https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Shivam+BabuBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-06T06:44:35ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umred_Assembly_constituency&diff=542565Umred Assembly constituency2026-05-06T22:51:40Z<p>Shivam Babu: creating</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Umred<br />
| constituency_no = 51<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| map_image = 51-Umred.svg<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]]<br />
| district = [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]<br />
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52-124}}</ref><br />
| reservation = SC <br />
| mla = [[Sanjay Meshram]] <br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}<br />
| electors =301,080 <br />
}}<br />
'''Umred Assembly constituency''', formerly known as '''Umrer''', is one of twelve constituencies of the [[Maharashtra]] Vidhan Sabha located in [[Nagpur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is a part of [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency]] (SC).<br />
<br />
On 24 March 2024, Umred Assembly constituency became [[Casual vacancy|vacant]] as the [[Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|incumbent MLA]] [[Raju Devnath Parwe|Raju Parwe]] resigned as Member Of Umred Legislative Assembly and Primary Member of [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class = wikitable<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umred Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/umred.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Ramchandra Pandurang Lanjewar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Chaudhari Anantram Dayal (Sc) <br> Samrath Sadashiorao Rajaramrao <br />
|- <br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Damu Sadashiv Tarnekar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. B. Deotale <br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || A. L. Waghmare <br />
|- <br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Dakate Purushottam Mansaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Mulak Bhausaheb Govindrao <br />
|- <br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Parate Shrawan Govindrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Parate Sharwan Govindrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Parate Shrawan Govindrao <br />
|- <br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Vasantrao Balaji Itkelwar || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Rajendra Mulak]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sudhir Laxmanrao Parwe|Sudhir Parwe]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Raju Devnath Parwe|Raju Parwe]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Sanjay Meshram]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Umred">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Umred |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1351.htm |access-date=6 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206085153/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1351.htm |archive-date=6 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Umred Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Umred Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/umred |accessdate=6 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206094014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/umred |archivedate=6 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Meshram]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 85,372 |percentage = 39.78% |change = {{decrease}}7.16 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhir Laxman Parwe |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 72,547 |percentage = 33.80% |change = {{decrease}}3.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gharde Pramod Deorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 49,262 |percentage = 22.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Suryabhan Gajbhiye |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,379 |percentage = 1.57% |change = {{decrease}}7.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sapna Rajendra Meshram |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,854 |percentage = 0.86% |change = {{decrease}}2.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,263 |percentage = 0.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.29 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,825 |percentage = 5.98% |change = {{decrease}}3.22 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 215,887 |percentage = 71.70% |change = {{increase}}1.96 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 214,624}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 301,080 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.73 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.16 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raju Devnath Parwe|Raju Parwe]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 91,968 |percentage = 46.94% |change = {{increase}}37.50 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhir Laxman Parwe |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,939 |percentage = 37.74% |change = {{decrease}}11.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sandip Sahadeo Meshram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 18,567 |percentage = 9.48% |change = {{decrease}}8.82 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rukshdas Mokasrao Bansod |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,931 |percentage = 3.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manojkumar Manoranjan Bawangade |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,790 |percentage = 0.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,724 |percentage = 0.88% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,029 |percentage = 9.20% |change = {{decrease}}22.12 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 198,597 |percentage = 69.74% |change = {{increase}}3.65 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,934}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 284,768 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.26 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.68 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sudhir Laxmanrao Parwe|Sudhir Parwe]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 92,399 |percentage = 49.62% |change = {{increase}}0.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansod Rukshadas Mokasrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 34,077 |percentage = 18.30% |change = {{increase}}11.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Deonath Parwe |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,497 |percentage = 12.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meshram Sanjay Narayanrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,586 |percentage = 9.44% |change = {{decrease}}13.93 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abhyankar Jagannath Motiram |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 7,180 |percentage = 3.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fule Ramesh Baburao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 2,747 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kambale Rajesh Digambar |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,201 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,352 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 58,322 |percentage = 31.32% |change = {{increase}}5.66 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 187,712 |percentage = 66.09% |change = {{increase}}3.10 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,209}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 284,020 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.39 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.59 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sudhir Laxmanrao Parwe|Sudhir Parwe]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,416 |percentage = 49.03% |change = {{increase}}19.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meshram Shrirish Mahadeorao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,720 |percentage = 23.37% |change = {{decrease}}24.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sandip Gawai |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,943 |percentage = 9.15% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinod Bhaskarrao Patil |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 12,246 |percentage = 7.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansod Rukshadas Mokasrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,281 |percentage = 3.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharmadas Mirguji Chaudhari |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,131 |percentage = 1.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malke Ghanshyam Ramaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,647 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Golghate Tarkeshwar Devidas |party = Democratic Secular Party |votes = 1,591 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,696 |percentage = 25.66% |change = {{increase}}7.67 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,711 |percentage = 62.99% |change = {{decrease}}10.72 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,218}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 277,378 |ref = |change = {{increase}}47.29 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.09 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajendra Mulak]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,539 |percentage = 47.94% |change = {{increase}}28.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vitthalrao Jagobaji Raut Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,573 |percentage = 29.95% |change = {{increase}}3.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bele Krushna Narayan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,057 |percentage = 7.97% |change = {{increase}}4.30 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Itkelwar Vasantrao Balaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,668 |percentage = 4.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagdhare Takshashila Kamalnath |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,784 |percentage = 4.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dayaram Bhagwan Narnaware |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 1,651 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bure Devrao Madhoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,538 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kursange Ashok Mukunda |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 1,319 |percentage = 0.95% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,966 |percentage = 17.99% |change = {{increase}}9.66 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,803 |percentage = 73.71% |change = {{increase}}4.81 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,791}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,321 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.76 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}13.00 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Balaji Itkelwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,950 |percentage = 34.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Vitthalrao Jagobaji (Patil) |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,899 |percentage = 26.61% |change = {{increase}}17.16 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mulak Rajendra Bhausaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,089 |percentage = 19.42% |change = {{decrease}}5.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Shrawan Govindrao Parate |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 12,535 |percentage = 11.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheikh Zebunnisa Mohammed Nazir |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,983 |percentage = 3.67% |change = {{decrease}}13.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bure Deoram Madhorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,743 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumbhare Vishnukant Suryakant |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 1,056 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,051 |percentage = 8.33% |change = {{increase}}5.95 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,067 |percentage = 68.90% |change = {{decrease}}14.78 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,600}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,007 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.23 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.07 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Parate Shrawan Govindrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,930 |percentage = 24.87% |change = {{decrease}}4.50 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Itkelwqr Vasantrao Balajipant |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,686 |percentage = 22.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mehsram Nathu Hari |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 23,478 |percentage = 17.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Vithalrao Jagbasi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,891 |percentage = 9.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Itankar Deorao Shrawanji |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,525 |percentage = 7.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deorao Madho Bure |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,950 |percentage = 4.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gode Keshaorao Panduranji |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,179 |percentage = 3.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirshikar Raju Yogshwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,102 |percentage = 3.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,244 |percentage = 2.38% |change = {{decrease}}3.99 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,078 |percentage = 83.68% |change = {{increase}}17.77 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,438}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,395 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.94 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.50 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Parate Sharwan Govindrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,555 |percentage = 29.37% |change = {{decrease}}8.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Itkelwar Vasantrao Balaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,146 |percentage = 23.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meshra Nattu Hari |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 20,343 |percentage = 20.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gode Keshorao Pandurang |party = Janata Dal |votes = 13,260 |percentage = 13.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Samarth Chandrashekhar Tukaramji |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,375 |percentage = 6.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Traymbakrao (Dinkar) Marotrao Chakole |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 5,135 |percentage = 5.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeo Sharwan Bele |party = Independent politician |votes = 710 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,409 |percentage = 6.37% |change = {{decrease}}11.56 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,213 |percentage = 65.91% |change = {{increase}}0.22 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,632}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,082 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.31 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{decrease}}26.27 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Parate Shrawan Govindrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 45,223 |percentage = 55.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhausaheb Govindrao Mulak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,650 |percentage = 37.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harishchandra Mangoji Meshram |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,817 |percentage = 3.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bakde Ambadas Gopalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,573 |percentage = 1.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mandpe Nilkanth Hilku |party = Independent politician |votes = 595 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,573 |percentage = 17.93% |change = {{increase}}1.06 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,616 |percentage = 65.69% |change = {{increase}}16.83 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,275}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,769 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.84 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}16.01 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mulak Bhausaheb Govindrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,145 |percentage = 39.63% |change = {{decrease}}16.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Itankar Deorao Shrawan |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 12,715 |percentage = 22.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dekate Purushottam Mansaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,356 |percentage = 16.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Walke Chintaman Janba |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,953 |percentage = 14.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dubey Shambabu Gangaprasad |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,896 |percentage = 3.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paunikar Pandurang Pundlik |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,107 |percentage = 1.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bokade Eknath Govinda |party = Independent politician |votes = 713 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,430 |percentage = 16.87% |change = {{decrease}}22.87 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,520 |percentage = 48.86% |change = {{decrease}}21.24 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,885}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,721 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.45 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}16.36 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dakate Purushottam Mansaram |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 43,171 |percentage = 55.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Darne Shrawan Domaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,527 |percentage = 16.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bante Shankarrao Haribhau |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 10,722 |percentage = 13.90% |change = {{increase}}5.70 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Waghmare Adkuji Laluji |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,611 |percentage = 5.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tarnekar Damuji Sadashio |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,964 |percentage = 3.84% |change = {{decrease}}47.78 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zodape Mukundrao Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,206 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Dayaram Rawaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,188 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Masram Indrarajsingh Chandansingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 558 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,644 |percentage = 39.74% |change = {{increase}}21.35 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,772 |percentage = 70.10% |change = {{increase}}12.94 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,110}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,791 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.42 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.37 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. L. Waghmare |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,533 |percentage = 51.62% |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrwan Doma Darne |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,368 |percentage = 33.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaramji Laxman Mahale |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 4,530 |percentage = 8.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaligram Dashrath Patil |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 3,846 |percentage = 6.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,165 |percentage = 18.39% |change = {{increase}}1.68 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,346 |percentage = 57.16% |change = {{decrease}}3.02 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,277}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,324 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.43 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.70 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Deotale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,732 |percentage = 40.92% |change = {{increase}}8.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Meskar |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,673 |percentage = 24.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. L. Mahale |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,805 |percentage = 20.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. H. Heshram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,360 |percentage = 4.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Najpande |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,748 |percentage = 3.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Wankhede |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,697 |percentage = 3.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. T. Bais |party = Independent politician |votes = 474 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,059 |percentage = 16.71% |change = {{increase}}2.01 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,761 |percentage = 60.18% |change = {{increase}}4.54 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,220}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,675 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.29 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.19 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umred <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Damu Sadashiv Tarnekar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,428 |percentage = 32.73% |change = {{decrease}}13.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaram Laxman Mahale |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,398 |percentage = 18.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Liladharsingh Durgasingh Suryavanshi |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,171 |percentage = 17.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamrao Nathuji Kakirwar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 5,672 |percentage = 13.82% |change = {{decrease}}8.11 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goverdhansingh Sheolalsingh Bhadoria |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,667 |percentage = 8.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadeo Khanduji Lokhare |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,258 |percentage = 5.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Radas Chaituji Dudhpachare |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,438 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,030 |percentage = 14.70% |change = {{increase}}7.03 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,893 |percentage = 55.64% |change = {{decrease}}39.05 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,032}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,485 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}39.68 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.19 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Umrer <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Anantram Dayal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,781 |percentage = 24.54% |change = {{decrease}}21.15 }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Samrath Sadashiorao Rajaramrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,654 |percentage = 22.13% |change = {{decrease}}23.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumbhare Narayan Hari |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 21,852 |percentage = 16.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Athe Tulsiram Amrut |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 18,801 |percentage = 14.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahale Rajaram Laxmanrao |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,741 |percentage = 11.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wasnik Premnath Rushi |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,659 |percentage = 10.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,929 |percentage = 7.67% |change = {{decrease}}17.10 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,488 |percentage = 94.69% |change = {{increase}}43.16 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,488}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,748 |ref = |change = {{increase}}182.74 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.15 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Umrer <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Pandurang Lanjewar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,386 |percentage = 45.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murlidhar Ramchandra Kalbandhe |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,214 |percentage = 20.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amrit Harbaji Kotharkar |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 2,628 |percentage = 10.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kothiram Gana Gajbhiye |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,537 |percentage = 6.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somaji Ramaji Bawne |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,211 |percentage = 4.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tejsinharao Abasaheb Venkat Gujar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,177 |percentage = 4.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashiv Mahadeo Raghushe |party = Independent politician |votes = 654 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnaji Nikhantha Dalal |party = Independent politician |votes = 588 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hari Maroti Dudhpachare |party = Independent politician |votes = 527 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,172 |percentage = 24.77% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,922 |percentage = 51.53% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,922}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,366 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also ==<br />
*[[Umred]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{coord|20.85|79.32|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parbati_Hydroelectric_Project&diff=524418Parbati Hydroelectric Project2026-05-03T14:32:22Z<p>Shivam Babu: creating first entry w/ infobox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian water energy project}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
Located at Behali village in [[Kullu district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], '''Parbati Hydroelectric Project''' is a [[Pondage|pondage scheme]] that involves construction of a [[Gravity dam|gravity type concrete dam]], procuring bolster to the hydropower potential of river [[Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)|Parbati]], Panch Nallah, Manihar Nallah, Huria Nallah and Sainj River.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NHPC Limited : Projects : Power Stations : Parbati - III |url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=1&ProjectId=38 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.nhpcindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patel Engineering :: Projects |url=https://www.pateleng.com/project-inner.php?projects=44#.YmU1FtpBxEZ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=www.pateleng.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Parbati Hydropower Scheme is a 2GW [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] project which was planned to be developed in three stages. Parbati-I project was abandoned due to environmental failures. The work on Parbati-II and Parbati-III was started simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parbati-II Hydroelectric Power Project, Himachal Pradesh - NS Energy |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/parbati-ii-hydroelectric-power-project/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Parbati-II hydroelectric project is being developed in Pulga and Suind villages, in the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. The project consists of construction of a 83.7m-high concrete gravity dam in the Pulga village in the downstream of Parbati River and Tosh Nallah, and surface powerhouse with four [[Pelton wheel|Pelton]] Turbine Generator units with 200 MW capacity each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parbati-II Hydroelectric Power Project, Himachal Pradesh - NS Energy |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/parbati-ii-hydroelectric-power-project/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> This project suffered an accidental fire which was caused by a short circuit, the fire damaged the project machinery and several engineers were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Machinery damaged in fire at NHPC Parbati stage-2 project in Himachal's Kullu district |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/machinery-damaged-in-fire-at-nhpc-parbati-stage-2-project-in-himachal-s-kullu-district/story-AAX9AkoTNiOgEeeiJpatAL.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2017 during the testing, a leakage in the surge shaft and power house destroyed the crops of the nearby villages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asher |first=Manshi |title=A Year Since Chamoli Disaster, Himachal's Dam-Building Spree Unabated – The Wire Science |date=7 February 2022 |url=https://science.thewire.in/politics/government/chamoli-floods-anniversary-dam-building-himachal-himalaya-protests/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
With live storage of 1.2825 MCM, the project Parbati-III consists of 43.0 m high rock fill dam at Suind and four penstocks of 3.0m diameter each. The underground powerhouse of the Parbati power station is located on the left bank of the Sainj River which has 4 generating units, each with a capacity rating of 130 MW. Major states and union territories like [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], Himachal Pradesh, [[Haryana]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]] are the beneficiaries of this power station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NHPC Limited : Projects : Power Stations : Parbati - III |url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=1&ProjectId=38 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.nhpcindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dams in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Kullu district]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahid&diff=534286Shahid2026-04-30T06:03:27Z<p>Shivam Babu: data!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Martyr in Islam}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
{{distinguish|Shahada{{!}}''Shahada''}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{multiple issues|<br />
{{religious text primary|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{over-quotation|date=August 2018}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Islam and iman}}'''''Shahid''''',{{efn|{{Langx|ar|شهيد|Shahīd}},&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|ʃaˈhiːd|pron}};&nbsp;{{abbr|fem.|feminine}}&nbsp;{{lang|ar|شهيدة}}&nbsp;{{translit|ar|Shahīdah}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|ʃaˈhiːdah|}};&nbsp;{{abbr|pl.|plural}}&nbsp;{{lang|ar|شهداء}}&nbsp;{{translit|ar|Shuhadāʾ}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|ʃuhaˈdaːʔ|}}}} also spelled '''''shaheed,''''' is an Islamic term of Arabic-origin meaning "martyr", used by [[Muslims]] for ''[[mujahideen]]'' who die while fighting in the way of [[Allah]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khalid Zaheer|title=Definition of a shaheed|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1057801|access-date=11 January 2016|agency=Dawn|date=November 22, 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045049/http://www.dawn.com/news/1057801|url-status=live}}</ref> The word is used frequently in the [[Quran]] in the generic sense of "witness" but only once in the sense of "martyr" (i.e. one who dies for his faith); the latter sense acquires wider usage in the ''[[hadith]]''.<ref>"The word shahid (plural shahada) has the meaning of "martyr" and is closely related in its development to the Greek martyrios in that it means both a witness and a martyr [...] in the latter sense only once is it attested (3:141)." David Cook, [http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0124.xml Oxford Bibliographies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101082246/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0124.xml |date=2015-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ma/rtus|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μάρτυ^ς|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|access-date=2021-02-21|archive-date=2020-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802085358/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ma/rtus|url-status=live}}</ref> The term is also used in some non-Muslim communities whose cultures were influenced by [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic persianate empires]], such as amongst [[Hindus]] and [[Sikhs]] in India.<br />
<br />
The term is commonly used as a posthumous title for those who are considered to have accepted or even consciously sought out their own death in order to bear witness to their beliefs.<ref>Gölz, [https://www.academia.edu/39112997/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_the_Struggle_for_Power_Interdisciplinary_Perspectives_on_Martyrdom_in_the_Modern_Middle_East._Editorial_Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_2_13 "Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East"]. ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517121625/https://www.academia.edu/39112997/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_the_Struggle_for_Power_Interdisciplinary_Perspectives_on_Martyrdom_in_the_Modern_Middle_East._Editorial_Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_2_13 |date=2019-05-17 }}), Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 2–13, 5.</ref> Like the English-language word ''martyr'', in the 20th century, the word ''shahid'' came to have both religious and non-religious connotations, and has often been used to describe those who died for non-religious ideological causes.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/07268602.2017.1298395|title=Dying for a Cause Other Than God: Exploring the Non-religious Meanings of Martyr and Shahīd |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=314–327 |year=2017 |last1=Habib |first1=Sandy |s2cid=171788891}}</ref><ref>Gölz, Olmo. [https://www.academia.edu/39112997/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_the_Struggle_for_Power_Interdisciplinary_Perspectives_on_Martyrdom_in_the_Modern_Middle_East._Editorial_Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_2_13 "Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East (Editorial)"]. ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517121625/https://www.academia.edu/39112997/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_the_Struggle_for_Power_Interdisciplinary_Perspectives_on_Martyrdom_in_the_Modern_Middle_East._Editorial_Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_2_13 |date=2019-05-17 }}), ''Behemoth'' 12, no. 1 (2019): 2–13, 11.</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
In [[Arabic]], the word Shahid also spelled Shaheed means "witness". The broadening of the term's meaning over time closely parallels that of the Greek word martyr ({{langx|el|μάρτυς|label=none}}, {{Literal translation|witness}}; also "martyr" in the [[New Testament]]), the origin of the term ''[[martyr]]''.<br />
<br />
==Scriptures==<br />
===Quran===<br />
A shahid is considered one whose place in [[Paradise]] is promised according to these verses in the [[Quran]]:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Think not of those who are slain in [[Allah]]'s way as dead. Nay, they live, finding their sustenance in the presence of their [[God in Islam|Lord]]; They rejoice in the bounty provided by Allah. And with regard to those left behind, who have not yet joined them (in their bliss), the (Martyrs) glory in the fact that on them is no fear, nor have they (cause to) grieve.|[[Quran 3:169–170]]<ref name=AYA>[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Allah hath purchased of the believers their persons and their goods; for theirs (in return) is the garden (of Paradise): they fight in His cause, and slay and are slain: a promise binding on Him in truth, through the [[Torah]], the [[Gospel]], and the Qur’an: and who is more faithful to his covenant than Allah? then rejoice in the bargain which ye have concluded: that is the achievement supreme.|[[Quran 9:111]]<ref name=AYA/>}}<br />
<br />
The Quranic passage that follows is the source of the concept of Muslim martyrs being promised Paradise:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Those who leave their homes in the cause of Allah, and are then slain or die,- On them will Allah bestow verily a goodly Provision: Truly Allah is He Who bestows the best provision. Verily He will admit them to a place with which they shall be well pleased: for Allah is All-Knowing, Most Forbearing.|[[Quran 22:58–59]]<ref name=AYA/>}}<br />
<br />
===Hadiths===<br />
{{primary sources|date=November 2021}}<br />
The importance of faith is highlighted in the following hadith:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|It has been narrated on the authority of Anas b. Malik that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Who seeks martyrdom with sincerity shall get its reward, though he may not achieve it.|Collected by [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]]|"[[Sahih Muslim]]"<ref>{{Hadith-usc|muslim|usc=yes|020|4694}}</ref>}}<br />
{{quote|Narrated Sahl ibn Hunayf: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, “Whoever asks Allah for martyrdom with the sincere intention of Allah, Allah will grant him the status of a martyr, even if he dies in his bed.” |Muslim 1909, Tirmidhi 1653, Nasa’i 3162, Abu Dawud 1520, Ibn Majah 2797, Darimi 2407}}<br />
It is thus not the outcome that determines the placement in Heaven but rather the intention.<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, Paradise for a shahid is a popular concept in the Islamic tradition according to Hadith, and the attainment of this title is honorific.<br />
<br />
[[Muhammad]] is reported to have said these words about martyrdom:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|By Him in Whose Hands my life is! I would love to be martyred in Allah's Cause and then get resurrected and then get martyred, and then get resurrected again and then get martyred and then get resurrected again and then get martyred.|Collected by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|52|54}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The Prophet said, "Nobody who enters Paradise likes to go back to the world even if he got everything on the Earth, except a Mujahid who wishes to return to the world so that he may be martyred ten times because of the dignity he receives (from Allah).|Collected by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|52|72}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Several hadith also indicate the nature of a shahid's life in Paradise. Shahids attain the highest level of Paradise, the Paradise of al-Firdous.<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Haritha was martyred on the day (of the battle) of Badr, and he was a young boy then. His mother came to the Prophet and said, "O Allah's Apostle! You know how dear Haritha is to me. If he is in Paradise, I shall remain patient, and hope for reward from Allah, but if it is not so, then you shall see what I do?" He said, "May Allah be merciful to you! Have you lost your senses? Do you think there is only one Paradise? There are many Paradises and your son is in the (most superior) Paradise of Al-Firdaus.|Collected by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|59|318}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Furthermore, Samura narrated:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The Prophet said, "Last night two men came to me (in a dream) and made me ascend a tree and then admitted me into a better and superior house, better of which I have never seen. One of them said, 'this house is the house of martyrs.'|Collected by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|52|49}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
There are at least five different kinds of martyrs according to hadith.<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Allah's Apostle said, "Five are regarded as martyrs: They are those who die because of plague, abdominal disease, drowning or a falling building etc., and the martyrs in Allah's cause.|Collected by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|52|82}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
One who dies protecting his property is also considered a martyr according to Hadith:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|I heard the Prophet saying, "Whoever is killed while protecting his property then he is a martyr.|Collected by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''<ref name="auto">{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|3|43|660}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
While the Qur'an does not indicate much about martyrs' death and funeral, the hadith provides some information on this topic. For example, martyrs are to be buried two in one grave in their blood, without being washed or having a funeral prayer held for them. The following Hadith highlight this:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The Prophet collected every two martyrs of Uhud in one piece of cloth, then he would ask, "Which of them had (known) more of the Quran?" When one of them was pointed out for him, he would put that one first in the grave and say, "I will be a witness on these on the Day of Resurrection." He ordered them to be buried with their blood on their bodies and they were neither washed nor was a funeral prayer offered for them.|Collected by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|2|23|427}}</ref>}}<br />
====The least painful death====<br />
{{Quote|Imran ibn Yazid (RA) ... Abu Hurairah (RA) reported that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "A martyr will not feel the pain of being killed more than the pain of being bitten by an ant or pinched by a pin."|Ibn Majah 2802. Tahqiq: Hasan.}}<br />
<br />
====Not accepting the exibitionist martyrdom ====<br />
{{quote|Yahya ibn Habib al-Harithi (may Allah be pleased with him) ..... Narrated Sulayman ibn Yasar (may Allah be pleased with him). He said, Once when the people were leaving Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him), Natil (may Allah be pleased with him) from Syria said, O Sheikh! Tell us a hadith that you heard from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). He said, Yes! (I will listen). I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) say, The first person to be judged on the Day of Resurrection will be a martyr. He will be brought and Allah will tell him about his blessings and he will recognize them all (and will confess them as usual). Then Allah the Almighty will say, What did you do in return for this? He will say, I fought in Your way until I was martyred. Then Allah will say, "You have lied. Rather, you fought so that people would say of you, 'You are a warrior.'" It has been said, and then the command will be given. According to that, he will be dragged on his back and thrown into Hell.|Muslim 1905}}<br />
<br />
====A person who is more honored than a martyr====<br />
{{quote|"Around the Throne are pulpits of light, on which will be seated a group of people, whose clothes are light and whose faces are light, but they are neither prophets nor martyrs, and the prophets and martyrs will envy them." The companions said: O Messenger of Allah! Describe for us their description." He said: They are those who love one another for the sake of Allah, who befriend one another for the sake of Allah, and who are friends with one another for the sake of Allah. Interviewer./"Among the servants of Allah are some who are neither prophets nor martyrs; but on the Day of Resurrection, the prophets and martyrs will envy them (i.e., will be happy to see their high status) in the court of Allah.<br />
The Companions asked: O Messenger of Allah! Tell us who they are?<br />
The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: They are those who love each other for the sake of Allah, sit together for the sake of Allah, and meet each other for the sake of Allah. On the Day of Resurrection, their seats will be of light, their clothes will be of light, and their faces will be of light. When people are afraid, they will not be afraid, and when people are worried, they will not be worried."|Musnad Ahmad: Hadith number 22080 (narrated by Mu'adh ibn Jabal).<br />
Sunan Abu Dawud: Hadith number 3527 (narrated by Umar ibn al-Khattab).<br />
Sahih Ibn Hibban: Hadith number 573. Silsilat al-Sahihah 2510<br />
Mustadrak al-Hakim: Hadith number 7314."Nasa'i, as-Sunan al-Kubra and the hadith is sahih.}}<br />
<br />
====The promised Shahids====<br />
The Sahabas specifically mentioned as Shahid in Hadith are (shia dispute some are considered shahid with them marked as *):<br />
# [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]]*<br />
# [[Uthman ibn Affan]]*<br />
# [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]<br />
# [[Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib]]<br />
# [[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib]]<br />
# [[Husayn ibn Ali]]<br />
# [[Hasan ibn Ali]]<br />
# [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah]]*<br />
# [[Zubayr ibn al-Awam]]*<br />
# [[Sumayyah bint Khayyat]]<br />
# [[Yasir ibn Amir]]<br />
# [[Ammar ibn Yasir]]<br />
# [[Sa'd ibn Mu'adh]]<br />
# [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]]<br />
# [[:ar:حارثة بن سراقة|Haritha ibn Suraqah]]<br />
<br />
== Sikhism ==<br />
{{Sikhism sidebar}}{{See also|Martyrdom in Sikhism}}<br />
[[File:Detail of Taru Singh being scalped alive from a 19th century Sikh drawing depicting his martyrdom.jpg|left|thumb|Detail of [[Bhai Taru Singh|Taru Singh]] being [[Scalping|scalped]] alive from a 19th century [[Sikh art and culture|Sikh drawing]] depicting his [[martyr]]dom]]<br />
The word ''shahid'' ({{langx|pa|ਸ਼ਹੀਦ}}) is also found in [[Sikhism]], a religion founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in the northwest part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] (now Pakistan and India). It means a martyr.<ref name="McLeod2009p185">{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA185 |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |page=185}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=H. S. Singha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA183 |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=182}}</ref><ref name="Nesbitt2016p55">{{cite book |author=Eleanor Nesbitt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ysRDAAAQBAJ |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-106276-6 |pages=55–58}}</ref><br />
<br />
The term was borrowed from the Islamic culture in [[Punjab]] when Sikhism was founded, and before the start of the [[British Raj]] it referred to the Sikh people who met death at the hands of oppressors.<ref name="McLeod2009p185" /> Another related term is ''shahid-ganj'', which means a "place of martyrdom".<ref name="McLeod2009p185" /><ref name="Singha2000p183">{{cite book |author=H. S. Singha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA183 |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=183}}</ref><br />
<br />
The most discussed ''shahid'' in Sikhism have been two of their [[Sikh Guru|Guru]]s, namely [[Guru Arjan]] and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] for defying Islamic rulers and refusing to convert to Islam.<ref name="Nesbitt2016p55" /> Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] and asked to convert to Islam.<ref name="ps5">Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175032/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pages 29–62</ref><ref name="lkca">{{cite book |last=Kulathungam |first=Lyman |title=Quest : Christ amidst the quest |publisher=Wipf |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61097-515-5 |pages=175–177}}</ref> He refused, was tortured and executed in 1606 CE.<ref name="ps5" /><ref name="thackston">{{cite book |last=Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |page=59 |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler M. |translator-link=Wheeler Thackston}}</ref> Historical records and the Sikh tradition are unclear whether Guru Arjan was executed by drowning or died during torture.<ref name="ps5" /><ref>Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pp. 118–121</ref> His martyrdom, that is becoming a ''shahid'', is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism.<ref name="ps5" /><ref name="whm">{{cite book |author=WH McLeod |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhshistoryreli00mcle |title=The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society |date=1989 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231068154 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhshistoryreli00mcle/page/26 26–51] |url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
<br />
Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom resulted from refusing to convert and for resisting the forced conversions of [[Hindu]]s in [[Kashmir]] to [[Islam]] because he believed in freedom of conscience and human rights.<ref name="pslf">{{cite book |author=Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |location=Oxford, UK |pages=236–445 |quote=This second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." and "This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri pandits came seeking protection from Auranzeb's army.}}</ref> He was publicly beheaded in 1675 on the orders of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name="cs2013">{{cite book |last=Seiple |first=Chris |title=The Routledge handbooks of religion and security |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-66744-9 |location=New York |page=96}}</ref><ref name="bbcgtb">{{cite web |title=Religions - Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=2016-12-03 |archive-date=2017-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414075330/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]] in Delhi marks the ''shahid-ganj'', or place of execution of the Guru.<ref name="singharakab">{{cite book |author=H. S. Singha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=169 |access-date=2016-12-03 |archive-date=2023-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005235/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Sikh have other major pilgrimage sites, such as the shahid-ganj in Sirhind, where two sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] were [[Immurement|bricked alive]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/the-story-of-sahibzada-zorawar-singh-and-sahibzada-fateh-singh/ | title=The story of Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh | date=31 December 2018 | access-date=16 November 2022 | archive-date=16 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116160854/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/the-story-of-sahibzada-zorawar-singh-and-sahibzada-fateh-singh/ | url-status=live }}</ref> by the [[Mughal Army]] in retaliation of their father's resistance. In Muktsar, near a lake is a shahid-ganj dedicated to forty men who died defending Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Singha2000p183" /><br />
<br />
== Modern usage ==<br />
In the eighteenth century, several wars of independence took place in the colonial territories of the Muslim world, and many of the soldiers who died in these conflicts were buried as ''shuhadāʾ'' (martyrs).<ref name="oxfordislamicstudies.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428053525/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e209 "Martyrdom". In ''The Islamic World: Past and Present''. Ed. John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 5 December 2012.]</ref><br />
<br />
A Muslim who is killed defending his or her property is considered a martyr.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
=== In Bosnia and Herzegovina ===<br />
Bosnians who died during the [[Bosnian War]] and the [[Bosnian genocide]] are considered martyrs by many due to them being killed for being Muslim.<br />
<br />
=== In China ===<br />
The Muslim General [[Ma Fuxiang]] stated on how Chinese Muslims were willing to die to accomplish tasks assigned to them.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpQa22PJutwC&q=They+have+not+enjoyed+the+educational+and+political+privileges+of+the+Han+chinese%2C+and+they+are+in+many+respects+primitive|title=In the Land of the Laughing Buddha – The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China|author=Upton Close|year=2007|publisher=READ BOOKS|page=271|isbn=978-1-4067-1675-7|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> [[Imam]]s sponsored by the Kuomintang called for Muslims to go on [[Jihad]] to become martyrs in battle, where Muslims believe they will go automatically to heaven. Becoming a shaheed in the Jihad for the country was encouraged by the Kuomintang, which was called "glorious death for the state" and a [[hadith]] promoting nationalism was spread.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=anti+japanese|title=Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication|author1=Stéphane A. Dudoignon |author2=Hisao Komatsu |author3=Yasushi Kosugi |year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=135|isbn=978-0-415-36835-3|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> A song written by Xue Wenbo at the Muslim Chengda school, which was controlled by the Kuomintang, called for martyrdom in battle for China against Japan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=china+jihad+japan+xue+chengda&pg=PA135|title=Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication|author1=Stéphane A. Dudoignon |author2=Hisao Komatsu |author3=Yasushi Kosugi |year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=135|isbn=978-0-415-36835-3|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> The Muslim General [[Bai Chongxi]] himself was a member of a Dare to Die corps in the Xinhai revolution.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3AJFusMHJwC&pg=PA51 |title=Biographical dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3|author1=Howard L. Boorman |author2=Richard C. Howard |author3=Joseph K.H. Cheng |year=1979|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York City|isbn=0-231-08957-0|pages=51–56}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some Uyghur activists have referred to victims of the [[Persecution of Uyghurs in China]] that died, martyrs.<br />
<br />
=== In Palestine ===<br />
{{See also|Martyrdom in Palestinian society}}<br />
{{POV-section|date=December 2023}}<!-- see [[Talk:Martyrdom in Palestinian society]] for POV rationale --><br />
In modern political usage, various [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] groups consider all Palestinians killed in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] to be martyrs for the cause, whether they were civilians or fighters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdulrahim |first1=Raja |last2=Yazbek |first2=Hiba |title=For Palestinians, a Rush to Claim 'Martyrs' Killed by Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/31/world/middleeast/palestinian-martyrs-israel.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=31 December 2022 |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028034838/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/31/world/middleeast/palestinian-martyrs-israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Groups such as [[Hamas]] and the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] consider martyrdom as the highest form of sacrifice for the Palestinian cause.<ref name=":0">Hatina, M. (2005). Theology and power in the Middle East: Palestinian martyrdom in a comparative perspective. Journal of Political Ideologies, 10(3), 241–267. doi:10.1080/13569310500244289</ref><ref name=":1">Meir Litvak (2010) “Martyrdom is Life”: Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33:8, 716-734, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170</ref> This ethos is widespread in educational materials, visual media, community events and ceremonies.<br />
<br />
==Women==<br />
A woman is considered "shahida" ({{lang|ar|شَهِيدَة}} Shahidah) if she dies during the fulfillment of a religious commandment. A woman can also be considered a martyr if she dies during childbirth.<ref>Lumbard, Joseph E.B. (2004) ''Islam, Fundamentalism, and the Betrayal of Tradition''. World Wisdom Publishing, {{ISBN|0941532607}} (30)</ref> There are examples of women fighting in war such as [[Nusaybah bint Ka'ab]]. The first martyr (male or female) in Islam was [[Sumayyah bint Khayyat]], who was executed for her conversion to Islam. She died after Abu Jahl, an anti-Muslim leader of the [[Quraysh tribe|Quraysh]], stabbed her in the abdomen.<ref>Cook, David (2007). ''Martyrdom in Islam''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521615518}}.</ref> Though her name is not common in the modern Muslim dialogue, ancient Islamic literature makes note of the events at the end of her life.<ref>Cook, David (2007). ''Martyrdom in Islam''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521615518}}. p. 14.</ref><br />
<br />
==Other religions==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}<br />
Over a period of time, the word "shahid" began to be used by non-Muslims such as [[Arab Christians]] to denote their own martyrs. So the word is still used by Christians in Arab-speaking countries, including the names of churches. Examples are the [[Forty Martyrs Cathedral]] ({{langx|ar|كنيسة الأربعين شهيد}}) in [[Aleppo]] and the [[Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus|Saint George the Martyr Cathedral]] ({{langx|ar|كنيسة القدّيس الشهيد مار جرجس}})<ref name="athanasio">{{langx|ar|متري هاجي اثناسيو, 2005، اديرة وكنائس دمشق وريفها : (بحث ميداني توثيقي تاريخي اثري)}}, pp. 57–58.</ref> in [[Damascus]], both in [[Syria]]. <br />
<br />
In South Asia, [[Hindu]]s adopted the word "shahid" as a synonym to the [[Sanskrit]] word "hutātmā" (हुतात्मा in [[Devanagari]] and হুতাত্মা in [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]]; हुत् and হুত্ hut = sacrificing, आत्मा and আত্মা ātmā = soul, thus hutātmā = sacrificing soul / martyr), to denote Hindu martyrs.<br />
<br />
==Conditions for accepting Shahadat==<br />
Those who fight and die in the way of [[Allah]] with the pure intention of upholding the word of [[Tawhid|Tawheed]] are the true martyrs, and the condition for accepting Shahadat (martyrdom) to Allah is that one does not fight for the sake of showing off, to be called brave, or to make people listen.<ref>Muttafaq Alayh, [https://dorar.net/hadith/sharh/86645 Mishkat H/5316]; Muslim, [https://sunnah.com/mishkat:205 Mishkat H/205]</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=At-tahreek |first1=Monthly |title=প্রশ্ন (৩৭/৩১৭) : শহীদ কারা? প্রকৃত শহীদের পরিচয় ও বৈশিষ্ট্য জানিয়ে বাধিত করবেন। - |url=https://at-tahreek.com/article_details/9357 |website=Monthly At-Tahreek. A research journal on religion, society and literature. |access-date=28 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==The forgiveness of sins of a martyr==<br />
According to Islam, all sins of a martyr are forgiven, except for debts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Dr Abid |title=The Islāmic Law of Succession |date=2005 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=978-9960-732-37-4 |page=432 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w91GZUMcU64C&dq=All+the+sins+of+the+martyr+will+be+forgiven+except+for+debts.&pg=PA432 |access-date=28 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=হাদীস: আল্লাহ শহীদকে ঋণ ব্যতীত সবকিছু ক্ষমা করে দেন। |url=https://hadeethenc.com/bn/browse/hadith/3589 |website=নবী সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়াসাল্লামের হাদীসের অনুবাদ বিশ্বকোষ |access-date=28 July 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Conditions for being called a Shahid==<br />
In Islam, if someone other than those mentioned as Shahid in the Quran and Hadith fulfills the conditions for being a Shahid, then according to the prohibition of [[Umar]] as narrated in Sahih Muslim, he cannot be called a martyr directly,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=At-tahreek |first1=Monthly |title=প্রশ্ন (১৭/১৭) : কোন ব্যক্তির নামের আগে শহীদ যুক্ত করে ডাকা যায় কি? - |journal=মাসিক আত-তাহরীক । ধর্ম, সমাজ ও সাহিত্য বিষয়ক গবেষণা পত্রিকা |date=October 2013 |url=https://at-tahreek.com/article_details/6344 |access-date= 9 May 2025 |lang=en|quote=Home > October 2013 > Q&A Question (17/17): Can a person be called by adding the word "Shahid" before his name? Answer read 1327 times: No. Because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said, "Allaah is most knowing of those who are wounded in the way of Allaah." (Bukhari, Muslim; Mishkat Ha/3802). Umar Farooq (may Allaah be pleased with him) once said in a sermon, "You say that such and such a person is a Shahid, such and such a person is a martyr. Do not say that. Rather, say what the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) used to say. And that is, whoever dies or is killed in the way of Allaah is a Shahid." (Ahmad Ha/285, isnaad Hasan; Fathul Bari 'Jihad' chapter 6/90). The word "martyr" mentioned in this hadeeth does not mean the title of Shahid. Rather, it means attaining the status of a Shahid. No companion who was killed in the path of Allah was called by adding the title 'Shahid' to his name. Therefore, it is not in accordance with the Shariah to call someone by adding the title 'Shahid' to his name.}}</ref> Because this means that he is certain to be in Paradise after death, which is impossible to know without Allah's knowledge, many scholars including [[Assim al-Hakeem]] advise that it is better to say "We hope and pray that Allah will accept him as a martyr" rather than saying "Shahid".<ref>{{cite web |title=Can we say someone is a Shaheed or Martyr? {{!}} Sheikh Assim Al Hakeem |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=b6qzMYIrzAw5jtUg&v=1reFwLpwbEs&feature=youtu.be |publisher=[[Assim al-Hakeem]] Official Youtube Page |access-date=9 May 2025 |date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Calling Someone a Shaheed or a Martyr? {{!}} Sheikh Assim Al Hakeem |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=dOcceKsVR6wqURi7&v=z5qkLdD46pQ&feature=youtu.be |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[Assim al-Hakeem]] Official Youtube Page |date=12 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Prayer for shahadah (martyrdom)==<br />
{{quote|Yahya ibn Bukair (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) used to supplicate: {{lang|ar|اللَّهُمَّ ارْزُقْنِي شَهَادَةً فِي سَبِيلِكَ، وَاجْعَلْ مَوْتِي فِي بَلَدِ رَسُولِكَ صلى الله عليه وسلم}} (O Allah! Grant me martyrdom in Your path and cause me to die in the city of Your Messenger). Ibn Zuray'i (may Allah be pleased with him) ... Narrated Hafsa bint Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), who said: I heard Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) narrate the same. Hisham (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Zaid (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated from Hafsa (may Allah be pleased with him) from his father, who said: I heard Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) say. Abu 'Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "Rawah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated from his mother." | Bukhari, 1769}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<!-- New links in alphabetical order please. --><br />
* [[Istishhad]]<br />
* [[Jihad]]<br />
* [[Martyr]]<br />
* [[Martyr (China)]]<br />
* [[Martyrdom in Christianity]]<br />
* [[Martyrdom in Judaism]]<br />
* [[Martyrdom in Sikhism]]<br />
* [[Martyrdom video]]<br />
* [[Persecution of Muslims]]<br />
* [[Shahada]]<br />
* [[Shahed drones]]<br />
* [[Shahid (name)]]<br />
* [[Shahidka]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|35em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Wikiquote-inline|Martyrdom in Islam}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Muslim martyrs| ]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rateypani%E2%80%93West_Pendam_Assembly_constituency&diff=529834Rateypani–West Pendam Assembly constituency2026-04-19T20:23:10Z<p>Shivam Babu: creating initial post added tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Rateypani–West Pendam<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| state = Sikkim<br />
| established = 1979<br />
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref><br />
| electors = 10,253<br />
| mla = Aita Singh Baraily (Kami)<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}<br />
| constituency_no =<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
| district =<br />
| loksabha_cons =<br />
| reservation =<br />
}}<br />
'''Rateypani–West Pendam Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Bir Bahadur Lohar || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Chandra Kumar Mohora || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Aita Singh Baraily (Kami) || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Chandra Kumar Mohora<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Aita Singh Baraily (Kami)<br />
|}<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== Assembly election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rateypani–West Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Aita Singh Baraily (Kami) |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,553 |percentage=83.46% |change={{increase}}27.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janga Bir Darnal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,170 |percentage=14.90% |change={{increase}}13.98 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Bahadur Thatal |party=Independent politician |votes=129 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,383 |percentage=68.56% |change= {{increase}}55.35 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,852 |percentage=76.58% |change= {{decrease}}5.78 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,253 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.39 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}27.32 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== Assembly election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rateypani–West Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Kumar Mohora |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,073 |percentage=56.14% |change={{increase}}0.50 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Kumar Cintury |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,115 |percentage=42.94% |change={{increase}}7.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravindra Madan Rasaily |party=Indian National Congress |votes=67 |percentage=0.92% |change={{decrease}}4.90 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=958 |percentage=13.20% |change= {{decrease}}6.76 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,255 |percentage=83.94% |change= {{increase}}2.35 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,809 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.03 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}0.50 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== Assembly election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rateypani–West Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Aita Singh Baraily (Kami) |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,409 |percentage=55.64% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Kumar Cintury |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,186 |percentage=35.68% |change={{decrease}}34.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Bahadur Lohar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=357 |percentage=5.83% |change={{decrease}}6.63 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Kumar Khati |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=88 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Isory Majhi |party=Independent politician |votes=62 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,223 |percentage=19.96% |change= {{decrease}}37.83 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,127 |percentage=82.10% |change= {{increase}}9.62 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,658 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}14.60 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rateypani–West Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Kumar Mohora |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,401 |percentage=70.24% |change={{increase}}1.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhukar Darjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=603 |percentage=12.45% |change={{decrease}}4.39 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Thatal |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=518 |percentage=10.70% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,798 |percentage=57.79% |change= {{increase}}6.19 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,842 |percentage=65.74% |change= {{increase}}5.96 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,879 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== Assembly election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rateypani–West Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Kumar Mohora |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,373 |percentage=68.45% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badri Thatal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=584 |percentage=16.84% |change={{increase}}14.43 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhukar Darjee |party=Independent politician |votes=349 |percentage=10.07% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Bahadur Lohar |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=3.20% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepandra Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=50 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,789 |percentage=51.60% |change= {{increase}}28.87 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,467 |percentage=66.75% |change= {{increase}}4.31 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,381 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.39 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |swing= {{increase}}14.11 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== Assembly election 1979 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rateypani–West Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Bahadur Lohar |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=1,348 |percentage=54.33% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Isory Majhi |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=784 |percentage=31.60% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Singh Cintury |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=134 |percentage=5.40% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purna Bahadur Khati |party=Sikkim Scheduled Caste League |votes=68 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushudas Darjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janga Bahadur Khati |party=Independent politician |votes=52 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahabir Kami |party=Janata Party |votes=35 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=564 |percentage=22.73% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,481 |percentage=64.96% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,127 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Sikkim}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rateypani-West Pendam Assembly constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]<br />
<br />
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naryoli_Assembly_constituency&diff=520702Naryoli Assembly constituency2026-04-19T08:41:43Z<p>Shivam Babu: made a page initial version - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Naryoli<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = 40-Naryoli.svg<br />
| constituency_no = 40<br />
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sagar]]<br />
| established = 1976<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| mla = [[Pradeep Lariya]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = Narayan Prasad Kabirpanthi<br />
}}<br />
'''Naryoli''' (formerly, '''Naryaoli''') is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=15 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1976, following the delimitation of the Legislative Assembly constituencies. It is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] from its inception.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Naryoli (constituency number 40) is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Sagar district]]. This constituency presently covers the Sagar cantonment and part of Sagar tehsil of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=230, 250}}</ref> From 1976 to 2008, Sagar cantonment was part of the erstwhile [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sagar constituency]].<br />
<br />
Naryoli is part of [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina]], [[Khurai, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Khurai]], [[Surkhi Assembly constituency|Surkhi]] and [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sagar]] in this district and [[Kurwai Assembly constituency|Kurwai]], [[Sironj Assembly constituency|Sironj]] and [[Shamshabad Assembly constituency|Shamshabad]] in [[Vidisha district]].<ref name="ceo"/><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Lila Dhar<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|[[Uttamchand Khatik]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Lokman Khatik<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|Narayan Prasad Kabirpanthi<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|Pyarelal Choudhary<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
|Surendra Choudhary<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
|Narayan Prasad Kabirpanthi<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom2">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=14 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Pradeep Lariya]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Naryoli<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Pradeep Lariya]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:88202}}<br />
|percentage = 52.02<br />
|change = +1.66<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Surendra Choudhary<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:73790}}<br />
|percentage = 43.52<br />
|change = -0.82<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = Arvind Tomar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2124}}<br />
|percentage = 1.25<br />
|change = +0.77<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1221}}<br />
|percentage = 0.72<br />
|change = -0.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:14412}}<br />
|percentage = 8.5<br />
|change = +2.48<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:169548}}<br />
|percentage = 71.5<br />
|change = +4.63<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Naryoli<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Pradeep Lariya]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:74360}}<br />
|percentage = 50.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Surendra Choudhary<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:65460}}<br />
|percentage = 44.34<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Yogendra Suraj Choudhary<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2393}}<br />
|percentage = 1.62<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party<br />
|candidate = Nandkishore Athya<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1517}}<br />
|percentage = 1.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2069}}<br />
|percentage = 1.4<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8900}}<br />
|percentage = 6.02<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:147645}}<br />
|percentage = 66.87<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Sagar Cantonment]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
{{coords|23.91|78.59|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1976]]<br />
[[Category:1976 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhanu_Pratap_Shahi&diff=490832Bhanu Pratap Shahi2026-04-18T23:47:33Z<p>Shivam Babu: adding info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Bhanu Pratap Sahi<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office1 = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Bhawanathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhawanathpur]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2014<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Anant Pratap Deo]]<br />
| successor1 = Anant Pratap Deo<br />
| office2 = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2005<br />
| term_end2 = 2009<br />
| constituency2 = [[Bhawanathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhawanathpur]]<br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = [[Anant Pratap Deo]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| father = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = 23 October 2019<br />
| term_end1 = 2024 <br />
}}<br />
'''Bhanu Pratap Shahi''' is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/former-jkhand-minister-surrenders-court-2/|title=Former J'khand minister surrenders in court|date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20110822-bhanu-pratap-shahi-joins-former-jharkhand-ministers-in-prison-747242-2011-08-12|title = Bhanu Pratap Shahi joins former Jharkhand ministers in prison}}</ref> He belongs to surajbansi rajput clan.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahi, Bhanu Pratap}}<br />
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Corruption in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Jharkhand Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]<br />
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:All India Forward Bloc politicians]]<br />
<br />
{{Jharkhand-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishwanath_Meghwal&diff=544978Vishwanath Meghwal2026-04-13T22:45:49Z<p>Shivam Babu: stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Vishwanath Meghwal<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Ratangarh, Churu|Ratangarh]] <br />[[Churu district]], [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| office2 = Parliamentary Secretary, [[Government of Rajasthan]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2008<br />
| term_end2 = 2018<br />
| predecessor = [[Govind Ram Meghwal]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Govind Ram Meghwal]]<br />
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 03 December 2023<br />
| term_end = <br />
| constituency1 = [[Khajuwala Assembly constituency|Khajuwala]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2008<br />
| term_end1 = 2018<br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| spouse = Dr. Vimla Devi<br />
| children = 2 Son's<br />
| parents = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University]] <br /> [[University of Rajasthan]]<br />
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Politician]]<br />
| profession = [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.c.]] <br /><br />
[[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S.]]<br />
| other_party = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vishwanath Meghwal''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[13th Rajasthan Assembly|13th]], [[14th Rajasthan Assembly|14th]] & [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th]] Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing the [[Khajuwala Assembly constituency|Khajuwala constituency]]. He also served as the Parliamentary Secretary in [[Government of Rajasthan]]. He is Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>[http://www.rajassembly.nic.in/MembersPage.asp?DivNo=162 Dr. Vishwanath Meghwal MLA bio profile]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khajuwala, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Khajuwala में Dr Vishwanath Meghwal ने 17374 मतों सेहासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/khajuwala-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830387-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the [[Khajuwala Assembly constituency]]. He defeated the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate, [[Govind Ram Meghwal]], with 91,276 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khajuwala Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Dr Vishwanath Meghwal with 91276 defeats INC's Govindram Meghwal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/khajuwala-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470618-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=khajuwala Chunav Result 2023 : राजस्थान की खजुवाला सीट पर कांग्रेस पीछे |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/bikaner-rajasthan-election-2023-khajuwala-vidhan-sabha-chunav-seat-bjp-party-candidate-vishwanath-meghwal-vs-congress-govind-ram-meghwal-assembly-election-7828765.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meghwal, Vishwanath}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1966 births]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharad_Kumar_(police_officer)&diff=534640Sharad Kumar (police officer)2026-04-12T11:40:15Z<p>Shivam Babu: bio!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian police officer and civil servant}}<br />
{{about||the Indian high jumper|Sharad Kumar (athlete)|the politician|Sharad Chauhan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sharad Kumar<br />
| image =<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|10|28}}<br />
| office = Chairman, [[Central Vigilance Commission]]<br />
| term_start = 10 June 2019<br />
| term_end = 24 April 2020<br />
| predecessor = [[K. V. Chowdary]]<br />
| successor = Sanjay Kothari<br />
| office2 = Director General, [[National Investigation Agency]]<br />
| term_start2 = August 2013<br />
| term_end2 = October 2017<br />
| predecessor2 = Sharad Chandra Sinha<br />
| successor2 = [[Yogesh Chander Modi]]<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Science]]<br />
| occupation = Ex-[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, [[Bureaucrat]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sharad Kumar''' (born 28 October 1955) is a former [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, former Vigilance Commissioner of the [[Central Vigilance Commission]] and former Director General (DG) of [[National Investigation Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sharad Kumar is new NIA chief |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Sharad-Kumar-is-new-NIA-chief/Article1-1101020.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731125512/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/newdelhi/Sharad-Kumar-is-new-NIA-chief/Article1-1101020.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2013|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=31 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sharad Kumar to be new National Investigation Agency chief|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/sharad-kumar-to-be-new-national-investigation-agency-chief-399152|publisher=NDTV|date=30 July 2013}}</ref> On superannuation he was employed, in the same post, on contract for period of one year which was renewed for one more year. As on a contract, he is not bound by the All India Service rule norms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sharad-kumar-named-interim-cvc/articleshow/69738485.cms?from=mdr|title=Sharad Kumar named interim CVC|work=Economic Times|date=29 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background and education ==<br />
Sharad Kumar is a Graduate in Science (BSc). Kumar was born in [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Graduation from Bareilly college, Bareilly.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
===As an IPS===<br />
Kumar joined the Haryana cadre of the [[Indian Police Service]] in 1979. His previous post was director general (prisons) in [[Haryana]]. Kumar was posted as DSP in Gurgaon, Ambala and Rohtak. He remained the Inspector General of Police, Rohtak range for nearly three years and was promoted to the rank of Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) in November, 2007.<br />
Kumar was deployed to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] from July 1991 to July 1999 as SP and DIG.<ref name="S Kumar">{{cite web |url=http://cvc.gov.in/about-us/meet-the-commissioner/shri-sharad-kumar |title=Sharad Kumar-Profile|work=Central Vigilance Commission|date=10 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has served as the Director General of [[National Investigation Agency]] from August 2013 to October 2017 and subsequently retired from NIA.<ref name="S Kumar"/><br />
<br />
===In the Central Vigilance Commission===<br />
On 10 June 2018, he was appointed as vigilance commissioner in [[Central Vigilance Commission]] for a term of four years or till he attains the age of 65, whichever is earlier.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ex-nia-chief-sharad-kumar-appointed-vigilance-commissioner-in-cvc/articleshow/64529854.cms|title=Ex-NIA chief Sharad Kumar appointed vigilance commissioner in CVC - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179880|title=Appointment of Vigilance Commissioner|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2019, he has been named interim Central Vigilance Commissioner until a new incumbent is chosen by the selection panel headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and where he served till April 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sharad-kumar-appointed-as-interim-chief-vigilance-commissioner/article27790759.ece |title=Sharad Kumar, former Chief of the National Investigation Agency, had taken over as Vigilance Commissioner in 2018|work=The Hindu|date=10 June 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
He has received [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medals for Meritorious and Distinguished services]] in the year 1996 and 2004 respectively.<ref name="S Kumar"/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[National Investigation Agency]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sharad}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian police officers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]<br />
<br />
{{India-bio-stub}}<br />
{{Law-enforcement-bio-stub}}</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samudra_Kanya_Express&diff=532397Samudra Kanya Express2026-04-11T23:48:21Z<p>Shivam Babu: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Passenger train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Samudra Kanya Express<br />
| image= <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br />
| states = <br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|12|12}}<br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone]]<br />
| ridership = <br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Puri}}<br />
| stops = 23<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Digha}}<br />
| distance = {{convert|547|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 10 hours 7 mins<br />
| frequency = Weekly<br />
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class & General Unreserved<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack =<br />
| catering = <br />
| observation = <br />
| entertainment = <br />
| baggage = <br />
| other facilities=<br />
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}<br />
| electrification = <br />
| trainnumber = 22889 / 22890<br />
| speed = {{convert|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| map = <br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
22889 / 90 '''Samudra Kanya Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Coast Railway zone]] that run between {{stnlnk|Puri}} and {{stnlnk|Digha }} in India.<ref>[http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1966&did=1435039269516DB2071D260DC917494771CAEFA09C11E.web91], ''East Coast Railway'', 23 June 2015</ref><br />
<br />
== Service ==<br />
It operates as train number 22889 from Puri to Digha and as train number 22890 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Odisha]] & [[West Bengal]]. The train covers the distance of {{cvt|547|km}} in 10 hours 07 mins approximately at a speed of ({{cvt|56|km/h}}).<br />
<br />
==Coaches==<br />
The 22889 / 90 Samudra Kanya Express has one AC 2-tier, seven AC 3-tier, six sleeper class, two general unreserved, one SLR (seating with luggage rake) and one generator coaches. It doesn't carry a [[pantry car]].<br />
<br />
As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<br />
<br />
==Routing==<br />
The 22889 / 90 '''Samudra Kanya Express''' runs from Puri via {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}, {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jajpur Keonjhar Road}}, {{stnlnk|Bhadrak}}, {{stnlnk|Balasore}}, {{stnlnk|Jaleswar}}, {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Panskura}} junction, [[Tamluk Junction railway station|Tamluk junction]], [[Kanthi railway station]] to Digha.<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
A [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]-based electric [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] loco pulls the train to its destination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Rail Info — Samudra Kanya Express |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-samudra-kanya-express-22889/8907/1728/217 |url-status=live |access-date=January 25, 2026 |website=India Rail Info}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rake sharing==<br />
The train shares its rake with [[Puri Baidyanath Dham Express]] and 12895/12896 Shalimar Puri Express.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Train No. !! Train Name !! Departs !! Arrival<br />
|-<br />
| 22890 || Samudra Kanya Express || PURI@21:05 SAT || DGHA@6:35 SUN<br />
|-<br />
| 22889 || Samudra Kanya Express || DGHA@17:15 SUN || PURI@2:55 MON<br />
|-<br />
| 18449 || [[Puri Baidyanath Dham Express]] || PURI@14:55 MON || PNBE@9:35 TUE<br />
|-<br />
| 18450 || Puri Baidyanath Dham Express || PNBE@8:45 WED || PURI@2:55THU<br />
|-<br />
| 12896 || Puri–Shalimar Weekly SF Express || PURI@22:10 THU || SHM@6:55 FRI<br />
|-<br />
| 12895 || Shalimar–Puri Superfast Express || SHM@20:55 FRI || PURI@5:10 SAT<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=513&id=0,4,268<br />
* http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/new-train-between-puri-and-digha-112021700008_1.html<br />
* http://trainspy.com/static/train/22890/PURI-DGHA-SUP-E<br />
* http://www.pnrstatus.co.in/renumbering-of-trains-with-effect-from-1st-october-2012/<br />
* http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=673&did=13424464515321094208EF57F1518CD1B4D6610CA23EA.web91<br />
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140929164445/http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=22808<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/samudra-kanya-sf-express-22889/8907/1728/217 22889 Samudra Kanya Express] at India Rail Info<br />
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/samudra-kanya-sf-express-22890/8913/217/1728 22890 Samudra Kanya Express] at India Rail Info<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Eastern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Samudra Kanya Superfast Express}}<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Digha]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=NES_International_School&diff=519583NES International School2026-04-09T13:13:28Z<p>Shivam Babu: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = NES International School Mumbai<br />
| image = NES International School logo.png<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = Nurture, Transform, Empower<br />
| location = Mulund<br />
| address = Swapna Nagari, Malabar Hill Road, Mulund West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400082, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400082<br />
| region = Mulund<br />
| city = Mumbai<br />
| county = Mumbai Suburban<br />
| state = Maharashtra<br />
| postal_code = 400082<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| schooltype = Private<br />
| type = International Curriculum {IB and CIE<br />
| established = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --><br />
| founded = 1963<br />
| founder = Dr. Ramaswamy Varadarajan<br />
| closed = <br />
| sister_school = NESISD, NESNPS<br />
| school_board = IB<br />
| district = Mumbai, Thane<br />
| superintendent = <br />
| principal = Dr. Ramaswamy Varadarajan<br />
| faculty = <br />
| grades = IB PYP, IB MYP, IB DP, IGCSE, AS and A levels.<br />
| enrollment = <br />
| avg_class_size = 20<br />
| ratio = 10:1<br />
| system = IB (International Baccalaureate)<br />
| language = English<br />
| schedule = 8:30 AM reporting time, 3:15 leaving time<br />
| hours_in_day = 7 for primary, secondary and DP, 4 for pre-primary<br />
| classrooms = c. 60<br />
| campus = NESISM<br />
| campus_size = 8 floor building<br />
| campus_type = Urban<br />
| nickname = NESISM<br />
| team_name = 4 houses, blue, green, red and yellow<br />
| newspaper = <br />
| fees = 300000 INR per academic year<br />
| communities = Mulund<br />
| website = http://www.nesinternational.org/, http://www.nesisd.org.in/ <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| footnotes = <br />
| colors = Blue, Green, Red and Yellow<br />
| feeder_schools = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''NES International School''' is an IB accredited school<ref name=":1" /> in Mumbai, and is widely recognized among the leading schools in Mulund for its commitment to academic excellence and global education standards. It is known for its reputation as one of the best schools in Mumbai and the 3rd best school in India.<br />
<br />
NES International School Mulund, which features amongst [[International school|top international schools]] [[:Category:Schools in Mumbai|in Mumbai]], has been an IB school since March 2009.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibo.org/en/school/003810|title=NES International School Mumbai|newspaper=International Baccalaureate|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dr. R Varadarajan, the founder Principal of NES International is also the secretary general of South Asia International Baccalaureate Schools Association.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-mumbai-edition/20160830/281870117867376|title=A steps towards excellence, uniformity in education|last=Subraman|first=Sujatha|date=30 August 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The school offers the complete [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB) continuum, including the [[IB Primary Years Programme|Primary Years Programme (PYP)]], [[IB Middle Years Programme|Middle Years Programme (MYP)]], and [[IB Diploma Programme|Diploma Programme (DP)]]. In addition, it provides [[Cambridge Assessment International Education|Cambridge International]] pathways such as Cambridge Lower Secondary, [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], and Cambridge International AS & A Levels.In a survey by Times School Survey in 2016, NES International School has been ranked as the 3rd best International school in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesschoolsurvey.com/mumbai/index.html|title=Times School Survey|website=www.timesschoolsurvey.com|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref> In another survey by Education World, India, NES International School was ranked as the tenth best school in India in the International Day schools category<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-schools-rank-top-in-national-survey/articleshow/54203041.cms|title=Mumbai schools rank top in national survey|last=Borwankar|first=Vinamrata|date=11 January 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref> NES International School was awarded The Economic Times Best School Brands Award in 2016<ref>{{Citation|last=ET Edge|title=The Economic Times Best School Brands 2016 - ET NOW Episode|date=2016-08-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-T2v0aypm0|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Facilities ==<br />
The school offers features like indoor cricket, indoor basketball, football adventure sports, paramilitary training, yoga and meditation. The school has psychologists and special tutors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ht-top-schools-survey-the-10-best-schools-in-mumbai-s-north/story-uIcOHMmsMr3z73ipsWPulN.html|title=HT Top Schools survey: The 10 best schools in Mumbai's north|date=2015-09-14|access-date=2016-12-15|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
NES International School was amongst the international schools in Mumbai to take part in IB World’s first online assessment session in May 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/intl-schools-begin-to-make-big-shift-to-onscreen-exams/articleshow/57173575.cms?from=mdr|title=International schools begin to make big shift to onscreen exams|last=Borwankar|first=Vinamrata|date=16 February 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Activities and achievements ==<br />
NES International School organises an annual science festival each year in collaboration with South Asian International Baccalaureate Schools Association (SAIBSA)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Over-5000-visit-science-festival-at-Mumbais-Mulund-school/articleshow/46481308.cms|title=Over 5,000 visit science festival at Mumbai's Mulund school - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015, a student of NES International School Mulund, Nishad Damle was honoured with the Superior Academic Achievement Award by the National Society of High School Scholars, Atlanta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/City-student-bags-grant-for-lifelong-education-in-US/articleshow/48658279.cms|title=City student bags grant for lifelong education in US - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
NES International is the first school with a space pavilion by [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] and [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|VSSC]]. The students of NES International were also invited to visit the ISRO centre in October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nesinternational.org/about/awards-accolades/|title=Awards & Accolades - NES International School Mumbai|website=www.nesinternational.org|access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Schools in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:1983 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:International Baccalaureate schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Cambridge schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1983]]<br />
[[Category:International schools in Mumbai]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bankra,_North_24_Parganas&diff=489631Bankra, North 24 Parganas2026-03-23T15:46:22Z<p>Shivam Babu: adding a page - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{other uses|Bankra}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bankra<br />
| official_name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Census Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.446803|N|88.983346|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title1 = <br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| leader_title2 = <br />
| leader_name2 = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 3.1525<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 6,897<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 74324<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 03217<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hingalganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hingalganj]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bankra''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Hingalganj]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Basirhat subdivision]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=370| height=600| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|49|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Basirhat subdivision, North 24 Parganas district'''<br/> M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|30|44|N|88|45|5|E}} |label-pos1=top|label1= Balihati | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Balihati]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2= {{coord|22|26|48|N|88|59|0|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2= Bankra| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=Bankra, North 24 Parganas (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|38|25|N|88|53|39|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Dandirhat| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Dandirhat]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|29|N|88|45|56|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Dakshin Chatra| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Dakshin Chatra]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|52|52|N|88|46|32|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Deora| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Deora, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|42|30|N|88|45|26|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Dhanyakuria| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Dhanyakuria]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|14|N|88|59|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Hingalganj| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Hingalganj, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|30|N|88|54|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Itinda| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Itinda]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|18|N|88|43|52|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9= Minakhan| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Minakhan, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|15|N|88|48|53|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mathurapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mathurapur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|41|35|N|88|50|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Raghunathpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Raghunathpur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|32|54|N|88|49|7|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Sadigachhi| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Sadigachhi]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|28|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Uttar Bagundi| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Uttar Bagundi]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|44|24|N|88|47|45|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Baduria| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Baduria]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|25|N|88|51|15|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Basirhat| numbered15=M| mark-title15=[[Basirhat]] (M) | shape-color15= #800000<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|35|24|N|88|54|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Taki| numbered16=M| mark-title16=[[Taki (India)]] (M) | shape-color16= #800000<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|49|27|N|88|51|22|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Swarupnagar| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Swarupnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|41|55|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Bamanpukuria| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bamanpukuria]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|40|23|N|88|56|46|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ghojadanga| labela19=check post| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Ghojadanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|36|37|N|88|40|38|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Haroa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Haroa, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|34|30|N|88|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Hasnabad| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Hasnabad]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|12|58|N|88|58|53|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Hemnagar| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Hemnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|46|20|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Iswarigachha| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Iswarigachha]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|25|18|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Kalinagar| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kalinagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|30|29|N|88|46|7|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Malancha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Malancha, Basirhat]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|42|10|N|88|46|15|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Matia| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Matia, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|34|25|N|88|50|30|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Murarisha| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Murarisha]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|26|37|N|88|50|32|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nazat| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Nazat]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|26|48|N|88|57|19|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Sandelerbil| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Sandelerbil]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|21|59|N|88|52|15|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Sandeshkhali| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Sandeshkhali]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|50|18|N|88|52|3|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Sarapul| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Sarapul, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|57|0|E}} | label32= Ichhamati |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= 80| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none<br />
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|33|0|N|88|53|40|E}} | label33= Raimangal River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 95| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none<br />
|mark-coord34={{coord|22|23|30|N|88|49|40|E}} | label34= Burokalabati |labela34 =River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 50| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none<br />
|mark-coord35={{coord|22|36|0|N|88|40|0|E}} | label35= Bidyadhari |labela35 =River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= 90| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|33|0|N|89|0|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}<br />
<br />
===Location=== <br />
Bankra is located at {{coord|22.446803|N|88.983346|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The area shown in the map is a part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It contains soil of mature black or brownish [[loam]] to recent [[alluvium]]. Numerous rivers, creeks and ''khals'' criss-cross the area. The tip of the [[Sundarbans National Park]] is visible in the lower part of the map (shown in green but not marked). The larger full screen map shows the full forest area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> A large section of the area is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The densely populated area is an overwhelmingly rural area. Only 12.96% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.04% of the population lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bankra had a total population of 6,897, of which 3,395 (49%) were males and 3,502 (51%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 927. The total number of literate persons in Bankra was 2,935 (49.16% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1911_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, North Twnty Four Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 324020, pages 38-39|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 18 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
According to the ''District Census Handbook, North Twenty Four Parganas'', 2011, Bankra covered an area of 3.1525&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The protected water-supply involved overhead tank, tap water from treated sources, tube well/ bore well. It had 848 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 maternity home, 1 TB hospital/ clinic. Among the educational facilities, it had 4 primary schools. Other educational facilities 4&nbsp;km away at [[Hingalganj, North 24 Parganas|Hingalganj]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 16 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
Sanderbil Rural Hospital at [[Sandelerbil]], with 30 beds, is the main medical facility in Hingalganj CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{North 24 Parganas District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kochi_Municipal_Corporation&diff=462288Kochi Municipal Corporation2026-03-14T16:56:41Z<p>Shivam Babu: expand layout and fixed typos for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Kochi, Kerala, India}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
|name = Kochi Municipal Corporation<br />
|logo = Logo of Corporation of Cochin.jpg<br />
|logo_caption=Logo of Kochi Municipal Corporation<br />
|house_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]<br />
|leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]<br />
|leader1 = Adv.Minimol V K<br />
|party1 = [[ Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|election1 = <br />
|leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br />
|leader2 = Deepak Joy<br />
|party2 = [[ Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|election2 = <br />
|leader3_type = Leader of Opposition<br />
|leader3 = <br />
|party3 = <br />
|election3 = <br />
|leader4_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Corporation Secretary]]<br />
|leader4 = P.S.Shibu<ref>https://kochicorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/secretary/370</ref><br />
|seats = 76<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/boundaries-number-of-divisions-in-kochi-corporation-undergo-sweeping-changes-as-per-draft-of-delimitation-of-wards/article68885752.ece</ref><br />
|jurisdiction =<br />
|term_limits = 5 years<br />
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1967}}<br />
|house1 = <br />
|structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Kerala Kochi Municipal Corporation Election Partywise 2025.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:India Kerala Kochi Municipal Corporation Election Alliance Wise 2025.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}<br />
|political_groups1 =<br />
'''[[Government]] (48)''' <br /><br />
{{colorbox|#046FFF}} [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] (48)<br />
*{{colorbox|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (42)<br />
*{{colorbox|#228B22}} [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] (3)<br />
*{{colorbox|#CC6600}} [[Kerala Congress|KEC]] (1)<br />
*{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)<br />
'''Official Opposition (20)''' <br /><br />
{{colorbox|#FF0000}} [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] (20)<br />
*{{colorbox|#CC0D0D}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (17)<br />
*{{colorbox|#F9001B}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (2)<br />
*{{colorbox|#FF7F7F}} [[Congress (Secular)|CON(S)]] (1)<br />
'''Other Opposition (9)''' <br /><br />
*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (6)<br />
*{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)<br />
|committees1 = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes<br />
| title = 8<br />
| 1 = Development standing committee<br />
| 2 = Education & Sports standing committee<br />
| 3 = Finance standing committee<br />
| 4 = Health standing committee<br />
| 5 = Public works standing committee<br />
| 6 = Tax appeal standing committee<br />
| 7 = Town planning standing committee<br />
| 8 = Welfare standing committee<br />
}}<br />
|last_election1 = [[2025 Kerala local elections|9 December 2025]]<br />
|next_election1 = December 2030<br />
|session_room = Kochi Municipal Corporation IMG 20180916 140014.jpg<br />
|session_res = 250px<br />
|meeting_place = Old Corporation Office at Park Avenue, [[Ernakulam]]<br />
|website = {{url|https://kochicorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Kochi Municipal Corporation''' is the [[municipal corporation]] that governs the [[India]]n city of [[Kochi]] in the state of [[Kerala]]. The Corporation manages 94.88 km<sup>2</sup> of Kochi city and has a population of 677,381<ref name="Corporation Stats">{{cite web| url=https://cochinmunicipalcorporation.kerala.gov.in/web/guest/poverty-reduction| title=Profile of Kochi| publisher=Kochi Municipal Corporation| access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> within that area. It is the most densely populated city corporation in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corporationofcochin.net/general.html |title=Official Website of Coorporation of Cochin |access-date=2015-12-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717083458/http://www.corporationofcochin.net/general.html |archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref> Kochi Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal_corporation_(India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The port at [[Kozhikode]] held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> The arrival of the Portuguese at [[Kappad]], [[Kozhikode]] in 1498, during the [[Age of Discovery]], opened a direct sea route from [[Europe]] to [[India]].<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> However with the arrival of Portuguese, the power of [[Zamorin]] began to decline and [[Kochi]] began to emerge as the largest port city on the coast.<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> [[File:Fort Kochi City Map 1672.png|thumb|499x499px|left|The map of Fort Kochi Municipality under the Dutch rule with Fort Stormburg (Kochi Fort)]]<br />
<br />
The [[Fort Kochi]] had its first municipality established under Dutch influence on 18 April 1664 which was limited within Dutch occupied Kochi Stormburg Fort ([[Fort Emmanuel|Immanuel Fort]]), which was the oldest municipality in the Indian sub-continent. However, with the handing over of Kochi to the British as part of [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Anglo-Dutch treaty]], the municipality of Fort Kochi was disbanded and much of the local administration were then carried out by ''Pandara'' officials (Revenue department of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin Kingdom]]). The [[Ernakulam]] town was under the direct protection of the British Resident of Kochi. A municipality under the chairmanship of British Resident was commissioned in 1823 to administer Ernakulam town. However it didn't have local representation, rather constituted by military officials of the [[British East India Company]].<br />
<br />
Fort Kochi, which was a part of [[Malabar District]] until 1956, was made a municipality on 1 November 1866, along with [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Palakkad]], according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850)<ref name="Ref1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |title=CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014) |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107091128/http://lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis McIver |first1=G. Stokes |title=Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras |date=1883 |publisher=E.Keys at the Government Press |location=Madras |page=444 |edition=(Vol II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="google.co.in">{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras (India |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |date=1915 |publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press |location=Madras |page=20 |edition=Vol.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=HENRY FROWDE, M.A. |first1=Imperial Gazetteer of India |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908–1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=New |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref> of the [[British Indian Empire]]. Its first [[Municipal Council]] seating contest was conducted in 1883. This was first modern municipality in the region and also the first native (not under British India) municipality of the country. Much of Kochi's progress in local administration came under reign of Maharaja Rama Varma along with support of Diwan Sankunni Menon. In the year 1873, [[Mattancherry]] areas were demarcated out of Fort Kochi and a new municipal board was formed. In 1896, the Maharaja announced establishment of a municipal board for Ernakulam town, constituted by 4 members from palace, 2 members from local communities, one Englishman and 2 members from other religious minorities. The mayor was nominated by Maharaja. These were the first steps towards establishing a modern municipalities in the city.<br />
<br />
After independence, these 3 municipalities remained and was brought under Indian laws. In 1956 the erstwhile Elamkulam Panchayat and a portion of Cheranallur Panchayat (Pachalam - Vaduthala) were amalgamated to the Ernakulam Municipality. In 1962 a portion of Palluruthy Panchayat (Mundamveli area) was amalgamated to the then Mattancherry Municipality. Edappally Panchayat was formed in 1946 and Palluruthy and Vyttila in 1953. The idea behind the formation of Kochi Municipal Corporation<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.corporationofcochin.net/urban_kb/EVOLUTION.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719140058/http://www.corporationofcochin.net/urban_kb/EVOLUTION.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> was first shaped in the Mattancherry Municipal Council. The Council passed a resolution requesting the Government to form Cochin Municipal Corporation amalgamating the Municipalities of Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi, on 9 July 1960. However, the erstwhile Fort Kochi Municipal Council was strongly opposed to this proposal. <br />
<br />
Kerala State Assembly approved the proposal of Cochin Municipal Corporation. The [[Government of Kerala]], as per their order G.O. (MS) 276/67/DD dt. 27/9/67, notified the formation of the Municipal Corporation of Kochi by amalgamating the three historical Municipalities of the state (Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi) with the Willingdon Island, four [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]] (Palluruthy, Vennala, Vyttila and Edappally) and the small islands of Gundu Dweepu, Ramanthuruth. The new Corporation came into existence on 1 November 1967, having a total area of 83.524 km<sup>2</sup>. The name of the Corporations was later changed to Kochi Municipal Corporation, to reflect the local name.<br />
<br />
== Structure ==<br />
<br />
The corporation is headed by a [[mayor]]. The current mayor is VK Minimol of the [[Indian National Congress]], seconded by Deepak Joy as Deputy Mayor. Former mayors and deputy mayors include [[Mercy Williams]] and [[C. K. Manisankar|C.K. Manisankar]]. The city is divided into 76 administrative wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for a period of five years. The corporation has its central office situated in [[Ernakulam]] and has zonal offices at [[Fort Kochi]], [[Mattancherry]], [[Palluruthy]], [[Edappally]], [[Vaduthala]] and [[Vyttila]].<br />
<br />
For the purpose of administration, the corporation is divided into different departments, each catering to a different aspect of the city's development and welfare. The corporation secretary, appointed by the [[Government of Kerala]], is the head of the administrative wing of the Kochi Municipal Corporation and oversees its administrative affairs. The Personal Department takes care of the general administration of the city. The various departments include that of [[Urban planning|Town Planning]], [[Health]], [[Engineering]], [[Revenue]], [[Account (accountancy)|Accounts]] and the Council Section. The corporation has a ''Janasevanakendram'' (meaning centre for people's service), that addresses the issues of the public. The corporation also operates eight [[maternity]] and [[Child Protective Services|child welfare]] centers in the city.<br />
===Wards===<br />
After the ward [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] in 2025, the number of wards in Kochi Municipal Corporation increased from 74 to 76.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kochi Municipal Corporation; Wards - Kerala State Election Commission |url=https://sec.kerala.gov.in/public/cnstncy/wd/d0f41644-754b-4b6e-a8dc-97ecbf5fee16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-11-05 |title=38 divisions in Kochi Corporation reserved for women after fresh draw of lots |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/38-divisions-in-kochi-corporation-reserved-for-women-after-fresh-draw-of-lots/article70245461.ece |access-date=2025-11-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
== Office holders ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Kochi Municipal Corporation — Office Holders (2025–2030)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporation of Kochi |url=https://kochicorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/list-councilors-2025-2030/647}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Office !! Name !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mayor]] || V. K. Minimol<br />
([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br />
| Elected Mayor; serving first half of term after 2025 council elections; Councillor from [[Palarivattom]] division<br />
|-<br />
| [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]] || Deepak Joy<br />
([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br />
| Elected Deputy Mayor; serving first part of term.<br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson, Finance Standing Committee <br />
|Deepak Joy<br />
|Deputy mayor [[Ex officio member|Ex officio]] <br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson, Development Standing Committee<br />
|Shakrutha<br />
(INC)<br />
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Standing committee members - Kochi Corporation |url=https://kochicorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/standing-committee-members/648}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson, Welfare Standing Committee <br />
|Antony Painuthara<br />
(INC)<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson, Health Standing Committee<br />
|Seena Teacher <br />
(INC)<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖിക |first=സ്വന്തം |date=2026-01-08 |title=കൊച്ചി കോർപറേഷൻ; മത്സരമില്ല, സ്ഥിരംസമിതി അംഗങ്ങളായി {{!}} Kochi Corporation; No contest, standing committee members appointed {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/ernakulam/kochi/kochi-corporation-no-contest-standing-committee-members-appointed-1484208 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Public Works Standing Committee<br />
|Ashraf T. K.<br />
([[IUML]])<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|Town Planning Standing Committee<br />
|Adv. P.M. Naseema<br />
(INC)<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|Tax Appeal Standing Committee<br />
|K.A. Manaf <br />
(INC)<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|Education & Sports Standing Committee<br />
|Jismi Gerald<br />
(INC)<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[Municipal commissioner (India)|Corporation Secretary]] <br />
|P.S. Shibu<br />
|Official appointed by the [[Local Self Government Department (Kerala)|Government of Kerala]].<ref>https://kochicorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/secretary/370</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Executive Officers ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white; font-size:110%;" | Kochi Municipal Corporation Leadership<br />
|-<br />
! Position<br />
! Name<br />
! Division<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! colspan="2" | Alliance<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#e6f2ff;" | Mayor<br />
| '''Adv. Minimol V. K.'''<br />
| Palarivattom (33)<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#e6f2ff;" | Deputy Mayor<br />
| '''Deepak Joy'''<br />
| Ayyappankavu (19)<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Current members ===<br />
The 76 wards of the Kochi Municipal Corporation and their councillors are listed below in the serial wise order.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.kerala.gov.in/|title=2025 Kerala local election results|work=SEC Kerala|accessdate=15 January 2026}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2|Assembly<br />
! colspan=2|Ward Details<br />
! rowspan=2|Councillor<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Party<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Alliance<br />
! rowspan=2|Remarks<br />
|-<br />
!No.<br />
!Name<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=8|[[Kochi Assembly constituency|Kochi]] || 1 || Fort Kochi || Shiny Mathew || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
| Mayor-designate (Term 2)<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || Kalvathy || Fausia Mohammed || {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || Earavely || Rahina Rafeeq || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || Karippalam || Manaf K. A. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || Cheralayi || Pravitha Vijayakumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || Mattanchery || Sheeja Navas || {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || Chakkamadam || Suhana Subair || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || Karuvelippady || Kavitha Harikumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=8|[[Ernakulam Assembly constituency|Ernakulam]] || 9 || Island North || Padmakumari T. || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || Ravipuram || S. Sashikala || {{Party name with color|Independent}} || {{party color cell|Others}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || Ernakulam South || K. V. P. Krishnakumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
| Deputy Mayor-designate (Term 2)<br />
|-<br />
| 12 || Gandhi Nagar || Nirmala Teacher || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || Kathrikadavu || Riya Lawrence || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 14 || Ernakulam Central || Sudha Dileepkumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 15 || Ernakulam North || Augustine Sebastian P. M. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 16 || Kaloor South || Aristotle M. G. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=1|[[Thrikkakara Assembly constituency|Thrikkakara]] || 17 || Kaloor North || Ashraf T. K. || {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=11|[[Ernakulam Assembly constituency|Ernakulam]] || 18 || Thrikkanarvattom || Dr. Jalaja S. Acharya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || Ayyappankavu || Deepak Joy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
| Deputy Mayor<br />
|-<br />
| 20 || Pottakuzhy || Brigith Ashin || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India |dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || Elamakkara South || V. R. Sudheer || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 22 || Pachalam || Albert Ambalathingal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 23 || Thattazham || Sibi John || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 24 || Vaduthala West || Jismi Gerald || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 25 || Vaduthala East || Henry Austin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 26 || Elamakkara North || Beena Mahesh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 27 || Puthukkalavattam || Seena Teacher || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 28 || Kunnumpuram || Jagadambika || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=22|[[Thrikkakara Assembly constituency|Thrikkakara]] || 29 || Ponekkara || Nimmi Mariyam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 30 || Edappally || Abdul Latheef || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 31 || Changampuzha || Sini Anand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 32 || Dhevankulangara || Vijayakumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 33 || Palarivattom || Adv. Minimol V. K. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
| Mayor<br />
|-<br />
| 34 || Stadium || Adv. Deepthi Mary Varghese || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 35 || Karanakkodam || Girly Robert || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 36 || Puthiyaroad || Molly Charlie || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 37 || Padivattam || Shibi Soman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 38 || Vennala || Sabu Koroth || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 39 || Chakkaraparambu || Adv. P. M. Naseema || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 40 || Chalikkavattam || Bindu Viju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 41 || Thammanam || Divya Rajesh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 42 || Elamkulam || Nisha P. D. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 43 || Girinagar || P. D. Martin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 44 || Ponnurunni || M. X. Sebastian || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 45 || Ponnurunni East || Beena Divakaran || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 46 || Vyttila || V. P. Chandran || {{Party name with color|Independent politician}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
| UDF Independent<br />
|-<br />
| 47 || Poonithura || Xavier P. Antony || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 48 || Vyttila Janatha || Anju K. Thankachan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 49 || Kadavanthra || Jison George || {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 50 || Panampilly Nagar || Antony Painuthara || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4|[[Ernakulam Assembly constituency|Ernakulam]] || 51 || Perumanoor || K. X. Francis || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 52 || Konthuruthy || Abhishek K. S. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 53 || Thevara || Elizabeth Teacher || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 54 || Island South || Shakrutha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=9|[[Thrippunithura Assembly constituency|Thrippunithura]] || 55 || Kadebhagam || Ashwathi Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 56 || Palluruthy East || N. P. Shanthini || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 57 || Thazhuppu || Sujatha Sabu || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 58 || Eadakochi North || K. J. Basil || {{Full party name with color|Congress (Secular)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 59 || Edakochi South || Lasitha Peter || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 60 || Perumbadappu || Likitha N. X. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India |dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 61 || Konam || C. R. Biju || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 62 || Palluruthy Kacheripady || V. A. Sreejith || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 63 || Nambyapuram || Rashida Hussain || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=13|[[Kochi Assembly constituency|Kochi]] || 64 || Palluruthy || Geetha Prabhakaran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 65 || Pullardesam || Hema Teacher || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 66 || Tharebhagam || Lavitha Nelson || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 67 || Thoppumpady || Joseph Sumith || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 68 || Mundamvely East || K. J. Prakashan || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}} || OTH<br />
|-<br />
| 69 || Mundamvely || Lisi Sumi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 70 || Manassery || Nisha Joseph || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 71 || Moolamkuzhy || Joseph Fernandes (Josykutty) || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 72 || Chullickal || Bastin Babu || {{Party name with color|Independent politician}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
| UDF Independent<br />
|-<br />
| 73 || Nasrathu || Yesudas (P. J. Dasan) || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 74 || Panayappilly || Aswathy Gireesh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 75 || Amaravathy || Adv. Priya Prashanth || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 76 || Fortkochi Veli || Manjula Anil Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Ward Breakdown by Assembly Constituency ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#333333; color:white; width:25%;" | Assembly Constituency<br />
! style="background-color:#333333; color:white; width:15%;" | Total Wards<br />
! style="background-color:#0072C6; color:white; width:15%;" | UDF<br />
! style="background-color:#CC0000; color:white; width:15%;" | LDF<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white; width:15%;" | NDA<br />
! style="background-color:#808080; color:white; width:15%;" | OTH<br />
! style="background-color:#333333; color:white; width:15%;" | Leading Alliance<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | [[Thrikkakara Assembly constituency|Thrikkakara]]<br />
| '''23'''<br />
| style="background-color:#e6f2ff; color:#000000;" | '''22'''<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| style="background-color:#0072C6; color:white;" | UDF<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | [[Ernakulam Assembly constituency|Ernakulam]]<br />
| '''23'''<br />
| style="background-color:#e6f2ff; color:#000000;" | '''15'''<br />
| 4<br />
| 3<br />
| 1<br />
| style="background-color:#0072C6; color:white;" | UDF<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | [[Kochi Assembly constituency|Kochi]]<br />
| '''21'''<br />
| style="background-color:#e6f2ff; color:#000000;" | '''10'''<br />
| 7<br />
| 3<br />
| 1<br />
| style="background-color:#0072C6; color:white;" | UDF<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | [[Thrippunithura Assembly constituency|Thrippunithura]]<br />
| '''9'''<br />
| 1<br />
| style="background-color:#ffe6e6; color:#000000;" | '''8'''<br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| style="background-color:#CC0000; color:white;" | LDF<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#DCDCDC;" align="right" | Total<br />
! style="background-color:#DCDCDC;" | 76<br />
! style="background-color:#0072C6;" | 48<br />
! style="background-color:#CC0000;" | 20<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933;" | 6<br />
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | 2<br />
! style="background-color:#0072C6;" | UDF<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Demography ==<br />
<br />
The Kochi City has a population of 596,473 as per Indian Census 2001. Kochi witnessed a rapid population growth during the past 30 years. The average decadal growth in Kochi Corporation is 7.83% whereas the nearby municipal areas registered decadal average of 18.65%, and the adjoining panchayaths had an average decadal growth of 12.13%. The Sub-urban areas around the city is showing high rate of population growth and also fast developing trends. The literacy rate is 95.5%.<br />
<br />
== Revenue sources ==<br />
<br />
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ko11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ko12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ko13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Revenue from taxes === <br />
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br />
<br />
* Property tax.<br />
* Profession tax.<br />
* Entertainment tax.<br />
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br />
* Advertisement tax.<br />
<br />
=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br />
<br />
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br />
<br />
* Water usage charges.<br />
* Fees from Documentation services.<br />
* Rent received from municipal property.<br />
* Funds from municipal bonds.<br />
* Fees and user charges<br />
* Sale and hire charges <br />
<br />
== Election history ==<br />
=== Corporation Election 2025 ===<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! S.No. <br />
! Party name <br />
! Party symbol <br />
! Number of Corporators <br />
! Change<br />
!Map<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"|'''1.''' <br />
| align="center"| [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']] <br />
| [[File:UDF logo.png|50px]] <br />
| align="center"| '''48''' <br />
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''18'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[File:C07003 - Cochin Municipal Corporation 2025.svg|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"|'''2.''' <br />
| align="center"| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']] <br />
| [[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] <br />
| align="center"| '''20''' <br />
| align="center"| {{decrease}} '''9'''<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''3.'''<br />
| align="center"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] <br />
| [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|50px]]<br />
| align="center"| '''06''' <br />
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''1'''<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent politician}};color:white"|'''4.'''<br />
| align="center"| [[Independent politician|'''IND''']] <br />
| [[File:No flag.svg|50px]]<br />
| align="center"| '''02'''<br />
| align="center"| {{decrease}} '''8'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Corporation Election 2020 ===<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! S.No. <br />
! Party name <br />
! Party symbol <br />
! Number of Corporators <br />
! Change<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"|'''1.''' <br />
| align="center"| [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']] <br />
| [[File:UDF logo.png|50px]] <br />
| align="center"| '''30''' <br />
| align="center"| {{decrease}} '''8'''<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"|'''2.''' <br />
| align="center"| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']] <br />
| [[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] <br />
| align="center"| '''29''' <br />
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''6'''<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Others}};color:white"|'''3.'''<br />
| align="center"| '''OTHERS''' <br />
| [[File:No flag.svg|50px]]<br />
| align="center"| '''10'''<br />
| align="center"| {{decrease}} '''1'''<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''4.'''<br />
| align="center"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] <br />
| [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|50px]]<br />
| align="center"| '''05''' <br />
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''3'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== [[2015 Kerala local elections|2015 Local body elections]] ===<br />
Soumini Jain from the [[Indian National Congress]] served as the [[mayor]] of Kochi Corporation in 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CORPORATION {{!}} Ernakulam District Website {{!}} India |url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/corporation/ |access-date=2020-12-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Thiruvananthapuram: Soumini Jain sails through for now |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/311019/thiruvananthapuram-soumini-jain-sails-through-for-now.html |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Soumini Jain to step down; Shiny likely to be next Kochi mayor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/dec/07/soumini-jain-to-step-down-shiny-likely-to-be-next-kochi-mayor-2072579.html |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=7 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2015-11-18 |title=Soumini Jain to be Kochi Mayor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/soumini-jain-to-be-kochi-mayor/article7890302.ece |access-date=2020-07-31 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> On the council, Soumini represented the municipal corporation's 36th division (Elamkulam).<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=2020-12-27 |title=Anil Kumar likely to be Kochi Mayor, Ansiya Deputy Mayor |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2020/12/27/anil-kumar-likely-to-be-kochi-mayor-ansiya-deputy-mayor.html |work=[[Manorama News|Manorama]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
!S.No.<br />
!Political Front/Party<br />
!Number of Corporators<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF)<br />
|38<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] (LDF)<br />
|23<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA)<br />
|02<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Others<br />
|11<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Issues ==<br />
<br />
One of the main issues that the Kochi Municipal Corporation faces is that much of the modern city has developed outside the official city limits which was last defined in 1967. As a result, the extended urban agglomeration grew much more than any other city of India, leaving the corporation dry in resources. As Kochi is a major industry and thriving modern port-city, it required much more strong leadership and plans, which till now never materialized. The city grew in unplanned way without any masterplan creating more problems. As most of the town-planning agencies like transport, electricity, water distribution were managed by [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]], the Kochi Corporation failed in co-ordinating various agencies implementing various projects. Apart from all these, much of the infrastructural development funds for the city were given to Greater Cochin Development Authority which often creates administrative clashes and issues over implementation.<br />
<br />
One of the major issue which the city faced earlier was waste management which aggravated in 2002, which was partially solved by commissioning of the [[Bhrahmapuram landfill|Brahmapuram Waste Management Plant]] in 2008. However this was gradually converted into a dumping yard. In 2023, a major fire broke out at the Brahmapuram plant resulting in major parts of Kochi city getting engulfed in smoke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Toxic fumes continue to engulf Kochi nearly 3 days into fire at Brahmapuram waste plant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/toxic-fumes-engulf-kochi-3-days-fire-brahmapuram-waste-plant-8480517/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Kochi metropolitan area]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100809114442/http://www.corporationofcochin.net/ Website1]<br />
* [https://cochinmunicipalcorporation.kerala.gov.in/ Website2]<br />
<br />
{{Kochi (India) topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Government of Kochi]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raigad_Fort&diff=448412Raigad Fort2026-03-13T22:58:35Z<p>Shivam Babu: Content refined and expanded</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hill fort in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{For|the town in Chhattisgarh|Raigarh}}<br />
{{distinguish|Rajgad Fort}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox military installation<br />
| name = Raigad Fort<br />
| partof = <br />
| location = [[Raigad District]], [[Maharashtra]]&lt;br /&gt;(near [[Mahad]])<br />
| image = Nagarkhana, Raigad Fort, India.jpg<br />
| caption = Nagarkhana, Raigad Fort<br />
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 300<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Shown within [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.2335|73.4406|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|format=dms|display=inline, title}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site<br />
|child = yes<br />
|Part_of = [[Maratha Military Landscapes of India]]<br />
|ID = 1739-005<br />
|Year = 2025<br />
|Criteria = Cultural: iv, vi<br />
}}<br />
| type = Hill fort<br />
| code = <br />
| height = {{convert|1356|m|ft|-2}} ASL<br />
| architect = Sardar [[Hiroji Indulkar]]<br />
| controlledby = *[[Shirke]] family (before 1656)<br />
*[[Maratha Empire]] (1656–1689; 1739–1818)<br />
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1689–1739)<br />
*[[East India Company]] (1818–1858)<br />
*[[Government of India]] (after 1947)<br />
| open_to_public = Yes<br />
| condition = <br />
| built = Constructed between 1656 to 1674 under [[Maratha Empire]]<br />
| used = capital administration and military operations of the Maratha Empire<br />
| materials = [[Basalt]], [[Granite]], [[Lime mortar]]<br />
| demolished = <br />
| current_commander = <br />
| past_commanders = {{ubl|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji]]|[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji]]}}<br />
| occupants = <br />
| events = Coronation of<br />
*[[Shivaji]] (6 June 1674)<br />
*[[Sambhaji]] (16 January 1681)<br />
*[[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] (11 March 1689)<br />
}}<br />
'''Raigad''', seen in the [[Raigad district]] of [[Maharashtra]], India, is a hill fort located in the city of [[Mahad]]. It is one of the strongest fortresses on the [[Deccan Plateau]] and was historically referred to as Rairee or Rairy fort.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/this-is-why-you-should-visit-maharashtras-raigad-fort/articleshow/65783005.cms|title=This is why you should visit Maharashtra's Raigad Fort|first=Resham|last=Sengar|newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
[[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], the [[Maratha rulers|Maratha ruler]], along with his chief engineer [[Hiroji Indulkar]], did the construction and development of various buildings and structures, including Raigad. In 1674, after being crowned the king of the [[Maratha Kingdom]] of the [[Konkan]], Shivaji Maharaj chose Raigad as the capital of his [[Hindavi Swarajya|Hindavi Swaraj]].&lt;ref name=imp&gt;{{cite web | title =Raigarh |publisher=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], Volume 21|pages= 47–48|year=1909| url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_053.gif| access-date = 2014-02-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Located at an elevation of {{convert|820|m|ft|-2}} above its base and {{cvt|1,356|m}} above sea level within the [[Sahyadri mountain range]], the fort offers views of the surrounding area. The fort was home to around 1,550 people having an average family size of 5 people. Accessing the fort requires ascending approximately 1,737 steps. Alternatively, visitors can opt for the [[Raigad Ropeway]], an [[aerial tramway]] spanning {{cvt|750|m}} in length and reaching a height of {{cvt|400|m}}, which conveniently transports them from the ground to the fort in just four minutes.<br />
<br />
==Major features==<br />
[[File:MahaDarwaja Raigad Fort.JPG|thumb|The Maha Darwaja]]<br />
[[File:Jijamata Samadhi at Pachad, Raigadh, Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|The Samadhi of Rajmata Jijabai]]<br />
The main palace was constructed using wood, of which only the base pillars remain. The main fort ruins consist of the queen's quarters, and six chambers, with each chamber having its private restroom. The chambers do not have any windows. In addition, ruins of three watch towers can be seen directly in front of the palace grounds out of which only two remain as the third one was destroyed during a [[bombardment]]. The fort also overlooks an artificial lake known as the Ganga Sagar Lake.&lt;ref name=fort&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=1985|publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|pages=86–9|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The only main pathway to the fort passes through the "Maha Darwaja" (Great Door) which was previously closed at sunset. The Maha Darwaja has two huge bastions on both sides of the door which are approximately {{cvt|65–70|ft|order=flip}} in height. The top of the fort is {{cvt|600|ft|order=flip}} above this door.<br />
<br />
The king's court, inside the Raigad Fort, has a replica of the original throne that faces the main doorway called the ''Nagarkhana Darwaja''. It faces the East Side. It was here where Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's [https://mr.wikipedia.org/s/4h8y'''Rajabhishek'''] took place. This enclosure had been acoustically designed to aid hearing from the doorway to the throne. A secondary entrance, called the ''Mena Darwaja'' on the south side, was supposedly the private entrance for the royal ladies of the fort that lead to the queen's quarters. The convoy of the king and the king himself used the ''Palkhi Darwaja.'' on the north side. To the right of [[Palkhi]] Darwaja, is a row of three dark and deep chambers. Historians believe that these were the granaries for the fort.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.raigadropeway.com/fort.htm |title=Write-up from the Raigad ropeway |access-date=13 January 2007 |archive-date=5 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105182232/http://raigadropeway.com/fort.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
From the fort, one can view the execution point called ''Takmak Tok'', a cliff from which sentenced prisoners were thrown to their death. This area has been fenced off.&lt;ref name="gunaji"&gt;{{cite book|last=Gunaji|first=Milind|title=Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2005|pages=41|isbn=81-7154-669-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIjmDLardesC&amp;q=raigad+fort&amp;pg=PA41|access-date=2009-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
A statue of Shivaji is erected in front of the ruins of the main market avenue that leads to the ''Jagdishwar Mandir'', which has Sardar [[Hiroji Indulkar]]'s name engraved on the first step, his own [[Samādhi|Samadhi]] and that of his dog named ''Waghya''. The Samadhi of Rajmata Jijabai, Shivaji's mother, can be seen at the base village of Pachad. Additional attractions of the fort include the Khubladha Buruj, Nane Darwaja and the Hatti Talav (Elephant Lake). Henry Oxienden was on the fort from 13 May to 13 June 1674 &amp; he quoted "We arrived at the top of that strong mountain about sun set, which is fortified by nature more than art, being off very difficult access, and but one advance to it, which is guarded by two narrow gates, and fortified with a strong high wall, and bastions thereto. All the other parte of the mountaine is a direct precipice, so that it is impregnable except the treachery of some in it betrays it. On the Mountain are many strong buildings, as the Raja's Court, and houses for other Ministers of State, to the number of about 300, It is in length about 21 miles and breadth * a mile, but no pleasant trees nor any sort of grains grows thereon. Our house was about a mile from the Raja's Palace, into which we retired with no little content."&lt;ref name=fort/&gt;<br />
<br />
===''Hirakani Buruj''===<br />
The fort has a historic buruj called "Hirakani Buruj" (Hirakani Bastion) constructed over a huge steep cliff.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Forts in Raigad District|url=https://raigad.gov.in/en/tourist-place/forts-in-raigad/|access-date=14 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The legend goes "that a milkmaid named as Hirakani from a nearby village had come to sell milk to the people living at the fort. She happened to be inside the fort when the gates got closed and locked at sunset. Hearing the cries of her infant son back at the village echo after nightfall, the anxious mother couldn't wait till dawn and courageously climbed down the steep cliff in pitch darkness all for the love of her little one. She later repeated this extraordinary feat in front of Shivaji and was rewarded for her bravery." Noticing that this was a potential loophole, Shivaji built a bastion over the cliff and named it after the milkmaid as Hirakani Buruj.&lt;ref name=fort/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gunaji |first=Milind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHA9SzLMj3EC&amp;q=hirkani&amp;pg=PA87 |title=Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra |date=2010 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-578-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Incidents==<br />
The statue of Chatrapati Shivaji's pet dog was removed by alleged members of the [[Sambhaji Brigade]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=73 held for removing Shivaji's dog's statue from Raigad fort|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_73-held-for-removing-shivaji-dogs-statue-from-raigad-fort_1723352|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=DNA}}&lt;/ref&gt; in July 2012 as a protest but was re-instated by Shivaji Raigad Smarak Samiti, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], sculptor Rambhau Parkhi and the District Administration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Vaghyacha putala punha basavala|url=http://72.78.249.107/Sakal/3Aug2012/Enlarge/PuneCity/page8.htm|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=Sakal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Ropeway==<br />
The "Raigad Ropeway" is a [[Aerial tramway|ropeway]] which provides passenger transportation to the fort. Prior to the ropeway the only way to ascend Raigad fort was to trek to it, which took an hour. The Ropeway makes this site relatively more accessible to those not in a physical condition to make this trek. The Raigad Ropeway project is a non-profit endeavour, being the only one of its kind in India. This facility is owned by the Shri Shivaji Raigad Smarak Mandal, (SSRSM) [[Pune]], an organisation started by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] in 1886.&lt;ref name = "raigadropeway"&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.raigadropeway.com/ropeway.htm |title=The Ropeway |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=2009-07-02 |publisher=Raigad Ropeway|access-date=2011-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = "pib"&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2000/raug2000/r01082000.html |title=WEBSITE ON FORT RAIGAD INAUGURATED |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=August 2000|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=2011-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Construction of this Ropeway was completed in 1996.<br />
<br />
In 1990, the SSRSM was permitted by the government of Maharashtra to construct the ropeway. An offer of [[Indian Rupee|Rupees]] Eighty Million, received from a Central Government firm, from Naini, [[Allahabad]], was considered to be unviable. Subsequently, Jog Engineering Limited offered to execute the project on a [[Build–operate–transfer]] basis in 1994, at a cost of INR 31 Million, and the same was accepted by SSRSM.&lt;ref name = "raigadropeway"/&gt;<br />
<br />
The construction work commenced in November 1994, and was completed by March 1996. The project was inaugurated by Prof. [[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]], [[Sarsanghchalak]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. The ascent is 420 m and the rope length is 760 m. The motor capacity is 52.22&amp;nbsp;kW and the cabin weight is 100&amp;nbsp;kg each.&lt;ref name = "raigadropeway"/&gt;<br />
<br />
===Ropeway Museum===<br />
The ropeway project includes a museum which was created by [[Babasaheb Purandare]] and [[Ninad Bedekar]].&lt;ref name = "raigadropeway"/&gt;<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
&lt;gallery widths="170" heights="170"&gt;<br />
File:Raigad fort towers.jpg|Towers a.k.a. Manore<br />
File:Raigad 1896.jpg|Raigad in 1896<br />
File:Raigad fort walls hidden in the green.JPG|Fortification of the Raigad Fort<br />
File:RaigadFort1.jpg|Raigad Fort Palace Ruins<br />
File:Inscripted name of the architect of Raigad.JPG|Chief Architect Hiroji Indulkar inscription<br />
File:Total view of fort.jpg|Manore view<br />
File:Outer view of shiv temple.jpg|Jagdishwar temple<br />
File:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Samadhi Raigad.jpg|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Samadhi (memorial)<br />
File:Shilalekh at Raigadh.jpg|Inscription at Jagdishwar temple<br />
File:Palace at Raigad Fort.jpg|Rajsadar of Raigad fort<br />
File:Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj on his throne.jpg|Throne of Maratha Empire (Meghdambri/ ''Sinhasan)''<br />
File:Wagh Darwaza of Raigad fort.jpg|Wagh Darwaza<br />
File:Mahadarwaza and fortification of Raigad fort.jpg|Mahadarwaza and fortification<br />
File:Ropeway trolleys.JPG|Raigad Ropeway trolleys<br />
File:Opes of Raigad Ropeway.JPG |Raigad Ropeway ropes<br />
File:Riagad Ropeway Information.JPG |Raigad Ropeway Information in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
&lt;/gallery&gt;<br />
<br />
== In popular culture ==<br />
Many scenes of web series 'The secret of the Shiledars' were shot at Raigad Fort.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ITINERARY |first=INDIA |date=2025-01-30 |title=The Secret Of The Shiledars Shooting Locations |url=https://india-itinerary.com/2025/01/30/the-secret-of-the-shiledars-shooting-locations/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=India-Itinerary - Itineraries for Independent travelers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some scenes of the 2025 Hindi film ''[[Chhaava]]'' were shot on-location at Raigad.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of forts in Maharashtra]]<br />
* [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]<br />
* [[List of battles involving the Maratha Confederacy]]<br />
* [[Rajgad Fort|Rajgad fort]] (first capital of Maratha Empire)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Raigad Fort}}<br />
* [http://www.yashwantnaik.com/outing/one-trip-raigad-travel-guide-tourist-information/ (Raigad Fort Place to See)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809015438/https://yashwantnaik.com/outing/one-trip-raigad-travel-guide-tourist-information/ |date=9 August 2020 }}<br />
<br />
{{Forts in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Forts in India}}<br />
{{MarathaEmpire}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raigad Fort}}<br />
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Forts in Raigad district]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century forts in India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pune district]]<br />
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hiking trails in India]]<br />
[[Category:Maratha Military Landscapes of India]]<br />
[[Category:Maratha_Empire]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indore_State&diff=475555Indore State2026-03-09T13:15:17Z<p>Shivam Babu: improved article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Historical principality in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox former country<br />
| native_name = ''Indūra rājya'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]])<br />
| conventional_long_name = State of Indore<br />
| common_name = Indore<br />
| stat_area1 = 25,646<br />
| stat_year1 = 1931<br />
| stat_pop1 = 1,325,089<br />
| era = <br />
| year_start = 1732<br />
| date_start = 29 July<br />
| event_start = Established<br />
| status = State Within the [[Maratha Empire]] (1731–1818) <br/> [[Protectorate]] of the [[East India Company]] (1818–1857) <br/> [[Princely State]] of the [[British Raj]] (1857–1947)<br />State of the [[Dominion of India]] (1947–1948)<br />
| year_end = 1948<br />
| date_end = 1 January<br />
| event_end = [[Instrument of Accession|Accession]] to<br/> Dominion of India<br />
| event1 = <br />
| date_event1 = <br />
| p1 = Maratha Confederacy<br />
| s1 = Dominion of India<br />
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg<br />
| border_p1 = no<br />
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg<br />
| image_flag = Indore_Flag.svg<br />
| flag_border = no<br />
| flag_caption = Top: Flag (1732–1818)<br/>Bottom: Flag (1818–1950)<br />
| image_map = IndoreKart.jpg<br />
| image_map_caption = Map of the territories of Indore State, some forming [[enclave]]s in neighbouring [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] and [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]] states<br />
| title_leader = [[Maharaja]]<br />
| year_leader1 = 1732–1766 <small>(first)</small><br />
| leader1 = [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]<br />
| year_leader2 = 1926–1948 <small>(last)</small><br />
| leader2 = [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II]]<br />
| today = [[India]]<br /> '''∟''' [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| capital = [[Indore]]<br />
| leader_title1 = <br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| leader_name2 = <br />
| image_coat = Arms of the Indore State, 1908.jpg<br />
| image_flag2 = Flag of Indore.svg<br />
}}<br />
'''Indore State''' was a kingdom within the [[Maratha Empire]] ruled by the [[Maratha]] [[Holkar|Holkar dynasty]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Indore |volume=14 |pages=500–501 |first=James Sutherland |last=Cotton}}</ref> After 1857, [[Indore]] became a 19-[[Salute state|gun salute]] [[princely state]] within the [[Central India Agency]] of the [[Indian Empire (1876–1947)|Indian Empire]] under British protection.<br />
<br />
Indore State was located in the present-day Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], with its capital at the city of [[Indore]]. The state had an area of 24,605&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and a population of 1,325,089 in 1931. Other important towns besides Indore were [[Rampura, Neemuch|Rampura]], [[Khargone]], [[Maheshwar]], [[Mehidpur]], [[Barwaha]], and [[Bhanpura]]; there were a total of 3,368 villages.<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:The Rajawada (Old Palace) in Indore, MP (5102818067).jpg|thumb|280px|The [[Rajwada|Rajawada]] (Old Palace) of Indore]]<br />
[[File:SukhnivasPalace.JPG|thumb|280px|The Sukhnivas Palace]]<br />
[[File:HolkarElephant.jpg|thumb|280px|The Maharaja of Indore on his state elephant]]<br />
[[File:Yashwant Rao Holkar and Ranjit Singh in 1805.jpg|thumb|[[Yashwant Rao Holkar]] and [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1805]]<br />
[[File:Raja Shrimat Sir Kashirao (Dada Saheb) Holkar (KCSI) (KIH).jpg|thumb|Sir Kashirao (Dada Saheb) Holkar, {{small|[[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]}}, {{small|[[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|KIH]]}}, Raja Of Indore.]]<br />
[[File:Maharaja Holkar of Indore 1877.jpg|thumb|Maharaja [[Tukojirao Holkar II]]]]<br />
[[File:Tukoji Rao Holkar III, Maharaja of Indore.jpg|thumb|[[Tukojirao Holkar III]], Maharaja of Indore]]<br />
[[File:Maharani Shrimant Chandravati Bai Sahib Holkar, First Wife of Maharaja of Indore Tukojirao Holkar III.jpg|thumb|Maharani Shrimant Chandravati Bai Sahib Holkar, First Wife of Maharaja [[Tukojirao Holkar III]] of Indore]]<br />
[[File:Investiture of his Highness Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar Bahadur of Indore 9th May 1930.jpg|thumb|[[Yashwantrao Holkar II]]]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{See also|Dewas Junior|Dewas Senior|Dhar State|Gwalior State}}<br />
<br />
By 1720, the headquarters of the local [[pargana]] was transferred from [[Kampel, Indore|Kampel]] to Indore due to the increasing commercial activity in the city. On 18 May 1724, the ''Nizam'' accepted the rights of the Maratha Peshwa [[Bajirao I|Baji Rao I]] to collect [[chauth]] (taxes) from the area. In 1733, the [[Peshwa]] assumed full control of Malwa and appointed his commander [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] as the [[subahdar]] of the province.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}<br />
<br />
On 29 July 1732, Bajirao Peshwa-I granted Holkar State by granting 28 and a half parganas to Malhar Rao Holkar, the founding ruler of the Holkar dynasty. His daughter-in-law [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] moved the state's capital to [[Maheshwar]] in 1767, but Indore remained an important commercial and military centre.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}<br />
<br />
After the defeat of the Holkar rulers in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], an agreement was signed on 6 January 1818 with the [[British Empire|British]] and the Indore State became a [[British protectorate]]. The Holkar dynasty was able to continue to rule Indore as a [[princely state]] mainly owing to the efforts of [[Dewan]] Tatya Jog.<br />
<br />
The capital was moved from [[Maheshwar]] to Indore on 3 November 1818 and the [[Indore Residency]], a political [[Residencies of British India|residency]] with a British resident, was established in the city. Later, Indore would be established as the headquarters of the British [[Central India Agency]]. In 1906, electrical infrastructure was installed in the city while a fire brigade was established in 1909. By 1918, the first master plan of the city was drawn by architect and town planner [[Patrick Geddes]].<br />
<br />
During the period of [[Tukojirao Holkar II|Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar II]] (1852–86), efforts were made for the planned development and industrial development of Indore. During the reigns of [[Shivajirao Holkar|Maharaja Shivaji Rao Holkar]], [[Tukojirao Holkar III|Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar III]], and [[Yeshwantrao Holkar II|Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar]], business flourished thanks to the railways that had been introduced in the state in 1875.<br />
<br />
In 1926, Maharaja Tukoji Rao III Holkar XIII abdicated after being implicated in a murder case involving a court dancer who had tried to escape from his harem.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jhala|first1=Angma Dey|title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India ("The Body, Gender and Culture") by|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|location=London New York|isbn=978-1138663640|page=125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeUvCgAAQBAJ&q=maratha+tukoji&pg=PP1|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BBC News - A murder that shook British India and toppled a king |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c70e0drd480o |access-date=2025-01-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the [[independence of India]] in 1947, Indore State, along with a number of neighbouring princely states, acceded to India. [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II]], the last ruler of the state, signed the [[instrument of accession]] to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 1 January 1950. The territories of the state became part of the new Indian state of [[Madhya Bharat]].<br />
<br />
== List of rulers ==<br />
The kings of Indore held the title of '[[Maharaja]]' Holkar. The rulers of the state were entitled to a 19 [[salute state|gun salute]] by the British authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/indore.html |title=Indore Princely State (19 gun salute) |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606041013/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/indore.html |archive-date=6 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
The Holkar State [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]] (Court) was composed of many [[Jagirdar]]s, [[Sardar]]s, Istamuradars, [[Mankari]]s and [[Zamindar]]s.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont|author=Madan, T.N.|date=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120805279|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA129|page=129|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdIBAAAAMAAJ&q=Mankari+being+primarily+a+title+applied+to+Maratha+noblemen%2C+who+held+an+official+position+at+court |title=Pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces |last1=Russell |first1=Robert Vane |year=1916}}</ref><br />
===Maharajas===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! Birth !! Death !! Reign<br />
|-<br />
| [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malhar Rao Holkar I]]|| 1694 || 1766 || 1731 – 20 May 1766<br />
|-<br />
| [[Male Rao Holkar|Male Rao Holkar II]] || 1745 || 1767 || 20 May 1766 – 5 April 1767<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ahilyabai Holkar|Ahilya Bai Holkar]] (III)(f), regent and then ruling queen || 1725 || 1795 || April 1767 – 13 August 1795<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Rao I Holkar IV]] || 1723 || 1797 || 13 August 1795 – 29 January 1797<br />(also listed as co-ruler from April 1767)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kashi Rao Holkar|Kashi Rao Holkar V]] || ? || 1808 || 29 January 1797 – January 1799<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khande Rao Holkar|Khande Rao I Holkar VI]] || 1798 || 1806 || January 1799 – 1806<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yashwantrao Holkar|Yashwant Rao I Holkar]] || 1776 || 1811 || 1806 – 27 October 1811<br />(regent from January 1799) <br />
|-<br />
| [[Malhar Rao Holkar III|Malhar Rao III Holkar VII]] || 1801 || 1833 || November 1811 – 27 October 1833<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tulsi Bai Holkar|Maharani Tulsi Bai]] (f), regent || ? || 1817 || November 1811 – 20 December 1817<br />
|-<br />
| [[Martand Rao Holkar VIII]] || 1830 || 1849 || 27 October 1833 – 2 February 1834<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hari Rao Holkar IX]] || 1795 || 1843 || 2 February 1834 – 24 October 1843<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khande Rao II Holkar X]] || 1828 || 1844 || 24 October 1843 – 17 February 1844<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maji Keshri Bai| Maharani Maji]] (f), first regency || ? || 1849 || 24 October 1843 – 17 February 1844<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tukoji Rao II Holkar XI]]<br />(knighted 25 June 1861) || 1835 || 1886 || 27 June 1844 – 17 June 1886<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maji Keshri Bai| Maharani Maji]] (f), second regency (s.a.) || ? || 1849 || 27 June 1844 – September 1849<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shivaji Rao Holkar XII]]<br />(knighted 30 June 1887) || 1859 || 1908 || 17 June 1886 – 31 January 1903<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tukoji Rao III Holkar XIII]]<br />(knighted 1 January 1918) || 1890 || 1978 || 31 January 1903 – 26 February 1926<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II|Yashwant Rao II Holkar XIV]]<br />(knighted [[1935 New Year Honours|1 January 1935]]) || 1908 || 1961 || 26 February 1926 – 15 August 1947<br />
|-<br />
| Usha Devi Holkar || 1961 || present ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Diwans of Indore===<br />
*c. 1808 – 1811: Bala Ram Seth<br />
*1811 – December 1817: Ganpal Rao<br />
*1818 – April 1826: Tantia Jog (Tatya Jog) (died 1826)<br />
<br />
*April 1826 – 1827?: Raoji Trimbak<br />
*1827: Daji Bakhshi<br />
*1827? – 1829: Appa Rao Krishna<br />
*1829 – 1834?: Madhav Rao Phadnis<br />
*April 1834 – November 1836: Sardar Revaji Rao Phanse<br />
*1836 – 1839?: Abbaji Ballal (or Bhawani Bin) <br />
*1839? – 1840?: Bhao Rao Phanse (1st time)<br />
*1840? – October 1841: Narayan Rao Palshikar<br />
*1841 – 1842?: the ruler<br />
*1842? – 1848: Bhao Rao Phanse (2nd time)<br />
*1848 – 1849: Ram Rao Palshikar<br />
*1852 – 1872: Bhawani Singh Dube<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Laurd |first=C. E. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281568 |title=Indore State Gazetteer Vol II |year=1908 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |pages=43}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35875 |title=Rulers, Leading Families and Officials in the States of Central India |date=1935 |pages=24}}</ref><br />
*1872<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> – 1875: Sir [[T. Madhava Rao]] (1828–1891)<br />
*1875 – 1881: [[R. Raghunatha Rao]] (1st time) (1831–1912)<br />
*1881? – 1884?: Shahamat Ali<br />
*1884 – 1886: Nana Moroji Trilokekar<br />
*1886 – 1888: [[R. Raghunatha Rao]] (2nd time) (s.a.)<br />
*c. 1890s: [[B.A. Gupte|Balkrishna Atmaram Gupte]]<br />
*1890–1913: Sir Shri Rai Bhadhur Nanak Chand Ji Airen (as First Prime Minister Of State)<br />
*4 April 1913 – October 1914: Narayan Ganesh Chandravarkar<br />
*1914 – 1916: ....<br />
*1916 – 1921: Ram Prasad Dube (1st time. Nephew of Bhawani Singh Dube.<ref name=":0" />)<br />
*November 1921 – 1923?: Chettur Sankaran Nair (1857–1934)<br />
*1923 – 1926: Ram Prasad Dube (2nd time)<br />
<br />
===Prime ministers===<br />
• 1879 -1884: Bakshi Khuman Singh (C.S.I.) <blockquote></blockquote><br />
<br />
*1890–1913: Sir Shri Rai Bhadhur Nanak Chand Ji Airen<br />
*February 1926 – 1939: Siremal Bapna (s.a.)<br />
*1939 – 1942?: Sardar Dina Nath<br />
*1942 – 1947: Raja Gyannath Madan<br />
*1947: R.G. Horton<br />
* 1 September 1947 – 3 January 1948: E.P. Menon<br />
*January 1948: N.C. Mehta<br />
*26 January 1948 – March 1948: M.V. Bhide<br />
<br />
====British Residents====<br />
British Residents of the [[Indore Residency]].<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India]</ref><br />
*1840–1844: Sir Claude Martin Wade (1794–1861)<br />
*1845–1859: Robert North Collie Hamilton (1802–1887)<br />
*1859–1861: Sir Richmond Campbell Shakespear (1812–1861)<br />
*1861–1869: Richard John Meade (1821–1899)<br />
*1869–1881: Henry D. Daly<br />
*1881–1888: Henry Lepel-Griffin (1838–1908)<br />
*1888–1890: P.F. Henvey<br />
*1890–1894: R.J. Crosthwaite<br />
*1894–1899: David W.K. Barr<br />
*1899–1902: Robert Henry Jennings<br />
*1902–1903: Francis Younghusband (1863–1942)<br />
*1903–1907: [[Oswald Bosanquet|Oswald Vivian Bosanquet]] (1st time) (1866–1933)<br />
*1907–1909: [[James Kaye (cricketer)|James Levett Kaye]] (1861–1917)<br />
*1909–1910: Charles Beckford Luard<br />
*1910–1916: Charles Lennox Russell<br />
*1916–1919: [[Oswald Bosanquet|Oswald Vivian Bosanquet]] (2nd time) (s.a.)<br />
*1919?–1921: Francis Granville Beville<br />
*1921–1924: Denys Brooke Blakeway (1870–1933)<br />
*1924–1929: Sir Reginald Glancy <br />
*March 1927 – October 1927: Edward Herbert Kealy (acting for Glancy)<br />
*1929–1930: H.R.N. Pritchard<br />
*1930–1931: Frederick Bailey <br />
*1931–1932: G.M. Ogilvie<br />
*1933 – 21 March 1935: Rawdon James MacNabb (1883–1935)<br />
*1935–1940: Kenneth Samuel Fitze (1887–1960)<br />
*1940–1942: Gerald Thomas Fisher<br />
*1942–1946: Walter F. Campbell<br />
*1946–1947: Henry Mortimer Poulton (b. 1898 – d. 1973)<br />
<br />
===British Agents===<br />
[[File:HH The Maharaja Sir Jayaji Rao Scindia of Gwalior, General Sir Henry Daly (Founder of The Daly College, Indore), with British officers and Maratha nobility in Indore, Holkar State, Central India. Circa 1879..jpg|thumb|left| [[Jayajirao Scindia|HH Maharaja Sir Jayaji Rao Scindia]] of [[Gwalior State]], General Sir [[Henry Daly]] (Founder of The [[Daly College]]), with British officers and [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[nobility]] ([[Sardar]]s, [[Jagirdar]]s & [[Mankari]]s) in [[Indore]], [[Holkar State]], {{circa|1879}}.]]<br />
Agents to the Governor-General for the [[Central India Agency]]. The headquarters of the agent were at Indore.<br />
*1845–1854: Robert North Collie Hamilton (s.a.)<br />
*1854–1899: the British Residents in Indore<br />
*1899–1900: David W.K. Barr<br />
*Mar 1900–1905: Charles S. Bayley<br />
*1905–1910: Hugh Daly<br />
*1910–1912: Michael Francis O'Dwyer (1864–1910)<br />
*1912–1913: John B. Wood<br />
*1913–1916: [[Oswald Bosanquet|Oswald Vivian Bosanquet]] (s.a.)<br />
*1916–1944: the British Residents in Indore<br />
*1944–1946: Walter Campbell<br />
*1946–1947: Henry Mortimer Poulton (1898–1973)<br />
<br />
==Orders of chivalry==<br />
The Royal House of Indore awards the Order of Ahilya Holkar Sultanat, which is awarded in three classes. It was founded on November 22, 1900 by [[Tukojirao Holkar III|Maharaja Sir Tukojirao III Holkar XIII]].<ref name="Anmol1996">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |page=104|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]<br />
*[[List of princely states of British India (by region)]]<br />
*[[Maratha]]<br />
*[[Political integration of India]]<br />
*[[Maheshwar]]<br />
*[[Rajwada]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Indore State}}<br />
*[http://www.santaanahistory.com/articles/maharajah.html Santa Ana's Richest Resident, The Maharajah of Indore]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112045002/http://www.santaanahistory.com/articles/maharajah.html |date=12 November 2017 }}.<br />
*[https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.210243039005436.60929.192610050768735&type=3 Royal Family of Indore]<br />
<br />
{{MP Princely States}} <br />
{{Princely states of India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1732 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1818 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:History of Indore]]<br />
[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Holkar]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_NCAP&diff=490881Bharat NCAP2026-03-06T00:14:31Z<p>Shivam Babu: adding article - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Update|date=July 2023|reason=There are mentions of actions taken in 2022 with no update.}}{{Short description|New car assessment program in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Bharat New Car Assessment Programme<br />
| logo = Bharat_NCAP.png<br />
| logo_caption = Bharat NCAP logo<br />
| native_name = <br />
| industry = Automotive Safety<br />
| founded = August 2023<br />
| hq_location = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| area_served = [[India]]<br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.bncap.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Bharat New Car Assessment Program''', also known as the '''Bharat NCAP''', is the official [[New Car Assessment Program]] for [[India]]. It was launched by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), Government of India on 22 August 2023.<br />
<br />
Cars sold in the country will be assigned by star ratings based on their safety performance. It was implemented in phases, according to the plans drawn up by the [[National Automotive Testing and R&D Infrastructure Project]]. It is the 10th NCAP in the world and was set up by the government of India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Matt |date=5 November 2014 |title=Datsun Go, Maruti Suzuki Swift score zero stars in global NCAP crash tests |url=http://www.caradvice.com.au/317652/datsun-go-maruti-suzuki-swift-score-zero-stars-in-global-ncap-crash-tests/ |work=Car Advice |location=Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316214048/http://www.caradvice.com.au/317652/datsun-go-maruti-suzuki-swift-score-zero-stars-in-global-ncap-crash-tests/ |archive-date=2015-03-16 |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> The program was expected to begin mid-2014, but postponed to start from 2017. It was later scrapped until finally launching in August 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cars set to get safer: Govt draws strict crash test norms forcing architectural changes in models|url=http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/cars-set-to-get-safer-govt-draws-strict-crash-test-norms-forcing-architectural-changes-in-models/35420125|access-date=5 June 2014|work=The Economic Times|date=21 May 2014}}</ref> Within two years of implementation, new cars sold in India will need to comply with voluntary star ratings based on [[Crash test|crash safety performance tests]]. Crucial safety features such as [[airbags]], [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]] and [[seat belts|seat belt reminders]] will become standard in cars sold in India resulting from rankings and mandatory crash testing. Offset [[Head-on collision|front crash]], [[Side collision|side]], and [[Rear-end collision|rear impact]] tests. Cars will gradually have to meet more stringent norms such as [[Pedestrian safety through vehicle design|pedestrian protection]], [[Whiplash (medicine)|whiplash injury]] and [[Child safety seat|child restraint systems]] standards and requirements.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=""width: 30%"<br />
|-<br />
! data-sort-type="number" | Rank by <br/>vehicle <br/>sales in<br/>2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2018 |title=India is now the 4th largest auto market, overtakes Germany |url=https://motoroctane.com/news/98829-india-is-now-the-4th-largest-auto-market-overtakes-germany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804063846/https://motoroctane.com/news/98829-india-is-now-the-4th-largest-auto-market-overtakes-germany |archive-date=2021-08-04}}</ref><br />
! Country<br />
! data-sort-type="number" | Estimated road<br>traffic death<br>rate per 100,000<br>population, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global status report on road safety 2018|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241565684|access-date=2021-08-03|website=World Health Organization}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [[China]] || 18.2<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [[United States]] || 12.4<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || [[Japan]] || 4.1<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || [[India]] || '''22.6'''<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || [[Germany]] || 4.1<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || [[United Kingdom]] || 3.1<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || [[France]] || 5.5<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || [[Brazil]] || 19.7<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || [[Italy]] || 5.6<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || [[Canada]] || 5.8<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The number of [[List of countries by traffic-related death rate|deaths due to road accidents]] in India is around three to four times that of European countries like France, Germany and Spain.<ref name=datatables>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/GSRRS2015_data/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130025846/http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/GSRRS2015_data/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 30, 2015 |title=WHO Global status report on road safety 2015 (data table A2) |publisher=World Health Organisation (WHO) |editor=WHO |format=PDF |type=official report | location=Geneva, Switzerland |date=2015 |accessdate=2016-01-26}}</ref> The [[Automotive Industry Standards|Indian automotive safety standards]] have been criticised as being insufficient and ineffective. India has the world's sixth-largest car market, but is still the only country among the global top ten car markets without a testing program that measures the safety of vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian small cars fail independent crash tests|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/tata-nano-other-indian-small-cars-fail-independent-crash-tests-477550|access-date=5 June 2014|work=NDTV|date=January 31, 2014}}</ref> It is estimated that vehicles in India will cost 8–15% more resulting from compliance with these norms. However, harmonizing India's vehicle safety standards with global standards is expected to help automakers export locally produced cars globally.<br />
<br />
While crash testing under Bharat NCAP has been a positive step in enhancing automotive safety, the testing has not been made mandatory.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thedrivershub.com/bharat-ncap-heres-why-it-should-be-mandatory-to-every-indian-manufacturer/|title= Bharat NCAP: Here’s Why It Should Be Mandatory To Every Indian Manufacturer!}}</ref> This has led to a speculation of leniency to some manufacturers selling cars with poor safety ratings despite compliance of making safety features as standard equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/stop-selling-unsafe-cars-to-poor-indians-nitin-gadkari-at-auto-industry-event/articleshow/94206702.cms|title= Stop selling unsafe cars to ‘poor Indians’: Nitin Gadkari at auto industry event}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Before the launch of Bharat NCAP, the rules and regulations related to automotive safety in India were governed by the Central Motor Vehicles rules 1989 (CMVR) – Technical Standing Committee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date= |title=Regulatory Framework - SIAM |url=http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/regulatoryframework.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127104228/http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/regulatoryframework.aspx |archive-date=2011-01-27 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers)}}</ref><br />
<br />
The CMVR - Technical Standing Committee (CMVR-TSC) advises MoRT&H on various technical aspects related to CMVR. This Committee has representatives from various organisations namely; [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises]] (MoHI&PE), MoRT&H, [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] (BIS), Testing Agencies such as [[International Centre for Automotive Technology]] (ICAT), [[Automotive Research Association of India]] (ARAI), [[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]] (VRDE), Central Institute of Road Transport (CIRT), industry representatives from [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] (SIAM), [[Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India|Automotive Component Manufacturers Association]] (ACMA) and [[Tractors in India#Tractor Manufacturers Association|Tractor Manufacturers Association]] (TMA) and representatives from State Transport Departments. CMVR-TSC is assisted by another Committee called the Automobile Industry Standards Committee (AISC) having members from various stakeholders in drafting the technical standards related to safety which include:<br />
<br />
* Preparation of new standards for automotive items related to safety.<br />
* To review and recommend amendments to the existing standards.<br />
* Recommend adoption of such standards to CMVR Technical Standing Committee.<br />
* Recommend commissioning of testing facilities at appropriate stages.<br />
* Recommend the necessary funding of such facilities to the CMVR Technical Standing Committee.<br />
* Advise CMVR Technical Standing Committee on any other issues referred to it<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Automotive Industry Standards Committee (AISC) is set up under Central Motor Vehicles Rules -Technical Standing Committee (CMVR - TSC) by Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, (Dept. of Road Transport & Highways) (MoRT&H (DoRT&H)) in the year 1997 to review the safety in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of motor vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Automotive Research And Development, Automotive Service Provider, India, Vehicle Type Certification, Automotive Testing And Calibration, Vehicle Design Labs, Advanced Automotive Design Standards, Automotive Engineering Course |url=https://www.araiindia.com/services/certification-and-standardisation/standardisation |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Automotive Research Association of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Automotive Industry Standards]] formulated by the Automobile Industry Standards Committee (AISC) is the automotive technical specification for the Indian market. It comprises specifications and requirements to be met by vehicles sold in India. Some of these requirements pertaining to vehicle safety in the event of collision are:<br />
<br />
* AIS-096 – Requirements for Behaviour of Steering Mechanism of a vehicle in a Head-on Collision<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hmr.araiindia.com/api/AISFiles/0_List_of_AIS_published-25_09_2024_3570e86e-4711-40ec-9df8-8caf58374aaf.pdf |title=List of published automotive industry standards |date=2024-09-25 |website=Automotive Research Association of India |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
* AIS-097 – Procedure for determining the "H" Point and the Torso Angle for 50th percentile Adult Male in seating positions of Motor Vehicles.<br />
* AIS-098 – Requirements for the Protection of the Occupants in the event of an Offset Frontal Collision<br />
* AIS-099 – Approval of Vehicles with regards to the Protection of the Occupants in the event of a Lateral Collision<br />
* AIS-100 – Requirements for the Protection of Pedestrian and other Vulnerable Road Users in the event of a Collision with a Motor Vehicle<br />
* AIS-100 (Rev. 1) – Requirements for the Protection of Pedestrian and other Vulnerable Road Use Protocols<br />
<br />
However, as there's no single standardised method for testing vehicle collisions nor is there any measurable statistics for consumers to know how well the vehicles protect the occupants, manufacturers simply met the basic requirements needed for Indian market.<br />
<br />
On 31 January 2014, Global NCAP released a series of videos on YouTube crash testing some of India's best-selling car models under their "Safer cars for India" project. The cars tested were the 2014 model year [[Tata Nano]], [[Ford Figo]], [[Maruti Suzuki Alto 800]], [[Maruti Suzuki Swift]], [[Datsun Go]], [[Hyundai i10]] and [[Volkswagen Polo]]. The cars which were crash tested all had 0 stars for adult occupant protection (except for the Volkswagen Polo with 2 airbags which scored 4 stars for adult occupant protection)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NcDEck0jOGA |title=VW Polo with two airbags scores four stars |date=2014-01-30 |last=Global NCAP |access-date=2025-07-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and also failed the basic UN safety test. Following this revelation, several media publications and forum posts started paying attention to India's lack of testing for cars and cars in general being unsafe to drive and not suited for most auto markets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=By |title=Global NCAP tests show how cars sold in India fall short on safety |url=https://www.iihs.org/news/detail/global-ncap-tests-show-how-cars-sold-in-india-fall-short-on-safety |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-31 |title=Crash Tests Show India's Cars Are Unsafe |url=https://www.globalncap.org/news/volkswagen-withdraws-zero-star-without-airbags |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Global NCAP |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-31 |title=Popular Indian cars fail crash tests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-25974754 |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Team-BHP - More Indian cars face Global NCAP crash tests. Edit: ZERO for all |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/road-safety/175726-more-indian-cars-face-global-ncap-crash-tests-edit-zero-all-5-print.html |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Team-BHP |location=India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Many people in India started taking crash rating seriously and started demanding safer cars. The government of India started to plan a vehicle assessment program for vehicles sold in India under the new Bharat New Vehicle Safety Assessment Program (BNVSAP) around the late 2010s.<br />
Cars sold in the country will be assigned star ratings based on their safety performance. It was implemented in phases, according to the plans being drawn up by '''ARAI''' (Automotive Research Association of India) and the National Automotive Testing and R&D Infrastructure Project. The program got underway with high tech state-of-the-art facilities and laboratories being set up up across India.<br />
<br />
With BNVSAP, a star rating system was introduced based on crash safety performance features. A car is subjected to offset front crash, side-impact and rear impacts. For the vehicle to clear these tests, it needs to have the bare essential safety systems like airbags, ABS (Anti-lock braking system), child restraint systems and seatbelt pre-tensioners. With the particular implementation of BNVSAP, Indian car manufacturers had to introduce crucial safety features with their new offerings. All existing car models sold after 1 October 2019 had to clear the prescribed BNVSAP tests.<br />
<br />
Under BNVSAP, vehicles are crash-tested at {{cvt|64|km/h|mph|0}} for frontal impacts – which is the average speed in India. <br />
<br />
Points can be awarded to the car based on the safety features in the car like ABS, seat belt reminders, child lock, and Electronic Stability Control. The car testing protocols are defined by ARAI and are as follows:<br />
<br />
# Frontal offset testing (64 km/h proposed)<br />
# Side-impact testing<br />
# Pedestrian protection testing<br />
# Rear impact testing<br />
# Child dummy dynamic crash testing<br />
<br />
On 7 December 2018, Global NCAP published the crash testing of the Subcompact crossover [[Tata Nexon]]. The testing showed that it has achieved 5 stars for adult occupant protection, making it India's first indigenous produced car to get a 5 stars rating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-07 |title=Global NCAP's First Five Star Car In India: The Tata Nexon |url=https://www.globalncap.org/news/global-ncaps-first-five-star-car-in-india-the-tata-nexon |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Global NCAP |language=en-GB}}</ref> Following this, multiple brands started to develop or add features that would increase their vehicles safety rating.<br />
<br />
In 2022, the ministry of road and transport announced that BNCAP would commence, the testing shall be done on a voluntary basis and that the star rating will be introduced. It also announced that the testing protocols will go beyond the technical specifications and that the testing will be aligned closer to global standards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat New Car Assessment Programme |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1843354 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2023, the Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari, launched the Bharat New Car Assessment Programme in New Delhi. Operations commenced on 1 October 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Nitin Gadkari launches Bharat NCAP(New Car Assessment Programme) |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1951030 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> with the first testing of vehicle safety published in December of the same year for the [[Tata Harrier]] and [[Tata Safari]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=TATA Safari/ Harrier – bncap |url=https://www.bncap.in/vehicle/tata-safari-harrier/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=BNCAP |location=India}}</ref> both getting 5 stars for both adult and child occupant production.<br />
<br />
== Protocols ==<br />
BNCAP started the official testing from December 2023 onwards. The car testing protocols is defined by the [[Automotive Research Association of India]] (ARAI) as follows:<br />
# Frontal offset testing (64&nbsp;km/h proposed)<br />
# Side impact testing<br />
# Pedestrian protection testing <br />
# Rear impact testing<br />
# Child dummy dynamic crash testing<br />
<br />
Points would be awarded to the car based on the safety features in the car like ABS, seat belt reminders, child lock, and Electronic Stability Control.<br />
<br />
India has seen more road deaths per year than any other nation since 2006, costing lives at the rate of 230,000 annually. Manufacturers and vehicle safety lobbyists support the retention of the inferior frontal crash test at 56&nbsp;km/h (34.8&nbsp;mph).<br />
<br />
NHTSA is the standards followed by the US safety standards, carry out frontal crash tests at 64.3&nbsp;km/h (40&nbsp;mph).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/ratings-info/frontal-crash-tests|title=About our tests|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008130159/http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/ratings-info/frontal-crash-tests|url-status=dead}}</ref> Under BNCAP, similar to [[Euro NCAP]], vehicles will be crash tested at 64&nbsp;km/h for frontal impacts which is the average speed in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/commodities/new-safety-norms-in-oct-2017-carmakers-concerned-over-timing-of-global-ngos-crash-test-results-2802516/|title=New safety norms in Oct 2017: Carmakers concerned over timing of global NGO's crash-test results|author=|date=16 May 2016|publisher=|access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Crash test facilities are being set up and are regularly updated on the official site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bncap.in/|title=Home|author=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bharat NCAP 2023 is similar to [[Global NCAP]] 2023,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/bharat-ncap-and-global-ncap-differences-and-similarities-explained-429153|title=Bharat NCAP and Global NCAP: differences and similarities explained|website=Autocar India}}</ref> which is based on [[Latin NCAP]] 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/2022-global-ncap-crash-test-protocols-cars-india|title=2022 Global NCAP crash test protocols for cars in India &#124; Team-BHP|website=Team-BHP.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Bharat NCAP 2.0 ==<br />
In February 2025, the Government of India announced that a major upgrade to the testing program will be incorporated starting October 2027.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/bharat-ncap-to-get-version-2-0-by-october-2027-to-test-adas-integration-7746506 |title=Bharat NCAP To Get Version 2.0 By October 2027; To Test ADAS Integration |author=<!--staff--> |work=NDTV |location=India |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2026-03-06}}</ref> The testing, apart from mandating ADAS requirements, will incorporate the following testing:<br />
<br />
* {{cvt|64|km/h|mph|0}} offset frontal impact<br />
* {{cvt|50|km/h|mph|0}} full-width frontal impact<br />
* {{cvt|50|km/h|mph|0}} mobile lateral barrier impact<br />
* {{cvt|32|km/h|mph|0}} oblique pole side impact<br />
* {{cvt|50|km/h|mph|0}} mobile rigid rear impact<br />
<br />
The tests will be conducted on a model’s base variant, and the added full-width frontal and rear-impact tests aim to better replicate real-world crashes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/govt-proposes-bharat-ncap-20-with-wider-crash-tests-and-tougher-ratings-438502 |title=Govt proposes Bharat NCAP 2.0 with wider crash tests and tougher ratings |first=Dhruv |last=Dhaka |work=AutoCar |location=India |date=2025-11-24 |access-date=2026-03-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Automotive Industry Standards]]<br />
* [[Bharat stage emission standards]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official Website|https://www.bncap.in}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{NCAP}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:New Car Assessment Programs]]<br />
[[Category:Automotive industry in India]]<br />
[[Category:Consumer organisations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Bharat NCAP]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kahani_Kismat_Ki&diff=454819Kahani Kismat Ki2026-03-03T23:39:43Z<p>Shivam Babu: minor cleaned up details for consistency also and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Kahani Kismat Ki<br />
| image = Kahani Kismat Ki.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Arjun Hingorani]]<br />
| writer = K. A. Narayan (Story)<br />Arjun Hingorani (Screenplay)<br /> [[S. M. Abbas]] (Dialogues)<br />
| producer = [[Arjun Hingorani]]<br />
| starring = [[Dharmendra]]<br />[[Rekha]]<br />[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Kishore Rege<br />
| editing = Anant Apte<br />
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1973|}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kahani Kismat Ki''''' (The story of destiny) is a 1973 Hindi film produced and directed by [[Arjun Hingorani]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-24 |title=Kahani Kismat Ki (1973) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/kahani-kismat-ki-1973/article8026032.ece |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film's success prodded the director to try to recreate its success by continuing with its lead actor and film titles having 3 words starting with the alphabet K. (i.e. [[Katilon Ke Kaatil]]). The film stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Rekha]] and [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unmatched hero |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/unmatched-hero-2115697 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
Ajit Sharma and his father are robbers. One day, while in a heist, his father is shot and he is arrested by the police and sentenced to two years in jail. After he completes his sentence, he decides to be honest and seek employment, but without any success. Then one day he wins some money after beating a wrestler. He decides to buy some necessities for his family. Which consists of a school bag. When Gopuram opens the bag, he finds it filled with cash. The family is enraged that Ajit has obtained these funds through crime, but Ajit defends himself, finds out who the owner (Premchand) is, and returns the money to him. A gratified Premchand employs Ajit with a generous remuneration. Ajit meets with Premchand's daughter, Rekha, and they fall in love. They would like to get married. Before that could happen, a woman comes forward claiming that Ajit is her husband, and is also the father of a child; the police arrest Ajit for the murder of a man named Karamchand. As a result, Premchand fires him from employment, his family will have nothing to do with him, and Ajit must now come to terms that he may face the death penalty.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Dharmendra]] as Ajit Sharma<br />
* [[Rekha]] as Rekha<br />
* [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Premchand<br />
* [[Rajendra Nath|Rajendranath]] as Gopuram Sharma<br />
* [[Jayshree T.]] as Chanda<br />
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Laxmi Sharma<br />
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as Doctor<br />
* [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Mr. Sharma<br />
* [[M. B. Shetty]] as Jaggu<br />
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Chanda's Father<br />
* [[Arjun Hingorani]] as Karamchand<br />
* [[Leena Das]] as Dancer / Singer<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
All songs were written by [[Rajendra Krishan]], with music by [[Kalyanji-Anandji]].<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" <br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| "Rafta Rafta Dekho"<br />
| [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Duniya Mujhse Kehti Hai"<br />
| Kishore Kumar<br />
|-<br />
| "Kahani Kismat Ki" (Main) <br />
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Kahani Kismat Ki" (Short) <br />
| Mukesh<br />
|-<br />
| "Kab Tak Na Dogi Dil, Kab Tak"<br />
| [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Tu Yaar Mera, Dildaar Mera"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0367921|Kahani Kismat Ki}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1973 films]]<br />
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosagallaku_Mosagadu_(1971_film)&diff=518477Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)2026-03-03T20:24:50Z<p>Shivam Babu: made the article w/ infobox - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1971 Indian Telugu-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mosagallaku Mosagadu<br />
| image = Mosagallaku Mosagadu.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical releaseposter<br />
| director = [[K. S. R. Das]]<br />
| producer = G. Adiseshagiri Rao<br />
| writer = [[Aarudra]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]<br />[[Vijaya Nirmala]] <br /> [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]<br />[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]<br />[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]<br />[[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]<br />[[Dhulipala]]<br />[[Jyothi Lakshmi]]<br />
| music = [[P. Adinarayana Rao]]<br />
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]<br />
| editing = Kotagiri Gopala Rao<br />
| studio = [[Padmalaya Studios]]<br />
| distributor = Padmalaya Studios<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1971|08|27}}<br />
| runtime = 159 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mosagallaku Mosagadu''''' ({{translation|Deceiver of deceivers}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[revisionist Western film]] directed by [[K. S. R. Das]] and written by [[Aarudra]]. Produced by G. Adiseshagiri Rao under the banner of Sri Padmalaya Films, the film features [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]], [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]], [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]], and [[Jyothi Lakshmi]] in prominent roles.<br />
<br />
Inspired by classic [[Western film]]s, ''Mosagallaku Mosagadu'' is set in the 18th century, during the anarchy following the 1757 [[Battle of Bobbili]]. The film combines historical elements with a fictional treasure hunt narrative, focusing on the search for lost treasure belonging to the Amaraveedu dynasty. It was notable for its use of [[Eastmancolor]], marking a technical milestone for Telugu cinema, and was shot in various locations including [[Bikaner]], [[Shimla]], and the [[Thar Desert]].<ref name="cg">{{cite web |last=APK |date=16 May 2008 |title=Mosagallaki Mosagadu (1971) |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/mosagallakimosagadu.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119053912/http://www.cinegoer.com/mosagallakimosagadu.htm |archive-date=19 January 2013 |work=Cinegoer}}</ref><br />
<br />
Released on 27 August 1971, ''Mosagallaku Mosagadu'' achieved major success, running for 100 days in multiple theatres. Considered the first Western made in India,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Revisiting Mosagallaku Mosagadu: Superstar Krishna's Western still holds magic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/revisiting-mosagallaku-mosagadu-superstar-krishna-western-still-holds-magic-8639319/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710091459/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/revisiting-mosagallaku-mosagadu-superstar-krishna-western-still-holds-magic-8639319/ |archive-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> it established Krishna as the first Telugu "cowboy" and sparked a wave of similar productions in Telugu cinema. The film was subsequently dubbed into Tamil as ''Mosakkaaranukku Mosakkaaran'', released in a Hindi version, and also presented in a trimmed English version title ''Treasure Hunt''. Its success also influenced the adoption of the Western genre in Hindi films.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
In the 18th century, the aftermath of the [[Battle of Bobbili]] (1757) is a period marked by political chaos and the intervention of [[East India Company|British]] and [[French Indies Company|French]] forces in [[South India]]. Hidden treasure of the Amaraveedu dynasty is concealed in a cave with five doors. To keep the treasure from falling into the hands of the British, two friends, Daanaala Dharmayya and Pagadaala Subbayya, hide it far away and secure it with five keys. Daanaala Dharmayya escapes to [[Kurnool]], while Pagadaala Subbayya flees to [[Gadwal]]. The friends separate to keep the keys and the treasure safe.<br />
<br />
Krishna Prasad, a social reformer who fights for the rights of the poor against the new government, encounters Nakkajittula Naaganna, a highway robber, who is captured and offered a reward of 1,000 gold coins for his capture. Krishna Prasad seizes the opportunity to earn money and help the poor by capturing Naaganna. He secures Naaganna with ropes and turns him in, but secretly frees him to share the loot. Krishna uses the money to aid the poor, which earns him a reputation and support from the local community.<br />
<br />
One day, a blind man, a former servant of the Amaraveedu court who knows the location of the treasure keys, accidentally reveals this information at a highway tavern. Sathyam, a rival seeking the treasure, tortures the blind man for details about the keys. Sathyam learns about Daanaala Dharmayya in Kurnool, but kills him in his haste. Radha, Dharmayya's daughter, discovers her father dying and, misled into believing Pagadaala Subbayya is responsible for the murder, seeks revenge.<br />
<br />
Pagadaala Subbayya, on his deathbed due to old age, reveals the treasure's location to his son and mentions that he had given the keys to Komarayya, a retired constable in Kurnool. Meanwhile, Krishna Prasad continues to earn money through his schemes involving Naaganna. He falls in love with Radha, whom he trains as a sharpshooter to help her seek revenge. Radha swears to avenge her father's death.<br />
<br />
Radha's pursuit of revenge leads to conflicts with Bijili, a rival [[Cowboy|cowgirl]] who also falls for Krishna. When Naaganna attempts to steal Krishna's loot, Krishna punishes him by leaving him stranded in the desert. Naaganna, holding a grudge, joins forces with Bijili. During a confrontation in the desert, Naaganna and Bijili capture and torture Krishna. They discover a cart of corpses, among which is Pagadaala Subbayya's son. The son reveals the treasure's secret to Krishna.<br />
<br />
Driven by greed, Naaganna adopts the identity of Pagadaala Subbayya and helps Krishna recover from his injuries. Krishna and Radha eventually escape together. Naaganna, now disguised as Subbayya, is later captured by Sathyam's gang. Krishna rescues him, and Naaganna becomes his ally once more. Radha reveals that her father used to work for Constable Komarayya, who had received one of the keys from Daanaala Dharmayya.<br />
<br />
Krishna Prasad, Radha, and Naaganna journey to the treasure cave. A fierce battle ensues between Krishna's group and rival robbers seeking the treasure. After defeating the robbers, Krishna discovers the five sacks of treasure. He and Radha share the treasure, fulfilling their quest and restoring justice.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Krishna Prasad<br />
* [[Vijaya Nirmala]] as Radha<br />
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Kotwal Komarayya, Krishna Prasad's Father<br />
* Kakarala as Pagadala Subbayya<br />
* [[Dhulipala]] as Daanala Dharmayya<br />
* [[Jyothi Lakshmi]] as Bijili<br />
* [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as Nakkajittula Naaganna<br />
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Sathyam<br />
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]<br />
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]]<br />
* [[S. Varalakshmi]]<br />
* [[Santha Kumari]] as Krishna Prasad's Mother<br />
* Jagga Rao<br />
* [[Ramesh Babu]] as Young Krishna Prasad<br />
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Drunkard<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Development===<br />
Following the underwhelming performance of their first production, ''Agni Pariksha'' (1970), [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and his production house, [[Padmalaya Studios|Padmalaya Films]], sought to introduce the [[Western film|Western]] (cowboy) genre to Telugu cinema.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-26 |title=మన కౌబాయ్కు 50 ఏళ్లు! |trans-title=50 years to our cowboy film! |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2021/cinema-news/50-years-to-our-cowboy-film-19486.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Chitra Jyothi |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te}}</ref> This decision was influenced by the popularity of cowboy films being shown in [[Chennai|Madras]] at the time. Krishna later stated that the purpose of the film was to give himself a new image and status.<ref name="momo" /> While most films at the time had a budget of around ₹3–4 [[lakh]], Krishna allocated ₹7–8 lakh for this film, doubling the usual budget to ensure its production quality.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The film drew inspiration from Western classics such as ''[[For a Few Dollars More]]'' (1965), ''[[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly]]'' (1966), and ''[[Mackenna's Gold]]'' (1969).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=11 May 2019 |title=A tribute to 'Manyam Veerudu' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/a-tribute-to-manyam-veerudu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326100645/https://telanganatoday.com/a-tribute-to-manyam-veerudu |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> To adapt this genre for an Indian audience, writer [[Aarudra]] was enlisted to develop the story and dialogues. Aarudra set the narrative in the 18th century, during the aftermath of the [[Battle of Bobbili]] (1757), a time of political upheaval with [[East India Company|British]] and [[French Indies Company|French]] forces' involvement in Indian politics. The story was centered around a fictional search for the hidden Amaraveedu treasure.<ref name="cg" /> Despite comparisons to ''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly'', director K. S. R. Das clarified that ''Mosagallaku Mosagadu'' was specifically adapted to suit Telugu nativity, with only one scene inspired by the Italian film. Das also mentioned that he had not seen the film himself.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=11 April 2007 |title=Interview: Director K. S. R. Das |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ksrdas.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211161140/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ksrdas.php |archive-date=11 December 2008 |work=[[TeluguCinema.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
Krishna was so impressed with the story that he insisted Aarudra direct the film. However, when Aarudra declined, Krishna and his brothers chose [[K. S. R. Das]] to helm the project.<ref name=":0" /> Das had previously directed ''Rowdy Rani'' (1970), presenting [[Vijaya Nirmala]] in an action role, and ''Takkaridonga Chakkani Chukka'' (1969), also starring Krishna and Vijaya Nirmala. This marked Das's first Telugu [[Color motion picture film|colour film]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Krishna starred in the lead role, with Vijaya Nirmala, [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]], [[Jyothi Lakshmi]], and [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Sathyanarayana]] in pivotal roles. The film also featured Krishna's eldest son, [[Ramesh Babu|Ramesh]], in a childhood role, and his youngest brother, G. Adiseshagiri Rao, in a cameo.<ref name="cg" /> Nagabhushanam's character, Nakkajittula Naganna, was based on [[Eli Wallach]]'s "Ugly" from ''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly''. But, Nagabhushanam added his own style, giving a lively performance that stood out.<ref name="momo" /> The cast underwent training in horse riding and handling firearms, with Vijaya Nirmala recalling the body aches from the riding lessons on Madras's [[Marina Beach]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
''Mosagallaku Mosagadu'' was shot in [[Color motion picture film|colour]], a decision that was initially met with skepticism from distributors who preferred [[black-and-white]] films due to cost considerations. The production team ultimately decided to proceed with colour filming, despite the increased budget.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The film was shot in [[Eastmancolor]], a technical milestone for Telugu cinema. Filming took place in diverse locations, including [[Bikaner]], [[Shimla]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], and Madras.<ref name="cg" /> Most of the crew traveled to [[Rajasthan]] in a specially booked train, while Krishna, Vijaya Nirmala, [[Jyothi Lakshmi|Jyothi Kakshmi]], and [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] flew to the location. Key desert scenes were filmed in the stretch between Bikaner to [[Jaisalmer]]. Following the shoot, the crew traveled by car from Bikaner to Shimla.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Key scenes were shot in [[Kufri, India|Kufri]], [[Narkanda]], and [[Tattapani (Himachal Pradesh)|Tattapani]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] during snowfall, as well as in the [[Thar Desert]]'s sand dunes in [[Rajasthan]]. Indoor scenes were filmed at [[Vauhini Studios]].<ref name="momo">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=1 November 2019 |title=Mosagaallaku Mosagaadu (1971) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/mosagaallaku-mosagaad-1971/article29849816.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401043554/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/mosagaallaku-mosagaad-1971/article29849816.ece |archive-date=1 April 2020 |access-date=1 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Korinadi Neraverinadi" was filmed in Kufri and Narkanda, where Vijaya Nirmala performed barefoot in the snow. The cinematography by [[V. S. R. Swamy]] was praised for its innovative use of backlighting, offering Telugu audiences a fresh visual experience.<ref name="momo" /><br />
<br />
=== Make up ===<br />
In one memorable scene, Krishna's character is left stranded in the desert, where his face appears sunburned and blistered. Cinematographer V. S. R. Swamy asked makeup artist Madhava Rao to create the blistered effect. Lacking specialized materials in the desert, Madhava Rao improvised by using pea seeds. He peeled and cut the seeds in half, then glued them to Krishna's face. This simple method created a realistic look for the scene.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music is composed by [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] with lyrics written by Arudra-Appalacharya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mosagallaku Mosagadu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mosagallaku-mosagadu/xyv09lqYDog_ |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326100638/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mosagallaku-mosagadu/xyv09lqYDog_ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Gurini Sootiga<br />
| extra1 = [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
| length1 = 4:10<br />
| title2 = Thakita Dhimithaka<br />
| extra2 = L. R. Eswari<br />
| length2 = 4:50<br />
| title3 = Korinadhi Neraverinadhi<br />
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length3 = 4:39<br />
| title4 = Elaagunnadi Abbaaya<br />
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, L. R. Eswari<br />
| length4 = 2:51<br />
| title5 = Kathilanti Pilloy<br />
| extra5 = P. Susheela<br />
| length5 = 4:57<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
After the film was completed, a preview in Madras received lukewarm reactions, with many predicting it would fail. Many producers in Madras were skeptical about the extravagance and budget of the film, predicting a bleak future for Padmalaya Studios.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> However, ''Mosagallaku Mosagadu'' was a major success, running for 100 days in multiple theatres, including a record-setting run in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="cg" /> The film was completed on a budget of {{Indian Rupee}}8 lakh, shot in 28 days, and grossed {{Indian Rupee}}32 lakh upon its initial release. It was also dubbed and released in several languages, including English as ''Treasure Hunt'', Hindi as ''Gunfighter Johnny'', and Tamil as ''Mosakkaaranukku Mosakkaaran''. The Tamil and Hindi versions had a good run at the box office.<ref name="momo" /><br />
<br />
The film was re-released in [[4K resolution|4K]] on 31 May 2023, coinciding with Krishna's birthday. In the re-release, 19 minutes of the original film were cut, including a couple of songs and a fight sequence.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
''Mosagallaku Mosagadu'' is considered the first true [[Western film|Western]] film made in India, though a few [[Dacoity|dacoit]]-themed films in Hindi and other languages may have been released before 1971.<ref name=":0" /> The film became a trendsetter in [[Telugu cinema]], establishing Krishna as the first Telugu "cowboy." Its innovative use of locations and action sequences played a key role in its success, leading to the rise of the cowboy genre in Telugu cinema.<ref name="cg" /><br />
<br />
Following the film's popularity, several other "Telugu cowboy" movies were produced, and Krishna signed six similar films soon after.<ref name="momo" /> The genre was later picked up in Hindi cinema by actors like [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], and [[Danny Denzongpa]]. Krishna's son [[Mahesh Babu]] also starred in a cowboy film, ''[[Takkari Donga]]'', in 2002.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{K. S. R. Das}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Western (genre) films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about treasure hunting]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. R. Das]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the 18th century]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Western (genre) films]]<br />
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pournami_(film)&diff=526087Pournami (film)2026-03-03T18:10:59Z<p>Shivam Babu: creating new pg needs work.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2006 Telugu film by Prabhu Deva}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pournami<br />
| image = Paurnami poster.jpg<br />
| writer = [[M. S. Raju]]<br/>{{small|(Story & screenplay)}}<br />[[Paruchuri Brothers]]<br/>{{small|(Dialogues)}}<br />
| director = [[Prabhu Deva]]<br />
| starring = [[Prabhas]]<br />[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br />[[Charmy Kaur|Charmy]]<br />[[Sindhu Tolani]]<br />[[Rahul Dev]]<br />
| producer = [[M. S. Raju]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]<br />
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy<br />
| studio = [[Sumanth Art Productions]]<br />
| based_on = <br />
| country = India<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|04|20}}<br />
| runtime = 167 minutes<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Pournami''''' ({{Literal translation|[[Purnima|Full moon]]}}) is a 2006 [[Telugu language]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Musical film|musical]] [[Action film|action]] film directed by [[Prabhu Deva]] and written and produced by [[M. S. Raju]]. It stars [[Prabhas]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] in the titular role, [[Charmy Kaur|Charmy]], [[Sindhu Tolani]], and [[Rahul Dev]], with music composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and cinematography by [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]. Set in the 1960s, the film follows Siva Kesava, a mysterious dancer who trains a young woman for a sacred dance ritual, uncovering deep ties to her family's past.<br />
<br />
The film's script was inspired by a real-life incident that occurred four decades earlier, which was shared with M. S. Raju by director [[Sobhan]]. Raju developed it into a screenplay with the aim of blending Telugu culture and traditions with a commercially viable narrative.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2006 |title=MS Raju on Pournami film - chitchat |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-msraju1.html |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Script development began in February 2005, and the film was officially launched on 22 August 2005. Filming took approximately eight months, spanning 180–190 working days. Key scenes were shot at historical locations such as the [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]], elephant stables, and Stepwell in [[Hampi]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
''Pournami'' was released on 21 April 2006 and was a commercial failure.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Did You Know 7 of 16 Prabhas Films Before Baahubali Flopped At Box Office? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/did-you-know-7-of-16-prabhas-films-before-baahubali-flopped-at-box-office-8478547.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> However, it won the [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] for [[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]. The film was later dubbed into Tamil and Malayalam under the same title and into Hindi as ''Tridev: Pyar Ki Jung.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pournami |url=http://www.tamilmusica.com/index.php?p=A-Z%20Songs%2FP%2FPournamai |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075356/http://www.tamilmusica.com/index.php?p=A-Z%20Songs%2FP%2FPournamai |archivedate=6 October 2014 |website=TamilMusica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=പൗർണ്ണമി (2008) |url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?6575 |accessdate=16 September 2015 |website=MalayalaSangeetham}}</ref>''<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
In 1953, in a remote village in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Subramanyam teaches dance ([Bharathanatiyam]) to his daughter, Pournami, as part of their family tradition. He recounts the story of a woman in 1507 who danced in the temple for seven days and nights to ask [[Shiva|Lord Siva]] for rain during a devastating drought. The woman's sacrifice brought rain, and since then, every twelve years, a girl from her lineage performs the ritual dance in the temple. Pournami's mother performed this dance in 1951, and Pournami is expected to do the same.<br />
<br />
In 1963, as the festival approaches, Pournami mysteriously disappears, and the villagers assume she has eloped with someone. Attention then shifts to her younger sister, Chandrakala, but their father refuses to teach her the dance. Meanwhile, their stepmother rents out their penthouse and courtyard, where Pournami used to dance, to Siva Kesava, a western-style dance instructor.<br />
<br />
Pournami has not eloped, but her father sent her away to protect her from the local [[zamindar]], Veerabhadra, who wants to make Pournami his [[concubine]]. Fearing that the same fate might befall Chandrakala, he declines to teach her how to dance. Kesava shows a necklace to Subramanyam, which shocks him, and then promises to protect her from the zamindar. At this, Subramanyam agrees to let Chandrakala begin her dance training.<br />
<br />
During her training, she develops feelings for Kesava. However, Kesava reveals his past: he had married Pournami, who sacrificed herself to save his life. Before dying, she made Kesava promise that Chandrakala would perform the temple dance. After learning of her sister's fate, Chandrakala agrees to continue the tradition with her father's blessing.<br />
<br />
Chandrakala becomes a skilled dancer, and during the festival, she performs the ritual dance. As she completes the performance, the village is once again blessed with rain. Despite Veerabhadra's interference and complications with Kesava's former fiancée, Mallika, Kesava and Chandrakala get engaged.<br />
<br />
Years later, the couple has a daughter named Pournami, who does not want to learn the family dance. The film concludes with Kesava narrating the tradition to their daughter in the temple.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Prabhas]] as Siva Kesava Naidu <br />
*[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Pournami <br />
*[[Charmy Kaur]] as Chandrakala <br />
*[[Rahul Dev]] as Veerabhadra<br />
*[[Sindhu Tolani]] as Mallika<br />
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Narasimha Naidu <br />
*[[Madhu Sharma]] as Mohini<br />
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Kesava's mother<br />
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Nagendra Naidu<br />
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Peddayya<br />
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Subhramanyam<br />
*[[Manju Bhargavi]] as Pournami and Chandrakala's stepmother<br />
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Ramakrishna<br />
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Satyanarayana<br />
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Pandu<br />
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Mallika's father<br />
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Mallika's mother<br />
*[[Veda Sastry]] as Pournami and Chandrakala's ancestress<br />
*[[Subbaraju]] as Nagendra's elder son<br />
*[[Brahmaji]] as Nagendra's middle son<br />
*Sravan as Nagendra's youngest son<br />
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Chandrakala's stalker<br />
*[[Harsha Vardhan]] as Pournami and Chandrakala's step-uncle<br />
*[[Narsing Yadav]] as Mallika's servant<br />
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Priest<br />
*[[Prabhas Sreenu]] as a tea seller<br />
*[[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as a tea seller and Pournami's stalker <br />
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Pournami and Chandrakala's village head sarpanch<br />
*Raja Sridhar as Narasimha Naidu's elder son<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The script for ''Pournami'' was inspired by a real-life incident that happened four decades before the film's production, which [[Sobhan]], the director of [[Varsham (2004 film)|''Varsham'']] (2004), shared with producer and writer [[M. S. Raju]].<ref name=":0" /> Raju developed the script with the intention of creating something different from regular films, drawing inspiration from [[Historical drama|period dramas]] like ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001) and [[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha|''Gadar'']] (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2006 |title=Star Interviews: M.S.Raju on Pournami |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/msrajupournami.php |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119100222/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/msrajupournami.php |archive-date=19 November 2006 }}</ref> The work on the script started from February 2005, and the film was launched on 22 August 2005. Set in the 1960s, Raju specifically chose this period for the film's backdrop, believing it would offer a distinctive flavour to the narrative. Raju's vision for ''Pournami'' aimed to blend Telugu culture and traditions with a commercially viable format.<ref name=":0" /> One of the flashback portions in the film was inspired by the 2001 Brazilian film [[Behind the Sun (film)|''Behind the Sun'']], itself adapted from the 1978 Albanian novel ''[[Broken April]]'' by [[Ismail Kadare]].<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
[[Prabhas]], having previously worked with Raju in ''Varsham'', was cast in the lead role. The female leads were portrayed by [[Trisha]], [[Charmy Kaur|Charmy]], and [[Sindhu Tolani]]. Before the film's release, Raju acknowledged that casting Prabhas, primarily known for action roles, in a [[musical film|musical]] like ''Pournami'' was experimental. However, he believed the unique casting would result in something fresh and engaging.<ref name=":0" /> [[Paruchuri Gopala Krishna]], one of the film's writers, noted that Prabhas' character was symbolically influenced by both [[Shiva|Lord Siva]] and [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]], as represented by the snake and flute in his characterization.<ref name=":2" /> ''Pournami'' was Prabhu Deva's second directorial venture following his success with ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005). While the script was developed by Raju, Prabhu Deva played a significant role in the film's execution.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Production of ''Pournami'' spanned approximately eight months, involving around 180-190 working days. The film was shot at key historical locations such as the [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]], elephant stables, and Stepwell in [[Hampi]], adding an authentic period aesthetic to the film.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Pournami<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 22 March 2006<br />
| recorded = 2006<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 39:27<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]<br />
| prev_year = 2005<br />
| next_title = [[Bommarillu]]<br />
| next_year = 2006<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The music and background score was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], and the lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]. The track "Bharata Vedamuga" was set in the [[Chandrakauns]] raaga. The audio was released at Film Nagar Daiva Sannidhanam, Hyderabad on 22 March 2006.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2006 |title=Audio release - Pournami |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-pournami.html |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| headline = Track Listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Bhavamaiyna<br />
| extra1 = [[Jaidev]], Punya Srinivas (Veena), [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] (Jathi)<br />
| length1 = 3:21<br />
| title2 = Koyo Koyo<br />
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br />
| length2 = 4:35<br />
| title3 = Yevaro Choodali<br />
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length3 = 4:27<br />
| title4 = Muvvala Navvakala<br />
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length4 = 5:07<br />
| title5 = Yevaro Raavali<br />
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra, [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]]<br />
| length5 = 2:52<br />
| title6 = Pallakivai<br />
| extra6 = [[Gopika Poornima]]<br />
| length6 = 4:45<br />
| title7 = Ichi Puchukunte<br />
| extra7 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Sumangali<br />
| length7 = 4:34<br />
| title8 = Flute Music (Instrumental)<br />
| extra8 = Kiran<br />
| length8 = 2:09<br />
| title9 = Rock N Roll<br />
| extra9 = Instrumental<br />
| length9 = 1:50<br />
| title10 = Bharata Vedamuga<br />
| extra10 = K. S. Chithra<br />
| length10 = 5:47<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| total_length = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five and noted, "Producer MS Raju should be appreciated to make a film that has classical dance and traditions as backdrop. Climax should have been better. The thread of main villain Rahul Dev is left incomplete."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Movie review - Pournami |url=https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-pournami.html |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote, "on the whole, this isn't something that is worth the 3 hours it demands."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/pournami/telugu/pournami-movie-reviews-2123-2.html|title=Pournami (Telugu) Movie Review |website=fullhyd.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
Ashok won the 2006 [[Nandi Award for Best Art Director]] for his work on ''Pournami''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|language=Telugu}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0471862}}<br />
<br />
{{Prabhu Deva}}{{M. S. Raju}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2006 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhu Deva]]<br />
[[Category:Indian dance films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of foreign films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Albanian novels]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1953]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the 16th century]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1963]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical romance films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about entertainers]]<br />
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]<br />
[[Category:Remakes of Brazilian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on works by Ismail Kadare]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zor_Lagaa_Ke..._Haiya!&diff=546600Zor Lagaa Ke... Haiya!2026-03-03T11:52:38Z<p>Shivam Babu: new!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2009 film}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Zor Lagaa Ke... Haiya!<br />
| image = Zor Lagaa Ke... Haiya.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Girish Girija Joshi<br />
| producer = Kartikeya Talreja<br />Basant Talreja<br />
| writer = Girish Girija Joshi<br />
| narrator = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<br />
| starring = [[Meghan Jadhav]]<br>[[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br>[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]<br>[[Seema Biswas]]<br>[[Gulshan Grover]]<br>[[Sachin Khedekar]]<br>[[Riya Sen]]<br>[[Raj Zutshi]]<br>Ritwik Tyagi<br>Ayesha Kaduskar<br />
| music = Bapi, Tutul<br />
| cinematography = [[Hari Nair]]<br />
| editing = V N Mayekar<br />
| distributor = Gemini Pictures<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|2009|6|12}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Zor Lagaa Ke... Haiya!''''' is a 2009 Indian [[children's film]] starring [[Meghan Jadhav]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]. It has a pro-[[forest]] and anti-[[construction]] environmental message.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Mithun's break from Bengali films |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Bengali/movies/news/Mithuns-break-from-Bengali-films/articleshow/4613166.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 October 2016 |date=4 June 2009}}</ref> [[Amitabh Bachchan]] is the narrator.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
{{More plot|date=August 2024}}<br />
A group of children with the help of a beggar try to save some trees from a construction company intent on cutting them down to make way for new buildings.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:MithunZLKH.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Mithun's portrayal of a beggar, who helps the children in their cause received lot of appreciation]] --><br />
* [[Meghan Jadhav]] as Rohan <br />
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Raavan<br />
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Gupta<br />
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Ram's mother<br />
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Bakshi<br />
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Vivek (Karan's father)<br />
* [[Anita Date-Kelkar]]<br />
* Hardik Thakkar as Laddu<br />
* [[Riya Sen]] as Chamki<br />
* [[Raj Zutshi]] as Asthana<br />
* [[Ashwin Chitale]] as Ram<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
#"Ehsaas Bejaan Hai" – [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br />
#"Hari Bhari Duniya" (Instrumental)<br />
#"Hawa Hawa" (Instrumental)<br />
#"Koi Aaye Koi Jaye" – [[Armaan Malik]], Nilesh Singh, Tanmay Chaudhary<br />
#"Mairi Mairi" – [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]<br />
#"Pawan" (Instrumental)<br />
#"Satrangi Sapno Ki" – Armaan Malik, Tanmay Chaudhary<br />
#"Zor Lagaa Ke Haiya" – [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Shweta Pandit]]<br />
#"Zor Lagaa Ke Haiya" (Remix) – Kunal Ganjawala, Shweta Pandit<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya!'' received positive reviews and won four film festival awards.<ref>[http://in.movies.yahoo.com/upcoming-detail/224/Zor-Lagaa-Ke-Haiya-Movie-Preview.html "Zor Lagaa Ke... Haiya Movie Preview"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619212826/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/upcoming-detail/224/Zor-Lagaa-Ke-Haiya-Movie-Preview.html |date=19 June 2009 }}, Yahho India movies.com</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=1479857|title=Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya!}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2009 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about environmental issues]]<br />
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's films]]<br />
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]<br />
{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranchi_Diaries&diff=475654Ranchi Diaries2026-03-02T09:46:51Z<p>Shivam Babu: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2017 film directed by the Sattwik Mohanty}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Ranchi Diaries<br />
| image = Ranchi_Diaries_Poster.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = {{unbulleted list|Sattwik Mohanty }}<br />
| producer = {{unbulleted list|[[Anupam Kher]]|<br />
(Actor Prepares)|Rashmin Majithia ([[Coconut Motion Pictures]])}}<br />
| writer = Sattwik Mohanty<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --><br />
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Himansh Kohli]]|[[Taaha Shah]] |[[Soundarya Sharma]] |[[Jimmy Shergill]] |[[Satish Kaushik]] | [[Anupam Kher]]|Pitobash Tripathy |}} <br />
| narrator =<br />
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]<br>Nickk<br>[[Tony Kakkar]]<br>Bobby–Imran<br />
| cinematography = Bibhu Das, (Additional Cinematographer- Shibu Prusty)<br />
| editing = [[Naveen Reddy]]<br />
| studio = [[Coconut Motion Pictures]]<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|10|13}}<br />
| runtime = 93 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Ranchi Diaries''''' (2017) is a [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] directed by the Sattwik Mohanty. The film has been produced by [[Anupam Kher]] under the banner Actor Prepares and Rashmin Majithia under the banner [[Coconut Motion Pictures]]. The cast includes [[Himansh Kohli]], [[Taaha Shah]], [[Soundarya Sharma]], [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Satish Kaushik]], [[Anupam Kher]] and Pitobash Tripathy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7154994/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810233514/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7154994/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2017 |title=Ranchi Diaries |website=www.imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ranchi-diaries-movie-review-anupam-kher-sattwik-mohanty-soundarya-sharma-star-rating-4888187/ |title=Ranchi Diaries movie review: This Anupam Kher and Jimmy Shergill starrer leaves you trying to define pointlessness |date=13 October 2017 |newspaper=The Indian Express |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |accessdate=19 September 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727043612/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ranchi-diaries-movie-review-anupam-kher-sattwik-mohanty-soundarya-sharma-star-rating-4888187/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film depicts the story of Gudiya who hails from [[Ranchi]]. She has a dream of becoming a popular pop sensation. Due to unwanted attention from local politico Thakur Bhaiya, she fled with his childhood friend Manish. Eventually Gudiya and her gang attempt robbery in local bank which goes terribly wrong.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Himansh Kohli]] as Manish<br />
*[[Taaha Shah]] as Pinku<br />
*[[Soundarya Sharma]] as Gudiya<br />
*[[Jimmy Shergill]] as Serious Cop<br />
*[[Satish Kaushik]] as Corrupt Cop <br />
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Thakur Bhaiya<br />
*Pitobash Tripathy as Pradeep Kumar<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = ''Ranchi Diaries''<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]], Nickk, [[Tony Kakkar]], Bobby–Imran<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = <br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = ''Ranchi Diaries''<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| single1 = Fashion Queen<br />
| single1date = 3 September 2017<br />
| single2 = Thoda Aur<br />
| single2date = 20 September 2017<br />
| single3 = Helicopter<br />
| single3date = 27 September 2017<br />
| single4 = Godfather<br />
| single4date = 5 October 2017<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]], Nickk, [[Tony Kakkar]], Bobby–Imran and lyrics were by Nickk, [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Tony Kakkar]], Sattwik Mohanty. Singers include Raahi, Rap: Nickk, [[Arijit Singh]], [[Palak Muchhal]], [[Tony Kakkar]], [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Mika Singh]].<br />
{{track listing<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| extra_column = Artist (s)<br />
| title1 = Fashion Queen<br />
| length1 = 2:30<br />
| extra1 = Raahi, Rap: Nickk<br />
| lyrics1 = Nickk<br />
| music1 = Nickk<br />
| title2 = Thoda Aur<br />
| length2 = 2:17<br />
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Palak Muchhal]]<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]<br />
| music2 = [[Jeet Gannguli]]<br />
| title3 = Helicopter<br />
| length3 = 2:27<br />
| extra3 = [[Tony Kakkar]], [[Neha Kakkar]]<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Tony Kakkar]]<br />
| music3 = [[Tony Kakkar]]<br />
| title4 = Godfather<br />
| length4 = <br />
| extra4 = [[Mika Singh]]<br />
| lyrics4 = Sattwik Mohanty<br />
| music4 = Bobby–Imran<br />
| title5 = <br />
| length5 = <br />
| extra5 = <br />
| lyrics5 = <br />
| music5 = <br />
| title6 = <br />
| length6 = <br />
| extra6 = <br />
| lyrics6 = <br />
| music6 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|tt7154994}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films produced by Rashmin Majithia]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Tony Kakkar]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Jharkhand]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeenat-ul-Masajid&diff=546532Zeenat-ul-Masajid2026-02-26T19:23:29Z<p>Shivam Babu: post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mosque in Delhi, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| name = Zeenat-ul-Masajid<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = Zinat-ul-Masjid.jpg<br />
| image_upright = 1.4<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = The mosque [[façade]] in 2015<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]<br />
| status = {{ubl|[[Mosque]] {{small|({{circa|1710}}&ndash;1857)}}|{{nowrap|[[Profane use]] {{small|(1857&ndash;????)}}}}|Mosque {{small|(since ????)}}}}<br />
| functional_status = <br />
| tradition = <br />
| sect = <br />
| district = <br />
| prefecture = <br />
| province = <br />
| region = <br />
| deity = <br />
| rite = <br />
| festival = <!-- or |festivals= --><br />
| ownership = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leadership = <br />
| bhattaraka = <br />
| patron = <br />
| consecration_year = <br />
| religious_features_label = <br />
| religious_features = <br />
| location = [[Daryaganj]], [[Old Delhi]], [[Delhi NCT]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| map_type = India Delhi central<br />
| map_size = 250<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_relief = 1<br />
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Central Delhi]]<br />
| administration = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|28.646642|77.244920|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=it}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| heritage_designation = <br />
| architect = <br />
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}<br />
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]<br />
| founded_by = {{nowrap|[[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum]]}}<br />
| creator = <br />
| funded_by = <br />
| general_contractor = <br />
| established = <br />
| groundbreaking = <br />
| year_completed = {{circa|1710}}<br />
| construction_cost = <br />
| date_demolished = <!-- or |date_destroyed= --><br />
| facade_direction = <br />
| capacity = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| width_nave = <br />
| interior_area = <br />
| height_max = <br />
| dome_quantity = Three<br />
| dome_height_outer = <br />
| dome_height_inner = <br />
| dome_dia_outer = <br />
| dome_dia_inner = <br />
| minaret_quantity = <br />
| minaret_height = <br />
| spire_quantity = <br />
| spire_height = <br />
| site_area = <br />
| temple_quantity = <br />
| monument_quantity = <br />
| shrine_quantity = <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| materials = <br />
| elevation_m = <!-- or |elevation_ft= --><br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| nrhp = <br />
| designated = <br />
| added = <br />
| refnum = <br />
| delisted1_date = <br />
| website = <br />
| module = <!-- for embedding other infobox templates --><br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Zeenat-ul-Masajid''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masselos |first=Jim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8GpAfifFvEC&q=zinat |title=Beato's Delhi: 1857 and Beyond |date=2011-12-07 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-199-6 |language=en}}</ref> also written as '''Zeenat-ul-Masjid''' and popularly known as the '''Ghata Masjid''' ({{Literal translation|Cloud Mosque}}),<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kuczkiewicz-Fraś |first=Agnieszka |date=2009 |title=History preserved in names. Delhi urban toponyms of Perso-Arabic origin. |journal=Cracow Indological Studies |volume=11 |pages=62}}</ref> is an 18th-century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] mosque located in [[Daryaganj]], [[Old Delhi]], [[Central Delhi]], [[India]]. The mosque was commissioned by [[Zeenat-un-Nissa]], the second daughter of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].<br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
The Zeenat-ul-Masajid is located in Daryaganj, in Central Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixty drawings of Mughal monuments and architectural details. |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O404918/sixty-drawings-of-mughal-monuments-drawing-unknown/ |website=Victoria and Albert Museum}}</ref> It lies south of the [[Red Fort]] and overlooks the [[Yamuna River]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521267281 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |pages=266|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The Zeenat-ul-Masajid was built in the beginning of the 18th century by [[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum|Zeenat-un-Nissa]],<ref name=":1" /> during the reign of her father Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Colin |title=The Qudsia Bagh (left), The Zinat al-Masajid mosque (right) |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0005475u00035vrb.html |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=www.bl.uk |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106185202/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0005475u00035vrb.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its construction was part of an increased patronage of mosques by the Mughal elite during the 18th century.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Dadlani |first=Chanchal B. |title=Chapter 2: The Urban Culture of Mughal Delhi |date=2019-08-12 |url=https://www.aaeportal.com/ |work=From Stone to Paper: Architecture as History in the Late Mughal Empire |publisher=Yale University Press |language=en |doi=10.37862/aaeportal.00054.006 |isbn=978-0-300-25096-1 |s2cid=239305604 |access-date=2022-05-28|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Siege of Delhi]], the Zeenat-ul-Masajid was confiscated by British military forces and subsequently converted into a bakery for troops. The building was later partially used as a residence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |date=2003-04-01 |title=Commemorating and remembering 1857: The revolt in Delhi and its afterlife |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0043824032000078072 |journal=World Archaeology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=40–41 |doi=10.1080/0043824032000078072 |s2cid=159530372 |issn=0043-8243|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Architecture ==<br />
The Zeenat-ul-Masajid is built on a high plinth. It has three marble domes striped with [[red sandstone]] and topped by inverted lotus-blossoms. The mosque's ''[[pishtaq]]'' is adorned with marble and framed by thin turrets. The mosque's [[façade]] bears three archways on either side of the main entrance, each of which is supported by piers. At both ends of the mosque's façade are three-storey [[minaret]]s. The mosque shows close influence from [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Shah Jahan's Jama Masjid]] in features such as the height of the pishtaq and the domes; however, elements of Aurangzeb-era architecture are also evident in the domes' bulbous shape and constricted necks, and the mosque's entrance archways.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alfieri |first=Bianca Maria |title=Islamic architecture of the Indian subcontinent |date=2000 |publisher=Laurence King Pub. |others=F. Borromeo |isbn=81-85822-74-3 |location=London, WC |pages=269–270 |oclc=44536138}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}<br />
[[File:Zeenat_ul_Masjid,_Darya_Ganj.jpg|thumb|Zeenat ul Masjid, Darya Ganj]]<br />
* [[Islam in India]]<br />
* [[List of mosques in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category-inline}}<br />
* {{cite web |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/1588 |title=Zeenat-ul Mosque Delhi, India |work=Archnet.org |date= |access-date= |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528074540/https://www.archnet.org/sites/1588 |url-status=dead }}<br />
<br />
{{Mosques in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:18th-century mosques in India]]<br />
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]<br />
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1700s]]<br />
[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]<br />
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sunni mosques in India]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand_football_team&diff=475282Jharkhand football team2026-02-20T00:00:23Z<p>Shivam Babu: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox football club<br />
| clubname = Jharkhand<br />
| current = <br />
| image = Jharkhand Football Association.png<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| fullname = Jharkhand football team<br />
| nickname = <br />
| founded = <br />
| ground = [[Birsa Munda Football Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]<br />[[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium]]<br />[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]<br />
| capacity = 40,000<br />35,000<br />24,424<br />
| owner = [[Jharkhand Football Association]]<br />
| chairman = <br />
| mgrtitle = Head coach<br />
| manager = Ranjit Kumar Halder<br />
| league = [[Santosh Trophy]]<br />
| season = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]<br />
| position = Group stage<br />
| pattern_la1 = <br />
| pattern_b1 = _upper_orange<br />
| pattern_ra1 = <br />
| pattern_sh1 = _orangebottom<br />
| pattern_so1 = <br />
| leftarm1 = 138808<br />
| body1 = 138808<br />
| rightarm1 = 138808<br />
| shorts1 = 138808<br />
| socks1 = 138808<br />
| pattern_la2 = <br />
| pattern_b2 = <br />
| pattern_ra2 = <br />
| pattern_sh2 = <br />
| pattern_so2 = <br />
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF<br />
| body2 = 960018<br />
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF<br />
| shorts2 = 960018<br />
| socks2 = 960018<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Jharkhand football team''' ([[Hindi Language|Hindi]]:झारखंड फुटबॉल टीम) is an Indian [[association football|football]] team representing [[Jharkhand]] in Indian state football competitions including the [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/509|title=Jharkhand Football Association|website=www.the-aiff.com|accessdate=29 July 2024}}</ref> They failed to qualify for the most of Santosh Trophy final rounds.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Santosh trophy football 2015, 69th santosh trophy 2015, 2015 santosh trophy score update, Kolkatafootball.com,. | url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/aiff_santosh_trophy_2015/index.html#horizontalTab7 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109080401/http://kolkatafootball.com/aiff_santosh_trophy_2015/index.html#horizontalTab7 | access-date=2025-12-30 | archive-date=9 January 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Honours ==<br />
===State (youth)===<br />
* '''[[B.C. Roy Trophy]]'''<br />
** Winners (4): 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2008–09<br />
<br />
* '''[[Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy]]'''<br />
** Winners (2): 2009–10, 2010–11<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Santosh Trophy}}<br />
{{Indian state football teams}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Santosh Trophy teams]]<br />
[[Category:Football in Jharkhand]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-footyclub-stub}}<br />
{{Jharkhand-stub}}</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Radio_91.2_FM&diff=500633Global Radio 91.2 FM2026-02-19T18:03:34Z<p>Shivam Babu: Added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Third-party|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox radio station<br />
| name = Global Radio 91.2 FM<br />
| city = [[Alappuzha]], Kerala<br />
| country = IN<br />
| frequency = 91.2 [[Megahertz|MHz]]<br />
| format = [[Variety (radio)|Variety]]<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| airdate = 2014<br />
| owner = Global Community Radio 91.2 FM<br />
| website = http://globalradio.in/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Global Community Radio 91.2 FM''' is an FM radio station for the state of [[Kerala]] in [[India]]. It is the first FM radio station in the city of [[Alappuzha]]. It operates inside the radius of 30 to 40&nbsp;km which helps to reach audience in [[Alappuzha]], [[Haripad]], [[Chengannur]], [[Cherthala]], [[Kayamkulam]], [[Mavelikkara]], [[Thiruvalla]] & [[Changanassery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalradio.in/about-us|title=About Us - Global Radio|work=Global Radio |publisher=}}</ref> Frequency of the station is 91.2 and it is located in [[Ambalapuzha]] in [[Alappuzha District]] it host various programs that entertain the listeners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalradio.in/contact-us|title=Contact Us - Global Radio|work=Global Radio |publisher=}}</ref> The station is a [[community radio]] station managed by Global Education Net (Genet) based in [[Ambalappuzha]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of Malayalam-language radio stations]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language radio stations]]<br />
[[Category:Radio stations in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Alappuzha district]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijeesh_Mani&diff=544493Vijeesh Mani2026-02-12T06:12:51Z<p>Shivam Babu: done!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film producer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vijeesh Mani<br />
| image = VijeeshMani.jpg<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977|4|24}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Guruvayur]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| alma mater = <br />
| occupation = Producer<br>Director<br />
| other_names = <br />
| years_active = 1995 – present<br />
| known_for = ''[[Bhagavan (2009 film)|Bhagavan]]''<br>''[[Vishwaguru]]''<br />
| television = <br />
| spouse = Dr.Anaswara Vijeesh<br />
| children = Virat Vijeesh<br />
| parents = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vijeesh Mani''' is a [[Film producer|producer]] and [[Film director|director]] of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] language films. He is best known as the director of ''[[Vishwaguru]]'', a film that was made and released in 51 hours and 2 minutes following a "script to screen" rule, which was recorded in [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishwaguru-the-fastest-film-made-ever/articleshow/63546185.cms | title=Vishwaguru, the fastest film made, ever | first=Jyothi | last=Prabhakar | date=30 March 2018 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fastest film produced (script to screen)|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-film-produced-(script-to-screen)|access-date=23 March 2018|publisher=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The environmental film ''[[Puzhayamma]]'' starring [[Baby Meenakshi]] and [[Linda Arsenio]] in lead roles<ref name="Puzhayamma-An Environmental film">{{cite news|title=Puzhayamma-An Environmental film|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/chitrabhumi/--1.3160640|access-date=22 September 2018|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922101558/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/chitrabhumi/--1.3160640|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Irula language film ''[[Netaji (2019 film)|Netaji]]'' with Gokulam Gopalan as lead actor that won [[Guinness World Records|Guinness]] award for the first tribal language film<ref name=Vij>{{cite news |title=ഗിന്നസ് റെക്കോർഡുമായി നേതാജി |url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/news/mobile//news.php?id=86006&u=gokulam-gopalans-film-netaji-wins-guinness-award |newspaper=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |access-date=27 June 2019 |date=1 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=നേതാജി; ലോകത്തില് ആദ്യത്തെ ട്രൈബല് ഭാഷ ചിത്രത്തിലൂടെ ഗിന്നസ് റെക്കോര്ഡുമായി മലയാളികള്|url=https://www.reporter.live/news/2019/05/31/565992.html|publisher=Reporter TV|access-date=28 June 2019|date=31 May 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629052109/https://www.reporter.live/news/2019/05/31/565992.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ലോകത്തില് ആദ്യത്തെ ട്രൈബല് ഭാഷ ചിത്രം: 'നേതാജി'ക്ക് ഗിന്നസ് റെക്കോഡ്|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/netaji-movie-guiness-record-vijeesh-mani-gokulam-gopalan-1.3850823|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|access-date=28 June 2019 |date=6 June 2019}}</ref> are getting ready for theatrical release.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/06/nanjiyamma-sings-for-vijeesh-manis-new-filmmmmmm-20641.amp|title=Nanjiyamma sings for Vijeesh Mani's new film MMMMM &#124; Cinemaexpress|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 October 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Mani's Sanskrit film ''Namo'' starring [[Jayaram]] has been completed.<ref name=Namo>{{cite news |title=Namo to speak Sanskrit soon|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/270919/namo-to-speak-sanskrit-soon.html|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=27 September 2019 |date=27 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=Jayaram>{{cite web |last1=Shrijith |first1=Sajin |title=Namo has my career-best performance: Jayaram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/feb/28/namo--has-my-career-best-performance-2109439.html |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=30 May 2020 |date=28 February 2020}}</ref> His [[Mmmmm]] starring [[I.M.Vijayan]], produced by Sohan Roy won several accolades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sohan-roy-vijeesh-mani-movie-mmm-first-look-poster-jayasurya-im-vijayan-1.5166472|title = തീപന്തവുമായി ഐ എം വിജയൻ; വിജീഷ് മണി ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ ഫസ്റ്റ്ലുക്ക്| date=29 October 2020 }}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kaumudiplus.com/popcorn/name-launch--new-film-of-sohan-roy--2020-03-10.php|title = സോഹൻ റോയിയുടേ പുതിയ ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ പേര് പ്രകാശനം ചെയ്തു}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nanaonline.in/news-feeds/sohan-roy-vijeesh-mani-movie-mmmmm/|title=സോഹന് റോയ് വിജീഷ്മണി ചിത്രം 'മ്...'}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> [[Sohan Roy]] teamed with Mani again for ''Aadhivaasi'', the film based on the death of a youth named Madhu at [[Attappadi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The title poster of Vijeesh Mani's 'Aadhivaasi' released |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/the-title-poster-of--manis-aadhivaasireleased-news-malayalam-vj4dVHjhcdghd.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |date=30 September 2021}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Language<br />
! Role<br />
! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2024|| ''Velichappad''|| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || Director, Story || Docu fiction<br />
|-<br />
| 2022|| ''Aadhivaasi''|| [[Muduga language|Muduga]] || Director, Story || <ref>{{cite web |title=Appani Sarath-starrer Adivasi goes on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Oct/20/appani-sarath-starrer-adivasi-goes-on-floors-2373340.html |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=11 December 2024 |date=20 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021|| ''[[Mmmmm]]''|| [[Kurumba language|Kurumba]] || Director, Story <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/c/49878153|title = Clipping of the New Indian Express Group - the New Indian Express-Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> || Shortlisted for 2021 Oscars<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oscars 2021: 366 films eligible for Best Picture, highest in 50 years|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-oscars-2021-366-films-eligible-for-best-picture-highest-in-50-years-366437|access-date=2021-03-13|website=WION|date=26 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br> Won the Best film award at 2021 [[Paris Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title='മ്' പാരിസ് ചലച്ചിത്രമേളയില് മികച്ച സിനിമ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/-mmmmmm-sound-of-pain-wins-best-film-awards-at-paris-film-festival-1.5729745 |access-date=4 August 2021 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=7 July 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2020|| ''Namo''|| [[Sanskrit cinema|Sanskrit]] || Director,Story,Producer||Selected in the Indian Panorama section of [[IFFI|IFFI Goa, 2020]]<ref name=Jayaram/><br />
|-<br />
| 2019|| ''[[Netaji (2019 film)|Netaji]]''|| [[Irula language|Irula]] || Director,Story || Guinness record for Tribal language film<ref name=Vij/><ref>{{cite news|title=Gokulam Gopalan in and as Netaji|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/11/26/gokulam-gopalan-turns-actor-in-netaji.html|access-date=3 December 2018|publisher=Manorama}}</ref><br>Selected in the Indian Panorama section of [[IFFI|IFFI Goa, 2019]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=VS |first1=Goutham |title=ഇരുളരുടെ ശബ്ദം ലോകത്തിനു മുന്നിൽ; ഗോവയിലെ രാജ്യാന്തര ചലച്ചിത്രമേളയിൽ നേതാജി |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/iffi-2019-irula-language-film-nethaji-to-feature-in-indian-panorama-304652/ |access-date=9 October 2019 |publisher=[[Indian Express Malayalam]] |date=9 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ഗോവ അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ചലച്ചിത്ര മേളയിലെ ഇന്ത്യൻ പനോരമയിലേക്ക് 'നേതാജി'യും |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/gokulam-gopalan-starrer-netaji-malayalam-movie-will-be-screened-in-50th-iffi-indian-panorama/articleshow/71476889.cms |access-date=9 October 2019 |publisher=Malayalam Samayam |date=9 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=വിജീഷ് മണിയുടെ 'നേതാജി' ഇന്ത്യന് പനോരമയിലേക്ക് തെരഞ്ഞെടുത്തു |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2019/10/08/film-nethaji-of-vijeesh-mani-selected-in-indian-panorama/ |access-date=9 October 2019 |publisher=East Coast Daily |date=8 October 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009074056/https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2019/10/08/film-nethaji-of-vijeesh-mani-selected-in-indian-panorama/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=വിജീഷ് മണിയുടെ 'നേതാജി' ഇന്ത്യന് പനോരമയിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/film-nethaji-of-vijeesh-mani-selected-in-indian-panorama-1.4179358 |access-date=9 October 2019 |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=7 October 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021|| ''[[Puzhayamma]]''|| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] || Director,Story ||<ref name="Puzhayamma-An Environmental film"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2017|| ''[[Vishwaguru]]''|| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] || Director,Story ||Guinness record for fastest film produced (script to screen)<ref name=Rec>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/apr/01/wanted-sree-narayana-gurus-messages-to-be-spread-around-the-world-vishwaguru-director-1795684.html|title = Wanted Sree Narayana Guru's messages to be spread around the world: 'Vishwaguru' director| date=2 April 2018 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2017|| ''Kathrikka Vendakka''|| [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] || Producer ||<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Habitat Film Festival to feature Om Puri tribute retrospective|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/habitat-film-festival-to-feature-om-puri-tribute-retrospective-922169-2017-05-08|access-date=5 January 2018|magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2014|| ''Thamara''|| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] || Producer || [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association Award 2014]] - Best Environmental film<ref>{{cite news|title=Critics award for Ottaal, Iyyobinte Pusthakam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/critics-award-for-ottaal-iyyobinte-pusthakam/article7072399.ece|access-date=11 January 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 April 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2014|| ''Paedithondan''|| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] || Producer ||<ref>{{cite news|title=വിജീഷ് മണി|url=https://www.m3db.com/artists/29523|access-date=5 January 2018|publisher=M3DB}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2009|| ''[[Bhagavan (2009 film)|Bhagavan]]'' || [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] || Producer ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2004|| ''Quotation'' || [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] || Producer ||<ref>{{cite news|title=List of Malayalam Movies produced by Vijeesh Mani|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?pr=12737|access-date=5 January 2018|publisher=Malayala Chalachithram}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=3739690}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mani, Vijeesh}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Guruvayur]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:1977 births]]<br />
[[Category:Organic farmers]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopichand_Lagadapati&diff=500929Gopichand Lagadapati2026-02-07T19:29:23Z<p>Shivam Babu: Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor and film director (born 1981)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Gopichand Lagadapati<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date =<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| parents =<br />
| occupation = Actor, director, producer, screenwriter<br />
| website = [http://www.gopichandlagadapati.com/ www.gopichandlagadapati.com]<br />
| known_for = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gopichand Lagadapati''' is an Indian actor, writer, director and producer. He made his acting debut in the [[Telugu film]] ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeevi|title=Anand|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-anand.html|publisher=IdleBrain|accessdate=15 October 2004|archive-date=10 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010113624/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-anand.html|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by [[Sekhar Kammula]], and debuted as a producer on the film ''[[Mr. Medhavi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeevi|title=Miss Medhavi indeed|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mrmedhavi.html|publisher=idle Brain|accessdate=26 January 2008|archive-date=29 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129060134/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mrmedhavi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Lagadapati was born in India. His father, Sangaiah Lagadapati, is a Telugu professor. Lagadapati did his graduation in Hotel Management from a college affiliated with [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]]. His maternal grandfather [[Bodduluri Rama Rao]] is a former Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Ap Legislature|first=Library|title=6th AndhraPradesh Legislature Members|url=http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=1060e756-00a4-4b60-850e-d98fb5687bad&groupId=11343|publisher=AP Legislature|access-date=29 September 2013|archive-date=12 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012014538/http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=1060e756-00a4-4b60-850e-d98fb5687bad&groupId=11343|url-status=live}}</ref> from [[Jaggayyapet]] constituency.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Lagadapati's first film as a lead actor is ''[[Rendella Tharuvatha]]'', which received mixed responses and was a commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gudelli|first=Jalapathy|title=The film is said to have made around Rs 1.50 Crores but unlikely to recover the production costs|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietrade/boxoffice_aug0405_printer.php|publisher=Telugu Cinema|access-date=23 November 2013|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235351/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietrade/boxoffice_aug0405_printer.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=jalapathy G|title=Poor plot makes this film uninteresting|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/rendellataruvatha.php|access-date=10 September 2013|archive-date=6 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006003615/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/rendellataruvatha.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> He next appeared in an Indian English film, ''On the Other Side''<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeevi|title=Usa schedule|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/us/schedu/ontheotherside.html|accessdate=27 June 2008|archive-date=30 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630064901/http://idlebrain.com/us/schedu/ontheotherside.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> which was released in US. The film was released with the name ''[[Indian Beauty]]'' in Telugu.<br />
<br />
In 2007, Lagadapati worked on ''[[Mr. Medhavi]]'' as an executive producer in 2008. The film was critically acclaimed but remained a commercial failure at the box office.<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'' || Ram || <br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''[[Rendella Tharuvatha]]'' || Vamsi || <br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || '' [[Indian Beauty]]'' || Vishal || <br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Mr. Medhavi]]''||{{n/a}} || Executive producer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Bhopal: A Prayer for Rain]]''|| Steward || Also assistant director<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''Virgin Story'' || || Also lyricist and creative producer<br />
|}<br />
<!--Do not add future events. Claims entered without proper sourcing are subject to immediate removal --><br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''Priya Nestam'' || Gopi || Also assistant director<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''City Beats'' || {{n/a}} ||Writer and director<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''Blessing in Disguise'' || Rock || Also writer and assistant director<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|3404063|Gopichand Lagadapati}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lagadapati, Gopichand}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:1981 births]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solapur_railway_station&diff=451450Solapur railway station2026-01-29T14:17:46Z<p>Shivam Babu: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Solapur mama Station<br />
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = Solapur_Railway_Station_(Jan_2022).jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Station entrance<br />
| address = Station Road, [[Solapur, Maharashtra]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.664|N|75.893|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|455.000|m|ft}}<br />
| line = [[Mumbai–Chennai line]]<br />[[Mumbai Dadar–Solapur section]]<br />[[Solapur–Guntakal section]]<br />[[Solapur–Miraj Express]]<br />
| other = DRM -<br />
Shailesh Gupta.<br />
| structure = Standard on ground<br />
| platform = 5<br />
| tracks = 7<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| bicycle = No<br />
| opened = 1860<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| accessible = <br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = SUR<br />
| division = [[Solapur Railway Division|Solapur]]<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]<br />
| status = Functioning<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = 120,000+<br />
| pass_year = Daily<br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| map_type = India Maharashtra#India<br />
| map_dot_label = Solapur Station<br />
| map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]]##Location in India<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map<br />
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}<br />
}}'''Solapur railway station''' is located in [[Solapur district]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] category NSG-2 and serves [[Solapur]] city and the industrial belt around it. It is headquarters of [[Solapur Railway Division]] and a part of [[Central Railway zone]].<br />
<br />
Solapur lies on the planned [[Mumbai–Hyderabad high-speed rail corridor]]. The possibility of an Ahmednagar Karmala railway line is also being explored.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arkhade |first=Arvind |date=November 2021 |title=अहमदनगर-करमाळा नवीन रेल्वे मार्गाबाबत लवकरच निर्णयाची शक्यता |trans-title=Ahmednagar-Karmala new railway route likely to be decided soon |url=https://www.deshdoot.com/local-news/sarvamat/new-ahmednagar-karmala-railway-line-possibility-of-decision-shrirampur |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Deshdoot |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The first passenger train in India from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] in Mumbai to {{stnlnk|Thane}} ran on 16 April 1853 on the track laid by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]. The GIPR line was extended to {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} in 1854 and then on the south-east side to {{stnlnk|Khopoli}} via [[Palasdari railway station]] at the foot of the [[Western Ghats]] in 1856. While construction work was in progress across the [[Bhor Ghat]], GIPR opened to public the {{stnlnk|Khandala}}–{{stnlnk|Pune}} track in 1858. The Bhor Ghat incline connecting Palasdari to Khandala was completed in 1862, thereby connecting Mumbai and Pune.<ref name="IR History: Early Days – I">{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html| title = IR History: Early Days – I : Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1832–1865)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 20 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Pune–Raichur sector of the Mumbai–Chennai line was opened in stages: the portion from Pune to Barshi Road was opened in 1859, from Barshi Road to Mohol in 1860 and from Mohol to Solapur also in 1860. Work on the line from Solapur southwards was begun in 1865 and the line was extended to Raichur in 1871.<ref name="IR History: Early Days – II">{{cite web | url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title = IR History: Early Days – II | last = Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 3 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The metre-gauge Solapur–Hubli line was opened in stages. The Gadag–Hotgi section was opened in 1884.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://solapur.gov.in/htmldocs/1977/comm_railways.html |title = Solapur District Gazetteer| publisher= Gazetteer department | access-date = 4 December 2013 }}</ref> The lines were converted to broad gauge by 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://newsonprojects.com/story.asp?news_code=9092 |title = Work completed on Gadag–Bagalkot gauge conversion | publisher= News on Projects.com, 8 December 2008 | access-date = 4 December 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
It is the 19th cleanest station in India (as of 2019) and one of the most beautiful railway stations in India ranked A-1 among 500 main stations in India.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Major trains ==<br />
The train which originates from Solapur are :<br />
* [[Solapur–Hassan Express]] (11311/11312)<br />
* [[Siddheshwar Express]] (12115/12116)<br />
* [[Hutatma Express]] (12157/12158)<br />
* [[Pune–Solapur Intercity Express]] (12169/12170)<br />
* [[Mumbai CSMT–Solapur Vande Bharat Express]] (22225/22226)<br />
<br />
==Electrification==<br />
<br />
Railway electrification in India began with the first electric train, between [[Bombay Victoria Terminus]] and [[Kurla]] by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]'s (GIPR) on 3 February 1925, on 1.5 kV DC. The Kalyan–Pune section was electrified with 1.5 kV DC overhead system in 1930.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html|title= Electric Traction I |work= History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 20 March 2014}}</ref> These sections were converted from 1.5 kV DC to 25kV AC by 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=DC to AC conversion on Mumbai's Central Railways rail route completed|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/dc-to-ac-conversion-on-mumbais-central-railways-rail-route-completed/articleshow/47582271.cms|access-date=2 January 2016|work=The Economic Times|publisher=PTI|date=8 June 2015|location=Mumbai}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Pune–Daund section as well as Daund–Bhigwan section was electrified in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/pune-daund-local-brings-respite-for-daily-commuters/articleshow/56631901.cms|title=Pune–Daund local brings respite for daily commuters|website=Pune Mirror|date=18 January 2017 }}</ref> The electrification of the Bhigwan-Kalaburgi section is in progress with completion expected by March 2021.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.railpost.in/march-2021-when-the-mumbai-chennai-railway-route-will-be-fully-doubled-electrified/|title=March 2021: When the Mumbai-Chennai Railway Route Will Be Fully Doubled, Electrified|date=1 September 2020}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=October 2023}}<br />
<br />
Rail Vikas Nigam Limited team achieved another milestone of execution of RE of Hotgi-Solapur double line section RKM 14.96 & TKM 44.71. The Solapur-Kalaburgi Double line section is now totally electrified.<br />
<br />
The inspection of railway electrification work between Hotgi-Solapur double line section (RKM 14.96 & TKM 44.71) was successfully completed. With the commissioning of this section, now 610 RKM railway electrification work is completed out of 641 RKM of the PUNE-WADI-GUNTAKAL section electrification project. <br />
<br />
The project covers an important route of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] connecting Mumbai and Chennai City. In addition, all south-going electric passenger and goods trains from major cities like Hyderabad, Chennai and Bangalore (Southcentral Railway and Southwest Railway) can come up to Solapur district, Maharashtra (Central Railway) on electric traction.<br />
==Passenger movement==<br />
Solapur railway station is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway. It serves about 120,000 passengers every day.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html|title = Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry|work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 4 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| image1 = Solapur railway station platformboard.jpg<br />
| alt1 = Solapur railway station platformboard.jpg<br />
| align = left<br />
| caption1 = Solapur Railway Station Platformboard<br />
| width1 = px 30<br />
| image2 = Solapur railway station at night 07.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Inside Solapur Railway Station<br />
| width = 200<br />
| total_width = 400<br />
}}<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = <br />
}}<br />
{{clr}}<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Bengrut |first=Dheeraj |date=2021-11-03 |title=Pune railway division area to increase, 24 stations to be added |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pune-railway-division-area-to-increase-24-stations-to-be-added-101635960600511.html |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IndiaRailInfo|147}}<br />
* [http://www.solapurmajha.com/ Solapurmajha Online Local Directory]<br />
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y<br />
|system1=Indian Railways<br />
<br />
|line1=Central Railway zone|left1=Bale|right1=Tikekarwadi|type1=Mumbai–Chennai line<br />
<br />
|line2=Central Railway zone|right2=Tikekarwadi|type2=Solapur–Gadag line<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India}}<br />
{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Solapur district]]<br />
[[Category:Solapur railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1860]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Solapur]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulabo_Sitabo_(soundtrack)&diff=501343Gulabo Sitabo (soundtrack)2026-01-22T03:57:21Z<p>Shivam Babu: Added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2020 soundtrack album by Shantanu Moitra, Abhishek Arora and Anuj Garg}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Gulabo Sitabo<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Shantanu Moitra]], Abhishek Arora and Anuj Garg<br />
| cover = Gulabo Sitabo (soundtrack).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 22 May 2020<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/gulabo-sitabo/D4bPGk,PV9o_|title=Gulabo Sitabo - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=27 May 2020 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref><br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 30:45<br />
| language = Hindi<!--Do not link per WP:OL--><br />
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|2KsEG3PFT4I|Official Audio Jukebox}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Gulabo Sitabo''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the 2020 [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film [[Gulabo Sitabo|of the same name]] directed by [[Shoojit Sircar]] and written by [[Juhi Chaturvedi]]. The film's music was composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]], Abhishek Arora and Anuj Garg with lyrics written by Puneet Sharma, Dinesh Pant and Vinod Dubey. Shanthanu Moitra also composed the film score. It was released by [[Zee Music Company]] on 22 May 2020.<ref name="jiosaavn" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Zee Music to release soundtracks of Gulabo Sitabo, Gunjan Saxena & Shakuntala Devi|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/zee-music-to-release-soundtracks-of-gulabo-sitabo-gunjan-saxena-shakuntala-devi-105360.html|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Exchange4media|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The 10-track soundtrack album has a running time of 30 minutes and it features ten tunes; eight songs, [[reprise]]d versions of two tracks from the original songs, and two themes. [[Shantanu Moitra]] composed four tracks, including the themes, while also taking charge of the [[Film score|background score]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2020-07-31|title=Whatever I create has to have an innocence: Shantanu Moitra|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-conversation-with-composer-shantanu-moitra/article32238378.ece|access-date=2021-11-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Abhishek Arora composed one track – "Jootam Phenk", while Anuj Garg composed three songs – "Madari Ka Bandar", "Do Din Ka Ye Mela", "Budhau" and the reprised versions of the latter two.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=Everything you should know about Shoojit Sircar's Gulabo Sitabo|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gulabo-sitabo-cast-director-release-songs-controversies-6454453/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> All tracks are sung by [[Tochi Raina]], [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Mika Singh]], Vinod Dubey, Anuj Garg, Bhanwari Devi, [[Rahul Ram]] and [[Bobby Cash]]. All the tracks are [[Fusion music|fused]] with [[Folk music|folk genre]], with diversely ranging from [[Baul music|Baul]], [[Music of Rajasthan|Rajasthani]] and [[Music of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradeshi]] folk, to [[Rock music|rock]] and [[country music]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|title='Gulabo Sitabo' music review: A first-rate album merges folk-pop with metaphysical themes|url=https://scroll.in/reel/963151/gulabo-sitabo-music-review-a-first-rate-album-merges-folk-pop-with-metaphysical-themes|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Scroll.in|date=2 June 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> It used wide range of instruments from [[guitar]], [[clarinet]], [[mandolin]], [[banjo]], [[ukulele]] and other [[String instrument|stringed instruments]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=All You Need to Know About Bachchan, Khurrana's Gulabo Sitabo|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/features/gulabo-sitabo-cast-full-movie-download-trailer-story-review-release-date-song-amazon-prime-2241380|access-date=2021-11-06|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=5 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
While the entire soundtrack was released earlier, on 27 May, the video song of "Jootam Phenk" was released through [[YouTube]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulabo Sitabo Song Jootam Phenk: Amitabh Bachchan Vs Ayushmann Khurrana In ROFL Clash|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gulabo-sitabo-song-jootam-phenk-amitabh-bachchan-vs-ayushmann-khurrana-in-rofl-clash-2236033|access-date=2021-11-06|website=NDTV.com|date=27 May 2020 }}</ref> while the second video song "Madari Ka Bandar" released on 3 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-03|title=Gulabo Sitabo new song Madari Ka Bandar sees Amitabh Bachchan trying hard to evict his tenant, Ayushmann Khurrana|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gulabo-sitabo-new-song-madari-ka-bandar-sees-amitabh-bachchan-trying-hard-to-evict-his-tenant-ayushmann-khurrana-8444201.html|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The music received highly positive response from critics. Vipin Nair, a music critic, whose reviews about the soundtrack, were published in his website ''Music Aloud'' and in the English-language Indian newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'', which appeared first, stated it as the "best soundtrack that has featured in [[Shoojit Sircar]] and [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]'s films in a very long time" and stated it as an "earthy earworm through".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Vipin|date=2020-05-29|title='Gulabo Sitabo' music review: Folk for the win|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gulabo-sitabo-music-review-folk-for-the-win/article31705080.ece|access-date=2021-11-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-29|title=Gulabo Sitabo – Music Review (Bollywood Soundtrack)|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2020/05/29/gulabo-sitabo-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Music Aloud}}</ref> In his review for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Suanshu Khurana gave 3.5 stars and stated it as "an excellent example of theme-based music, producing the kind of tracks not usual in mainstream Bollywood music scene". He further stated the score of the film as "tender and edgy, which looks at life’s spiritual journey through melodic structures that are quirky and full of nuance".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=Gulabo Sitabo music review: Let's break the rules|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/gulabo-sitabo-music-review-let-us-break-the-rules-6454310/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Devarshi Ghosh of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated the soundtrack as "different from the music of Hindi movies this year. That's not just because all its tracks are original compositions, but also because it works as a standalone concept album, wherein a specific musical vocabulary and thematic concerns in the lyrics are to be found across all the songs. You can’t pluck any one track and put it in any stock situation."<ref name=":1" /> In addition to the review, Ghosh listed it in ''Best of 2020: Hindi music in films and television'', a year-ender article for ''Scroll.in''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|title=2020 yearender: More originals and fewer remixes in films and web series|url=https://scroll.in/reel/980894/2020-yearender-more-originals-and-fewer-remixes-in-films-and-web-series|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Scroll.in|date=28 December 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Critic based as ''Musicplus'' gave 8/10 to the soundtrack and further praised the "uniformity in sound and theme" despite having three composers, while also appreciating the choice of singers, instrumentation and fusion of genres.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=Gulabo Sitabo: Album Review|url=http://151.106.34.91/~mptest/gulabo-sitabo-album-review/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Musicplus|language=en-GB}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja, however criticised the soundtrack, saying it as "forgettable".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|date=2020-06-01|title=Gulabo Sitabo Music Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gulabo-sitabo/songs/music-critic-review/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref> A reviewer from ''The Humming Heart'' gave the soundtrack 7.5 out of 10 and stated: "The length of the ''Gulabo Sitabo'' album made one wonder if the film will be overloaded with music. However, Sircar, who has historically been pretty judicious with the usage of music onscreen, demonstrates a full-length album can be used with a modern approach in a featured film. With the entire look and feel of ''Gulabo Sitabo'' centring around the old and lost riches of what was once a grand and opulent Awadh, the music really finds resonance."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-02|title=REVIEW {{!}} Gulabo Sitabo OST|url=https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/gulabo-sitabo-soundtrack-captures-the-opulence-of-old-lucknow/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001114144/https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/gulabo-sitabo-soundtrack-captures-the-opulence-of-old-lucknow/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 October 2020|access-date=2021-11-06|website=A Humming Heart|language=en-GB}}</ref> Pallabi Dey Puryakastha of ''[[The Times of India]]'', gave 3.5 stars to the film's music saying "Shantanu Moitra's original score and the soundtrack earns some brownie points for its quirky tunes that come with deep, meaningful and honest lyrics by Dinesh Pant, Puneet Sharma and Vinod Dubey".<ref>{{Citation|title=Gulabo Sitabo Movie Review: A well-crafted satire that evokes a riot of emotions|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/gulabo-sitabo/movie-review/76328770.cms|access-date=2021-11-06}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was also mentioned in ''Mixtape 2020'', an article for ''Film Companion's Year Ender Special'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|date=2020-12-07|title=Mixtape 2020: The Best of Music in Hindi Film (And TV)|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/hindi-movies-web-series-mixtape-2020-the-best-of-music-dil-bechara-bandish-bandits-scam-1992/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref> and in another article written by Amit Gurbaxani about [[Film Music|Indian film music in 2020]] for ''[[Firstpost]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-31|title=2020, a year in Indian music charts: A reflection of how life came to a halt after the COVID-19 lockdown|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/2020-a-year-in-indian-music-charts-a-reflection-of-how-life-came-to-a-halt-after-the-covid-19-lockdown-9157611.html|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Track listing ==<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = <br />
| extra8 = [[Bobby Cash]]<br />
| note6 = Reprise<br />
| extra6 = Bhanwari Devi<br />
| music6 = Anuj Garg<br />
| lyrics6 = Dinesh Pant<br />
| length6 = 3:15<br />
| title7 = Do Din Ka Ye Mela<br />
| extra7 = [[Rahul Ram]]<br />
| music7 = Anuj Garg<br />
| lyrics7 = Dinesh Pant<br />
| length7 = 3:33<br />
| title8 = Budhau<br />
| music8 = Anuj Garg<br />
| length5 = 3:33<br />
| lyrics8 = Dinesh Pant<br />
| length8 = 3:38<br />
| title9 = Gulabo Sitabo Theme<br />
| extra9 = —<br />
| music9 = Shantanu Moitra<br />
| lyrics9 = —<br />
| length9 = 3:41<br />
| title10 = Gulabo Sitabo Clarinet Theme<br />
| extra10 = —<br />
| music10 = Shantanu Moitra<br />
| lyrics10 = —<br />
| title6 = Budhau<br />
| lyrics5 = Dinesh Pant<br />
| total_length = 30:45<br />
| title3 = Kanjoos<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Madari Ka Bandar<br />
| extra1 = [[Tochi Raina]], Anuj Garg<br />
| music1 = Anuj Garg<br />
| lyrics1 = Dinesh Pant<br />
| length1 = 4:10<br />
| title2 = Jootam Phenk<br />
| extra2 = [[Piyush Mishra]]<br />
| music2 = Abhishek Arora<br />
| lyrics2 = Puneet Sharma<br />
| length2 = 2:07<br />
| extra3 = [[Mika Singh]]<br />
| music5 = Anuj Garg<br />
| music3 = [[Shantanu Moitra]]<br />
| lyrics3 = Puneet Sharma<br />
| length3 = 2:50<br />
| title4 = Kya Leke Aayo Jagme<br />
| extra4 = Vinod Dubey<br />
| music4 = Shantanu Moitra<br />
| lyrics4 = Vinod Dubey<br />
| length4 = 3:01<br />
| title5 = Do Din Ka Ye Mela<br />
| note5 = Reprise<br />
| extra5 = Tochi Raina<br />
| length10 = 0:56<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2020 soundtrack albums]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nyagzu&diff=522636Nyagzu2026-01-06T03:40:51Z<p>Shivam Babu: creating basic info nd citations.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Pasture and campground north of Pangong Lake}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Nyagzu<br />
| native_name = ནགས་བཙུགས<br />
| native_name_lang = bo<br />
| settlement_type = campsite<br />
| image_map = China India western border 88.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = 1988 [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] map showing China–India border dispute in the western sector<br />
| pushpin_map = Kashmir#China Tibet Ngari#India Ladakh<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[China]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous regions of the People's Republic of China|Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of the People's Republic of China|Prefecture]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ngari Prefecture]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = County<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rutog County|Rutog]]<br />
| elevation_m = 4620<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|34.0087|78.9052 |format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 9<br />
| mapframe-wikidata = yes<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nyagzu'''{{efn|Alternative spelling: '''Niagzu''',{{sfnp|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1969|pp=61–62}} and "Niazi".{{sfnp|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971|pp=199–200}}}} or '''Nagzug''' ({{bo|t=ནགས་བཙུགས|w=nags btsugs|s=nak tsuk}})<ref name="KNAB"><br />
[https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54ng.htm Ngari Prefecture], KNAB Place Name Database, retrieved 18 May 2022.</ref><br />
is a pasture and campground in the '''Chumesang''' river valley to the north of [[Pangong Lake]]. It is in [[Sino-Indian border dispute|territory disputed between India and China]], that has been under Chinese administration since 1960–1961.<br />
<br />
Nyagzu lies at the location where the '''Ruang Yogma'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Rawang Yogma",{{sfnp|Trotter, Account of the Pundit's Journey|1877|p=89}} and "Lubang Yogma".}} stream debauches into the Chumesang river valley,{{sfnp|Wellby, Through Unknown Tibet|1898 |loc=[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1434/page/n5/mode/1up Map showing Capt. M. S. Wellby's and Lt. Malcolm's Route]}} and has been known to have ample vegetation amidst a barren landscape. Multiple sources during the [[British Raj|British colonial administration]] mentioned Nyagzu and the Ruang Yogma stream being the border between [[Ladakh]] and [[Tibet]] in this region.<ref name="Trotter border">{{harvp|Trotter, Account of the Pundit's Journey|1877|loc=p. 89: "At Niagzu, Rawang is the boundary between Tibet and Ladakh; the right bank [west bank] of the stream belongs to the latter and the left bank [east bank] to the former."}}</ref><ref name="Wellby border">{{harvp|Wellby, Through Unknown Tibet|1898|loc=pp. 56–57: "At this stage we had come nearly forty-five miles from Ludhkong [Lukung], and this was Niagzu, a place well worthy of note, for it neither lies in Ladakh nor in Tibet. We had thus reached the border of the land we were anxious to traverse [Tibet]."}}</ref> The Chinese claim line in 1956 can also be seen to follow this border.<ref name="Sinha Athale border">{{harvp|Sinha & Athale, History of the Conflict with China|1992|loc=p. 57: "The claim line then took slightly south-westerly direction and passed Kongka La and Dambuguru and then on along the International Border [India's claim line] to Khurnak Fort."}}</ref> However, by 1960, China enlarged its claims much further west, and opened military outposts at Nyagzu and at the nearby spot of '''Dambu Guru'''.{{sfnp|Sinha & Athale, History of the Conflict with China|1992|p=60}}{{sfnp|Ramachandran, Dimensions of Sino-Indian Relations|1981|p=31}}<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
In standard Tibetan, {{bo-textonly|ནགས་|lang=bo}} (Wylie: ''nags'') means forest, and {{bo-textonly|བཙུགས་|lang=bo}} (Wylie: ''btsugs'') has meanings such as "planted", "established" and "raised" etc.<ref>[https://www.thlib.org/reference/dictionaries/tibetan-dictionary/translate.php THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool], The Tibetan & Himalayan Library, retrieved 1 January 2025. Translation of "{{bo|t=ནགས་བཙུགས}}".</ref> <br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
[[File:1851 map of Pangong Lake by Strachey.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 1: Pangong Lake mapped by [[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Henry Strachey]]{{efn|[[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Henry Strachey]] was an officer of the British Indian Army, who was noted for his independent exploration effort. In 1947, he was included as a commissioner in a Kashmir Boundary Commission headed by [[Alexander Cunningham]].}} in 1851. Ladakh–Rudok border shown by a faint orange colour wash.{{efn|[[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Henry Strachey]] explored the frontier of Ladakh as part of the British boundary commission for the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1847. The extensive local knowledge gathered by him is published in ''Physical Geography of Western Tibet'' in 1951. His boundary commissioner's report is only available in Government archives.{{sfnp|Kaul, India China Boundary in Kashmir|2003|pp=60–62}}}}]]<br />
[[File:Pangong-Tso-from-Edward-Weller-map-1863.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 2: An Edward Weller map of Ladakh in 1863 indicates the border marked by the Boundary Commission.]]<br />
[[File:Chumesang-valley-US-Army-map.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 3: Chumesang River Valley ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1955){{efn|name=delin|From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"}}]]<br />
[[File:1945 Dokpo Karpo dispute map.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 4: Map of the Dokpo Karpo dispute—Tibetan claimed border in blue and the Ladakhi claimed border in orange ([[Hugh Edward Richardson|Hugh Richardson]], 1945)]]<br />
<br />
The [[Panggong Lake]] is divided in its middle by the [[Khurnak Plain]], which juts into the lake and reduces it to a narrow channel of 50 yards width.{{sfnp|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet|1854|p=46}} The section of the lake to the west of this point has been traditionally called ''Panggong Tso'' by the Ladakhis, and the section to the east has been called ''Tso Ngombo'' and other names by the Tibetans.<br />
<br />
The Khurnak plain is formed from the alluvium brought by two rivers, '''Kiu Chu''' that flows from the west and Chumesang that flows from the east, which join together at '''Dambu Guru''' and flow through the [[Changlung Lungpa]] valley to reach the Khurnak Plain.{{efn|It is a convention in the Tibetan language to use the name of the valley for the river that flows through it.}} The name "Dambu Guru" was not marked on the 19th century maps, but was mentioned early in the 20th century.<ref><br />
{{citation |title=Yale North India Expedition |series=Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences |volume=X |publisher=Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences |date=1934 |url=https://archive.org/details/yalenorthindiaex0118yale |pages=143-144 |quote=If to these are added two extremely doubtful records, a nymph of ''Psallus'' sp. (Dambu-guru) and ''Teratocoris'' sp. (Tukung, S. of the Panggong Tso)}}<br />
</ref> [[Henry Trotter (Indian Army officer)|Trotter]] called it "Mandal" in 1877.{{sfnp|Trotter, Account of the Pundit's Journey|1877|p=88}}<br />
<br />
Nyagzu lies in the Chumesang valley, about 4 kilometres northeast of Dambu Guru. At Nyagzu, a stream called Ruang Yogma (or Rawang Yogma) flows from the north and falls into the Chumesang valley. The alluvium brought by the stream creates a rich pasture at Nyagzu, with grass and "brushwood" growing in it. It is "abounding in hares", according to a traveller, with [[antelope]] and [[kiang]] residing in adjacent valleys.{{sfnp|Wellby, Through Tibet to China|1898|pp=264–265}} It is a "warm spot", with birds singing on the branches of shrubs.{{sfnp|Deasy, In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan|1901|pp=92, 95}}{{sfnp|Grenard, Tibet|1904|pp=16–17}} It seemed like the "threshold of paradise" to a traveller returning from the barren highlands of Tibet.{{sfnp|Grenard, Tibet|1904|pp=16–17}} Nain Singh, who called the location "Rawang Yokma" (by the name of the stream), mentioned that the names of the trees as ''changma'' ([[willow]]), ''shukpa'' ([[Polyscias murrayi|pencil cedar]]), and ''womphu'' ([[tamarisk]]).<ref><br />
{{citation |last=Rawat |first=Indra Singh |title=Indian Explorers of the 19th Century |publisher=Government of India, Publications Division |year=1973 |url=https://archive.org/details/indianexplorerso00indr |via=archive.org |page=38}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Another pasture is formed downstream closer to Dambu Guru, where the Ruang Yogma stream actually joins the Chumesang river. (Ruang Yogma flows parallel to Chumesang for some distance before actually joining it near Dambu Guru.) Tibetans appear to call this lower pasture as Nyagzu.<ref name="KNAB"/> The Chinese also follow this terminology, setting up their '''Nyagzu Post''' ({{zh|z=尼亚格祖哨所|p=Ní yǎ gé zǔ shàosuǒ}}) at Dambu Guru itself.<br />
<br />
The Chumesang river is joined by two large streams (Ruang Yogma and Ruang Kongma) and several small streams flowing from the north. Two other pastures are formed by these streams which go by the name '''Migpal''' ({{bo|t=མིག་པ|w=mig pa|s=mik pa}}), called "Migpal Yogma" and "Migpal Kongma" respectively. Tibetan border guards were apparently stationed here in the 19th century to bar foreigners from entering the [[Rudok]] territory.{{sfnp|Wellby, Through Unknown Tibet|1898|pp=60–61}} However, there seems to have been no bar on them travelling north along the Chumesang valley to go to [[Chang Chenmo Valley]] and [[Kyam, Ladakh|Kyam]].{{sfnp|Mason, Routes in the Western Himalaya, Vol. I|1929|loc=[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2402/page/n232 Route 101]}} <br />
<br />
=== Border point ===<br />
Nyagzu itself was described as the border between Ladakh and Tibet by a number of travellers.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=107–108}} The native explorer ("pundit") [[Nain Singh]] passed through here in 1874 on his way to Tibet. He described the Ruang Yogma stream as the boundary between the two states with the west bank of the stream belonging to Ladakh and the east bank belonging to Tibet.{{sfnp|Trotter, Account of the Pundit's Journey|1877|p=89}} Surveyor [[Henry Trotter (Indian Army officer)|Henry Trotter]] narrated this fact with some amazement since the Survey of India maps showed the border considerably to the west of the location.{{efn|It is unclear how and why the border shown on the Survey of India maps was decided.}} He also mentioned that [[James Walker (surveyor general)|Walker's]] map that accompanied [[Alexander Cunningham]]'s book ''Ladakh'' showed Nyagzu as the boundary.{{sfnp|Trotter, Account of the Pundit's Journey|1877|p=89}} Montagu Sinclair Wellby who travelled to Tibetan highlands from Ladakh passed through Nyagzu in 1898. He described it as "a place well worthy of note, for it neither lies in Ladakh nor in Tibet".{{sfnp|Wellby, Through Unknown Tibet|1898|pp=56–57}}<br />
<br />
=== Trade routes ===<br />
Nyagzu lay on a trade route between Ladakh and [[Rudok]]. Travellers crossed into the Khurnak Plain watershed at [[Kiu La]] or [[Ane La]] and came down to Dambu Guru via the Kiu Chu valley. At Dambu Guru they switched to the Chumesang river valley and, after passing through Nyagzu, Migpal Yogma and Migpal Kongma, turned right to follow a route via '''Domjor La''' and Dingo La to reach a plain called Pal on the bank of Pangong Lake. A lake shore route took them to the village of [[Noh, Tibet|Noh]] (or Wujang).{{sfnp|Hedin, Central Asia, Vol. IV|1907|loc=p. 277 (mentions the route from Bal [Pal] to Niagzu).}} Another route went via the valleys of Nertse and Kone Rong over a pass called '''Kone La'''.{{sfnp|Wellby, Through Unknown Tibet|1898|loc=pp. 61–62 (Mentions the route via Nurtse [Nertse]to Lake Treb [Dyap Tso])}}<br />
<br />
Nain Singh mentioned a large party of [[Tangtse]]{{efn|[[Tangtse]] was also used as the name of the entire district that covered the Pangong Lake region.}} villagers returning from Rudok with wool and salt.{{sfnp|Trotter, Account of the Pundit's Journey|1877|p=98}} Fernand Grenard found here a caravan of Tibetan traders from Rudok, who were taking salt to Ladakh to exchange it for flour, barley, and other items. A round trip journey was said to take them four months. It was considered acceptable because they could not grow grain for themselves.{{sfnp|Grenard, Tibet|1904|pp=16–17}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The modern-era Ladakh–Tibet border came into being after the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]] and the ensuing [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]] agreed between Ladakh and Tibet. Through these developments, according to scholars, the [[Rudok]] district (modern day [[Rutog County]]), which had been part of Ladakh since its [[Kingdom of Maryul|inception]] in {{circa|930}}, was annexed to Tibet.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|loc=pp. 77–78: "Accordingly, ''Ru-t'og'', ''Gu-ge'' etc were annexed to Tibet, ostensibly for the purpose of providing the wherewithal for the sacred lamps and for the ''smon-lam'' festival in Lhasa."}} [[Alexander Cunningham]] reported that the boundary was marked by piles of stones after the withdrawal of the Tibetan troops.<ref><br />
{{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |page=261}}</ref> But this demarcation is now lost to history and the prevailing border was inferred by the British administrators after the formation of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1846.<br />
<br />
In 1847, the British appointed a boundary commission with Cunningham, [[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Henry Strachey]] and [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomas Thomson]] for demarcating the boundary between Ladakh and Tibet in association with boundary commissioners expected from Tibet. However, Tibet did not send its own commissioners. In their absence, the British commissioners documented whatever they learnt from their own investigations.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|pp=66–67}}<ref><br />
{{citation |last1=Handa |first1=O. C. |title=Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC&pg=PA206 |year=2001 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-124-5 |page=206}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{citation |title=Correspondence of the Commissioners deputed to the Tibetan Frontier communicated by H. M. Elliot |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=XVII, Part I |year=1848 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic171asia/page/90 |page=90}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The border marked by Henry Strachey (Maps 1 and 2) passes by the [[Khurnak Plain]] and Nyagzu. It allocates Khurnak Plain to Tibet, but the rest of the Changlung Lungpa valley to Ladakh (by passing over the eastern watershed of this valley), and drops down to the valley at Nyagzu. From Nyagzu, it runs north on a presumed ridgeline to the northern watershed of Chumesang, and then runs east on the watershed through [[Kyungang La]] to [[Lanak La]]. The [[Trigonometrical Survey of India]] also compiled a map from all the explorations of the boundary commissioners, which was published along with Cunningham's book titled ''Ladak''.{{sfnp|Trotter, Account of the Pundit's Journey|1877|loc=p. 89 footnote}}<ref><br />
John Walker, [https://www.themaphouse.com/artworks/248985-j.-c.-walker-map-of-the-punjab-western-himalaya-and-adjoining-1854/ Map of the Punjab, Western Himalaya and the adjoining parts of Tibet], Trigonometrical Survey of India, 1854 (via The Map House).<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Strachey's map (Map 1) suggests that he might have travelled to the region from [[Kyam, Ladakh|Kyam]] via Kyungang La. And, after exploring Changlung Lungpa and Khurnak Plain, he returned via Kiu La. His map shows considerable detail of the region with numerous streams marked and labelled, indicating the close familiarity of his Ladakhi informants with the terrain.<br />
<br />
It is known from later explorations that the Khurnak Plain was used by the residents of [[Noh, Tibet|Noh]] (in Rudok district) as a winter pasture. It appears that Tibet asserted its right to the pasture by building the [[Khurnak Fort]] in this plain, possibly to thwart any attempt by the Ladakhis to cross the lake at that point.{{sfnp|Godwin-Austen, Pangong Lake District|1867|p=355}} The Ladakhis had access to the region above the plain through numerous passes on the north side of the lake, and thus the Changlung Lungpa valley was maintained as the effective boundary between the two sides. By the time of the British arrival on the scene, the fort itself was in ruins but the customary boundary seems to have been well-respected. In addition to Strachey, numerous other explorers including Nain Singh,{{sfnp|Trotter, Account of the Pundit's Journey|1877|p=89}} Wellby,{{sfnp|Wellby, Through Unknown Tibet|1898|pp=56–57}} Deasy{{sfnp|Deasy, In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan|1901|p=92}} and Grenard,{{sfnp|Grenard, Tibet|1904|loc=pp. 16–17: "We entered the latter [Kone Ding Pass], accompanied by the policeman, who, faithful to his promise, guided us to the Kashmir frontier..."}} observed the boundary in effect.<br />
<br />
However, by early 20th century, this consensus appears to have gotten diluted. [[H. H. Godwin-Austen|Godwin-Austen]] observed already in 1867 that the Ladakhis were claiming the Khurnak Plain with backing from the Kashmir authorities.{{sfnp|Godwin-Austen, Pangong Lake District|1867|p=355}} In later times, the Ladakhis appear to have extended their claims to the entire Chumesang valley up to Kyungang La. A side valley of Chumesang called [[Dokpo Karpo]] came into dispute in 1918, when the Tibetans arrested a Kashmiri subject there, turning it into an international dispute that required British mediation. The two sides met in 1924 and advanced their respective claims. It transpired that both the sides claimed the Khurnak Plain, Changlung Lungpa valley, the Chumesang valley and the Dokpo Karpo valley (Map 4). No agreement was reached but the British let the dispute die down.{{sfnp|Lamb, Tibet, China & India|1989|pp=358–359}}{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=77}}<ref><br />
{{citation |last=Bray |first=John |title=Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5: Proceedings of the Fourth and Fifth International Colloquia on Ladakh |pages=261, 268 |year=1995 |editor1=Henry Osmaston |editor-link2=Philip Denwood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC&pg=PA257 |chapter=Kashmir, Ladakh and Western Tibet: Episodes in Frontier Diplomacy |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1404-2 |editor2=Philip Denwood}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{citation |first=K. |last=Gopalachari |title=The India-China Boundary Question |journal=International Studies |volume=IV |number=1–2 |date=July–October 1963 |doi=10.1177/002088176300500103 |page=35}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Sino-Indian border dispute ==<br />
[[File:Pangong Lake claim lines (1962).jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 5: Chinese border claims–1956 claim in green, 1960 claim in dark brown; Indian border claim in black (US Army, 1962)]]<br />
<br />
India defined its border in 1954, which reflects the Ladakhi claims made in the Dokpo Karpo dispute, but it leaves the Chumesang valley near Nyagzu to follow a watershed boundary in heading to Lanak La (Map 5). China published its border claim in 1956 in the "Big Map of the People's Republic of China", which is similar to Strachey's border up to Nyagzu, and then headed north to [[Kongka La]] (Map 5).{{efn|This border is similar to Strachey's border in that it allocates the Khurnak Plain to Tibet, a good part of the Changlung Lungpa valley to Ladakh, but drops down to the valley at Dambu Guru (which is "Nyagzu" in Tibetan terminology) and then follows the Ruang Yogma stream north. At the source of Ruang Yogma, Strachey's border followed the watershed ridge line to Lanak La, whereas this border crosses the ridge line and heads to Kongka La.}} This border was described by Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] as "correctly showing" the traditional boundary of China.<ref>Citations for Zhou Enlai's description:<br />
* {{citation |last=Hoffmann |first=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSRwC5_EPUC |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |ISBN=978-0-520-06537-6 |at=p. 93, Map 5 |quote=Chinese 1956 claim line, affirmed by Premier Chou En-Lai in Dec. 1959 as the correct boundary claimed by China}}<br />
* {{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|loc=p. 103: "However, the 'Big Map of the People's Republic of China' published in 1956, reverted to the alignment shown on the 1947 Kuomintang map. It is important to note that Chou En-lai, in a letter of December 17, 1959, stated that the 1956 map 'correctly shows the traditional boundary between the two countries in this sector'."}}<br />
* {{citation |title=Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: November 1959 - March 1960, White Paper No. III |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper3NEW.pdf |year=1960 |publisher=India, Ministry of External Affairs |page=79 |quote=[Premier Zhou Enlai, 17 December 1959] As a matter of fact, the Chinese map published in 1956, to which Your Excellency referred, ''correctly shows the traditional boundary'' between the two countries in this sector. (emphasis added)}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
However, when Indian and Chinese officials met to conduct border negotiations in 1960, the Chinese negotiators unveiled a new border claiming additional territory to the west. Instead of connecting to the [[Khurnak Plain]], the new border traced the western watershed of the Changlung Lungpa river, through [[Kiu La]] and [[Ane La]] and headed south to the [[Sirijap]] plain.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|loc=pp. 103, 129–130: "Nevertheless, at the border talk at Peking on June 27, 1960, the Chinese casually produced a map incorporating an additional 2,000 square miles of Ladakh. This new map altered the boundary previously shown between Ladakh and Sinkiang in the important Karakoram Pass area, and the boundary between Ladakh and Tibet in the vicinity of Pangong and Spanggur lakes."}} (Map 5–Brown line)<br />
When the difference between the two borders was pointed out, the Chinese negotiators first dismissed them as trivial, and then took the position that both the maps were equally valid.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|loc=p. 130}}<br />
<br />
According to the Indian [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] chief, the Chinese occupied the Khurnak Fort area in 1959 and then prevented Ladakhi graziers from going to Dambu Guru and Nyagzu.{{sfnp|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971|pp=236–237}} In 1960 they opened posts at the two locations.{{sfnp|Sinha & Athale, History of the Conflict with China|1992|p=60}}<br />
<br />
== Map gallery ==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = left<br />
| width = 225<br />
| image1 = Ladakh-Garhwal-1863.jpg<br />
| alt1 = <br />
| caption1 = Edward Weller map of Ladakh and Garhwal, 1863<br />
| image2 = Map India and Pakistan 1-250,000 Tile NI 44-5 Shyok.jpg<br />
| alt2 = <br />
| caption2 = Map including Nyagzu ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1954)([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1954){{efn|name=delin}}<br />
| image3 = Map India and Pakistan 1-250,000 Tile NI 44-9 Pangong Tso.jpg<br />
| alt3 = <br />
| caption3 = Map including Khurnak Fort ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1954){{efn|name=delin}}<br />
}}<br />
{{clear}}<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of locations in Aksai Chin]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
; Explorers' works<br />
* {{citation |last=Deasy |first=H. H. P. |title=In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan being the Record of Three Years' Exploration |location=New York |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |year=1901 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023489879 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Deasy, In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan|1901}}}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Godwin-Austen |first=H. H |author-link=Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen |title=Notes on the Pangong Lake District of Ladakh, from a Journal Made during a Survey in 1863 |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London]] |volume=37 |year=1867 |pages=343–363 |doi=10.2307/1798534|jstor=1798534 |ref={{sfnref|Godwin-Austen, Pangong Lake District|1867}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Grenard |first=Fernand |title=Tibet |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924062697804 |year=1904 |publisher=Hutchinson & Co |ref={{sfnref|Grenard, Tibet|1904}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Hedin |first=Sven |title=Scientific Results of a Journey in Central Asia, 1899–1902, Vol. IV: Central and West Tibet |publisher=Lithographic Institute of the General Staff of the Swedish Army |location=Stockholm |year=1907 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181563 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Hedin, Central Asia, Vol. IV|1907}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Strachey |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Strachey (explorer) |title=Physical Geography of Western Tibet |publisher=William Clows and Sons |location=London |date=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeograp00stragoog |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet|1854}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Trotter |first=H |author-link=Henry Trotter (Indian Army officer) |title=Account of the Pundit's Journey in Great Tibet from Leh in Ladakh to Lhasa, and of his Return to India via Assam |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society |volume=47 |year=1877 |pages=86–136 |doi=10.2307/1798740 |jstor=1798740 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13989 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Trotter, Account of the Pundit's Journey|1877}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Ward |first=A. E. |title=The Tourist's and Sportsman's guide to Kashmir and Ladak |publisher=Thaker, Spink & Co |date=1896 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6082 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Ward, Tourist's and Sportsman's guide|1896}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Wellby |first=M. S. |title=Through Tibet to China |journal=Geographical Journal |volume=12 |number=3 |date=September 1898 |pages=262–280 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104570/page/n282 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Wellby, Through Tibet to China|1898}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Wellby |first=Montagu Sinclair |title=Through Unknown Tibet |url=https://archive.org/details/throughunknownt01wellgoog |via=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company |location=Philadelphia |ref={{sfnref|Wellby, Through Unknown Tibet|1898}}}}<br />
; General sources<br />
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |via=archive.org |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=The China-India border |year=1964 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/chinaindiaborder0000unse |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, The China-India border|1964}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Tibet, China & India, 1914-1950: a history of imperial diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm5wAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Roxford Books |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Tibet, China & India|1989}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Mason |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Mason (geographer) |title=Routes in the Western Himalaya, Kashmir Etc., Vol. I |publisher=Government of India Press |location=Calcutta |year=1929 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2402 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Mason, Routes in the Western Himalaya, Vol. I|1929}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Mullik |first=B. N. |author-link=Bhola Nath Mullik |title=My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3408 |via=archive.org |year=1971 |publisher=Allied Publishers |ref={{sfnref|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Kaul |first=Hriday Nath |title=India China Boundary in Kashmir |year=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0826-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181563 |ref={{sfnref|Kaul, India China Boundary in Kashmir|2003}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |author-link=Luciano Petech |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c.&nbsp;950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3498 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Ramachandran |first=K. N |title=Dimensions of Sino-Indian Relations |newspaper=Mainstream Weekly |date=20 June 1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06826/page/n895/mode/2up |ref={{sfnref|Ramachandran, Dimensions of Sino-Indian Relations|1981}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last1=Sinha |first1=P.B |last2=Athale |first2=A.A |editor=S. N. Prasad |title=History of the Conflict with China, 1962 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |year=1992 |url=http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/WarWithChina_1962_000.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Sinha & Athale, History of the Conflict with China|1992}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Woodman |first=Dorothy |author-link=Dorothy Woodman |title=Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries |publisher=Praeger |year=1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanfrontie00wood |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1969}}}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Borders of Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:Rutog County]]<br />
[[Category:China–India border]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_Bengaluru_Open&diff=4833542025 Bengaluru Open2026-01-03T21:17:52Z<p>Shivam Babu: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox tennis event|2025|Bengaluru Open|<br />
| date= 24 February – 2 March<br />
| edition=9th<br />
| surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]]<br />
| location=[[Bangalore]], India<br />
| champs={{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Holt]]<br />
| champd={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar]] / {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ray Ho]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2025 Dafa News [[Bengaluru Open]]''' was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the ninth edition of the tournament which was part of the [[2025 ATP Challenger Tour]]. It took place in [[Bangalore]], India, from 24 February to 2 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengaluruopen.com/bengaluru-open-to-be-the-biggest-atp-challenger-event-in-india/|title= Bengaluru Open to be the biggest ATP Challenger event in India|date= 24 January 2025|accessdate=5 February 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Singles main-draw entrants==<br />
===Seeds===<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! width="70"| Country<br />
! width="185"| Player<br />
! Rank<sup>1</sup> <br />
! Seed<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|CZE}}<br />
|[[Vít Kopřiva]]<br />
|120<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|AUS}}<br />
|[[Tristan Schoolkate]]<br />
|134<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|USA}}<br />
|[[Brandon Holt]]<br />
|153<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|DEN}}<br />
|[[Elmer Møller]]<br />
|154<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|FRA}}<br />
|[[Kyrian Jacquet]]<br />
|156<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|FRA}}<br />
|[[Ugo Blanchet]]<br />
|164<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|JPN}}<br />
|[[Shintaro Mochizuki]]<br />
|168<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|<s>{{flag|CAN}}</s><br />
|<s>[[Alexis Galarneau]]</s><br />
|<s>170</s><br />
|<s>8</s><br />
|}<br />
* <sup>1</sup> Rankings are as of 17 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/singles|title=Rankings &#124; Singles &#124; ATP Tour &#124; Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other entrants===<br />
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:<br />
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[S D Prajwal Dev]]<br />
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manas Dhamne]]<br />
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]<br />
<br />
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:<br />
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Nicolás Álvarez Varona]]<br />
* {{flagicon|}} [[Petr Bar Biryukov]]<br />
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Hynek Bartoň]]<br />
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kasidit Samrej]]<br />
* {{flagicon|}} [[Ilia Simakin]]<br />
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Singh (tennis)|Karan Singh]]<br />
<br />
The following player received entry as a lucky loser:<br />
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Harris (tennis)|Billy Harris]]<br />
<br />
==Champions==<br />
===Singles===<br />
{{main|2025 Bengaluru Open – Singles}}<br />
* {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Brandon Holt]]''' def. {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shintaro Mochizuki]] 6–3, 6–3.<br />
<br />
===Doubles===<br />
{{main|2025 Bengaluru Open – Doubles}}<br />
* {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Anirudh Chandrasekar]]''' / {{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Ray Ho]]''' def. {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Blake Bayldon]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Romios]] 6–2, 6–4.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{2025 ATP Challenger Tour}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengaluru Open, 2025}}<br />
[[Category:2025 ATP Challenger Tour]]<br />
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2025]]<br />
[[Category:2025 in Indian sport]]<br />
[[Category:February 2025 sports events in India]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_IFA_Shield_final&diff=4818711970 IFA Shield final2025-12-23T21:20:20Z<p>Shivam Babu: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox football match<br />
| title = 1970 IFA Shield final<br />
| image = <br />
| caption =<br />
| event = [[IFA Shield|1970 IFA Shield]]<br />
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br />
| team1association = {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br />
| team1score = 1<br />
| team2 = [[PAS Tehran F.C.|PAS Tehran]]<br />
| team2association = {{flagicon|IRN|1964|size=30px}}<br />
| team2score = 0<br />
| details = <br />
| date = 25 September 1970<br />
| stadium = [[Eden Gardens]]<br />
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal, India|West Bengal]]<br />
| man_of_the_match1a = Sudhir Karmakar<br />
| attendance = 60,000 (approx.)<br />
| weather = <br />
| previous = 1969<br />
| next = 1971<br />
}}<br />
The '''1970 IFA Shield final''' was the 74th final of the [[IFA Shield]], the second oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giant [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and Iranian giant [[PAS Tehran F.C.|PAS Tehran]] on 25 September 1970 at the [[Eden Gardens]] in Kolkata.<br />
<br />
East Bengal won the final 1&ndash;0 to claim their 10th IFA Shield title. [[Parimal Dey]] scored in the last minute of the game.<ref name=final>{{cite news |author=UNI |date=26 September 1970 |title=East Bengal win IFA Shield with Dey's last-minute goal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fn5lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1926%2C2455530 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103140147/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fn5lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1926%2C2455530 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=1 Oct 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/maidani-golpo-five-best-results-of-east-bengal-indian/y83zohlf2i041ushc002mnzwf|title=Maidani Golpo: Asean Cup final to beating PAS Tehran - Five memorable results of East Bengal|work=Goal|accessdate=3 Nov 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520055657/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/maidani-golpo-five-best-results-of-east-bengal-indian/y83zohlf2i041ushc002mnzwf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi|last=Chakraborty|date=29 Apr 2020|url=http://www.badgebfansclub.in/throwback-when-east-bengal-fc-became-the-first-indian-team-to-defeat-a-foreign-opponent-to-win-a-trophy-post-independence/|title=THROWBACK: When East Bengal FC became the first Indian team to defeat a foreign opponent to win a trophy post Independence!|work=BADGEB|accessdate=3 Nov 2021|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103140143/http://www.badgebfansclub.in/throwback-when-east-bengal-fc-became-the-first-indian-team-to-defeat-a-foreign-opponent-to-win-a-trophy-post-independence/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Route to the final==<br />
{{see also|IFA Shield}}<br />
<br />
===East Bengal===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"<br />
<!-- |+ '''East Bengal''' --><br />
!scope=col width="120" | Date<br />
!scope=col width="80" | Round<br />
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition<br />
!scope=col width="80" | Score<br />
|-<br />
| 15 September 1970<br />
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Third Round<br />
| [[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]<br />
| [[Walkover|w/o]]<br />
|-<br />
| 18 September 1970<br />
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Quarter-Final<br />
| [[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]]<br />
| 5–0<br />
|-<br />
| 23 September 1970<br />
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final<br />
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]<br />
| 1–0{{efn|Mohammedan Sporting conceded the game.<ref name=ebsf/>}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
East Bengal entered the 1970 IFA Shield as one of the leading Kolkata giants and was supposed to start their campaign from the third round. They were supposed to face [[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]] but they were handed a walkover and East Bengal progressed into the next round. In the quarter-finals, East Bengal defeated Eastern Railway 5&ndash;0 with [[Shyam Thapa]] scoring a brace and Samaresh Chowdhury, [[Syed Nayeemuddin]] and [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] scoring for the team.<ref name=qf>{{cite news |author=PTI |date=19 September 1970 |title=Iranians, E. Bengal breeze thro to semi-finals |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D35lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1836%2C2033455 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103140141/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D35lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1836%2C2033455 |url-status=live }}</ref> East Bengal faced [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] in the semi-finals and were leading 1&ndash;0 courtesy of a goal from Mohammed Habib, but Mohammedan Sporting walked out of the game and conceded the match. The IFA announced East Bengal as the winners of the semi-final as they reached the final.<ref name=ebsf>{{cite news |author=PTI |date=24 September 1970 |title=E. Bengal declared winners: IFA Shield |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FH5lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1267%2C2343870 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103140148/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FH5lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1267%2C2343870 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===PAS Tehran===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"<br />
<!-- |+ '''Dempo''' --><br />
!scope=col width="120" | Date<br />
!scope=col width="80" | Round<br />
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition<br />
!scope=col width="80" | Score<br />
|-<br />
| 16 September 1970<br />
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Third Round<br />
| [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]<br />
| 1–0<br />
|-<br />
| 18 September 1970<br />
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Quarter-Final<br />
| [[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|BNR]]<br />
| 5–0<br />
|-<br />
| 22 September 1970<br />
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final<br />
| [[Mohun Bagan]]<br />
| 2–0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
PAS Tehran, the runners up of the 1969 [[Tehran Province League]], the top tier of Iranian football, were invited by the [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] to participate in the 1970 IFA Shield tournament. They started their campaign in the third round, where they defeated [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]] 1&ndash;0 with Iran national team forward [[Asghar Sharafi]] scoring the only goal for the team. In the quarter-finals, PAS Tehran defeated [[Bengal Nagpur Railway|BNR]] 5&ndash;0 with goals from [[Homayoun Shahrokhi]], who scored twice while Jahangir Nassiri, Parviz Mirza-Hassan and Asghar Sharafi scored one each.<ref name=qf/> In the semi-final, PAS Tehran defeated Kolkata giants [[Mohun Bagan]] 2&ndash;0 with both the goals in the second half scored by Daud Ahmadzadeh and Asghar Sharifi as they reached the final.<ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |date=23 September 1970 |title=Mohun Bagan pay dearly for poor finish |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E35lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=789%2C2291159 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103140135/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E35lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=789%2C2291159 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Match==<br />
===Details===<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date=25 September 1970<br />
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|report= [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fn5lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1926%2C2455530 Report]<br />
|team2={{flagicon|IRN|1964}} [[PAS Tehran F.C.|PAS Tehran]] <br />
|score= 1–0 <br />
|goals1=[[Parimal Dey]] {{goal|90}}<br />
|goals2=<br />
|penaltyscore=<br />
|location=[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
|stadium=[[Eden Gardens]]<br />
|referee=Ramakanta Ganguly (West Bengal) <br />
|attendance=60,000 (est.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| width=92%<br />
|-<br />
|{{Football kit<br />
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home<br />
|pattern_la = <br />
|pattern_ra =<br />
|pattern_sh =<br />
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes<br />
|leftarm = FFDF00<br />
|body = FFDF00<br />
|rightarm = FF0000<br />
|shorts = 000000<br />
|socks = FF0000<br />
|title = East Bengal<br />
}}<br />
|{{Football kit<br />
| pattern_b = _vneckred<br />
| pattern_la = <br />
| pattern_ra = <br />
| pattern_sh = <br />
| pattern_so = <br />
| leftarm = ffffff<br />
| body = ffffff<br />
| rightarm = ffffff<br />
| shorts = 000000<br />
| socks = FFFFFF<br />
| title = PAS Tehran<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="40%"|<br />
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|colspan="4"|<br />
|-<br />
!width="25"| !!width="25"|<br />
|-<br />
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Peter Thangaraj]] <br />
|-<br />
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudhir Karmakar]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Nayeemuddin]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasanta Sinha]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Santo Mitra ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kajal Mukherjee]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Samaresh Chowdhury || || {{suboff|70}} <br />
|-<br />
|RF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Swapan Sengupta<br />
|-<br />
|LF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] || || {{suboff|87}}<br />
|-<br />
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Chatterjee]]<br />
|-<br />
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Thapa]] <br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''<br />
|-<br />
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kalon Guha || || {{subon|70}}<br />
|-<br />
|LF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parimal Dey]] || || {{subon|87}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Hussain<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center<br />
|colspan="4"|<br />
|-<br />
!width="25"| !!width="25"|<br />
|-<br />
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} Keyvan Niknafas<br />
|-<br />
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} Mohsen Houshangi<br />
|-<br />
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Hassan Habibi (footballer)|Hassan Habibi]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Majid Halvaei]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Hossein Kazerani]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Homayoun Shahrokhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Mohammad Sadeghi (footballer, born 1952)|Mohammad Sadeghi]]<br />
|-<br />
|LF || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Mehdi Monajati]] || {{suboff|69}}<br />
|-<br />
|RF || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} Jahangir Nassiri || {{suboff|80}}<br />
|-<br />
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} Parviz Mirza-Hassan<br />
|-<br />
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Asghar Sharafi]] <br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''<br />
|-<br />
|MF || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} Daud Ahmadzadeh || {{subon|69}} <br />
|-<br />
|MF || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} Mohammad Ali Malkiyan || {{subon|80}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IRN}} Mehdi Asadollahi <br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"<br />
|<br />
'''Hero of the Match:'''<br />Sudhir Karmakar (East Bengal)<br />
<br />
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|<br />
'''Match rules'''<br />
*90 minutes.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html IFA Shield Finals]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{IFA Shield}}<br />
{{SC East Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:IFA Shield finals]]<br />
[[Category:1970–71 in Indian football]]<br />
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]<br />
[[Category:PAS Tehran F.C.]]<br />
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_festivals_in_Indian_colleges&diff=512959List of festivals in Indian colleges2025-12-23T12:38:14Z<p>Shivam Babu: made first post with sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{dynamic list}}<br />
<br />
This is a list of annual '''[[Cultural Festival (India)|cultural festivals]] held in colleges in India'''. The list consists only of those festivals that already have an article on Wikipedia. Festivals organised by [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs) and [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs) are <br />
[[List of cultural, technical and sports festivals in IITs and NITs|listed separately]]. The list only consists of festivals with a Wikipedia page.<br />
<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a festival to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State/UT !! Location !! Name of college !! Festival name !! Festival Type<br />
!First Held<br />
|-<br />
| [[Assam]] || [[Jorhat]] || [[Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology]] ||[[Abeyaantrix]] || Technical<br />
|2011<br />
|-<br />
| [[Assam]] || [[Tezpur]] || [[Tezpur University]] || [[Techxetra]] || Technical<br />
|2008<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi]] || [[Dwarka]] || [[Netaji Subhas University of Technology]] || [[Moksha (festival)|Moksha]] || Cultural<br />
|2003<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi]] || [[Faridabad]] || Lingaya's University || [[Zest (festival)|Zest]] || Cultural<br />
|1998<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[Delhi Technological University]] || [[Engifest]] || Cultural<br />
|1974<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[University College of Medical Sciences]] || [[Avalanche UCMS]] || Cultural<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi]] || [[Vasant Kunj]] || [[Teri University]] || [[Retopia (Festival)|Retopia]] || Technical<br />
|2010<br />
|-<br />
| [[Goa]] || [[Sancoale]] || [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus|BITS Pilani, Goa Campus]]|| [[Quark (technical festival)|Quark]] || Technical<br />
|2006<br />
|-<br />
| [[Goa]] || [[Sancoale]] || [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus|BITS Pilani, Goa Campus]]|| [[Waves (festival)|Waves]] || Cultural<br />
|2006<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujarat]] || [[Surat]] || [[Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat|Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology]] || [[Sparsh (festival)|Sparsh]] || Cultural<br />
|1993<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujarat]] || [[Vadodara]] || [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] || [[Paramarsh]] || Cultural<br />
|2001<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karnataka]] || [[Bengaluru]] || [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] || [[Unmaad]] || Cultural<br />
|1999<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karnataka]] || [[Bengaluru]] || [[National Law School of India University]]|| [[Strawberry Fields (Indian festival)|Strawberry Fields]]|| Music<br />
|1997<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karnataka]] || [[Mysore]] || JSS Science and Technology University || [[Jayciana]] || Cultural<br />
|1977<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karnataka]] || [[Mysore]] || [[Mysore Medical College & Research Institute]] || [[saMMsCRIthi]] || Cultural<br />
|2000<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[Mithibai College]] || [[Mithibai Kshitij]] || Cultural<br />
|2007<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[R. D. National College]] || [[Cutting Chai Festival|Cutting Chai]] || Cultural, Media<br />
|2007<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] || [[Malhar (festival)|Malhar]] || Cultural<br />
|1979<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[Nagpur]] || [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology|Visvesvaraya National Institute Of Technology, Nagpur]] || [[Aarohi]] || Cultural<br />
|1988<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[Pune]] || [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]] || [[Karavaan]] || Cultural<br />
|2008<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[Pune]] || [[Symbiosis International University]] || [[Sympulse]] || Cultural<br />
|2010<br />
|-<br />
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] || [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research]] || [[Spandan (JIPMER)|Spandan]] || Cultural, Literary, Sports<br />
|1980<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajasthan]] || [[Pilani]] || [[BITS Pilani|BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus]]|| [[BOSM]] (BITS Open Sports Meet) || Sports<br />
|1986<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajasthan]] || [[Pilani]] || [[BITS Pilani|BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus]]|| [[Oasis (festival)|Oasis]] || Cultural<br />
|1971<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telangana]] || [[Hyderabad]] || | [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus|BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]] || [[ATMOS (festival)|ATMOS]] || Technical<br />
|2012<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telangana]] || [[Hyderabad]] || [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus|BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]] || [[Pearl (Cultural Festival)|Pearl]] || Cultural<br />
|2009<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telangana]] || [[Hyderabad]] || [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus|BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]] || [[Verba Maximus]] || Literary<br />
|2011<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Alagappa College of Technology]] || [[Kalakrithi]] || Cultural<br />
|1983<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] || [[Techofes]] || Cultural<br />
|1948<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Kilpauk Medical College]] || [[Pradharshini]] || Cultural<br />
|1978<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Loyola College, Chennai]] || [[Down Sterling]] || Cultural (Defunct)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Madras Institute of Technology]] || [[Mitafest]] || Cultural<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Kattankulathur]] || [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] || [[Milan (cultural festival)|Milan]] || Cultural<br />
|2008<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Vellore]] || [[Vellore Institute of Technology]] (Vellore campus) || [[Riviera (festival)|Riviera]] || Cultural<br />
|2002<br />
|-<br />
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]|| [[Lucknow]]|| [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]]|| [[Manfest-Varchasva]]|| Cultural<br />
|1988<br />
|-<br />
| [[West Bengal]]|| [[Kolkata]]|| [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]|| [[Intaglio (Business School Summit)|Intaglio]]|| Business<br />
|1989<br />
|-<br />
| [[West Bengal]]|| [[Kolkata]]|| [[Indian Statistical Institute]]|| [[Integration (festival)|Integration]]|| Cultural<br />
|2000<br />
|-<br />
| [[West Bengal]]|| [[Kolkata]]|| [[Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology]]|| [[Eutopian Euphorians]]|| Cultural<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of cultural, technical and sports festivals in IITs and NITs]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Festivals in Indian colleges}}<br />
[[Category:Culfests|*]]<br />
[[Category:College festivals in India|*]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of festivals in India|College]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of cultural festivals|India, college]]<br />
[[Category:India education-related lists|Cultural festivals in Indian colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Indian culture-related lists|Cultural festivals in Indian colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=38th_International_Film_Festival_of_India&diff=46496938th International Film Festival of India2025-12-15T03:57:00Z<p>Shivam Babu: enhance page and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film festival in 2007}}<br />
{{Infobox film awards<br />
| number =38<br />
| award = International Film Festival of India<br />
| image = The Chief Guest and renowned actor Shahrukh Khan lighting the lamp at the inauguration of the 38th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2007) at Panaji, Goa on November 23, 2007.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = The Chief Guest and renowned actor Shahrukh Khan lighting the lamp at the inauguration of the 38th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2007) at Panaji, Goa on November 23, 2007.<br />
| awarded_for = Best of World cinema<br />
| award_org = <br />
| presenting_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]<br />
| announced_date =<br />
| presented_date = December 3 2007<br />
| host = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.iffigoa.org/}}<br />
| lifetime_achievement = "[[Dilip Kumar]]" and "[[Lata Mangeshkar]]"<br />
| best_feature ="The Wall" <br />
| last =37th<br />
| next =39th<br />
}}<br />
The '''38th [[International Film Festival of India]]''' was held from November 23 - December 3 2007 in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/iffi2007/schedule.htm|title=38TH INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL OF INDIA|website=iffi.nic.in|access-date=2018-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123171732/http://iffi.nic.in/iffi2007/schedule.htm|archive-date=2010-11-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hungarian cinema was the "Country Focus" in this edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=38IIFA.pdf|title=Directorate of Film Festival|website=iffi.nic.in|access-date=2018-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321192725/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=38IIFA.pdf|archive-date=2018-03-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]<br />
was the chief guest for this edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=33127|title=English Releases|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Taiwan-film-wins-Golden-Peacock/article14888303.ece|title=Taiwan film wins Golden Peacock|date=4 December 2007|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Winners==<br />
*'''[[IFFI Best Film Award|Golden Peacock (Best Film)]]:''' "The Wall" by "Lin Chih Ju" (Taiwanese film)<br />
*[[IFFI - Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award|Life Time Achievement Award]] - "[[Dilip Kumar]]" and "[[Lata Mangeshkar]]"<br />
*[[IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention|Silver Peacock Special Jury Award]]: Director: to "Golam Rabanny Biplab" for "On The Wings of Dreams" (Bangladeshi film)<br />
*[[IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention|Silver Peacock Special Jury Award]]: Actress: to Julia Urbini for "More Than Anything In The World" (Mexican film)<br />
*[[IFFI Best Director Award|Silver Peacock Award for the Most Promising Asian Director]]:"[[Pongpat Wachirabunjong]]" for "[[Me... Myself]]" (Thai film).<ref name="thehindu.com"/><br />
<br />
== Official selections ==<br />
=== Special screenings ===<br />
===Opening film===<br />
*"4 months, 3 weeks and 2 days" by "Cristian Mungiun" (Romanian film).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/38th-international-film-festival-to-begin-in-goa/articleshow/2564182.cms|title=38th International Film Festival to begin in Goa|date=23 November 2007|publisher=|via=The Economic Times}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Closing film===<br />
*"Fados" by "Carlos Saura" (Portugal-Spain film).<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}<br />
[[Category:2007 film festivals]]<br />
[[Category:International Film Festival of India|38th]]<br />
[[Category:2007 in Indian cinema]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Metcalf&diff=458520Thomas R. Metcalf2025-11-22T09:50:50Z<p>Shivam Babu: small enhanced details per standard format and added references based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American historian (born 1934)}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
'''Thomas R. Metcalf''' (born May 31, 1934) is a historian of [[South Asia]], especially [[colonial India]], and of the [[British Empire]]. Metcalf is the Emeritus Sarah Kailath Professor of India Studies and Professor of History at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. He is the author of ''Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920'' (2008), ''A Concise History of Modern India'' (with [[Barbara Metcalf]], 2006), ''Forging the Raj: Essays on British India in the Heyday of Empire'' (2005), ''Ideologies of the Raj'' (1997), and other books on the history of colonial India.<br />
<br />
He was educated at [[Amherst College]], the [[University of Cambridge]] and [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.berkeley.edu/people/thomas-r-metcalf |title=Thomas R. Metcalf |publisher=University of California |accessdate=27 September 2012}}</ref> He is married to historian [[Barbara D. Metcalf]].<ref name="AHA">{{cite web|last=Gilmartin|first=David|date=2011|title=Barbara D. Metcalf Biography|url=http://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/presidential-addresses/barbara-d-metcalf-biography|access-date=19 November 2021|website=American Historical Association}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected bibliography==<br />
*{{Cite book|last = Metcalf|first=Thomas R.|year=2008|title=Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920|location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25805-1}}<br />
*{{Cite book| last1=Metcalf| first1=Barbara|authorlink1=Barbara Metcalf|last2=Metcalf| first2=Thomas R.| year=2006| title=A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories)| location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=0-521-68225-8}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Thomas R.|year=2005|title=Forging the Raj: Essays on British India in the Heyday of Empire|location=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 0-19-566709-3}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Thomas R.|year= 1997|title=Ideologies of the Raj|series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]]|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-58937-1}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Thomas R.|year=1991|title=The Aftermath of Revolt India, 1857-1870|publisher=Riverdale Co.|isbn=81-85054-99-1}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Thomas R.|year=1989|title=An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain's Raj|location=Berkeley and London |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-06235-3}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Thomas R.|year=1979|title=Land, Landlords, and the British Raj: Northern India in the Nineteenth Century|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-03575-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/landlandlordsbri0000metc}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Metcalf, Thomas R.}}<br />
[[Category:1934 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American historians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Amherst College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]<br />
<br />
{{US-historian-1930s-stub}}</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Churu&diff=494584Churu2025-09-16T02:53:44Z<p>Shivam Babu: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{wiktionary|churu|Churu|chūru|chūrù}}<br />
<br />
'''Churu''' may refer to<br />
<br />
* [[Churu, Rajasthan]], a city in India<br />
** [[Churu district]], the Indian district containing the city<br />
** [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)]], an Indian constituciency<br />
** [[Churu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)]], part of the above<br />
* [[Churu (Bolivia)]], a mountain in Bolivia<br />
** [[Churu Pata]], another mountain in Bolivia near the Churu<br />
* [[Churu, Iran]], a village in Iran<br />
* [[Churu (Zimbabwe constituency)]]<br />
* [[Churu (cheese)]], a Tibetan cheese<br />
** [[Churu (soup)]], a soup made with this cheese<br />
* [[Churu people]], an ethnic group in Vietnam<br />
* [[Churu language]], or Chru, a language of Vietnam<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Chru (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Churul (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Churup]]<br />
<br />
{{dab}}</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarberia&diff=459092Sarberia2025-09-14T09:54:30Z<p>Shivam Babu: further correct lead for accuracy and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sarberia<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| imagesize = 300px<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 300<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.2675|N|88.4446|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = CD Block<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jaynagar I]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1.24<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 8<br />
| population_total = 3154<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|accessdate=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = PIN<br />
| postal_code = 743385<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = +91 3218<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baruipur Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baruipur Purba (SC)]]<br />
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sarberia''' is a village within the jurisdiction of the [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] police station in the [[Jaynagar I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Sarberia is located at {{coord|22.2675|N|88.4446|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|8|m}}.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Sarberia had a total population of 3,154.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 3 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Sarberia is on the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref><br />
<br />
[[Gocharan railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
Padmerhat Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Padmerhat]], is the major government medical facility in the Jaynagar I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =29 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{South 24 Parganas}}<br />
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jaynagar Majilpur]]<br />
<br />
{{South24Parganas-geo-stub}}</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gokulathil_Seethai_(2008_TV_series)&diff=500749Gokulathil Seethai (2008 TV series)2025-08-28T07:53:46Z<p>Shivam Babu: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|The Zee TV series|Gokulathil Seethai (2019 TV series)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Gokulathil Seethai serial.jpg<br />
| genre = Soap opera<br />
| creator =<br />
| based_on = <br />
| writer = '''dialogue''' <br> Babu Yogeshwaran<br />
| screenplay = Babu Yogeshwaran<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| director = [[C.J Basker]]<br />
| starring = [[Sanghavi]] <br> [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] <br> [[Delhi Kumar]] <br> [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| num_episodes = 200+<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| producer = Bhupathy<br />
| company = [[Srithan Productions]]<br />
| theme_music_composer = [[Dhina]]<br />
| opentheme = "Kartinile"<br>[[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
| cinematography = R. Raghunatha Reddy<br />
| editor = <br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode<br />
| channel = [[Kalaignar TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2008|9|22}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2009|10|23}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gokulathil Seethai''' is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera starring [[Sanghavi]], [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]], [[Delhi Kumar]] and [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]. It replaced Attam Pattam and it aired on [[Kalaignar TV]] from on 22 September 2008 to 23 October 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaitv.wordpress.com/category/gokulathil-seethai/|title= Gokulathil Seethai serial|website=chennaitv.wordpress.com|accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southdreamz.com/3589/sangavi-in-kalaignar-tvs-gokulathil-seethai-serial/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821074801/http://www.southdreamz.com/3589/sangavi-in-kalaignar-tvs-gokulathil-seethai-serial/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 August 2013|title= Sanghavi acting serial in Kalaignar TV|website=www.southdreamz.com|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-08-02/sangavi-09-10-08.html|title= New Serial on Kalaignar TV|website=www.behindwoods.com|accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.gallery/gokulathil-seethai/|title= gokulathil-seethai serial Gallery|website=tamil.gallery.com|accessdate=}}</ref> This is the series through which [[Sanghavi]] made her debut into the television.<br />
<br />
The show was directed by [[C.J Basker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extramirchi.com/general/sangavi-in-kalaignar-tvs-gokulathil-seethai-serial/|title= Kalaignar TV Serial as gokulathil seethai |website=www.extramirchi.com|accessdate=}}</ref> It also aired in Australia [[Tamil language|Tamil]] channel on [[Global Tamil Vision]]. From 2017 the show was relaunched in [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]].<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
The story starts in [[Palani]] with middle class girl named Sita. Gokul proposed to Sita and they get married with Sita's family's approval. However soon after getting married Sita learns of Gokul's psychosis and Sita decides to leave Gokul. Sita elopes from Gokul's house and starts a new life in [[Chennai]] but Gokul follows her there and again creates havoc in her life. Gokul plans to kill Sita.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Sanghavi]] as Sita<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tclns.blogspot.ch/2008/09/sangavi-forays-on-soap.html|title= Sanghavi as Seethai|website=blogspot.ch|date= 19 September 2008|accessdate=2009-09-19}}</ref><br />
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Gokul<br />
<br />
;Sita Family<br />
* [[Delhi Kumar]] (Sita's father)<br />
* [[Meera Krishnan]](Sita's mother)<br />
* [[My Dear Bootham Abhilash]] (Sita's younger brother)<br />
* [[Srithika Saneesh|Srithika]] (Sita's sister)<br />
<br />
===Supporting===<br />
* [[Ajay Rathnam]]<br />
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]<br />
* [[Prajin]]/Sai Prashanth<br />
* Balaji<br />
* Manjari<br />
* Usha<br />
* Sanmukasundharam<br />
* Ashok<br />
* Sathish<br />
* Durka<br />
* Siva Kavitha<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The series was directed [[C.J Basker]], along with the directed crew of 1991-2010 [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] Serials [[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]] (1999-2001), '''Manaivi''' (2004-2006), [[Anjali (2006 TV series)|Anjali]] (2006-2008).<br />
<br />
==Title track==<br />
The title track of this particular series was recorded in [[Mumbai]].<br />
<br />
It was composed [[Dhina]] and sung by [[Sadhana Sargam]].<br />
<br />
===Soundtrack===<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Katrinile <br> (காற்றினிலே) Title Song<br />
| lyrics1 = <br />
| extra1 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
| music1 = [[Dhina]]<br />
| length1 = 4:00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
The Mylapore academy 40th annual Television awards function, were held on September 20, 2009 at the Narada Gana Sabha Auditorium.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" width="90%"<br />
|- bgcolor="blue"<br />
!style="width:25pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Year <br />
!style="width:80pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Award<br />
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Category<br />
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Recipient<br />
!style="width:40pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Result<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2009<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[The 40 Mylapore Academy Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/The-Mylapore-Academy-Drama-awards/article15939867.ece|title=The Mylapore Academy Drama awards |work=The Hindu|date=17 September 2009 |publisher=www.thehindu.com|access-date=2009-09-18}}</ref><br />
| Best Dialogue<br />
| rowspan="2" | Babu Yogeshwaran<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Screenplay<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==International broadcast==<br />
The Series was released on 22 September 2008 on [[Kalaignar TV]]. The Show was also broadcast internationally on Channel's international distribution. It airs in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[South East Asia]], [[Middle East]], [[Oceania]], [[South Africa]] and [[Sub Saharan Africa]] on [[Kalaignar TV]] and also aired in United States, Canada, [[Europe]] on [[Ayngaran International|Kalaignar Ayngaran TV]].<br />
* The show was relaunched in [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]] at 20:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]).<br />
* In Australia [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Channel on [[Global Tamil Vision]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.kalignartv.com/}}<br />
<br />
{{Kalaignar TV shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kalaignar TV television series]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]<br />
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:2000s Tamil-language television series]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sowaddi_Kalan&diff=536869Sowaddi Kalan2025-08-24T06:23:41Z<p>Shivam Babu: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sowaddi Kalan<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline =Sowaddi_Kalan_Overview.jpg <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption =Sowaddi Kalan <br />
| nickname = Swaddi<br />
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|30.84|N|75.54|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type =Panchayat <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 =17.37 <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 4609<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 142025<br />
| area_code = 01624<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = PB-10/PB-25<br />
| website = www.sowaddi.com<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sowaddi Kalan''' or '''Swaddi Khas''' is a village in [[Ludhiana district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. '''Kalan''' is [[Persian language]] word which means Big. It is one of the most educated villages in the area. Swaddi Kalan is a large village in [[Jagraon]] of [[Ludhiana district]] with a total of 954 families and 4,804 residents in 2011.<br />
<br />
As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Sowaddi Kalan village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As of 2011 India census, Sowaddi Kalan had a population of 4,609.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Males constituted 2,422 (53%) of the population and females 2,187 (47%).<br />
<br />
Swaddi Kalan village had population of 4,804{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} of which 2,586 were males while 2,218 are females as per Census 2011. The population of children ages 0–6 is 475 which makes up 9.89% of the population of village. The average sex ratio is 858 which is lower than Punjab state average of 895. Child sex ratio for the village as per census 2011 is 703, lower than Punjab average of 846. <br />
<br />
Sowaddi Kalan village has a higher literacy rate compared to Punjab. In 2011, the literacy rate was 83.21% compared to 75.84% of Punjab. Male literacy stands at 87.69% while female literacy was 78.09%.<br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
Sowaddi Kalan is on Gurah Bharowal Link road. The village had great bus connectivity to Mullanpur and Jagraon. The nearest railway station is Ludhiana and Jagraon. Chanukimaan has a small railway station. The nearby villages are Talwandi Kalan, Talwandi Khurd, Majri, Gurah, Bharowal Kalan and Virk.<br />
<br />
==Markets ==<br />
Sowaddi Kalan has a main market in Chardi Pasa and some other shops in Pashmi Swaddi.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
The main educational institutions are:<br />
# Government primary and senior secondary school<br />
# [[Akal Academy]]<br />
<br />
==Sports==<br />
It is famous for its Kabaddi Cup.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Ludhiana district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ludhiana district]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lata_Thakur&diff=511904Lata Thakur2025-08-02T10:21:50Z<p>Shivam Babu: made a info with sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Lata Thakur<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|08|21}}<br />
| birth_place = Gemur, Lahaul, Kullu sub-division, Kangra district, Punjab Province, British India<br />
| office1 = MLA from Lahaul and Spiti assembly constituency <br>(1972-76)<br />
| constituency1 = [[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Lahaul and Spiti]]<br />
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1976|12|14|1941|01|27}}<br />
| death_place = Pandoh, Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, India<br />
}}<br />
{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
'''Lata Thakur''' (21 August 1941 – 14 December 1976) was an [[India|Indian]] politician. She was an [[Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development Fund|MLA]] from the [[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Lahaul and Spiti Assembly Constituency]] in the [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. She belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]]. Lata Thakur was the first female legislator from Lahaul and Spiti, and the first female [[Scheduled Tribe]] MLA in all of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Gandhi visits Lahaul-Spiti to woo electorate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/rahul-gandhi-visits-lahaul-spiti-to-woo-electorate-120382-2012-11-01 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Lata Thakur was a Scheduled Tribe candidate and won the 1972 MLA seat from Lahaul and Spiti against [[Thakur Devi Singh]] of the [[Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh|Lok Raj Party]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDN0MinxMigC&q=lata+thakur&pg=PA409 |title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanjay |date=2012-05-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-51661-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RR4c8iuY__MC&dq=lata+thakur+mla+lahaul+spiti&pg=RA4-PA26 |title=Socialist India |date=1972 |publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
At Lata Thakur's request, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] visited the [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul]] and [[Spiti Valley|Spiti]] valleys in June 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashwani |date=2022-02-14 |title=PM Modi To Relive Old Memories In Himachal's Keylong |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-pm-modi-to-relive-old-memories-in-himachals-keylong/360726 |access-date=3 November 2022 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Granthshala |date=2022-09-28 |title=Congress leader Dunichand Thakur no more: Died at the age of 91, Lahaul-Spiti Congress lost priceless Ratan- Ravi Thakur |url=https://granthshala.in/congress-leader-dunichand-thakur-no-more-died-at-the-age-of-91-lahaul-spiti-congress-lost-priceless-ratan-ravi-thakur/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Granthshala India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberto Vitali |url=http://archive.org/details/a-short-guide-to-key-gonpa-roberto-vitali |title=A Short Guide To Key Gonpa |year=2000 |pages=58}}</ref> Gandhi again visited Spiti in June 1974, though this time only to Sumdo, near the Indo-Tibetan frontier. This visit nonetheless further bolstered Congress's and Lata Thakur's position there.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Issar |first=Brigadier Satish K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1U1EAAAQBAJ&q=lata+thakur |title=Vision, Courage and Service: Life and Times of General T.N. Raina, MVC |date=2021-06-15 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-93-86268-52-5 |language=en}}</ref> Lata Thakur brought about the provision of supplying fuelwood at subsidized rates and without transportation charges to all locals of the remote Spiti valley for the winter.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bodh |first=Top Singh |title=122 Winter Days Stranded in a snowed-in place |url=https://www.bcmtouring.com/forums/attachments/122-days-trapped-pdf.789632/ |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Alongside, Lata Thakur served as the president of the Himachal Pradesh Youth Congress Committee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Biodata of Ravi Thakur |url=https://ncst.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/commission_profile/biodatavc5856614304.pdf |access-date=3 November 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As Youth Congress convener, she contended that the youth should be involved in the drawing of development projects.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBBDAAAAYAAJ&dq=women+on+the+march+1976+lata+thakur+google+books&pg=RA3-PA14 |title=Women on the March |date=1976 |publisher=Smt. Mukul Banerjee for the Women's Front of All India Congress Committee |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> She also served as the president of the Himalayan Buddhist Society at [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himalayan Buddhist Society Manali |url=http://testwebsites.cybraintech.com/hbsm/history.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=testwebsites.cybraintech.com |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103101226/http://testwebsites.cybraintech.com/hbsm/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lata Thakur and [[Vidya Stokes]] were critical of [[Yashwant Singh Parmar]]'s book ''Polyandry in the Himalayas'', claiming that the book could have a negative effect on the women of the state, and that Parmar did not understand Himachali women well.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elmore |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbUwDwAAQBAJ&q=lata+thakur+&pg=PA1 |title=Becoming Religious in a Secular Age |date=2016-07-05 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-29054-9 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Gemur Lahaul Oct20 D72 17824.jpg|thumb|Lata Thakur's native village of Gemur, as seen in October 2020. |261x261px]]<br />
<br />
Around the time of the inauguration of the [[Atal Tunnel]] in October 2020, there were claims that Lata Thakur had been instrumental in initiating the idea of building a tunnel under the [[Rohtang Pass]], so as to provide the Lahaul valley with round-the-year road connectivity. The claims were that she had talked to Indira Gandhi of this need on one of the PM's visits to the [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] during Lata's tenure as MLA, and that the chain of events set-off by this discussion had materialised several decades later in the form of the [[Atal Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panwar |first=Tikender Singh |date=30 September 2020 |title=Rohtang Tunnel – Remember the Workers who Built it |url=https://www.newsclick.in/rohtang-tunnel-remember-workers-who-built-it |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Dharam Prakash |date=2020-10-16 |title=BJP and Congress leaders vie to draw political mileage from Atal tunnel |url=http://himachalguardian.com/2020/10/bjp-and-congress-leaders-vie-to-draw-political-mileage-from-atal-tunnel/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Himachal Guardian |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2020-10-04 |title=BJP, Cong spar to stake claim over Atal Tunnel construction |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/shimla/bjp-cong-spar-stake-claim-atal-tunnel-construction-1502927714.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Lata Thakur belonged to village Gemur of Lahaul tehsil, [[Lahaul and Spiti district]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Marriage ===<br />
She was married to Nihal Chand Thakur of Gemur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Tapash Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_otuAAAAMAAJ&q=lata+thakur+lahaul |title=A Profile of the Himalayan Lahaula |date=2002 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture, Government of India |isbn=978-81-85579-52-8 |pages=216 |language=en}}</ref> Nihal Chand came from a local noble family. His forefathers had been the wazirs of Kolong in Lahaul since the seventeenth century. He was the younger brother of Lt. Col. [[Kushal Chand]], MVC. Nihal Chand served on the Punjab Tribes Advisory Council until 1966, when Lahaul was merged into the emerging state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Nihal Chand had also contested the Himachal Pradesh Assembly seat, but was unsuccessful. He died in 1975.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=thakur+nihal+chand&pg=PA364 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=364 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahni |first=Ram Nath |title=Lahaul - The Mystery Land in the Himalayas |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |year=1994 |location=New Delhi |pages=96–100}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1962, Lata Thakur and Nihal Chand Thakur had a son, whom they named Ravi Thakur, and who upon growing up also became a politician.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Death ===<br />
Lata Thakur was killed in a car accident near Pandoh (in [[Mandi district]]) on 14 December 1976, at the age of 35.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=महिला दिवस पर याद आईं लता और इंदिरा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/kullu/Kullu-57143-21 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Memorial ===<br />
The Lata Thakur Memorial Stadium in village Udaipur of Lahaul and Spiti district is named after her, where a Lata Thakur Memorial T-20 Cricket Competition is held.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lata Thakur Memorial Stadium (Stadium) - Udaipur, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.helpmecovid.com/in/154370_lata-thakur-memorial-stadium |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=www.helpmecovid.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-01 |title=कुल्लू |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/HIM-OTH-MAT-latest-kullu-news-020004-2716723-NOR.html/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:People from Lahaul and Spiti district]]<br />
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1972–1977]]<br />
[[Category:1941 births]]<br />
[[Category:1976 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1970s in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]<br />
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahara%E2%80%93Birla_Papers&diff=531812Sahara–Birla Papers2025-06-01T09:50:46Z<p>Shivam Babu: stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2013 documents leak}}<br />
The '''Sahara-Birla Papers''' are computer printouts and diaries with purported details on money paid by [[Sahara Group]] and [[Aditya Birla Group]] to some of the ministers and judges in India.<ref name=laundry/><br />
<br />
==Raids==<br />
During its raids in 2013 and 2014, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] seized some diaries from two big Indian companies, [[Sahara Group]] and [[Aditya Birla Group]]. These diaries contained references of alleged payments made to leaders belonging to as many as 18 political parties including BJP, Congress, JDU, BJD etc.<ref name=diary>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Details in the Birla, Sahara Papers Reveal Why the Government Is Avoiding Inquiry|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/birla-sahara-papers-modi|date=23 December 2016|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=laundry>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=All You Need To Know About The Sahara-Birla Papers|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/12/23/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-sahara-birla-papers|date=23 December 2016|website=Newslaundry}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Alleged references to Modi==<br />
Among the recovered content were some entries mentioning "Gujarat CM" and "Ahmadabad Modiji".<ref name=epw>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=4 March 2017|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/9/web-exclusives/zero-case-deadly-implications-birla%E2%80%93sahara-judgment.html|title=The Zero Case: Deadly Implications of the Birla-Sahara Judgment|agency=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|first=Vijay|last=Simha|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421112142/https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/9/web-exclusives/zero-case-deadly-implications-birla%E2%80%93sahara-judgment.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=epw2>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Did Modi receive over ₹55 crore from the Sahara Group as the chief minister of Gujarat?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/47/web-exclusives/did-modi-receive-rs-55-crore-sahara-group-gujarat-cm.html|agency=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date=19 November 2016|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421112424/https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/47/web-exclusives/did-modi-receive-rs-55-crore-sahara-group-gujarat-cm.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=laundry /> Citing these entries, on 21 December 2016, the opposition leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] alleged that Modi received cash bribes worth {{INRConvert|65|c}} from Sahara Group and Aditya Birla Group when he was the chief minister of Gujarat.<ref name=rahbr>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Modi took bribes from Sahara, Birla: Rahul|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Modi-took-bribes-from-Sahara-Birla-Rahul/article16918594.ece|date=21 December 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719175020/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Modi-took-bribes-from-Sahara-Birla-Rahul/article16918594.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-sahara-birla-rahul-gandhi-accuses-narendra-modi-of-taking-cash-payments-9500|agency=Zee Business|title=Sahara-Birla: Rahul Gandhi accuses Narendra Modi of taking cash payments|date=21 December 2016|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720170337/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-sahara-birla-rahul-gandhi-accuses-narendra-modi-of-taking-cash-payments-9500|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other leaders named===<br />
Various leaders were named in Sahara-Birla Papers :<br />
* [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]<ref name=laundry/><br />
* [[Raman Singh]]<ref name=laundry/><br />
* [[Shaina NC]]<ref name=laundry/><br />
* [[Sheila Dixit]]<ref name=laundry/><br />
* [[Jayanthi Natarajan]]<ref name=scrol>{{cite news|title=Birla-Sahara case: Only an investigation can settle the unanswered questions |url=https://scroll.in/article/831125/birla-sahara-case-only-an-investigation-can-settle-unanswered-questions |date=17 March 2017 |website=Scroll}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Supreme Court petition==<br />
<br />
In November 2016, advocate [[Prashant Bhushan]] filed a plea in the [[Supreme Court of India]] asking for investigation of the alleged bribe payments made to some senior public servants including Modi.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sahara-birla-diaries-supreme-court-to-hear-prashant-bhushans-plea-today-1647438|title=Sahara Birla Diaries: Supreme Court To Hear Prashant Bhushan's Plea Today|agency=NDTV|date=11 January 2017|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720164058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sahara-birla-diaries-supreme-court-to-hear-prashant-bhushans-plea-today-1647438|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|website=The Wire|title=Watch: Prashant Bhushan Explains the Sahara-Birla Diaries|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/economy/sahara-birla-diaries-prashant-bhushan|date=24 November 2016|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720164103/https://m.thewire.in/article/economy/sahara-birla-diaries-prashant-bhushan|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 November 2016, a Supreme Court bench of Justice [[Jagdish Singh Khehar|JS Khehar]] and Justice [[Arun Kumar Mishra]] refused to order probe into the case stating that the material cited doesn't arouse its conscience.<ref>{{cite news|title=SC refuses to order probe into 'Sahara-Birla papers' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/SC-refuses-to-order-probe-into-%E2%80%98Sahara-Birla-papers%E2%80%99/article16703369.ece |date=25 November 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> In next hearing on 11 January 2017, the new bench consisting the Justice Arun Mishra and Justice Amitava Roy dismissed the plea stating that the evidence provided was insufficient.<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court rejects probe into Sahara-Birla papers. |url= http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/56475782.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |date=11 January 2017|newspaper=TOI}}</ref><ref name=dis>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Supreme Court dismisses plea seeking probe against Narendra Modi, others|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/2BVnhXo1KeXkfs32ZSpM5I/SC-throws-out-case-alleging-Narendra-Modi-took-cash-payments.html|date=11 January 2017|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724113312/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/2BVnhXo1KeXkfs32ZSpM5I/SC-throws-out-case-alleging-Narendra-Modi-took-cash-payments.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Sahara-Birla Diaries Case: SC throws out case alleging Modi took cash payments|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/supreme-court-throws-out-case-alleging-modi-took-cash-payments-74257-2017-01-11|date=11 January 2017|website=Business Today|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720170656/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/supreme-court-throws-out-case-alleging-modi-took-cash-payments-74257-2017-01-11|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Reactions to dismissal===<br />
Later on, Justice Mishra was criticised by a section of advocates and activists for siding with the Modi government in multiple judgements during his tenure at the Supreme Court.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/law/justice-arun-mishra-most-controversial-cases-in-supreme-court|title=Justice Arun Mishra's Six Most Controversial Cases in the SC|date=4 September 2020|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173752/https://www.thequint.com/news/law/justice-arun-mishra-most-controversial-cases-in-supreme-court|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Controversial judge who praised Modi appointed to lead Human Rights Commission in India|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/judge-arun-mishra-nhrc-head-b1858687.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=3 June 2021|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720142115/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/judge-arun-mishra-nhrc-head-b1858687.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'' stated that the Supreme Court ruling had deadly implications and the case had rewritten a 145-year-old law.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Econimical & Political Weekly|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/9/web-exclusives/zero-case-deadly-implications-birla%E2%80%93sahara-judgment.html |title=The Zero Case: Deadly Implications of the Birla-Sahara Judgment |date=4 March 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' questioned the manner in which the Supreme Court buried the Sahara-Birla diaries' investigation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Five Questions We Have to Ask Before the Birla-Sahara Payoff Case is Buried Forever|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/modi-birla-sahara-khehar-kalikho-pul|date=11 April 2017|website=The Wire|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730051924/https://m.thewire.in/article/law/modi-birla-sahara-khehar-kalikho-pul|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Corruption in India]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Vengdajalpathi_Perumal_Temple_Kuppalnatham&diff=537115Sri Vengdajalpathi Perumal Temple Kuppalnatham2025-05-14T19:18:21Z<p>Shivam Babu: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Temple in India}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Sri vengdajalpathi perumal Kovil kuppalnatham|native_name=குப்பல்நத்தம் ஸ்ரீ வெங்கடாஜலபதி பெருமாள் கோவில்|native_name_lang=Kuppalnatham perumal Kovil|image=Kuppalnatham kiramam.jpg|image_upright=|alt=|Peetham=|caption=<!-- RELIGION -->|religious_affiliation=Hinduism|deity=vengdajalpathi perumal (visnu)|tradition=Pongal|organizational_status=|functional_status=|governing_body=Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department|temple_board=|festival=Chithirai thiruvilla|festivals=Chithirai thiruvilla, vaikuta ekathesi|tower=Dravidian architecture|temple_tank=Perumal Kovil lake (ஊரணி)|temple_tree=<!-- LOCATION -->|location=Kuppalnatham|locale=|district=Madurai|state=Tamil Nadu|province=Peraiyur|country=India|map_type=|map_size=|map_alt=</div></div><div><br /></div><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" height="450" loading="lazy" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m14!1m8!1m3!1d562.7600107792712!2d77.81748122531442!3d9.823318053447213!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x3b072e664526e289%3A0xc9982fdce6ede4a4!2sSri%20Vengadajalapathi%20Perumal%20Temple%20Kuppalnatham!5e1!3m2!1sen!2sin!4v1620477001166!5m2!1sen!2sin" style="border: 0;" width="600"></iframe><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>|map_relief=|map_caption=|coordinates=|coordinates_footnotes=<!-- ARCHITECTURE -->|architecture_type=Dravidian architecture|architecture_style=|founded_by=|creator=Madurai Nayak Dynasty|established=400 years ago|groundbreaking=|year_completed=|date_demolished=<!-- SPECIFICATIONS -->|facade_direction=North|length=---|width=---|height_max=---|site_area=|temple_quantity=|monument_quantity=|inscriptions=2|materials=Stone|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=|elevation_footnotes=<!-- NRHP -->|nrhp=|added=|refnum=|designated=<!-- DESIGNATION1 -->|embedded=|designation1=|designation1_type=|designation1_offname=|designation1_criteria=|designation1_date=|delisted1_date=|designation1_parent=|designation1_number=|designation1_free1value=|designation1_free2value=|designation1_free3value=<!-- WEBSITE -->|website=<!-- BELOW -->|footnotes=}}<br />
<br />
'''Sri Vengdajalpathi Perumal Temple''' is located in [[Kuppalnatham]] Village, [[Peraiyur taluk]], [[Madurai]] District, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The temple is 400 years old and was built in the period of [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayak Dynasty]]. It houses the shrines of Vengdajalpathi, Arulmigu Sridevi and Bhudevi.<ref>{{Citation |title=குப்பல்நத்தம் |date=2023-03-13 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&oldid=3675433 |access-date=2024-02-24 |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Kuppalnatham Sri vengdajalpathi perumal.jpg|thumb|Kuppalnatham Sri vengdajalpathi perumal temple]]<br />
<br />
The temple is classified as a principal temple under the control of the Hindu Charities Department. Proceedings are administered by the Administrator pending litigation.<br />
<br />
== Festival ==<br />
'''kuppalnatham Chithirai thiruvilla''':<br />
<br />
[[File:Kuppalnatham Chithirai thiruvilla 2023.jpg|thumb|Kuppalnatham Chithirai thiruvilla festival 2023]]<br />
Sri Venkatajalapathi Perumal, who resided in this temple, descends on the Chitra Poornami day in a white horse vehicle in the Srikallagar Thirukolam. On k. Paramanpatti village near Poigai malai river sri kallagar Chithirai thiruvilla was grandly celebrated, on the day of thefestival more than 18 villages gathered in the river to celebrate the festival.<br />
<br />
The festival is celebrated in Kupalnatham k. Andipatti, k. Paramanpatti villages and three more mandapadis namely Thantraiyar (Kuppalnatham Thantrayaan Temple Hall) Sedapatti (Sedapattiyar Mandapam). Malayapar (Mountain Perumal Temple Hall) Samanar Temple Hall, Mettanur Kallupatti (Kallupatiyar Mandapam). Chinnakattalai (Commander Hall) S. Chennampatti, (Chennampattiyar Mandapam). The festival that unites the people of different villages.<br />
<br />
== History of the temple ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Kuppalnatham sri vengdajalpathi perumal Kovil.jpg|thumb|Sri vengdajalpathi perumal temple kuppalnatham]]<br />
<br />
Sri vengdajalpathi perumal temple was built in the period of [[Tirumala Nayaka|thirumalai nayakar]] on [[kuppalnatham]] village near the small lake and the temple was 400 years old.<br />
<br />
==Sanathi in the temple==<br />
Excluding Moolavar and Urchavar, there are anjunayar sanathi, Navagraha sanathi, vinayagar sanathi and ammal sanathi is located there.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|India}}<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madurai district]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Hindu temples]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohanpur,_Barnahal&diff=518227Mohanpur, Barnahal2024-02-22T21:58:26Z<p>Shivam Babu: made first data more to come - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Other uses|Mohanpur (disambiguation){{!}}Mohanpur}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mohanpur<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.08179|N|78.86551|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 0.495<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 321<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 205261<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mohanpur''' ({{IAST|Mohanpur}}) is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 321, in 57 households.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As of 2011, Mohanpur had a population of 321, in 57 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|124}} This population was 48.6% male (156) and 51.4% female (165).<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 100 --> The 0-6 age group numbered 43 (22 male and 21 female), or 13.4% of the total population.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 100 --> 42 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 13.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100-1}}<br />
<br />
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Mohanpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 115 people (60 male and 55 female), in 24 households and 19 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,230 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lii}}<br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
As of 2011, Mohanpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 124-5 --> Drinking water was provided by well and hand pump; there were no public toilets.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 126 --> The village had a post office, as well as at least some access to electricity for all purposes.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 127, 9 --> There was no public library.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 129 --> Streets were made of a mix of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 128 --><ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|124-9}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Mainpuri district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharwad_North_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=496789Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency2023-12-25T09:33:00Z<p>Shivam Babu: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Dharwad <br />
| type = LS<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| union_territory =<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
| assembly_cons = <br />
| latest_election_year = 2004<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| mp =<br />
| party =<br />
| electors =<br />
| preceded_by =<br />
}}<br />
'''Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituency in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]]. With the implementation of the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, it ceased to exist.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031751910300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321025130/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031751910300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2009|title=BJP makes early start |date=17 March 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following eight Legislative Assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha, Volume III|publisher=Election Commission of India website|pages=415–16|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref><br />
# Dharwad Rural<br />
# Dharwad<br />
# Hubli<br />
# Hubli Rural<br />
# Kalghatgi<br />
# Gadag<br />
# Naragund<br />
# Navalgund<br />
<br />
==Members of Parliament==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Election<br />
! Lok Sabha<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! Tenure<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=6| '''[[Bombay State]]''' {{small|(as Dharwad North)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
| [[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]<br />
| Dattatraya Parasuram Karmarkar<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| 1952 – 1957<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=6| '''After the [[Unification of Karnataka|Formation of Mysore State]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
| [[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]<br />
| Dattatraya Parasuram Karmarkar<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| 1957 – 1962<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
| [[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Sarojini Mahishi]]<br />
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| 1962 – 1967<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
| [[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]<br />
| 1967 – 1971<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
| [[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]<br />
| 1971 – 1977<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=6| '''After the Renaming of [[Karnataka State]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
| [[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]<br />
| [[Sarojini Mahishi]]<br />
| rowspan="5" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="5" | [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| 1977 – 1980<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
| [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[D. K. Naikar]]<br />
| 1980 – 1984<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
| [[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]<br />
| 1984 – 1989<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
| [[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]<br />
| 1989 – 1991<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
| [[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]<br />
| 1991 – 1996<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
| [[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Vijay Sankeshwar]]<br />
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| 1996 – 1998<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
| [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]<br />
| 1998 – 1999<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
| [[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]<br />
| 1999 – 2004<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
| [[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]<br />
| [[Pralhad Joshi]]<br />
| 2004 – 2009<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
2008 onwards: ''Constituency does not exist''. See ''[[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency]]'' and ''[[Haveri Lok Sabha constituency]]''<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dharwad district]]<br />
* [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
* [[Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
* [[Haveri Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
{{coords|15.6|75.1|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hubli–Dharwad]]<br />
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reoli,_Raebareli&diff=530336Reoli, Raebareli2023-06-17T17:11:07Z<p>Shivam Babu: creating some stub w/ refs.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Reoli<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = Rewli, Rewali<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Salon block map.png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing Reoli (#468) in Salon CD block<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.026555|N|81.381194|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title="Geonames Search"}}</ref><br />
| subdivision_type = Country India<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 2.392<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 2118<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = UP-35<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Reoli''', also spelled '''Rewli''' or '''Rewali''', is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> It is located 7&nbsp;km from Salon, the [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, Reoli has a population of 2,118 people, in 368 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
<br />
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Reoli as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 921 people (430 male and 491 female), in 198 households and 196 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cviii-cix of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 615 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/><br />
<br />
The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Reoli (as "Rewli") as having a population of 1,296 people, in 362 households, and having an area of 238.36 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=224–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Raebareli district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provincial_Armed_Constabulary&diff=527002Provincial Armed Constabulary2022-05-30T06:59:20Z<p>Shivam Babu: Created redirect page</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[State Armed Police Forces]]<br />
[[Category:Law enforcement in India]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_No._1_(India)&diff=521072National Highway No. 1 (India)2022-05-24T13:01:33Z<p>Shivam Babu: created redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[National Highway 1 (India, old numbering)]]</div>Shivam Babuhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Articles_for_deletion/Pranab_kr_nath&diff=545182Bharatpedia:Articles for deletion/Pranab kr nath2022-04-05T21:14:15Z<p>Shivam Babu: creating!</p>
<hr />
<div><div class="boilerplate afd vfd xfd-closed" style="background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"><br />
:''The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this page.''<br />
<!--Template:Afd top<br />
<br />
Note: If you are seeing this page as a result of an attempt to re-nominate an article for deletion, you must manually edit the AfD nomination links to create a new discussion page using the name format of [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/PAGENAME (2nd nomination)]]. When you create the new discussion page, please provide a link to this old discussion in your nomination. --><br />
<br />
The result was '''delete'''. Article was A7'd by admin after this AfD was posted. <small>([[Wikipedia:Non-admin closure|non-admin closure]])</small> '''[[User:Ser!|ser!]]''' ([[User talk:Ser!|chat to me]]). 00:16, 22 February 2021 (UTC)<br />
===[[:Pranab kr nath]]===<br />
<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude><br />
:{{la|Pranab kr nath}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pranab kr nath|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2021 February 21#{{anchorencode:Pranab kr nath}}|View log]]</noinclude>)<br />
:({{Find sources AFD|title=Pranab kr nath}})<br />
Fails [[WP:NACTOR]] [[user:Jenyire2|'''<span style="color:#008000;">Jen</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">yir</span><span style="color:#0000FF;">e2</span>''']] 19:37, 21 February 2021 (UTC)<br />
:<small class="delsort-notice">Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Actors and filmmakers|list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions]]. [[user:Jenyire2|'''<span style="color:#008000;">Jen</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">yir</span><span style="color:#0000FF;">e2</span>''']] 19:37, 21 February 2021 (UTC)</small><br />
:<small class="delsort-notice">Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/India|list of India-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Spiderone|<span style="color: #996600">Spiderone</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Spiderone|<span style="color:brown">(Talk to Spider)</span>]]</sup> 19:40, 21 February 2021 (UTC)</small><br />
*'''Delete''' - badly fails [[WP:GNG]] and [[WP:NACTOR]]; borderline A7 [[User:Spiderone|<span style="color: #996600">Spiderone</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Spiderone|<span style="color:brown">(Talk to Spider)</span>]]</sup> 20:04, 21 February 2021 (UTC)<br />
{{clear}}<br />
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this page.'' <!--Template:Afd bottom--></div></div>Shivam Babu