, and a marriage gift in advance, which he has no right to claim back, but the (proposed) wife may give it back to him of her own will (if she does not want to marry).
|source = [[Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī|Al-Biruni]], ''Chapter on Matrimony in India'', about 1035 AD<ref>Edward Sachau (Translator), Bīrūnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, Alberuni's India (Vol. 2), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. (London, 1910.) Chapter LXIX: 154 ページ出版; see Al-Hind too.</ref> |width = 90% |align = center |fontsize=95%}}

Al-Biruni further claims that a daughter, in 11th-century India, had legal right to inherit from her father, but only a fourth part of her brother. The daughter took this inheritance amount with her when she married, claimed Al-Biruni, and she had no rights to income from her parents after her marriage or to any additional inheritance after her father's death. If her father died before her marriage, her guardian would first pay off her father's debt, then allocate a fourth of the remaining wealth to her upkeep till she is ready to marry, and then give the rest to her to take with her into her married life.<ref>Edward Sachau (Translator), Bīrūnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, Alberuni's India (Vol. 2), Trübner & Company (London, 1910.) Chapter LXXII: 164 ページ出版.</ref>

===China===
[[File:Jade cabbage closeup.jpg|thumb|[[Jadeite Cabbage]] – Jin received it as part of her dowry for her wedding to Guangxu, in 1889; originally displayed in Forbidden City (Beijing), it is now in National Palace Museum (Taipei City).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/12/travel/taipei-s-trove-of-chinese-art.html|title=Taipei's trove of Chinese art|date=12 January 1986|work=The New York Times|access-date=20 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505225335/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/12/travel/taipei-s-trove-of-chinese-art.html|archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref>]]
Dowry was common in different historic periods of China and continued through the modern history. Locally called "{{linktext|lang=zh-Hant|嫁妝}} ({{lang-zh|labels=no|p=Jiàzhuāng}}), the dowry ranged from land, jewelry, money to a collection of clothing, sewing equipment and collection of household items. Mann<ref name=mann/> and others<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lü | first1 = B | year = 2010 | title = Bridal dowry land and the economic status of women from wealthy families in the Song Dynasty | journal = Frontiers of History in China | volume = 5 | issue = 1| pages = 106–124 | doi = 10.1007/s11462-010-0005-z | s2cid = 161566501 }}</ref><ref>Cooper, G. (1998). Life-cycle rituals in Dongyang County: time, affinity, and exchange in rural China. Ethnology, pp. 373–394.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = P. H. | year = 2009 | title = Dowry and Intrahousehold Bargaining Evidence from China | url = http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39994/3/wp608.pdf| journal = Journal of Human Resources | volume = 44 | issue = 1| pages = 25–46 | doi = 10.1353/jhr.2009.0016 | hdl = 2027.42/39994 | s2cid = 201777735 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> find that dowry was a form of inheritance to daughters. In traditional China, the property owned by a family, if any, was earmarked for equal division or inheritance by sons only. Dowry was the only way assets were transferred to a daughter. It included immovable property such as land, and movable property like jewelry and fine clothing. The dowry she brought with her was typically sequestered from the property of her husband and other male members in a joint family. She would often sell this property for cash to overcome hard economic times or needs of her children and husband. In a few cases, she may transfer the property she brought as dowry to her daughter or daughter-in-law. Dowry assets once transferred in turn constituted separate wealth of the woman who received it (''sifang qian'', etc.). Often a woman who brought a large dowry was considered more virtuous in Chinese culture than one who didn't.<ref name=mann/> In parts of China, both dowry and brideprice (''pinjin'') were practiced from ancient eras to the 20th century. Though throughout the history of China, the practice of using a brideprice has largely been used instead of dowries, but has slowly diminished in modern times.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Adrian | first1 = B | year = 2004 | title = The Camera's Positioning: brides, grooms, and their photographers in Taipei's bridal industry | journal = Ethos | volume = 32 | issue = 2| pages = 140–163 | doi = 10.1525/eth.2004.32.2.140 }}</ref>

===Europe===
Dowry was widely practiced in Europe until the early modern era. Folklorists often interpret the folk tale ''[[Cinderella]]'' as the competition between the stepmother and the stepdaughter for resources, which may include the need to provide a dowry. [[Gioachino Rossini]]'s opera ''[[La Cenerentola]]'' makes this economic basis explicit: Don Magnifico wishes to make his own daughters' dowries larger, to attract a grander match, which is impossible if he must provide a third dowry.<ref>[[Marina Warner]], ''From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales And Their Tellers'', pp. 213–214, {{ISBN|0-374-15901-7}}.</ref>

One common penalty for the [[bride kidnapping|kidnapping]] and [[raptio|rape]] of an unmarried woman was that the abductor or rapist had to provide the woman's dowry. Until the late 20th century this was sometimes called [[wreath money]], or the [[breach of promise]].{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

[[File:Gentile da Fabriano 063.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The dowry for the three virgins (Gentile da Fabriano, c. 1425, [[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], Rome), part of the [[Saint Nicholas]] legend.]]
Providing dowries for poor women was regarded as a form of charity by wealthier parishioners. The custom of Christmas stockings springs from a legend of [[Nicholas of Myra#Deeds and miracles attributed to Saint Nicholas|St Nicholas]], in which he threw gold in the stockings of three poor sisters, thus providing for their dowries. St. [[Elizabeth of Portugal]] and St. [[Martin de Porres]] were particularly noted for providing such dowries, and the Archconfraternity of the Annunciation, a Roman charity dedicated to providing dowries, received the entire estate of [[Pope Urban VII]]. In 1425, the Republic of Florence created a public fund, called the ''[[Monte delle doti]]'', to provide dowries to Florentine brides.

Vast inheritances were standard as dowries for aristocratic and royal brides in Europe during the Middle Ages. The Portuguese crown gave two cities in India and Morocco as dowry to the British Crown in 1661 when King [[Charles II of England]] married [[Catherine of Braganza]], a princess of Portugal.

In some cases, [[nun]]s were required to bring a dowry when joining a [[convent]].<ref>"[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04340c.htm Convent]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102013510/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04340c.htm|date=2010-11-02}}", ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]].''</ref> At some times, such as [[Ancien Régime]] France, convents were also used by some parents to put less attractive daughters, so that the more marriageable daughters could have larger dowries.<ref>[[Louis Auchincloss]], ''False Dawn'', p. 42, {{ISBN|0-385-18021-7}}.</ref> Ancien Régime families that could not provide proper dowries also used the convents as places to put their daughters.<ref>Louis Auchincloss, ''False Dawn'', p. 48, {{ISBN|0-385-18021-7}}.</ref>

In the [[County of Bentheim]] in [[Lower Saxony]], for instance, parents who had no sons might give a land dowry to their new son-in-law. It was commonly given with the condition that he take the surname of his bride, in order to continue the family name.

====England====
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2024}}
[[File:18281018 Wife Wanted - Royal Cornwall Gazette, Falmouth Packet and Plymouth Journal.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5| In an 1828 "Wife Wanted" advertisement in [[Cornwall]], England, a man claiming a "great taste for building" pledges to apply a prospective wife's dowry-like £1000+ to build property that will be "settled on her for life".<ref name=CornwallGazette_18281018>{{cite news |title=A Wife Wanted |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/395481746/ |newspaper=Royal Cornwall Gazette, Falmouth Packet and Plymouth Journal |date=18 October 1828 |page=3 }}</ref>]]
Dowry was used in England. However, the right of daughters to inherit and of women to hold property and other rights in their own name made it a different instrument than on the European continent. The [[Salic law]], which required females to be disinherited and disenfranchised from land ownership, did not apply in England. Single women held many rights men did. The most famous example of this English female inheritance and agency right is perhaps [[Elizabeth I of England]], who held all rights a male monarch did.

While single women held rights to hold property equivalent to those of men, marriage and married women were affected by the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]] changes to the law in the 12th century. [[Coverture]] was introduced to the common law in some jurisdictions, requiring property of a wife to be held in the husband's name, custody and control. The Normans also introduced the dowry in England replacing the earlier custom of the new husband giving a morning gift to his bride. At first the husband publicly gave''[or received?]'' the dowry at the church door at the wedding.

If the husband died first, which was frequent, there was a widows dowry of one third of the husband's lands at the time of his marriage; the income, and in some cases, the management, of the lands, was assigned to her for the rest of her life. This concept is included in the [[Great Charter]], and along with the recognition of female inheritance and absence of the [[Salic law]], and women, particularly single women, holding many rights equivalent to those men held, manifests English law differing fundamentally from the law of the European continent, especially the law of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].

Thirteenth-century court records are filled with disputes over dowries, and the law became increasingly complex.<ref>S. H. Steinberg et al. eds. ''A New Dictionary of British History'' (1963) pp. 110–111.</ref>

The English dowry system permitted most noble families to marry off their daughters and thereby gain extended kin and patronage ties. Marriageable daughters were a valuable commodity to ambitious fathers, and the English aristocracy sent few of their eligible daughters to convents.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Harris | first1 = Barbara J. | year = 1993 | title = A new look at the Reformation: Aristocratic women and nunneries, 1450–1540 | journal = Journal of British Studies | volume = 32 | issue = 2| pages = 89–113 | doi = 10.1086/386024 | s2cid = 145122857 }}</ref>

Failure to provide a customary, or agreed-upon, dowry could cause a marriage to be called off. [[William Shakespeare]] made use of such an event in ''[[King Lear]]'': one of Cordelia's suitors gives up his suit upon hearing that King Lear will give her no dowry. In ''[[Measure for Measure]]'', Claudio and Juliet's premarital sex was brought about by their families' wrangling over dowry after the betrothal. Angelo's motive for forswearing his betrothal with Mariana was the loss of her dowry at sea.

In [[Victorian England]], dowries were viewed by some members of the upper class as an early payment of the daughter's [[inheritance]]. In some instances, daughters who had not received their dowries were the only female heirs entitled to part of the estate when their parents died. If a couple died without children, a woman's dowry was often returned to her family.<ref>Gail MacColl and Carol McD. Wallace, ''To Marry An English Lord'', pp. 166–167, {{ISBN|0-89480-939-3}}.</ref>

[[Coverture]] never applied universally in Britain and was repealed in the 1800s. This effectively ended the concept of dowry as the property of a single woman was either retained by her after marriage or its income became marital property under joint control with a husband (not under his sole control as in coverture).

====Russia====
[[File:Wassilij Wladimirowitsch Pukirew 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''The Dowry'' by 19th-century Russian painter, [[Vasili Pukirev]]. Dowry was a common practice in Russia through the 19th century.]]
In some parts of Europe, especially Eastern Europe, land dowries were common.

The ''[[Domostroy]]'', a Russian advice book of the 16th century for upper classes, includes advice to set aside property for purposes of a dowry, and use it to accumulate linens, clothing, and other things for it, rather than have to suddenly buy it all for the wedding; if the daughter should happen to die, the dowry should be used to give alms and for prayers for her soul, although some might be set aside for other daughters.<ref>Carolyn Johnston Pouncey, ''The Domostroi: Rules for Russian Households in the Time of Ivan the Terrible'', p. 95, {{ISBN|0-8014-9689-6}}.</ref> In late [[Tsardom of Russia|Tsarist Russia]] the dowry originally consisted of clothing for the bride, linen, and bedding.<ref name="Tian-Shanskaia1">Olga Semyonova Tian-Shanskaia, ''Village Life in Late Tsarist Russia'', pp. 3–4, 1993, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana.</ref> Linen became less common, a fact blamed on poor flax harvest and girls being poor spinners, but emphasis was added to the finest of the clothing, and a money dowry was sometimes added, particularly if the bride was regarded as having some fault.<ref name="Tian-Shanskaia1"/> Prospective in-laws, usually concerned mostly with her working ability, grew more concerned about a money dowry.<ref name="Tian-Shanskaia2">Olga Semyonova Tian-Shanskaia, ''Village Life in Late Tsarist Russia'', p. 66, 1993, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana.</ref>

====Romania====
In Romania in the late 18th and early 19th centuries (1750–1830s) the exclusion of dowered girls from the family inheritance led to increased cohesion within the nuclear family. The wife's male relatives controlled the dowry but she retained sole ownership of the dowry and wedding gifts. Her relatives could prosecute the husband for squandering a dowry; wives gained some ability to leave an abusive marriage. The long-term result was a greater legal empowerment of women, while providing economic security to divorced women, widows, and children.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jianu | first1 = Angela | year = 2009 | title = Women, Dowries, and Patrimonial Law in Old Regime Romania (c. 1750–1830) | journal = Journal of Family History | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 189–205 | doi = 10.1177/0363199008330732 | pmid = 19618556 | s2cid = 25161591 }}</ref>

===The Americas===

====Indigenous cultures====
According to one ethnographic study of indigenous cultures worldwide, around six percent of North American indigenous cultures practised reciprocal exchange, involving the giving of gifts between both the bride and groom's families.<ref name="Ferraro, Gary P., and Susan Andreatta 2009 224">{{cite book|author1=Ferraro, Gary P.|author2=Susan Andreatta|title=Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495601920|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalanthropo00ferr_1/page/224 224]|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalanthropo00ferr_1/page/224}}</ref> Among the tribes of the American Plains, a combination of [[dower]] and dowry was used. The groom would give a gift of horses to the bride's parents, while they in turn would give a gift to the groom. The exchange was somewhat reciprocal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Deogaonkar|first=S. G.|title=Native Americans And Native Indians|year=2002|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170229094|page=48}}</ref>

====Mexico====
Spanish colonists brought the dowry custom to Mexico. Spain's laws gave brides the right to control their dowry after marriage, contrary to the usual European practice of transferring the dowry to the control of the groom and his family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mangan|first=Jane E.|title=Trading Roles: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Urban Economy in Colonial Potosí|year=2005|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822334705|page=[https://archive.org/details/tradingrolesgend0000mang/page/237 237]|url=https://archive.org/details/tradingrolesgend0000mang/page/237}}</ref> Women, in practice, often did maintain control over their dowry after marriage. The husband might be given funds from the dowry to invest for the mutual benefit of the couple and their children, but wives also often used funds from their dowries to operate their own businesses, as grocers, tavern keepers, and shop owners in urban areas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mangan|first=Jane E.|title=Trading Roles: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Urban Economy in Colonial Potosí|year=2005|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822334705|page=[https://archive.org/details/tradingrolesgend0000mang/page/140 140]|url=https://archive.org/details/tradingrolesgend0000mang/page/140}}</ref> Dowries were a common custom in the early colonial years, but were passing out of use by the mid-18th century. By that time, less wealthy daughters were often marrying without any dowry.<ref>{{cite book|last=Socolow|first=Susan Migden|title=The Women of Colonial Latin America|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521476423|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenofcoloniall00susa/page/83 83]|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofcoloniall00susa/page/83}}</ref>

====New France====
The French government made efforts to encourage marriage for the male soldiers and traders in New France by granting dowries to women willing to travel to the colony at Quebec. As the French crown provided dowries for many of the women persuaded to travel to [[New France]] for marriages and settlement there, they were known as ''[[filles du roi]]'' (daughters of the king).

Convents in [[Quebec]], as in Europe, required a dowry from the parents of girls becoming nuns, much as the dowry was expected in the marriages of upper class brides. The Catholic Church and secular authorities intended for this requirement to regulate admission into religious communities. Girls without a dowry were often supported by benefactors, however, and occasionally convents lowered the sum required to enter the convent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Women and Freedom in Early America|year=1997|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9780814721988|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenfreedominea0000unse/page/116 116]|editor=Larry D. Eldridge|url=https://archive.org/details/womenfreedominea0000unse/page/116}}</ref>

====United States====
[[File:Angelico, san nicola done tre palle d'oro a tre fanciulle povere per farle maritare, vaticano.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Fra Angelico]]'s painting: ''The Story of St Nicholas Giving Dowry to Three Poor Girls''. The 15th-century painting relates to the story of a poor man with three daughters. In those days a young woman's father had to offer prospective husbands a dowry. Without a dowry, a woman was unlikely to marry. Mysteriously, on three occasions, so goes the story, a bag of gold appeared in their home, for the dowries, courtesy of St Nicholas. Later, St Nicholas came to be known as [[Santa Claus]].<ref>[http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/who-is-st-nicholas/ Who is St. Nicholas?]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911183613/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/who-is-st-nicholas/|date=2012-09-11}}, St Nicholas Center.</ref>]]

The dowry was a custom brought to the United States by colonists from England and elsewhere in Europe. One legend tells how [[John Hull (merchant)|John Hull]], the Master of the Mint in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, and a wealthy man, determined the dowry for his daughter Hannah's marriage to Samuel Sewall. Hull is said to have set his 18-year-old daughter onto one side of the large scales in his warehouse. He piled shillings into the other side of the scale until he reached her weight in silver, and that was her dowry.<ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeologia Americana: transactions and collections of the American Antiquarian Society, Volume 3|year=1857|publisher=American Antiquarian Society, digitized by University of Wisconsin at Madison|pages=274–75}}</ref>

The daughters of wealthy 19th-century industrialists, who were able to inherit large amounts of money and property, were given "dowries" by their fathers to marry European aristocrats who held a title but had little wealth. The mutual exchange of title and wealth raised the status of both bride and groom. A very good example is the marriage of [[Consuelo Vanderbilt]] to [[Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough]] in 1895.<ref name="Ferraro, Gary P., and Susan Andreatta 2009 224"/>

====Brazil====
The dowry was a custom brought to Brazil by Portuguese settlers. Colonial economics meant that families had a great stake in inheritances of land in particular. As in Europe, the eldest daughter was usually granted the largest dowry by her father. Variations were not unusual, however, as research has shown in São Paulo, 31% of fathers gave dowries of increasing size to the younger daughters, and 21% distributed dowries with no particular favour shown to birth order of the daughters.{{sfn|Nazzari|1991|p=63}} In addition to dowries, daughters could also be granted an inheritance from their father, a share of the ''legìtima''. Inheritance laws were complex in colonial Brazil. According to Portuguese law, an estate was to be divided among children who had not already received a dowry. In the early colonial period, married daughters receiving a large dowry would refuse to accept a further inheritance after the death of their father. In the 18th century, as inheritances and dowries gradually became smaller, this custom disappeared. Daughters accepted a dowry, plus a ''legìtima.'' In this way, they folded their dowry back into the estate with the ''legìtima'', called bringing the dowry ''à colação''. The remaining third of the estate, the ''terça'', was free for the father to divide as he wished among his heirs.{{sfn|Nazzari|1991|pp=65–67}}

There were instances where a daughter was left to marry without a dowry, whereas her sisters were given dowries, an indication of paternal control over marriage choices. During the 18th century, as inheritances decreased in size, litigation among siblings became more common. Dowries could include land, a house in the city, cash, gold dust, gold bars, tools and machinery, cattle, or horses.{{sfn|Nazzari|1991|p=67}} By the 19th century, economic changes meant that men, typically merchants, brought more to the marriage materially, and the economic dynamics of marriage changed.{{sfn|Nazzari|1991|p=73}}

==Current practices==
Dowry is a common practice in many parts of the world, especially in [[South Asia]] and several [[MENA|Middle East and North Africa]] countries. Dowry is most common in nations with inadequate male-biased inheritance laws and [[patrilineal]] societies, which expect women to live with or near their husband's family.<ref name="Van Willigen 1991 pp. 369–377">{{cite journal |last1=van Willigen |first1=John |last2=Channa |first2=V. |title=Law, Custom, and Crimes against Women: The Problem of Dowry Death in India |journal=Human Organization |date=December 1991 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=369–377 |doi=10.17730/humo.50.4.m844g33545480687 |doi-broken-date=18 December 2025 |jstor=44126922 }}</ref><ref name="Dalmia, S. 2005 pp. 71–93">{{cite journal | last1 = Dalmia | first1 = S. | last2 = Lawrence | first2 = P. G. | year = 2005 | title = The institution of dowry in India: Why it continues to prevail | journal = The Journal of Developing Areas | volume = 38 | issue = 2| pages = 71–93 | doi = 10.1353/jda.2005.0018 | s2cid = 154992591 }}</ref>

An unusual exception to the dowry custom in South Asia is found in [[Bhutan]]. The dowry system does not exist in Bhutan; inheritance is [[matrilineal]], and daughters do not take their father's name at birth, nor their husband's name upon marriage. Rural land may be registered in a woman's name. Women own businesses, and both [[polyandry]] and [[polygyny]] are socially accepted, with polygyny being more prevalent. Sometimes a prospective groom will work in the bride's family's household to earn the right to marry her.<ref name="Stange, Mary Zeiss, and Carol K. Oyster, Jane E. Sloan 2011 149">{{cite book|author1=Stange, Mary Zeiss |author2= Carol K. Oyster |author3=Jane E. Sloan |title=Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World, Volume 1|year=2011|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412976855|page=149}}</ref>

===India===
{{Main|Dowry system in India}}

In India, dowry is called ''Dahez'' in Hindi.<ref name=Waheed>{{cite journal | last = Waheed | first = Abdul | title = Dowry among Indian muslims: ideals and practices | journal = [[Indian Journal of Gender Studies]] | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–75 | publisher = [[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] | doi = 10.1177/097152150801600103 | date = February 2009 | s2cid = 142943653 }}</ref> In far eastern parts of India, dowry is called ''Aaunnpot''. Dowry is a payment of cash or gifts from the bride's family to the bridegroom's family upon [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged marriage]]. It may include cash, jewelry, electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, crockery, utensils, car and other household items that help the newlyweds set up their home.

In India, the dowry puts great financial strain on the bride's family. Payment of dowry is now prohibited under the [[Dowry system in India#Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961|''Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961'']] in [[Law of India|Indian civil law]] and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498a of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC). Despite anti-dowry laws in India, it is still a common practice. Other laws attempting to address the problem include the ''Dowry and Bridal Gifts Restrictions Rules, 1976'' and the ''Dowry Prohibition (Maintenance of Lists of Presents to the Bride and Bridegroom) Rules, 1985'', which are intended to document gifts and provide complainants with stronger evidence in case prosecution for crimes against the bride occurs later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5556/1/dowry_prohibition.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.indiacode.nic.in|accessdate=26 June 2025}}</ref>

Dowry in India is widespread among all religions. Over the years, the practice has evolved and expanded in terms of scope and outreach. For example, Indian Muslims call dowry as ''jahez'', and it is classified into two categories: The first comprises some essential articles for the outfit of the bride as well as for conjugal life. The other is made up of valuable goods, clothes, jewelry, an amount of money for the groom's family, which is settled on after bargaining.<ref name=Waheed />

Although Indian laws against dowries have been in effect for decades, they have been largely criticised as being ineffective.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|title = Practical Steps towards Eliminating Dowry and Bride-Burning in India|last = Manchandia|first = Purna|journal = Tul. J. Int'l & Comp. L. |volume=13 |pages=305–319 |year=2005}}</ref> The practice of dowry deaths and murders continues to take place unchecked in many parts of India and this has further added to the concerns of enforcement.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal|title = A 'Lesser' Crime: A Comparative Study of Legal Defenses for Men Who Kill Their Wives|last = Spatz|first = Melissa|journal = Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=597–638 |date=1991 |id={{NCJ|135719}} |oclc=4769332728 }}</ref> Dowry-murder persists. It is the killing of a wife for not bringing sufficient dowry to the marriage. It is the culmination of a series of prior domestic abuses by the husband's family.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rudd | first1 = Jane | year = 2001 | title = Dowry-murder: An example of violence against women | journal = Women's Studies International Forum | volume = 24 | issue = 5| pages = 513–522 | doi = 10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00196-0 | pmid = 17508454 }}</ref>

Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code required the bridegroom and his family to be automatically arrested if a wife complains of dowry harassment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=V|first=Bharati T.|date=2020-03-29|title=Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code|url=https://lawtimesjournal.in/section-498a-of-the-indian-penal-code/|access-date=2021-03-27|website=Law Times Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> The law was widely abused and in 2014, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ruled that arrests can only be made with a magistrate's approval.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-arrests-under-anti-dowry-law-without-magistrates-nod-SC/articleshow/37661519.cms|title=No arrests under anti-dowry law without magistrate's nod: SC|work=The Times of India|date=3 July 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707181737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-arrests-under-anti-dowry-law-without-magistrates-nod-SC/articleshow/37661519.cms|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
The original custom in Bangladesh was the [[bride price]], called ''pawn'', where the groom's family makes a payment to the bride's parents. This has gradually been replaced by the dowry, called ''joutuk''. This transition in customs began in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Gavin W.|title=The Continuing Demographic Transition|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198292579|pages=290–91}}</ref> By the early 21st century, the bride price has been supplanted by the dowry. ''Joutuk'', sometimes spelled ''Joutukh'', like elsewhere in South Asia, is a serious and growing problem in Bangladesh. Between 0.6 and 2.8 brides per year per 100,000 women are reported to die because of dowry-related violence.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Huda | first1 = Shahnaz | year = 2006 | title = Dowry in Bangladesh: Compromizing {{sic|hide=yes}} Women's Rights | journal = South Asia Research | volume = 26 | issue = 3| pages = 249–268 | doi = 10.1177/0262728006071707 | s2cid = 144704143 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dhakacourier.com.bd/?p=4592 Women's Safety: Ghosts on the Prowl] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109202405/http://www.dhakacourier.com.bd/?p=4592 |date=November 9, 2014 }} Mahfuzur Rahman, Dhaka Courier, January 26, 2012</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Dowry System|url=https://teletalkbd.com/dowry-system-paragraph|work=Teletalk Bangladesh|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>

Bangladesh has seen a rise in the expected size of dowries in recent decades, as its middle class has grown. Sociologist Sarah White has argued that the dowry is not compensation for weakness in women's economic contribution. Instead, its main function is now to support family advancement by mobilizing additional resources. It also demonstrates an ongoing commitment to the norms of masculine provision and protection. Dowries make women more valuable, which pushes against the background of widespread corruption and political and gender violence.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = White | first1 = Sarah C. | year = 2017 | title = Patriarchal Investments: Marriage, Dowry and the Political Economy of Development in Bangladesh | journal = Journal of Contemporary Asia | volume = 47 | issue = 2| pages = 247–272 | doi = 10.1080/00472336.2016.1239271 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A negative factor is a rise in the rate of dowry deaths. In Bangladesh, dowry killings are more frequently done by stabbing or poison rather than burning. Dowry extortion is also a problem in Bangladesh.<ref name="Menski 1998 109">{{cite book|last=Menski|first=Werner|title=South Asians and the Dowry Problem|year=1998|publisher=Trentham Books|isbn=9781858561417|page=109}}</ref> From January to October 2009, more than 3,413 complaints were made to the police in Bangladesh concerning beatings and other abuses related to dowries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Report: Bangladesh 2010|year=2010|publisher=Amnesty International|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-bangladesh-2010?page=2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604140126/http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-bangladesh-2010?page=2|archive-date=2012-06-04}}</ref> One of the methods used by families who are unhappy with dowry includes [[acid throwing]], in which concentrated acid is thrown on the bride's face to cause disfiguration and social isolation. From 1995 to 1998, 15 women reported dowry disputes as the motivation behind acid attacks, though that number may be low due to underreporting.<ref>International Women's Rights Action Watch Asia Pacific. ''Baseline Report: Violence Against Women in Bangladesh''. 1–78.</ref> Bangladesh is combating the problem with legislation largely copied from that of India. Laws prohibiting dowry in Bangladesh include ''Dowry Prohibition Act, 1980''; ''Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Ordinance, 1982''; and ''Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Ordinance, 1986''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-607.html|title=The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1980|accessdate=26 June 2025}}</ref>

''Dowry Prohibition Act'' Clause 4 states that anyone demanding dowry from a person has committed a crime. The law does not have any clause stating punishment to misuse it. Therefore, the law is frequently used by women to harass in-laws and husbands.<ref name="News article on Dowry Law Abuse">{{cite web|url=http://news.priyo.com/law-and-order/2011/feb/16/women-repression-dowry-law-nee-20016.html|title=Women repression, dowry: Law needs changes to check false cases|work=Priyo News|access-date=20 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113129/http://news.priyo.com/law-and-order/2011/feb/16/women-repression-dowry-law-nee-20016.html|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
In Pakistan, dowry is called ''Jahez'' .<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=R. |title=Community perceptions of reasons for preference for consanguineous marriages in Pakistan |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |date=October 1999 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=449–461 |doi=10.1017/s0021932099004496 |pmid=10581876 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/hbspapers/38 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A 2014 [[Gallup International Association|Gallup]] survey in Pakistan found that 84% of Pakistanis believe that dowry plays either very important or somewhat important role in marriage, while 69% believed it is not possible for a girl to get married without a dowry.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |title=Tradition of dowry in Pakistan: 56% Pakistanis believe it is impossible for girls to get married without dowry |url=http://gallup.com.pk/tradition-of-dowry-in-pakistan-56-pakistanis-believe-it-is-impossible-for-girls-to-get-married-without-dowry/ |agency=Gilani Research Foundation Polls |date=17 Jan 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325050410/http://gallup.com.pk/tradition-of-dowry-in-pakistan-56-pakistanis-believe-it-is-impossible-for-girls-to-get-married-without-dowry/ |archive-date=2018-03-25 |website=Gallup Pakistan }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hidden Cost of Dowry in Pakistan |url=https://www.blog.shadiyana.pk/hidden-cost-of-dowry/ |website=Shadiyana |language=English}}</ref>

Pakistan has seen a rise in the values of dowries in recent decades, as in other South Asian countries.<ref name="Menski 1998 109"/> However, in Pakistan it is still expected that a bride will bring some kind of dowry with her to a marriage, whether she is Muslim, Hindu, or Christian.<ref name="Walbridge 2003 134">{{cite book|last=Walbridge|first=Linda S.|title=The Christians of Pakistan: The Passion of Bishop John Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it5TenVEY74C&pg=PA134 |year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780700716562|page=134}}</ref> The [[Dower]] ([[bride price]]), called ''[[mahr]]'', and dowry, called ''jahaiz'', are both customs with long histories in Pakistan. Today, the dowry will often consist of jewelry, clothing, and money.<ref name="Esposito, John L. and Natana J. DeLong-Bas 2001 85">{{cite book|author1=Esposito, John L. |author2= DeLong-Bas, Natana J. |title=Women in Muslim Family Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOmaDq8HKCgC&pg=PA85 |year=2001|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=9780815629085|page=85}}</ref> Dowry is expected while the majority of marriages are [[consanguineous]]ly arranged between first cousins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anjum |first1=Tabinda |first2=Niaz Hussain |last2=Malik |first3=Saeed Ahmad |last3=Khan |title=A study of dowry and marriage arrangements in a rural area of district Faisalabad |journal=Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences |volume=32 |issue=4 |date=1995 |pages=298–299 |url=https://pakjas.com.pk/papers/843.pdf }}</ref>

Control of the dowry belongs to the bride in theory, although in practice control often transfers to the husband and in-laws, and grooms sometimes extort large dowries. In rural Pakistan, dowry values are still relatively low, around 12 percent of a household's annual (non-durable goods) expenses. Also, in rural Pakistan it is standard for the bride to maintain control over her dowry after marriage, rather than control of the dowry being given to the in-laws.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bride Exchange and Women's Welfare in Rural Pakistan|publisher=World Bank Publications|page=4}}</ref> A survey in January 2017 by Gallup Pakistan showed that 56 percent of the population expects the girl to bring dowry to marriage.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The pressure among some Pakistanis to provide a large dowry results in some brides' families going into debt, including debt servitude; some brides build up their dowry with their own earnings if they work outside the home.<ref name="Walbridge 2003 134"/> The debt trap created by providing large dowries puts pressure on parents aspiring to arrange a marriage for their daughter(s) into a better social class. It is also cited as a reason for the current trend toward delayed marriages. Arranged marriages among first cousins are common, since they provide a way of keeping dowries within an extended family.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Singh, Sarina |author2= Lindsay Brown |author3= Paul Clammer |author4=Rodney Cocks |author5= John Mock |title=Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=9781741045420|page=42}}</ref>

Pakistan has passed several laws to address the problem of excessive dowry demands: ''West Pakistan Dowry (Prohibition of Display) Act, 1967''; ''Dowry and Bridal Gifts (Restriction) Act, 1976''. Women's rights to inheritance separate from the dowry are offered some protection in the ''Muslim Personal Law of Shariat of 1948'' and the ''Muslim Family Laws Ordinance of 1961''.<ref name="Esposito, John L. and Natana J. DeLong-Bas 2001 85"/> In October 2020, Pakistan became the first Muslim country to make it illegal to receive dowry as per the tenets of Islamic [[sunnah]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-06|title=Pakistan Bans Dowry, Becomes First Muslim Country to Ban Dowry|url=https://theislamicinformation.com/pakistan-bans-dowry/|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The Islamic Information|language=en-US}}</ref> According to the bill, the maximum amount to be given to the bride as her dowry may be no more than four [[Tola (unit)|tola]] gold, which may include clothes that belong to the bride, and bedsheets only. Guests arriving at the marriage ceremony will be banned from giving gifts costing more than {{Currency|1000|PKR|first=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=Pakistani govt officially bans dowry now|url=https://nation.com.pk/08-Oct-2020/pakistani-govt-officially-bans-dowry-now|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Zara|date=2020-10-09|title=Pakistan bans dowry in a historic decision|url=https://pk.mashable.com/culture/5484/pakistan-bans-dowry-in-a-historic-decision|access-date=2020-10-09|website=Mashable Pakistan|language=en-pk}}</ref>

===Nepal===
The practice of dowry is common in Nepal, and dowry-related violence is increasingly becoming a problem. As a result, the dowry system has been banned in Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/nepal-bans-dowry-caste-based-discrimination |title=Nepal bans dowry, caste-based discrimination|work=YOWSA|access-date=20 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20151201083902/http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/nepal-bans-dowry-caste-based-discrimination|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> Despite the laws, the violent incidents continue, under a general perception of impunity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20110617-284657.html|title=Dowry deaths on the rise in Nepal|access-date=20 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030125/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110617-284657.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> [[Nepali people]] of the [[Madhesi people|Madhesi society]] still freely welcome dowry as a right to the groom's side. Even highly educated people living in the [[Terai]] of Nepal accept dowry without any second thoughts. Parents have thus started dreading the birth of daughters in the family, going as far as [[sex selection|determining the sex of fetuses]] in order to [[sex-selective abortion|abort daughters]]. Many deaths have also been caused by not giving dowry to the groom's side. Dowry system, however, is not practiced by indigenous people and is less prevalent in Hill Region.

In Nepal, the practice of dowry is closely related to social prestige; and dowry violence is especially prevalent in the Terai belt. In 2009, Nepal enacted the ''Social Customs and Practices Act'' outlawing dowry; however, there have been no known cases of enforcement.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/Co-publications/Femicide_A%20Gobal%20Issue%20that%20demands%20Action.pdf|title=Femicide: A Global Issue that Demands Action|year=2013|publisher=Academic Council on the United Nations System (LACUNA) Vienna Liaison Office|isbn=978-3-200-03012-1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630215522/http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/Co-publications/Femicide_A%20Gobal%20Issue%20that%20demands%20Action.pdf|archive-date=2014-06-30}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
Here, the dowry is known as ''dewedda''. The payment of dowry in [[Sri Lanka]] has a strong tradition, and has been connected to [[family violence]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.cmb.ac.lk/research/bitstream/70130/3364/1/AnnualResearchSymposium2012UniversityofColombo.157-159.pdf |title=A Proposal for a Dowry Prohibition Law in Sri Lanka: An Assessment in the Light of Indian Dowry Prohibition Act No. 28 of 1961 |last=Pathirana |first=Kaushani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003202336/http://archive.cmb.ac.lk/research/bitstream/70130/3364/1/AnnualResearchSymposium2012UniversityofColombo.157-159.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-03}}</ref> However its importance is declining, and violence related to it is not as common as in other South Asian countries, though it still exists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pieris |first1=Indrani |last2=Caldwell |first2=Bruce |title=Gender and health in Sri Lanka |journal=Health Transition Review |date=1997 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=173–186 |jstor=40652277 }}</ref>

===Afghanistan===
Dowry is called ''Jehez'' in [[Afghanistan]],<ref>[http://www.areu.org.af/Uploads/EditionPdfs/814E-Child%20Labour%20Badakhshan-CS-print.pdf.pdf Factors Influencing Decisions to Use Child Labour]. ,{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171909/http://www.areu.org.af/Uploads/EditionPdfs/814E-Child%20Labour%20Badakhshan-CS-print.pdf.pdf|date=2015-04-02}} Afghanistan Research Unit, Kabul (August 2008); pp. 14–16.</ref> and is separate from [[Mahr]], ''sherbaha'', and brideprice (locally called ''walwar'', ''toyana'', or ''qalyn'').<ref>[http://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=3648 Dowry burden unleashes myriad social problems]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805221314/http://afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=3648|date=2013-08-05}}, Afghanistan Times, August 3, 2013.</ref><ref name="undp.org.af">[http://www.undp.org.af/whoweare/undpinafghanistan/Projects/dcse/GenderManuals/Gender%20Awareness%20and%20Development%20Manual.pdf Gender Awareness and Development Manual]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212115329/http://undp.org.af/WhoWeAre/UNDPinAfghanistan/Projects/dcse/GenderManuals/Gender%20Awareness%20and%20Development%20Manual.pdf|date=2011-02-12}}, United Nations Development Program & Government of Afghanistan, Kabul (May 2007); pp. 175–176.</ref>

A large dowry is sometimes expected, and given, in Afghanistan; some houses are almost emptied so that the daughter may make a grand show at the wedding. Items included in a dowry depend on the resources of the bride's family and the demands made by the groom's family. Embroidery is traditionally included in a dowry, as is land, money, jewelry such as necklaces and ''pazab'', shoes, shawls, carpets, bedding, furniture, crockery, mirrors, clocks and such items. The dowry is transferred from bride's family house to the groom's family house one day before the wedding day in a ritual ceremony with band and a procession, which typically adopts the longest route in the residential area for the Afghan community to see the dowry being given by the bride's family.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Ikbal Ali |title=The Folk Life of Afghanistan. |journal=Folklore |date=December 1919 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=249–281 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1919.9719109 |jstor=1255108 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mughal | first1 = Julie | year = 2010 | title = Through a widow's eyes | journal = South Asian Popular Culture | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 99–102 | doi = 10.1080/14746681003633291 | s2cid = 144516780 }}</ref>

Afghanistan has both dowry and bride price, although the practice differs between different tribal and ethnic groups. In Afghanistan, a marriage typically requires two kinds of payments: a [[mahr]], which typically consists of livestock, property and money, and in practice often takes the form of a bride price paid to the woman's family; and a dowry brought by the bride to her husband's home which may include various goods such as clothing, bedding and household utensils.<ref name="undp.org.af"/><ref name="Family">Peter Blood (2004), [http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/57.htm Family]. {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120703101254/http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/57.htm|date=2012-07-03}}, Afghanistan A Country Study, Library of Congress, {{ISBN|978-1419104985}}.</ref> The nature of dowry the bride brings often influences how she is treated when she arrives at her husband's home.<ref name="Family"/> Parents frequently arrange marriages for daughters at a young age, in order to end their economic responsibility for their daughter.<ref name="Stange, Mary Zeiss, and Carol K. Oyster, Jane E. Sloan 2011 43">{{cite book|author1=Stange, Mary Zeiss |author2=Carol K. Oyster |author3=Jane E. Sloan |title=Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World, Volume 1|year=2011|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412976855|page=43}}</ref>

===Iran===
Dowry has existed in Persia for over 1000 years, and called ''jahīzīeh'' (sometimes spelled ''jahaz'' or ''jaheez'', جهیزیه).<ref>[http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.2.steingass.125920 Steingass Persian-English]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324105426/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.2.steingass.125920|date=2017-03-24}}, University of Chicago. See explanation for Jahiz.</ref><ref>[http://www.aryanpour.com/ Persian English Dictionary]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102084608/http://www.aryanpour.com/|date=2014-11-02}}, see Dowry.</ref> ''Jahiz'' is vestments, furniture, jewelry, cash and other paraphernalia a bride's family gives to the bride to take with her to the groom's family.<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arusi-the-secular-wedding-celebration-which-follows-the-wedding-contract-ceremony-aqd-q Encyclopedia Iranica]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517002226/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arusi-the-secular-wedding-celebration-which-follows-the-wedding-contract-ceremony-aqd-q|date=2013-05-17}}, New York (2011), Vol. II, Fasc. 6, pp. 666–670; See discussion of dowry, under ʿARŪSĪ.</ref> Jahiz is separate from [[Mahr]] required by [[Sharia]] religious laws, as well as the traditional payment of ''Shir Baha'' (literally: price of milk), in rural [[Iran]].<ref>Ghorayshi, P. (1996). Women in Developing Countries: Methodological and Theoretical Considerations. Women & Politics, 16(3), pp. 89–111.</ref><ref name=Ziba2000/> Dowry-related violence and deaths in Iran are reported in Iranian newspapers, some of which appear in English media.<ref name="iranpbs">[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2010/08/selected-headlines-202.html Isfahan man kills daughter over inability to pay dowry]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108005203/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2010/08/selected-headlines-202.html|date=2018-01-08}}, Public Broadcasting Service, Washington, DC (August 16, 2010).</ref>

===Turkey===
Dowry is known as ''çeyiz'' in [[Turkey]]. ''Çeyiz'' is the property and/or money the bride's family gives the couple at marriage.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Samli |first1=Sherife Ayla |title=Containing the Future: Modern Identities as Material Negotiation in the Urban Turkish Ceyiz |date=2011 |hdl=1911/70424 }}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}</ref><ref>Suad Joseph, Afsāna Naǧmābādī, Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Volume 3, {{ISBN|9004128190}}, Brill (The Netherlands), p. 263, Quote: "Ceyiz, a combination of dowry/trouseau [sic?], takes the form of goods, property, gold or cash given to the bride".</ref> Çeyiz is different and separate from the ''[[Mahr]]'', which is paid by the groom to the bride, or traditional ''baslik'' in some parts of Turkey. The giving of dowry has been replaced with the exchanging of gifts at the marriage ceremony by family members in modern times.

Çeyiz often includes furnishings, appliances, clothing, gold jewelry, cash and other items depending on the resources of the Turkish family.<ref>Suad Joseph, Afsāna Naǧmābādī, Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Volume 3, {{ISBN|9004128190}}, Brill (The Netherlands), pp. 262–263.</ref> Some of the Turkish dowry remains with the couple after marriage, other is specifically meant for the groom's family and relatives.<ref name="Sandikci Ilhan Dowry: A Cherished Possession">{{cite book |doi=10.4324/9781410610720-17 |chapter=Dowry: A Cherished Possession or an Old-Fashioned Tradition in a Modernizing Society? |title=Contemporary Consumption Rituals |date=2004 |pages=175–204 |isbn=978-1-4106-1072-0 |first1=Özlem |last1=Sandikci |first2=B. Ece |last2=İlhan |editor-last1=Otnes |editor-last2=Lowrey |editor-first1=Cele C. |editor-first2=Tina M. }}</ref> The ''çeyiz'' is typically agreed upon between the groom's and bride's families before the wedding date is finalized. According to tradition, even in current times, the dowry is displayed for showing-off, before the marriage in rural Turkey, at the bride's family, or groom's family—the display is typically attended and examined by women, particularly from the groom's family. In some cases, if the groom's family is not satisfied with the displayed dowry, the wedding is cancelled.<ref name="Sandikci Ilhan Dowry: A Cherished Possession"/> The dowry is transferred, from the bride's family to the groom's family just before the wedding in a ceremonial ritual. Thereafter, the wedding is completed.<ref name="Sandikci Ilhan Dowry: A Cherished Possession"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Çelik |first1=Kezban |last2=Lüküslü |first2=Demet |title=Spotlighting a Silent Category of Young Females: The Life Experiences of 'House Girls' in Turkey |journal=Youth & Society |date=March 2012 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=28–48 |doi=10.1177/0044118X10391636 }}</ref>

Scholars<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sallan Gül |first1=Songül |title=The role of the State in protecting women against domestic violence and women's shelters in Turkey |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |date=May 2013 |volume=38 |pages=107–116 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2013.01.018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Henneke |first1=Jenny |title=Combating domestic violence in Turkey |date=26 March 2008 |hdl=2077/9884 }}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}</ref> and government agencies<ref>{{Cite book |last=West Yorkshire |first=Police |date=2012 |title=Kadin ve kizlara yönelik şiddetten kaçmanin üç adimi |trans-title=Three Steps to Escaping Violence Against Women and Girls: A guide for black and minority ethnic (BME) women and children |url=http://www.westyorkshire.police.uk/sites/default/files/files/domestic-violence/turkish.pdf |url-status=live |language=tr |location=United Kingdom |publisher=Home Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201924/http://www.westyorkshire.police.uk/sites/default/files/files/domestic-violence/turkish.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-14 |isbn=978-1-84987-556-1}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}</ref> claim significant domestic violence in Turkish population due to dowry disputes. Violence and property claims related disputes are more frequent if there is a divorce.

=== Thailand ===
In Thailand, it is a common practice for men to give dowry which is called ''สินสอด'' (''sin-sot'') in Thailand. Dowry is usually given by the groom to the parents of the bride before or during the wedding. This is often in the form of money or gold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thaiembassy.com/family/thai-dowry|title=Thai Dowry | ThaiEmbassy.com|date=16 April 2015|website=www.thaiembassy.com|accessdate=26 June 2025}}</ref>

===Azerbaijan===
Dowry is known as ''cehiz'' in [[Azerbaijan]]. ''Cehiz'' is the property and money the bride's family must give to the groom's family prior to marriage. ''Cehiz'' is separate from the money under ''[[Mahr]]'' required under [[Sharia]] religious requirements in Islamic Azerbaijan. ''Cehiz'' often includes furnishings, appliances, crystal, mirrors, bed, jewelry and cash depending on the negotiations between the groom's and bride's families before the wedding day. While the groom's family receives ''Cehiz'', the bride receives ''Mahr''. Relatives of the bride often contribute to the ''Cehiz'' demands, through the ritual of ''koncas''. Dowry is transferred a few days before the wedding, and examined by groom's family, and a ''Siyahı'' (receipt) for the dowry is issued by the groom's family; this helps avoid disputes. If some items of the dowry are not satisfactory, the wedding may be delayed or cancelled. Similar traditions continue in many regions of Caucasus, including non-Muslim ethnic groups.<ref>Lale Yalçın-Heckman (2005), The Return of Private Property: Rural Life After Agrarian Reform in the Republic of Azerbaijan, {{ISBN|978-3-643-10629-2}}, pp. 143–149.</ref><ref>Ghaffarzadeh, S. M., Nazari, H., & Saadat, N. (2012), [http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0904/723_13477life0904_4811_4814.pdf Wedding Celebration Customs of West Azerbaijan and Urmia in Tradition]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010002753/http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0904/723_13477life0904_4811_4814.pdf|date=2013-10-10}}, Life Science Journal, 9(4).</ref>

===Tajikistan===
Dowries are sometimes expected in [[Tajikistan]], and they often consist of a collection of traditional dresses which are on display on the wedding day. However, the practice is much less common than in other parts of the Persophone world, as Tajikistan has a strong history of secularism due to it being a former [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet republic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13065495|title=Tajik weddings hit by austerity law|work=BBC News|date=14 April 2011 |access-date=20 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103021621/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13065495|archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

===Egypt===
In [[Egypt]], dowry is known as ''Gehaz''.<ref name=amin2004>{{cite journal | last1 = Amin | first1 = Sajeda | last2 = Al-Bassusi | first2 = Nagah H. | year = 2004| title = Education, wage work, and marriage: Perspectives of Egyptian working women | journal = Journal of Marriage and Family | volume = 66 | issue = 5| pages = 1287–1299 | doi = 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00093.x }}</ref><ref>[http://prezi.com/ltqoux45z6nv/marriage-in-subsaharan-west-african-countries/ Marriage in Subsaharan & West African Countries]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226211727/http://prezi.com/ltqoux45z6nv/marriage-in-subsaharan-west-african-countries/|date=2013-12-26}}, Prezi (2013).</ref> This is the property a bride is expected to bring with her at marriage, and it is different from the dower (Mahr) paid by the groom to the bride per requirements of [[sharia]]. ''Gehaz'' is observed in rural and urban Egypt, and is typically negotiated between the groom's family and bride's. ''Gehaz'' includes furniture, appliances, jewelry, china, bedding and various household items. Families begin collecting dowry years before a girl is betrothed. Many Egyptian girls take up jobs so as to save money necessary to meet the expected dowry demands.<ref>{{cite report |title=Building assets for safe, productive lives: A report on a workshop on adolescent girls' livelihoods |date=2005 |doi=10.31899/pgy3.1007 |pages=17–19 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Egyptian+working+women's+perceptions+of+marriage.-a0110734686 Egyptian working women's perceptions of marriage], Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Egypt (2005).</ref>

While the dowry is given during the marriage, in rural Egypt, it is ritually displayed to the village prior to the marriage. Every piece of the ''gehaz'' is placed on open cars that go around the village several times, with music, in order to show off the dowry being given by the bride's family to the groom.<ref name=amin2004/><ref>{{cite report |last1=Hendy |first1=Rana |last2=Sofer |first2=Catherine |title=A Collective Model of Female Labor Supply : Do Distribution Factors Matter in the Egyptian Case ? |date=2010 |url=https://hal.science/halshs-00482492/ }}</ref> The ''gehaz'' show off ritual is also a means to enhance the bride's status within her new marital family.

===Morocco===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van groep vrouwen TMnr 60047825.jpg|thumb|Muslim [[Ouled Nail]] girls waiting in the streets of an Algerian village to earn dowry as dancers. Algerian patrons invited them at cafés and festivals or to shrines of Muslim [[Wali|awliya]]. When their dowries were adequate they returned to their mountain villages and married within the tribe. This centuries-old tradition has continued into modern [[Algeria]]. (Photo from the late 19th century, courtesy of Tropenmuseum, The Netherlands)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Çelik |first1=Zeynep |last2=Kinney |first2=Leila |title=Ethnography and Exhibitionism at the Expositions Universelles |journal=Assemblage |date=1990 |issue=13 |pages=35–59 |doi=10.2307/3171106 |jstor=3171106 }}</ref>]]
Dowry is a traditional and current practice in [[Morocco]], and is called ''shura'', ''shawar'', ''ssdaq'' or ''amerwas'' depending on the speaker's region and ethnicity (e.g. Arabic, Berber, etc.). Dowry in Morocco is separate from the ''Mahr'' or ''Sadaq'' that is religiously required by [[Sharia]].<ref name=Ziba2000/>

Centuries ago, ''Mahr'' and ''Sadaq'' meant something different in Morocco. ''Mahr'' was the purchase price paid for the bride by the groom's family to the bride's father or guardian, while ''Sadaq'' was the betrothal gift offered by groom to the bride.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Westermarck |first1=Edward |title=Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco |date=1914 |publisher=Macmillan and Company |isbn=978-0-524-05353-9 |pages=65–74 }}</ref> Over time, the difference vanished and they are now one and the same, but different from the practice of dowry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maher |first1=Vanessa |title=Divorce and Property in the Middle Atlas of Morocco |journal=Man |date=1974 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=103–122 |doi=10.2307/2800039 |jstor=2800039 }}</ref>

In modern times, the Moroccan practice is to split the so-called ''Sadaq'', which meets the Islamic requirement of ''Mahr'', into two parts: ''naqd'' (cash) and ''kali'' (remainder Mahr). The ''Naqd Sadaq'' is paid by the groom's family to bride's family before the wedding. The bride's family supplements the ''Naqd'' amount with an equal or greater amount of cash, and gives dowry (called ''shura'', ''shawar'' or ''amerwas''). This dowry typically includes furniture, clothing, appliances, beds, household items, divans, jewelry, and other property. The dowry amounts are negotiated before the wedding. Higher dowry and lower [[Mahr]] are expected for widows and divorcées than for virgins. If elders of the two families do not agree on the dowry amount, the marriage is typically delayed or cancelled. The value and composition of the dowry varies according to social class, family wealth and regional customs. The ''kali al-sadaq'' (sometimes called ''mwahhar'' in Northern Morocco) is paid later, to technically meet the requirements of ''Mahr'' under Islamic Sharia. The ''shura'' (dowry) far exceeds the ''kali al-sadaq'', and there is a large transfer of wealth from bride's family to the couple and the groom's family.<ref name="Ziba2000">Ziba Mir-Hosseini (2000), Marriage on Trial: A Study of Islamic Family Law, Tauris (London, England), {{ISBN|1860646085}}, pp. 97–102, 70–75.</ref><ref>Camillia Fawzi El-Solh and Judy Mabro (1995), ''Muslim Women's Choices: Religious Belief and Social Reality'', {{ISBN|0-85496-8369}}, pp. 56–72.</ref>

===Bosnia===
Dowry is an old custom known as ''oprema'' in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]].<ref name="bringa95">Tone Bringa (1995), ''Being Muslim the Bosnian Way'', {{ISBN|978-0691001753}}, Princeton University Press; pp. 137–143.</ref><ref>David Rheubottom(1980) in John Comaroff (Editor), Dowry and Wedding Celebrations in Yugoslav, Academic Press (London, England); pp. 221–251.</ref> In neighboring regions, it is sometimes called ''prikija'' or ''ženinstvo''. Another term ''miraz'' is used sometimes, but ''miraz'' is also used to mean inheritance, something different from dowry.<ref>Nusret Mulasmajic, Bosnian-English Dictionary – Turcisms Collorquialisms Islamic Words, {{ISBN|978-1-4634-0179-5}}.</ref><ref name="Stanimirović 2010 Re-emergence of the dowry amongst Serb"/>

''Oprema'' refers to the property the bride's parents give her as part of the marriage. It often includes furniture, kitchenware, decorative items, gold jewelry and other items. Oprema is also different from ''pohod'' (gift giving, ''dar'') ritual of Bosnia, as well as the ''ruho'' (embroidered clothing) ritual. Oprema is discussed between the groom's and bride's family before the marriage; the groom's family sets the quality and quantity expectations. The ''oprema'' is typically not displayed to those who attend the wedding. Oprema and ''dar'' are a major economic burden to bride's family in Bosnia. Poorer families spend years saving money and buying ''oprema'' in order to get their daughter(s) married.<ref name=bringa95/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lodge | first1 = O | year = 1935 | title = Džamutra, or the Bridegroom; Some Marriage Customs in the Villages Around Tetovo in Serbian Macedonia or Southern Serbia. (Part One) | jstor = 1257384 | journal = Folklore | volume = 46 | issue = 3| pages = 244–267 | doi = 10.1080/0015587X.1935.9718604 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krešić |first1=Mirela |title=Entitlement of Female Descendants to Property of Croatian Communal Household |journal=Journal on European History of Law |date=2011 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=73–85 |url=http://www.historyoflaw.eu/english/JHL_02_2011.pdf#page=74 }}</ref>

===Serbia===
Dowry is not a Slavic custom; medieval Serbia was first exposed to it by the Byzantines. During the Ottoman era, dowry was non existent. Although the custom might have had limited adoption in the 19th century, the communist regime outlawed dowry. It's possible that the custom may have survived in some rural areas to this day among the Romani population.<ref name="Stanimirović 2010 Re-emergence of the dowry amongst Serb">{{cite journal |last1=Stanimirović |first1=Vojislav |title=Re-emergence of the dowry amongst Serbs |journal=Анали Правног Факултета У Београду |date=2010 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=185–202 |url=https://anali.rs/xml/201-/2010c/2010-3e/Annals_2010_185-202.pdf }}</ref>

==Violence against women and international perspectives==
{{Main|Violence against women|Dowry death}}

Disputes related to dowry sometimes result in violence against women, including killings and [[acid attacks]]. [[Amnesty International]] has stated:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/women-s-rights/violence-against-women/violence-against-women-information |title=Violence Against Women Information |work=Amnesty International USA |access-date=20 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404225053/http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/women-s-rights/violence-against-women/violence-against-women-information |archive-date=4 April 2016}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|[T]he ongoing reality of dowry-related violence is an example of what can happen when women are treated as property. Brides unable to pay the high "price" to marry are punished by violence and often death at the hands of their in-laws or their own husbands.}}

The [[Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women]] classifies violence against women into three categories: that occurring in the family (DV), that occurring within the general community, and that perpetrated or condoned by the State. Family violence is defined as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm|title=A/RES/48/104. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women|access-date=20 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924000147/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm |archive-date=24 September 2013}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, '''dowry-related violence''', [[marital rape]], [[female genital mutilation]] and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation.}}

Kirti Singh states, "Dowry is widely considered to be both a cause and a consequence of son preference. The practice of dowry inevitably leads to discrimination in different areas against daughters and makes them vulnerable to various forms of violence."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.unfpa.org/drive/LawsandSonPreferenceinIndia.pdf|title=Laws and son preference in India: a reality check|date=August 2013|publisher=United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) – India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313094849/http://india.unfpa.org/drive/LawsandSonPreferenceinIndia.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> Singh suggests this may lead to girls being unwanted, [[sex-selective abortion]], or her parents may abandon or mistreat her after she is born. [[UNICEF]] notes dowry helps perpetuate [[child marriage]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/india/Child_Marriage_Fact_Sheet_Nov2011_final.pdf |title=Unicef India |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=20 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919005202/http://www.unicef.org/india/Child_Marriage_Fact_Sheet_Nov2011_final.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) has expressed concern for dowry-related femicide, citing the study by Virendra Kumar which argued that dowry deaths occur primarily in areas of the Indian subcontinent. They note the estimates for actual number of dowry deaths per year vary widely ranging from 600 to 750 homicides a year to 25,000 homicides a year, with official government records suggesting 7,618 deaths in 2006.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.path.org/publications/files/GVR_femicide_rpt.pdf |title=Strengthening Understanding of Femicide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417135701/http://www.path.org/publications/files/GVR_femicide_rpt.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> Rakhshinda Perveen states thousands of dowry-related [[bride burning]] cases in Pakistan, yet few prosecutions and rare convictions for dowry-related violence against women.<ref name="rperveen">{{cite web |author=Perveen |first=Rakhshinda |date=January 10, 2014 |title=PAKISTAN: The social injustice behind the practice of dowry-when greed dictates society |url=http://www.humanrights.asia/news/ahrc-news/AHRC-ART-003-2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109184045/http://www.humanrights.asia/news/ahrc-news/AHRC-ART-003-2014 |archive-date=2014-11-09 |publisher=[[Asian Human Rights Commission]]}}</ref>

[[UNODC]] includes dowry deaths as a form of gender-based violence.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNODC |quote=Gender-based crimes can take many forms, including physical, psychological, moral and economic, and varies not only from country to country but city to village. These crimes include, but are not limited to: rape; sexual violence; domestic violence; forced disappearances; genital mutilation, human trafficking, early marriage, forced prostitution, forced marriage; dowry deaths; honour crimes; custody; inheritance; property grabbing; sexual harassment; discrimination; and personal status. |url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/crimeprevention/E-book.pdf |title=Gender in the Criminal Justice System Assessment Tool |access-date=2014-03-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628001326/http://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/crimeprevention/E-book.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-28 }}</ref> About 4.6% of total crimes against women in India were dowry death-related, and another 1.9% were related to violation of ''Dowry Prohibition Act''.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNODC |title=India |url=https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/south_Asia_Regional_Profile_Sept_2005/10_india.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421032353/http://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/south_Asia_Regional_Profile_Sept_2005/10_india.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-21 |url-status=live |page=58}}</ref> The dowry death rate in India has been about 0.7 women per 100,000 every year from 1998 to 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Global Study on Homicide |url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/Homicide/Globa_study_on_homicide_2011_web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131032200/http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/Homicide/Globa_study_on_homicide_2011_web.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31 |access-date=2014-12-16 |publisher=UNODC}} p. 61.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bride price]], the payment made by a groom to the bride or her family
* [[Excrex]], old [[Spain|Spanish]] law of [[Aragon]]
* [[Hypergamy]]
* [[Mahr]] (mahar, mehr, meher, mehrieh, or mahriyeh), required in ''Quran'' for Muslims

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Goody |first1=Jack |title=Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29088-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Nazzari |first1=Muriel |title=Disappearance of the Dowry: Women, Families, and Social Change in São Paulo, Brazil, 1600-1900 |date=1991 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1928-5 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Goody |first1=Jack |last2=Tambiah |first2=S. J. |title=Bridewealth and Dowry |date=1973 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-20169-8 }}

==Further reading==
* Hirsch, Jennifer S., Wardlow, Holly, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fRZ4qJ5EVpkC ''Modern loves: the Anthropology of Romantic Courtship & Companionate Marriage''], Macmillan, 2006. {{ISBN|0-472-09959-0}}. Cf. Chapter 1 "Love and Jewelry", on contrasting a dowry and a bride price.
* {{cite book |last1=Kaplan |first1=Marion A. |title=The Marriage Bargain: Women and Dowries in European History |date=1985 |publisher=Harrington Park Press |isbn=978-0-918393-16-6 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kirshner |first1=Julius |title=Marriage, Dowry, and Citizenship in Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy |date=2015 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-6452-4 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Srimati |title=Dowry and Inheritance |date=2005 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-84277-666-7 }}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Dowry}}

{{Interpersonal relationships footer}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Divorce]]
[[Category:Women in society]]
[[Category:Human commodity auctions]]

Kunal Karan Kapoor

2026-02-15T20:01:09Z

ShondaLemos: added the post needs work

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kunal Karan Kapoor
| image = Kunal_karan_kapoor.jpg
| caption = Kapoor in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|8|22}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Happy Birthday, Kunal Karan Kapoor: These performances of the actor stole our hearts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/happy-birthday-kunal-karan-kapoor-these-performances-stole-our-hearts-lifetv-1030780-2017-08-22 |work=India Today |date=22 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|photographer|traveller}}
| years_active = 2004—present
| known_for = ''[[Remix]]'' ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]'' ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
}}

'''Kunal Karan Kapoor''' (born 22 August 1982) is an Indian actor who made his debut in 2004 with ''[[Remix (TV series) | Remix ]]'' as Varun. His first success came with ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]],'' where he was seen as Cadet Yadhuvansh Sahni / Yudi.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

His breakthrough came with the lead role in the successful show ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]'', he received praises for portraying Mohan Bhatnagar. Kunal then went onto play lead roles in ''[[Doli Armaanon Ki]]'' (as Shaurya Ishaan Sinha) and ''[[Woh Apna Sa]]'' (as Krishna Shikhawat){{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

He made his web debut in 2020, with ''The Raikar Case'' playing Mohit Naik Raikar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/the-raikar-case/239633|title=Voot Select series}}</ref> He was last seen in ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]'' as Siddharth Ganju.

==Career==
===Debut and early career (2004–2011)===
In 2004, Kapoor debuted in his first TV serial, ''Remix'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/12-years-of-Remix-This-is-what-the-cast-is-upto-now/photostory/48388604.cms|title=12 years of 'Remix': This is what the cast is upto now|date=2 November 2016|website=The Times of India}}</ref> which aired on channel ''[[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]''. His next serial was ''Left Right Left'' for [[Sab TV]] in 2006. It was around this time that he changed his screen name to avoid any confusion with film actor [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]. He added his father's name, Karan, as a middle name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kunal-Karan-Kapoor-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/48616835.cms|title=Kunal Karan Kapoor: Lesser known facts|date=22 August 2015|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2008 he appeared as Monty in the serial ''Meet Mila De Rabba'' for [[Sony Entertainment Television]], and in 2009 he played Sukhi Singh in ''[[Maayka]]'' for [[Zee Anmol]]. Then in 2009, he portrayed Angad Yadav, a negative character in [[Star Plus]]' ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''. His performance in this serial received good reviews. In 2010 he played Amrik Singh in the [[Colors TV]] serial ''[[Rishton Se Badi Pratha]]''.

===Breakthrough and further success (2012–2018)===
At the end of 2011, he got a lead role in the [[Colors TV]] serial ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''. Kapoor had auditioned for the production house some time earlier and Sudhir Sharma of Sunshine Productions saw that audition tape. He felt that Kapoor was best suited to play the male lead opposite stage actress [[Aakanksha Singh]]. The serial started airing on 9 January 2012. Kapoor played the role of rustic, carefree, righteous reporter Mohan Bhatnagar. His performance was applauded by TV industry professionals, the media and viewers. His role was later termed 'iconic' and the serial was called a cult show.

On 14 January 2013, ''Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha'' returned for a second season by public demand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/returning-with-a-bang/1067454/|title=Returning with a bang - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> On 4 May 2013 Kapoor won the award for Best Male Actor in a Lead Role at the 2013 Indian Telly Awards for his performance as Mohan Bhatnagar.

In 2015 Kapoor appeared in ''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]'' as Shaurya Sinha, owner and editor of a newspaper.{{Cn|date=November 2021}} He had worked with the production house before on ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya|Maan ki awaaz Pratigya]]'' and ''[[Rishton Se Badi Pratha]]''. In 2018 he appeared as corrupt police inspector Krishna Shekhawat in [[Zee TV]]'s serial ''[[Woh Apna Sa]]''.

===Established actor (2019–present)===
In 2019 Kapoor entered web space and acted in the web series ''The Raikar Case'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kunal-karan-kapoor-the-raikar-case-tv-industry-lockdown-6356818/|title=Kunal Karan Kapoor: On TV people don't experiment, they bank on what works|date=16 April 2020}}</ref> a family mystery thriller. This series was released on OTT platform VootSelect{{Cn|date=November 2021}} on 9 April 2020. He played Mohit Naik Raikar. The second season of ''The Raikar Case''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/kunal-karan-kapoors-emotional-bond-with-ashvini-bhave|title=Kunal Karan Kapoor's emotional bond with Ashvini Bhave|website=Telangana Today}}</ref> is said to be in the pipeline.

From 2021 to 2022, he played Siddharth Ganju in ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 July 2021|title=Shaleen Malhotra, Kunal Karan Kapoor-starrer Ziddi Dil Maane Na trailer out. Watch|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shaleen-malhotra-kunal-karan-kapoor-starrer-ziddi-dil-maane-na-trailer-out-watch-1832856-2021-07-26|access-date=18 September 2021|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> on [[Sony SAB]]. In 2023, he replace [[Zaan Khan]] as Saransh Tiwari in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Maitree (TV series)|Maitree]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Neha |date=20 June 2023|title=Exclusive! Kunal Karan Kapoor Steps Into Zaan Khan's Shoes To Play Saaransh In Maitree |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kunal-karan-kapoor-steps-into-zaan-khans-shoes-to-play-saaransh-in-maitree/articleshow/101130400.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> In April 2024, he portrayed Ranvijay in [[Colors TV]]'s popular show ''[[Udaariyaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Tanvi |date=3 April 2024 |title=I Was Approached To Play A Part In Udaariyaan Two Years Ago, Now Finally Things Are Working Out: Kunal Karan Kapoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-was-approached-to-play-a-part-in-udaariyaan-two-years-ago-now-finally-things-are-working-out-kunal-karan-kapoor/articleshow/109005010.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> In early April 2025, he playing Vikram Nanda in [[Colors TV]]'s sitcom ''[[Zyada Mat Udd]]''. Since mid April 2025, was cast as Laxman in [[Sony SAB]]'s ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunal Karan Kapoor joins the cast of Tenali Rama as Laxamanappa Bhattaru; says 'Laxman is unlike any character I’ve played before' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kunal-karan-kapoor-joins-the-cast-of-tenali-rama-as-laxamanappa-bhattaru-says-laxman-is-unlike-any-character-ive-played-before/articleshow/120762454.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Rajani (TV series) | Rajani]]''
| Master Kunal Kapoor
| Child artist
|
|-
| 2004–2006
| ''[[Remix (TV series) | Remix]]''
| Varun
| Lead Role
|
|-
| 2006–2008
| ''[[Left Right Left (TV series) | Left Right Left]]''
| Cadet Yadhuvansh "Yudi" Sahni
| Lead Role
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/left-right-lefts-huda-takes-producers-to-hc/articleshow/15808838.cms|title=Left Right Left's Huda takes producers to HC|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904032801/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/left-right-lefts-huda-takes-producers-to-hc/articleshow/15808838.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Meet Mila De Rabba]]''
| Monty
| -
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Maayka]]''
| Sukhi Singh
| -
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
| Angad Yadav
| Villain Role
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Is this women empowerment?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Sevanti_Ninan/Media-Matters-Is-this-empowerment/article16123388.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210406071141/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Sevanti_Ninan/Media-Matters-Is-this-empowerment/article16123388.ece|archive-date=6 April 2021|website=The Hindu|date=3 April 2010|access-date=6 April 2021|last1=Ninan|first1=Sevanti}}</ref>
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Rishton Se Badi Pratha]]''
| Amrik Singh
| -
|
|-
| 2012–2013
| rowspan="2"|''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''
| Mohan "Monu" Bhatnagar
| Main Lead Role
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/na-bole-tum-na-humne-cast-shoots-in-indore/articleshow/11305319.cms |work=Times Of India |title=Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha cast shoots in Indore |access-date=20 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| Vasu Rajvardhan
| Main Lead Role
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''
| Shaurya Sinha
| Main Lead Role
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Woh Apna Sa]]''
| Inspector Krishna Shikhawat
| Main Lead Role
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ssudeep-sahir-talks-about-quitting-woh-apna-sa/articleshow/64530118.cms|title=Ssudeep Sahir exits, Kunal Karan Kapoor to play the new male lead on 'Woh Apna Sa' |website=The Times of India|date=11 June 2018 |language=en|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
| Siddharth "Sid" Ganju
| Main Lead Role
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Shaleen Malhotra, Kunal Karan Kapoor-starrer Ziddi Dil Maane Na trailer out. Watch|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shaleen-malhotra-kunal-karan-kapoor-starrer-ziddi-dil-maane-na-trailer-out-watch-1832856-2021-07-26|access-date=13 November 2021|website=India Today|date=26 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Good Night India-Raatwala Family Show
|Siddharth "Sid" Ganju
|Guest appearances
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Maitree (TV series) | Maitree]]''
| Saransh Tiwari
| Villain Role
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Udaariyaan]]''
| Ranvijay "RV" Singh Gill
| Cameo Role
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
| ''[[Zyada Mat Udd]]''
| Vikram Nanda
| Cameo Role
|
|-
| ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series) | Tenali Rama]]''
| Laxamanappa Swaminarayan Bhattaru
| -
|
|-
|''Pyaar mein sab chalta hai (vertical dram)''
| Kabir
| Lead role
|<ref>{{Cite
news |last=Abraham |first=Letty Mariam |date=6 May 2025 |title=Kunal Karan Kapoor joins Tenali Rama, marks debut in period costume drama |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/tenali-rama-kunal-karan-kapoor-dedicates-period-costume-drama-debut-to-father-23535651 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

====Crossover and Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| rowspan="4"|Mohan Bhatnagar as cameo
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohan and Megha at Shiv and Anandi's wedding! |newspaper=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/special-guests-for-shiv-anandis-wedding/articleshow/17555074.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125150522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/special-guests-for-shiv-anandis-wedding/articleshow/17555074.cms |archive-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-is-integration-between-two-shows-working-1678364 |title=Na Bole Tum meets Uttaran: Is integration between two shows working? |website=DNA India |access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| ''[[Maddam Sir]]''
| rowspan="2"|Siddharth Ganju as Crossover Cameo
|
|-
| ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahasangam-gear-up-for-the-romantic-dance-sequence-of-karan-shergill-and-monami-mahajan-of-ziddi-dil-maane-na-tonight/articleshow/87815875.cms|title=Mahasangam: Gear up for the romantic dance sequence of Karan Shergill and Monami Mahajan of Ziddi Dil- Maane Na tonight|website=The Times of India|date=20 November 2021 |access-date=29 October 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120073119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahasangam-gear-up-for-the-romantic-dance-sequence-of-karan-shergill-and-monami-mahajan-of-ziddi-dil-maane-na-tonight/articleshow/87815875.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Micro Drama ===
{| Class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Production
|-
| 2025 || ''Pyaar Mein Sab Chalta Hai''|| Kabir
|Klip
|}

=== Web series ===
{| Class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Production
|-
| 2020 || ''The Raikar Case''|| Mohit Naik Raikar
|Bodhitree Multimedia & VootSelect
|}

===Short films===
{| Class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Production
|-
| 2018 || ''Bhindi''|| Voice over
|8th Wonder Production
|}
===Music video appearancess===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Co- Star!! Singer(s)
!Production
|-
| 2017 || "Adda" || Subhash
|Ritabhari Chakraborty||Swanand Kirkire, Anupam Roy, Bengali Band Chandrabindu
|MotherDairyMilk
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly Awards 2012: Check the Popular Awards winners list |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archive-date=2 July 2012 |work=Indiantelevision.com |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular|Best Actor Popular]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karan-singh-grover-devoleena-bag-top-honours-at-ita-awards/430224-44-124.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026132604/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karan-singh-grover-devoleena-bag-top-honours-at-ita-awards/430224-44-124.html | url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2013 |title=Karan Singh Grover, Devoleena bag top honours at ITA awards |work=IBN Live |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| Popular Actor Drama
| ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=ITA Awards 2022 complete winners list: Varun Dhawan, Nakuul Mehta, The Kashmir Files win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2022-complete-winners-list-varun-dhawan-nakuul-mehta-the-kashmir-files-win-big-8320262/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5093034}}
* {{Instagram|kunalkarankapoor}}

{{Authority control}}

{{commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Kunal}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Bijon Bhattacharya

2026-02-15T15:31:26Z

ShondaLemos: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Indian actor (1915–1978)}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bijon Bhattacharya
| image = Bijon bhattacharya.jpg
| alt = Bijon Bhattacharya
| caption = Bijon Bhattacharya in ''[[Nabanna (play)|Nabanna]]''
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1906
<ref name = "বাংলাপিডিয়া">{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bhattacharya,_Bijan |title=Bhattacharya, Bijan |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|reason=All other sources say he was born in 1915 or 1917.|date=February 2026}}
| birth_place = [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1978|01|19}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| other_names =
| known_for = Family - Binoy Bihari Laskar
| spouse = [[Mahasweta Devi]] (1947–1962)
| children = [[Nabarun Bhattacharya]]
| occupation = Theater actor
}}
'''Bijon Bhattacharya''' (1906 – 19 January 1978) was an Indian actor from [[West Bengal]] associated with [[Bengali theatre]] and [[Cinema of West Bengal|films]].<ref name="KaminskyPh.D.2011">{{cite book |author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky |author2=Roger D. Long PhD |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA431 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37462-3 |page=431}}</ref> He was an eminent playwright and dramatist.

==Personal life==
Bhattacharya was born in 1906 at [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]) to a Bengali family, and was an early witness to the destitution and penury of the peasantry of that land.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Dennis |date=2003 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre & Performance: A-L. Vol. 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_Z7RAAACAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-191-72781-8 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011124513/https://books.google.com/books?id=j_Z7RAAACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> He became a member of the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA).

Bhattacharya married the [[Jnanpith Award]]-winning [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer, [[Mahasweta Devi]]. Their only son [[Nabarun Bhattacharya]], a Bengali writer, was born in 1948.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}. Actor [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] is his nephew.

==Works==
=== Dramas ===
* ''Agun''
* ''[[Nabanna (drama)|Nabanna]]'' (Fresh Harvest) (1944)
* ''Jabanbandi'' (Confession)<ref name="Dharwadker2005">{{cite book |author=Aparna Bhargava Dharwadker |title=Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory, and Urban Performance in India Since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&pg=PA407 |year=2005 |publisher=University of Iowa Press |isbn=978-0-87745-961-3 |pages=407– |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621090007/http://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&pg=PA407 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Kalanka''
* ''Mara Chand'' (Dead Moon) (1951)
* ''Gotrantar'' (Change of Lineage) (1959)
* ''Debi Garjan'' (Shouting of the Goddess) (1966)
* ''Garbhabati Janani'' (Pregnant Mother) (1969)
* ''Krishnapaksha''
* ''Aj Basanta''
* ''Chalo Sagare''
* ''Lash Ghuirya Jauk''
* ''Aborodh''
* ''Krishnapaksha''
* ''Jionkanya''
* ''Hanskhalir Hans''

=== Films ===
* ''Tathapi'' (1950)
* ''[[Chinnamul]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Sharey Chuattor]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Bari Theke Paliye]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' (1960) - Taran Master
* ''[[Komal Gandhar]]'' (1961) - Gagan
* ''Kashtipathar'' (1964)
* ''Trishna'' (1965)
* ''[[Subarnarekha (1962 film)|Subarnarekha]]'' (1965) - Haraprasad
* ''Swapna Niye'' (1966)
* ''Kamallata'' (1969)
* ''Parineeta'' (1969)
* ''Nabarag'' (1971)
* ''Pratham Basanta'' (1971)
* ''Padatik'' (1973) - Activist's Father
* ''Thagini'' (1974)
* ''[[Jukti Takko Aar Gappo]]'' (1974) - Jagannath
* ''Bhola Moira'' (1977)
* ''Swati'' (1977)
* ''Dooratwa'' (1979) - (final film role)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0080346}}
* [http://revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv5n2/devi.htm Interview with Mahashweta Devi]

{{Bengali Theatre}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Bijon}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Faridpur District]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Ritwik Ghatak]]
[[Category:People from Rajbari District]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Telangana Lok Adalat

2026-02-07T18:21:55Z

ShondaLemos: New...

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{mi|
{{copyedit|date=February 2026}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Telangana State Legal Services Authority
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| chief1name = Hon'ble Shri Justice SATISH CHANDRA SHARMA.
| chief1position = Chief Justice, Telangana High Court and Chief Patron.
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'''Telangana Lok Adalat''' or Telangana State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is a [[Statute|statutory]] and [[Autonomy|autonomous body]] formed under [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] as an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Telangana]], as per [[Constitution of India]]. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, or those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law as currently there are no provision for the same. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more public utility services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-10-27|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==
Telangana Lok Adalat is designed to provide constitutional protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the Constitution of India, of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. The provisions of Constitution had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations. The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

Telangana Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.
*High Court.
*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.
*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:<ref name="Lok Ref2" />

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1"/>

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.<ref name="Loka Ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat disposes of 8.5 lakh cases in a day across Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/lok-adalat-disposes-of-8-5-lakh-cases-in-a-day-across-maharashtra-101632673899685.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Telangana Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<ref name="and lok ref15">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Details of cases Resolved ==

* In September 2021, Telangana Lok Adalat as part of holding National Lok Adalat across state settled cases relating to accident claims, marital issues and civil disputes which were pending for long time with the help of mediation and conciliation efforts of judges across state.<ref name="Telang Lok ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat settles 63,000 cases across Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lok-adalat-settles-63000-cases-across-telangana/articleshow/86135215.cms |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=12 September 2021}}</ref>
* In 2021, Telangana Lok Adalat, as part of Lok Adalat topics included an OTS (one-time settlement) benefit scheme under which concessions were offered to borrowers of banks to settle their dues with the banks in lump sum and avail concessions, helping banks recover substantial amounts and making the borrowers free of defaulter tag.<ref name="Telang Lok ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat helps clear unpaid dues of deceased |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lok-adalat-helps-clear-unpaid-dues-of-deceased/articleshow/81382065.cms |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=8 March 2021}}</ref>
* In 2019, Telangana Lok Adalat, as part of National Lok Adalat, settled 8229 cases, which included 2,304 cases in pre-litigation stage, 5925 cases pending in various courts relating to various categories awarding a compensation of 34.63 crores to competing parties across state.<ref name="Telang Lok ref3">{{cite news |title=National Lok Adalat settles 8,229 cases in Telangana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/sep/15/national-lok-adalat-settles-8229-cases-in-ts-2033908.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=15 September 2019}}</ref>
* In 2020, Telangana Lok Adalat, as part of National Lok Adalat, settled 32,304 cases relating to various issues across state.<ref name="Telang Lok ref4">{{cite news |title=32,304 cases settled in Lok Adalats in State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/32304-cases-settled-in-lok-adalats-in-state/article33317138.ece |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=13 December 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://tslsa.telangana.gov.in/peramanent-lokadalat.php Official Website]

{{Lok Adalat}}


[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

Bada Malhera tehsil

2026-02-06T13:50:13Z

ShondaLemos: Starting...

{{Short description|Location in Madhya Pradesh, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chhatarpur district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

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'''Bada Malhera tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Chhatarpur District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2022-09-14|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=2011 Indian Government Census|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/Mizoram/Chapter_3.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113161802/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/Mizoram/Chapter_3.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2012 |access-date=2022-09-14|website=Census India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhatarpur district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

List of urban agglomerations in Karnataka

2026-02-04T04:59:28Z

ShondaLemos: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Urban agglomerations in Karnataka]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Gularbhoj

2026-01-31T19:11:41Z

ShondaLemos: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

4th South Indian International Movie Awards

2026-01-31T06:21:18Z

ShondaLemos: general refined structure as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian annual film awards event}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 4
| award = South Indian International Movie Awards
| award_link = South Indian International Movie Awards
| type =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 6–7 August 2015
| site = {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai World Trade Center]], [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| producer =
| director =
| organizer =
| best_picture =
| best_direction =
| best_direction_film =
| best_actor =
| best_actor_film =
| best_actress =
| best_actress_film =
| most_wins =
| most_nominations =
| channel =
| network = [[Sun TV Network]]
| duration =
| ratings = 14.01
| last = [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd]]
| next = [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th]]
}}

The '''4th South Indian International Movie Awards''' was held in [[Dubai World Trade Center]], [[Dubai]] on 6 and 7 August 2015. SIIMA 2015 recognized the best films and performances from the past year, along with special honors for lifetime contributions and a few special awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dubai hosts fourth South Indian International Movie Awards|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/dubai-hosts-fourth-south-indian-international-movie-awards-1.38919|date=8 August 2015|website=thenational.ae|author=Ujala Ali Khan|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

== Honorary awards ==

=== [[SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] ===
* [[Bharathiraja]]{{fact|date=August 2025}}
* [[KPAC Lalitha]]{{fact|date=August 2025}}

=== Special appreciation ===
* [[Dhanush]] – Pride of South Indian cinema{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Main awards ==
List of Nominations & Award Winners <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms|title=SIIMA Awards 2015 Tamil winners list|website=The Times of India|date=16 January 2017|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2015-kannada-nominations-upendra-yash-sri-murali-dhruva-sarja-satish-ninasam-best-actor-636079|title=SIIMA 2015 Kannada Nominations: Upendra, Yash, Sri Murali, Dhruva Sarja, Satish Ninasam in Best Actor List|website= IBTimes |date=16 June 2015|access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Kaththi]]'' – Lyca Productions / A. Subhashkaran, K. Karunamurthy'''
**''[[Goli Soda]]'' – Roughnote Productions / Bharath Seeni
**''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' – Kathiresan
**''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' – Studio Green / K. E. Gnanavel Raja, S. R. Prakashbabu, S. R. Prabhu
**''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'' – Dhanush

| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' – [[Annapurna Studios]]/ [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]'''
**''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' – 14 Reels Entertainment
**''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' – Parameshwara Art Productions / Bandla Ganesh
**''[[Chandamama Kathalu]]'' – Chanakya Booneti
**''[[Race Gurram]]'' – [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Productions]] / Nallamalapu Srinivas
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'' – Jayanna Combines'''
**''[[Gajakesari]]'' – Jayanna Combines
**''[[Ugramm]]'' – Inkfinite Pictures
**''[[Oggarane]]'' – Prakash Raj Productions
**''[[Drishya]]'' – E4 Entertainment
|
*'''''[[Bangalore Days]]'' – Anwar Rasheed Entertainments and Weekend Blockbusters'''
**''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]'' – [[Amal Neerad]] & [[Fahadh Faasil]]
**''[[Om Shanti Oshana]]'' – Ananya Films / Alwin Antony
**''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' – Magic Frames / Listin Stephen
**''[[Munnariyippu]]'' – Gold Coin Motion Pictures / Ranjith
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[Best Director Award (SIIMA)|Best Director]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Pa. Ranjith]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'''''
**[[A. R. Murugadoss]] – ''[[Kaththi]]''
**[[Vijay (director)|Vijay]] – ''[[Saivam]]''
**[[Vijay Milton]] – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
**[[Karthik Subbaraj]] – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Surender Reddy]] – ''[[Race Gurram]]'''''
**Srivass – ''[[Loukyam]]''
**[[Boyapati Srinu]] – ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
**[[Vikram Kumar]] – ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
**[[Srikanth Addala]] – ''[[Mukunda]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''Santhosh Anandram – ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'''''
**[[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Oggarane]]''
**P. Raghuram – ''[[Fair & Lovely (film)|Fair & Lovely]]''
**[[Prashanth Neel]]– ''[[Ugramm]]''
**[[P. Vasu]] – ''[[Drishya]]''
|
*'''[[Anjali Menon]] – ''[[Bangalore Days]]'''''
**[[Amal Neerad]] – ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]''
**[[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] – ''[[Njaan]]''
**[[Venu]] – ''[[Munnariyippu]]''
**[[Rosshan Andrrews]] – ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Murali G]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'''''
**Vetrivel Mahendran – ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]''
**GavemicV Ary – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
**[[Vijay Milton]] – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
**[[Nirav Shah]]– ''[[Saivam]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[R. Rathnavelu]] – ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'''''
**Karthik Ghattamaneni – ''[[Karthikeya]]''
**P. S. Vinod – ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
**[[Manoj Paramahamsa]]– ''[[Race Gurram]]''
**Madhie – ''[[Run Raja Run]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''Vaidi S – ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'''''
**Shekar Chandra – ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''
**Sreesha Kuduvalli – ''[[Bahaddur]]''
**[[Satya Hegde]] – ''[[Gajakesari]]''
**Karam Chawla – ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]''
|
*'''Abhinandan Ramanujam – ''[[Mosayile Kuthira Meenukal]]'''''
**Venu – ''[[Munnariyippu]]''
**Manoj Pillai – ''[[Njaan]]''
**Sameer Thahir– ''[[Bangalore Days]]''
**[[Amal Neerad]] – ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]''

|}

=== Acting ===
{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Tamil]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Dhanush]] – [[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'''
**[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – [[Kaththi]]
**[[Karthi]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]] – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
**[[Vijay Sethupathi]] – ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] – ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'''''
**[[Mahesh Babu]] – ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
**[[Daggubati Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] – ''[[Drushyam]]''
**[[Naga Chaitanya]] – ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
**[[Allu Arjun]] – ''[[Race Gurram]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Kannada]]
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Yash (actor)|Yash]] – ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'''''
**[[Dhruva Sarja]] – ''[[Bahaddur]]''
**[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] – ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''
**[[Sathish Ninasam]] – ''[[Love in Mandya]]''
**[[Sri Murali]] – ''[[Ugramm]]''
|
*'''[[Nivin Pauly]] – ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'''''
**[[Mammootty]] – ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]''
**[[Fahadh Faasil]] – ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]''
**[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] – ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]''
**[[Nivin Pauly]] – ''[[Bangalore Days]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Tamil]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Hansika Motwani]] – ''[[Aranmanai]]'''''
**[[Amala Paul]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
**[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] – ''[[Kaththi]]''
**[[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
**[[Vedhicka]] – ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviyathalaivan]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Shruti Haasan]] – ''[[Race Gurram]]'''''
**[[Nayantara]] – ''[[Anamika (2014 film)|Anamika]]''
**[[Rakul Preet Singh]] – ''[[Loukyam]]''
**[[Kajal Agarwal]] – ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
**[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] – ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Kannada]]
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Radhika Pandit]] – ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'''''
**[[Kriti Kharbanda]] – ''[[Super Ranga]]''
**[[Amulya]] – ''[[Gajakesari]]''
**[[Parul Yadav]] – ''Shivajinagara''
**[[Pranitha Subhash]] – ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''
|
*'''[[Manju Warrier]] – ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'''''
**[[Nazriya Nazim]] – ''[[Om Shanti Oshana]]''
**[[Aparna Gopinath]] – ''[[Munnariyippu]]''
**[[Namitha Pramod]] – ''[[Vikramadithyan]]''
**[[Anusree]] – ''[[Ithihasa]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Bobby Simha]] – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'''''
**[[Rajkiran]] – ''[[Manjapai]]''
**[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] – ''[[Saivam]]''
**[[Vidyut Jamwal]] – ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]''
**[[Kalaiyarasan]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Srinivas Avasarala]] – ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'''''
**[[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] – ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
**[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] – ''[[Dikkulu Choodaku Ramayya]]''
**[[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
**Sreenivas Reddy – ''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Achyuth Kumar]] – ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'''''
**[[Thilak Shekar]] – ''[[Ugramm]]''
**Kishore Jayaram – ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]''
**Pannagha Bharan – ''[[Vasundhara (film)|Vasundhara]]''
**[[Venkatesh Prasad]] – ''[[Sachin! Tendulkar Alla]]''
|
*'''[[Jayasurya]] – ''[[Apothecary (film)|Apothecary]]'''''
**[[Indrans]] – ''[[Apothecary (film)|Apothecary]]''
**[[Anoop Menon]] – ''[[Vikramadithyan]]''
**[[Renji Panicker]] – ''[[Om Shanti Oshana]]''
**[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] – ''Ottamandaram''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Saranya Ponvannan]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'''''
**[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
**[[Riythvika]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[Saritha]] – ''[[Inam]]''
**[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] – ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Shriya Saran]] – ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'''''
**[[Nadhiya Moidu]] – ''[[Drushyam]]''
**[[Jayasudha]] – ''[[Yevadu]]''
**Sujatha Kumar – ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
**[[Lakshmi Manchu]] – ''[[Chandamama Kathalu]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] – ''[[Sachin! Tendulkar Alla]]'''''
**Kavya Shah – ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]''
**[[Harshika Poonacha]] – ''Maryade''
**[[Iswarya Menon]] – ''[[Namo Bhootatma]]''
**Swaroopini Narayan – ''[[Drishya]]''
|
*'''[[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]] – ''[[Bangalore Days]]'''''
**[[Anumol]] – ''[[Njaan]]''
**[[Lena (actress)|Lena]] – ''[[Vikramadithyan]]''
**[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] – ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]''
**[[Srinda Ashab]] – ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] – ''[[Kaththi]]'''''
**[[Prashant Narayanan]] – ''[[Nedunchaalai]]''
**[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
**[[Poster Nandakumar|Nandakumar]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[Bobby Simha]] – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''

| valign="top" |
*'''[[Jagapati Babu]] – ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'''''
**[[Sai Kumar (Tollywood actor)|Sai Kumar]] – ''[[Yevadu]]''
**[[Ravi Kishan]] – ''[[Race Gurram]]''
**[[Rao Ramesh]] – ''[[Mukunda]]''
**[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] – ''[[Autonagar Surya]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[P. Ravi Shankar]]– ''[[Maanikya]]'''''
**[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] – ''[[Ragini IPS]]''
**[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]– ''Shivajinagara''
**[[Kelly Dorjee]] – ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power ***]]''
**[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] – ''[[Ambareesha]]''
|
*'''[[Jayasurya]] – ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]'''''
**Sudheesh Shankar – ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]''
**[[Raghavan Nair|Raghavan]] – ''[[Apothecary (film)|Apothecary]]''
**[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] – ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]''
**[[Sekhar Menon]] – ''[[Gangster (2014 film)|Gangster]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)|Best Comedian]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'''''
**[[Kovai Sarala]]– ''[[Aranmanai]]''
**[[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] – ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]''
**[[Thambi Ramaiah]]– ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
**[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] – ''[[Jilla]]''

| valign="top" |
*'''[[Brahmanandam]] – ''[[Race Gurram]]'''''
**[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] – ''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]''
**[[Prudhvi Raj]] – ''[[Loukyam]]''
**[[Saptagiri (actor)|Sapthagiri]] – ''[[Kotha Janta]]''
**[[Vennela Kishore]] – ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Chikkanna]] – ''[[Adyaksha]]'''''
**[[Rangayana Raghu]] – ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power ***]]''
**[[Sadhu Kokila]] – ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]''
**Jehangir – ''[[Bahaddur]]''
**[[Bullet Prakash]]– ''[[Rose (2014 film)|Rose]]''
|
*'''[[Aju Varghese]]– ''[[Vellimoonga]]'''''
**[[Chemban Vinod Jose]] – ''[[Tamaar Padaar]]''
**Balu– ''[[Ithihasa]]''
**[[Sudheer Karamana]] – ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]''
**[[Kalabhavan Shajon]]– ''[[Ring Master]]''
|}

=== Critics awards ===
{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor Critics|Best Actor (Critics)]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|Telugu
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Karthi]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'''''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Naga Chaitanya]] – ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'''''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] – ''[[Super Ranga]]'''''
|
*'''[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] – ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]'''''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress Critics|Best Actress (Critics)]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|Telugu
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Amala Paul]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'''''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] – ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'''''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Kriti Kharbanda]] – ''[[Super Ranga]]'''''
|
*'''[[Anusree]] – ''[[Ithihasa]]'''''
|}

=== Debut awards ===
{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Actor|Best Debut Actor]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Chandran]] – ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'''''
**[[Dulquer Salmaan]] – ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]''
**[[Aari (actor)|Aari]] – ''[[Nedunchaalai]]''
**Abhinay Vaddi – ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]''
**[[Santhosh Prathap|Santhosh Pratap]] – ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sai Dharam Tej]] – ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitam]]'''''
**[[Bellamkonda Sreenivas|Bellamkonda Sai Srinivas]] – ''[[Alludu Sreenu]]''
**[[Sampoornesh Babu]] – ''[[Hrudaya Kaleyam]]''
**[[Varun Tej]] – ''[[Mukunda]]''
**Tejus Kancherla – ''[[Un Samayal Arayil|Ulavacharu Biriyani]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''Bharath Sarja – ''[[Veera Pulikeshi]]'''''
**[[Pawan Wadeyar]] – ''Preeti Geeti Ityadi''
**[[Pradeep (Kannada actor)|Pradeep]]– ''[[Rangan Style]]''
**Vivek – ''[[Endendu Ninagagi]]''
**Kiran Rao – ''[[Savaari 2]]''
|
*'''[[Farhaan Faasil]] – ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]'''''
**[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] – ''[[Vikramadithyan]]''
**[[John Brittas]] – ''[[Vellivelichathil]]''
**[[Sudev Nair]] – ''My Life Partner''
**Vipin Aatley – ''[[Homely Meals]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Catherine Tresa]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'''''
**[[Prayaga]] – ''[[Pisaasu]]''
**[[Sonakshi Sinha]] – ''[[Lingaa]]''
**[[Ishaara Nair]] – ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]''
**[[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]] – ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Raashi Khanna]] – ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'''''
**[[Kriti Sanon]] – ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
**[[Mishti|Mishti Chakraborty]] – ''[[Chinnadana Nee Kosam]]''
**[[Adah Sharma]] – ''[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|Heart Attack]]''
**[[Pooja Hegde]] – ''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Shilpi Sharma (actress, born 1994)|Shilpi Sharma]] – ''Aakramana'''''
**[[Erica Fernandes]] – ''[[Ninnindale]]''
**Gayathri Iyer – ''[[Namo Bhootatma]]''
**Aishani Shetty – ''Jothi Alias Kothiraj''
**Shona Chhabra – ''Savaal''
|
*'''[[Nikki Galrani]] – ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'''''
**[[Ahaana Krishna]] – ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]''
**Caroline Bech – ''[[Manglish]]''
**Sandra Simon – ''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri (film)|Lal Bahadur Shastri]]''
**Pearly Maaney – ''The Last Supper''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Producer|Best Debut Producer]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|Telugu
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Manobala]] – ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'''''
**Bharath Seeni – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
**Varun Maniyan – ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]''
**K. Chandramohan – ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
**[[Manoj Paramahamsa]] & Sujatha Chenthilnathan– ''[[Poovarasam Pee Pee]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''Venkat Srinivas – ''[[Karthikeya]]'''''
**[[Sunitha Tati]] – ''[[Bangaru Kodipetta]]''
**[[Sampath Nandi]] – ''[[Galipatam]]''
**[[M. V. V. Satyanarayana]] – ''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]''
**Giridhar Mamidipally – ''Lakshmi Raave Maa Intiki''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''Inkfinite Pictures – ''[[Ugramm]]'''''
**Dynamic Visions – ''[[Neenade Naa]]''
**Sri Sai Balaji Combines – ''[[Billion Dollar Baby]]''
**[[Hombale Films]] – ''[[Ninnindale]]''
**Dreamweaver Entertainment – ''[[Aryan (2014 film)|Aaryan]]''
|
*'''Anwar Rasheed, Sophia Paul – ''[[Bangalore Days]]'''''
**Rajesh Augustine – ''[[Ithihasa]]''
**Dr George Mathew, Dr Baby Mathew – ''[[Apothecary (film)|Apothecary]]''
**Shibu G Suseelan – ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]''
**[[Fahadh Faasil]] – ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Velraj]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'''''
**H. Vinoth – ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]''
**Raju Murugan– ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
**Caarthik Raju – ''[[Thirudan Police]]''
**Ram – ''[[Mundasupatti]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sujeeth]]''' '''– ''[[Run Raja Run]]'''''
**[[Sripriya]] – ''[[Drushyam]]''
**[[Chandoo Mondeti]] – [[Karthikeya (film)|''Karthikeya'']]
**[[K. S. Ravindra]] – ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]''
**[[Srinivas Avasarala]] – ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Prashanth Neel]] – ''[[Ugramm]]'''''
**[[Krishna (cinematographer)|Krishna]] – ''[[Gajakesari]]''
**[[Rakshit Shetty]] – ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]''
**Chetan Kumar – ''[[Bahaddur]]''
**Santhosh Anandram – ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]''
|
*'''[[Abrid Shine]] – ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'''''
**Jude Anthony Joseph – ''[[Om Shanti Oshana]]''
**Binu S – ''[[Ithihasa]]''
**Jibu Jacob – ''[[Vellimoonga]]''
**Shyam Dhar – ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]''
|}

=== Music ===

{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Anirudh Ravichander]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'''''
**[[D. Imman]] – ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]''
**[[A. R. Rahman]] – ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
**[[Ghibran]] – ''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]''
**[[Santhosh Narayanan]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Anoop Rubens]] – ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'''''
**[[S. Thaman]] – ''[[Race Gurram]]''
**[[Ghibran]] – ''[[Run Raja Run]]''
**[[Devi Sri Prasad]] – ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
**[[Mickey J. Meyer]] – ''[[Mukunda]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[V. Harikrishna]] – ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'''''
**[[Anoop Seelin]] – ''[[Love in Mandya]]''
**[[Arjun Janya]]– ''[[Maanikya]]''
**[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] – ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]''
**[[Mani Sharma]] – ''[[Ninnindale]]''
|
*'''[[Gopi Sunder]] – ''[[Bangalore Days]]'''''
**[[Bijibal]] – ''[[Vikramadithyan]]''
**[[Shaan Rahman]] – ''[[Om Shanti Oshana]]''
**[[Deepak Dev]] – ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avathaaram]]''
**[[K. Raghavan]] – ''[[Balyakalasakhi]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Dhanush]] – "Amma Amma" from ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'''''
**[[Vairamuthu]] – "Kandangi Kandangi" from ''[[Jilla]]''
**[[Na. Muthukumar]] – "Azhagu" from ''[[Saivam]]''
**[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] – "Vinmeen Vithaiyil" from ''[[Thegidi]]''
**[[Yugabharathi]] – "Manasula Soora Kaathey" from ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] – "Kani Penchina" from ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'''''
**[[Sirivennela]] – "Nandalala" from ''[[Mukunda]]''
**[[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Nee Kanti Choopullo" from ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
**[[Ananta Sriram]] – "Em Sandeham Ledu" from ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''
**[[Vanamali]] – "Sari Povu Koti" from ''[[Karthikeya]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''Ghouse Peer – "Kaarmoda" from ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'''''
**[[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]] – "Guruvara Sanje" from ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power ***]]''
**Santhosh Anandram – "Yaralli Sound" from ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]''
**[[Rakshit Shetty]]– "Gaatiya Ilidu" from ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]''
**[[K. Kalyan]] – "Kannada Siri" from ''[[Gajakesari]]''
|
*'''Hari Narayanan– "Olanjaali Kuruvi" from ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'''''
**Jayageetha – "Koottu Thedi" from ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]''
**[[Rafeeq Ahammed]] – "Ethu Kari Ravilum" from ''[[Bangalore Days]]''
**Anwar Ali – "Theruvukal Nee" from ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]''
**Santhosh Varma – "Mazha Nila" from ''[[Vikramadithyan]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]] – "Aagayam Thee Pidicha" from ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'''''
**[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] – "Ovvondrai Thirudigirai" from ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]''
**Shadab Faridi – "Enthaara Enthaara" from ''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]''
**[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]] – "Vinmeen Vithayil" from ''[[Thegidi]]''
**[[Dhanush]] – "Amma Amma" from ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''Simha – "Cinema Chupista Maava" from ''[[Race Gurram]]'''''
**[[Arijit Singh]] – "Kanulanu Thake" from ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
**Master Bharath – "Kanipenchina Maa Ammake" from ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
**[[Devi Sri Prasad]] – "Who Are You" from ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
**Gold Devaraj – "Bujjimaa" from ''[[Run Raja Run]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Rajesh Krishnan]] – "Kaarmoda" from ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'''''
**[[Vijay Prakash]]– "Open Hairu" from ''[[Adyaksha]]''
**[[Gurukiran]] – "Pesalagi Order" from ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''
**Santhosh Venky – "Aaramagiri Subbalakshmi" from ''[[Bahaddur]]''
**[[Anoop Seelin]] – "Opkondbitlu Kanla" from ''[[Love in Mandya]]''
|
*'''[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] – "Kattu Mooliyo" from ''[[Om Shanti Oshana]]'''''
**Job Kurien – "Thane Pookkum" from ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]''
**[[P. Jayachandran]] – "Olanjali Kuruvi" from ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]''
**[[Haricharan]] – "Ethu Kari Ravilum" from ''[[Bangalore Days]]''
**[[Siddharth Menon (singer)|Siddharth Menon]] – "Theruvukal Nee" from ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]''<ref name="TOI 1">{{cite news|author1-link=Times News Network |last1=TNN|first1=staff|title=Actresses who are battling for 2014 SIIMA Award|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Leading-beauties-for-2014-SIIMA-Award/articleshow/38792368.cms|access-date=22 July 2014|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=21 July 2014}}</ref>

|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu)|Telugu]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Uthara Unnikrishnan]] – "Azhaghu" from ''[[Saivam]]'''''
**[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Yen Aala Pakkaporen" from ''[[Khayal]]''
**[[Shweta Mohan]] – "Yaarumilla" from ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
**[[Shakthisree Gopalan]] – "Naan Nee" from ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[Vani Jayaram]] – "Narayana Narayana" from ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Neha Bhasin]] – "Aww Thujo Mogh Korta" from ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'''''
**[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Chinni Chinni Aasalu" from ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
**[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Nee Jathaga Nenundali" from ''[[Yevadu]]''
**[[K. S. Chithra]]– "Gopikamma" from ''[[Mukunda]]''
**[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – "Vaddantune" from ''[[Run Raja Run]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''Sinchan Dixit– "Current Hoda Timealli" from ''[[Love in Mandya]]'''''
**Apoorva Sridhar – "Aaramagiri Subbulakshmi" from ''[[Bahaddur]]''
**[[Anuradha Bhat]] – "Neenu Iruvaga" from ''[[Ninnindale]]''
**[[Hamsika Iyer]] – "Ninna Danigagi" from ''Savaari 2''
**[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Kannale" from ''[[Ambareesha]]''
|
*'''[[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]] – "Saada Paalaya" from ''[[Mr. Fraud]]'''''
**[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Vijanathayil" from ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]''
**Sowmya T R – "Mazhanila" from ''[[Vikramadithyan]]''
**[[Shweta Mohan]] – "Onnam Kombathe" from ''Ottamandaram''
**Preeti Pillai – "Solomonum Soshannayum" from ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]''
|}

=== Choreography ===
{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Fight Choreographer|Best Fight Choreographer]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|Telugu
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Anal Arasu]]– ''[[Kaththi]]'''''
**[[Stunt Silva]] – ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''
**Stunt Silva – ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]''
**Supreme Sundar – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
**Anbariv– ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Peter Hein]] – ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'''''
**[[Kanal Kannan]] & Raam-Laxman – ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
**Raam-Laxman – ''[[Race Gurram]]''
**Raam-Laxman– ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]''
**Selvam – ''[[Yevadu]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''[[Ravi Varma (stunt director)|Ravi Varma]] – ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'''''
**K. D. Venkatesh – ''Shivajinagara''
**[[Thriller Manju]] – ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''
**Vijay – ''[[Maanikya]]''
**Palaniraj – ''[[Gharshane]]''
|
*'''Dileep Subbarayan– ''[[Vikramadithyan]]'''''
**D. Danny – ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]''
**Stun Siva – ''[[Rajadhiraja]]''
**Anbariv – ''[[Hi I'm Tony]]''
**Stunt Silva – ''[[Mr. Fraud]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|<big>[[SIIMA Award for Best Dance Choreographer|Best Dance Choreographer]]</big>
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|Telugu
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Shobhi – "Pakkam Vanthu" from ''[[Kaththi]]'''''
**Shareef– "Kalyanamam Kalyanam" from ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
**Brinda– "Darling" from ''[[Maan Karate]]''
**[[Baba Bhaskar]] – "What A Karuvadu" from ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
**[[Raju Sundaram]] – "Ek Do Teen" from ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Jani Master|Jani]] – "Cinema Choopista Maava" from ''[[Race Gurram]]'''''
**[[Jani Master|Jani]] – "Freedom" from ''[[Yevadu]]''
**Prem Rakshit – "You are my Love" from ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
**[[Chinni Prakash]] – "Bavagari Choope" from ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
**[[Raju Sundaram]] – "Rakshasi Rakshasi" from ''[[Rabhasa]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|
*'''Murali – "Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari" from ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'''''
**[[Harsha (director)|A. Harsha]] – "Suii Tapak" from ''[[Gajakesari]]''
**[[Ganesh Hegde]]– "Dhum Powere" from ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power ***]]''
**[[Imran Sardhariya]] – "Jeena Jeena Yahan" from ''[[Maanikya]]''
**Harikrishna B. R. – "Rangeela" from ''Shivajinagara''
|
*'''Shobhi Paul Raj– "Kolussu Thenni Thenni" from ''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]'''''
**Brinda– "Maangalyam" from ''[[Bangalore Days]]''
**Selvi – "Kaana Kombile" from ''[[Aamayum Muyalum]]''
**Brinda – "Njan Kaanum Neram" from ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avathaaram]]''
**[[Gayathri Raguram]] – "Theeyattam" from ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]''
|}

== Generation Next Awards ==

* Stylish Youth Icon of South Indian Cinema (male) – [[Allu Arjun]]
* Stylish Youth Icon of South Indian Cinema (female) – [[Amy Jackson]]
* Most Romantic Star of South Indian Cinema – [[Bharath Srinivasan]]
* Most Popular Actress Middle East – [[Asin Thottumkal]]
* Most Streamed Song Award :
**Tamil – [[Anirudh Ravichander]] – "[[Selfie Pulla]]"
**Telugu – [[S. Thaman]] – ''[[Aagadu]]'' – Title song
**Kannada – [[S. Thaman]] – ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power ***]]'' – "Guruvara Sanje"
**Malayalam – [[Shaan Rahman]] – ''[[Om Shanti Oshana]]'' – "Kattu Mooliyo"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.siima.in/ Official website]
* {{IMDb event|0001781/2014|3rd SIIMA (2014)}}
{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards]]
[[Category:2015 Indian film awards]]

Karnan (soundtrack)

2026-01-23T02:42:41Z

ShondaLemos: added basic article basic info

{{Short description|2021 film score by Santhosh Narayanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Karnan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cover = Karnan soundtrack cassette cover.jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 7 March 2021
| recorded = 2019–2020
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:28
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| prev_title = [[Parris Jeyaraj]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Jagame Thandhiram (soundtrack)|Jagame Thandhiram]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Rwhk83NY5Ww&pp|Karnan – Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Karnan
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Kandaa Vara Sollunga
| single1date = 17 February 2021
| single2 = Manjanathi Puranam
| single2date = 25 February 2021
| single3 = Thattaan Thattaan
| single3date = 3 March 2021
}}
}}

'''''Karnan''''' is the soundtrack album for the 2021 Indian film [[Karnan (2021 film)|of the same name]], directed by [[Mari Selvaraj]] and produced by [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]. The film features music composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] with lyrics written by Yugabharathi and Mari Selvaraj.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Dhanush calls Karnan a special film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanush-calls-karnan-a-special-film/articleshow/81778425.cms|access-date=31 March 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Santhosh who joined the film's team in September 2019, during the [[pre-production]] works had started composing for the film during November. The soundtrack consists of folk genre numbers, being recorded by native folk artists from [[Tamil Nadu]]. The film has seven tracks with three instrumental numbers. While three of the songs which released as singles received positive response, the film's album launch was held at a formal event on 7 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnan Music Album out now!|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28091/karnan-music-album-out-now|access-date=10 April 2021|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>

== Production ==
During September 2019, when [[Mari Selvaraj]] started the pre-production works of the film,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pre-production begins for Mari Selvaraj-Dhanush project|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/29/pre-production-begins-for-mari-selvaraj-dhanush-project-14591.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=29 September 2019 }}</ref> he hired composer [[Santhosh Narayanan]], who worked with Selvaraj in ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Santhosh Narayanan to score the music for Dhanush's next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/santhosh-narayanan-to-score-the-music-for-dhanushs-next/articleshow/71359271.cms|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film marked Santhosh's fourth collaboration with [[Dhanush]] after ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'', ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' and ''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]''. In November 2019, Santhosh started the music production of the film with some folk artists across the southern region of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Santhosh Narayanan starts recording for Dhanush's D41|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/santhosh-narayanan-starts-recording-for-dhanushs-d41/articleshow/71950476.cms|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The background music resembling of a folk genre, accompanied by [[Thavil]] and [[Nadaswaram]] in the making video released in July 2020, received viral response from fans.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhanush's Karnan: Kalaippuli S Thanu shares an intensive making video of the Mari Selvaraj directorial|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhanush-s-karnan-kalaippuli-s-thanu-shares-intensive-making-video-mari-selvaraj-directorial-552935|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063127/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhanush-s-karnan-kalaippuli-s-thanu-shares-intensive-making-video-mari-selvaraj-directorial-552935|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2020, singer [[Manikka Vinayagam]] recorded one of the songs in the film, with Santhosh highlighting the song as a major one from the album.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|title=Singer Manikka Vinayagam records a song for Dhanush in 'Karnan'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/singer-manikka-vinayagam-records-a-song-for-dhanush-in-karnan/articleshow/79625408.cms|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, the song was chosen in the final soundtrack.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> In March 2021, Santhosh teamed up with [[Music of North Macedonia|Macedonian Symphonic Orchestra]] doing the sessions for the film score.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1373292839736512516|user=Music_Santhosh|title=Such a satisfying orchestral session for #Karnan. Our nattupura isai meets some brothers from Europe. Thank you @AndrewTMackay for the picture|date=20 March 2021}}</ref> The film's audio rights were purchased by [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnan audio rights bagged for a record breaking price, says producer!|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/27695/karnan-audio-rights-think-music-india-dhanush|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Moviecrow}}</ref>

== Release ==
"Kandaa Vara Sollunga" is the first single to be released from the soundtrack album.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2021|title=Karnan: Makers share unseen poster of Dhanush; To release first single of Mari Selvaraj directorial tomorrow|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/karnan-makers-share-unseen-poster-dhanush-release-first-single-mari-selvaraj-directorial-tomorrow-615762?amp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228195159/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/karnan-makers-share-unseen-poster-dhanush-release-first-single-mari-selvaraj-directorial-tomorrow-615762?amp|archive-date=28 February 2021|access-date=21 February 2021|website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> The song had lyrics written by the director [[Mari Selvaraj]], with Kidakkuzhi Mariyammal, a folk artiste from Tirunelveli district was selected to croon the song,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnan's Kanda Vara Sollunga: Dhanush thanks composer Santosh Narayanan for 'identifying deserving talents' {{!}} PINKVILLA|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/karnan-s-kanda-vara-sollunga-dhanush-thanks-composer-santosh-narayanan-identifying-deserving-talents-622316?amp|access-date=8 March 2021|website=www.pinkvilla.com}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> whereas the additional vocals were provided by Santhosh Narayanan. On 17 February 2021, the team hosted a promotional [[Film promotion|pre-release event]] through the composer's studio and the single was released in all streaming platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhanush's Karnan: Makers release first single Kandaa Vara Sollunga from the Mari Selvaraj directorial|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhanush-s-karnan-makers-release-first-single-kandaa-vara-sollunga-mari-selvaraj-directorial-617482?amp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228195201/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhanush-s-karnan-makers-release-first-single-kandaa-vara-sollunga-mari-selvaraj-directorial-617482?amp|archive-date=28 February 2021|access-date=21 February 2021|website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> The music video of the song was shot in [[monochrome]] featuring the singers Santhosh Narayanan and Kidakkuzhi Mariyammal, crooning the song in a studio setting, with a band of folk musicians and percussionists performing in the background. It received positive response from fans and the video crossed 1 million views within 24 hours of its release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title=Karnan song Kandaa Vara Sollunga: Dhanush, Mari Selvaraj, Santhosh Narayanan give us goosebumps|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhanush-mari-selvaraj-santhosh-narayanan-kandaa-vara-sollunga-song-karnan-7195525/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219083037/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhanush-mari-selvaraj-santhosh-narayanan-kandaa-vara-sollunga-song-karnan-7195525/|archive-date=19 February 2021|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>

The second song "Pandarathi Puranam" is an [[oppari]] number and it begins with an ode to a woman by the name Pandarathi, which is about his husband's love to the woman, and his agony over her untimely death due to illness.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2021|title=Watch: 'Karnan' song 'Pandarathi Puranam' is a husband's lament|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-karnan-song-pandarathi-puranam-husbands-lament-144516|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303062017/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-karnan-song-pandarathi-puranam-husbands-lament-144516|archive-date=3 March 2021|access-date=27 February 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Mari Selvaraj stated that the song is likely similar to "Karuppi" from his earlier film ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' which was about an ode to a dog who was killed due to caste-breed clashes, but he stated that both the songs portray the grief of those who lost their loved ones.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pandarathi Puranam: The second single from Mari Selvaraj-Dhanush's Karnan is here {{!}} Cinemaexpress|url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/02/pandarathi-puranam-the-second-single-from-mari-selvaraj-dhanushs-karnan-is-here-23098.amp|access-date=8 March 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=6 March 2021 }}</ref> This song was crooned by veteran composer [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with additional vocals by Reetha Anthony and lyrics written by [[Yugabharathi]] and was led by native folk instruments such as [[nadaswaram]], [[thavil]], [[pambai]], [[thalam]] and [[Urumi (drum)|urumi]], performed by Marungan and Haridas of the [[Ramanathapuram]] Marungan Melam Team.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2021|title=Karnan song Pandarathi Puranam: Dhanush, Mari Selvaraj, Santhosh Narayanan deliver a heartfelt oppari|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karnan-song-pandarathi-puranam-dhanush-mari-selvaraj-santhosh-narayanan-oppari-7211239/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302133803/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karnan-song-pandarathi-puranam-dhanush-mari-selvaraj-santhosh-narayanan-oppari-7211239/|archive-date=2 March 2021|access-date=27 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The music video of this song was released along with the single on 25 February 2021, which was set in a funeral featuring the lead cast members [[Dhanush]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Gouri G. Kishan]] and [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] in the song.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pandarathi Puranam comes to life: 25 frames from Karnan 2nd single ft. Dhanush, Mari Selvaraj, Lal {{!}} Cinemaexpress|url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2021/mar/02/pandarathi-puranam-comes-to-life-25-frames-from-karnan-2nd-single-ft-dhanush-mari-selvaraj-lal-1249.amp|access-date=8 March 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=6 March 2021 }}</ref>

On 3 March 2021, the makers released the third single "Thattaan Thattaan" (which was earlier promoted under the name "Draupadhiyin Muththam"),<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=Watch: New single 'Thattaan Thattaan' from Dhanush starrer 'Karnan' is out|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-new-single-thattaan-thattaan-dhanush-starrer-karnan-out-145051|access-date=14 March 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> through streaming services and as a music video in YouTube. Yugabharathi penned the lyrics for the song which had sung by Dhanush and Meenakshi Elayaraja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thattaan Thattaan (Draupathaiyin Mutham) from Dhanush's Karnan is here!|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/videos/trailers/2021/mar/11/thattaan-thattaan-draupathiyin-muthamfrom-dhanushs-karnan-is-here-23265.html|access-date=14 March 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=11 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The song which has rain as a metaphor was filmed during the monsoon and the number also featured a poem in the beginning to describe the setting,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Draupathaiyin Muttham – Frames from Thattaan Thattaan celebrating Rain, Rural side, and Rajisha|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2021/mar/11/draupathaiyin-muttham--frames-fromthattaan-thattaan-celebratingrain-rural-side-and-rajisha-1250.html|access-date=14 March 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref> where the song takes place and starts with the lines:<ref>{{Cite web|title=கர்ணன்: திரௌபதையின் முத்தம் பாடல் ரிலீஸ் - வீடியோ|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-karnan-thattaan-thattaan-lyric-video-song-dhanush-santhosh-narayanan-msb-426543.html|access-date=14 March 2021|website=News18 Tamil|date=11 March 2021 |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Draupathi ([[Rajisha Vijayan]]) climbed atop the hill searching for Karnan ([[Dhanush]]). Yaman ([[Lal (actor)|Lal]]) was waiting at the lake knowing that rain might strike soon. As the young boy eagerly waited for rain and smiled, it started raining, followed by a song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|title=Watch: New single 'Thattaan Thattaan' from Dhanush starrer 'Karnan' is out|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-new-single-thattaan-thattaan-dhanush-starrer-karnan-out-145051|access-date=2021-03-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>}}The fourth and final single from the film titled "Uttradheenga Yeppov" was released along with the film's soundtrack album on 7 March 2021,<ref>{{Cite news|title='Uttratheenga Yeppov': 'Karnan' final song sung by Dhee and Santhosh Narayanan will tug your heartstrings|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/uttratheenga-yeppov-karnan-final-song-sung-by-dhee-and-santhosh-narayanan-will-tug-your-heartstrings/articleshow/81775145.cms|access-date=31 March 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2021|title=Full audio jukebox of Dhanush's Karnan released. Check it out!|url=https://www.sify.com/karnan-full-album-out-now.html|access-date=8 April 2021|website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> with the promotional video song also being released the same day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnanin Yuddham: Uttradheenga Yeppov, fourth single from Karnan is out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/30/karnanin-yuddham-uttradheenga-yeppov-fourth-single-from-dhanush-mari-selvarajs-karnan-23687.html|access-date=31 March 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=30 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> This song was rendered by [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] and Santhosh Narayanan, with lyrics written by Mari Selvaraj.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2021|title=Dhanush's Karnan: Makers to release the fourth song tomorrow; Santhosh Narayanan promises a special surprise|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhanush-s-karnan-makers-release-fourth-song-tomorrow-santhosh-narayanan-promises-special-surprise-675204|access-date=31 March 2021|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330164553/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhanush-s-karnan-makers-release-fourth-song-tomorrow-santhosh-narayanan-promises-special-surprise-675204|url-status=dead}}</ref> The soundtrack album release coincided with a promotional launch event held at [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Labs]] preview theatre in [[Chennai]] with the presence of the film's cast and crew;<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2021|title='Karnan' is straight from my heart: Mari Selvaraj|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/karnan-is-straight-from-my-heart-mari-selvaraj-news-tamil-vd5luUibbfadi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331112321/https://www.sify.com/movies/karnan-is-straight-from-my-heart-mari-selvaraj-news-tamil-vd5luUibbfadi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2021|access-date=31 March 2021|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Dhanush]] was absent during the launch, since he was shooting for the [[Netflix films|Netflix film]] ''[[The Gray Man (2022 film)|The Gray Man]]'';<ref name=":1" /> he released a letter expressing gratitude towards the film's director, composer, producer and the entire crew members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2021|title=Uttradheenga Yeppov song launch event: Dhanush heaps praise on Karnan's director and producer via a letter|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/uttradheenga-yeppov-song-launch-event-dhanush-heaps-praise-on-karnans-director-and-producer-via-a-letter/739245|access-date=31 March 2021|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Ashutosh Mohan of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' wrote "The songs in Karnan are not just a musical escape. Lyrics are melded to the music and they steep the listener in Karnan's world. Santhosh Narayanan uses minimal sounds to create a specific soundscape and the music mirrors this ambiguity by setting up a permanent dissonance in the background. It's an album that rewards close, repetitive listening."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Ashutosh|date=10 March 2021|title=Karnan Music Review: Santhosh Narayanan's Minimalist Music Wraps Itself Around The Lyrics|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/karnan-movie-dhanush-songs-music-review-santhosh-narayanans-minimalist-music-wraps-itself-around-the-lyrics-mari-selvaraj/|access-date=10 April 2021|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
A controversy arose during the release of the first single "Kandaa Vara Sollunga" citing that Santhosh had plagiarised the tunes from the devotional song "Ange Idi Muzanguthu", performed by popular folk singer Thekkampatti S. Sunderrajan, whose version is a devotional song sung in praise of [[Karuppu Sami|Karuppasamy]]. However, Santhosh had credited the singer as well as its label (Ramji Audios), during the opening of the song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2021|title=Tamil film music and plagiarism: What fans feel about recurring issue|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-film-music-and-plagiarism-what-fans-feel-about-recurring-issue-144703|access-date=8 March 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> After the second single "Pandarathi Puranam" being released, a resident from Madurai filed a welfare petition against the makers claiming that the use of the term "Pandarathi" is labelled offensive to certain communities in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2021|title=Welfare petition filed against Karnan's Pandarathi Puranam song; court to send legal notice to makers|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/18/welfare-petition-filed-against-karnans-pandarathi-puranam-song-court-to-send-legal-notice-to-maker-23430.html|access-date=27 March 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref> He also requested a ban on the release until the song is removed from the film and the court also sent legal notices to its producers.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Janani K. |date=March 11, 2021 |title=Dhanush's Karnan in trouble over Pandarathi Puranam song, court to send legal notices|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhanush-s-karnan-in-trouble-over-pandarathi-puranam-song-court-to-send-legal-notices-1781200-2021-03-19|access-date=27 March 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In the wake of its controversy, director Mari Selvaraj on 17 March 2021 announced that the song will be renamed as "Manjanathi Puranam",<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2021|title=Changes made to 'Karnan' song 'Pandarathi Puranam' after controversy|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/changes-made-karnan-song-pandarathi-puranam-after-controversy-145910|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> further adding that the new title will also release in music platforms.<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=17 March 2021|title='Karnan' controversy: Mari Selvaraj makes changes to 'Pandarathi Puranam'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karnan-controversy-mari-selvaraj-makes-changes-to-pandarathi-puranam/article34159206.ece|access-date=27 March 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Janani K. |date=March 17, 2021 |title=Mari Selvaraj reacts to Karnan controversy, changes song title to Manjanathi Puranam|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mari-selvaraj-reacts-to-karnan-controversy-changes-song-title-to-manjanathi-puranam-1783514-2021-03-25|access-date=27 March 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Karnan Purappadu
| length1 = 4:01
| lyrics1 = –
| extra1 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra2 = [[Santhosh Narayanan]], Kidakkuzhi Mariyammal
| length2 = 4:45
| lyrics2 = [[Mari Selvaraj]]
| title2 = Kandaa Vara Sollunga
| note2 = Karnan Azhaippu
| title3 = Karnan Kodai
| length3 = 1:14
| extra3 = Instrumental
| lyrics3 = –
| extra4 = Santhosh Narayanan, [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], Reetha Anthony
| title4 = Yen Aalu Manjanathi
| note4 = Manjanathi Puranam
| length4 = 4:15
| lyrics4 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| title5 = Thattaan Thattaan
| note5 = Draupathiyin Mutham
| extra5 = [[Dhanush]], Meenakshi Ilayaraja
| length5 = 4:50
| lyrics5 = Yugabharathi
| title6 = Uttradheenga Yeppov
| note6 = Karnanin Yuththam
| extra6 = [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]], Santhosh Narayanan
| length6 = 4:49
| lyrics6 = Mari Selvaraj
| title7 = Karnan Theme
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 3:12
| lyrics7 = –
| total_length = 26:28
}}

== Background score ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Karnan
| type = [[Film score]]
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 May 2021
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film score]]
| length = {{Duration|m=48|s=27}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|K4EcvXEIcRM&pp|Karnan – Original Score}}}}
}}

The film further featured twenty one songs in the background score, that was released as a separate album on 14 May 2021.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 May 2021 |title=Karnan (Original Score) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3HzCWH1owbkdsrfKAZuKYj?si=uIwQs5E5TKiKEZOM02wecQ |publisher=Spotify}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| title1 = Hero
| length1 = 1:53
| title2 = Podiyankulam Makkal
| length2 = 1:49
| title3 = Oppression
| length3 = 1:25
| title4 = Podiyankulam
| length4 = 1:55
| title5 = Bus Stop
| length5 = 1:04
| title6 = Kaatu Pechi Found
| length6 = 1:06
| title7 = Life of Kaatu Pechi
| length7 = 1:18
| title8 = Conflict
| length8 = 2:05
| title9 = Breaking Point
| length9 = 5:15
| title10 = Station Attack
| length10 = 3:58
| title11 = Sins
| length11 = 1:47
| title12 = Stuggle
| length12 = 1:52
| title13 = Manjanathi Purusha
| length13 = 2:21
| title14 = Boy on the Horse
| length14 = 1:46
| title15 = Karnan Theme
| length15 = 2:16
| title16 = War
| length16 = 2:12
| title17 = Coming Home
| length17 = 1:25
| title18 = Nadaswaram Theme
| length18 = 5:54
| title19 = Yaeman Thaatha
| length19 = 1:48
| title20 = Teaser Music
| length20 = 1:52
| title21 = Karnan Aattam
| length21 = 4:08
| total_length = 48:27
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Santhosh Narayanan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Santhosh Narayanan soundtracks]]

GQ

2026-01-14T19:35:29Z

ShondaLemos: fix citations per standard format based on references

{{Short description|American monthly men's fashion magazine}}
{{Redirect|Gq|other uses|Gq (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
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| title = GQ
| logo = GQ Logo.svg
| image_file = Gq magazine october 2017 gq60.png
| image_caption = October 2017 cover featuring [[Harrison Ford]] and highlighting the magazine's 60th year
| editor = [[Will Welch (editor)|Will Welch]]
| editor_title = Editor-in-chief
| publisher = [[Condé Nast|Condé Nast Inc.]]
| frequency = 10 issues per year
| total_circulation = 934,000 (2019)<ref name=Circ2019>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/style/mens-magazines.html |title=As Men Are Canceled, So Too Their Magazine Subscriptions |first=Alex |last=Williams |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 7, 2019 |access-date=January 12, 2020 |archive-date=December 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220184540/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/style/mens-magazines.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| category = [[List of men's magazines|Men's]]
| company = [[Advance Publications]]
| firstdate = 1931 (as Apparel Arts) 1957 (as Gentleman's Quarterly) 1967 (as GQ)
| country = United States
| based = [[New York City]]
| language = Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish
| website = {{bulleted list |{{URL|gq.com}}|{{URL|gq-magazine.co.uk}}|{{URL|gq-magazin.de}}|{{URL|gq.co.za}}|{{URL|gqthailand.com}}|{{URL|gqmagazine.fr}}|{{URL|gq.com.au}}|{{URL|gq.com.cn}}|{{URL|gqindia.com}}|{{URL|gqitalia.it}}|{{URL|gqkorea.co.kr}}|{{URL|gq.com.mx}}|{{URL|gq.pl}}|{{URL|gqportugal.pt}}|{{URL|gqjapan.jp}}|{{URL|revistagq.com}}|{{URL|gq.com.tw}}|
{{URL|gq.globo.com}}|
{{URL|gqmiddleeast.com}}}}
| issn = 0016-6979
}}

'''''GQ''''' (short for '''''Gentlemen's Quarterly''''' and previously known as '''''Apparel Arts''''') is an international monthly men's fashion magazine based in [[New York City]] and founded in 1931. The publication focuses on fashion, style, and culture for men, though articles on food, movies, fitness, sex, music, travel, celebrities' sports, technology, and books are also featured.

== History ==


The magazine ''Apparel Arts'' was launched in 1931 in the United States<ref name=Sterlacci101>{{Cite book|title=The A to Z of the Fashion Industry| last=Sterlacci| first=Francesca| author2=Joanne Arbucklee|year=2009| publisher=Scarecrow Press| location=Lanham, MD| isbn=978-0810870468| page=101| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPKScm9h6v0C&pg=PA101| access-date=July 16, 2013}}</ref> as a men's fashion magazine for the clothing trade, aimed primarily at wholesale buyers and retail sellers. Initially, it had a very limited print run and was aimed solely at industry insiders to enable them to advise their customers. The popularity of the magazine among retail customers, who often took the magazine from the retailers, spurred the creation of ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' magazine in 1933.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esquire-American-magazine| title=Esquire {{!}} American magazine| work=Encyclopedia Britannica| access-date=March 6, 2018| language=en| archive-date=August 1, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801184937/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esquire-American-magazine| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://dkcnews.com/esquire-blog-draft/| title=History of Eire Magazine| date=May 21, 2015| work=DKC| access-date=March 6, 2018| language=en-US| archive-date=March 6, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202636/http://dkcnews.com/esquire-blog-draft/| url-status=live}}</ref>

''Apparel Arts'' continued until 1957, when it was transformed into a quarterly magazine for men, which was published for many years by Esquire Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philsp.com/data/data140.html|title=Magazine Data, page 140: Gentlemen's Quarterly|access-date=January 13, 2009|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012091745/http://www.philsp.com/data/data140.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Apparel was dropped from the logo in 1958 with the spring issue after nine issues, and the name ''Gentlemen's Quarterly'' was established.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/GQ| title=GQ: American magazine| work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]| access-date=August 22, 2017| language=en| archive-date=August 22, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822184945/https://www.britannica.com/topic/GQ| url-status=live}}</ref>

''Gentlemen's Quarterly'' was re-branded as ''GQ'' in 1967.<ref name=Sterlacci101/> The rate of publication was increased from quarterly to monthly in 1970.<ref name=Sterlacci101/> In 1979, [[Condé Nast]] bought the publication, and editor [[Art Cooper]] changed the course of the magazine, introducing articles beyond fashion and establishing ''GQ'' as a general men's magazine in competition with ''Esquire''.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 16, 1979 |title=Condé buys a men's magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/16/archives/advertising-conde-buys-a-mens-magazine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222172150/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/16/archives/advertising-conde-buys-a-mens-magazine.html |archive-date=December 22, 2019 |access-date=December 22, 2019 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[Nonnie Moore]] was hired by ''GQ'' as fashion editor in 1984, having served in the same position at [[Mademoiselle (magazine)|''Mademoiselle'']] and ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]''. Jim Moore, the magazine's fashion director at the time of her death in 2009, described the choice as unusual, observing that "She was not from men's wear, so people said she was an odd choice, but she was actually the perfect choice". Jim Moore also noted that she changed the publication's more casual look: "She helped dress up the pages, as well as dress up the men, while making the mix more exciting and varied and approachable for men."<ref>{{cite news| title=Nonnie Moore, Fashion Editor at Magazines, Dies at 87| first=Dennis| last=Hevesi| date=February 24, 2009| access-date=February 26, 2009| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/25/business/media/25moore.html| work=[[The New York Times]]| archive-date=April 17, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417100815/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/25/business/media/25moore.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

''GQ'' has been closely associated with [[metrosexual]]ity. The writer [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]] coined the term in an article for British newspaper ''[[The Independent]]'' about his visit to a ''GQ'' exhibition in London: "The promotion of metrosexuality was left to the men's style press, magazines such as [[The Face (magazine)|''The Face'']], ''GQ'', ''Esquire'', [[Arena (magazine)|''Arena'']] and ''[[FHM]]'', the new media which took off in the Eighties and is still growing ... They filled their magazines with images of narcissistic young men sporting fashionable clothes and accessories. And they induced other young men to study them with a mixture of envy and desire."<ref>{{cite news| last=Simpson| first=Mark| date=November 15, 1994| title=Here Come the Mirror Men| work=The Independent| location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Safire|first=William|date=December 7, 2003|title=On Language; Metrosexual|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/07/magazine/the-way-we-live-now-12-7-03-on-language-metrosexual.html|access-date=May 24, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118084639/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/07/magazine/the-way-we-live-now-12-7-03-on-language-metrosexual.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The magazine has expanded its coverage beyond lifestyle issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabrinaerdely.com/docs/TheCreepWithTheGoldenTongue.pdf |title=The Creep with the Golden Tongue |website=sabrinaerdely.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209061824/http://www.sabrinaerdely.com/docs/TheCreepWithTheGoldenTongue.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-09 | url-status=live}}</ref> ''GQ'' has been called the "holy text of [[woke]] capital" by ''[[The Spectator]]''.<ref>{{cite news| title=GQ is a holy text of woke capital| first=Ben| last=Sixsmith| date=October 19, 2019| access-date=2024-01-06| url=https://thespectator.com/topic/gq-holy-text-woke-capital/| work=[[The Spectator]]| archive-date=2024-01-06| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106193823/https://thespectator.com/topic/gq-holy-text-woke-capital/| url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, ''GQ'' launched the spinoff quarterly ''GQ Style'', headed by then-style editor [[Will Welch (editor)|Will Welch]], who was later promoted to creative director of the magazine.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Inside the GQ Style Launch Party Photo Booth| journal=GQ| date=May 17, 2016| access-date=June 9, 2019| url=https://www.gq.com/gallery/gq-style-launch-party-photo-booth| archive-date=June 9, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609163249/https://www.gq.com/gallery/gq-style-launch-party-photo-booth| url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, writing for ''GQ'', [[Rachel Kaadzi Ghansah]] won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing]] for her article about [[Dylann Roof]], who had [[Charleston church shooting|shot nine African-Americans in a church in Charleston]].<ref>[http://orf.at/#/stories/2434433/ Pulitzer-Preis für Weinstein-Enthüllungen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420074603/http://orf.at/#/stories/2434433/ |date=April 20, 2013 }} orf.at, April 16, 2018, retrieved April 17, 2018. (German)</ref> In September 2018, Will Welch was named the new editor-in-chief of GQ, succeeding Jim Nelson.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrarca |first=Emilia |date=2018-09-13 |title=GQ's Editor-in-Chief Exits After 21 Years |url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/09/gq-editor-in-chief-jim-nelson-steps-down.html |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Cut |language=en-us |archive-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125002921/https://www.thecut.com/2018/09/gq-editor-in-chief-jim-nelson-steps-down.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, GQ launched its webstore and first merch drop. The GQ Shop lineup was designed by the editors and art directors behind the GQ website.<ref>Nast, C. (2020, August 25). GQ's first Merch drop is here. GQ. https://www.gq.com/story/gq-merch-shop-is-here-announcement {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418225937/https://www.gq.com/story/gq-merch-shop-is-here-announcement |date=April 18, 2023 }}</ref>

== Men of the Year ==
''GQ'' (U.S.) first named their Men of the Year in 1996 and featured the award recipients in a special issue of the magazine.<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.gq.com/story/tracy-morgan-donald-trump-gq-men-of-the-year-issue| journal=GQ| title=Watch Tracy Morgan and Donald Trump Welcome You to GQ's Men of the Year Issue| first1=Lauren| last1=Larson| first2=Jessie| last2=Mooney| date=November 19, 2015| access-date=December 10, 2015| archive-date=April 26, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426082808/https://www.gq.com/story/tracy-morgan-donald-trump-gq-men-of-the-year-issue| url-status=live}}</ref> British ''GQ'' launched its annual Men of the Year awards in 2009<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/men-of-the-year/home| journal=Gq (Uk)| title=GQ Men of the Year - Home| access-date=December 10, 2015| archive-date=January 11, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111221847/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/men-of-the-year/home| url-status=live}}</ref> and [[GQ (Indian edition)|''GQ'' India]] launched its version the following year.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.gqindia.com/gq-initiatives/men-year/deepika-shahid-and-akshays-favourite-gadgets-gq-india/| journal=GQ India| title=How Deepika, Shahid and Akshay will save the world| date=November 5, 2015| access-date=December 11, 2015| archive-date=December 15, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215193444/http://www.gqindia.com/gq-initiatives/men-year/deepika-shahid-and-akshays-favourite-gadgets-gq-india/| url-status=dead}}</ref> Spanish and Brazilian ''GQ'' launched their Men of the Year awards in 2011<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.revistagq.com/tags/hombres-gq-del-ano/3636| journal=Revista GQ| title=Hombres GQ del año| access-date=December 11, 2015| archive-date=December 22, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222140854/http://www.revistagq.com/tags/hombres-gq-del-ano/3636| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.meioemensagem.com.br/midia/gq-traz-men-of-the-year-ao-brasil| journal=Meio e Mensagem| title=GQ traz Men of the Year ao Brasil| date=November 16, 2011| access-date=May 11, 2024}}</ref> and ''GQ'' Australia launched its version in 2007.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.vogue.com.au/celebrity/events/galleries/gq+men+of+the+year+awards+night,36| journal=Vogue Australia| title=GQ Men of the Year Awards| access-date=December 10, 2015| archive-date=November 8, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108143754/http://www.vogue.com.au/celebrity/events/galleries/gq+men+of+the+year+awards+night,36| url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Russian apartment bombings ===
''GQ''{{'}}s September 2009 U.S. magazine published, in its "backstory" section, an article by [[Scott Anderson (novelist)|Scott Anderson]], "None Dare Call It Conspiracy". Before ''GQ'' published the article, an internal email from a Condé Nast lawyer referred to it as "Vladimir Putin's Dark Rise to Power".<ref>{{cite journal| journal=GQ| title=None Dare Call It Conspiracy| author=Anderson, Scott| date=September 2009|page=246}}</ref> The article reported Anderson's investigation of the 1999 [[Russian apartment bombings]], and included interviews with [[Mikhail Trepashkin]] who investigated the bombings while he was a [[colonel]] in Russia's [[Federal Security Service]].

The story, including Trepashkin's own findings, contradicted the Russian Government's official explanation of the bombings and criticized [[Vladimir Putin]], the [[President of Russia]].<ref name="NPR 2009-09-04"/>

Condé Nast's management tried to keep the story out of Russia. It ordered executives and editors not to distribute that issue in Russia or show it to "Russian government officials, journalists or advertisers".<ref name="NPR 2009-09-04"/> Management decided not to publish the story on ''GQ''{{'}}s website or in Condé Nast's foreign magazines, not to publicize the story, and asked Anderson not to syndicate the story "to any publications that appear in Russia".<ref name="NPR 2009-09-04">{{cite episode| url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112530364| title=Why 'GQ' Doesn't Want Russians To Read Its Story| author=Folkenflik, David| author-link=David Folkenflik| series=[[Morning Edition]]| network=[[NPR]]| date=September 4, 2009| access-date=July 16, 2020| archive-date=September 5, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905201656/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112530364| url-status=live}}</ref>

The day after the magazine's publication in the United States, bloggers published the original English text and a translation into [[Russian language|Russian]] on the internet.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://gawker.com/5352827/| title=Эй, вы можете прочитать запрещенную статью GQ про Путина здесь| trans-title=Hey, You Can Read the Forbidden GQ Article About Putin Here| author=Snyder, Gabriel| journal=[[Gawker]]| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907043118/http://gawker.com/5352827/| archive-date=September 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.ratafia.info/activities/228875|title=None Dare Call It Conspiracy| journal=Ratafia Currant| date=September 4, 2009| access-date=March 23, 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324021151/https://www.ratafia.info/activities/228875|archive-date=March 24, 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== ''Glee'' controversy ===
In 2010, ''GQ'' magazine had three adult members of the television show [[Glee (TV series)|''Glee'']] ([[Dianna Agron]], [[Lea Michele]] and [[Cory Monteith]]) partake in a photoshoot.<ref name=nellie>{{cite news| last1=Andreeva| first1=Nellie| title=Racy 'Glee' GQ Shoot Creates Controversy| url=https://deadline.com/2010/10/racy-glee-gq-shoot-creates-controversy-77208/| journal=[[Deadline Hollywood]]| access-date=February 28, 2015| archive-date=November 17, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117021443/https://deadline.com/2010/10/racy-glee-gq-shoot-creates-controversy-77208/| url-status=live}}</ref> The sexualization of the actresses in the photos caused controversy among parents of teens who watch the show ''Glee''. The [[Parents Television Council]] was the first to react to the photo spread when it was leaked prior to ''GQ''{{'}}s planned publishing date. Their president Tim Winter, stated, "By authorizing this kind of near-pornographic display, the creators of the program have established their intentions on the show's directions. And it isn't good for families".<ref>{{cite web| last1=de Moraes| first1=Lisa| title=Racy GQ photo spread gives you all the 'Glee' you could expect to see, and so much more| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/20/AR2010102006278.html| newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| access-date=February 28, 2015| archive-date=March 21, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321184929/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/20/AR2010102006278.html| url-status=live}}</ref> The photoshoot was published as planned and Dianna Agron went on to state that the photos did push the envelope, that they did not represent who she is, any more than other magazine photo shoots, but that she was a 24-year-old adult in the photo shoot, and wondered why the concerned parents allowed their eight year old daughters to read any racy issue of the adult magazine ''GQ''.<ref name=nellie/>

=== Criticism of the Bible and Western literary canon ===
On April 19, 2018, the editors of ''GQ'' published an article titled "21 Books You Don't Have to Read" in which the editors compiled a list of works they think are overrated and should be passed over, including the [[Bible]] as well as ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'', ''[[The Alchemist (novel)|The Alchemist]]'', ''[[Blood Meridian]]'', ''[[A Farewell to Arms]]'', ''[[The Old Man and the Sea]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', and ''[[Catch-22]]''.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.gq.com/story/21-books-you-dont-have-to-read| title=21 Books You Don't Have to Read| journal=GQ| date=April 19, 2018| access-date=October 12, 2020| archive-date=October 15, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015024210/https://www.gq.com/story/21-books-you-dont-have-to-read| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Bryant>{{cite news| url=https://nylon.com/articles/gq-books-dont-have-to-read-white-men| title=White Men Are Mad That This 'GQ' List Dismisses Books By White Men| date=April 20, 2018| journal=[[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]]| last=Bryant| first=Taylor| access-date=April 21, 2018| language=en| archive-date=April 21, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421015804/https://nylon.com/articles/gq-books-dont-have-to-read-white-men| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://ew.com/books/2018/04/20/western-books-list-gq/| title=''GQ'' suggests people not read ''Catch-22'', ''Catcher in the Rye'', more — and it's totally fine| magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]| first=Dana| last=Schwartz| date=April 20, 2018| access-date=July 16, 2020| archive-date=August 1, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801060923/https://ew.com/books/2018/04/20/western-books-list-gq/| url-status=live}}</ref> The article generated a backlash among Internet commentators.<ref name=Bryant/>

=== Karol G's photo retouching ===
On April 6, 2023, the Colombian singer [[Karol G]] said on social media that the photo used on the cover of an issue of GQ Mexico was "disrespectful" and a misleading depiction of the way her body and face naturally looks. She wrote: "I don't know how to start this message. Today my GQ magazine cover was made public, a cover with an image that does not represent me. My face doesn't look like that, my body doesn't look like that and I feel very happy and comfortable with how I look naturally." "It's disrespectful to me. It's to the women that every day we wake up looking to feel comfortable with ourselves despite society's stereotypes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Karol G critica los retoques que han hecho a su imagen en la portada de la revista 'GQ': "No me representa, mi cara no se ve así" |url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5116858/0/karol-g-critica-los-retoques-que-han-hecho-a-su-imagen-en-la-portada-de-la-revista-gq-no-me-representa-mi-cara-no-se-ve-asi/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=20minutos - Últimas Noticias |language=es |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422103848/https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5116858/0/karol-g-critica-los-retoques-que-han-hecho-a-su-imagen-en-la-portada-de-la-revista-gq-no-me-representa-mi-cara-no-se-ve-asi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Thania |date=2023-04-06 |title=Karol G Calls Out GQ Mexico for 'Disrespectful' Magazine Cover: 'My Face Does Not Look Like This' |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/karol-g-gq-mexico-disrespectful-cover-1235576086/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422103849/https://variety.com/2023/music/news/karol-g-gq-mexico-disrespectful-cover-1235576086/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Circulation ==
The magazine reported an average worldwide paid circulation of 934,000 in the first half of 2019,<ref name=Circ2019/> down 1.1% from 944,549 in 2016 and 2.6% from 958,926 in 2015.<ref name=Circ2016>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-mens-magazine-fate-20170824-story.html |title=What to watch: The future of men's magazines is in flux |first=Kara |last=Bloomgarden-Smoke |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 23, 2017 |access-date=January 12, 2020 |archive-date=January 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112131016/https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-mens-magazine-fate-20170824-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK)]], ''British GQ'' had an average circulation of 103,087 during the first half of 2019,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/product/4887 |title=GQ: January to June 2019 – Circulation (average per issue) |publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK)]] |date=August 15, 2019 |access-date=January 12, 2020 |archive-date=March 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324140241/https://www.abc.org.uk/product/4887 |url-status=live }}</ref> down 6.3% from 110,063 during the second half of 2018,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/product/4887 |title= GQ: July to December 2018 – Circulation (average per issue) |publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK)]] |date=February 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324140241/https://www.abc.org.uk/product/4887 |archive-date=March 24, 2019 |access-date=January 12, 2020}}</ref> and down 10.3% from 114,867 during the second half of 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=FHM circulation drops below 100,000 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/feb/13/fhm-circulation-drops-below-100000 |first=John |last=Plunkett |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=February 13, 2014 |access-date=January 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710031625/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/feb/13/fhm-circulation-drops-below-100000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Editors and publishers ==
{{columns-start|num=2}}
'''U.S. publishers'''
* Bernard J. Miller (1957–1975)
* Sal Schiliro (1975–1980)
* Steve Florio (1975–1985)
* Jack Kliger (1985–1988)
* Michael Clinton (1988–1994)
* [[Michael Perlis]] (1994–1995)
* [[Richard Beckman]] (1995–1999)
* Tom Florio (1999–2000)
* Ronald A. Galotti (2000–2003)
* Peter King Hunsinger (2003–2011)
* Chris Mitchell (2011–2014)
* Howard Mittman (2014–2017)

{{column}}
'''U.S. editors'''
* Everett Mattlin (1957–1969)
* Jack Haber (1969–1983)
* [[Art Cooper]] (1983–2003)
* [[Jim Nelson (GQ editor-in-chief)|Jim Nelson]] (2003–2019)
* [[Will Welch (editor)|Will Welch]] (2019–present)

{{column}}
'''U.K. editors'''
* Paul Keers (1988–1990)
* [[Alexandra Shulman]] (1990–1992)
* [[Michael VerMeulen]] (1992–1995)
* [[James Brown (editor)|James Brown]] (1997–1999)
* Tom Haines (1999)
* [[Dylan Jones]] (1999–2021)
* [[Adam Baidawi]] (2021–present)
{{columns-end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of men's magazines]]
** ''[[Men's Vogue]]''
* [[List of people on the cover of GQ]]
* [[List of people on the cover of GQ Russia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|GQ (magazine)|GQ}}
* {{Official website}}

{{GQ magazine|state=expanded}}
{{Advance Publications|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1957 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Fashion magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Men's magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Condé Nast magazines]]
[[Category:GQ (magazine)|GQ]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1957]]
[[Category:Magazines published in New York City]]
[[Category:Men's fashion magazines]]

Chittaranjan Das

2026-01-11T07:17:53Z

ShondaLemos: basic correct layout based on references and improved wording

{{short description|Indian politician, poet, author and leader of the Bengali Swaraj Party (1870–1925)}}
{{redirect|Deshbandhu}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Chittaranjan Das
| image = Chittaranjan Das 2.jpg
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1870|11|5}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal, British India<ref name="DNB">{{Cite ODNB|title=Das, Chittaranjan}}</ref><ref name="Brit">{{Britannica|152020|Chitta Ranjan Das}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1925|6|16|1870|11|5}}
| death_place = [[Darjeeling]], Bengal, British India
| other_names = ''Deshbandhu''
| alma_mater = [[Middle Temple]]
| occupation = Freedom fighter, politician, [[lawyer]], educationist, author, poet
| years_active =
| notable_works =
| party = {{ubl | [[Indian National Congress]] (Before 1923) | [[Swaraj Party]] (1923–1925) }}
| movement = [[Anushilan Samiti]] [[Indian Independence movement]]
| spouse = [[Basanti Devi]]
| children = 3
}}
'''Chittaranjan Das''' (5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925), popularly called '''''Deshbandhu''''' (friend of the country), was a Bengali freedom fighter, political activist and lawyer during the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence Movement]] and mentor of [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose]]. He was the founder-leader of the [[Swaraj Party]] in undivided [[Bengal]] during the period of [[British Raj|British Colonial rule]] in [[India]]. His name is abbreviated as '''C. R. Das'''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/deshbandhu-chittaranjan-das-freedom-fighter-who-became-a-lawyer-after-failing-ics-exam/250126/|title='Deshbandhu' Chittaranjan Das, freedom fighter who became a lawyer after failing ICS exam|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730063100/https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/deshbandhu-chittaranjan-das-freedom-fighter-who-became-a-lawyer-after-failing-ics-exam/250126/|url-status=live}}</ref>
He was closely associated with a number of literary societies and wrote poems, apart from numerous articles and essays.

==Early life==
Chittaranjan Das was born on 5 November 1870 to a well-known Bengali Hindu [[Baidya]] family in [[Calcutta]] but his family originally form the village named Telirbagh, situated in present-day [[Tongibari Upazila]] of the Munshiganj ([[Bikrampur]]) district of Bangladesh.<ref name="DNB"/><ref name="Brit"/><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Choudhary |first1=Ratnadeep |date=19 June 2021|title=Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das|website=theprint.in|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/deshbandhu-chittaranjan-das-freedom-fighter-who-became-a-lawyer-after-failing-ics-exam/250126/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730063100/https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/deshbandhu-chittaranjan-das-freedom-fighter-who-became-a-lawyer-after-failing-ics-exam/250126/ |archive-date=30 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saraf|first=Nandini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALkwBQAAQBAJ|title=The Life And Times Of Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das|date=1 January 2013|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-213-4|page=20|language=en|access-date=27 July 2022|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705054342/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALkwBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Family ==

Das family were members of [[Brahmo Samaj]]. Chittaranjan was the son of Bhuban Mohan Das, and nephew of the Brahmo social reformer [[Durga Mohan Das]]. His father was a solicitor and a journalist who edited the English church weekly, ''The Brahmo Public Opinion''. Some of his cousins were [[Atul Prasad Sen]], Satya Ranjan Das, [[Satish Ranjan Das]], [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]], [[Sarala Roy]] and [[Abala Bose|Lady Abala Bose]]. His eldest grandson was [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] and his grand daughter is [[Judge|Justice]] Manjula Bose.<ref name=sen>{{citation |last=Sen |first=Rathindra Nath |year=1989 |title=Life and times of Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-8511-955-7}}</ref>

He married [[Basanti Devi]] (1880–1974) and had three children, [[Aparna Devi]] (1898–1972), Chiraranjan Das (1899–1928) and Kalyani Devi (1902–1983).

==Education==
[[File:Middle_Temple_by_Thomas_Shepherd_c.1830.jpg|thumb|right|[[Middle Temple]] – A sketch by Thomas Shepherd; c.1830]]

The Das family of Durga Mohan was a family of lawyers. Durga Mohan's eldest son Satya Ranjan matriculated at [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] and was at [[Middle Temple]] during 1883–1886, followed by Chitta Ranjan Das, Durga Mohan's brother's son, during 1890–1894. Satish Ranjan Das (1891–1894), Jyotish Ranjan Das and Atul Prasad Sen (1892–1895) followed suit.<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Sturgess|editor-first=H.A.C.|year=1949|title=Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple. From the Fifteenth Century to the Year 1944 – Volume II (1782–1909)|publisher=London: published for the Hon. Society of the Middle Temple by Butterworth & Co.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hosted.law.wisc.edu/wordpress/sharafi/files/2010/07/Middle-5.01.pdf|title=Middle Temple|website=hosted.law.wisc.edu|access-date=2 September 2017|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728132012/http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/wordpress/sharafi/files/2010/07/Middle-5.01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In London, Das befriended [[Sri Aurobindo|Sri Aurobindo Ghosh]], [[Atul Prasad Sen]], and [[Sarojini Naidu]], among others, and together they promoted [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/remembering-chittaranjan-das-on-his-97th-death-anniversary-know-lesser-known-facts-about-deshbandhu/|title=Remembering Chittaranjan Das on his 97th death anniversary: Know lesser-known facts about 'Deshbandhu'|publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]]|access-date=22 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922161338/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/remembering-chittaranjan-das-on-his-97th-death-anniversary-know-lesser-known-facts-about-deshbandhu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
===Law career===
[[File:Barrister_Chittaranjan_Das_in_1909.jpg|thumb|Barrister Chittaranjan Das in 1909 while defending Sri Aurobindo in [[Emperor v. Aurobindo Ghosh and others|Alipore bomb case]]]]
[[File:Alipore_Bomb_Case_1908-09_Trial_Room_-_Alipore_Sessions_Court_-_Calcutta_1997_1.jpg|thumb|Alipore Bomb Case 1908–09 Trial Room at Alipore Sessions Court, Kolkata]]
In 1894 Das gave up his law practice, and went into politics during the non-cooperation movement against the British colonial government.<ref>{{citation |last=Muktiprana |first=Parivrajika |year=1960 |title=Bhagini Nividita |page=298}}</ref> He again took up the brief, and successfully defended [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] on charges of involvement in the [[Emperor v. Aurobindo Ghosh and others|Alipore bomb case]], in 1909. In his Uttarpara speech, Sri Aurobindo acknowledged that Das broke his health to save him.

In the Alipore bomb case in 1908, Chittaranjan Das as defence counsel for Sri Aurobindo Ghosh, made this closing statement:

{{blockquote|My appeal to you therefore is that a man like this who is being charged with the offences imputed to him stands not only before the bar in this Court but stands before the bar of the High Court of History and my appeal to you is this: That long after this controversy is hushed in silence, long after this turmoil, this agitation ceases, long after he is dead and gone, he will be looked upon as the poet of patriotism, as the prophet of nationalism and the lover of humanity. Long after he is dead and gone, his words will be echoed and re-echoed not only in India, but across distant seas and lands. Therefore I say that the man in his position is not only standing before the bar of this Court but before the bar of the High Court of History. The time has come for you, sir, to consider your judgment and for you, gentlemen, to consider your verdict.<ref>{{citation|last=Dasgupta|first=Hemendranath |year=1994|chapter=Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das|title=Chittaranjan Das|editor-first=Verinder|editor-last=Grover|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-568-0|page=236}}</ref>
}}

===Political career===

Chittaranjan Das was actively involved in the activities of [[Anushilan Samiti]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1=Haridas |last2=Mukhopadhyay|first2=Uma|year=1960 |title=Swadeshi Andolan O Banglar Nayayug|page=155}}</ref> When Pramatha Mitter organised the Samiti as its president to produce hundreds of young firebrands who were ready to sacrifice their lives for the cause of the Nation, Chittaranjan became his associate. Anushilan Samiti was maintained by P. Mitter with the assistance of Chittaranjan Das (1894), Haridas Bose (1895), Suren Haldar (1900) and Manabendra Nath Roy (1901).<ref>{{citation |last=Dutt|first=Bhupendra Nath |title=Viplabee Pramatha Nath|journal=Biplabee Bangali|date= 23 December 1960}}</ref>

He was a leading figure in Bengal during the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] of 1919–1922, and initiated the ban on British-made clothes, setting an example by burning his own European clothes and wearing [[Khadi]] clothes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/chittaranjan-das-14469-2016-06-16|title=Remembering Chittaranjan Das: 10 inspirational facts about 'Deshbandhu'|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=23 September 2022|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923090401/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/chittaranjan-das-14469-2016-06-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
He brought out a newspaper called ''Forward'' and later changed its name to ''Liberty'' as part of his support for various anti-British movements in India. When the [[Calcutta Municipal Corporation]] was formed, he became its first mayor.

He was a believer in non-violence and constitutional methods for the realisation of national independence, and advocated [[Hindu-Muslim unity]], cooperation and communal harmony and championed the cause of national education. He resigned his presidency of the [[Indian National Congress]] at the [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] session after losing a motion on "No Council Entry" to [[Gandhi]]'s faction. He then founded the Congress-Khilafat [[Swaraj Party]], with [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]] and veteran [[Motilal Nehru]].<ref name="Guha 2018 202">{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramchandra |title=Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World |publisher=Penguin Allen Lane |year=2018 |isbn=978-0670083886 |pages=202}}</ref> Other prominent leaders included [[Huseyn Suhrawardy|Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], [[Birendranath Sasmal]], [[Jatindra Mohan Sengupta]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] of Bengal,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=S. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&dq=Birendranath+Sasmal+swaraj+party&pg=PA191 |title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857-1947) |date=1997 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1049-5 |language=en}}</ref> Vithalbhai Patel and other Congress leaders who were becoming dissatisfied with the Congress. In May 1923, at [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] meet in Bombay, Das was able to get majority support for his policy of council entry, with 96 members voting in favour, and 71 against.<ref name="Guha 2018 202"/>

===Poet===
Chittaranjan Das emerged as a distinguished Bengali poet, when, during the troubled days of National movement, he published the first two volumes of his collection of poems titled "''Malancha''" and "''Mala''". In 1913 he published "''Sagar Sangeet''" (The Songs of the Sea). Sri Aurobindo was in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichery]] and when he was in dire need of financial support. Chittaranjan offered him one thousand rupees as a token of his support for an English translation of the poem, a few verses of which are given below:<ref>{{citation |last=Saraf|first=Nandini |year=2013 |title=The Life and times of Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das|publisher=Ocean Books Pvt Ltd|place=Delhi |isbn=978-81-8430-213-4}}</ref>

{{block indent|1=<poem style="font-size:90%; line-height: 2.0em;">
'''Songs of the Sea'''
I
O thou unhoped-for elusive wonder of the skies,
Stand still one moment! I will lead thee and bind
With music to the chambers of my mind.
Behold how calm today this sea before me lies
And quivering with what tremulous heart of dreams
In the pale glimmer of the faint moonbeams.
If thou at last art come indeed, O mystery, stay
Woven by song into my heart-beats from this day.

Stand, goddess, yet! Into this anthem of the seas
With the pure strain of my full voiceless heart
Some rhythm of the rhythmless, some part
Of thee I would weave today, with living harmonies
Peopling the solitude I am within.
Wilt thou not here abide on that vast scene,
Thou whose vague raiment edged with dream haunts us and flees,
Fulfilled in an eternal quiet like this sea’s?
II
I lean to thee a listening ear
And thy immense refrain I hear,
O Ocean circled with the lights of morn.
What word is it thou sing’st? what tune
My heart is filled with, and it soon
Must overflow? What mystical unborn
Spirit is singing in thy white foam-caves?
What voice turns heaven to music from thy waves?
III
Long gazing on this dawn and restless sea,
My heart is moved with a strange minstrelsy.
Tranquil and full and slow that music’s sound
Or a chant pitiful, tender and profound.
At times its passing fills my heart with tears.
Maddened it runs and maddening him who hears.
What spirit lives and laughs and weeps in thee?
What thought is here that cries eternally?
I know not, but a trembling sweet and strong
Has taken my every limb touched by thy song,
O infinite Voice, O Soul that callst to me,
As I look on this luminous dawn and on the sea!
...
</poem>}}

Chittaranjan started a monthly journal named Narayana, and many eminent writers such as [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay|Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] and Hariprasad Shastri contributed their writings in the journal.<ref name=sen/>

==Death==
{{Gallery
|align=right
|width=160|File:Chittaranjan_Das_1925.jpg|Chittaranjan Das with cane in hand, and Mahatma Gandhi on the Hill Cart Road near Kakjhora, Darjeeling in 1925
|File:Residence_of_Deshbandhu_Chittaranjan_Das_in_Darjeeling.jpg|Residence of Chittaranjan Das in Darjeeling West Bengal
|File:Funeral_procession_of_Chittaranjan_Das.JPG|Chittaranjan's funeral procession in 1925
}}
In May 1925, Chittaranjan's health was failing.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Mehra |first1=Parshotam |title=A Dictionary of Modern Indian History, 1707-1947 |year=1985 |chapter=Chittaranjan Das (Deshbandhu) (1870- 1925) |encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Modern Indian History: 1707 - 1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=190 |isbn=978-0-19-561552-4}}</ref> He went to Darjeeling to recuperate, staying at Sir [[Nripendra Nath Sircar|N. N. Sircar]]'s house "Step Aside". [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited him and stayed with him for some days. Gandhiji wrote,
{{blockquote|''When I left Darjeeling I left much more that I had ever thought before. There was no end of my affection for Deshbandhu and my warm feeling for such a great soul.''<ref>{{citation |last=Kripalani |first=Sucheta |year=1994 |chapter=C.R. Das: Tribute to the Memory of a Great Patriot|title=Chittaranjan Das: Political Thinkers of Modern India|editor-first=Verinder|editor-last=Grover|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-568-0|page=294}}</ref>}}

The funeral procession in Calcutta was led by Gandhi, who said:{{blockquote|Deshbandhu was one of the greatest of men... He dreamed... and talked of freedom of India and of nothing else... His heart knew no difference between Hindus and Muslims and I should like to tell Englishmen, too, that he bore no ill-will to them.<ref>{{citation|last=Gandhi|first=M. K.|year=1924|title=Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi|place=New Delhi|publisher=Publications Division Government of India|volume=27|page=250|url=http://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/collected-works-of-mahatma-gandhi-volume-1-to-98.php|access-date=27 September 2017|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012091343/http://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/collected-works-of-mahatma-gandhi-volume-1-to-98.php|url-status=live}}</ref>|author=|title=|source=}}

===Memorials===
[[File:Chittaranjan Das 1965 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Das on a 1965 stamp of India]]
* [[Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute]] of Kolkata had its humble beginning in the year 1950 when the ''Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital'' was founded in the premises of ''Chittaranjan Seva Sadan''. A few years before his death Chittaranjan gifted this property including his house and the adjoining lands to the nation to be used for the betterment of the lives of women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnci.org.in/hospital/hospital_main.html |title=Who we are |website=Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000413/http://www.cnci.org.in/hospital/hospital_main.html |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Chittaranjan Avenue]], the main thoroughfare of Kolkata connecting [[North Kolkata]] with Central Kolkata, it was formerly known as Central Avenue.
* [[Chittaranjan]], a town located in the Paschim Bardhaman district near Asansol. It is located at the border of Bengal and Jharkhand. It is famous for housing the legendary Chittaranjan Locomotive Works.
* [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]], the largest locomotive manufacturing unit in the whole world.
* [[Chittaranjan College]], a bachelor arts and science government college located in the historic College Street district of North Kolkata.
*''[[Chittaranjan Park]]'', home to large Bengali community, originally EPDP Colony in South Delhi was named after Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das during 1980's
*[[Deshbandhu College for Girls]], a women's college on Rashbehari Avenue in South Kolkata, established in 1955 and affiliated to University of Calcutta, is named honouring his legacy.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{wikisource-inline}}
*{{commons-inline}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Banglapedia|Das,_Chitta_Ranjan|Chitta Ranjan Das}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=37616| name=Chittaranjan Das}}
* {{OL author|10398A}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/003705}}

{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Das family}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Chittaranjan}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Munshiganj District]]
[[Category:Das family (Telirbagh)]]
[[Category:Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:People from Bikrampur]]
[[Category:Mayors of Kolkata]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century mayors of places in India]]

Hinduism in New Zealand

2026-01-01T10:52:02Z

ShondaLemos: New New Article More To Come

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = New Zealander Hindus
| image = Aucklandtemple.jpg
| caption = Idols of [[Radha Krishna]] inside the [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Auckland]]
| pop = 153,534 (2023) {{increase}} 2.9% of the New Zealand Population
| regions = [[Demographics of Auckland|Auckland]]{{·}}[[Wellington]]{{·}}[[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]]{{·}}[[Tauranga]]
| langs = [[New Zealand English|English]]{{·}}[[Hindi]]{{·}}[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{·}}[[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{·}}[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]{{·}}[[Marathi language|Marathi]]{{·}}[[Malayalam]]{{·}}[[Telugu language|Telugu]] {{·}} [[Bengali language|Bengali]] {{·}}[[Fiji Hindi]]{{·}}[[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| rels =
}}
'''[[Hinduism]]''' is the second largest [[religion in New Zealand]]. It is also one of the fastest-growing religions in the country. According to the [[2023 New Zealand census|2023 census]], Hindus form 2.9% of the population of [[New Zealand]]. There are about 153,534 Hindus in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/2018-Census-totals-by-topic/Download-data/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights.xlsx|title=Table 26, 2018 Census Data – Tables}}</ref>

Hindus from all over India continue to immigrate today, with the largest Indian ethnic subgroup being [[Gujaratis]], [[Haryanvi]] and [[Dravidians]]. A later wave of immigrants also includes Hindu immigrants who were of Indian descent from nations that were historically under European colonial rule, such as [[Fiji]]. Today there are [[Hindu temple]]s in all major New Zealand cities.

{{Hinduism by country}}

==History==
=== Early settlement ===
{{See also|Tamil bell}}
In 1836 the missionary William Colenso saw [[Māori people|Māori]] women near [[Whangārei]] using a broken bronze bell to boil potatoes. The inscription is in very old Tamil script. This discovery has led to speculation that Tamil-speaking Hindus may have visited New Zealand hundreds of years ago.

However, the first noted settlement of Hindus in New Zealand dates back to the arrival of sepoys (Indian soldiers) in the 19th century, with the first communities from the Punjab and Gujarat arriving in the 1890s. Until the 1980s almost all Hindu migrants came from Gujarat. Later they arrived from all over India and from elsewhere, including Sri Lanka, Malaysia and South Africa.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|title=Hindus|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/diverse-religions/page-2|access-date=2020-10-19|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Easing of immigration policies and increased immigration: 1987-2001 ===
In the 1991 Census, surging migration as a result of the Immigration Act 1987 made the number of Hindus to surpass 17,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christian faiths losing out to other religions|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christian-faiths-losing-out-to-other-religions/L65CIBR3C5RMVMJJLJDSIRCIRE/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aen.org.nz/journal/2/2/AENJ.2.2.Nachowitz.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123212440/http://aen.org.nz/journal/2/2/AENJ.2.2.Nachowitz.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Economic liberalisation in India|India's Economic Liberalisation]] occurred in the same year, increasing the standard of living and allowing more immigrants to come in the future. The 1996 New Zealand Census showed the eased immigration laws resulted in the number of Hindus growing from 18,000 in 1991 to surpassing 25,000 for the first time. This was largely due to the continued success of the Immigration Act 1987.

=== Fast growth and slowdown: 2001-2012 ===
In the 2001 Census, the population of Hindus was at almost 40 000, meaning that the number of Hindus tripled in the 10 years since the 1991 census. The 2006 census showed the number of Hindus to be 64,557, an increase of nearly 62% from the previous census in 2001.<ref>[https://archive.today/20110606103549/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=764bb61d-abf9-43a4-bfbc-8931cefc33b3& More Hindu temples to come up in New Zealand] Hindustan Times - April 20, 2007</ref> The growth of the number of Hindus in New Zealand then slowed in the years between the 2006 Census and the 2013 Census because of a mixture of events. [[Violence against Indians in Australia controversy|The heightened violence against Indian Australians]] (2007-2010) and the [[2011 Christchurch earthquake]] were the main reasons why growth of Hindus declined. The latter was also the main reason why the Census year was moved from 2011 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census cancelled over Christchurch earthquake|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/census-cancelled-over-christchurch-earthquake/5WNPBX6IP5NY636BJW7XIT7KEQ/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref> The slowdown in long term migration was partially offset by soaring numbers of Indian Students and Skilled Migrants, whose numbers increased rapidly during the [[Great Recession]] partly due to costs being cheaper and a better economic outlook.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dol.govt.nz/research/migration/monthly-migration-trends/12jun/large.asp?id=fig4 |title=Figure 4 Migration Trends Key Indicators : June 2012 - Department of Labour |access-date=2015-05-15 |archive-date=2015-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125040236/http://dol.govt.nz/research/migration/monthly-migration-trends/12jun/large.asp?id=fig4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/recession-boosts-new-zealand-migration/15764938.shtml|title=Merinews.com|website=www.merinews.com}}</ref> The recently conducted 2013 Census showed the Hindu population made up slightly over 2% of the population, with 90,018 adherents. This increased Hinduism's share of the total New Zealand population by 0.5% despite immigration slowing as a result of the events mentioned earlier.

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical growth of the Hindu population in New Zealand
|type =
|footnote = ^Percentages show the average annual growth rates.
^^From 1916-1966, Hindus were counted as "race aliens" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/indians/print|title=Indians|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] }}</ref>
^^^2011 Census was delayed due to the Christchurch earthquake.
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages = pagr
|source =
|1966 | 3,599
|1971 | 3,845
|1976 | 5,203
|1981 | 6,078
|1986 | 8,148
|1991 | 17,661
|1996 | 25,293
|2001 | 39,627
|2006 | 64,557
|2013 | 90,018
|2018 | 123,534
|2023 | 153,534
}}

'''<big>Hindus In Percentage By Years :</big>'''
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Increase'''

|-
| '''1966'''
| '''0.13%'''
| '''-'''
|-
| '''1971'''
| '''0.13%'''
| '''+0.00%'''
|-
| '''1976'''
| '''0.17%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.04%'''
|-
| '''1981'''
| '''0.19%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.02%'''
|-
| '''1986'''
| '''0.25%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.06%'''
|-
| '''1991'''
| '''0.54%'''
| style="background: #2EB82E" | '''+0.29'''
|-
| '''1996'''
| '''0.71%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.17%'''
|-
| '''2001'''
| '''1.02%'''
| style="background: #2EB82E" | '''+0.31%'''
|-
| '''2006'''
| '''1.51%'''
| style="background: #00A300" | '''+0.49%'''
|-
| '''2013'''
| '''2.12%'''
| style="background: #00A300" | '''+0.61%'''
|-
| '''2018'''
| '''2.65%'''
| style="background: #2EB82E" | '''+0.53%'''
|-
| '''2023'''
| '''2.9%'''
| style="background: #2EB82E" |
'''+0.25%'''
|}

===Religion data by years ===

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan="2" |<big>2018</big>
! colspan="2" align="center" |<big>2013<ref name="2013table28">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/data-tables/total-by-topic.aspx|title=2013 Census totals by topic|website=archive.stats.govt.nz|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042347/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/data-tables/total-by-topic.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref></big>
! align=center colspan=2|<big>2006<ref name="2006table28">[http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity.aspx Table 28, 2006 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125425/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity.aspx |date=2017-10-11 }}.</ref></big>
! align=center colspan=2|<big>2001</big>
! align=center colspan=2|<big>1996</big>
! align=center colspan=2|<big>1991</big>
|-
!Numbers
!%
! width="80" | Number
!width=50| %
!width=80| Number
!width=50| %
!width=80| Number
!width=50| %
!width=80| Number
!width=50| %
!width=80| Number
!width=50| %
|-
|'''Christian'''
|1,738,638
|37.31
|1,858,977
|47.65
|2,027,418
|54.16
|2,043,843
|58.92
|2,298,793
|63.5
|2,621,824
|77.7
|- align="right" bgcolor="lightblue"
| align="left" | '''Hinduism'''
|123,534
|2.65|| 90,018 || 2.12 || 64,560 || 1.51 || 39,864 || 1.02 || 25,551 || 0.71
|18,036
|0.54
|-
|'''Māori religions, beliefs and philosophies'''
|62,634
|1.34
|52,947
|1.36
|65,550
|1.75
|63,597
|1.83
|23,325
|0.6
|No data
|No data
|- align="right"
| align="left" | [[Muslim]]
|61,455
|1.32|| 46,194 || 1.04 || 36,153 || 0.84 || 23,637 || 0.60 || 13,545 || 0.37
|6,096
|0.18
|- align="right"
| align="left" | [[Buddhist]]
|52,779
|1.13|| 58,440 || 1.31 || 52,392 || 1.22 || 41,661 || 1.06 || 28,131 || 0.78
|12,762
|0.38
|- align="right"
| align="left" | [[Sikhism in New Zealand|Sikh]]
|40,908
|0.88|| 19,191 || 0.43 || 9,507 || 0.22 || 5,199 || 0.13 || 2,817 || 0.08
|2,061
|0.06
|- align="right"
| align="left" | Other religions
|42,615
|0.91|| 40,365 || 0.91 || 42,012 || 0.99 || 36,318 || 0.94 || 21,957 || 0.60
|26,133
|0.78
|- align="right"
| align="left" | No religion/Object/Not stated total
|'''2,577,396'''
|'''55.3'''|| '''2,155,722''' || '''50.82''' || '''1,832,688''' || '''45.50''' || '''1,554,669''' || '''41.60''' || '''1,336,854''' || '''36.95'''
|'''980,079'''
|'''29.05'''
|- align="right" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| align="left" | '''Total population'''
|'''4,699,755'''
| || '''4,242,048''' || || '''4,027,947''' || || '''3,737,277''' || || '''3,618,303''' ||
|'''3,373,926'''
|
|-
|}

==Classification and ethnicity==
According to the 2018 census:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/2018-Census-totals-by-topic/Download-data/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights.xlsx |title=Table|date= 2018|website=www.stats.govt.nz|access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref>
*121,644 identified as Hindu (not further defined)
*645 [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]]s
*327 [[Yoga]]
*36 [[Arya Samaj]]
*882 Hindu (not elsewhere classified).

===Ethnicity===
{{Bar box
|title=Ethnicity<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://archive.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xls |title=Table |date=2013 |website=archive.stats.govt.nz |format=PDF |access-date=2020-10-24 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525114512/http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=right
|left1=Ethnicity
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|Asian|Yellow|92.19}}
{{bar percent|European|Blue|4}}
{{Bar percent|Pacific peoples|Red|2}}
{{bar percent|Māori|green|1}}
{{Bar percent|Others|grey|0.81}}
}}

The majority of Hindus in New Zealand are Asians, followed by Europeans and Pacific Islanders. There are 3,567 European and 1,857 Pacific peoples following Hinduism. Hinduism also has a small following among [[Māori people|Māori]]. There are 858 Māori following Hinduism.<ref name="auto"/>

==Hindu organisations==
The first Hindu organisation - the Hindu Council of New Zealand (HCNZ) was formed in the mid-1990s and is affiliated to the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]], a global Hindu organisation. HCNZ has hosted annual New Zealand Hindu conferences since 2007. It has also established the Hindu Heritage Centre, Hindu Social Service Foundation, Hindu Elders Foundation and Hindu Youth New Zealand, and runs youth and family camps. In 2010 HCNZ launched Hindu Organisations, Temples and Associations (HOTA), a representative body for Hindu groups in New Zealand.<ref name="auto1"/>

Other Hindu organisations include [[Ramakrishna Mission]], [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]], [[Chinmaya Mission]], [[Sathya Sai Organisation]], [[Art of Living Foundation]], [[Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh]], Hindu Foundation, Sewa International and [[Ekal Vidyalaya|Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation]].<ref name="auto1"/>

==Contemporary society==
[[File:Patel.JPG|thumb|[[Jeetan Patel]], New Zealand Hindu cricketer]]
According to a survey done by the Victoria University Wellington in 2019, it was found that New Zealanders believe that Hindus are more trustworthy than [[Atheism|atheists]], [[Protestantism|Protestants]], [[Muslims]], [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] and [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]]. About 28.3 percent of New Zealanders have complete or much trust in Hindus, while 19.9 percent have little or no trust.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In New Zealand; Hindus More Trustworthy Than Atheists, Protestants, Muslims, Catholics, Evangelicals|url=http://www.face2news.com/news/53485-in-new-zealand-hindus-more-trustworthy-than-atheists-protestants-muslims-catholics-evangelicals.aspx|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.face2news.com}}</ref>

Jews and Hindus hold the highest education level in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The state of faith: Muslims most likely to be unemployed|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/the-state-of-faith-muslims-most-likely-to-be-unemployed/EUIUWKKJGGRRT6THOQ5IX4APCA/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref>

=== Hindutva activism and intracommunal tensions ===
During the 2020s, [[Hindutva]] activism within the New Zealand Indian diaspora attracted attention from the media and law enforcement authorities. In February 2020, ''[[The Spinoff]]'' guest writer Shahid S. claimed that [[Islamophobia]] was present among Indian diaspora social media pages, with the circulation of posts attacking Muslim immigration and praising the [[Xinjiang internment camps]] that targeted China's predominantly Muslim [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] minority. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) government's passage of the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] and the [[National Register of Citizens for Assam]] in 2019 also sparked anti-BJP protests in New Zealand which inflamed BJP supporters in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Shahid |title=An ugly Islamophobia has surfaced in New Zealand, from India |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/23-02-2020/the-new-face-of-islamophobia-in-new-zealand/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |work=[[The Spinoff]] |date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003035659/https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/23-02-2020/the-new-face-of-islamophobia-in-new-zealand/ |archive-date=3 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2021, the [[Massey University]] communication professor Dr Mohan Dutta published a two-page white paper called ''Cultural Hindutva and Islamophobia'' about alleged [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] elements in Hindutva ideology, calling for a careful examining of its presence in New Zealand. Dutta likened the online communication of Hindutva supporters to that of [[QAnon]] followers and the far-right [[Proud Boys]].<ref name="NZH 27 Sep 2021">{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Qiuyi |title=Police aware of concerns about far-right Indian nationalist groups in NZ |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/police-aware-of-concerns-about-far-right-indian-nationalist-groups-in-nz/WDTEKKAENYNDZGMMNWOVIE37UY/ |access-date=7 October 2021 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928080223/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/police-aware-of-concerns-about-far-right-indian-nationalist-groups-in-nz/WDTEKKAENYNDZGMMNWOVIE37UY/ |archive-date=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Stuff Hindutva">{{cite news |last1=Waters |first1=Laura |title=The rise of Hindutva and hate in Aotearoa's Indian diaspora |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300420720/the-rise-of-hindutva-and-hate-in-aotearoas-indian-diaspora |access-date=7 October 2021 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005194311/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300420720/the-rise-of-hindutva-and-hate-in-aotearoas-indian-diaspora |archive-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> The white paper received a polarising response, with Dutta receiving online abuse and threats from Hindutva supporters. Two Indian community organisations, the New Zealand Hindu Council, the affiliated Hindu Youth Association, and the Indian community website ''The Indian News'' accusing Dutta and Massey University of promoting "[[Anti-Hindu sentiment|Hinduphobia]]". By contrast, the Aotearoa Alliance of Progressive Indians (AAPI), NZ Indian Association of Minorities, and Hindus for Human Rights Australia and New Zealand defended Dutta's academic freedom, condemning threats against Dutta, and calling for the New Zealand and Australian governments to monitor Hindutva ideology within the Indian diaspora communities.<ref name="NZH 27 Sep 2021" /><ref name="Stuff Hindutva" />

In mid-September 2021, Dutta also participated in a controversial international online academic conference called "Dismantling Hindutva," which was co-sponsored by Massey University and 70 other academic institutions. Dr Sapna Samant of the left-wing advocacy group Aotearoa Alliance of Progressive Indians (AAPI) also claimed that local Hindutva supporters were intimidating her and Dutta.<ref name="NZH 10 Sep 2021">{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Qiui |title=Massey University professor hit by right wing Hindu trolls |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/massey-university-professor-hit-by-right-wing-hindu-trolls/LQQH4V7YFFVXBRWRO3VECGXUW4/ |access-date=7 October 2021 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927142245/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/massey-university-professor-hit-by-right-wing-hindu-trolls/LQQH4V7YFFVXBRWRO3VECGXUW4/ |archive-date=27 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In late September, the [[New Zealand Police]] confirmed that they were investigating online threats against Dutta and had put a safety plan in place.<ref name="NZH 27 Sep 2021" /><ref name="Stuff Hindutva" />

==Relation with Māori==
There are similarities between Hindu and [[Māori people]] customs and languages. There are at least 185 Sanskrit and other Indian language words similar to the [[Māori language]]. Some Hindu communities also have similar buildings to marae, where people hold meetings and sleep over. Māori also bless new buildings before they open, usually before sunrise, as Hindus do.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindu scholar finds similarities with Maori culture|url=http://www.rxpgnews.com/australia-nz/Hindu-scholar-finds-similarities-with-Maori-culture_13368.shtml|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.rxpgnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=City scientist to talk about being Hindu in New Zealand|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/city-scientist-to-talk-about-being-hindu-in-new-zealand/B7M3YYRWFRK2JHO3B4LSWUSGE4/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref>

==Temples==
The following is a list of Hindu temples in major New Zealand cities. Cities are ordered by the number of Hindu Temples. The name of the Mandir is in bold and the location is in italics.

{{Cleanup list|section|date=October 2020}}

===Auckland===
* Shri Ram Mandir is located at 11 Brick Street, Henderson, Auckland. Ref www.shrirammandir.org.nz
* Thiru Subramaniyar Aalayam is located in 69, Tidal Road, Mangere, Auckland. It is a temple with South Indian style granite deities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AalayamWebAdmin|title=Home|url=http://aalayam.co.nz/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Aalayam|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Bhartiya Mandir is the oldest and the largest Hindu Temple in New Zealand <ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic Gajaraj Sthapna at Bhartiya Mandir: Five important things to know|url=https://www.indianweekender.co.nz//Pages/ArticleDetails/7/8048/New-Zealand/Historic-Gajaraj-Sthapna-at-Bhartiya-Mandir-Five-important-things-to-know|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Indian Weekender|language=en-NZ|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021232742/https://www.indianweekender.co.nz//Pages/ArticleDetails/7/8048/New-Zealand/Historic-Gajaraj-Sthapna-at-Bhartiya-Mandir-Five-important-things-to-know|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Thirumurugan Temple in Otahuhu.
* Sri Ganesh Temple located in Papakura.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aucklandsriganeshtemple.org/ |title=Auckland Sri Ganesh Temple |access-date=2009-08-05 |archive-date=2009-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217010251/http://www.aucklandsriganeshtemple.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Radha-Krishna Temple in Eden Terrace
* Ram Krishna Temple in Papatoetoe
* [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Auckland|Swaminarayan Temple in Auckland]], situated in [[Papatoetoe]] and run by The [[International Swaminarayan Satsang Organisation]]
* BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Avondale, Auckland.

===Wellington===
* Kurinchi Kumaran Temple, located in [[Wellington]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kurinchikumaran.org.nz/ |title=Kurinchi Kumaran Temple |access-date=2021-02-07 |archive-date=2020-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201014049/http://kurinchikumaran.org.nz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Newlands. It was the first South Indian style Hindu temple to be established in New Zealand, and it features ancient temple architecture. It is located in 3 Batchelor Street Newlands Wellington.
* The Wellington Indian Association run a North Indian style Temple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wia.org.nz/mandir.html |title=Wellington Indian Association inc |website=www.wia.org.nz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827191904/http://www.wia.org.nz/mandir.html |archive-date=2008-08-27}}</ref>
* Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple of Wellington<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svwt.org.nz/|title=Home {{pipe}} Wellington {{pipe}} Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple of Wellington|website=SVWT}}</ref> is located in Wainuiomata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sri+Venkateswara+Swamy+Temple+of+Wellington/@-41.2503528,174.9259541,17z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x6d38a9f7c342f31d:0x8bf344973c840182!2s25+Waiu+Street,+Wainuiomata,+Lower+Hutt+5014!3b1!8m2!3d-41.2503569!4d174.9281428!3m4!1s0x6d38a9e780d88b29:0x524ead80b67deb71!8m2!3d-41.2504226!4d174.9278657|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> Sanatana Dharma Paripalana Seva Trust of New Zealand, registered charity in New Zealand established the temple in 2018 with community support and operational from Nov 2019 at 25, Waiu Street, Wainuiomata, Wellington.
* BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, 83A Eastern Hutt Road, Taita, Lower Hutt

===Tauranga===
* Sanatan Dharam Mandir, built by the members of the Tauranga Hindu community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sanatandharammandir.org.nz/index.html |title=Sanatan Dharam Trust |website=sanatandharammandir.org.nz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113042136/http://sanatandharammandir.org.nz/index.html |archive-date=2015-01-13}}</ref> The trust bought roughly 2150 square meters of land in the suburb of Tauriko for around $400,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand's Bay of Plenty to have its 1st Hindu temple soon – THE JET {{!}} Fiji's First Community Newspaper|url=http://www.thejetnewspaper.com/2015/01/26/new-zealands-bay-of-plenty-to-have-its-1st-hindu-temple-soon/|access-date=2020-10-19|language=en-US|archive-date=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808135342/http://www.thejetnewspaper.com/2015/01/26/new-zealands-bay-of-plenty-to-have-its-1st-hindu-temple-soon/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite being inaugurated in 2012, work on the actual Hindu Temple did not commence until early 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Community of Tauranga - Indian Community of Tauranga - Tauranga Memories|url=http://tauranga.kete.net.nz/en/indian_community_of_tauranga|access-date=2020-10-19|website=tauranga.kete.net.nz|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116015158/http://tauranga.kete.net.nz/en/indian_community_of_tauranga|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stage One of the temple was completed by mid-late 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SunLive - Hindu temple build to start - The Bay's News First|url=https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/91775-hindu-temple-build-to-start.html|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.sunlive.co.nz|date=23 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> The temple is located at 108 Whiore Ave, Tauriko, Tauranga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sanatandharammandir.org.nz/where-are-we.html |title=Sanatan Dharam Trust |access-date=2015-05-10 |archive-date=2015-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113042141/http://sanatandharammandir.org.nz/where-are-we.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Christchurch===
* Christchurch's and the South Island's only Hindu temple is [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Christchurch|the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Christchurch]], located in 19 Frank Street in the suburb of Papanui.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bapschristchurchswaminarayanmandir.co.nz/ |title=BAPS Swaminarayan Temple Christchurch |access-date=2021-02-07 |archive-date=2015-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113060643/http://www.bapschristchurchswaminarayanmandir.co.nz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The mandir was inaugurated on 2011, after a "Mahapuja".<ref>{{Cite web|title=BAPS News: Mahapuja to Inaugurate the New BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Christchurch, New Zealand {{!}} Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/akshardham/baps-news-mahapuja-to-inaugurate-the-new-baps-shri-swaminarayan-mandir-christchu/10150317450264994|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> The temple was inaugurated after 12 months of renovations, which the 2011 Christchurch earthquake temporarily halted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahapuja to Inaugurate the New BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir|url=https://www.baps.org/News/2011/Mahapuja-to-Inaugurate-the-New-BAPS-Shri-Swaminarayan-Mandir--2656.aspx|access-date=2020-10-19|website=BAPS|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Rotorua===
* The BAPS Sri Swaminarayan Temple, Rotorua's first Hindu Temple, opened in 2012 making it the fourth "BAPS" temple in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inauguration of BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir|url=https://www.baps.org/News/2012/Inauguration-of-BAPS-Swaminarayan-Mandir-4066.aspx|access-date=2020-10-19|website=BAPS|language=en-US}}</ref> It the only Hindu Temple in the central north island.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindus look forward to place of worship|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/hindus-look-forward-to-place-of-worship/JMZ2JUCBV2FTSJDZE2U2W3G2CE/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref>

===Hamilton===
* The Sri Balaji Temple was opened in March 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|title=SBTT|url=https://sites.google.com/site/balajihamilton|access-date=2020-10-19|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}</ref> six years after the founding of the Sri Balaji Temple Charitable Trust<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/waikato-news/news/hindu-temple-a-valuable-asset/MCAU3LGXED2IVXPI3NPEQTMKMQ/|title=Hindu temple a valuable asset|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] }}</ref>
* BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, 10 Tawn Place, Pukete, Hamilton 3200

===Other locations===
* The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] also has a presence in New Zealand, running temples in Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch. The Auckland temple is located out of the city, and is built in the Vedic style with a tower over the main shrine.

==Discrimination ==

A West Auckland Hindu temple was the target of an arson attack over Labour weekend. The incident occurred at Shri Ram Mandir on Brick St in Auckland's Henderson on October 21, 2022 about 11.30pm. Temple spokesperson Pravin Kumar said, "It could have been disastrous because, on the premises, we also have a priest's quarters where the family of the priest were present - it's attached to the same building, and people could have died."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Horsnell |first1=Jack |last2=Reporter |first2=Digital |title=West Auckland Hindu temple target of arson attack |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/11/10/west-auckland-hindu-temple-target-of-arson-attack/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=1 News |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2023, multiple Hindu temples received anonymous letters with intimidating [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|anti-Hindu]] messages denouncing idol worship, polytheism, etc. quoting passages of Quran. Hindu community leaders condemned the hateful messages and appealed for tolerance to avoid clashes between faith based communities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-23 |title='Worse than carnage': Anonymous 'intimidating' letters sent to Hindu temples |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/hindu-temples-around-new-zealand-targeted-with-intimidating-letters/E5OVHS24MFGBPN3RJZPIEGUH4M/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref>

==Notable Hindus==
{{Cleanup list|section|date=October 2020}}

===Sport===
*[[Jeetan Patel]], former spin bowler for the New Zealand [[cricket]] team, the [[Black Caps]]
*[[Roy Krishna]], Fijian football player playing for [[Wellington Phoenix FC]] as a striker in the [[A-league]]
*[[Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958)|Dipak Narshibhai Patel]], cricket player Tests and one-day internationals for New Zealand
*[[Jeet Raval]], current batsman for the Black Caps Test match team
*[[Roneel Hira]], New Zealand cricketer
*[[Tarun Nethula]], New Zealand cricketer
*[[Rachin Ravindra]], current New Zealand cricketer

===Entertainment===
*[[Aaradhna]] Patel, Half Samoan and half Indian R&B artist
*[[Shailesh Prajapati]], New Zealand actor, known for his role as Ernie in ''Power Rangers MegaForce''

===Media===
*Rohit Kumar Happy, editor of ''Bharat-Darshan'', Hindi literary magazine<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharatdarshan.co.nz/author-profile/12/hindi-writer-rohit-kumar-happy.html|title=रोहित कुमार 'हैप्पी' {{pipe}} Rohit Kumar 'Happy' - Hindi journalist & writer|website=www.bharatdarshan.co.nz}}</ref>
*[[Rebecca Singh]], openly lesbian news anchor on the New Zealand television station TV3

===Politics===
*[[Mahesh Bindra]], Hindu Member of Parliament
*[[Priyanca Radhakrishnan]], first Hindu woman Member of Parliament since 2017
*[[Rajen Prasad]], former Race Relations Commissioner and Families Commissioner, first Hindu Member of Parliament serving from 2008-2014
*[[Anand Satyanand]], former [[Governor-General of New Zealand]], appointed on 23 August 2006

==See also==
* [[Religion in New Zealand]]
* [[Hinduism in Vietnam]]
* [[Hinduism by country]]
* [[Little India (location)|Little India]]
* [[Hinduism in Australia]]
* [[Hinduism in South Africa]]
* [[Indian New Zealanders]] or Indo-Kiwis
* [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin]]
* [[Tamil bell]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rxpgnews.com/australia-nz/Hindu-scholar-finds-similarities-with-Maori-culture_13368.shtml Hindu scholar finds similarities with Maori culture]
*[http://allhindutemples.com/?multi_country=New-Zealand Directory of Hindu Temples in New Zealand]

{{Religion in New Zealand}}
{{Hinduism in Oceania}}

[[Category:Hinduism in New Zealand| ]]

Bhagwa Dhwaj

2025-12-25T10:35:57Z

ShondaLemos: add information for clarity and added references for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Saffron (color)#Hindutva]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R to section}}
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Mahuri (instrument)

2025-12-03T15:36:01Z

ShondaLemos: Started

{{Short description|Traditional musical instrument}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Mahuri
| image = Mahuria.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = A Mahuria (musician) plays the Mahuri in a [[Panchavadyam|Panchabadya]] ensemble, a traditional folk performance in [[Odisha]]
| background =
| names = Mohuri, Jodi Mahuri
| classification = Wind instrument
| hornbostel_sachs = 421.122
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Aerophone]], single-reed
| inventors =
| developed =
| timbre = Melodious
| volume = Medium
| attack = Quick
| decay = Sustained
| range = Variable
| pitch = Variable
| related =
| musicians = Mahurias
| builders =
| articles =
}}
The '''Mahuri''' is a [[wind instrument]] made of wood and metal and it holds a special place in the cultural traditions of [[Odisha]]. It is used in religious ceremonies, wedding, [[Upanayana|bratopanayan]], social events and auspicious occasions. It is also referred to as "Mohuri".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar Pati |first1=Amulya |title=Lost in oblivion, mohuri tune |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/lost-in-oblivion-mohuri-tune/cid/478135 |publisher=[[Telegraph India]] |date=October 15, 2010}}</ref> The Mahuri is an accompaniment in traditional Dalkha performances.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahuri in Odisha |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/musical-instruments/sushir-vadya/mahuri |website=indianculture.gov.in}}</ref> Mahuri is also a part of 'Gandabaja', a folk art form from western Odisha.<ref name=A/>

[[File:Traditional Instruments at a Village Marriage Procession Video.webmhd.webm|thumb|The Mahuri is played by local artists at a wedding in Nabarangpur. Along with the Mahuri, the Tamak (Tamak) and Gochhibaja are also played.]]

Musicians who play the Mahuri or Jodi Mahuri are known as '''Mahuria'''. Mahurias perform at various events, including temple ceremonies and weddings, with increased demand during the [[Durga Puja]] season. They typically charge around ₹1,000 for their performances and often play in groups of three to five. These folk musicians receive support from the [[Government of Odisha]] through the Mukhyamantri Kalakar Sahayata Yojana, which provides pensions of ₹2,000 per month for general beneficiaries and ₹2,500 for those aged over 80.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Senapati |first1=Ashis |title=Jodi Mahuri gasps for breath as a few try to keep it alive |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Sep/03/jodi-mahuri-gasps-for-breath-as-a-few-try-to-keep-it-alive |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=September 3, 2024}}</ref>

It was reported in 2012 by ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' that the Mohuri is at risk of extinction due to insufficient government support and declining demand and many Mahuri players are abandoning the profession in favor of alternative livelihoods.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohuri tunes no more lilting for GenNext |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2010/Nov/28/mohuri-tunes-no-more-lilting-for-gennext-206392.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=May 16, 2012}}</ref>

The annual Bodasambar Mahuri Festival is organized by the Sangeet Samiti in Padmapur, Odisha, to preserve the traditional Mahuri instrument.<ref name=A>{{cite news |last1=Ratha |first1=Ashutosh |title=Bargarh fest boosts traditional instrument 'Mahuri' |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/bargarh-fest-boosts-traditional-instrument--mahuri-.html |publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]] |date=July 29, 2022}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Mohuri.svg|Mahuri
File:Mahuri (wind instrument).JPG
File:Instruments of Odisha - Mahuri 01.jpg
File:Sita Swayamvar- Rama Lifts Bow.jpg|The Mahuri is also played during folk theatre performances like [[Ramlila|Rama Nataka]] and dances such as [[Chhau dance|Chhau]].
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Music of Odisha]]
* [[Bamboo musical instruments]]
* [[Bansuri]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Music of Odisha| ]]
[[Category:Music of India by state or union territory|Odisha]]
{{India-music-stub}}

Srivari Muchatlu

2025-11-27T07:12:02Z

ShondaLemos: Created...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|te-latn|Srivari Muchatlu}}
| image = Srivari Muchatlu.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| writer = Dasari Narayana Rao
| producer = N. R. Anuradha Devi
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Jayasudha]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = B. Krishnam Raju
| studio = Lakshmi Films Combines<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0262787/ |title=Srivari Muchatlu (Overview) |work=IMDb |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209020955/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0262787/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1981|1|1}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''{{Lang|te-latn|Srivari Muchatlu}}''' is a 1981 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by N. R. Anuradha Devi under the Lakshmi Films Combines banner<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bharat-movies.com/telugu/info/sreevari-muchatlu.htm |title=Srivari Muchatlu (Banner) |work=Bharat Movies.com |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024220859/http://bharat-movies.com/telugu/info/sreevari-muchatlu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spicyonion.com/title/sreevari-muchatlu-telugu-movie/ |title=Srivari Muchatlu (Direction) |work=Spicy Onion |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024215539/http://spicyonion.com/title/sreevari-muchatlu-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Jayasudha]] and music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. The film is remade in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Asha Jyoti]]}} (1984).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/en/movie/review/Srivari-Muchatlu/ka28e4rmob |title=Srivari Muchatlu (Cast & Crew) |work=Tollywood Times.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Gopi, a musician and son of a wealthy businessman, Chakrapani, falls for a beautiful girl, Radha, in Kashmir. However, Chakrapani insists that he marry his maternal uncle's daughter Priya, which he keeps declining. Here, Gopi affirms his decision with his parents and promises to pay off the debts owed by Radha's father. Then, Chakrapani commits suicide due to bankruptcy when Gopi's uncle bails him out. Circumstances delay Gopi's return to Radha. In Kashmir, the Radha creditor threatens them when Gopi arrives and makes her father lie that Radha is married off to the creditor. Heartbroken, Gopi returns home when his mother suggests he settle in life, so he marries Priya to show his gratitude towards his uncle. Gopi notices Radha and his child during the wedding when he learns the truth. Now, Gopi decides to take care of both his wives without giving knowledge to each other. Later, Radha becomes a popular dance teacher. Priya also gives birth to a baby who decides to learn dance from Radha when they become best friends. After some time, Priya observes the closeness of Radha and Gopi, though, in the beginning, she suspects, afterward, to understand the reality and victims of the unpredictable nature of fate. Finally, Radha & Priya sacrifice their lives to let each other live an excellent, happy married life with Gopi.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Gopi
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Radha
*[[Jayasudha]] as Priya
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Chakrapani
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
*K. V. Chalam
*[[P. J. Sarma]]
*Hari Prasad
*[[Rajasulochana]]
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]
*[[Nirmalamma]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Srivari Muchatlu
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1980
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 21:29
| label = AVM Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = Pilla Zamindar
| prev_year = 1980
| next_title = [[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]
| next_year = 1980
}}

Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by Dasari Narayana Rao. Music released on AVM Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Akasam Musiresindhi"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|3:06
|-
|2
|"Kallaa Gajja"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:11
|-
|3
|"Udayakirana Rekhalo"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|5:21
|-
|4
|"Suryuni Okate Udayam"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|4:21
|-
|5
|"Mukkapachlarani"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:11
|-
|6
|"Srivari Muchatlu"
|P. Susheela
|4:19
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

The Insider (Rao novel)

2025-11-25T07:41:04Z

ShondaLemos: Biography...

{{Short description|Book by Narasimha Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox book
| italic title = no
| name = The Insider
| author = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| published = 1998
| pages = 833
| image = File:The_Insider_(Rao_novel)_book_cover.jpg
}}

'''''The Insider''''' is a ''[[roman à clef]]'' by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], former [[Prime Minister of India]], that was first published in 1998. It was Rao's first novel and created a storm when excerpts from the original manuscript were published in the launch issue of the ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' magazine in 1995.<ref name="frontline">{{cite journal|title=The tale of an outsider|journal=Frontline|date=April–May 1998|volume=15|issue=9|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1509/15091220.htm|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="mainstreamweekly">{{cite journal|title=Nikhil Chakravartty|journal=Mainstream|date=28 June 2008|volume=XLVI|issue=28|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article781.html|accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref>

== History ==
P. V. Narasimha Rao had a long association with the literary world beginning with his founding of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] magazine ''Kakatiya'', dating back to his years of political activism against the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam's rule in Hyderabad]]. A [[polyglot]], writer and translator in six [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], Rao is credited with translating [[Thomas Gray]]'s ''[[Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard|Elegy]]'' and the [[Constitution of India]] into Telugu. Rao has also translated the Telugu [[Jnanapith award]]ee [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]]'s ''[[Veyipadagalu]]'' into [[Hindi]], and [[Hari Narayan Apte]]'s [[Marathi literature|Marathi novel]] ''Pan Lakshat Kon gheto'' into Telugu. He also wrote a short story in English titled "The Blue Silk Saree".<ref name="tribuneindia">{{cite news|title=His unfinished work—a sequel to "The Insider"|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041224/main5.htm|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=The Tribune|date=24 December 2004}}</ref>

When Rao began writing his novel, it was titled ''The Other Half''. It told the story of Niranjan, a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party who goes on to become the [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]. It was as much a novel as also a series of essays on [[History of the Republic of India|independent India's history]]. Rao sent the completed manuscript to Nikhil Chakravartty, editor of ''Mainstream'' weekly. Rao was a long-time contributor to the weekly, writing under the pseudonym "Insider". Rao also contacted [[Mallika Sarabhai]], who ran Mapin publishing house, and the New York [[literary agent]] [[Lynn Franklin (writer, born 1946)|Lynn Franklin]] who asked him to complete the novel for publication. Rao initially planned to end his novel with the end of Niranjan's term as chief minister. Rao, who had by this time served as a Union minister under [[Indira Gandhi|Indira]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi]] was looking to retire politically and had intended to complete ''The Other Half'' by 1991. However, he was called upon to become the [[Prime Minister of India]]. Rao then informed Franklin that he would keep the novel's publication in abeyance during his term in office.<ref name="rediff">{{cite news|title=The second half|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/apr/16vir.htm|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=Rediff.com|date=16 April 1998}}</ref>

When ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' magazine was launched in 1995 it was given the manuscript of ''The Other Half'' by Nikhil Chakravartty as a major scoop for the inaugural issue. ''Outlook'', however, focused on the book's amorous passages, which infuriated Franklin and Rao. After the Congress comprehensively lost [[1996 Indian general election|the elections the next year]], Rao's resigned as prime minister and finally found time to complete his novel.<ref name="mainstreamweekly" /><ref name="rediff" /><ref name="newyorker">{{cite news|title=The Talk of the Town|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1997/06/23/1997_06_23_045_TNY_CARDS_000378300|accessdate=17 June 2013|newspaper=The New Yorker|date=23 June 1997}}</ref>

Rao was paid a {{INR}} 1,00,000 advance by [[David Davidar]] of [[Penguin India]] for publication rights. The manuscript was edited to exclude much of the sexual content and Anand substituted Niranjan as the central character.<ref name="rediff" /><ref name="newyorker" /> It has been noted that the book draws on material from ''The Reshuffle'', a satirical political skit by Rao that was published by ''Mainstream'' in 1984.<ref name="frontline" /> The book was renamed ''The Insider'', the new title suggested by Kalyani Shankar, political editor at ''[[The Hindustan Times]]''.<ref name="rediff" /> ''The Insider'' was released in 1998 by Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] at a function in Delhi that had two former prime ministers and a [[President of India|president]] in attendance.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Inside Stuff|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19980420-ab-vajpayee-releases-pv-narasimha-raos-book-the-insider-826217-1998-04-19|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=20 April 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rao tells all from inside|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/980531/plus8.html|accessdate=17 June 2013|newspaper=Sunday Times|date=31 May 1998}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The novel is set in the fictional State of Afrozabad, which is modeled on the Indian city of [[Hyderabad]], the capital of the state of the then [[Andhra Pradesh]] and present [[Telangana]] and follows the political career of its protagonist Anand a naive idealist who goes on to become the prime minister of the nation. Much of the story corresponds closely to Rao's own experiences and political career albeit fictionalised. Anand begins his political career by rebelling against Afrozabad's [[Nizam of Hyderabad|tyrannical ruler]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Phoney Idealism|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?205446|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=Outlook|date=4 May 1998}}</ref> As he rises within the political party of which he is a member, Anand is drawn into the tussle between Chief Minister Mahendranath, a character modeled on [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], and his political rival Chaudhury, who is based on [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]. As Chaudhary and his partner Shekhar successfully replace Mahendranath with Chaudhury as Chief Minister, Anand is made a minister under Chaudhary.<ref name="frontline" /><ref name="edition">{{cite news|title=Power Games – A former Indian premier talks about his debut novel|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/98/0626/feat_1_books.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624214314/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/98/0626/feat_1_books.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2013|accessdate=16 June 2013|publisher=CNN- Asia Now}}</ref>

While serving as minister, Anand has a steamy affair with another legislator, Aruna whose character is said to have been based on the three-time Congress MP [[Lakshmi Kantamma]].<ref>{{cite news|title=There's nothing wrong...Rao & I had an emotional attachment|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19980420/11050834.html|accessdate=17 June 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=20 April 1998}}</ref> Described as "the most convincing of the characters" and "Anand's only weakness besides his addiction to Congress politics", the two eventually break up. In the meanwhile power in Delhi shifts from [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] to [[Indira Gandhi]] and Anand becomes her unwavering loyalist. Under her, Chaudhury resigns and Anand becomes the first high command "nominated Chief Minister" of Afrozabad. When he tries however to pilot a bill on [[land reforms]] through the legislature, the inability to do so being the original cause for Chaudhury's replacement, he encounters a strong landlord lobby and is moved out of the state by Indira Gandhi to undertake party work.<ref name="frontline" />

The novel then breezes through an epilogue that covers the political ascendancy of Indira Gandhi in the 1970s, [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]], the [[Janata government|Janata interregnum]], [[1980 Indian general election|Indira's second coming]] and [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassination]], the rise and death of [[Sanjay Gandhi]] and the premiership of [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. As Anand opts to retire from politics, he is however called upon to become the Prime Minister and the novel ends.<ref name="edition" />

== Reception ==
''The Insider'' was Rao's first novel and had been in the making for 20 years before it was published in 1998 by [[Penguin India]]. The book largely received negative reviews from both reviewers and politicians. Reviewing Indian ''roman à clefs'' in 2010, Nilanjana Roy noted that "This 1998 novel by a former Indian PM is now justly forgotten [...] At 767 pages, [''The Insider''] suffered from the defects of a great deal of Indian political writing—the gossip wasn’t good enough to justify the prolixity".<ref>{{cite news|title=Speaking Volumes: The Desi Roman-A-Clef|url=http://nilanjanaroy.com/2010/04/06/speaking-volumes-the-desi-roman-a-clef/|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=The Business Standard|date=5 April 2010}}</ref> Similarly, Sunanda Ray of [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|''The Telegraph'']]'' ''noted that "though grateful for the gift, I did not find the book gripping reading. Therefore, I have no idea whether Anand, the central figure, matches Narasimha Rao in every detail".<ref>{{cite news|title=Lover of Obscurity – The prime minister of consensus|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041225/asp/opinion/story_4169998.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231011805/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041225/asp/opinion/story_4169998.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2004|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2004}}</ref> A revised and expanded edition of the book that was published by Penguin in 2000 was reviewed by'' [[The Hindu]] ''as "a book making heavy demands on the doggedness of a reader for withstanding an 833-page infliction from a former Prime Minister".<ref>{{cite news|title=Politicians, fixers and goons|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/06/18/stories/1318017m.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624214308/http://www.hindu.com/2000/06/18/stories/1318017m.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2013|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 June 2000}}</ref> On political grounds members of the Congress Party including [[Najma Heptulla]]h were critical of Rao's novel while many [[BJP]] supporters dismissed it as a piece of sleazy writing.<ref name="edition" />

The novel was reviewed favourably by [[Vir Sanghvi]] and welcomed by [[Mulk Raj Anand]] as an attempt at recording contemporary history by the players themselves.<ref name="tribuneindia" /><ref name="rediff" />

== Sequel ==
Plans for writing a sequel to ''The Insider'' were announced by Rao after the book hit the markets and was to have covered his term as prime minister. In 2003 it was announced that the sequel was at a crucial point of evolution and that it would be published soon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sequel to 'The Insider' at crucial stage: Narasimha Rao|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/10/01/sequel-insider-crucial-stage-narasimha-rao|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=Asian Tribune|date=1 October 2003}}</ref> In his last years as he fought several cases on charges of corruption it was reported that periodic receipts of [[Royalty payment|royalty]] from the book helped Rao pay his lawyers.<ref>{{cite news|title=PV died in penury, claims book|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121224/news-current-affairs/article/pv-died-penury-claims-book|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624214317/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121224/news-current-affairs/article/pv-died-penury-claims-book|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2013|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=24 December 2012}}</ref> The sequel was however never published although [[Ayodhya 6 December 1992]], Rao's book on the [[Babri Masjid demolition|demolition of the Babri Masjid]] came out posthumously.<ref name="tribuneindia" /><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Penguin India|url=http://selfpublish101.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/history-of-penguin-india/|publisher=Penguin India|accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XqPEo9FANw In Focus: Narashimha Rao] at YouTube (an interview with [[Karan Thapar]] that focuses on ''The Insider'')
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200009 Excerpts from ''The Other Half''] in ''Outlook''
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19980330-book-extract-p-v-narasimha-rao-insider-825999-1998-03-29 Extract from ''The Insider''] in ''India Today''
* "[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200008 Now, Meet PV The Novelist]" essay by [[Sagarika Ghose]] on ''The Other Half'' in the ''Outlook''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Insider, The}}
[[Category:Indian literature in English]]
[[Category:Roman à clef novels]]
[[Category:1998 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Books by P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:1998 debut novels]]

Sunayana (Ramayana)

2025-11-03T02:39:33Z

ShondaLemos: New...

{{Short description|Queen of Videha and mother of Sita in the Ramayana}}
{{For|Hindi film|Sunayana (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royal
| birth_place =
| type = Hindu
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Maharani]] of [[Videha]]
| predecessor = Keikasi
| successor = ''Dynasty abolished''
| house = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], Videha
| spouse = [[Janaka]]
| issue = [[Sita]] [[Urmila]]
| dynasty = [[Solar dynasty|Suryavamsha]] (by marriage)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Sunayana''' ({{langx|sa|सुनयना}}, [[IAST]]: ''Sunayanā'') is the queen of [[Videha]] in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unveiling the lesser spoken about roles of women in Ramayana |url=https://youthincmag.com/unveiling-the-lesser-spoken-about-roles-of-women-in-ramayana |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> Sunayana is the queen consort of [[Janaka]], the king of Videha, who ruled from [[Mithilā (ancient city)|Mithila]]. She is the mother of [[Sita]], the female protagonist of the epic and [[Urmila]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Mishra, V. |year=1979 |publisher=Mithila Prakasana |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FBuAAAAMAAJ&q=area+of+mithila |title=Cultural Heritage of Mithila | access-date=28 December 2016 | pages=13}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name Sunayana is of [[Sanskrit]] origin, and could be divided into ''Su'' meaning good, and ''nayana,'' meaning eyes''.'' Thus'','' her name means 'beautiful eyes'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|title=Ramayana {{!}} Summary, Characters, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065621/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legend ==
=== Birth ===
While [[Valmiki]] remains silent on her parentage and refers to her as queen consort of Seeradhwaja Janaka, the later additions of ''Ramayana'', refers to her as Sunayana and she is considered as the daughter of a serpent who was an ardent devotee of [[Shiva]].<ref name="Bundeli">[https://talkingmyths.com/bundeli-ramayana/ Bundeli Ramayana]</ref>

=== Marriage and children ===
[[File:The four sons of Dasaratha circumbulate the altar during their marriage rites.jpg|thumb|upright|The marriage ceremony of Sunayana's daughters Sita and Urmila with Rama and Lakshmana]]

Sunayana was married to King [[Janaka]], who ruled over the [[Videha]] region from his capital [[Mithilā (ancient city)|Mithila]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra|author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|title=Political History of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC|year=2006|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=81-307-0291-6}}</ref> During her marriage to Janak, Shiva gifted these two jewels, one in the form of Chudamani and the other encrusted on a ring.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHPXAAAAMAAJ&q=Kushadhwaja | title=The Ramayana | publisher=Orient Longman | author=Lakshmi Lal | year=1988 | pages=20 | isbn=9780861318056}}</ref>

According to ''Ramayana'', Janaka and Sunayana found [[Sita]] while ploughing as a part of a yagna and adopted her. Sita is considered as an avatar of goddess [[Lakshmi]].<ref name="Sutherland AOS">{{cite web |last=Sutherland |first=Sally J. |title=Sita and Draupadi, Aggressive Behavior and Female Role-Models in the Sanskrit Epics |url=http://sseas.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/faculty/files/sita_and_draupadi.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513083122/http://sseas.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/faculty/files/sita_and_draupadi.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=1 August 2012 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref> She later gave birth to Urmila on Jaya ekadashi, who is an avatar of goddess [[Nagalakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-24 |title=Urmila, Urmilā, Ūrmilā: 9 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/urmila |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>''Dictionary of Hindu Lord and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dhallapiccola</ref>

When Sita reached adulthood, Janaka conducted her [[svayamvara]], which was won by [[Rama]]. Alongside the wedding of Rama and Sita, Urmila married Rama's younger brother [[Lakshmana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Book 2 (Ayodhya-kanda): Chapter 27 - Princess Sita entreats Rama to allow her to accompany him|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc423974.html|work=www.wisdomlib.org|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Smriti Dewan |year=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIAlEAAAQBAJ&q=urmila+ramayan |title=Urmila: The Forgotten Princess |isbn=9789390252916}}</ref> According to the ''[[Bundelkhand|Bundeli Ramayana]]'', it is Sunayana who gave the ring and chudamani to Sita.<ref name="Bundeli" />

=== Queen of Mithila ===
Sunayana succeeded Janaka's mother Keikasi as the queen of Mithila. As the queen, she invested herself in the political and cultural aspects of Videha.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jha, M. |year=1997 |chapter=Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA27 |pages=27–42 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |location=New Delhi|isbn=9788175330344 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mandakranta Bose |year=2004 |chapter=Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level |title=The Ramayana Revisited |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ns8DwAAQBAJ&dq=sunayana+ramayana&pg=PA193 |pages=192–194 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=USA|isbn=9780195168334 }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
=== Films ===
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] portrayed Sunayana in the 2011 Telugu film ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-sri-rama-rajyam-is-a-must-watch/204138-8-69.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122051451/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-sri-rama-rajyam-is-a-must-watch/204138-8-69.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2011|title=Telugu Review: 'Sri Rama Rajyam' is a must watch|work=CNN-IBN|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>

=== Television ===
* [[Urmila Bhatt]] portrayed Sunayana in the 1987 series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|author-link1=William Dalrymple (historian)|title=All Indian life is here|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902143318/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|archive-date=2 September 2013|date=23 August 2008}}</ref>
* Gargi Patel portrayed Sunayana in the 2000 series ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]''
* [[Shalini Kapoor Sagar]] portrayed Sunayana in the 2002 series ''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* Prairna Agarwal / Falguni Dave portrayed Sunayana in the 2008 series ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* Nitika Sharma portrayed Sunayana in the 2011 series ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''.
* Nitika Anand Mukherjee portrayed Sunayana in the 2012 series ''[[Ramayan (2012 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] portrayed Sunayana in the 2015 series ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siya-Ke-Ram-Everything-you-want-to-know-about-the-show/photostory/49574651.cms|title=StarPlus' Siya Ke Ram: Everything you should know about the show|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref>
* Sampada Vaze portrayed Sunayana in the 2018 series ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/node/|title=Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203010609/https://www.pinkvilla.com/node/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Via Roy Chaudhary portrayed Sunayana in the 2024 series ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan Review, Episodes 1 and 2: A cinematic visual spectacle on small screen |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shrimad-ramayan-review-episodes-1-and-2-a-cinematic-visual-spectacle-on-small-screen-1269662?amp |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>
*Alka Nair portrayed Sunayana in the 2024 series '' [[Kakabhushundi Ramayan- Anasuni Kathayein]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [http://valmikiramayan.net ''Valmiki Ramayana'', English verse translation] by Desiraju Hanumanta Rao, K. M. K. Murthy et al.

{{Ramayana}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Queens in Hindu mythology]]

Thana Bhawan

2025-10-23T20:39:47Z

ShondaLemos:

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thana Bhawan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Thanabhawan sunset panorama - panoramio.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|35|N|77|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shamli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body = Bhartiya Janta Party
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 36,669
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 36,669
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=121833 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042659/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=121833 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 247777
| registration_plate = UP-19
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thana Bhawan''' is a town in [[Shamli district]] (formerly part of [[Muzaffarnagar district]]) in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was known as Prabuddhnagar first time, when this district came into focus. It is situated on Delhi–Shamli national highway, it is 100 km away from Delhi, 45 km from Saharanpur, 38 km from Muzaffarnagar and 59.6 km away from Panipat (Haryana). Border of this district is connected with district Muzaffarnagar in east and with Haryana in west and with Saharanpur in north and with district Baghpat it is connected in south. It is said that the name Thana Bhawan emerged from the name of Devi Bhawan Temple.
In the 18th century it was home to mostly Hindu and Muslims families.
It is situated on the [[Delhi]]–[[Saharanpur]] highway [[NH 709B]] around {{convert|120|km}} from Delhi.

==Religions==
Hindu and Muslim families reside in Thana Bhawan. The ancient Devi Bhawan Temple and other temples like Jassu Wala, Ashram Panchtirthi and Jahar Veer Goga Ji Maadhi are situated here. Every year a grand [[mela]] is organised in worship of [[Gogaji]]. The town is home to [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]'s house, his grave, [[madrasa]] and library. Maulana Fateh Mohammed's house is also situated in Thana Bhawan.

==Education==
There are five Inter colleges and tuition: Kisan Inter College, Divya Public School, Lala Lajpat Rai Inter College and Lala Lajpat Rai Kanya Inter College. Anand Public School, Arpan Senior Secondary School, Alpine International School, Sanatan Dharm Higher Secondary School, Saraswati Public Junior High School

There is only one college, Chaudhary Atar Singh Degree College, which is affiliated to [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]], [[Meerut]]. It was opened with the objective of providing higher education to the town's people so that they could study in their own town.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Thana Bhawan had a population of 31,183. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Thana Bhawan has an average literacy rate of 47%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 54%, and female literacy is 39%. In Thana Bhawan, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Thana Bhawan is also a UP State Assembly constituency itself, with nearly 240,000 voters.

== Notable personalities==

* [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] (1863–1943) was an Indian Islamic scholar of the [[Deobandi]] movement. He wrote more than a thousand books.
* [[Shaukat Thanvi]] (1904–1963), whose family came from Thana Bhawan, was a Pakistani journalist, essayist, columnist, novelist, short story writer, broadcaster, playwright, humorist and poet. He received the [[Tamgha-e-Imtiaz]] Award in 1963 from the President of Pakistan.<ref name="dawn">{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1071157 | title=Biography of Shaukat Thanvi | newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] | first=Rauf | last=Parekh | date=6 May 2008 | location=Karachi | accessdate=11 June 2019}}</ref>
* [[Ehtisham ul Haq Thanvi]] (1915-1980) was a Pakistani Islamic scholar

==Economy==
Thana Bhawan is famous for the production of many crops, the main ones being rice, wheat, garlic, onions, potato, and sugarcane. This place is also famous for clothes, garments, grocery and other items markets. The nearby village people come here to purchase daily needs items.

==See also==
* [[Shamli]]
* [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://muzaffarnagar.nic.in/admin.htm District Muzaffarnagar]
* [http://muzaffarnagar.nic.in/census2001.htm Muzaffarnagar CENSUS 2001]

{{commons category}}
{{Shamli district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Shamli district]]

Belur Math railway station

2025-10-04T16:04:59Z

ShondaLemos: reworked references for accuracy and updated info

{{short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Belur Math
| symbol = s
| symbol_location = kolkata
| other_name =
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| system = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| image = Belur Math railway station 01.jpg
| image_caption = Belur Math railway station
| address = Grand Trunk Rd, [[Belur, West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.630995|88.351374|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = 1
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| accessible =
| status = Operational
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BRMH<ref name="Indian railway codes">{{cite web |title=Indian railway codes |url=http://www.icf.indianrailways.gov.in/PB/pass/stations.html |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref>
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| opened = 2003
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = yes
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Liluah|right=|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Bandel Junction|type=[[Howrah–Bardhaman main line|Belur Math branch line]]}}
| map_type = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Belur Math
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Kolkata##Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| route_map = {{Howrah–Bardhaman main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Belur Math railway station''' is a terminal railway station of the Kolkata Suburban Railway network, which connects [[Belur Math]], temple and the headquarters of the [[Ramakrishna Mission|Ramakrishna Math and Mission]], with Howrah via the Eastern main line of Eastern Railway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Belur Math Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/belur-math-brmh/9579|access-date=2020-07-04|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=donationsbm|title=Our Location|url=https://belurmath.org/our-location/|access-date=2020-07-04|website=Belur Math – Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission}}</ref>

== Nearby places of interest ==
The [[Belur Math]] which is the headquarters of the [[Ramkrishna Mission]] and a leading tourist and pilgrimage destination for people across the world, is located on the banks of river Ganga, at a distance of about 1.5  km from the station. It was established by [[Swami Vivekananda]] in the year 1938 and also contains the [[Samadhi]] of the great Saint and youth icon along with that of [[Sarada Devi]] and [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]].<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Digheli

2025-09-21T02:03:09Z

ShondaLemos: starting initial stub needs work

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Digheli
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4422|91.4598|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Digheli
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 55
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 5285
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781371<ref>{{cite web |title=DIGHELI Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/assam/nalbari/digheli-pincode-781371.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303979
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha =
| registration_plate = AS-14
}}
'''Digheli''' is a census village in [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1=Samudra Gupta |title=Assam polls: It's the season when their craft adorns the heads of ministers and party chiefs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/assam-assembly-election-2016-its-the-season-when-their-craft-adorns-the-heads-of-ministers-and-party-chiefs/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Digheli has a total population of 5,285 people including 2,696 males and 2,589 females, and with a literacy rate of 91.17%.<ref>{{cite web |title=District-wise Towns and their population and Literacy rate in Assam, 2011 |url=https://transdev.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/pndd_medhassu_in_oid_2/portlet/level_2/chapter1_1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220718080706/https://transdev.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/pndd_medhassu_in_oid_2/portlet/level_2/chapter1_1.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 }}</ref>

Digheli has a history of militancy affected<ref>{{cite news |last1=PRABHAKARA |first1=M. S. |date=24 October 2002 |title=Assam's angst |language=en |work=frontline.thehindu.com |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline, The Hindu]] |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30246367.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220718080753/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30246367.ece |archive-date=18 July 2022 }}</ref> and flood affected area.<ref>{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA 2001 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3281/1/38756_2001_NAL.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718091017/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3281/1/38756_2001_NAL.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Sikhism in Nepal

2025-09-04T07:16:47Z

ShondaLemos: typo fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|Sikhism in Nepal|Sikhism as a religion|Sikhism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox religious group|population=~600–7,000|founder=[[Guru Nanak]]|group=Sikhism in Nepal|flag=Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|flag_size=50px|languages=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Nepali language|Nepali]]|religions=[[Sikhism]] (incl. [[Udasi]]s and [[Nanakpanthi]]s)}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

Nepali [[Sikhs]] first entered Nepal in the 18th century. Today, there is a small community of Sikhs living in Nepal, with varying claims of their numbers totaling around 609 according to the 2011 census of Nepal whilst others have asserted the true number is in the area of 7,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |date=29 December 2013 |title=State of neglect |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2013/12/28/free-the-words/state-of-neglect/257527.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915025142/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2013/12/28/free-the-words/state-of-neglect/257527.html |archive-date=15 September 2014 |website=The Kathmandu Post |quote=Generation after generation, their population grew and there is now a substantial population of Nepali Sikhs—over 7,000 residents, according to the 2011 Census.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal Profile |url=https://mofa.gov.np/about-nepal/nepal-profile/ |website=Government of Nepal - Ministry Of Foreign Affairs |quote=Religion(s): There are ten religious categories reported in the census 2011. Hindu is followed by 81.3 percent (21,551,492) of the population followed by Buddhism (9%; 2,396,099), Islam (4.4%; 1,162,370), Kirat (3.1%; 807,169), Christianity (1.4%; 375,699), Prakriti (0.5%; 121,982), Bon (13,006), Jainism (3,214), Bahai (1,283) and Sikhism (609).}}</ref>

==History==

=== Sikh gurus ===
[[Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak Dev]], the founder of Sikhism, spent more than a year meditating on a site now known as Nanak Math, located in Balaju, Kathmandu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bali|first=Meghna|title=Little punjab {{!}} Nepali Times Buzz {{!}} Nepali Times|url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/article/Nepali-Times-Buzz/Nepali-Sikh-community-retaining-its-distinctive-religious-identity,1028|access-date=2021-05-14|website=archive.nepalitimes.com}}</ref> It is believed that Guru Nanak visited the math in 1516.<ref name="sikhnet">{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/sacred-well-kathmandu-gurdwara-cleaned|title=Sacred well in Kathmandu gurdwara cleaned | SikhNet|date=2 May 2013 |publisher=sikhnet.com|access-date=2014-09-14}}</ref> Guru Nanak is traditionally locally known as ''Nanak Rishi'' in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Janet |date=2019-10-02 |title=Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3–4 |pages=499 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641 |s2cid=210494526 |issn=1744-8727|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Booklet on Guru Nanak Dev's teachings released |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/booklet-on-guru-nanak-dev%E2%80%99s-teachings-released-859755 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |quote=Rare is a saint who has travelled and preached as widely as Guru Nanak Dev. He was known as Nanakachraya in Sri Lanka, Nanak Lama in Tibet, Guru Rimpochea in Sikkim, Nanak Rishi in Nepal, Nanak Peer in Baghdad, Wali Hind in Mecca, Nanak Vali in Misar, Nanak Kadamdar in Russia, Baba Nanak in Iraq, Peer Balagdaan in Mazahar Sharif and Baba Foosa in China, said Dr S S Sibia, director of Sibia Medical Centre.}}</ref>

[[Guru Gobind Singh]] makes mention of [[Gurkha|Gurkhas]] in the ''[[Dasam Granth]]'', stating:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=I. J. |date=8 February 2012 |title=Sikhi: The Global Vision That Was |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikhi-global-vision-was |website=SikhNet}}</ref>
{{Quote|text="Gorkhas [sic] sing thy praises, the residents of China and Manchuria bow their heads before thee and the Tibetans destroy their own sufferings by remembering thee. Those who meditate on thee obtain perfect glory, and prosper greatly. One cannot know thy limit, O Infinitely Glorious Lord! Thou art the Giver of all, therefore thou are Boundless."|author=Guru Gobind Singh|title=''Dasam Granth''}}

=== Sikh Empire ===
Following conflict with the British East India Company, Maharani [[Jind Kaur]], the youngest wife of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], managed to escape from the Punjab disguised as a servant girl and came to Nepal via Nepalgunj on 29 April, 1849. The Nepalese government gave her shelter. Later, she went to London, but those Sikhs who remained in Nepal started their livelihood there. A few Nepalgunj territories near the Indian border are still called Shikhhanpurwa, Jamunaha and Bankatwa.<ref name="State of neglet, the Kathmandu post">[https://mofa.gov.np/about-nepal/nepal-profile/ Ministry Of Foreign Affairs] </ref>

==== Release of Sikh prisoners-of-war in Tibetan captivity ====
In March 1856, a treaty between Tibet and the [[Kingdom of Nepal]], known as the [[Treaty of Thapathali]], was signed. Clause 4 of the treaty freed the remaining Sikh prisoners-of-war still held in Tibetan captivity whom were [[Dogra–Tibetan war|captured in 1841]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/political-treaties-of-tibet...pdf |title=Political Treaties of Tibet (821 to 1951) |publisher=Department of Information & International Relations (DIIR) - Central Tibetan Administration |year=1990 |chapter=Treaty Between Nepal and Tibet, March 1856 |format=PDF |quote=4. Chouthon Kura (Article Four): The Government of Gorkha is to withdraw its troops from the occupied territories of Kuti and Kerong and Jhung and return to the Tibetans the sepoys, sheep, and yaks captured during the war, when the conditions of the treaty were fulfilled. The Tibetans, in return, are also to give back to the Gorkhali cannons and also the Sikh prisoners-of war who had been captured in 1841 in the war between Bhot and the Dogra ruler.}}</ref> This clause was included in the treaty at the behest of [[Gulab Singh]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]] to free the remaining prisoners.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKay |first=Alex |title=Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History |publisher=Edition Hansjörg Mayer |year=2003 |isbn=9783883757186 |pages=139}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sikh diaspora]]
*[[Sikhism by country]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2013/12/28/free-the-words/state-of-neglect/257527.html|title=State of neglect | Free the Words | :: The Kathmandu Post ::|publisher=ekantipur.com|access-date=2014-09-14}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/sacred-well-kathmandu-gurdwara-cleaned|title=Sacred well in Kathmandu gurdwara cleaned | SikhNet|date=2 May 2013 |publisher=sikhnet.com|access-date=2014-09-14}}
*{{cite web |title=Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/ |website=[[Punjabi University]] |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610133731/https://www.learnpunjabi.org/ |archive-date=Jun 10, 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}

{{Asia topic|Sikhism in}}
{{Religion in Nepal}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikhism by country|Nepal]]
[[Category:Religion in Nepal]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Asia|Nep]]

{{Sikhism-stub}}
{{nepal-stub}}

Midhakur

2025-05-16T22:57:19Z

ShondaLemos: quick adjust section per sources additionally for clarity

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
'''Midhakur''' is a Town in [[Agra]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It is situated on NH-11 Agra, [[Jaipur Highway]], just 20 minutes drive from Agra. [[Fatehpur Sikari]] is only 15 km from Midhakur. Seven communities are an integral part of this place and people have cordial relations among.famous person Rajeev Chaudhary is lives in this village

==Economy==
Midhakur has land and plots and development of new housings adjoining the highway. The economy is driven by various restaurants and vast market of essential commodities. There is a traditional system of haath on Tuesday and Saturday in which people get fresh vegetables at very cheap rates. Midhakur has a central market selling commodities ranging from household items to agricultural fertilizer (vashudev Prasad Satish chand) computers, laptops, telecommunication (B.D. Enterprises), Solanki Automobiles etc. Additionally, banks such as the [[State Bank of India]], [[Canara Bank]], and [[Bank of India]] provide banking facilities and ATM services in Midhakur.

==Government==
Midhakur falls within the ambit of Sadar Tehsil, Agra where all the revenue matters are taken care off. There is a police station situated in Midhakur, which falls under the jurisdiction of Malpura Thana. The local governance and development works are looked by the gram pradhan under the supervision of state government.

==Infrastructure==
Midhakur has proper medical facilities with various sitting doctors and the construction of a government hospital has fostered the growth of community health. Leather Park is also nearby to this place. Public transportation facility is also very reliable. There is a railway station of NCR region in Midhakur. There is a police station also for a positive environment. Being so close to main city you can have access to all the things within 20 minutes.

==Education==
There is one government intermediate college named Janta Inter College. There are also two primary schools and one Saraswati sishu mandir. Moreover, there are three private colleges affiliated to [[C.B.S.E]] which have been imparting education to the children. Apart from this R.B.S Bichpuri a college of Agra is very nearby. A lot of private colleges are also providing quality education to college going students.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Agra district}}
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Agra district]]

{{Agra-geo-stub}}

Dawon

2025-05-04T21:21:40Z

ShondaLemos: quick improve references per sources further and added references

[[File:Durga riding on her lion killing a demon. Watercolour drawin Wellcome V0045153.jpg|thumb|Durga upon her lion mount, Dawon]]
{{Short description|Mount of the Hindu goddess Durga}}
{{for|the South Korean singer|Dawon (singer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Dawon''' also known as '''Somnandi''' is either a lion or a tiger that serves as the mount of the Hindu major goddess [[Durga]] in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ewing |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54jiDwAAQBAJ&dq=dawon+tiger+durga&pg=PT476 |title=77 Things to Know Before Getting a Cat: The Essential Guide to Preparing Your Family and Home for a Feline Companion |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Fox Chapel Publishing |isbn=978-1-62008-292-8 |pages=476 |language=en}}</ref> As Mother Durga fights with demon Mahishasura, she steps one feet on Somnandi and other feet on Mahishasura to kill him for the upliftment of dharma. According to some Hindu spiritual texts like Kalika purana, Somnandi or Mother Durga's lion is believed to be [[Vishnu]] himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Korwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qp4EAAAQBAJ&dq=dawon+tiger&pg=PT140 |title=Gods and Heroes: Mythology Around the World |date=2018-08-21 |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-5235-0391-9 |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref>

Dawon has often been represented in traditional and ancient [[Bengali culture]] and [[Indian culture]] in the form of ''Ghatokbahini'' ({{Langx|bn|ঘটকবাহিনী সিংহ}}), i.e. in the form of a half-lion, half-tiger hybrid, like a [[liger]]. It is a sacred tiger in [[Tibet]]an lore, and was later known as '''Gdon''.

{{Hindu mythology}}

==See also==
* [[Durga]]
* [[Vahana]]
* [[Shesha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological lions]]

{{Hindu-myth-stub}}

Maganlal Gangaram

2025-05-02T12:52:26Z

ShondaLemos:

{{Short description|Singaporean businessman (1905–1953)}}
[[File:G. Maganlal.png|thumb|Maganlal in 1940]]
'''Maganlal Gangaram''' (1905 – 1 January 1953) was the president of the [[Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce]] from 1937 to 1940 and the director of Maganlal Nagindas & Co.

==Early life==
Maganlal came to Singapore in 1913 and received his education at the St. Anthony Boys' School and later at the [[Anglo-Chinese School (Barker Road)|Anglo-Chinese School]].<ref name = "FP">{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 17 September 1948|title= These People Make News|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/freepress19480917-1.2.50|work= [[The Singapore Free Press]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 19 March 1939|title= Mainly About Malayans|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19390319-1.2.98|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Maganlal was a partner and the managing director of Maganlal Nagindas & Co. He was elected the vice-president of the [[Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce]] in March 1937.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 20 March 1937|title= INDIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19370320-1.2.135|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref> During an extraordinary meeting on 15 October, he was elected the president of the chamber of commerce, replacing [[Jumabhoy Mohamed Jumabhoy]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 20 October 1937|title= INDIAN C. OF C.|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/maltribune19371020-1.2.130|work= The Malaya Tribune|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref> He resigned from the position in April 1940 and was replaced by [[Rajabali Jumabhoy]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 13 April 1940|title= MALAYAN TRADE WITH INDIA INCREASING|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19400413-1.2.61|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref> In May of the following year, Maganlal was elected the chamber's Deputy Chairman.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 5 May 1941|title= INDIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/maltribune19410505-1.2.29|work= The Malaya Tribune|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref> Following the start of the [[Pacific War]], he was appointed the chairman of the [[Indian Passive Defence Corps|Passive Defence Committee]], which later became the Indian Passive Defence Corps.<ref name = "FP"/> During the [[Japanese occupation of Singapore]], he served as the chairman of the Indian Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 27 November 1942|title= Syonan Chamber Of Commerce Foreshadowed|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/syonantimes19421127-1.2.37|work= [[The Straits Times|The Syonan Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref> He also served as the member-in-change of the Finance Section of the local branch of the [[Indian Independence League]] and a member of the [[Azad Hind]] Board of Finance.<ref name = "IDM">{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 4 June 1947|title= Indian Merchant Ordered To Quit Singapore|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/indiandailymail19470604-1.2.52|work= Indian Daily Mail|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref>

Following the end of the Japanese occupation, Maganlal was one of a group of seven Indians who were detained for questioning by the [[British Military Administration (Malaya)|British Military Administration]] at [[Outram Prison]] on 20 October 1945. He was released on 9 January 1946, before being charged with alleged extortion at the [[Former Supreme Court, Singapore|Supreme Court]]. After further investigation, all of the charges against Maganlal and the rest of the group were withdrawn in February, and he went on a six-month trip to India in April. However, for domestic reasons, he remained in India for much longer and only returned to Singapore on 23 April of the following year. Upon arriving in Singapore, he was told by an Immigration Officer to leave within the next 30 days as his presence was considered "undesirable", and was forced to pay a $2,000 fine. He wrote a letter to then-[[Chief Secretary (Singapore)|Colonial Secretary of Singapore]] Sir [[Patrick McKerron]], asking him to reconsider the order. Maganlal received the support of [[S. K. Chettur]], the Indian government's representative to Malaya, who reported the issue to the Indian government. After McKerron wrote back to Maganlal, stating that he was unable to remove the Immigration Officer's order.<ref name = "IDM"/> The issue was resolved in June, with the [[Malayan Indian Congress]] condemning the Singaporean government's actions against Maganlal.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 9 June 1947|title= METAJI MEMORIAL IN SINGAPORE|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/indiandailymail19470609-1.2.2|work= Indian Daily Mail|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref>

In March 1948, Maganlal was appointed the honorary treasurer of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hall|Gandhi Memorial Fund]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 3 March 1948|title= $69,596 FOR MEMORIAL TO GANDHI|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/freepress19480303-1.2.30.15|work= [[The Singapore Free Press]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref> He stood as an Independent candidate for Rural Ward in [[1948 Rural West by-election]], which was held in October following the death of incumbent [[S. C. Goho|Shrish Chandra Goho]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 8 September 1948|title= ELECTION CALL: RURAL SCHOOLS|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19480908-1.2.45|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 8 September 1948|title= WILL WORK FOR BETTER SERVICES|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/freepress19480908-1.2.35.11|work= [[The Singapore Free Press]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref> He came in third with 20.55% of the votes, behind [[Balwant Singh (politician)|Balwant Singh]] and [[Cheong Hock Chye]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 21 October 1948|title= Balwant Singh wins Rural West|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitsbudget19481021-1.2.83|work= [[The Straits Times|The Straits Budget]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref> He was also a patron of the [[Singapore Indian Association]], and the honorary auditor of the [[A.C.S. Old Boys' Association]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 9 January 1953|title= In memory of Mr. Maganlal|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19530109-1.2.70|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 5 March 1941|title= NEW OFFICE-BEARERS OF A.C.S. OLD BOYS' ASSN.|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19410305-1.2.93|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Maganlal was married with 11 sons, nine of whom were born and raised in Singapore.<ref name = "IDM"/> He died of a heart attack in [[Surat|Surat, India]] on 1 January 1953.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 3 January 1953|title= Merchant is dead|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19530103-1.2.110|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 3 January 1953|title= Death OF Mr. Maganlal|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/freepress19530103-1.2.98|work= [[The Singapore Free Press]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 17 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangaram, Maganlal}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]

Chhura (Character)

2025-03-09T07:22:15Z

ShondaLemos: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Chhurbura]]

S.N. Sundarambal

2025-02-14T05:57:49Z

ShondaLemos: new

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter (1913–2007)}}
{{Hatnote|For the Indian politician, see [[S. Sundarambal]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''S. N. Sundarambal''' (7 October 1913, in [[Tiruppur]] – 20 August 2007, in Tiruppur) was an Indian [[freedom fighter]] and social activist, best remembered for organising various demonstrations against the [[British Raj]] which led to her arrests, most notably after a [[Satyagraha]] protest, serving a three-month sentence at the [[Vellore]] prison in 1941. She was a follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Vinobha Bhave]], and participated in the [[Khadi]] movement during the [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom struggle]]. After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], she advocated for [[farmers' rights]], and founded the Angeripalayam orphanage in Tiruppur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2011 |title=The league of extraordinary women |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |last=Kannadasan |first=Akila |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/The-league-of-extraordinary-women/article15514357.ece |access-date=6 August 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=SN Sundarambal: Forgotten freedom fighter of Tiruppur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/aug/15/sn-sundarambal-forgotten-freedom-fighter-of-tiruppur-2344942.html |date=15 August 2021 |last=M.P. |first=Saravanan |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210015808/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/aug/15/sn-sundarambal-forgotten-freedom-fighter-of-tiruppur-2344942.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=சுதந்திரப் போராட்டத்தில் பங்களித்த தமிழ்ப் பெண்கள்; வீரம் விளைந்த கதைகள்! #IndependenceDay2022 |trans-title=Tamil women who contributed to the freedom struggle; Brave stories! #IndependenceDay2022 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/gender/contribution-of-tamil-nadu-women-in-freedom-fight |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Viketan |date=13 August 2022 |language=ta |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017075359/https://www.vikatan.com/gender/contribution-of-tamil-nadu-women-in-freedom-fight |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sundarambal |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?8683 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926025057/https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?8683 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundarambal, S.N.}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian farmers' rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:People from Tiruppur]]
{{India-activist-stub}}

Swami Tapasyananda

2025-01-27T18:04:32Z

ShondaLemos: Created...

{{moresources|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| name = Swami Tapasyananda
|image =
| birth_date = 1904
| notable_works = [[Bhagavata Purana]] from Sanskrit to English in 4 Volumes, Translations of [[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Adhyatma Ramayana]], Sundara Kandam, Narayaneeyam, Bhakti Ratnavali, Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, Sri Lalita Sahasranama, Saundarya Lahari, Shivananda Lahari, and Kapilopadesha, Short biographies of [[Sri Ramakrishna]], [[Sri Sarada Devi]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Bhakti]] Schools of [[Vedanta]].
| death_date = 3 October 1991
| philosophy = [[Vedanta]]
| guru = [[Swami Shivananda]]
}}

'''Swami Tapasyananda''' (1904-1991) was a senior monk of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. He was born in the Palat family of [[Ottapalam]] in [[Kerala]], in 1904. His pre-monastic name was K. P. Balakrishnan Menon. In 1921, when he was just 17 years old, he met Swami Brahmananda- a direct disciple and spiritual son of Sri Ramakrishna, in Chennai. He received [[Diksha|Mantra-Diksha]] from Swami Shivananda in 1924, and joined the Order in 1926, at 22 years age after completing in post graduation. In 1932, he received [[Sannyasa]] from Swami Shivananda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=donationsbm |title=Swami Tapasyananda |url=https://belurmath.org/past-vicepresidents/swami-tapasyananda/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Belur Math - Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/srkmath/docs/the_vedanta_kesari_-_august_2020/s/10860062|date=August 2020|work=[[Vedanta Kesari]]|access-date=2021-05-05|title=Pariprasna|publisher=[[Issuu]]|author=[[Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai]]}}</ref> He was a disciple of [[Swami Shivananda]], one of the eminent disciples of [[Sri Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Mumtaz|title=Jewel in the Lotus: Deeper Aspects of Hinduism|publisher=BookNetIndia|year=2005|isbn=978-81-8260-022-5}}</ref> The Swami was a vice-president of the Ramakrishna Order from 1985-1991, giving Mantra-Diksha to a large number of devotees. He was an erudite scholar in [[Indian philosophy|Indian]] and [[Western philosophy]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} He has to his credit many books in English, including the translations of many scriptures. His translation of [[Bhagavata Purana]] in four volumes has been highly acclaimed in intellectual and devotional circles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} He was the president of [[Ramakrishna Math]], [[Chennai]] from 1971-1991. Swamiji was well known for his austere life and intuitive intellect. His deity was Lord Khrishna and he practiced spiritual activity as told by his Guruji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book authored by Swami Tapasyananda |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book-author/swami+tapasyananda/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com}}</ref> He was a prolific writer. Some of the books authored by him are listed below. He translated many Hindu classics into English from original Sanskrit. He founded Ramakrishna Mission Hospital at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

== Bibliography ==

=== Biographies ===
* Sri Ramakrishna: Life and Teachings
* Sri Sarada Devi: Life and Teachings
* Swami Vivekananda: His Life and Legacy
* Sri Sarada Devi, The Holy Mother
* Swami Ramakrishnananda : the apostle of Sri Ramakrishna to the South

=== Studies ===
* Bhakti Schools of Vedanta {{ISBN|81-7120-226-8}}
* The four yogas of Swami Vivekananda {{ISBN|0-7025-0180-8}}
* The Nationalistic and Religious Lectures of Swami Vivekananda
* The philosophical and religious lectures of Swami Vivekananda
* For Enquirers about Ramakrishna Math and Mission
* Spiritual Quest
* Sri Ramakrishna's Thought on Man, World and God

=== Translations ===
* Srimad Bhagavata; The Holy Book of God - 4 volumes (Original Sanskrit with English Translation) {{ISBN|81-7823-046-1}}
* Srimad Bhagavad Gita (Economy Edition)
* Bhagavad Gita (Pocket Edition)
* Adhyatma Ramayana: The Spiritual Version of the Rama Saga (Original Sanskrit with English Translation) {{ISBN|81-7120-004-4}}
* [[Sundara Kanda|Sundarakandam]] of Srimad Valmiki Ramayana {{ISBN|81-7120-333-7}}
* Narayaneeyam : Bhagavata condensed {{ISBN|81-7120-419-8}}
* Bhakti ratnavali, or, A necklace of devotional gems : an anthology from Bhagavata {{ISBN|81-7120-224-1}}
* Sri Vishnu Sahasranama as per Shankara's commentary
* Sri Lalita Sahasranama: The Text, Transliteration and English Translation {{ISBN|81-7823-099-2}}
* Saundarya-lahari of Sri Sankaracarya : with text and translation, and notes based on Laksmidhara's commentary {{ISBN|81-7120-244-6}}
* Sivananda Lahari of Shankara
* Aratrika Hymns and Ramnam
* Stotranjali
* Sankara Digvijaya
* Kaplilopadesha
* Prashnottara-ratna-malika of Shankara
* Laghu-Vasudeva-Mananam

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
* [https://www.esamskriti.com/e/Spirituality/Vedanta/Debate-Between-Sankara-And-Mandana-Misra-1.aspx "Debate between Sankara and Mandana Misra", "By Swami Tapasyananda"]
* [https://practicalphilosophy.in/bhagavad-gita/bhagavad-gita-summary-swami-tapasyananda/, "Bhagavad Gita Summary (Swami Tapasyananda)"]
* [https://rkmthrissur.org/blogs/post/swami-tapasyananda-austerity-personifiedpy "Swami Tapasyananda : Austerity Personified]

==Further reading==
* Swami Tapasyananda As We Knew Him. Ramakrishna Math, Chennai, 2013. {{ISBN|978-81-7883-633-1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tapasyananda, Swami}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Hindu writers]]
[[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]