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Urban rail transit in India

2026-05-08T18:07:12Z

Shivam: Made details

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}


[[File:Urban Transit in India.svg|520x520px|thumb|Cities in India with various Urban Transit Systems.]]
[[File:Delhi Magenta Line.jpg|thumb|The [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]]]
[[File:Namo Bharat Train closeup.jpg|thumb|India's semi-high speed regional [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|rapid rail]], the [[RapidX]]]][[File:Tirumailai MRTS station Chennai (Madras).jpg|thumb|[[Thirumayilai railway station|Mylapore MRTS station]] in [[Chennai]]. The suburban rail is the largest urban transit mode in India by ridership.]]

'''Urban rail transit in India''' consists of various modes of rail based [[public transport]] systems in [[Urbanization in India|urban areas of India]], such as [[Rapid transit|Metro]], [[Commuter rail|Suburban rail]], [[Monorail]], [[Regional rail|Regional rapid rail]], [[Tram]] and [[Funicular|Funiculur railway]].

Presence of Metro rail in India began with commissioning of the first system in Kolkata in 1984. They were later introduced gradually in other cities like Delhi and Bengaluru, thus eventually becoming popular in all urban agglomerations.

According to a report published in 2025, a total of 36.5 billion people traveled annually in metro systems across India's fifteen major cities, placing the country as one of the busiest urban rapid transit hubs in the world in terms of commuters. In 2025, the Delhi Metro alone carries an average of 46.3 lakh (4.63 million) passengers daily, and the Delhi-Meerut RRTS has an operational speed of 160 km/h. Across all metro systems in India, daily ridership is expected to be significantly higher, possibly exceeding 10 million. As of 2026, the cumulative length of {{Convert|1,070.06|km|mi|lk=on|abbr=off}} of twenty-one metro systems in India makes it the [[List of metro systems#List by country|third longest]] in operation in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-02 |title=MP at the bottom in operational length of Metro network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mp-at-the-bottom-in-operational-length-of-metro-network/articleshow/123051440.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="URTreport">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-27 |title=One crore passengers riding metro systems per day in India: Hardeep Singh Puri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/one-crore-passengers-riding-metro-systems-per-day-in-india-hardeep-singh-puri/articleshow/104763045.cms |access-date=3 March 2024 |work= |issn=}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development's]] Urban Transport wing is the nodal division for coordination, appraisal, and approval of Urban Transport matters including Metro Rail Projects at the central level. All the interventions in urban transport by the Ministry of Urban Development are carried out under the provisions of the National Urban Transport Policy, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mohua.gov.in/cms/urban-transport.php|title=Urban Transport|publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs}}</ref>

Currently, the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Meerut RRTS]] is the fastest urban rail transit system in India, featuring an operational speed of 160 km/h and an average speed (including stoppage time) of 100 km/h.

==Terminology==
Indian cities have various types of urban transit systems operational, under construction and planned. These systems are being implemented based on the population of a city, financial feasibility and demand.

{| Class = "wikitable sortable" style = "font-size:small"
|-
! Urban transit type
! Capacity
! Speed
! Frequency of stations / stops
! Locale
! [[Right-of-way (transportation)|Right of way]]
! Rail based
! Cost to build and operate
|-
|[[Rapid transit|Metro]]
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{Partial|Moderate}}
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{Partial|Intracity}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No|High}}
|-
|[[Commuter rail|Suburban Railway]]
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{Partial|Moderate}}
|{{Partial|Medium}}
|{{Yes|Regional}}
|{{No}} †
|{{Yes}}
|{{Partial|Moderate}}
|-
| [[Medium-capacity rail system|Medium-capacity metro]] {{anchor|A}}
|{{Partial|Medium}}
|{{Partial|Moderate}}
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{Partial|Intracity}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No|High}}
|-
|[[Light rail]]
|{{Partial|Medium}}
|{{Partial|Moderate}}
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{Partial|Intracity}}
|{{Partial}} ‡
|{{Yes}}
|{{Partial|Moderate}}
|-
|[[Monorail]]
|{{Partial|Medium}}
|{{Partial|Moderate}}
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{Partial|Intracity}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No|High}}
|-
|[[RapidX|Regional rapid rail]]{{anchor|A}}
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{No|Low}}
|{{Yes|Regional}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No|High}}
|-
|[[Tram]]
|{{No|Low}}
|{{No|Slow}}
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{No|Neighborhood}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes|Low}}
|-
|[[Bus Rapid Transit]]
|{{No|Low}}
|{{Partial|Moderate}}
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{Partial|Intracity}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes|Low}}
|-
|[[Bus Rapid Transit in India#Bus Rapid Transit using trolleybuses|Metro Neo]]
|{{No|Low}}
|{{Partial|Moderate}}
|{{Yes|High}}
|{{Partial|Intracity}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Partial|Moderate}}
|-
|[[Ferry|Water Metro]]
|{{No|Low}}
|{{No|Slow}}
|{{Partial|Medium}}
|{{Partial|Intracity}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes|Low}}
|-
|[[Funicular]]
|{{No|Low}}
|{{No|Slow}}
|{{No|Low}}
|{{No|Neighborhood}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No|Low}}
|}
'''†''' Note: Suburban rail in India utilises the broad gauge network of Indian Railways and mostly shares the network and infrastructure with the rest of Indian Railway services.
 
'''‡''' Note: Light Rail systems are mostly fenced and can be built with complete right of way if preferred so.
*'''[[Rapid transit|Metro]]:''' The rapid transit or popularly known as metro in India, is an urban high-capacity rail system, commonly operated in [[Metropolitan area|metropolitan cities]]. These systems are segregated from [[Indian Railways]] and have their [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]].
*'''[[Commuter rail|Suburban rail]]:''' Suburban rail or popularly known as local train system in India, is an urban rail transit system where the [[suburbs]] are connected to the city's centre. These systems are linked to and operated by [[Indian Railways]]. Example: [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
*'''[[Medium-capacity rail system|Medium-capacity rail]]:''' It is a rapid transit (metro) system which has a capacity higher than [[light rail]] but lower than [[rapid transit]] system to serve a medium demand. It is built considering the future rise in demand, so that it can be converted into a regular metro. Example: [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]]
*'''[[Light rail]]:''' Light rail which is also known as Metro Lite is used in cities that have low demand. It is a combination of [[rapid transit]] and [[tram]] systems. It has a higher capacity and speed compared to tram services and has dedicated tracks that are mostly fenced. Example: [[Srinagar Metro]]
*'''[[Monorail]]:''' This system has trains running on a single rail/beam. It has found its application in [[medium-capacity rail system|medium capacity transport]]. The system however finds use case in specific scenarios such as the need for a higher capacity system on hilly terrains or in cities with tighter spaces where a surface level light rail or elevated metro would not be possible. However rake procurement and quick emergency evacuation issues remain. Example: [[Mumbai Monorail]]
*'''[[RapidX|Regional rapid rail]] :''' This system is operated either between two similarly sized cities, which are close to each other or between a larger city and smaller cities lying nearby. Example: [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut RRTS]]
*'''[[Tram]]:''' These systems are one of the oldest modes of urban transport in India. They are low capacity, slow-moving trains which run on tracks that are embedded in the urban streets. Example: [[Kolkata Tram]]
*'''[[Funicular|Funiculur]]:''' It is a type of cable railway system that connects points along a railway track laid on a steep slope. The system is characterized by two counterbalanced carriages (also called cars or trains) permanently attached to opposite ends of a haulage cable, which is looped over a pulley at the upper end of the track. Example: [[Malanggad]] [[Funicular|funiculur]] near [[Thane]].

===Non-rail based urban transit===
*'''[[Bus Rapid Transit]] :''' The [[Bus Rapid Transit in India|Bus Rapid Transit systems in India]] use conventional buses or high capacity buses and have their own right-of-way, separated from the rest of the traffic. Example: [[Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System]]
*'''[[List of bus rapid transit systems in India#Bus Rapid Transit using trolleybuses|Metro Neo]] :''' These are the Bus Rapid Transit systems that use [[overhead line|overhead wires]] with power supply, similar to a [[trolleybus]] but with a higher capacity. They also have either a complete or partial right-of-way. Example: [[Greater Nashik Metro]]
*'''[[Ferry|Water Metro]] :''' A water-based urban transit system usually implemented in cities which are situated on river banks. These systems are basically integrated [[ferry]] systems. Example: [[Kochi Water Metro]]
*'''[[Aerial lifts in India|Aerial lift]] :''' A ropeway/cableway system which is usually implemented on tourist and hilly regions. However, due its low cost and footprint during construction, it is being considered as a low capacity urban transportation solution where the demand is not high and where the spaces are too tight for an elevated Metro or surface level Light rail. Example: [[Kashi ropeway]]

==History==

===Early history===
[[File:Horsetram.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Life-size model of a [[horse-drawn tram]] at the City Centre arcade, Salt Lake, Kolkata|190x190px|left]]
The first-ever mode of the urban rail transit system in India was [[commuter rail]] (or suburban rail), built in [[Mumbai]] on 16 April 1853. The first passenger train was flagged off from [[Bori Bunder]] (present-day [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in [[Mumbai]]) from where it travelled to [[Thane railway station|Thane]], covering a distance of 34 km in an hour and fifteen minutes. This made it the [[Asia|Asia's]] first [[commuter rail|suburban railway]].<ref name="CTmumSubHis">{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-history-of-mumbais-local-trains-in-1-minute/|title=The History of Mumbai's Local Trains in 1 Minute|publisher=The Culture Tip|date=13 September 2016|access-date=31 August 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831151200/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-history-of-mumbais-local-trains-in-1-minute/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the turn of the 20th century, tram systems began to sprawl across the four major cities of India, viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai, and helped local population to meet their intracity transportation needs. Horse-drawn [[tram]] was first introduced in [[Kolkata]] in 1873 and the electric trams began to operate in [[Chennai]] in 1895, later the cities of [[Mumbai]], [[Kanpur]], and [[Delhi]] saw trams being introduced. These services were discontinued in all Indian cities between 1933 and 1964, except for [[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata]] where they operate on streets to the present day as heritage.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=R.V. |title=When trams plied |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/when-trams-plied/article4424975.ece |website=The Hindu|date=17 February 2013 }}</ref>

===Metro and mass rapid transit===
[[File:KolkataMetroOldCoaches.jpg|thumb|Old Kolkata Metro BHEL 1000 metro rake|right]]
In September 1919, during a session of the Imperial Legislative Council at [[Shimla]], a committee was set up by [[Walter Ewing Crum|W. E. Crum]] that recommended a metro line for Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/citys-tube-rly-plan-nipped-in-bud-a-century-ago/articleshow/73944018.cms|title=Kolkata's Tube Railway plan nipped in bud a century ago|work=The Times of India|date=5 February 2020}}</ref> The next proposal for a metro system was mooted by [[government of West Bengal]] in 1949-50 and a survey was conducted by French experts. However, the proposal could not be brought into the effect and India had to wait for its first metro service. It was twenty three years later when the foundation stone was laid in Kolkata in 1972 to commence the construction of the ambitious metro system. On 24 October 1984, India saw its [[Kolkata Metro|first metro system]] operational in Kolkata. After several struggles and bureaucratic hurdles, a stretch of 3.4 km was opened with five stations on the line.<ref name="UTN History">{{cite web|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/article/history-of-metro-rail-in-india-trams-to-driverless-metro|title=History of Metro rail in India: Trams to driverless metro|publisher=Urban Transport News|date=21 May 2021}}</ref> On 1 November 1995, the [[Chennai MRTS]] began its operations, becoming the first fully [[Elevated railway|elevated railway line]] and also the country's longest elevated suburban railway corridor spanning 18 km on the elevated section alone of total 24.3 km.<ref name="yearbook09">{{cite book|title=Year Book 2009|publisher=Bright Publications|page=569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHLtQ7yOrAYC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Country's first elevated railway track gets operational at Rohtak|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/countrys-first-elevated-railway-track-gets-operational-at-rohtak-225597|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

The first concept of an urban rapid transit system in Delhi came out during 1969,<ref name="Siemiatycki">{{cite journal |last=Siemiatycki |first=Matti |date=June 2006 |title=Message in a Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi, India |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |pages=277–292 |volume=30 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00664.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=2006IJURR..30..277S }}</ref> when a traffic and travel characteristics study was conducted. The bus systems which catered the public transportation in the city soon began to run out of capacity and the traffic was on the rise, this soon became a growing concern. The concepts for an urban transit system were considered as the need for the country's capital.<ref name="Siemiatycki" /> After planning, a proposal was made in 1984, which revealed plans for constructing three underground corridors and augmentation of the existing suburban rail system. The construction began on 1 October 1998 and the first line was operational on 24 December 2002.<ref name="UTN History" /><ref name="DMHistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/needformetro/history.aspx |title=History of Delhi Metro |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |access-date=17 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925022045/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/needformetro/history.aspx |archive-date=25 September 2010 }}</ref> With {{convert|348.12|km|mi|abbr=}}, the [[Delhi Metro]] went on to be the longest and by far the busiest metro system in India, which also served as a role model to other Indian cities.<ref name="delhimetrorail">{{cite web |title=Delhi metro map |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/network_map |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>

===Monorails and their replacement===
While the political capital of India was expanding on its success by constructing new metro lines, suburban railways remained as the dominant mode of transport in the financial capital, Mumbai. According to [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) the city bus services operating in narrow and crowded areas of the city were slow-moving and caused traffic congestion hence a rapid transit system was necessary. Since the city already had planned metro services and since the suburban railways also connected major parts of the city, a feeder system to these services was proposed in the form of [[Monorail]].<ref name="toimonorial">{{cite news|title=Mumbai monorail to run in two years|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 September 2007|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-monorail-to-run-in-two-years/articleshow/2413046.cms|access-date=19 March 2009}}</ref> After the construction was completed, On 1 February 2014, [[Mumbai Monorail]] became the first of its kind in India.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/First-mono-runs-crowded-like-the-good-old-local/articleshow/29729191.cms |title=First mono runs crowded like the good old local |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-india-s-first-monorail-flagged-off-by-maharashtra-s-chief-minister-prithviraj-chavan-1958726 |title=India's first monorail flagged off by Maharashtra's Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan |publisher=DNA |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

In the early 2010s, many cities had conceived the plan to build monorails as the major urban transportation solution to their cities. However, Mumbai's monorail soon began to reveal the underlying problems of a monorail system.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mono-rail/articleshow/85527974.cms|title=Mumbai: Despite govt taking over operations, Monorail continues to be plagued with problems|work=The Times of India|date=22 August 2021}}</ref> The issues such as low ridership, inefficient track maintenance (accessibility of the tracks during maintenance as well as the time taken to repair the tracks), train slowing down at the switches and for the fact that the monorail tracks had to be entirely elevated with a dedicated depot and set of rolling stocks, raised the concerns on feasibility, cost of construction and operation of the new lines significantly. For the similar reasons, almost all of the monorail systems around the world are seen in [[List of monorail systems#Operational monorails – sightseeing, amusement park rides, zoo monorails|amusement parks or similar theme parks]] instead as a solution to the urban public transportation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ggwash.org/view/67201/why-cities-rarely-build-monorails-explained|title=Why cities rarely build monorails, explained|publisher=Greater Greater Washington|date=1 May 2018}}</ref> A traditional light rail system soon emerged as the efficient mode but with cheaper cost and greater capacity than what monorail offered. As a result, many Indian cities replaced their proposed monorail projects with either a regular metro or a light rail system.<ref name="The Wire">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/urban/failure-of-mumbais-monorail-holds-lessons-for-urban-planners-everywhere|title=Failure of Mumbai's Monorail Holds Lessons for Urban Planners Everywhere|publisher=The Wire|date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

== Rapid transit ==
[[File:Mumbai_Metro_at_Gundavali_Station.jpg|thumb|[[Mumbai Metro]]]]
There are currently 21 operational [[rapid transit]] (Officially and popularly called '''Metro''') systems in seventeen cities across India, with [[Delhi Metro]] being the largest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ylEObaYWxcC7lGO2E2e4wJ/The-rise-of-metro-rail-network-in-India.html|title=How metro rail networks are spreading across India|first=Jyotika|last=Sood|date=26 July 2017|website=livemint.com}}</ref> As of July 2024, India has {{Convert|1001.13|km|mi|lk=on|abbr=off}} of operational metro lines in 18 cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Rail Projects in India - Quick Snapshot |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/metro-rail-projects-in-india/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/metros-in-india-have-less-than-50-projected-ridership-says-iit-d-report-124010200455_1.html|title=Metros in India have less than 50% projected ridership, says IIT-D report |website=The Business Standard|date=2 January 2023 }}</ref> India's metro network is the [[List of metro systems#List by country/region|third longest in the world]], behind China and USA. A further 779.27 km of lines are under construction.

Apart from the [[Kolkata Metro]] (which has its own zone under Indian Railways),<ref>{{cite web |title=Organization Structure of Indian Railways |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Org_Chart_1.pdf |website=Indian Railways |access-date=7 March 2023 }}</ref> these rapid transit metro lines are not operated by [[Indian Railways]], but a separate set of local authorities. In addition to their metro systems, the cities of [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad]] have mass transit systems operated by the Indian Railways, known as the [[Chennai MRTS]] and the [[Hyderabad MMTS]], respectively. The first rapid transit system in India is the [[Kolkata Metro]], which started operations in 1984. [[Kolkata Metro]] also currently has the only underwater metro line in the country. The [[Delhi Metro]] has the largest network in the entire country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1685731/indias-kolkata-metro-set-to-ride-underneath-hooghly-river/|title=As India readies an underwater line, here's a look at its various metro networks|first=Sangeeta|last=Tanwar|website=Quartz|date=13 August 2019 }}</ref>

===Implementation===
In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy had proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of at least 20 lakh (2 million) people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Feasibility-report-on-Surat-metro-soon/articleshow/47129186.cms|title=Feasibility report on Surat metro soon|last=Bhatt|first=Himansshu|date=2 May 2015|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jaipals-push-set-metro-rail-projects-on-track/article28739938.ece|title=Jaipal's push set metro rail projects on track|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 July 2019}}</ref>

From 2002 to 2014, the Indian metro infrastructure expanded by 248 km.<ref name="URTreport"/>

Later on 11 August 2014, [[Government of India]] had announced that it would provide financial assistance for the implementation of a metro rail system to all Indian cities having a population of more than 1 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/centre-to-aid-metro-projects-in-cities-with-10-lakh-people-114081100895_1.html|title=Centre to aid Metro projects in cities with 10 lakh people|date=11 August 2014|website=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartcity.eletsonline.com/10-lakh-to-be-new-population-norm-for-metro-rail-projects/|title=10 lakh to be new population norm for Metro Rail projects|date=12 August 2014|website=Smart City|publisher=Elets Technomedia Pvt Ltd|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> In May 2015, the [[Government of India]] approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities, with the majority of the planned projects were to be implemented through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government. The [[Government of India]] would invest an estimated {{INRConvert|5|lc}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/50-cities-get-metro-rails-rs-500000-cr-110|title=- mydigitalfc|website=mydigitalfc.com|access-date=5 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826155312/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/50-cities-get-metro-rails-rs-500000-cr-110|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metroguideindia.blogspot.com/2020/07/india-metro-rail-network-second-oldest.html|title=Indian Metro Rail Network}}</ref>

In a new draft policy unveiled in March 2017, the Government of India stated that it wanted state governments to consider metro rail as the "last option" and implement it only after considering all other possible mass rapid transit systems. The decision was taken due to the high cost of constructing metro rail systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/mar/19/metro-no-more-governments-first-carrier-1582942--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053410/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/mar/19/metro-no-more-governments-first-carrier-1582942--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 March 2017|title=Metro no more Government's first carrier|date=19 March 2017|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> In August 2017, the [[Government of India]] announced that it would not provide financial assistance to the new metro rail project unless some sort of private partnership is involved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=170009|title=Union Cabinet approves new Metro Rail Policy; Focus on compact urban development, cost reduction and multi-modal integration|date=16 August 2017|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820104848/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=170009|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-approves-new-metro-rail-policy/article19503930.ece|title=Union Cabinet approves new metro rail policy|last=Nair|first=Sobhana|date=16 August 2017|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/for-metro-rail-states-must-bring-private-players-govt-4799851/|title=For Metro rail, states must bring private players: Govt|last=Nair|first=Shalini|date=17 August 2017|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>

=== List of systems ===
{{Updated|23 April 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="font-size:small"
|+ List of current operational systems in India
|-
! rowspan="2"|System
! rowspan="2"|Locale
! rowspan="2"|Lines Operational
! rowspan="2"|Stations
! colspan="2" |Length
! rowspan="2"|Opened
! rowspan="2"|Annual Ridership (in millions)
|-
! Operational
! Under Construction
|-
| [[Agra Metro]] [[File:UPMRC_logo.png|link=Agra Metro|24x24px]]
| [[Agra]]
| 1
| 6
|{{cvt|5.2|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=Agra Metro Yellow Line: Route & Timings - Plan Your Journey - TimesProperty | url=https://timesproperty.com/article/post/agra-metro-yellow-line-details-blid5851 | access-date=2025-07-30 | website=timesproperty.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=UPMRC Unveils Bidders For Agra Metro's Construction Contract On Line 1 - Metro Rail News | url=https://metrorailnews.in/upmrc-unveils-bidders-for-agra-metros-construction-contract-on-line-1/ | access-date=2025-07-30 | website=metrorailnews.in | date=8 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Narendra |date=2024-02-27 |title=CMRS Completes Safety Inspection For Agra Metro's Priority Corridor - Metro Rail News |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/cmrs-completes-safety-inspection-for-agra-metros-priority-corridor/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{cvt|24.47|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref name="themetrorailguy.com">{{cite web | url=https://themetrorailguy.com/agra-metro-information-map-updates/ | title=Agra Metro - Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates }}</ref>
| {{dts|6 March 2024}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Ahmedabad Metro]]{{ric|Ahmedabad Metro}}
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[GIFT City]]
| 4
| [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations|54]]
|{{convert|67.56|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Route Information and Time Table |url=https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/ahmedabad/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=AHMEDABAD METRO RAIL PROJECT |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Metro Rail Projects in India - Quick Snapshot |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/metro-rail-projects-in-india/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{dts|4 March 2019}}<ref name="AhmedabadOpening">{{cite news |title=Ahmedabad Metro to open for public on Wednesday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-to-open-for-public-on-wednesday/articleshow/68263112.cms |website=The Times of India |date=5 March 2019 |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="PMAhmedabadOpening">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/pm-modi-inaugurates-ahmedabad-metro-first-phase-takes-a-ride/articleshow/68258253.cms|title=PM Modi inaugurates Ahmedabad Metro first phase, takes a ride|work=The Economic Times|date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
| 51.03 (2025{{ref|Asterisk|*}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=AHMEDABAD METRO RAIL PROJECT - PASSENGER JOURNEYS |url=https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/ahmedabad/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=AHMEDABAD METRO RAIL PROJECT |language=en-US}}</ref><ref group="Nb">Total ridership figures from April 2025 to March 2026</ref>
|-
| [[Bhoj Metro]] [[File:Indore_Metro_logo.png|link=Bhoj Metro|24x24px]]
| [[Bhopal]]
| 1
| 8
|{{cvt|6.22|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=Union Minister Khattar flags-off Bhopal metro along with CM Yadav: Inaugural ride from Subhash Nagar to AIIMS; 30 students onboard first trip - Madhya Pradesh News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/mp/news/bhopal-metro-rail-inauguration-union-minister-khattar-cm-yadav-to-flag-off-corridor-from-subhash-nagar-to-aiims-136719182.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref>
|{{cvt|21.68|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref name="themetrorailguy.com"/>
| {{dts|21 December 2025}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Chennai Metro]] {{rint|chennai|metro}}
| [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
| 2
| [[List of Chennai Metro stations|42]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/stations-in-chennai-metro-rails-phase-i-extension-will-be-renamed/article32768185.ece|title=Stations in Chennai Metro rails Phase I extension will be renamed|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 October 2020|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
| {{cvt|54.1|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=15 February 2021 |title=Now, reach airport from North Chennai in 1 hour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/feb/15/now-reach-airport-from-north-chennai-in-1-hour-2264102.html |access-date=2021-02-16 |work=The New Indian Express |publisher=Express Publications Ltd.}}</ref>
| {{cvt|118.9|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| {{dts|29 June 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-inauguration/article7366598.ece|title=Chennai's First Metro rail ride begins|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 June 2015|access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>
| 111.9 (2025)<ref>{{Cite web|title="Metro Rail hits highest annual ridership at 11cr"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-rail-hits-highest-annual-ridership-at-11cr/articleshow/126311746.cms|access-date= 20 April 2026|website=chennaimetrorail.org|archive-date=|archive-url=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi Metro]] {{rint|delhi|metro}}
| [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]]
| 10<ref name="DMlines">{{cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Present Network |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/present-network |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation}}</ref>
| [[List of Delhi Metro stations|271]]{{efn|There are a total 271 stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the number comes down to 245 stations as there are 25 transfer stations serving two lines and one station serving three lines. Stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are not counted as well. If stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are to be included with the 271 stations, a total of 303 stations exist.<ref name="delhimetrorail"/>}}
| {{cvt|374.47|km|mi}}<ref group="Nb">The lengths of the [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are not counted with the Delhi Metro. If they were counted, the total length of the three systems would be {{cvt|392.448|km|mi}}.</ref><ref name="DM map3">{{Cite web |title=Network map |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/network_map |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>
| {{cvt|65.20|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref name="TimesNow-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=First section of Delhi Metro phase-IV to open by July 2024, says DMRC chief |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/first-section-of-delhi-metro-phase-iv-to-open-by-july-2024-says-dmrc-chief-article-104978294 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
| {{dts|24 December 2002}}<ref name="DMopen">{{Cite news |title=Indian PM launches Delhi metro |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=24 December 2002 |access-date=22 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422001958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm |archive-date=22 April 2012 }}</ref>
| 2032.30 (2024{{ref|Asterisk|*}})<ref>{{Cite web |author=Gandhiok |first=Jasjeev |date=18 January 2024 |title=Delhi Metro logs 2 billion passenger trips for 2023 — highest ever |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-logs-2-billion-passenger-trips-for-2023-highest-ever-101705517441601.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118000618/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-logs-2-billion-passenger-trips-for-2023-highest-ever-101705517441601.html |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref group="Nb">From 2019 onwards the DMRC changed the ridership calculation to count every trip taken by a passenger on a line. This means that a passenger that takes 2 connections will count 3 times towards ridership. This is different from the more standard practice of counting entire journeys applied in other metro systems. Therefore, Delhi metro reports approximately 55% higher ridership when compared to similar transit systems worldwide.</ref>
|-
| [[Hyderabad Metro]] {{rint|Hyderabad|metro}}
| [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]]
| 3
| [[List of Hyderabad Metro stations|59]]
|{{cvt|67|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Track Work {{!}} Hyderabad Metro |url=https://www.ltmetro.in/hyderabad-metro-rail/project-highlights/track-work/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.ltmetro.in |language=en}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{dts|29 November 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-metro-rail-to-be-flagged-off-by-pm-modi-today-see-timings-fares-routes-and-features-4958126 |title=Hyderabad Metro rail flagged off today: See fares, timings, routes and other features |date=28 November 2017 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
| 178.00 (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ridership - LT |url=https://www.ltmetro.com/ridership/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=ltmetro.com}}</ref><ref group="Nb">The figure of 147,984,025 reflects the total monthly ridership for FY 2024–25 (April 2024 – March 2025), compiled using actual data as the report was published post-fiscal year.</ref>
|-
| [[Indore Metro]] [[File:Indore_Metro_logo.png|link=Indore Metro|24x24px]]
| [[Indore]]
| 1
| [[Yellow Line (Indore Metro)#List of stations|5]]
| {{cvt|6|km|mi}}
| {{cvt|31.23|km|mi}}
| {{dts|31 May 2025}}<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Indore's Metro dream to come true today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/indores-metro-dream-to-come-true-today/articleshow/121524897.cms |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=31 May 2025 }}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Jaipur Metro]] {{rint|jaipur|metro}}
| [[Jaipur]]
| 1<ref name="JMbn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/pdf/39Brief%20Note%20on%20the%20Project.pdf |title=Jaipur Metro A Brief Note on the Project |publisher=JMRC |page=2 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062922/https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/pdf/39Brief%20Note%20on%20the%20Project.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
| [[List of Jaipur Metro stations|11]]<ref name="JMbn" />
|{{cvt|11.98|km|mi}}<ref name="JMRC">{{cite web |date=28 November 2020 |title=Present Status |url=http://transport.rajasthan.gov.in/content/transportportal/en/metro/Project/PresentStatus.html |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=www.transport.rajasthan.gov.in |publisher=JMRC - Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.}}</ref>
| {{cvt|2.85|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/rajasthan-govt-to-start-work-on-jaipur-metro-phase-1-extension/|title=Rajasthan govt. to start work on Jaipur Metro Phase 1 extension|author=|date=28 November 2022|website=Metro Rail News}}</ref>
| {{dts|3 June 2015}}<ref name="JMbn" />
| 20.05 (2024{{ref|Asterisk|*}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Passenger Travelled Count |url=https://transport.rajasthan.gov.in/content/transportportal/en/metro/PassengerInformation/passenger-travelled-count.html |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=transport.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kanpur Metro]] {{ric|Kanpur Metro}}
| [[Kanpur]]
| 1
| [[List of Kanpur Metro stations|14]]
| {{cvt|16|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanpur Metro: Project Information, Routes, Fares and other Details |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/article/kanpur-metro-project-information-routes-fares-and-other-details |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Metro Rail Today}}</ref>
| {{cvt|15.05|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| {{dts|28 December 2021}}
| 11.06 (2024)
|-
| [[Kochi Metro]] {{ric|Kochi Metro}}
| [[Kochi]]
| 1
| [[List of Kochi Metro stations|25]]
|{{cvt|27.96|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-06 |title=Completed Kochi Metro phase 1B inaugurated by PM; makes access to port city easier |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/completed-kochi-metro-phase-1b-inaugurated-by-pm-makes-access-to-port-city-easier/articleshow/108261319.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|{{cvt|11.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| {{dts|17 June 2017}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kochi-metro-inauguration-here-are-the-important-points-from-pm-narendra-modis-speech-4708401 |title=Kochi Metro a 'futuristic infrastructure that will contribute to India's growth': What PM Modi said at inauguration |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 June 2017 |access-date=30 July 2017}}</ref>
| 36.52 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-01-10 |title=Average monthly ridership 25 lakh in 2023, Kochi Metro guns for more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jan/10/average-monthly-ridership-25-lakhin-2023-kochi-metro-guns-for-more-2649516.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kolkata Metro]] {{rint|kolkata|metro}} {{rint|kolkata|ewm|metro}}
| [[Kolkata metropolitan area|Greater Kolkata]]
| 5
| [[List of Kolkata Metro stations|58]]{{efn|There are a total 3 interchange stations counted with the number of lines they serve. If interchange stations are counted only once, the number comes down to 55 station.}}
| {{cvt|73.42 |km|mi}}<ref name="Kolkata-size">As for the size the system reached by the end of 2019, see {{cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=Engineering Department » Existing Features |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,376 |access-date=2020-02-15 |publisher=[[Centre for Railway Information Systems|Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS)]]}}
As for the section opened after the end of 2019, see {{cite news |last=Roy |first=Subhajoy |date=14 February 2020 |title=First phase of East-West Metro unveiled |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/first-phase-of-east-west-metro-unveiled/cid/1745019 |access-date=2020-02-15 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika (ABP) Group}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=Kolkata Metro System Map |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in//uploads/images/1687250904223-SYSTEM%20MAP_2023.jpg |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Metro Railway, Indian Railways}}</ref>
| {{cvt|30.8|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| {{dts|24 October 1984}}<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.kmrc.in/overview.php |title=Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Ltd |publisher=Kmrc.in |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602200841/http://www.kmrc.in/overview.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 225.5 (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yearly Ridership Data of Metro Railway Kolkata. |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,664 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lucknow Metro]] {{ric|Lucknow Metro}}
| [[Lucknow]]
| 1
| [[List of Lucknow Metro stations|21]]
|{{cvt|22.90|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Status Lucknow Metro |url=https://www.lmrcl.com/project/project-status/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.lmrcl.com}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{dts|5 September 2017}}<ref name="LMopen">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/lucknow-metro-rail-fastest-and-most-economical-project-in-india-115111600808_1.html|title=Lucknow Metro Rail fastest and most economical project in India|last=Rawat|first=Virendra Singh|date=16 November 2015|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref>
|31.15 (2024{{ref|Asterisk|*}})<ref>{{cite news |date=2 January 2024 |title=Lucknow Metro records historic ridership surge |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lucknow-metro-records-historic-ridership-surge-101704130284054.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>Figure extrapolated from 73,476 average daily ridership figures over a year as mentioned in the cited report</ref>
|-
| [[Mumbai Metro]] {{rint|mumbai|metro}} [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg|22px|link=Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)]]{{nbsp}}[[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 3.png|16px|link=Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)]]
| [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]
| 4
| [[List of Mumbai Metro stations|79]]
| {{cvt|90.48|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Line- 2A {{!}} Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority |url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/projects/transport/metro-line-2A/overview |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Line - 7 {{!}} Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority |url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/projects/transport/metro-line-7/overview |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Line - 1 {{!}} Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority |url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/projects/transport/metro-line-1/overview |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>
| {{cvt|122.07|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| {{dts|8 June 2014}}<ref name="MMit">{{Cite news |date=8 June 2014 |title=Mumbai Metro Blue Line 1 starts for public |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/mumbai-metro-starts-public-route-price-196069-2014-06-08 |access-date=19 October 2020 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
| 273.75 (2024)<ref>{{cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=Metro 1 ridership touches 90cr in 9 yrs of operation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-1-ridership-touches-90cr-in-9-yrs-of-operation/articleshow/105740127.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 2024 |title=Mumbai: Metro Line 2A & 7 Sees 8 Million Ridership Since Inception |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-metro-line-2a-7-sees-8-million-ridership-since-inception-article-107903828 |website=Times Now News}}</ref><ref group="Nb">Figure extrapolated from a sum of average daily ridership figures of lines 1 (3,54,610), 2A & 7 (1,80,726.37) over a year as mentioned in the cited reports</ref>
|-
| [[Meerut Metro]] [[File:NCRTC_logo.png|link=Meerut Metro|24x24px]]
| [[Meerut]]
| 1
| 13
| {{cvt|23.6|km|mi}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{dts|22 February 2026}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Nagpur Metro]] [[File:Nagpur_Metro_logo.png|link=Nagpur Metro|25x25px]]
| [[Nagpur]]
| 2
| [[List of Nagpur Metro stations|37]]
|{{cvt|38.22|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMRCL - Project Profile |url=https://www.metrorailnagpur.com/projectprofile.aspx |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.metrorailnagpur.com}}</ref>
| {{cvt|43|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/nagpur-metro-work-begins-on-43-km-phase-2-connecting-satellite-cities/39246 | title=Nagpur metro work begins on 43-km phase 2 connecting satellite cities }}</ref>
| {{dts|8 March 2019}}<ref name="NGMopen">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1103633939569262592|title=Delhi: Prime Minister Narendra Modi flags-off Nagpur Metro via video conferencing.pic.twitter.com/0n6ohgcok3|last=ANI|date=7 March 2019|website=@ANI|language=pt|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref>
| 33.88 (2024{{ref|Asterisk|*}})<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2024 |title=33% fare reduced by Nagpur Metro from March 1 |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2024/02/28/33-fare-reduced-by-nagpur-metro-from-march-1/ |website=The Live Nagpur}}</ref><ref group="Nb">Figure extrapolated from 75,000 average daily ridership figures over a year as mentioned in the cited report</ref>
|-
| [[Namma Metro]] {{rint|bengaluru|metro}}
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 3
| [[List of Namma Metro stations|85]]
| {{cvt|96.10 |km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore Metro - Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/bangalore-metro-information-map-updates/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro - Home |url=https://english.bmrc.co.in/#/schematic-route-map |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=english.bmrc.co.in}}</ref>
| {{cvt|79.44|km|mi}}
| {{dts|20 October 2011}}<ref name="NMopen">{{cite news |title=South India's first underground Metro launch on April 29 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/South-Indias-first-underground-Metro-launch-on-April-29/articleshow/51971933.cms |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
| 278.54 (2024{{ref|Asterisk|*}})<ref>{{cite news |last=S |first=Lalitha |date=22 April 2024 |title=Bengaluru Metro clocks highest ever profit of Rs 130 crore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Apr/22/bengaluru-metro-clocks-highest-ever-profit-of-rs-130-crore#:~:text=BENGALURU%3A%20For%20the%20second%20consecutive,provisional%20figures%20readied%20by%20them. |access-date=2024-04-22 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| [[Navi Mumbai Metro]] [[File:Navi_Mumbai_Metro_Logo.png|link=Navi Mumbai Metro|24x24px]]
| [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Navi Mumbai]]
| 1<ref name="Navi Mumbai Metro">{{Citation |title=Navi Mumbai Metro |date=2023-11-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navi_Mumbai_Metro&oldid=1185536621 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-11-17 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[List of Navi Mumbai Metro Stations|11]]<ref name="Navi Mumbai Metro" />
|11.10 km (6.90 mi)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newton |first=Jonathan |date=28 November 2023 |title=Navi Mumbai opens first metro line eight years late |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/navi-mumbai-opens-first-metro-line-eight-years-late/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=International Railway Journal}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{dts|17 November 2023}}
| style="text-align:center" |0.94 (2024)<ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2024 |title=Metro ridership in Navi Mumbai touches one million in 2.5 months, generates ₹2.55-cr in revenues |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/metro-ridership-in-navi-mumbai-touches-one-million-in-2-5-months-generates-2-55-cr-in-revenues-101706813194816.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref group="Nb">Total figures from November 2023 to January 2024</ref>
|-
| [[Noida Metro]] {{ric|Noida Metro}}
| [[Noida]] & [[Greater Noida]]
| 1
| [[List of Noida Metro stations|21]]
|{{cvt|29.70|km|mi}}<ref name="DM map3" />
| {{n/a}}
| {{dts|25 January 2019}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Aqua Line ready for launch, nod awaited from UP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/aqua-line-ready-for-launch-nod-awaited-from-state/articleshow/67201102.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 December 2018 |access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref>
| 22.03 (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2024-01-27 |title=Noida Metro Celebrates 5th Anniversary with An Average Daily Ridership of Over 45K |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/noida-metro-celebrates-5th-anniversary-with-an-average-daily-ridership-of-over-45k/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Patna Metro]] {{ric|Patna Metro}}
| [[Patna]]
| 1
| [[Patna Metro|3]]
| {{cvt|4.3|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-07 |title=Patna Metro arrives month before Bihar elections, with 4.3-km priority corridor and 3 stations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/360-degree-cameras-images-of-bihars-cultural-landmarks-what-new-patna-metro-flagged-by-nitish-kumar-will-feature-10290941/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| {{cvt|32.91|km|mi}}
| {{dts|6 October 2025}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Nitish to inaugurate first phase of Patna metro on Oct 6, to open for public from Oct 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-to-inaugurate-first-phase-of-patna-metro-on-oct-6-to-open-for-public-from-oct-7/articleshow/124320938.cms |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=5 October 2025}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Pune Metro]] [[File:Pune_Metro_logo.png|link=Pune Metro|22x22px]]
| [[Pune Metropolitan Region]]
| 2
| [[List of Pune Metro stations|29]]
| {{cvt|31.25 |km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jedhe |first=Eeshwari |date=31 July 2023 |title=Extended routes of Pune Metro to open to commuters on Tuesday from 5 pm |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/extended-routes-of-pune-metro-to-open-to-commuters-on-tuesday-from-5-pm/cid1690835824.htm |access-date=23 May 2024 |work=Pune Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Pune Metro's reach set to expand up to 30 km |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pune-metro-s-reach-set-to-expand-up-to-30-km-101709664038809.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| {{cvt|79.56|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| {{dts|6 March 2022}}<ref name="Pune_metro_inauguration">{{cite web |author=Sarang Dastane |date=4 March 2022 |title=Pune: Metro for people on 2 routes after Sunday flag-off by PM Narendra Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-metro-for-people-on-2-routes-after-sunday-flag-off-by-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/89980995.cms |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| 67.1 (2025) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-metro-generates-1076-crore-in-revenue-ferries-671-crore-passengers-in-2025|title=Pune Metro Generates ₹107.6 Crore In Revenue, Ferries 6.71 Crore Passengers In 2025|publisher=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]] {{ric|Rapid Metro Gurgaon}}
| [[Gurgaon]]
| 1
| [[List of Gurugram Metro stations|11]]
| {{cvt|12.1 |km|mi}}<ref name="DM map3" />
| {{cvt|28.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ashok |date=2025-09-05 |title=Haryana CM Saini, Manohar Lal perform Bhoomi Pujan for Gurugram metro corridor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/haryana-cm-saini-manohar-lal-perform-bhoomi-pujan-for-gurugram-metro-corridor/article70017010.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| {{dts|14 November 2013}}<ref name="GGMopen">{{cite web | url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/rapid-metrorail-gurgaon-opens.html | title = Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon opens | publisher = [[Railway Gazette International|Railway Gazette]] | date = 15 November 2013 | access-date = 28 December 2014 | archive-date = 26 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144645/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/rapid-metrorail-gurgaon-opens.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| 14.60 (2024{{ref|Asterisk|*}})<ref>{{cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=Rapid Metro witnesses major spurt in ridership in 2023, revenue rises by 53% |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/rapid-metro-witnesses-major-spurt-in-ridership-in-2023-revenue-rises-by-53-101701714842760.html |website=The Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>Figure extrapolated from 40,000 average daily ridership figures over a year as mentioned in the cited report</ref>
|-
! colspan="2"| Total
! {{sum|1|4|1|2|10|3|1|1|1|1|5|1|4|1|2|3|1|1|1|2|1}}
! {{sum|6|54|8|42|271|59|5|11|14|25|58|21|79|13|37|85|11|21|3|29|11}}
! {{Convert|{{sum|5.2|67.56|6.22|54.1|374.4|67|6|11.98|16|27.96|73.42|22.9|90.95|23.6|38.22|96.1|11.1|29.7|4.3|31.25|12.1}}|km|mi|abbr=on}}
!{{cvt|{{sum|24.47|21.68|118.9|65.2|31.23|2.85|15.05|11.2|30.8|132.45|43|79.44|32.91|79.56|28.5}}|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
! {{n/a}}
! {{sum|40.06|105.24|2032.3|178|20.05|11.06|36.52|225.5|31.15|273.75|33.88|278.54|0.94|22.03|67.1|14.60|}} millions
|}

; Table note

{{note|Asterisk|*}} Indicates ridership figures based on the [[fiscal year]] rather than the [[calendar year]].

===Systems in development===


{{Updated|22 February 2026}}
{{legend inline|#BCFFC5|Under construction}} 
{{Legend inline|#B0E0E6|Planned}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers" style="font-size:small"
|-
! rowspan="2" | System
! rowspan="2" | Locale
! colspan="2" | Length
! rowspan="2" | Construction began
! rowspan="2" | Planned Opening
|-
! Under-construction
! Planned
|-
| style="background:#BCFFC5;" |[[Surat Metro]] [[File:GMRC_logo.png|link=Surat Metro|24x24px]]
| [[Surat]]
| {{convert|41.93|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://themetrorailguy.com/surat-metro-information-route-maps-fares-tenders-updates/ | title=Surat Metro – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates }}</ref>
|
|2021
|2027<ref>{{Cite web | title=Surat Metro Project – Routes, Status Updates, Real Estate Impact & Completion Timeline -Times Property | url=https://timesproperty.com/article/post/all-about-surat-metro-blid9570 | access-date=2025-07-30 | website=timesproperty.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#BCFFC5" |[[Thane Metro]] [[File:Thane_Metro.png|link=Thane Metro|25x25px]]
| [[Thane]]
|{{convert|29.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-05 |title=Thane Metro civil work has officially begun |url=https://x.com/i/status/1996818002436936088}}</ref>
|
| 2025
|2029<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maha Metro |url=https://www.mahametro.org/thane_metro.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.mahametro.org}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" |[[Bhubaneswar Metro]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|
|{{convert|26.024|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|TBD<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/not-viable-bhubaneswar-metro-project-hangs-in-balance-as-odisha-govt-cancels-tender-10153572/|title='Not viable': Bhubaneswar metro project hangs in balance as Odisha govt cancels tender|work=Indian Express|date=28 July 2025}}</ref>
|2028<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/bhubaneswar-metro-information-map-updates/|title=Bhubaneswar Metro – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates|publisher=TheMetrorailguy|date=1 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" |[[Visakhapatnam Metro]]
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
|
|{{convert|76.9|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2026
| 2029<ref name="vsk_vga_metro" />
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" |[[Vijayawada Metro]]
|[[Vijayawada]]
|
|{{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2026
| 2029<ref name="vsk_vga_metro">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/green-signal-for-jvs-to-bid-for-visakhapatnam-vijayawada-metro-rail-projects/article70079444.ece|title=Green signal for JVs to bid for Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada metro|date=22 September 2025|work=The Hindu}}
</ref>
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;"|[[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited#Systems in development|Rajkot Metro]]
| [[Rajkot]]
|
|{{convert|38|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| TBD
| TBD<ref name="rjkt_vdd_metro">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/dprs-for-rajkot-vadodara-metro-rail-sent-for-centres-approval/articleshow/120705082.cms|title=DPRs for Rajkot, Vadodara metro rail projects sent for centre's approval|publisher=Times of India|date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;"|[[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited#Systems in development|Vadodara Metro]]
| [[Vadodara]]
|
|{{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| TBD
| TBD<ref name="rjkt_vdd_metro"/>
|-
|style="background:#B0E0E6;"|[[Kozhikode Metro Rail|Kozhikode Metro]]
|[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|
|{{convert|44|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|TBD
|TBD<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Metro rail service in Kozhikode soon to become a reality? Kerala Budget raises hopes |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/metro-rail-service-in-kozhikode-soon-to-become-a-reality-kerala-budget-raises-hopes-ed8c85bc |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#B0E0E6;"|[[Thiruvananthapuram Metro]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|
|{{convert|42.1|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|TBD
|TBD<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Thiruvananthapuram metro plan moves ahead as Kerala govt forms new alignment committee |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-govt-forms-committee-to-plan-thiruvananthapuram-metro-rail-bn7xc2ib |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" |[[Prayagraj Metro]]
| [[Prayagraj]]
|
| {{convert|44|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|TBD
|TBD<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-13 |title=Metro system likely to replace metrolite project in Prayagraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/metro-system-likely-to-replace-metrolite-project-in-prayagraj/articleshow/124506375.cms |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2"| Total
!{{convert|123.03|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
!{{convert|473.924|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|}

===List of lines===
{{Updated|22 February 2026}}

India has a total of 47 lines of metro under operation in 21 cities.

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align: center; font-size:small"
|-
! colspan="8" | Urban rapid rail transit lines
|-
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="sortable" | Line
! scope="col" | System
! scope="col" | Length
! scope="col" | Stations
! scope="col" | Rolling stock
! scope="col" data-sort-type=date | Commencement
! scope="col" data-sort-type=date | Latest extension
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|blue}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Kolkata Metro|Kolkata]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|32.13|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)#List of stations (North to South)|26]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]], [[CRRC Dalian]]
| style="text-align:left" | 24 October 1984
| style="text-align:left" | 22 February 2021
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|green}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|16.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)#List of stations (East to West)|12]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[BEML Limited]]
| style="text-align:left" | 13 February 2020
| style="text-align:left" | 22 August 2025
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|purple}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|7.75|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)#List of stations (North to South)|7]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]
| style="text-align:left" | 30 December 2022
| style="text-align:left" | 6 March 2024
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|orange}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|9.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)#List of stations (North to South)|9]]
| style="text-align:left" | 6 March 2024
| style="text-align:left" | 22 August 2025
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|yellow}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|7.04|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)#Stations|4]]
| style="text-align:left" |22 August 2025
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|red}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]
| rowspan="10" | [[Delhi Metro|Delhi]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|34.55|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)#List of stations|29]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Hyundai Rotem]] and [[BEML Limited]]
| style="text-align:left" | 25 December 2002
| style="text-align:left" | 8 March 2019
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|yellow}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|49.02|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)#Stations|37]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:left" | [[BEML Limited]]
| style="text-align:left" | 20 December 2004
| style="text-align:left" | 10 November 2015
|-
| rowspan=2 style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|blue}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line (Main)]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|56.11|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)#Line 3 (Main Line)|50]]
| style="text-align:left" | 31 December 2005
| style="text-align:left" | 9 March 2019
|-
| {{hs|01}}[[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line (Branch)]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|8.51|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)#Line 4 (Branch Line)|8]]
| style="text-align:left" | 10 May 2009
| style="text-align:left" | 14 July 2011
|-
|style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|green}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line (Main)]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|28.79|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)#Stations|24]]
| style="text-align:left" | 3 April 2010
| style="text-align:left" | 24 June 2018
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|violet}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|46.34|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)#Stations|34]]
| style="text-align:left" | 3 October 2010
| style="text-align:left" | 19 November 2018
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|airport}}"|
| [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|22.70|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Delhi Airport Metro Express#Stations|6]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]]
| style="text-align:left" | 23 February 2011
| style="text-align:left" | 17 September 2023
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|magenta}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|40.26|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)#Stations|25]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Hyundai Rotem]]
| style="text-align:left" | 25 December 2017
| style="text-align:left" | 5 January 2025
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|pink}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|59.24|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)#Stations|38]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Hyundai Rotem]] and [[BEML Limited]]
| style="text-align:left" | 14 March 2018
| style="text-align:left" | 6 August 2021
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|grey}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Grey Line (Delhi Metro)|Grey Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|5.19|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Grey Line (Delhi Metro)#Stations|4]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Hyundai Rotem]]
| style="text-align:left" | 4 October 2019
| style="text-align:left" | 18 September 2021
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|purple}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Namma Metro|Bengaluru]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|43.49|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|37]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:left" | [[BEML Limited]]
| style="text-align:left" | 20 October 2011
| style="text-align:left" | 9 October 2023
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|green}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|33.46|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Green Line (Namma Metro)#Stations|32]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:left" | [[BEML Limited]]
| style="text-align:left" | 1 March 2014
| style="text-align:left" | 7 November 2024
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|yellow}};"|
| [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]]
| style="text-align: left;" |{{convert|19.15|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)#Stations|16]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:left" | [[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen]], [[Titagarh Rail Systems]]
| style="text-align: left;" |10 August 2025
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Rapid Metro Gurgaon|1}}"|
| {{hs|01}} [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon#Route|Line 1]]
| [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|12.85|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|11]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Siemens]]
| style="text-align:left" | 14 November 2013
| style="text-align:left" | 31 March 2017
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|1}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|Blue Line 1]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|11.40|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)#Stations|12]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen]]
| style="text-align:left" | 8 June 2014
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|2}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|18.58|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)#Stations|17]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | [[BEML]]
| style="text-align:left" | 2 April 2022
| style="text-align:left" | 19 January 2023
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|7}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|Red Line 7]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|16.50|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)#Stations|14]]
| style="text-align:left" | 2 April 2022
| style="text-align:left" | 19 January 2023
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|3}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line 3]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|33.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)#Stations and interchange connections|26]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Alstom Metropolis]]
| style="text-align:left" | 5 October 2024
| style="text-align:left" | 8 October 2025
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Jaipur Metro|pink}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Pink Line (Jaipur Metro)|Pink Line]]
| [[Jaipur Metro|Jaipur]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|11.97|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Pink Line (Jaipur Metro)#Route|11]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[BEML Limited]]
| style="text-align:left" | 3 June 2015
| style="text-align:left" | 23 September 2020
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Chennai Metro|blue}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Chennai Metro|Chennai]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|32.65|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)#Stations|25]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | [[Alstom]]
| style="text-align:left" | 21 September 2016
| style="text-align:left" | 13 March 2022
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Chennai Metro|green}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|22.00|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)#Stations|17]]
| style="text-align:left" | 29 June 2015
| style="text-align:left" | 25 May 2018
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Kochi Metro|1}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[List of Kochi Metro stations|Line 1]]
| [[Kochi Metro|Kochi]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|28.13|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[List of Kochi Metro stations|22]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Alstom Metropolis]]
| style="text-align:left" | 17 June 2017
| style="text-align:left" | 6 March 2024
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Lucknow Metro|red}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Red Line (Lucknow Metro)|Red Line]]
| [[Lucknow Metro|Lucknow]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|22.87|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Red Line (Lucknow Metro)#List of stations|21]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Alstom]]
| style="text-align:left" | 5 September 2017
| style="text-align:left" | 8 March 2019
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|red}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Red Line (Hyderabad Metro)|Red Line]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Hyderabad Metro|Hyderabad]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|29.21|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Hyderabad Metro#Red Line: Miyapur–L.B. Nagar|27]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:left" | [[Hyundai Rotem]]
| style="text-align:left" | 29 November 2017
| style="text-align:left" | 24 September 2018
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|blue}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Blue Line (Hyderabad Metro)|Blue Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Hyderabad Metro#Blue Line: Nagole–Raidurg|23]]
| style="text-align:left" | 29 November 2017
| style="text-align:left" | 29 November 2019
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|green}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Green Line (Hyderabad Metro)|Green Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Hyderabad Metro#Green Line: JBS–Falaknuma|10]]
| style="text-align:left" | 7 February 2020
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Noida Metro|aqua}};"|
|{{hs|01}}[[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Aqua Line]]
|[[Noida Metro|Noida]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|29.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[List of Noida Metro stations|21]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[CRRC]]
| style="text-align:left" | 25 January 2019
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Ahmedabad Metro|blue}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Blue Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Blue Line]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Ahmedabad Metro|Ahmedabad]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|21.23|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[East-West Corridor (Ahmedabad Metro)#List of stations|18]]
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:left" | [[Hyundai Rotem]]
| style="text-align:left" | 4 March 2019
| style="text-align:left" | 8 December 2024
|-
| style="width:5px; background: #{{rcr|Ahmedabad Metro|red}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{convert|18.87|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" |[[East-West Corridor (Ahmedabad Metro)#List of stations|15]]
| style="text-align:left" |1 October 2022
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background: #{{rcr|Ahmedabad Metro|yellow}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Yellow Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Yellow Line]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{convert|23.84|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" |[[East-West Corridor (Ahmedabad Metro)#List of stations|21]]
| style="text-align:left" |16 September 2024
| style="text-align:left" |11 January 2026
|-
| style="width:5px; background: #{{rcr|Ahmedabad Metro|violet}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Violet Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Violet Line]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{convert|5.42|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" |[[East-West Corridor (Ahmedabad Metro)#List of stations|3]]
| style="text-align:left" |17 September 2024
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Nagpur Metro|orange}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|Orange Line]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Nagpur Metro|Nagpur]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|19.658|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)#Stations|13]]
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left" | [[CRRC]]
| style="text-align:left" | 8 March 2019
| style="text-align:left" | 21 August 2021
|-
| style="width:5px;background:#{{rcr|Nagpur Metro|aqua}}"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)|Aqua Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|18.557|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)#List of stations|11]]
| style="text-align:left" | 28 January 2020
| style="text-align:left" | 6 April 2021
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Kanpur Metro|orange}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|Orange Line]]
| [[Kanpur Metro|Kanpur]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|9]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Alstom]]
| style="text-align:left" | 28 December 2021
| style="text-align:left" | 31 May 2025
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Pune Metro|purple}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Pune Metro|Pune]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|16.59|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)#List of stations|5]]
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left" | [[Titagarh Firema]]
| style="text-align:left" | 6 March 2022
| style="text-align:left" | 29 September 2024
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Pune Metro|aqua}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|14.66|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)#List of stations|5]]
| style="text-align:left" | 6 March 2022
| style="text-align:left" | 21 August 2024
|-
| colspan=2|{{hs|01}}[[Line 1 (Navi Mumbai Metro)|Line 1]]
| [[Navi Mumbai Metro|Navi Mumbai]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{convert|11.10|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Navi Mumbai Metro|11]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive]]
| style="text-align:left" | 17 November 2023
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Agra Metro|Yellow}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Yellow Line (Agra Metro)|Yellow Line]]
| [[Agra Metro|Agra]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{Convert|5.2|km|mi|abbr=in}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Agra Metro|6]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Alstom Movia]]
| style="text-align:left" | 6 March 2024
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Indore Metro|Yellow}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Yellow Line (Indore Metro)|Yellow Line]]
| [[Indore Metro|Indore]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{Convert|6|km|mi|abbr=in}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Indore Metro|5]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Alstom Movia]]
| style="text-align:left" | 31 May 2025
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Patna Metro|Blue}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Blue Line (Patna Metro)|Blue Line]]
| [[Patna Metro|Patna]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{Convert|3.45|km|mi|abbr=in}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Patna Metro|3]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Titagarh Firema]]
| style="text-align:left" | 6 October 2025
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#{{rcr|Bhopal Metro|Orange}};"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Bhoj Metro|Orange Line]]
| [[Bhopal Metro|Bhopal]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{Convert|6.22|km|mi|abbr=in}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Bhopal Metro|8]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Alstom Movia]]
| style="text-align:left" | 21 December 2025
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:# ;"|
| {{hs|01}}[[Meerut Metro#Stations|Blue Line]]
| [[Meerut Metro|Meerut]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{Convert|23.6|km|mi|abbr=in}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Meerut Metro|12]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Alstom]]
| style="text-align:left" | 22 February 2026
| {{n/a}}
|}

''Note : Only operational lines are listed.''

== Suburban rail{{anchor|Suburban Rail}} ==
[[File:AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg|thumb|[[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]]]

[[Suburban rail]] plays a major role in the [[public transport]] system of many major Indian cities. These services are operated by [[Indian Railways]]. Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a [[conurbation]] or other locations that draw large numbers of people daily. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals". The suburban rail systems in Hyderabad, Pune, Lucknow–Kanpur and Bengaluru do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share tracks with long-distance trains. The suburban rail system of [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]] have both dedicated tracks and tracks shared with long-distance trains.

The first suburban rail system in India is [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] which started operations in 1853. The [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] has the largest network in the entire country. The [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] started its operations in 1931.

[[Suburban train]]s that handle commuter traffic are all [[electric multiple unit]]s (EMUs). They usually have nine or 12 coaches, though can sometimes include 15 to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on [[25 kV AC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html#volt|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Electric Traction — I|website=[IRFCA] The Indian Railways Fan Club|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> Ridership on India's suburban railways has risen from 1.2 million in 1970–71 to 4.4 million in 2012–13. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai occupy no more than 7.1% of the Indian Railways network, but account for 53.2% of all railway passengers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/09/07/why-indias-metro-and-suburban-railways-should-merge|title=Why India's Metro and suburban railways should merge|last=Chaturvedi|first=Sumit|date=7 September 2015|website=Newslaundry|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> In some cities of India, the opening of [[Rapid transit in India|rapid transit systems]] has led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.<ref>{{cite news |last= Varma|first= Vishnu|date= 11 March 2016|title= Ring Railway left behind as Delhi swells beyond boundaries|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ring-railway-in-an-ever-expanding-delhi-a-ghost-railway-service-lingers/ |work= The Indian Express|location= New Delhi|access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title= scr clueless about poor patronage to mmts-suburban train services in hyderabad|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/scr-clueless-about-poor-patronage-to-MMTS-suburban-train-services-in-hyderabad/article67800574.ece}}</ref>

{{static row numbers}}
{{Updated|2 May 2026}}
{| Class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="font-size:small"
|-
! System
! Locale
! Lines
! Stations
! Length
! Opened
! Annual Ridership (in Billions)
|-
| [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] {{rint|chennai|s}}
| [[Chennai metropolitan area]]
| 8
| 300+
|{{convert|1200|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1931<ref name="Hindu_83YearsOfService">{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Nitya|title=83 years of electric suburban rail|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|date=18 April 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/83-years-of-electric-suburban-rail/article5923173.ece| access-date=18 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418091548/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/83-years-of-electric-suburban-rail/article5923173.ece|archive-date=18 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1.01
|-
| [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]] [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Chennai MRTS|20x20px|up]]
| [[Chennai]]
| 1
| 21
|{{convert|24.2|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1 November 1995<ref name="MRTScmda">{{cite web|title=Development of MRTS in Chennai|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|work=CMDA|access-date=6 September 2021|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090557/https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 0.1
|-
| [[Delhi Suburban Railway]] {{rint|delhi|s}}
| [[National Capital Region]]
|1
|[[List of railway stations in Delhi|46]]
|{{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1 October 1975<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/decongesting-delhi-mega-plan-to-link-capital-s-ring-rail-metro-network/story-Lf0h4yaFYj1jOUQtERYDgI.html|title=Delhi's mega plan to link capital ring rail metro network|date=15 February 2018 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| –
|-
| [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System]] [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Hyderabad MMTS|20x20px|up]]
| [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]]
| 5
| 44
|{{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 9 August 2003<ref name="AdvaniHydMMTS">{{cite news |author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Advani-flags-off-Hyderabad-MMTS/articleshow/122771.cms|title=Advani flags off Hyderabad MMTS |work=The Times of India|date=9 August 2003 |language=en|access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref>
| 0.01825
(Daily max 50K as of 2024)
|-
| [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] {{rint|kolkata|s}}
| [[Kolkata metropolitan region]]
| 24
| [[List of Kolkata Suburban Railway stations|458]]
|{{convert|1501|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 15 August 1854<ref name="KOLSubPDF">{{cite web|last=Railway|first=Eastern|date=31 March 2020|title=ERSY 2020 FINAL|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1595316371921-ERSY%202020%20FINAL-rotated.pdf}}</ref>
| 1.825
|-
| [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] {{rint|mumbai|s}}
|[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]
| 5
| [[List of Mumbai Suburban Railway stations|150]]
|{{convert|450.90|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 16 April 1853<ref name="CTmumSubHis" />
| 3.0
|-
| [[Pune Suburban Railway]] [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Pune Suburban Railway|20x20px|up]]
|[[Pune Metropolitan Region]]
| 1
| 17
|{{convert|63|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 11 March 1978<ref>{{cite web|last=Umbrajkar|first=Manish|title=Pune-Lonavla EMU train service completes 35 years|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-Lonavla-EMU-train-service-completes-35-years/articleshow/18919932.cms|date=12 March 2013|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref>
| 0.022
|-
|[[Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway]] [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Pune Suburban Railway|20x20px|up]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|1
|16
|72 km (45 mi)
|23 April 1867
|
|-
|[[Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway]] [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Pune Suburban Railway|20x20px|up]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|1
|13
|65 km (40 mi)
|
|
|-
|[[Pernem–Karwar Suburban Railway]] [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Pune Suburban Railway|20x20px|up]]
|[[Goa]] / [[Karnataka]]
|1
|12
|117.2 km (73 mi)
|
|
|-
!Total
!10
!51
!1058
!{{convert|3,574.04|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
!
!5.5
|}

===Systems in development===
{{Updated|24 April 2024}}
{{legend inline|#BCFFC5|Under construction}}

{|class = "wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
|-
! System
! Locale
! Lines
! Stations
! Length
! Planned Opening
|-
| style="background:#BCFFC5;" |[[Bengaluru Commuter Rail|Bengaluru Suburban Railway]] [[File:Kride logo.png|23x23px]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 4
| 69
| {{convert|160.0|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|2026<ref>{{cite web|title=Union Railway Minister reviews the progress of Bengaluru Suburban Rail Project|url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/union-railway-minister-reviews-the-progress-of-bangaluru-suburban-rail-project|access-date=15 January 2021|website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=12 January 2021|title=Bangalore Suburban Railway to be safe, eco-friendly & comfortable! Project to be completed by 2026; details|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/bangalore-suburban-railway-to-be-safe-eco-friendly-details/2169453/|access-date=13 January 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==Regional rapid transit==
[[RapidX|Regional Rapid Transit]] systems in India are higher-speed [[public transport|passenger]] [[rail transport|rail]] services that operate beyond the limits of [[urban area]]s, and either connect similarly sized cities, or metropolitan cities and surrounding towns/cities, outside at the outer rim of a suburban belt.

The following list excludes [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|passenger train]] services provided by [[Indian Railways]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
|-
! System
! Metro Area
! Stations
! Operational Length
! Planned Stations
! Planned Length
! Operator(s)
! Opened
! Latest extension
|-
| [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut RRTS]] {{ric|RapidX}}
| [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]
| 15
|{{convert|82.15|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|16
|{{convert|82.15|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
|20 October 2023 (priority corridor)<ref name="os">{{cite news |last=Anabd |first=Jatin |date=20 October 2023 |title=PM Modi flags off RRTS: What is this mass transport system, how it can benefit NCR |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/pm-modi-to-flag-off-rrts-what-is-this-mass-transport-system-how-it-can-benefit-ncr-8991437/ |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="LM">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS construction work on schedule, likely to be done June 2025 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhimeerut-rrts-construction-work-on-schedule-likely-to-be-done-june-2025-11649091109261.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=livemint.com |language=en}}</ref>
|22 February 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=PM inaugurates India's fastest metro in Meerut, entire Namo Bharat corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-namo-bharat-delhi-meerut-rrts-meerut-metro-yogi-adityanath-inauguration-2872326-2026-02-22|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS now fully operational: Will improved connectivity drive real estate demand along the corridor? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/delhimeerut-rrts-now-fully-operational-will-improved-connectivity-drive-real-estate-demand-along-the-corridor-101771743611396.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Systems in development===
{{Updated|26 February 2026}}
{{legend inline|#BCFFC5|Under construction}} 
{{Legend inline|#B0E0E6|Planned}}

{|class = "wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
|-
! System
! Metro Area
! Stations
! Length
! Planned Opening
|-
| style="background:#BCFFC5;" |[[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Alwar RRTS]] {{ric|RapidX}}
| [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]
|22
|{{convert|199|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2031<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-01 |title=NCRTC begins process to appoint general consultant for Delh-SNB RRTS |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/ncrtcbegins-process-to-appoint-general-consultant-for-delh-snb-rrts-101761937146800.html |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" |[[Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Panipat RRTS]] {{ric|RapidX}}
| [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]
|15
|{{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2030<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=Haryana CM reviews progress on three RRTS corridors |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/haryana-cm-reviews-progress-on-three-rrts-corridors-101746587248343.html |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Monorail==
[[File:Mumbai Monorail train.jpg|thumb|210x210px|The [[Mumbai Monorail]] is the only operational Monorail system in India.]]
The [[Mumbai Monorail]], which opened on 2 February 2014, is the first and only operational [[monorail]] system used for urban transit in India.<ref name="times">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-monorail-to-run-in-two-years/articleshow/2413046.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811120003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-29/mumbai/27981519_1_mumbai-monorail-jacob-circle-mmrda-joint-commissioner|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Mumbai monorail to run in two years|date=29 September 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> Many other Indian cities had planned monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, but with issues like fewer options of rake manufacturers, lower capacity but high cost to construct, difficulty in evacuation during an emergency led to them considering a light rail instead.<ref name="The Wire"/><ref name="The Times of India"/>

{|Class="wikitable" style="font-size:small"
|-
! System
! Locale
! Lines
! Stations
! Length
! Opened
! Annual Ridership (in millions)
|-
| [[Mumbai Monorail]] {{rint|Mumbai|mr}}
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1
| 17
|{{convert|19.53|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2 February 2014<ref name="auto"/>
| 1.2
|}

===Systems in development ===
{{Legend inline|#B0E0E6|Planned}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
|-
! System
! Locale
! Lines
! Stations
! Length
! Planned opening
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6" |Ahmedabad-Dholera SIR Monorail
|{{Hlist|[[Dholera]]|[[Ahmedabad]]|}}
|1
|7
|{{convert|40.3|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref>{{cite news|date=21 January 2021|title=Ahmedabad Dholera Mono Rail project approved for connectivity at Dholera Airport: PM Modi|publisher=Dholera Prime|url=https://www.dholeraprime.com/ahmedabad-dholera-mono-rail-project-approved-for-connectivity-at-dholera-airport-pm-modi/|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512122504/https://www.dholeraprime.com/ahmedabad-dholera-mono-rail-project-approved-for-connectivity-at-dholera-airport-pm-modi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| TBD{{efn|Approved in January 2021. Set to open three or four years after commencement of construction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ahmedabad-Dholera SIR monorail gets green signal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-dholera-sir-monorail-gets-green-signal/articleshow/80126746.cms|access-date=10 January 2021|website=The Times of India|date=6 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>}}
|}

===Abandoned systems===
{{Legend inline|#FFC7C7|Defunct}} 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
|-
! System
! Locale
! Length
! Notes
|-
| style="background:#FFC7C7;"|[[Skybus Metro]]
| [[Madgaon]]
| {{convert|1.60|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| Defunct and Scrapped after the operation. Deemed unsafe by [[Konkan Railway|KRC]].<ref name="GoaSkybus">{{cite news|title = Its final! Konkan Railway Corporation to scrap skybus project - The Times of India|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Its-final-Konkan-Railway-Corporation-to-scrap-skybus-project/articleshow/23940892.cms|website = The Times of India| date=11 October 2013 |access-date = 30 May 2015}}</ref>
|}

== Light rail ==
{{Main|Metrolite}}

{{For|Metro Neo|List of bus rapid transit systems in India#Trolleybus}}
[[Light rail]] transit (LRT) or popularly known as [[Metrolite]] in India, is a form of urban rail transit characterized by a combination of [[rapid transit]] and [[tram]] systems. It usually operates at a higher capacity than trams, and often on an exclusive [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]] similar to rapid transit. Several tier-2 cities in India have proposed light rail systems.

{{legend inline|#BCFFC5|Under construction}} 
{{Legend inline|#B0E0E6|Planned}}

{|Class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
|-
! System
! Locale
! Lines
! Stations
! Length
! Type
! Planned opening
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6" |[[Jammu Metro]]
| [[Jammu]]
| 2
| 40
|{{convert|43.50|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| [[25 kV AC railway electrification]]
| TBD<ref name="Jammu_Srinagar_LRT">{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/city/srinagar-metro-project-stuck-in-administrative-limbo/|title=Srinagar metro project stuck in administrative limbo|date=19 March 2025|publisher=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6" |[[Srinagar Metro]]
| [[Srinagar]]
| 2
| 24
|{{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| [[25 kV AC railway electrification]]
| TBD<ref name="Jammu_Srinagar_LRT"/>
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6" |[[Chennai Light Rail]] {{ric|Chennai Metro}}
| [[Chennai]]
| 1
| TBD
|{{convert|15.50|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| [[25 kV AC railway electrification]]
| TBD<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Sep/23/cm-launches-rs-25-lakh-crore-chennai-mobility-plan-single-ticketing-app|title=CM launches Rs 2.5 lakh crore Chennai mobility plan, single ticketing app|date=23 September 2025|publisher=New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6" |[[Gorakhpur Metro]] [[File:UPMRC.svg|border|22x22px]]
| [[Gorakhpur]]
| 2
| 27
|{{convert|27.41|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| [[25 kV AC railway electrification]]
| TBD<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-up-cabinet-decision-gorakhpur-metro-rail-dpr-gets-green-signal-from-uttar-pradesh-cabinet-4672-crores-will-be-spent-20858589.html|date=10 March 2020|title=Gorakhpur metro rail gets green signal from up cabinet,4672 crores will be spent|publisher=Dainik jagran|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-gorakhpur-metro-on-fast-track-gets-pib-nod-to-be-ready-by-2024/articleshow/88040780.cms|title=UP: Gorakhpur Metro on fast track, gets PIB nod, to be ready by 2024|date=2 December 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== Tram ==
{{Main|Trams in India}}

[[File:Kolkata transport.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Kolkata Tram]]
The [[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata Tram]] built in 1873, is the oldest and the only operational Tram in India. Seen as a [[Heritage streetcar|heritage ride]] despite being a plausible urban transit that is also in profit. In addition to trains, [[tram]]s were introduced in many cities in the late 19th century, though almost all of these systems were defunct eventually. Due to construction of [[Kolkata Metro]]'s [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] from [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] to [[Howrah]], just {{convert|14|km|mi}} of Tramline is operational in Kolkata.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! System
! City
! Lines
! Length
! Opened
|-
| [[Kolkata tram|Kolkata Tram]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2
|{{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1873<ref name="calcuttatramways.com">{{cite web|title=History – CTC|url=http://calcuttatramways.com/history/|access-date=7 June 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

===Abandoned systems===
[[File:Madras-Tramway-Network.jpg|thumb|The now-defunct Tram network in [[Chennai]] operated by The [[Madras Tramways|Madras Electric Tramway Company]] from 1892 to 1953.]]
{{Legend inline|#FFC7C7|Defunct}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
|-
! System
! City
! Length
! Opened
! Discontinued
|-
|{{no|[[Bhavnagar tram|Bhavnagar Tram]]}}
| [[Bhavnagar]]
|
| 1926
| 1960s
|-
|{{no|[[Chennai tram|Chennai Tram]]}}
| [[Chennai]]
|
| 1892
| 1953
|-
| {{no|[[Delhi tram|Delhi Tram]]}}
| [[Delhi]]
|
| 1908
| 1963
|-
| {{no|[[Kanpur tram|Kanpur Tram]]}}
| [[Kanpur]]
| {{convert|6.04|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1907
| 16 May 1933
|-
| {{no|[[Kochi tram|Kochi Tram]]}}
| [[Kochi]]
|
| 1907
| 1963
|-
|{{no|[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport#History|Mumbai Tram]]}}
| [[Mumbai]]
|
| 1873
| 1964
|-
| {{no|[[Nashik tram|Nashik Tram]]}}
| [[Nashik]]
| {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1889
| 1931
|-
| {{no|[[Patna tram|Patna Tram]]}}
| [[Patna]]
|
|
| 1903
|}

==Funicular Railway==

India's longest funicular railway — a 1.2 km cable-hauled rail line near Kalyan in Thane district, Maharashtra (outskirts of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region) — has been inaugurated after years of planning and construction, replacing a strenuous multi-hour uphill climb with a 7–10 minute ride and significantly improving access up the slope; the system can carry about 120 passengers per trip and is expected to boost convenience, safety and visitor numbers in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2026 |title=Thane Gets Switzerland-Like Cable Cars: India's Longest Funicular Railway Is Now Open |url=https://www.news18.com/cities/mumbai-news/indias-longest-funicular-railway-cable-car-network-is-now-open-near-mumbai-ws-kl-9843782.html |website=News18.com}}</ref>

== Standardisation ==
===Track gauge===
Unlike [[Broad gauge]] which form majority of the railway tracks in the [[Indian subcontinent|sub-continent]], metro rail lines in India are of mainly [[standard gauge]]. Projects like the [[Kolkata Metro]] and [[Delhi Metro]] used broad gauge for their earliest lines, but to procure modern foreign rakes and to adopt international standard, India went ahead with standard gauge for all the following lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/broad-gauge-for-delhi-metro-no-standard-achievement/articleshow/4050364.cms|title=Broad gauge for Delhi metro: No standard achievement|author=Dr. E Sreedharan|publisher=Economic Times|date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

===NCMC===
{{Main|National Common Mobility Card}}

Part of the 'One Nation, One Card' policy of the [[Government of India]], the National Common Mobility Card is an [[Interoperability|inter-operable]] transport card that enables users to pay for multiple kinds of transport charges like metros and buses, as well as do other things like retail shopping and [[Money|money withdrawal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npci.org.in/PDF/npci/knowledge-center/partner-whitepapers/NCMC-Tap-and-Transit-Pan-India-with-RuPay.pdf |title= NCMC - Tap & Transit, Pan India with RuPay |date= 1 September 2023 |website= npci.org.in |publisher= National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-analysis/national-common-mobility-card |title= National Common Mobility Card |date= 5 March 2019 |website= drishtiias.com |publisher= Drishti IAS |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> It is enabled through the [[RuPay]] card mechanism. The [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] have been working on the card since 2006, when it was envisaged as a [[Contactless payment|cashless fare payment]] system in accordance with the National Urban Transport Policy, 2006 (NUTP-2006). Its aim was to provide seamless connectivity to passengers across transit systems, leading to convenience, higher digital payments penetration, savings on closed loop card lifecycle management cost, and reduced operating cost.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/CommitteeReportofNCMC03.pdf |title=Report of the Committee for Standards and Specifications of National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) |date=25 July 2015 |website=mohua.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=14 January 2024 |page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/ncmc_standards_spc04.pdf |title=NCMC-'More' - Submission of Minimum Standards & Specification Document for Card and Devices |last=Singh |first=RK |date=9 May 2012 |website=smartnet.niua.org |publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

==Manufacturing==
There are multiple metro manufacturers in India. Under the [[Union Government]]'s [[Make in India]] program, about 75% of the rolling stock procured for use on Indian metro systems are required to be manufactured in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/made-in-india-trains-to-run-on-mumbai-s-metro-3-route/story-dKviiKJ6d6rMI8wH4KnavO.html|title=Made in India trains to run on Mumbai's Metro-3 route|last=Rawal|first=Swapnil|date=10 May 2017|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Company
! Customer
! Total coaches
|-
|rowspan=5|{{flagicon|India}} [[BEML]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=H S Anand |date=11 June 2016 |title=DMRC Rolling Stock: Standardisation & Indigenisation |url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Standardisation_Indigenisation.pdf |access-date= |website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2019 |title=Delhi Metro's oldest corridors to get eight-coach trains |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metros-oldest-corridors-to-get-8-coach-trains/articleshow/71588072.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|[[Delhi Metro]]
|1,444
|-
|[[Mumbai Metro]]
|576
|-
|[[Namma Metro]]
|300
|-
|[[Kolkata Metro]]
|102
|-
|[[Jaipur Metro]]
|40
|-

!BEML Total
!5
!2,462
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|Germany}} {{flagicon|Canada}}[[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]]<ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/bombardier-bags-australian-deal-to-export-bogies-from-gujarat-facility/article3577468.ece|title=Bombardier bags Australian deal; to export bogies from Gujarat facility|date=27 June 2012|website=[[Business Line]]|access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bombardier.com/en/media/newsList/details.binc-20201201-bombardier-and-alstom-confirm-receipt-of-all-neces.bombardiercom.html?|title=Bombardier and Alstom Confirm Receipt of All Necessary Regulatory Approvals to Complete Bombardier Transportation Sale to Alstom}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bombardier-m-a-alstom-idUSKBN29Y1K6 |title=Alstom completes Bombardier rail purchase for 5.5 billion euros |date=29 January 2021 |work=Reuters|access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>
|[[Delhi Metro]]
|816
|-
|[[Agra Metro]]
|87
|-
|[[Kanpur Metro]]
|114
|-
|[[Meerut Metro]]
|30
|-
!Bombardier Total
!4
!1,047
|-
| rowspan="10" |{{flagicon|France}} [[Alstom]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/alstom-to-make-sri-city-a-global-sourcing-hub/article3669925.ece|title=Alstom to make Sri City a global sourcing hub|last=Kurup|first=N.K.|date=22 July 2012|website=[[Business Line]]|access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref>
|[[Chennai Metro]]
|286
|-
|[[Kochi Metro]]
|75
|-
|[[Lucknow Metro]]
|80
|-
|[[Mumbai Metro]]
|248
|-
|[[Delhi Metro]]
|312
|-
|[[Indore Metro]]
|75
|-
|[[Bhopal Metro]]
|81
|-
|[[Pune Metro]]
|66
|-
|[[Meerut Metro]]
|4
|-
|[[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi Meerut RRTS]]
|80
|-
!Alstom Total
!8
!1,223
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Hyundai Rotem]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2016/04/19/1st-hyundai-rotem-train-arrives-at-delhi-metros-kalindi-kunj-depot/ |title=1st Hyundai Rotem Train Arrives at Delhi Metro's Kalindi Kunj Depot |date=19 April 2016 |website=themetrorailguy.com |publisher=The Metro Rail Guy |access-date=12 January 2024 |quote=Last week on Monday, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) silently welcomed its first new Hyundai Rotem train at the 38.235 km Magenta line's Kalindi Kunj Depot! This train is part of an 81 train-set (486 coach) order which the DMRC had placed in 2013 under contract RS10 for running services on the new Pink & Magenta lines of the Phase 3 project.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/delhi-metro-gets-its-first-train-from-controversial-hyundai-contract-115060500132_1.html |title=Delhi Metro gets its first train from controversial Hyundai contract |last=Pal Singh |first=Sudheer |date=5 June 2015 |website=business-standard.com |publisher=Business Standard |access-date=12 January 2024 |quote=DMRC would have to use the Hyundai-supplied 81 train sets (486 coaches) as it was advised by the government and Attorney General Mukul Rohatgi against cancellation of the contract.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2017/11/08/hyundai-rotem-wins-ahmedabad-metros-96-coach-contract/ |title=Hyundai Rotem Wins Ahmedabad Metro's 96 Coach Contract |date=8 November 2017 |website=themetrorailguy.com |publisher=The Metro Rail Guy |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2016 |title=Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited could double number of metro coaches |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/bangalore-metro-rail-corporation-limited-could-double-number-of-metro-coaches/articleshow/52119006.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=12 January 2024 |quote=In the first phase of acquisition, BMRCL purchased 50 three-coach trains for a sum of Rs 1,700 crore. While the first five were built by Hyundai Rotem, Korea, the rest were manufactured in India by BRMM -a consortium of BEML, Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Electric and Mitsubishi Corporation.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Amirapu |first=Deepika |date=11 September 2012 |title=L&T awards Hyderabad Metro Rail rolling stock contract to Hyundai Rotem |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/lt-awards-hyderabad-metro-rail-rolling-stock-contract-to-hyundai-rotem/articleshow/16353859.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=12 January 2024 |quote=For the Hyderabad Metro Rail Project, a total of 171 cars (57 trains) have been ordered for a total value of Rs 1,800 crore approximately.}}</ref>
|[[Delhi Metro]]
|486
|-
|[[Ahmedabad Metro]]
|96
|-
|[[Namma Metro]]
|150
|-
|[[Hyderabad Metro]]
|171
|-
!Hyundai Rotem Total
!4
!903
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|[[Kolkata Metro]]
|1072
|-
!ICF Total
!1
!1072
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Titagarh Rail Systems]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Sameer |last2=Srivastava |first2=Ritesh K |title=Indian multinational Titagarh Firema wins bid for supply of 102 Aluminium bodied metro rail coaches |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/indian-multinational-titagarh-firema-wins-bid-for-supply-of-102-aluminium-bodied-metro-rail-coaches-2227289.html |access-date=15 August 2019 |work=Zee News |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=Titagarh Rail Systems bags Rs 857 cr order for Surat Metro Rail - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/titagarh-rail-systems-bags-rs-857-cr-order-for-surat-metro-rail/101340047 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Namma Metro]]
|216
|-
|[[Pune Metro]]
|102
|-
|[[Surat Metro]]
|72
|-
!Titagarh Total
!3
!390
|-
|rowspan=7|{{flagicon|China}} [[CRRC]]<ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2023 |title=First train of Namma Metro's Yellow Line rolls out from China |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/first-train-of-namma-metros-yellow-line-rolls-out-from-china/article67554924.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 January 2024 |quote=In 2019, a Chinese company obtained a ₹1,578-crore contract to deliver 216 coaches to BMRCL.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//csr-zhuzhou-to-supply-gurgaon-trains.html |title=CSR Zhuzhou to supply Gurgaon trains |journal=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809091258/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/csr-zhuzhou-to-supply-gurgaon-trains.html |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2982&id=0,4,268 |title=Evolution of Kolkata Metro Rakes |date=28 March 2023 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Metro Railway Kolkata |access-date=13 January 2024 |quote=Keeping pace with technological advancement and with the aim of providing more comfort to commuters, one China-made CRRC Dalian rake (MR-500 series) has been inducted in the Metro fleet on 17.03.2023. 13 such rakes will be procured for the Metro fleet in the near future.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/china-railway-rolling-stock-corp-bags-rs-851-cr-nagpur-metro-contract-116101500600_1.html |title=China Railway Rolling Stock Corp bags Rs 851 cr Nagpur Metro contract |last=Jog |first=Sanjay |date=15 October 2016 |website=business-standard.com |publisher=Business Standard |access-date=13 January 2024 |quote=China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation (CRRC) has bagged the contract for the supply of 69 coaches to the Nagpur Metro, by beating BEML and Titagarh Wagon with the lowest bid of Rs 851 crore.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crrcgc.cc/en/g7389/s13996/t289370.aspx |title=CRRC metro train delivered in a satellite town of Indian capital |date=5 December 2017 |website=crrcgc.cc |publisher=CRRC |access-date=13 January 2024 |quote=The purchase order covers 19 complete vehicles (76 cars in all), the train is made of stainless steel, and comprises 2 motor train units, 2 trailers, and applies 4 marshalling units, and has a total passenger capacity of 1,034 persons. This is the second major purchase order of CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Co., Ltd. in India market after Mumbai Metro Line 1. |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112183940/https://www.crrcgc.cc/en/g7389/s13996/t289370.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/navi-mumbai-opens-first-metro-line-eight-years-late/ |title=Navi Mumbai opens first metro line eight years late |last=Newton |first=Jonathan |date=28 November 2023 |website=railjournal.com |publisher=International Rail Journal |access-date=13 January 2024 |quote=While only eight three-car CRRC trains are currently being operate, Navi Mumbai's new metro has already become a great success, carrying over 100,000 passengers during its first 10 days in operation.}}</ref>
|[[Namma Metro]]
|216
|-
|[[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]]
|36
|-
|[[Kolkata Metro]]
|112
|-
|[[Mumbai Metro]]
|48
|-
|[[Nagpur Metro]]
|69
|-
|[[Noida Metro]]
|76
|-
|[[Navi Mumbai Metro]]
|24
|-
!CRRC Total
!7
!581
|-
!7
!20
!7678
|}

== Summary ==
<onlyinclude>

===Northern Region===
====Delhi NCR====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox|[[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|60px]] [[Delhi Metro]]|[[Delhi]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|24 December 2002}}|9|255|{{convert|348.12|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |1.79 billion (2019)
|
{{RouteBox|1|Red Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}}}}
{{RouteBox|2|Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|yellow}}|black}} {{RouteBox|3|Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Blue}}}}
{{RouteBox|4|Blue Line (Delhi Metro)#Line 4 (Branch Line)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Blue}}}}
{{RouteBox|5|Green Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Green}}}} {{RouteBox|6|Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Violet}}}}
{{RouteBox|7|Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}}}
{{RouteBox|8|Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Magenta}}}}
{{RouteBox|9|Grey Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Grey}}}}
{{RouteBox|Airport Express|Delhi Airport Metro Express|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Airport}}}}
|
{{small|'''Phase 4'''}} 
{{RouteBox|7|Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}}} {{small|Western extension (Maujpur)}} 
{{RouteBox|8|Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Magenta}}}} {{small|Western extension (RK Ashram)}} 
{{small|'''New Lines'''}} 
{{RouteBox|10|Golden Line (Delhi Metro)|#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Golden}}|white}}
|Rapid Transit Map of Delhi.jpg|{{URL|www.delhimetrorail.com|DMRCL}}}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|60px]] [[Delhi Suburban Railway]]|[[Delhi]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|1975}}|1|21|{{convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |44,400 (2019)
|
{{RouteBox|Ring Line|Delhi Ring Railway|#808080}}
|
|Delhi suburban rail network.svg|{{URL|https://indiarailinfo.com/trains/delhiemu|Delhi EMU}}}}

{{Rtbox| [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|Delhi Regional Rapid Transit]]|[[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|2023}}|0 (1 UC)|51|{{convert|349|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |NA
|
|
{{RouteBox|Delhi–Meerut|Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|#808080}}
|Delhi metro rail network + RRTS.svg|{{URL|https://ncrtc.in/|NCRTC}}}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Noida Metro Logo.png|60px]] [[Noida Metro]]|[[Noida]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|29 December 2019}}|1|21|{{convert|29.7|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |0.58 million(2022)
|
{{RouteBox|Aqua Line|Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|#{{rail color|Noida Metro|Aqua}}|black}}
|
|Noida Metro Map.svg|{{URL|https://www.nmrcnoida.com/|NMRC}}}}

{{Rtbox| [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]]|[[Gurgaon]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|14 November 2013}}|1|11|{{convert|12.85|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |0.19 million(2018)
|
{{RouteBox|1|Rapid Metro Gurgaon#Line 1|#{{rcr|Rapid Metro Gurgaon|line 1}}}}
|
|Rapid Transit Map of Gurgaon.jpg|{{URL|https://www.kolmetro.com/2021/08/09/rapidmetrogurgaon/|Kol Metro}}}}
|}

====Rajasthan====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox|[[File:Jaipur metro logo.png|60px]] [[Jaipur Metro]]|[[Jaipur]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|3 June 2015}}|1|21|{{convert|11.97|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |7.5 million
|
{{RouteBox|1|Pink Line (Jaipur Metro)|#{{rail color|Jaipur Metro|Pink}}|black}}
|
|Map of Jaipur Metro created using Inkscape.png|{{URL|https://www.jaipurmetrorail.info//|JMRC}}
}}
|}

===Central Region===
====Madhya Pradesh====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox|[[File:Madhya Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation Limited.png|60px]] [[Bhoj Metro]] (Bhopal)|[[Bhopal]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|2024}}|0 (1 UC)|8|{{convert|6.22|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}|
|
|
{{RouteBox|1|Orange Line (Bhoj Metro)|#{{rcr|Bhoj Metro|orange}}}}
||{{URL|https://www.mpmetrorail.com/index.php|MPMRCL}}
}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Madhya Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation Limited.png|60px]] [[Indore Metro]]|[[Indore]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|2024}}|0 (1 UC)|16|{{convert|16.21|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}|
|
|
{{RouteBox|1|Yellow Line (Indore Metro)|#{{rail color|Indore Metro|yellow}}|black}}
|Indore Metro.png|{{URL|https://www.mpmetrorail.com/index.php|MPMRCL}}
}}
|}

====Uttar Pradesh====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox|[[File:UPMRC.svg|60px]] [[Lucknow Metro]]|[[Lucknow]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|5 September 2017}}|1|21|{{convert|22.878|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |22 million
|
{{RouteBox|1|Red Line (Lucknow Metro)|#{{rail color|Lucknow Metro|Red}}}}
|
|Lucknow Metro Route Map (Tentative).svg|{{URL|https://www.lmrcl.com/|UPMRC}}
}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|60px]] [[Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway]]|[[Uttar Pradesh]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|1867}}|1|16|
{{convert|37|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |
|
{{RouteBox|Lucknow–Kanpur|Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway#Lucknow to Kanpur|#808080}}
{{RouteBox|Kanpur–Lucknow|Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway#Kanpur to Lucknow |#808080}}
|
||}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|60px]] [[Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway]]|[[Uttar Pradesh]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|30 June 2013}}|1|10|
{{convert|72|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |
|
{{RouteBox|Barabanki–Lucknow|Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway#Barabanki to Lucknow|#808080}}
{{RouteBox|Lucknow–Barabanki|Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway#Lucknow to Barabanki|#808080}}
|
||}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:UPMRC.svg|60px]] [[Kanpur Metro]]|[[Kanpur]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|28 December 2021}}|1|9|{{convert|8.98|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} | -
|
{{RouteBox|1|Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|#{{rail color|Kanpur Metro|Orange}}}}
|{{small|'''Expansion'''}} 
{{RouteBox|1|Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|#{{rail color|Kanpur Metro|Orange}}}} {{small|Eastern extension (Naubasta)}}
|Kanpur Metro.png|{{URL|https://www.lmrcl.com/|UPMRC}}
}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:UPMRC.svg|60px]] [[Agra Metro]]|[[Agra]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|2024}}|1|27|{{convert|29.65|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} | -
|
{{RouteBox|1|Yellow Line (Agra Metro)|#{{rail color|Agra Metro|yellow}}|black}}
|
|AgraMetraRouteMap.jpg|{{URL|https://www.lmrcl.com/|UPMRC}}
}}
|}

===Western Region===
====Gujarat====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox| [[Ahmedabad Metro]]|[[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[GIFT City]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|4 March 2019}}|4|47|{{convert|58.87|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}|4 million (2024)
|
{{RouteBox|1|Blue Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|#{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|blue}}}}
{{RouteBox|2|Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|#{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|red}}}}
{{RouteBox|3|Yellow Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|#{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|yellow}}}}
{{RouteBox|4|Violet Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|#{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|violet}}}}
|
{{small|'''Expansion'''}} 
{{RouteBox|3|Yellow Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|#{{rcr|Ahmedabad Metro|yellow}}}}
{{RouteBox|4|Violet Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|#{{rcr|Ahmedabad Metro|violet}}}}
|Ahmedabad Metro.png|{{URL|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/|GMRC}}
}}

{{Rtbox| [[Surat Metro]]|[[Surat]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|2027}}|0 (2 UC)|38|{{convert|40.35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}|
|
|
{{RouteBox|1|Red Line (Surat Metro)|#{{rcr|Surat Metro|red}}}}
{{RouteBox|2|Green Line (Surat Metro)|#{{rcr|Surat Metro|green}}}}
||{{URL|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/|GMRC}}
}}
|}

====Maharashtra====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox|[[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg|60px]] [[File:Mmmocl-logo.svg|120px]] [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 3.png|60px]] [[Mumbai Metro]]|[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|8 June 2014}}|4|68|{{convert|90.95|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |0.54 million (2019)
|
{{RouteBox|1|Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|1}}}}
{{RouteBox|2|Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|2}}|black}}
{{RouteBox|3|Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|3}}}}
{{RouteBox|7|Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|7}}}}
{{RouteBox|9|Line 9 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|9}}}}
|
{{small|'''Expansion'''}} 
{{RouteBox|2|Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|2}}|black}} {{small|Southern extension (Mankhurd)}} 
{{RouteBox|3|Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|3}}}} {{small|Southern extension (Cuffe Parade)}} 
{{RouteBox|7|Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|7}}}} {{small|Southern extension (CSMIA)}} 
{{small|'''New Lines'''}} 
{{RouteBox|4|Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|4}}}}
{{RouteBox|5|Line 5 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|5}}}}
{{RouteBox|6|Line 6 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|6}}}}
{{RouteBox|12|Line 12 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|12}}}}
|Mumbai Metropolitan Railway Schematic Map (simplified).svg|{{URL|https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/mumbai-metro-rail-project|MMRDA}}
}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|60px]] [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]|[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|16 April 1853}}|7|150|{{convert|427.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |2.92 billion (2019)
|
{{RouteBox|Central|Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|#{{rcr|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Central}}}}
{{RouteBox|Harbour|Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|#{{rcr|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour}}}}
{{RouteBox|Port|Port line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|#{{rcr|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Port}}|black}}
{{RouteBox|Trans-Harbour|Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|#{{rcr|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Trans-Harbour}}|black}}
{{RouteBox|Vasai Rd.–Roha|Vasai Road–Roha line|#{{rcr|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Vasai Road–Roha}}}}
{{RouteBox|Western|Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|#{{rcr|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Western}}}}
|
|Mumbai Metropolitan Railway Schematic Map (simplified).svg|{{URL|http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/|Central Railway}} {{URL|http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/|Western Railway}}
}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Mumbai MonoRail Logo.svg|60px]] [[Mumbai Monorail]]|[[Mumbai]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|2 February 2014}}|1|27|{{convert|19.54|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |
|
{{RouteBox|1|Line 1 (Mumbai Monorail)|#808080}}
|
||{{URL|https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/mumbai-monorail-project|MMRDA}}
}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Navi mumbai metro logo-removebg-preview.png|60px]] [[Navi Mumbai Metro]]|[[Navi Mumbai Metro]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|17 November 2023}}|1|11|
{{convert|11.10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |
|
{{RouteBox|1|Line 1 (Navi Mumbai Metro)|#808080}}
|
|Navi Mumbai Metro Map.png|{{URL|https://www.cidco.org/|CIDCO}}
}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Puneri Metro Logo.png|120px]] [[File:Pune_Metro_logo.png|60px]] [[Pune Metro]]|[[Pune Metropolitan Region]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|6 March 2022}}|1|27|
{{convert|19.54|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |
|
{{RouteBox|1|Purple Line (Pune Metro)|#{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}}}
{{RouteBox|2|Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|#{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}|White}}
|
{{small|'''Expansion'''}} 
{{RouteBox|1|Purple Line (Pune Metro)|#{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}}} {{small|Southern extension (Swargate)}} 
{{RouteBox|2|Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|#{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}|White}} {{small|Eastern extension (Ramwadi)}} 
{{small|'''New Line'''}} 
{{RouteBox|3|Line 3 (Pune Metro)|#FF0000}}
|Pune Metro Map 2025.jpg|{{URL|https://www.punemetrorail.org/|PMR}}}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|60px]] [[Pune Suburban Railway]]|[[Pune Metropolitan Region]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|11 March 1978}}|2|37|
{{convert|63|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |
|
{{RouteBox|Pune–Lonavala|Pune Suburban Railway#Pune–Lonavala service|#808080}}
{{RouteBox|Pune–Baramati|Pune Suburban Railway#Pune–Daund–Baramati DEMU|#808080}}
|
||}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Nagpur Metro Logo.png|60px]] [[Nagpur Metro]]|[[Nagpur]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|8 March 2019}}|2|36|
{{convert|40|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |0.73 (million)
|
{{RouteBox|1|Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|#{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}}}
{{RouteBox|2|Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)|#{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}|black}}
|
|Nagpur Metro rail map.png|{{URL|https://www.metrorailnagpur.com/|metrorailnagpur}}
}}
|}

===Eastern Region===

====Bihar====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox| [[File:Patna Metro.svg|60px]] [[Patna Metro]]|[[Patna]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|7 October 2025}}|1 (2 UC)|26|{{convert|33.91|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |
|
{{RouteBox|2|Blue Line (Patna Metro)|#{{rail color|Patna Metro|Blue}}}}
|
{{RouteBox|1|Red Line (Patna Metro)|#{{rail color|Patna Metro|Red}}}} 
{{small|'''Expansion'''}} 
{{RouteBox|2|Blue Line (Patna Metro)|#{{rail color|Patna Metro|Blue}}}}
|Patna metro map.png|
}}
|}

====West Bengal====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox|[[File:Kolkata Metro Logo.svg|60px]] [[File:Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Logo.svg|60px]] [[Kolkata Metro]]|[[Kolkata metropolitan area]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|24 October 1984}}|4|58|{{convert|73.42|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |1.952 billion
|
{{RouteBox|1|Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Blue}}}}
{{RouteBox|2|Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Green}}}}
{{RouteBox|3|Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Purple}}}}
{{RouteBox|6|Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Orange}}}}
{{RouteBox|4|Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Yellow}}}}
|
{{small|'''Expansion'''}} 
{{RouteBox|3|Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Purple}}}} {{small|Northern extension (Esplanade)}} 
{{RouteBox|6|Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Orange}}}} {{small|Northern extension (Jai Hind (Kolkata airport))}} 
{{RouteBox|4|Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Yellow}}}} {{small|North Eastern extension (Micheal Nagar)}}

|Kolkata Metro Network.png|{{URL|http://www.kmrc.in/|KMRC}}
}}
{{Rtbox|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|60px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]|[[Kolkata metropolitan area]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|15 August 1854}}|5|458|
{{convert|1501|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |2.1 billion (2019)
|
{{RouteBox|Chord link|Calcutta Chord link line|#{{rcr|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Chord link}}}}
{{RouteBox|Circular|Kolkata Circular Railway|#{{rcr|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Circular}}}}
{{RouteBox|Eastern|Eastern line (Kolkata Suburban Railway)|#{{rcr|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Eastern}}}}
{{RouteBox|South Eastern|South Eastern line (Kolkata Suburban Railway)|#{{rcr|Kolkata Suburban Railway|South Eastern}}}}
{{RouteBox|Sealdah South|Sealdah South section|#{{rcr|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Sealdah South}}}}
|
|Kolkata Suburban Railway.png|{{URL|https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/|South Eastern Railway}} {{URL|https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/|Eastern Railway}}
}}

{{Rtbox|{{rint|heritage|tram|size=60}} [[Trams in Kolkata]]|[[Kolkata]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|24 February 1873}}|2|N/A|
{{convert|14|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |15 thousand
|
{{RouteBox|Gariahat–Esplanade|Trams in Kolkata#Active|#808080}} {{RouteBox|Shyambazar–Esplanade|Trams in Kolkata#Active|#808080}} 15 Routes non-operational due to ongoing {{RouteBox|Green|Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Green}}}} construction
|
|
|
|
|Kolkata transport map.svg|{{URL|http://calcuttatramways.com/|Calcutta Tramways}}
}}
|}

===Southern Region===
====Karnataka====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox| [[File:Namma Metro Logo.png|60px]] [[Namma Metro]] (Bengaluru)|[[Bengaluru]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|20 October 2011}}|3|85|{{convert|96.10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |232.8 million (2023)
|
{{RouteBox|1|Purple Line (Namma Metro)|#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Purple}}}}
{{RouteBox|2|Green Line (Namma Metro)|#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Green}}}}
{{RouteBox|3|Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Yellow}}|black}}
|
{{small|'''New Lines'''}} 
{{RouteBox|4|Pink Line (Namma Metro)|#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Pink}}|white}}
{{RouteBox|5|Blue Line (Namma Metro)|#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Blue}}}}
{{RouteBox|6|Orange Line (Namma Metro)|#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Orange}}|white}}
{{RouteBox|7|Grey Line (Namma Metro)|#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Grey}}}}
{{RouteBox|8|Red Line (Namma Metro)|#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Red}}|white}}

|Phase_2A_with_WFD_line.png|{{URL|https://english.bmrc.co.in/#/|BMRC}}
}}

{{Rtbox|[[File:Kride logo.png|60px]] [[Bengaluru Suburban Railway]]|[[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Bangalore Metropolitan Region]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|2026}}|0 (2 UC)|59|{{convert|160.45|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |NA
|
|
{{small|'''New Lines'''}} 
{{RouteBox|Mallige|Mallige line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Mallige}}|black}} {{RouteBox|Kanaka|Kanaka line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Kanaka}}}}
|Bengaluru Urban Rail Transit Diagram.svg|{{URL|https://kride.in/|K-Ride}}
}}

|}

====Kerala====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox|[[File:Koch Metro Logo.png|64px]] [[Kochi Metro]]|[[Kochi]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|17 June 2017}}|1|24|{{convert|27.4|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |20 million
|
{{RouteBox|1|List of Kochi Metro stations|#{{rail color|Kochi Metro|Aqua}}}}
|
|Kochi Metro Map.png|{{URL|https://www.kochimetro.org|KMRC}}
}}
{{Rtbox|[[File:Kochi Water Metro Logo.png|64px]] [[Kochi Water Metro]]|[[Kochi]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|23 April 2023}}|6|10|{{convert|76|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |34,000
|
{{RouteBox|6|Kochi_Water_Metro#Stations_in_service|#{{rail color|Kochi Metro|Aqua}}}}
|
|Kochi Water Metro Route.png|{{URL|https://watermetro.co.in/|KWM}}
}}
|}

====Tamil Nadu====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%" |Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox|[[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|60px]] [[Chennai Metro]]|[[Chennai]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|29 June 2015}}|2|42|{{convert|54.65|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |0.8 billion
|
{{RouteBox|1|Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}}}
{{RouteBox|2|Green Line (Chennai Metro)|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}}}
|
{{small|'''Expansion'''}} 
{{RouteBox|1|Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}}} {{small|Southern extension (Kilambakkam)}} 
{{small|'''New Lines'''}} 
{{RouteBox|3|Line 3 (Chennai Metro)|#800080}}
{{RouteBox|4|Line 4 (Chennai Metro)|#FF6600}}
{{RouteBox|5|Red Line (Chennai Metro)|#FF0000}}
|Chennai Metro Map.jpg|{{URL|https://chennaimetrorail.org/|CMRL}}
}}
{{Rtbox|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|60px]] [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Chennai MRTS]]|[[Chennai]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|1 November 1995}}|1|18|
{{convert|19.34|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |164.25 million
|
{{RouteBox|Chennai Beach-Velachery|Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System#Infrastructure|#{{rail color|Chennai MRTS|1}}}}
|
{{small|'''Expansion towards North'''}} 
{{RouteBox|Velachery-St.Thomas Mount|Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System#Infrastructure|#{{rail color|Chennai MRTS|1}}}}
|Chennai MRTS Map.svg|{{URL|https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|CMDA}}
}}
{{Rtbox|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|60px]] [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]|[[Chennai]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|1931}}|8|300+|
{{convert|1200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |912.57 million
|
{{RouteBox|North Line|North Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|North}}}}
{{RouteBox|West Line|West Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}}}
{{RouteBox|West-North Line|West North Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}}}
{{RouteBox|West-South Line|West South Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}}}
{{RouteBox|South Line|South Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|South}}}}
{{RouteBox|South-West Line|South West Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|South}}}}
{{RouteBox|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|#{{rail color|Chennai MRTS|1}}}}
{{RouteBox|Circular Line|Chennai_Suburban_Railway#Circular_line|#000000
}}
|
|Chennai suburban rail and bus interconnectivity map.png|{{URL|https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/|SR}}
}}
|}

====Telangana====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:23%"|System
! style="width:31%" colspan=2|Information
! style="width:13%"|Currently operational
! style="width:13%"|Currently under construction
! style="width:18%"|Map
! style="width:2%"|Website
{{Rtbox|[[File:Hyderabad Metro Rail Logo.png|60px]] [[Hyderabad Metro]]|[[Hyderabad]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|29 November 2017}}|3|57|{{convert|67.21|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |178 million
|
{{RouteBox|1|Red Line (Hyderabad Metro)|#{{rail color|Hyderabad Metro|Red}}}}
{{RouteBox|2|Green Line (Hyderabad Metro)|#{{rail color|Hyderabad Metro|Green}}}}
{{RouteBox|3|Blue Line (Hyderabad Metro)|#{{rail color|Hyderabad Metro|Blue}}}}
|
|Hyderabadmetromap.png|{{URL|https://hmrl.co.in/|HMRL}}
}}
{{Rtbox|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|60px]] [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|Hyderabad MMTS]]|[[Hyderabad]]|{{start date and age|df=yes|9 August 2003}}|5|44|{{convert|90|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |0.8 billion
|
{{RouteBox|HF Line|Hyderabad–Falaknuma route|#FF0000}}
{{RouteBox|HL Line|Hyderabad–Lingampalli route|#007500}}
{{RouteBox|FL Line|Falaknuma–Lingampalli route|#0000FF}}
{{RouteBox|SF Line|Secunderabad–Falaknuma route|#964B00}}
{{RouteBox|SB Line|Secunderabad–Bolarum route|#FFA500}}
|
|
}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Railways|Transport}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[Urban rail transit]]
** [[List of metro systems]]
** [[List of monorail systems]]
** [[List of tram and light rail transit systems]]
** [[List of suburban and commuter rail systems]]
* [[List of bus rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[List of railway lines in India]]
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
* [[List of high-speed railway lines in India]]
* [[Dedicated freight corridors in India]]
* [[Aerial lift in India]]
*[[List of metro networks in Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Ministry of Railways]]

{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=Nb}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.india.gov.in/topics/transport/metro Government webpage]
*[https://mohua.gov.in/cms/Urban-Transport-Metro-Rail-Projects.php Ministry of Housing and Urban affairs]

{{Urban rail transit in India}}
{{Asia in topic|Rapid transit in}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Transport in India]]
[[Category:Suburban rail in India| ]]
[[Category:Rapid transit in India| ]]
[[Category:Monorails in India| ]]
[[Category:Light rail in India| ]]
[[Category:Tram transport in India]]

Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru AC Superfast Express

2026-05-07T13:55:05Z

Shivam: done

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Howrah Junction – SMVT Bengaluru ''AC Superfast Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|01|08}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} (HWH)
| stops = 11
| end = [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru railway station|SMVT Bengaluru]] (SMVB)
| distance = {{convert|1954|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 29 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22863 / 22864
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|66|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Howrah - Yesvantpur) Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru AC Superfast Express''' is a Weekly [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru]] in India.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Howrah-Yesvantpur-weekly-AC-express-from-January-8/article13988280.ece], ''thehindu.com'', 8 January 2016</ref>

It operates as train number 22863 from Howrah Junction to Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal and as train number 22864 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] & [[Karnataka]].

==Coaches==

The 22863 / 64 Howrah Junction – Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal AC Superfast Express has 10 AC 3 tier, 3 AC 2 Tier, 1 First Class AC Coach & 2 End on Generator coaches. It carries a [[pantry car]] .

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 17
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||B7||B8||B9||B10||PC||H1||A1||A2||A3||EOG
|}

* EOG consists of Luggage and Generator coach
* B consists of AC 3 Tier coach
* PC consists of Pantry car coach
* A consists of AC 2 Tier coach
* H consists of First Class AC coach

==Service==

The 22863 Howrah Junction–Yesvantpur Junction AC Superfast Express covers the distance of {{convert|1954|km|0|abbr=on}} in 29 hours (67.00 km/h) and in 29 hours 05 mins as 22864 Yesvantpur Junction–Howrah Junction AC Superfast Express (67.00 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 22863 / 64 Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru AC Superfast Express runs from
*'''{{stnlnk|Howrah}}'''
*{{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Balasore}}
*{{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}
*{{stnlnk|Brahmapur}}
*{{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Simhachalam North}}
*{{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
*'''{{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}}'''

==Traction==

As the route is electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar|Tatanagar Loco Shed]] or [[Santragachi railway station|Santragachi Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive powers the train up to its destination.

==Operation==

*22863 Howrah Junction–SMVT Bengaluru AC Superfast Express leaves Howrah Junction every Monday & arriving SMVT Bengaluru on next day.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=6930&did=1452168837634EFD2C37902666C99CF8684DC9809E337.web91], ''South Central Railway'', 8 January 2016</ref>
*22864 SMVT Bengaluru–Howrah Junction AC Superfast Express leaves SMVT Bengaluru every Wednesday & arriving Howrah Junction on next day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-howrah-yesvantpur-weekly-ac-sf-express-22863/23117/1/997 22863 AC Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-yesvantpur-howrah-weekly-ac-sf-express-22864/40094/997/1 22864 AC Express] at India Rail Info

{{AC Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Yesvantpur AC Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:AC Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]

Asom Sonmilito Morcha

2026-05-07T04:19:35Z

Shivam: started a entry

{{Short description|Political coalition in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Asom Sonmilito Morcha
| abbreviation = ASM
| national_convener =
| logo = <div style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #52EEFF, #CFE7FF); padding:4px; text-align:center;">
[[File:Hand INC.svg|45px]] [[File:Indian election symbol ship.png|55px]] [[File:CPI(M) Election symbol.png|35px]] [[File:Flag_Logo_of_CPIML.png|35px]] [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Battery_Torch.png|35px]]
[[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|35px]]
<div style="font-weight:bold; margin-top:5px;">''অসম সন্মিলিত মৰ্চা'' ''Asom Sonmilito Morcha''</div></div>
| foundation = 2025
| dissolution =
| headquarters = Rajiv Bhawan, GS Road, [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| ideology =
* [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|Anti-CAA]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anti-caa-activist-ajit-bhuyan-is-congress-aiudf-supported-candidate-for-rajya-sabha/articleshow/74588658.cms|title=Anti-CAA activist Ajit Bhuyan is Congress AIUDF supported candidate for Rajya Sabha|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=12 March 2020 |last1=Singh |first1=Bikash }}</ref>
* [[Constitutionalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0109_pd/assam-foundational-pillars-constitution-facing-constant-attack|title=Assam: Foundational Pillars of Constitution Facing Constant Attack | Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref>
* [[Anti-authoritarianism]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/assam-opposition-parties-to-frame-common-minimum-programme-for-lok-sabha-polls-2744491|title=Assam opposition parties to frame common minimum programme for Lok Sabha polls|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
* [[Left-wing populism|Social Populism]]

| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|14|hex={{Party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|7|hex={{Party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}}}}
| position = [[Big Tent]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}}
| state_seats_name = [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|21|126|hex={{Party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}}}}
| eci =
| president = [[Ajit Kumar Bhuyan]] {{small|(AJP)}}
| loksabha_leader = [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| chairman = [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| secretary = Lurinjyoti Gogoi {{small|(AJP)}}|alliance=}}

'''Asom Sonmilito Morcha'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/assam-opposition-parties-rename-alliance-as-asom-sonmilito-morcha/cid/2053482|title=Assam opposition parties rename alliance as 'Asom Sonmilito Morcha'}}</ref> ('''ASM''')<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-12 |title=Asom Sonmilito Morcha Returns to Counter BJP in Assam |url=https://northeastindia24.com/asom-sonmilito-morcha-returns-to-counter-bjp-in-assam/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>, formerly known as '''United Opposition Forum''', is a [[Electoral alliance|coalition]] of political parties in the northeastern state of [[Assam]] in India. It is the major political alliance in Assam and currently the [[official opposition]] in [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. The alliance is led by [[Indian National Congress]] along with several other political parties. Most of the ASM constituents are members of the [[Indian National Congress]]-led [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] at pan-India level.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-12 |title=Seven Opposition parties revive Asom Sonmilito Morcha to challenge BJP in 2026 |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/seven-opposition-parties-revive-asom-sonmilito-morcha-to-challenge-bjp-in-2026-1597762 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The Assam Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/opposition-prepares-for-a-fight-in-assam-assembly-elections-2026|title=Opposition prepares for a fight in Assam|publisher=National Herald|date=5 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/assam-elections-2026-inside-congress-led-8-party-alliance-and-three-gogois-strategy-against-bjp-13881897.html|title=Assam elections 2026: Inside Congress-led 8-party alliance and 'three Gogois' strategy against BJP|publisher=|date=7 April 2026}}</ref>

==History & Elections==
Ten political parties formed a political alliance in the run-up to the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]. But only eight of them including [[Indian National Congress]], [[All India United Democratic Front]], [[Bodoland People's Front]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]], [[Anchalik Gana Morcha]] and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] agreed on a seat-sharing arrangement for dethroning the incumbent [[BJP]] government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/cong-led-mahajot-in-assam-now-has-10-parties-2110230/|title=Cong-led 'Mahajot' in Assam now has 10 parties|agency=IANS|date=14 March 2021|website=The Siasat Daily}}</ref> The alliance was unable to defeat the BJP and its allies, but it gained 43.68% of the total votes polled and got 50 seats.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ | title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 }}</ref>

After the election, [[Bodoland People's Front]] left the alliance and [[All India United Democratic Front]] was expelled by [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/aug/31/dont-weaken-mahajot-aiudf-tells-congress-after-being-removed-from-alliance-in-assam-2352319.html|title=Don't weaken 'Mahajot', AIUDF tells Congress after being removed from alliance in Assam|website=The New Indian Express|date=31 August 2021 }}</ref>

Due to disagreement on seat sharing for [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] by-polls in 2024, the opposition parties went ahead, excluding the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="abplive">{{cite web|title=Congress Is Responsible For Collapse Of Opposition Unity In Assam |work=ABP |date=26 October 2024 |url=https://news.abplive.com/blog/opinion-congress-gaurav-gogoi-is-responsible-for-collapse-of-opposition-unity-in-assam-northeast-notes-1727033}}</ref>

In November 2025, Indian National Congress and seven other parties formed a new alliance ahead of the [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assam election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=Congress, seven parties decide to form anti-BJP front in Assam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/congress-seven-parties-decide-to-form-anti-bjp-front-in-assam/article70272056.ece |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Later on, ahead of [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], [[Raijor Dal]] left the alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/congress-pauses-alliance-talks-with-raijor-dal-ahead-of-assam-assembly-polls-gaurav-gogoi-1357959-2026-03-11|title=Congress pauses alliance talks with Raijor Dal ahead of Assam Assembly Polls: Gaurav Gogoi|publisher=India Today|access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> However, Raijor Dal rejoined the alliance later and the seat sharing was finalised the same day.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=Assam polls: Congress, Raijor Dal unite to defeat BJP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/states/assam/2026/Mar/19/assam-polls-congress-raijor-dal-unite-to-defeat-bjp-2|access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Indian Express|language=}}</ref><ref name="friendly contest">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=Akhil Gogoi–Gaurav Gogoi alliance sealed for Assam Assembly polls: Congress allots 11 seats to Raijor Dal |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/akhil-gogoi-gaurav-gogoi-alliance-sealed-for-assam-assembly-polls-congress-allots-11-seats-to-raijor-dal-1362388-2026-03-19 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> On the other hand, [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) decided to contest alone in the polls without entering into any formal alliance but the party says it will extend its full support to the alliance without formally joining it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/cpi-assam-to-contest-five-seats-independently-in-2026-assembly-election-no-alliance-sought|title=CPI Assam to Contest Five Seats Independently in 2026 Assembly Election, No Alliance Sought|publisher=|date=11 March 2026|access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref>

== Current Members ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Ideology
!State Leaders
|-
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[Liberalism in India|Indian Liberalism]]
|[[Gaurav Gogoi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|'''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[Marxism–Leninism]]
|[[Suprakash Talukdar]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Raijor Dal}}" |
|'''[[Raijor Dal]]'''
|[[File:Raijor Dal.svg|50px]]
|[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]
|[[Akhil Gogoi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}" |
|'''[[Assam Jatiya Parishad]]'''
|[[File:AJP FLAG.jpg|50px]]
|[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]
|Lurinjyoti Gogoi
|-
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|'''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]'''
|[[File:CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.jpg|50px]]
|[[Marxism–Leninism]]
|Bibek Das
|-
| bgcolor="{{Party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}" |
|'''[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]'''
|
|[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]
|Jonas Engti Kathar
|-
|}

== Election results ==

=== Results of State Assembly election in Assam ===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}};color:white" | Overall Votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}};color:white" | Seats won 
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
|-
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|
|
|126
|21
|{{decrease}}9
|{{decrease}}
|}

== Presidents ==
===President===
The president coordinates with the members of currently four membered panel of General Secretaries.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!Date of appointment
!Date of retirement
!Party
|-
!1
|[[Ripun Bora]]
|15 March 2021
|24 July 2021
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!2
|[[Bhupen Kumar Borah]]
|24 July 2021
|23 October 2024
|-
!3
|[[Ajit Kumar Bhuyan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2024/10/25/assam-opp-alliance-moves-forward-sans-congress-names-new-chief/|title=Assam Opp alliance moves forward sans Congress; names new chief|first=B.|last=Sadanand|date=25 October 2024|website=EastMojo}}</ref>
|25 October 2024
|''Till date''
|[[Assam Jatiya Parishad|AJP]]
|}

== Working Presidents & General Secretaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Posts
!Name
!Tenure
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
!1
! rowspan="2" |'''Working Presidents'''
|[[Suprakash Talukdar]]
|25-Oct-2024 to 12 Nov 2025
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|'''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''
|-
!2
|Jonas Ingti Kathar
|25-Oct-2024-Incumbent
| style="background-color: {{party color|Raijor Dal}}" |
|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
|-
!1
!'''General Secretary'''
|Lurinjyoti Gogoi
|Incumbent
| style="background-color: {{party color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}" |
|'''[[Assam Jatiya Parishad]]'''
|-
|}

== Past members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!
!Year
!Party
!State Leaders
!Remarks
|-
|'''1'''
|2021
|[[All India United Democratic Front]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-31 |title=Assam Congress snaps ties with AIUDF |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-congress-snaps-ties-with-aiudf/article61424042.ece |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|[[Badruddin Ajmal]]
|Expelled
|-
|'''2'''
|2021
|[[Bodoland People's Front]]
|[[Hagrama Mohilary]]
|Left the alliance, later joined [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|'''3'''
|2022
|Jimochayan Deori People’s Party<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-14 |title=Deori party shuns Congress, turns BJP ally in council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/deori-party-shuns-congress-turns-bjp-ally-in-council/articleshow/95504391.cms |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Mahesh Deori
|Left the alliance to join [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|'''4'''
|2024
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|Paresh Nath
|Left the alliance to join [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|'''5'''
|2024
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Sushmita Dev]]
|Left the alliance
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Secular Democratic Front]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:Political parties in Assam]]

Aashiq Banaya Aapne (song)

2026-05-01T19:07:38Z

Shivam: started page

{{Short description|2005 song by Himesh Reshammiya and Shreya Ghoshal}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=Too many single sentence sections, repetitive material|date=April 2026}}
{{POV|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

{{Infobox song
| name = Aashiq Banaya Aapne
| cover =
| type = song
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| album = ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]''
| language = Hindi
| released = 29 July 2005
| genre = Filmi, romantic
| length = 4:50
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| composer = Himesh Reshammiya
| lyricist = [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
}}

"'''Aashiq Banaya Aapne'''" is a Hindi-language song from the 2005 Indian film ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]''. Composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]] with lyrics by [[Sameer Anjaan]], it is performed by Reshammiya and [[Shreya Ghoshal]]. The song emerged as one of the most commercially successful Hindi film songs of the mid-2000s and marked a turning point in Reshammiya's career as a playback singer.<ref name="rediff-profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/02himesh.htm |title=Himesh Reshammiya: The hit machine |publisher=Rediff |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101000000/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/02himesh.htm |archive-date=1 January 2020}}</ref>

The song was released on 29 July 2005 as part of the film's soundtrack album by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. It marked one of composer [[Himesh Reshammiya]]'s earliest major songs as a playback singer and became a breakthrough success, earning him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]].<ref name="apple">{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/aashiq-banaya-aapne-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1138158171 |title=Aashiq Banaya Aapne (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=Apple Music |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/himesh-reshammiya-reveals-how-he-created-aashiq-banaya-aapne-1604249-2019-09-28 |title=Himesh Reshammiya reveals how he created Aashiq Banaya Aapne |work=India Today |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

The soundtrack album sold approximately two million units in India, with the title track identified as its most prominent success.<ref name="boi">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/y2k5music.php |title=Top Music Albums 2000–2009 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/y2k5music.php |archive-date=1 January 2012}}</ref>

== Background and Development ==
Composer [[Himesh Reshammiya]] initially created "Aashiq Banaya Aapne" for a film directed by [[Abbas–Mustan]], but the composition was later incorporated into ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]''. According to director [[Aditya Datt]], the popularity of the song during production also led to the film being retitled after the track.<ref name="Datt podcast">{{cite AV media |people=Aditya Datt (speaker) |date=4 September 2025 |title=Shreya Ghoshal added seduction in ‘Aashiq Banaya Aapne’ song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQbeAuvrlqs |medium=YouTube video |publisher=YouTube |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/02himesh.htm|title=Himesh Reshammiya: The hit machine |publisher=Rediff |access-date=5 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101000000/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/02himesh.htm |archive-date=1 January 2020}}</ref>
Datt stated that Reshammiya had initially wanted a fresh male playback singer for the song. However, after hearing Reshammiya during rehearsals, Datt encouraged him to record the track himself. Datt also said that [[Shreya Ghoshal]] was selected for the female portions because he wanted a relatively new voice that could bring the “seduction” required by both the composition and the visual treatment.<ref name="Datt podcast"/>

The song was composed during a transitional phase in Reshammiya’s career, when he began performing his own compositions. His work during this period combined electronic arrangements with melodic frameworks rooted in Hindi film music traditions.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3021450.ece |title=The rise of Himesh Reshammiya |work=The Hindu |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000000/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3021450.ece |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

Musicologist Sangita Gopal has noted that the increasing prominence of composer-singers during this period reflected broader shifts in Bollywood music production practices.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Sangita |title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780816645787 |page=112}}</ref>

The song was composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]] for the soundtrack of ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]'', directed by [[Aditya Datt]]. According to Reshammiya, the song was conceived as a sensual romantic ballad with a hook-driven melody intended to appeal to younger audiences.<ref name="indiatoday" />

The commercial success of the song marked a turning point in Reshammiya's career as a playback singer and contributed significantly to his emergence as a leading singer-composer in Hindi cinema during the mid-2000s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/02himesh.htm |title=Himesh Reshammiya: The hit machine |publisher=Rediff |access-date=11 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101000000/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/02himesh.htm |archive-date=1 January 2020}}</ref>

=== Composition ===
The song combines synthesised beats with orchestral textures, reflecting early 21st-century trends in Hindi film music.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morcom |first=Anna |title=Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema |publisher=Ashgate |year=2013 |isbn=9780754669517 |page=176}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
* [[Himesh Reshammiya]] – composer, vocals
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – vocals
* [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]] – lyrics
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] – label

== Release and promotion ==
The song was released on 29 July 2005 as part of the soundtrack album through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref name="apple" />

== Music video ==
The music video features [[Emraan Hashmi]] and [[Tanushree Dutta]], presenting a narrative centered on romantic and physical attraction. In the remix version of the music video, composer-singer Reshammiya also appears, and lead actress Dutta enjoys watching him perform on the television.

Scholars have identified such representations as part of a broader shift toward more explicit visual storytelling in Hindi cinema during the 2000s.<ref name="Deshpande 2016 89">{{cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Anirudh |title=Contemporary Bollywood Cinema |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781138660052 |page=89}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The song received positive responses from critics. A review by ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' described the soundtrack as catchy and commercially appealing, with the title track standing out for its memorable hook.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/30music.htm |title=Music Review: Aashiq Banaya Aapne |publisher=Rediff |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

===Controversy===
The song and its music video generated discussion due to their sensual imagery. Academic analyses have linked this to changing aesthetic norms in Hindi film music videos during the early 2000s.<ref name="Deshpande 2016 89"/>

===Impact===
The success of the song significantly contributed to Reshammiya’s rise as a playback singer.<ref name="rediff-profile" />

===Commercial performance and legacy ===
The soundtrack album sold approximately two million units in India, with the title track emerging as its most commercially successful song.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/y2k5music.php |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

The song remains one of Reshammiya's signature tracks.<ref name="indiatoday" />
Gregory D. Booth identifies such compositions as reflective of increasing globalisation in Indian film music production.<ref>{{cite book |last=Booth |first=Gregory D. |title=Behind the Curtain: Making Music in Mumbai's Film Studios |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199928835 |page=214}}</ref>

== Remake ==
A recreated version of the song was released for the 2018 film ''[[Hate Story 4]]''. The remake was composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], and the lyrics were penned by [[Manoj Muntashir]] and sung by [[Neha Kakkar]] and Reshammiya himself. Such recreations form part of a broader trend of remixing earlier Bollywood songs for contemporary audiences.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hate-story-4-remix-trend-4312341.html |title=Bollywood’s remix culture revisited |work=Firstpost |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.suryaa.com/cinema-7607- |title='Aashiq Banaya Aapne' recreated for 'Hate Story 4' |publisher=Suryaa |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Awards !! Category !! Recipient !! Results !! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan=3|[[51st Filmfare Awards|2006]] || rowspan=3| [[Filmfare Awards]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] || [[Himesh Reshammiya]] || {{won}} || rowspan=3| <ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Winners 2006: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2006/101 |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] || [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]] || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] || rowspan=2| Himesh Reshammiya || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=3|[[7th IIFA Awards|2006]] || rowspan=3|[[IIFA Awards]] || [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]] || {{won}} || rowspan=3| <ref>{{cite web |title=IIFA 2006 Nominees |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/05/06/1196/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111224556/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/05/06/1196/index.html |archive-date=11 November 2006 |date=6 May 2006}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]] || Sameer || {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] || Himesh Reshammiya || {{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=5sWmH9SgU9Y|title=Aashiq Banaya Aapne (Full Song)}}

{{Himesh Reshammiya}}

[[Category:2005 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Shreya Ghoshal songs]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]

Annavru

2026-04-29T06:00:18Z

Shivam: started a article

{{For|the person referred to as Annavru|Dr. Rajkumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Annavru
| image = Annavru (2003 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Om Prakash Rao]]
| story = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| based_on = ''[[Thalapathi]]'' (Tamil)
| producer = M. C. Dayanand
| starring = [[Ambareesh]] [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]
| cinematography = Anaji Nagaraj
| editing = S. Manohar
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|12|18|ref1=}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Annavru''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime drama]] film directed by [[Om Prakash Rao]] starring [[Ambareesh]] and [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] with [[Kaniha]] (credited as Sravanthi), [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] and [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumihtra]] in supporting roles. The film is a remake of [[Mani Ratnam]]'s Tamil film ''[[Thalapathi]]''. The film released to positive reviews and was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roktim Rajpal |date=5 November 2021 |title='Thalapathi' turns 30: Rajinikanth, Mammootty's movie has a rich legacy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/thalapathi-turns-30-rajinikanth-mammoottys-movie-has-a-rich-legacy-1047525.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105052222/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/thalapathi-turns-30-rajinikanth-mammoottys-movie-has-a-rich-legacy-1047525.html |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2003 |title=2003 Year Round Up |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3153-2003-year-round-up.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319190653/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3153-2003-year-round-up.html |archive-date=19 March 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muralidhara Khajane |date=11 March 2016 |title=He is in news again for off-screen 'performance' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/he-is-in-news-again-for-offscreen-performance/article8338800.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312053547/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/he-is-in-news-again-for-offscreen-performance/article8338800.ece |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
On the day of the Bhogi festival, fourteen-year-old Kalyani gives birth to a boy alone and, fearing societal backlash and incapacity, abandons him inside a moving goods train. A slum dweller finds the baby, takes him home, names him Surya and raises him. The child grows up to be intolerant of injustice, especially to the poor, and wonders why his biological mother abandoned him. The only item he has from his mother is a yellow shawl that she had placed him. Amarnath, a powerful gangster called Anna ({{Translation|Elder brother}}), who is kind but feared by most, fights injustice with violence. Surya attacks and kills Ramana, an auxiliary of Anna. Surya is arrested for murder and faces brutal torture from the police, but Anna bails him out after perceiving Ramana's felony and realising that Surya's cause was genuine. Surya and Anna, who share the same ideology, come to understand each other. Anna declares Surya as his Thalapathi (commander) and best friend.

Arjun, the city's new district collector, wants to lawfully end violence. He is the second son of Kalyani, who is now a doctor. After abandoning Surya, her firstborn, she married Krishnamoorthy. Kalyani never told Arjun of the ordeal she faced as a teenager but is constantly grieved by thoughts of her long-lost firstborn. Meanwhile, Surya is courted by a Brahmin girl Subbulaxmi, who is smitten with his transparent nature. Surya's appraisal of Anna leads local people in the locality to respect them both. They continue to object to societal incongruities. While Anna leads Surya to help curb unlawful discrepancies, Subbulaxmi despises Surya's use of violence and tries to persuade him against it. Anna tries to form a relationship between Subbulaxmi and Surya but Subbulaxmi's orthodox father objects and arranges her marriage to Arjun.

In his fight against organised crime, Arjun unsuccessfully targets Anna and Surya. Meanwhile, Padma, Ramana's widow, makes Surya feel guilty for killing Ramana. Understanding Padma's pain, Anna shelters her and her child. However, Padma confesses she is constantly troubled by the dishonourable men surrounding her. Anna, considering Padma and her daughter's safety and Surya's future, asks them to marry each other. Guilt-ridden, Surya marries Padma and eventually wins her child's affection. Later, at a medical camp, Kalyani meets Padma and her daughter, along with the shawl in which she wrapped Surya. After asking about the day he was found, Kalyani and Krishnamoorthy discover Surya is Kalyani's long-lost son during a suspect identification. Krishnamoorthy secretly meets Surya and reveals the truth of his origin to him. Surya asks Krishnamoorthy to promise not to let his mother know of Surya's identity because it would hurt her to know her son has grown to be a vigilante.

Kalyani eventually finds Surya and meets him. Surya vows not to harm Arjun for her sake. The long-standing feud between Anna and his main rival Kariyappa makes Surya tell Anna, who learns of his meeting with his stepfather and mother the truth about his family. Anna is pleased to know that, despite Arjun being Surya's half-brother, Surya still sides with him, thus valuing their friendship over family. Because of this, Anna decides to surrender. Anna and Surya meet Arjun, who now knows Surya is his own half-brother. Suddenly, Kariyappa's henchmen open fire and Surya is killed. Surya then lies on his mothers lap and says he is happy today as he did not get a chance to lie on his mother's lap as a baby and dies. Enraged, Anna storms into Kariyappa's house, murders Kariyappa and all of his henchmen, and surrenders to the police, but is exonerated due to lack of evidence.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ambareesh]] as Amarnath a.k.a. Anna
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Surya<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Dhwani |date=30 April 2015 |title=What are Yash, Darshan's favourite names? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/What-are-Yash-Darshans-favourite-names/etarticleshow/47105946.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829065259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/What-are-Yash-Darshans-favourite-names/etarticleshow/47105946.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Kaniha]] as Subbulakshmi
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Surya's adopted mother
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Gowri<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suhasini - an enduring icon of South Indian Films |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_suhasini.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402140703/http://viggy.com/english/current_suhasini.asp |archive-date=2 April 2004 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=viggy.com}}</ref>
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Kariyappa
* [[Sarigama Viji]]
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Henchman
* [[Anand Krishnamoorthi]] (reused footage from ''Thalapathi'')
}}

== Production ==
[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and [[Ambareesh]] were to reprise [[Rajinikanth]]'s and [[Mammootty]]'s roles from the original, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambarish and Darshan to act in remake of Dalapathi |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_production_no1.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829064312/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_production_no1.asp |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Viggy]]}}</ref> It is the Kannada debut of [[Kaniha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sai' - releasing this week! |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_sai.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829065100/http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_sai.asp |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Viggy]]}}</ref> The film was initially titled ''Dalapati'' but it was later changed to ''Annavru'' to please Ambareesh's fans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annavru – new name for Kannada film Dalapati |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_annavru.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233702/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_annavru.asp |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=27 August 2013 |website=[[Viggy]]}}</ref> Ambareesh was against the name change because ''Annavru'' was used to refer to [[Dr. Rajkumar]], but the makers of the film were insistent to not change the film back to its old title. He was also unsure if the film would complete shooting due to an incident that took place during the film's shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2003 |title=Ambarish Amazing |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/profiles/1170-ambarish-amazing.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814071615/https://www.chitraloka.com/profiles/1170-ambarish-amazing.html |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref> The film's ending in Kannada was changed due to Ambareesh's popularity.

== Soundtrack ==
The Soundtrack was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]]. Lyrics by [[K. Kalyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |title=Annavaru (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Rajesh Ramnathan |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/annavaru-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1247387665 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829063755/https://music.apple.com/us/album/annavaru-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1247387665 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Kannadakkage Janana" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Nanna Jeevave" || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| "Kaveriya Theeradali" || [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
|-
| "Aah Mavina Thopalli" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
|-
| "Elu Bannadinda" || Badri Prasad, Nagachandrika
|-
| "Dindima Dholu Badi" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Hemanth
|-
| "Mallige Maaleya" || Chorus
|}

== Release and reception ==
The film was scheduled to release on the same day as ''[[Bisi Bisi]]'', ''[[Gokarna (film)|Gokarna]]'' and ''[[Swathi Muthu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swathi Muthu getting ready for release |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_swathimutthu03.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044629/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_swathimutthu03.asp |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Viggy]]}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "The movie has loads of action and strong emotions though sometimes you tend to get tired of watching Ambarish in fight sequences. Music by Rajesh Ramnath is good. The cinematography by Anaji Nagaraj is also amazing".<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec21/mr4.asp|date=21 December 2003|title=Annavaru - Kannada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031230184004/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec21/mr4.asp|archive-date=30 December 2003|access-date=2 October 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravichandran now 'Sahukara' |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_sahukara.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040426235248/http://viggy.com/english/current_sahukara.asp |archive-date=26 April 2004 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Viggy]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Om Prakash Rao}}
[[Category:2000s buddy films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2000s gangster films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2003 action drama films]]
[[Category:2003 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language crime drama films]]

Tudi Megha Reddy

2026-04-28T14:40:44Z

Shivam: Made article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Tudi Megha Reddy''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency]] in [[Wanaparthy district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wanaparthy assembly election results 2023: Wanaparthy Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/wanaparthy-assembly-result-29078 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Megha Reddy Tudi, INC Candidate from Wanaparthy Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/megha-reddy-tudi-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a078e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from Mangampalli village, [[Peddamandadi]] mandal, [[Wanaparthy district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Thudi Megha Reddy Confident of Congress Winning 14 MP Seats in Telangana |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/thudi-megha-reddy-confident-of-congress-winning-14-mp-seats-in-telangana-878055 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He was born to Tudi Sai Reddy. He is a former corporate employee and former president of Mandal Praja Parishad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Megha Reddy Tudi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- WANAPARTHY(WANAPARTHY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=332 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He completed his intermediate in 1993 but discontinued his B.Sc. studies in the third year in 1995.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Reddy won from [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 107,115 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a margin of 25, 320 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wanaparthy Constituency Election Results 2023: Wanaparthy Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/wanaparthy |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Megha Reddy, Tudi}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Wanaparthy district]]

Prathyardhi

2026-04-27T23:24:56Z

Shivam: Adding article

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prathyardhi
| image = Prathyardhi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = Shankar Mudavath
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Sanjay Saha
| starring = [[Ravi Varma Adduri]] Rohit Behal Akshata Sonawane
| narrator =
| cinematography = Rakesh Goud Maisa
| editing = Rakesh Goud Maisa
| music ='''Songs:''' [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] Prini Siddhant Madhav '''Score:''' Paul Praveen
| studio = Gaalu Paalu Dream Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|1|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = }}
'''''Prathyardhi''''' ({{Translation|Rival}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime film|crime]] [[thriller film|thriller]] film directed by Shankar Mudavath and starring [[Ravi Varma Adduri]], Rohit Behal and Akshata Sonawane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/uppena-director-buchi-babu-sana-launched-the-trailer-of-prathyardhi-the-film-to-release-on-january-6th/articleshow/96728838.cms |title='Uppena' director Buchi Babu Sana launched the Trailer of 'Prathyardhi', the Film to release on January 6th |date=4 January 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was released to mixed-to-negative reviews.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ravi Varma Adduri]] as [[Sub inspector|SI]] Krishna Prasad
*Rohit Behal as Shiva
*Akshata Sonawane as Nitya
*Neelima Pathakamsetti
*[[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Advocate Rajasekhar
*Vamsee Aloor as Constable Satya
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Jaya
*Balveer Singh as Ashok
*Thummala Narsimha Reddy as Lawyer Raghunath
*Thotapalli Madhu as Judge
*Sneha Guptha
*[[Sneha Namanandi]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Prathyardhi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 7:13
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]
| prev_year = 2022
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Balagam (film)|Balagam]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc =
}}
The music was composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] and Prini Siddhant Madhav.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Edo Nasha Nasha
| music1 = Bheems Ceciroleo
| lyrics1 = Suresh Gangula
| extra1 = Mohana Bhogaraju
| length1 = 3:30
| title2 =Nee Kanulalo
| music2 = Prini Siddhant Madhav
| lyrics2 = Prini Siddhant Madhav
| extra2 = Javed Ali
| length2 = 3:43
| total_length = 7:13
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' rated the film 2 {{fraction|3|4}} out of 5 and wrote that "this is director Shankar's first film. He succeeded in increasing the curiosity of the audience without revealing the twists till the climax. Background music by Paul Praveen is a plus for the movie. Rakesh Goud's camera work is good. The production values are below par for the film".
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/prathyardhi-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1515851 |title=Prathyardhi review |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=6 January 2023 |language=te |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108152417/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/prathyardhi-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1515851 |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Zee News]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that
"director Shankar is a newbie, but many scenes have been shot like an experienced director. The film would have been on a different level if the screenplay had been taken care of".
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/prathyardhi-movie-review-adduri-ravi-varma-rohit-behal-akshatha-sonawane-starrer-prathyardhi-telugu-movie-revie-and-rating-88846 |title=Prathyardhi Review: ప్రత్యర్థి మూవీ రివ్యూ అండ్ రేటింగ్.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |work=[[Zee News]] |language=te |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110140013/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/prathyardhi-movie-review-adduri-ravi-varma-rohit-behal-akshatha-sonawane-starrer-prathyardhi-telugu-movie-revie-and-rating-88846 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|24240546}}

[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Wasseypur

2026-04-26T05:37:16Z

Shivam: Made new info

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wasseypur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Dhanbad
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.8083|N|86.4023|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhanbad district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type = [[Democracy]]
| governing_body = [[Dhanbad Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 304
| population_total = 200146
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| official_name = वासेपुर
}}
'''Wasseypur''' is a [[neighbourhood]] locality in the city of [[Dhanbad]] in [[Dhanbad Sadar subdivision]] of [[Dhanbad district]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]] in [[India]]. Wasseypur was once in [[Bengal]], then in [[Bihar]] and is now in [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Anuj Kumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3428787.ece |title=Arts / Cinema : The leader of the pack |work=The Hindu |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=13 August 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824091825/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3428787.ece |archive-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Surrounded by coal rich regions of Dhanbad the area has been rife with mafia activity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-18|title=‘Outcast at school, rejected for marriage’ — Wasseypur can't live down Anurag Kashyap’s classic|url=https://theprint.in/india/outcast-at-school-rejected-for-marriage-wasseypur-cant-live-down-anurag-kashyaps-classic/715897/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The names of rival dons Sabir Alam and Fahim Khan, lords of two mafia are associated with Wasseypur.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120622/jsp/jharkhand/story_15642956.jsp#.T-Yavhce7AI/|title=Wassup Wasseypur? Gangland past haunts coal pocket|website=Telegraphindia.com|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806063839/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120622/jsp/jharkhand/story_15642956.jsp#.T-Yavhce7AI/|archive-date=6 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Jharkhand/Real-gangs-of-Wasseypur-brace-themselves-for-fresh-war/Article1-876781.aspx/|title=Real gangs of Wasseypur brace themselves for fresh war|website=Hindustantimes.com|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623220226/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Jharkhand/Real-gangs-of-Wasseypur-brace-themselves-for-fresh-war/Article1-876781.aspx|archive-date=23 June 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Despite being out on bail after spending eight years in jail, Sabir Alam rarely stays at home due to the threat to his life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Wasseypur-waits-for-Gangs-of-Wasseypur-Part-II/Article1-885024.aspx/|title=Wasseypur waits for Gangs of Wasseypur Part II|website=Hindustantimes.com|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708174215/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Wasseypur-waits-for-Gangs-of-Wasseypur-Part-II/Article1-885024.aspx|archive-date=8 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Fahim Khan, who is still alive and in the Ghaghidih Central Jail currently, is the son of Shafiq Khan, a former rival of Suraj Deo Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/gangs-of-wasseypur-part-ii-to-release-aug-8_114700.htm|title='Gangs Of Wasseypur - Part II' to release Aug 8|date=5 July 2012|website=Zeenews.india.com|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619201736/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/gangs-of-wasseypur-part-ii-to-release-aug-8_114700.htm|archive-date=19 June 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-real-gangs-of-wasseypur-back-to-bloodbath-in-jharkhand-3762692.html|title=Real gangs of Wasseypur back to bloodbath in Jharkhand|date=9 September 2012|website=Daily.bhaskar.com|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113814/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-real-gangs-of-wasseypur-back-to-bloodbath-in-jharkhand-3762692.html|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Wasseypur is a quite famous for its gang wars and mafia activity. Although the gang war has now decreased, the progeny of Fahim Khan and relatives are involved in businesses that often affect normally functioning families in the locality.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Location ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=330| height=220| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|46|30|N|86|24|20|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the central portion of Dhanbad Sadar subdivision in Dhanbad district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: Census Town, N: Neighbourhood, R: Rural/ Urban centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|46|48|N|86|19|12|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Sijua | numbered1=N| mark-title1=[[Sijua]] (N)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|46|45|N|86|21|10|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Loyabad | numbered2=N| mark-title2= [[Loyabad]] (N)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|45|53|N|86|24|53|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bhagatdih | numbered3=N| mark-title3=[[Bhagatdih]] (N)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|47|25|N|86|22|31|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Basaria | numbered4=N| mark-title4= [[Basaria]] (N)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|49|0|N|86|23|19|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bhuli | numbered5=N| mark-title5= [[Bhuli, India]] (N)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|48|15|N|86|20|3|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chandaur | numbered6=N| mark-title6= [[Chandaur]] (N)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|46|10|N|86|22|13|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Chhatatanr | numbered7=N| mark-title7= [[Chhatatanr]] (N)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|46|30|N|86|24|51|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Dhaunsar | numbered8=N| mark-title8= [[Dhaunsar]] (N)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|47|20|N|86|23|42|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Godhar | numbered9=N| mark-title9= [[Godhar]] (N)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|47|20|N|86|19|44|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jogta | numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Jogta]] (N)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|48|36|N|86|20|24|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tetulmari | numbered11=N| mark-title11= [[Tetulmari]] (N)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|48|28|N|86|24|8|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Wasseypur | numbered12=N| mark-title12= Wasseypur (N)|shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black 
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|49|15|N|86|27|50|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Saraidhela| numbered13=N| mark-title13= [[Saraidhela]] (N)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|45|5|N|86|25|13|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Jharia | numbered14=N| mark-title14= [[Jharia]] (N)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|44|41|N|86|24|10|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Jharia Khas| numbered15=N| mark-title15= [[Jharia Khas]] (N)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|45|47|N|86|28|23|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Belgaria | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Belgaria]] (R)| shape-14 =#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|48|0|N|86|25|50|E}} | label-pos17=right|label-color17=#800000| label17= Dhanbad | numbered17=MC| mark-title17=[[Dhanbad]] (MC)|shape-color17=#800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|45|30|N|86|24|42|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=BCCL Bastacola Area |numbered18=0 | mark-title18=[[Bastacola Area]] (A)| label-size18=12| shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|46|55|N|86|23|30|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=BCCL Kusunda Area |numbered19=0 | mark-title19=[[Kusunda Area]] (A)| label-size19=12| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|47|52|N|86|19|53|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=BCCL Sijua Area |numbered20=0 | mark-title20=[[Sijua Area]] (A)| label-size20=12| shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|48|48|N|86|26|31|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= IIT (ISM) Dhanbad| numbered21=F||mark-title21= [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad|IIT (ISM) Dhanbad]] (F) |shape-color21=#967117
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|49|25|N|86|25|35|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= CIMFR – CSiR| numbered22=F| mark-title22= [[Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research]] (F) |shape-color22=#967117
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|49|50|N|86|26|40|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= BBMK University| numbered23=F| mark-title23= [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal University]] (F) |shape-color23=#967117
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.7137|86.3475}}| label24=Damodar River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=0| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none}}

Wasseypur is located at {{coord|23.8083|N|86.4023|E|display=inline}}.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the able locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Wasseypur is about 165 km from state capital [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/gangs-of-wasseypur-leads-to-outrage-in-original-wasseypur-town-239512/|title=Gangs of Wasseypur leads to outrage in original Wasseypur town|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707213516/http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/gangs-of-wasseypur-leads-to-outrage-in-original-wasseypur-town-239512|archive-date=7 July 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was combined with other urban units to form [[Dhanbad Municipal Corporation]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://166.62.42.155/dmc/citizen/ | title = Dhanbad Municipal Corporation | publisher = DMC | access-date = 15 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150926/http://166.62.42.155/dmc/citizen/ | archive-date = 15 October 2017 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://dhanbad.nic.in/maps.html | title = Dhanbad District Map | work = Physical Map of Dhanbad | publisher = Jharkhand Government | access-date = 15 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005161335/http://dhanbad.nic.in/maps.html | archive-date = 5 October 2017 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> It is part of Ward No. 17 of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dhanbad.nic.in/dhanbad_dmc.html | title = Dhanbad Municipal Corporation | work = प्रादेशिक निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों की सूची (in Hindi) | publisher = Jharkhand Government | access-date = 19 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171028073630/http://dhanbad.nic.in/dhanbad_dmc.html | archive-date = 28 October 2017 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The neighborhood features undulating [[Highland|uplands]] bustling with coalmines in the lowest rung of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The entire area shown in the map is under [[Dhanbad Municipal Corporation]], except [[Belgaria]] which is under [[Baliapur (community development block)]]. The places in the DMC area are marked as [[neighbourhoods]]. The DMC area shown in the map is around the core area of [[Dhanbad]] city. Another major area of DMC is shown in the map of the southern portion of the district. A small stretch of DMC, extending up to [[Katras]] is shown in the map of the western portion. The region is fully urbanised. [[Jharia (community development block)]] has been merged into DMC. Three operational areas of [[Bharat Coking Coal|BCCL]] operate fully within the region – [[Sijua Area]], [[Kusunda Area]] and [[Bastacola Area]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2009_PART_A_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Dhanbad | work = Series 21, Part XIIA, pages 4-5, 5-6, 8 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 4 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 8 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=22623| title = Area| publisher = Bharat Coking Coal Limited| access-date = 2 July 2019| archive-date = 26 July 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190726160730/http://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=22623| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://166.62.42.155/dmc/citizen/ | title = Dhanbad Municipal Corporation | publisher = DMC | access-date = 15 October 2017 | archive-date = 15 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150926/http://166.62.42.155/dmc/citizen/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://dhanbad.nic.in/maps.html | title = Dhanbad Dsitrict Map | work = Physical Map of Dhanbad | publisher = Jharkhand Government | access-date = 15 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005161335/http://dhanbad.nic.in/maps.html | archive-date = 5 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://dhanbad.nic.in/dhanbad_dmc.html | title = Dhanbad Municipal Corporation | work = प्रादेशिक निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों की सूची (in Hindi) | publisher = Jharkhand Government | access-date = 19 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171028073630/http://dhanbad.nic.in/dhanbad_dmc.html | archive-date = 28 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The area is central to the plot of the popular [[Bollywood]] two-part crime film ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/gangs-of-wasseypur-writer-zeishan-imitates-salman-khan-in-the-film_113791.htm/|title='Gangs of Wasseypur' writer Zeishan imitates Salman Khan in the film|date=20 June 2012|website=Zeenews.india.com|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619200856/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/gangs-of-wasseypur-writer-zeishan-imitates-salman-khan-in-the-film_113791.htm/|archive-date=19 June 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Gangs-of-tourists-invade-Wasseypur/Article1-925786.aspx |title={title} |access-date=7 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420062023/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/gangs-of-tourists-invade-wasseypur/article1-925786.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2]].''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Viswamohan|first1=Aysha Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zazqDQAAQBAJ&dq=info:YScgKNy7aDUJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PA185|title=Behind the Scenes: Contemporary Bollywood Directors and Their Cinema|last2=John|first2=Vimal Mohan|date=2017-01-16|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-93-86062-41-3|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|India}}
{{Jharkhand}}
{{Dhanbad District}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Dhanbad]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Jharkhand]]

Kuler Achaar

2026-04-25T19:27:11Z

Shivam: done.

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali film}}
{{citation style|date=September 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kuler Achaar
| image = Kuler Achaar Poster.Jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Sudeep Das
| writer = Sudeep Das
| screenplay =
| producer = Shrikant Mohta Mahendra Soni
| starring = [[Madhumita Sarcar]] [[Vikram Chatterjee]] [[Indrani Haldar]] [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]]
| cinematography = Prosenjit Chowdhury
| editing = Sanglap Bhowmick
| music = [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|07|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kuler Achaar''''' is a 2022 Indian Bengali-language [[Drama| family drama]] film directed by Sudeep Das.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhumita Sarcar and Vikram Chatterjee start shooting for their first film together - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/madhumita-sarcar-and-vikram-chatterjee-start-shooting-for-their-first-film-together/articleshow/89657668.cms |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]. The film features [[Madhumita Sarcar]], [[Vikram Chatterjee]], [[Indrani Haldar]] and [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]] in lead roles.<ref name=ABP1>{{Cite web |last=ananda |first=abp |date=2021-12-25 |title='কুলের আচার' নিয়ে আসছেন বিক্রম-মধুমিতা, আপনি তৈরি তো? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/madhumita-sarcar-and-vikram-chatterjee-on-screen-with-kuler-achaar-855187 |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref> The film did fairly well at the box office.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

== Plot ==
The story begins with a funny yet unfortunate incident which forces the newlyweds, Mithi and Pritam, to return home.
They find themselves in a compromising position on their honeymoon when the validity of their marriage is questioned because Mithi refused to change her surname. She is determined not to change her surname after marriage but it doesn't sit well with her orthodox in-laws and the patriarchal society. Her decision leads to problems in her family as she faces stern opposition from her father-in-law, Pronotosh. Though Mithi's husband, Pritam is meek and quiet, he is a true liberal and respects his wife's wish. He loves Mithi and he stands by her but not at the cost of his family's peace. Her in-laws continue to call her out for her stubbornness and all hell breaks loose when Mitali, her mother-in-law, starts supporting Mithi in her stance, finding herself a comrade in the right cause where even she wants to follow suit and keep her maiden surname.
What follows is a joyful yet poignantly complex ride mixed with emotions which leaves the audience with a thought-provoking message at the end.

== Cast ==

* [[Madhumita Sarcar]] as Mithi ,pritams's wife<ref name=ABP1 />
* [[Vikram Chatterjee]] as Pritam, Mithi's husband <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhumita’s ‘Liberal husband’ Vikram completes dubbing for ‘Kuler Aachar’ - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/madhumitas-liberal-husband-vikram-completes-dubbing-for-kuler-aachar/articleshow/90589004.cms |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Indrani Haldar]] as Mitali, Pritam's mother <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indrani Halder to make a comeback on big screen after three years - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/indrani-halder-to-make-a-comeback-on-big-screen-after-three-years/articleshow/92076087.cms |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]] as Pronotosh, Pritam's father

== Release ==
The film was released in theatres on 15 July, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Kuler Achaar’: Vikram-Madhumita’s intense relationship drama to release on July 15 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kuler-achaar-vikram-madhumitas-intense-relationship-drama-to-release-on-july-13/articleshow/92056415.cms |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kuler Achaar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Prasen
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhul Koreche Bhul
| length1 = 3:33
| lyrics1 = Prasen
| extra1 = Mahtim Shakib, Madhubanti Bagchi
| title2 = Ami Amar Modhye
| length2 = 3:45
| lyrics2 = Prasen
| extra2 = [[Iman Chakraborty]]
| title3 = Bhul Koreche Bhul (Reprise)
| length3 = 3:26
| lyrics3 = Prasen
| extra3 = Mahtim Shakib
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language family drama films]]

2024 Indian general election in Punjab

2026-04-25T15:23:22Z

Shivam:

{{Short description|Elections for the 18th Lok Sabha seats in Punjab}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Punjab
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Punjab
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 1 June 2024
| seats_for_election = All 13 Punjab seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| turnout = 62.80% ({{decrease}} 3.14 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Punjab#Opinion polls
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Punjab
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Punjab
| image_size = 100px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=IYC President.JPG|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=130|oLeft=0|oTop=5}}
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader1 = [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
| alliance1 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| last_election1 = 40.12%, 8 seats<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA - 2019 |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=25&l=En&q=election |website=CEO Punjab}}</ref>
| seats_before1 =
| leader_since1 = 2022
| leaders_seat1 = [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]] (''Won'')

| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sukhbir_Singh_Badal.png|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=3|oTop=5}}
| party4 = Shiromani Akali Dal
| leader4 = [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
| alliance4 = -
| last_election4 = 27.45%, 2 seats<ref name=":0" />
| seats_before4 =
| seats4 = 1
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 1
| popular_vote4 = 1,808,837
| percentage4 = 13.42%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 14.34 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| leader_since4 = 2019
| leaders_seat4 = ''Did not contest''

| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| party5 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader5 = [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]]
| alliance5 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| last_election5 = 9.63%, 2 seats<ref name=":0" />
| seats_before5 =
| seats5 = 0
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 2
| popular_vote5 = 2,500,877
| percentage5 = 18.56%
| swing5 = {{increase}} 8.93 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| leader_since5 = 2023
| leaders_seat5 = ''Did not contest''
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Bhagwant Mann.png|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=130|oLeft=5|oTop=5}}
| party2 = Aam Aadmi Party
| leader2 = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| alliance2 = -
| last_election2 = 7.86%, 1 seat<ref name=":0" />
| seats_before2 =
| seats2 = 3
| seat_change2 = {{gain}} 2
| popular_vote2 = 3,506,939
| percentage2 = 26.02%
| swing2 = {{gain}} 18.64 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| leader_since2 = 2019
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''

| map_image = 2024 Lok Sabha Punjab Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| title = [[Prime Minister]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister]] after election
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats1 = '''7'''
| seat_change1 = {{loss}} 1
| swing1 = {{loss}} 13.82 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| popular_vote1 = 3,543,824
| percentage1 = '''26.30%'''
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] on 1 June 2024 to elect 13 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/congress-preparing-a-roadmap-in-punjab-while-eyeing-2024-lok-sabha-elections-2545373.html|title=Congress preparing a roadmap in Punjab while eyeing 2024 Lok Sabha Elections}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-bjp-may-fight-on-all-seats-in-2024-lok-sabha-elections/articleshow/92930090.cms|title=Punjab: BJP may fight on all seats in 2024 Lok Sabha elections|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 July 2022 }}</ref>

== Background and overview ==
The [[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|previous general election]] were held in May 2019 in Punjab, in which the [[Indian National Congress]] won 8 seats, followed by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which won 2 seats each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/punjab-lok-sabha-election-results-2019 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, [[Bhagwant Mann]] resigned as MP from [[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]] to become [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab]]. A by-election for the constituency was held in June 2022, where [[Simranjit Singh Mann]] defeated Gurmail Singh of the incumbent [[Aam Aadmi Party, Punjab|Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudeva |first=Vikas |date=2022-06-26 |title=With Sangrur bypoll win, Simranjit Singh Mann makes a comeback |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sangrur-lok-sabha-bypoll-2022-sadamritsar-simranjit-singh-mann-result/article65567281.ece |access-date=2024-04-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In January 2023, the [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar constituency]] became vacant after the death of the incumbent MP, [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]] of INC. In May 2023, [[Sushil Kumar Rinku]] of AAP defeated Karamjit Kaur of INC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP Wins Jalandhar With Huge Margin, Breaks Congress's 24-Year-Old Grip |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jalandhar-by-poll-result-latest-aap-races-ahead-in-key-jalandhar-election-congress-close-on-heels-4030515 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Defections ===
In March 2024, [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]] and Gurpreet Singh GP of INC joined AAP, both were announced candidates from [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]] and [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]] constituencies respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Punjab MLA Dr Raj Chabbewal resigns from Congress, joins AAP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-congress-mla-dr-raj-chabbewal-aap-9215305/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Former Congress MLA Gurpreet Singh GP joins AAP in Chandigarh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/former-congress-mla-gurpreet-singh-gp-joins-aap-in-chandigarh-9204588/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Patiala MP [[Preneet Kaur]] joined BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Preneet Kaur, who was suspended by Congress for anti-party activities, joins BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/preneet-kaur-wife-of-former-punjab-chief-minister-amarinder-singh-joins-bjp/articleshow/108490003.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sushil Rinku, who was announced as the AAP candidate for Jalandhar constituency, joined BJP, he was member of INC prior to AAP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP's Lone Lok Sabha MP Sushil Rinku Joins BJP Ahead Of Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-lone-lok-sabha-mp-sushil-rinku-joins-bjp-ahead-of-polls-5320614 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]], MP from Ludhiana, joined BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Lok Sabha elections: Ravneet Singh Bittu, Congress MP from Ludhiana, joins BJP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ravneet-singh-bittu-congress-mp-from-ludhiana-joins-bjp-101711455501905.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In April 2024, former MLA [[Pawan Kumar Tinu]] of SAD joined AAP, and was announced candidate for Jalandhar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LS polls: Former Akali MLA Pawan Tinu joins AAP; likely to be fielded from Jalandhar - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/ls-polls-former-akali-mla-pawan-tinu-joins-aap-likely-to-be-fielded-from-jalandhar/articleshow/109290047.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>

==Election schedule==
The election schedule was announced by [[Election Commission of India]] on 16 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Model Code of Conduct comes into force for 2024 Lok Sabha elections: What does it mean? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/model-code-of-conduct-meaning-9217638/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The elections are to be held in seven phases throughout the country, with Punjab in the last phase.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Lok Sabha election 2024: Punjab, Himachal to vote in last phase, Haryana on May 25 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/lok-sabha-election-2024-punjab-himachal-to-vote-in-last-phase-haryana-on-may-25-101710588113635.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
!Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#9ACD32|VII
|-
!Notification date
|7 May
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|14 May
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|15 May
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|17 May
|-
!Date of poll
|'''1 June'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|13
|}

== Parties and alliances ==
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=AAP, Congress to go solo in Punjab, says Kejriwal: 'Mutual agreement, no bad blood' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kejriwal-makes-it-clear-no-aap-congress-alliance-in-punjab-have-mutually-agreed-101708254369469.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title=AAP May Not Ally With Congress in Punjab for 2024 LS Polls: Sources {{!}} INDIA Front Talks |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/aap-may-not-ally-with-congress-in-punjab-for-2024-ls-polls-sources-india-front-talks-8725132.html |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

===Indian National Congress===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
|13
|-
|}

===Aam Aadmi Party===

{{legend2|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|[[File:AAP English Flag.svg |50px]]
|[[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|13
|-
|}

===Shiromani Akali Dal===

{{legend2|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|[[File:SAD flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Shiromani Akali Dal symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
|13
|}

===National Democratic Alliance===

{{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]]
|13
|-
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]]
|[[File:Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) Flag.png|50px]]
|[[File:SAD(A) SYMBOL.png|50px]]
|[[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
|12
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
|Jasvir Singh Garhi
|13
|-
|{{Party colour cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|center|50x50px]]
|[[File:CPI(M)_election_symbol_-_Hammer_Sickle_and_Star.svg|center|50x50px]]
|Purshottam Lal Bilga
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|
|3
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Amansher Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Daljit Singh Cheema]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dinesh Singh (Punjab politician)|Dinesh Singh]]
|-
!2
|[[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]]
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Kuldeep Singh Dhaliwal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Anil Joshi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
|-
!3
|[[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kulbir Singh Zira]]
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Laljit Singh Bhullar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Virsa Singh Valtoha]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manjit Singh Mianwind|Manjeet Singh Manna Mianwind]]
|-
!4
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]] (SC)
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Tinu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Mohinder Singh Kaypee]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sushil Kumar Rinku]]
|-
!5
|[[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]] (SC)
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|Yamini Gomar
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Sohan Singh Thandal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anita Parkash
|-
!6
|[[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vijay Inder Singla]]
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Malwinder Singh Kang]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Subhash Sharma
|-
!7
|[[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Ashok Parashar Pappi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Ranjit Singh Dhillon]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|-
!8
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]] (SC)
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Amar Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Gurpreet Singh GP
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Bikramjit Singh Khalsa]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gejja Ram Valmiki
|-
!9
|[[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]] (SC)
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|Amarjit Kaur Sahoke
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Karamjit Anmol]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|Rajwinder Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Hans Raj Hans]]
|-
!10
|[[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|Nardev Singh Mann
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rana Gurmit Singh Sodhi]]
|-
!11
|[[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|Jeet Mohinder Singh Sidhu
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Gurmeet Singh Khuddian|Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Parampal Kaur Sidhu
|-
!12
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Iqbal Singh Jhundan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arvind Khanna]]
|-
!13
|[[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dharamvir Gandhi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Dr. Balbir Singh|Balbir Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Narinder Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Preneet Kaur]]
|-
|}

==Surveys and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Punjab (13)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Punjab}}
==Voter turnout==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll date
!Turnout
!Swing
|-
!1
|[[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| rowspan="13" bgcolor=#9ACD32| 1 June 2024
|'''66.67%'''
|2.57%{{decrease}}
|-
!2
|[[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
|56.06%
|1.01%{{decrease}}
|-
!3
|[[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
|62.55%
|1.41%{{decrease}}
|-
!4
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]] (SC)
|'''71.92%'''
|3.34% {{decrease}}
|-
!5
|[[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]] (SC)
|58.86%
|3.22%{{decrease}}
|-
!6
|[[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
|61.98%
|1.71%{{Decrease}}
|-
!7
|[[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
|60.12%
|2.08%{{decrease}}
|-
!8
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]] (SC)
|62.53%
|3.16%{{decrease}}
|-
!9
|[[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]] (SC)
|'''63.34%'''
|0.09%{{increase}}
|-
!10
|[[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]]
|56.40%
|5.45%{{decrease}}
|-
!11
|[[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
|'''72.43%'''
|4.80%{{decrease}}
|-
!12
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|'''69.46%'''
|7.77%{{decrease}}
|-
!13
|[[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]
|'''74.02%'''
|4.14%{{decrease}}
|-
! colspan="3" |
|'''62.80%'''
|3.14%{{decrease}}
|}

==Results==
{{wide image|2024 Lok Sabha Punjab Result Map.svg|225x225px|Map displaying constituencies won by parties}}
{| style="width:88%; text-align:center;"
| style="background:DeepSkyBlue; width:53.85%;" |'''7'''
| style="background:#0071AE; width:23.08%;" |'''3'''
| style="background:Silver; width:15.38%;" |'''2'''
| style="background:#0F204A; width:7.69%;" |'''1'''
|-
|'''INC'''
|'''AAP'''
|'''IND'''
|'''SAD'''
|}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = '''Seat Share by Party'''
| value2 = 23.07
| label2 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] - 3
| color2 = #0072B0
| value1 = 53.84
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 7
| color1 = #00BFFF
| value3 = 7.69
| label3 = [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] - 1
| color3 = #0F204A
| value4 = 15.38
| label4 = IND - 2
| color4 = #DDDDDD
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = '''Vote Share'''
| value1 = 26.39
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| color1 = #00BFFF
| value2 = 26.02
| label2 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| color2 = #0072B0
| value3 = 13.42
| label3 = [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
| color3 = #0F204A
| value4 = 18.56
| label4 = [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]
| color4 = #FF9933
| value5 = 7.86
| label5 = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| color5 = #DDDDDD
| value6 = 3.84
| label6 = [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|SAD(A)]]
| color6 = #FFCF00
| value7 = 2.49
| label7 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| color7 = #800000
| value8 = 8.88
| label8 = Others
| color8 = grey
| value9 = 0.49
| label9 = NOTA
| color9 = White
}}

===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024: Punjab (Total PC - 13) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/partywiseresult-S19.htm |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=n.d.}}</ref>
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{formatnum:3543824}}
|26.30
|{{down}}13.82
|13
|7
|{{down}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|{{formatnum:3506939}}
|26.02
|{{up}}18.64
|13
|3
| {{up}} 2
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{formatnum:2500877}}
|18.56
|{{up}}8.93
|13
|0
|{{down}} 2
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|colspan="3"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|{{formatnum:1808837}}
|13.42
|{{down}}14.34
|13
|1
|{{down}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|SAD (A)]]
|{{formatnum:517024}}
|3.84
|{{up}}3.44
|12
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|{{formatnum:335921}}
|2.49
|{{down}}1.03
|13
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India|CPI}}
| colspan="3" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|{{formatnum:21383}}
|0.16%
|
|1
|0
| -
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)}}
| colspan="3" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|{{formatnum:5958}}
|0.04%
|
|1
|0
| -
|-
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP}}
| colspan="3" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|{{formatnum:1898}}
|0.01%
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|ASP(K)}}
| colspan="3" |[[Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|ASP(K)]]
|{{formatnum:9680}}
|0.07
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Punjab#Others|Others]]
|
|
|
|
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|{{formatnum:1058241}}
|7.86
|
|
|2
|{{up}} 2
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|{{formatnum:67158}}
|0.49
|{{down}} 0.63
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!{{formatnum:13463765}}
!100%
! -
!
! 13
! -
|}

=== Results by region ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Region
!Seats
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''INC'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |'''SAD+'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Other}}" |'''IND'''
|-
!Malwa
!8
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4
|2
|1
|1
|-
!Majha
!3
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Doaba
!2
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
!Total
!13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|'''7'''
!3
!1
!2
|}

=== Results by Seat Reservation ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Seat Type
! rowspan="3" |Seats
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|-
! colspan="3" |INC
! colspan="3" |AAP
! colspan="3" |SAD
|-
!Contested
!Won
!SR(%)
!Contested
!Won
!SR(%)
!Contested
!Won
!SR(%)
|-
!General
|9
|9
|5
|55.56
|9
|2
|22.22
|9
|1
|11.11
|-
!Scheduled Caste
|4
|4
|2
|50.00
|4
|1
|25
|4
|0
|0
|-
!Total
|13
|13
|7
|53.84
|13
|3
|23.07
|13
|1
|7.69
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!No.
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
|66.67% {{decrease}}
|[[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|3,64,043
|33.78
|[[Dinesh Singh (Punjab politician)|Dinesh Singh]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2,81,182
|26.09
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|82,861
|-
!2
|[[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
|56.06% {{decrease}}
|[[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|2,55,181
|28.18
|[[Kuldeep Singh Dhaliwal]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|2,14,880
|23.73
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|40,301
|-
!3
|[[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
|62.55% {{decrease}}
|[[Amritpal Singh]]
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|4,04430
|38.62
|[[Kulbir Singh Zira]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|2,07,310
|19.80
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|1,97,120
|-
!4
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]] (SC)
|59.70% {{decrease}}
|[[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|3,90,053
|39.43
|[[Sushil Kumar Rinku]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2,14,060
|21.64
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,75,993
|-
!5
|[[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]] (SC)
|58.86% {{decrease}}
|[[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|3,03,859
|32.04
|Yamini Gomar
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|2,59,748
|27.39
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|44,111
|-
!6
|[[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
|61.98% {{decrease}}
|[[Malwinder Singh Kang]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|3,13,217
|29.08
|[[Vijay Inder Singla]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|3,02,371
|28.07
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|10,846
|-
!7
|[[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
|60.12% {{decrease}}
|[[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|3,22,224
|30.42
|[[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3,01,282
|28.45
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20,942
|-
!8
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]] (SC)
|62.53% {{decrease}}
|[[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Amar Singh]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|3,32,591
|34.14
|Gurpreet Singh GP
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|2,98,389
|30.63
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|34,202
|-
!9
|[[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]] (SC)
|63.34% {{increase}}
|[[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]]
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|2,98,062
|29.38
|[[Karamjit Anmol]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|2,28,009
|22.48
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|70,053
|-
!10
|[[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]]
|67.02% {{decrease}}
|[[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|2,66,626
|23.70
|[[Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|2,63,384
|23.41
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3,242
|-
!11
|[[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
|69.36% {{decrease}}
|[[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
|{{party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|3,76,558
|32.71
|[[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|3,26,902
|28.40
|style="background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}} ; color:white;"|49,656
|-
!12
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|64.63% {{decrease}}
|[[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|3,64,085
|36.06
|[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|1,91,525
|18.97
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|1,72,560
|-
!13
|[[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]
|63.63% {{decrease}}
|[[Dharamvir Gandhi]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|3,05,616
|26.54
|[[Dr. Balbir Singh|Balbir Singh]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|2,90,785
|25.25
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14,831
|}

=== Result by Party ===

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |INC Votes
! rowspan="2" |AAP Votes
! rowspan="2" |SAD Votes
! rowspan="2" |BJP Votes
! rowspan="2" |Independent
! rowspan="2" |Winner
|-
!No.
!Name
|-
!1
|[[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
|bgcolor=lightgreen|3,64,043
|2,77,252
|85,500
|2,81,182
|
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
!2
|[[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
|bgcolor=lightgreen|2,55,181
|2,14,880
|1,62,896
|2,07,205
|
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
!3
|[[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]*
|2,07,310
|2,07,310
|1,94,836
|86,416
|bgcolor=lightgreen|4,04,430
| style="background: {{party color|Independent}};color: white" |'''INPD'''
|-
!4
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
|bgcolor=lightgreen|3,90,053
|2,08,889
|67,911
|2,14,060
|
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
!5
|[[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
|2,59,748
|bgcolor=lightgreen|3,03,859
|91,789
|1,99,994
|
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
!6
|[[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
|3,02,371
|bgcolor=lightgreen|3,13,217
|1,17,936
|1,86,578
|
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
!7
|[[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
|bgcolor=lightgreen|3,22,224
|2,37,077
|90,220
|3,01,282
|
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
!8
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
|bgcolor=lightgreen|3,32,591
|2,98,389
|1,26,730
|1,27,521
|
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
!9
|[[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]]*
|1,60,357
|2,28,009
|1,38,251
|1,23,533
|bgcolor=lightgreen|2,98,062
| style="background: {{party color|Independent}};color: white" |'''INPD'''
|-
!10
|[[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]]
|bgcolor=lightgreen|2,66,626
|2,63,384
|2,53,645
|2,55,097
|
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
!11
|[[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
|2,02,011
|3,26,902
|bgcolor=lightgreen|3,76,558
|1,10,762
|
| style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|-
!12
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|1,91,525
|bgcolor=lightgreen|3,64,085
|62,488
|1,28,253
|
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
!13
|[[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]
|bgcolor=lightgreen|3,05,616
|2,90,785
|1,53,978
|2,88,998
|
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|}

* Won by Independents

===Changes in Seats===
{|class="wikitable notheme" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=2|Party
!Holds
!Lost
!Gained
!Total tally
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|5
|3
|2
!7
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|1
|0
|2
!3
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|1
|1
|0
!1
|-
|{{party name with colour|Independent (politician)}}
|0
|0
|2
!2
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|0
|2
|0
!0
|}

*INC
**Holds - Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Fatehgarh Shaib and Patiala
**Lost - Khadoor Shaib, Faridkot and Anandpur Shaib
**Gained - Gurdaspur and Firozpur
*AAP
**Holds - Sangrur
**Gained - Hoshiarpur and Anandpur Sahib
*SAD
**Holds - Bathinda
**Lost - Firozpur
*Independent
**Gained - Khadoor Shaib and Faridkot
*BJP
**Lost - Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur
**

==Assembly segments wise lead of Parties ==

[[File:2024 Punjab Lok Sabha Election Assembly Wise Lead Map.svg|300px|thumb|Assembly segment wise lead of partied in 2024 general election in Punjab]]

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Lead in Assembly segments
! [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] Results
! +/-
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 37
| 18
| {{up}} 19
|-
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| 33
| 92
| {{down}} 59
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 23
| 2
| {{up}} 21
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 15
| 1
| {{up}} 14
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 9
| 3
| {{up}} 6
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|0
|1
|{{down}} 1
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|117
!–
|}

=== Assembly Segment wise Party Vote ===
==== 1. Gurdaspur ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BJP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
|[[Sujanpur, Punjab Assembly constituency|Sujanpur]]
|36004
|17258
|1938
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |62785
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|2
|[[Bhoa Assembly constituency|Bhoa]]
|43577
|21372
|2825
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |56393
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|3
|[[Pathankot Assembly constituency|Pathankot]]
|30668
|16646
|2001
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |52122
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|4
|[[Gurudaspur Assembly constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |36981
|34228
|10233
|21954
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|5
|[[Dina Nagar Assembly constituency|Dina Nagar]]
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |45319
|27647
|9059
|36860
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|-
|6
|[[Qadian Assembly constituency|Qadian]]
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |41806
|38654
|15568
|12959
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|7
|[[Batala Assembly constituency|Batala]]
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |36648
|35713
|10758
|22674
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|8
|[[Fatehgarh Churian Assembly constituency|Fatehgarh Churian]]
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |42512
|39640
|15713
|6973
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|9
|[[Dera Baba Nanak Assembly constituency|Dera Baba Nanak]]
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |48198
|44258
|17099
|5981
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|10
|Ballot Paper
|2330
|1836
|306
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |2481
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|11
|Total
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |364,043
|277,252
|85,500
|281,182
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|}

==== 2. Sri Amritsar Sahib ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BJP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
|[[Ajnala Assembly constituency|Ajnala]]
|30309
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |35344
|17946
|14404
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|2
|[[Raja Sansi Assembly constituency|Raja Sansi]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |36285
|31742
|22942
|11680
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|3
|[[Majitha Assembly constituency|Majitha]]
|16505
|28530
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |40981
|8056
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |'''SAD'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|4
|[[Amritsar North Assembly constituency|Amritsar North]]
|28724
|13674
|18010
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |47408
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|5
|[[Amritsar West Assembly constituency|Amritsar West]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |35012
|22080
|11451
|30937
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|-
|6
|[[Amritsar Central Assembly constituency|Amritsar Central]]
|24878
|11255
|4905
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |35572
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|7
|[[Amritsar East Assembly constituency|Amritsar East]]
|28440
|18402
|10943
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |29635
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|8
|[[Amritsar South Assembly constituency|Amritsar South]]
|21782
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |28431
|10932
|15819
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|9
|[[Attari Assembly constituency|Attari]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |32479
|24810
|24576
|13321
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|10
|Postal Ballot
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |767
|612
|210
|373
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|11
|Total
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |255,181
|214,880
|162,896
|207,205
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|}

==== 3. Sri Khadoor Sahib ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!IND Votes
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BJP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
|[[Jandiala Assembly constituency|Jandiala]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|45190
|20052
|23571
|9873
|8223
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|2
|[[Tarn Taran Assembly constituency|Tarn Taran]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|44703
|20193
|18298
|10896
|8105
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|3
|[[Khem Karan Assembly constituency|Khem Karan]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|46600
|18000
|30254
|21866
|9538
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|4
|[[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|56758
|19554
|27804
|3554
|10264
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|5
|[[Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|58426
|19271
|21915
|11220
|8217
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|6
|[[Baba Bakala Assembly constituency|Baba Bakala]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|52599
|20866
|15486
|8771
|12296
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|7
|[[Kapurthala Assembly constituency|Kapurthala]]
|21548
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|28603
|11835
|4969
|15142
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|-
|8
|[[Sultanpur Lodhi Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Lodhi]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|32875
|23445
|18443
|4226
|5688
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|9
|[[Zira Assembly constituency|Zira]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|43901
|36302
|26554
|10916
|8337
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|10
|Postal Ballot
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|1830
|1024
|676
|125
|563
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|11
|Total
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|404,430
|207,310
|194,836
|86,416
|86,373
|style="background: {{party color |Independent (politician)}};color: white" |'''IND'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|}

==== 4. Jalandhar ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BJP Votes
!BSP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
|[[Phillaur Assembly constituency|Phillaur]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|46956
|27401
|10460
|12131
|16066
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|2
|[[Nakodar Assembly constituency|Nakodar]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |43874
|23201
|15906
|14080
|10663
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|3
|[[Shahkot Assembly constituency|Shahkot]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |47009
|28116
|13499
|11389
|1954
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|4
|[[Kartarpur Assembly constituency|Kartarpur]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |45158
|29106
|8233
|11856
|11851
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|5
|[[Jalandhar West Assembly constituency|Jalandhar West]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |44394
|15629
|2623
|42837
|1958
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|-
|6
|[[Jalandhar Central Assembly constituency|Jalandhar Central]]
|34382
|18528
|2404
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|38115
|2141
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|7
|[[Jalandhar North Assembly constituency|Jalandhar North]]
|41043
|19150
|2475
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|47029
|3221
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
| style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|8
|[[Jalandhar Cantt (Assembly Constituency)|Jalandhar Cantt]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |45450
|20246
|5683
|29094
|6590
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|-
|9
|[[Adampur, Punjab Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |41243
|27172
|6528
|7171
|10412
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|10
|Postal Ballot
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |544
|340
|100
|358
|85
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|11
|Total
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |
|
|
|
|
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|}

==== 5. Hoshiarpur ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BJP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
|[[Sri Hargobindpur Assembly constituency|Sri Hargobindpur]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|35258
|28955
|19368
|4569
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|2
|[[Bholath Assembly constituency|Bholath]]
|22667
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|23426
|12302
|4731
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|3
|[[Phagwara Assembly constituency|Phagwara]]
|29390
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|30349
|9244
|27756
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|4
|[[Mukerian Assembly constituency|Mukerian]]
|29382
|34826
|9433
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|45900
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|5
|[[Dasuya Assembly constituency|Dasuya]]
|29207
|35032
|5902
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|39075
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|6
|[[Urmar Assembly constituency|Urmar]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|36303
|33269
|11517
|13030
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|7
|[[Sham Chaurasi Assembly constituency|Sham Chaurasi]]
|32387
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|34655
|7961
|15379
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|8
|[[Hoshiarpur Assembly constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
|25180
|36957
|3841
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|38664
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|9
|[[Chabbewal Assembly constituency|Chabbewal]]
|18162
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|44933
|11935
|9472
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|10
|Postal Ballot
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|1812
|1457
|286
|1418
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|11
|Total
|259,748
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|303,859
|91,789
|199,994
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|}

==== 6. Sri Anandpur Sahib====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BSP Votes
!BJP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
||[[Garhshankar Assembly constituency|Garhshankar]]
|23078
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|33789
|11270
|13346
|18971
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|2
||[[Banga Assembly constituency|Banga (SC)]]
|28055
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|29315
|14098
|16935
|6963
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|3
||[[Nawan Shahr Assembly constituency|Nawan Shahr]]
|24701
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|33655
|12480
|19250
|9691
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|4
||[[Balachaur Assembly constituency|Balachaur]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|22684
|21772
|14652
|20616
|14820
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|5
||[[Anandpur Sahib Assembly constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
|33227
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|39898
|8337
|2616
|34471
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|-
|6
||[[Rupnagar Assembly constituency|Rupnagar]]
|31048
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|38951
|12461
|8641
|16990
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|7
||[[Chamkaur Sahib Assembly constituency|Chamkaur Sahib (SC)]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|50209
|33181
|14176
|3887
|7534
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|8
||[[Kharar Assembly constituency|Kharar]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|46622
|40983
|17654
|2681
|40391
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|9
||[[S.A.S. Nagar Assembly constituency| S.A.S. Nagar]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|41790
|40697
|12523
|1981
|36005
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|10
|Postal Ballot
|957
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|976
|285
|204
|742
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|11
|Total
|302371
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|313217
|117936
|90157
|186578
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|}

==== 7. Ludhiana ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BJP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
|[[Ludhiana East Assembly constituency|Ludhiana East]]
|41296
|28096
|13395
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|50833
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|2
|[[Ludhiana South Assembly constituency|Ludhiana South]]
|32982
|19289
|4939
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|37378
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|3
|[[Atam Nagar Assembly constituency|Atam Nagar]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|30696
|25600
|6060
|22753
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|-
|4
|[[Ludhiana Central Assembly constituency|Ludhiana Central]]
|24155
|20039
|4092
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|41450
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|5
|[[Ludhiana West Assembly constituency|Ludhiana West]]
|30889
|22461
|5560
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|45424
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|6
|[[Ludhiana North Assembly constituency|Ludhiana North]]
|31415
|25127
|4514
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|53725
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|7
|[[Gill Assembly constituency|Gill (SC)]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|54981
|41520
|16985
|30154
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|8
|[[Dakha Assembly constituency|Dakha]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|40276
|28743
|21776
|7072
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|9
|[[Jagraon Assembly constituency|Jagraon (SC)]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|34734
|25745
|12752
|12138
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|10
|Postal Ballot
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|800
|457
|147
|355
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|11
|Total
|322224
|237077
|90220
|301282
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|}

==== 8. Fatehgarh Sahib ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BJP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
|[[Bassi Pathana Assembly Constituency|Bassi Pathana]] (SC)
|29625
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|30183
|10101
|7524
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|2
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly Constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
|34275
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|38640
|7416
|14280
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|3
|[[Amloh Assembly Constituency|Amloh]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|30216
|29427
|13883
|18434
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|4
|[[Khanna Assembly Constituency|Khanna]]
|30581
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|35705
|12335
|19688
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|5
|[[Samrala Assembly Constituency|Samrala]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|37641
|35316
|17619
|7970
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|6
|[[Sahnewal Assembly Constituency|Sahnewal]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|55541
|31287
|19637
|41160
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|-
|7
|[[Payal Assembly Constituency|Payal]] (SC)
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|34447
|33409
|18574
|5776
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|8
|[[Raikot Assembly Constituency|Raikot]] (SC)
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|45021
|26550
|11201
|3929
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|9
|[[Amargarh Assembly Constituency|Amargarh]]
|33977
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|36922
|15695
|8378
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|10
|Postal Ballot
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|1267
|950
|269
|382
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|11
|Total
|
|
|
|
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|}

==== 11. Bathinda ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BJP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
|[[Lambi Assembly constituency|Lambi]]
|17371
|31073
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|54337
|6416
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|2
|[[Bhucho Mandi Assembly constituency|Bhucho Mandi (SC)]]
|22154
|32124
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|46863
|10216
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|3
|[[Bathinda Urban Assembly constituency|Bathinda Urban]]
|30420
|32780
|35769
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|36287
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|-
|4
|[[Bathinda Rural Assembly constituency|Bathinda Rural (SC)]]
|18201
|30548
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|41423
|6651
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|5
|[[Talwandi Sabo Assembly constituency|Talwandi Sabo]]
|22631
|30762
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|34045
|6694
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|6
|[[Maur Assembly constituency|Maur]]
|17751
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|35211
|34959
|8278
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|-
|7
|[[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|23769
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|48008
|41062
|16856
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|-
|8
|[[Sardulgarh Assembly constituency|Sardulgarh]]
|25619
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|44474
|39338
|8526
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|-
|9
|[[Budhlada Assembly constituency|Budhlada (SC)]]
|22943
|40039
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|47223
|10331
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|10
|Postal Ballot
|1152
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|1883
|1539
|507
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|11
|Total
|202011
|326902
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|376558
|110762
|style="background: {{party color |Shiromani Akali Dal}};color: white" |'''SAD'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|}

==== 12. Sangrur ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BJP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
|[[Lehra Assembly constituency|Lehra]]
|21543
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|40226
|5952
|20405
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|2
|[[Dirba Assembly constituency|Dirba]]
|17102
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|48614
|7755
|9960
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|3
|[[Sunam Assembly constituency|Sunam]]
|17450
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|50662
|8583
|17991
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|-
|4
|[[Bhadaur Assembly constituency|Bhadaur]]
|15469
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|31512
|9854
|9326
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|5
|[[Barnala Assembly constituency|Barnala]]
|15176
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|37674
|5724
|19218
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|-
|6
|[[Mehal Kalan Assembly constituency|Mehal Kalan]]
|16631
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|35726
|7121
|5048
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|7
|[[Malerkotla Assembly constituency|Malerkotla]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|45508
|33854
|5670
|10275
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|8
|[[Dhuri Assembly constituency|Dhuri]]
|14882
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|49413
|5780
|12450
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|9
|[[Sangrur Assembly constituency|Sangrur]]
|26448
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|35110
|5826
|23108
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|10
|Postal Ballot
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|1316
|1294
|223
|472
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|11
|Total
|191525
|364085
|62488
|128253
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|}

==== 13. Patiala ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Assembly constituency
!INC Votes
!AAP Votes
!SAD Votes
!BJP Votes
!Lead
!Runner-up
|-
|1
|[[Nabha Assembly constituency|Nabha (SC)]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|36230
|32577
|18345
|22198
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|2
|[[Patiala Rural Assembly constituency|Patiala Rural]]
|34985
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|37446
|15182
|30320
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|3
|[[Rajpura Assembly constituency|Rajpura]]
|32032
|22336
|14057
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|37340
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|4
|[[Dera Bassi Assembly constituency|Dera Bassi]]
|46621
|36390
|33748
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|65742
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|5
|[[Ghanaur Assembly constituency|Ghanaur]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|37633
|28543
|16238
|14764
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|6
|[[Sanour Assembly constituency|Sanour]]
|37846
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|43048
|19497
|25670
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|7
|[[Patiala Assembly constituency|Patiala]]
|23035
|21105
|4634
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|41548
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''BJP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|8
|[[Samana Assembly constituency|Samana]]
|28937
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|36141
|17871
|26387
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''

|-
|9
|[[Shutrana Assembly constituency|Shutrana (SC)]]
|27353
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|32499
|14118
|24501
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|-
|10
|Postal Ballot
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|944
|700
|198
|528
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|-
|11
|Total
|305616
|290785
|153978
|288998
|style="background: {{party color |Indian National Congress}};color: white" |'''INC'''
|style="background: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
|}

== See also ==
*[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Rajasthan]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Haryana]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjab (India) elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Punjab]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2020s in Punjab, India]]

Kedar Nath Singh (Bihar politician)

2026-04-22T14:40:38Z

Shivam:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kedar Nath Singh
| profession = Company Director & Petrol Pump
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Baniapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baniapur]]
| term_start = 2010
| predecessor = Manoranjan Singh
| term_end =
| successor =
| occupation =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| parents = Vasudeo Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|01|01}}<ref>{{cite web |title=MLA Date of Births |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
| 1namedata =
}}

'''Kedar Nath Singh''' is an Indian politician, currently a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and three time consecutive [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)]] from [[Baniapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA/Know your MLA |url=https://www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/Knowyourmla.html |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kedar Nath Singh(RJD):Constituency- BANIAPUR(SARAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11557 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Kedar Nath Singh {{!}} Welcome to Saran District {{!}} India |url=https://saran.nic.in/whoswho/shri-kedar-nath-singh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415114605/https://saran.nic.in/whoswho/shri-kedar-nath-singh/ |archive-date=2021-04-15 |access-date=2022-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बनियापुर के 'बादशाह' कहे जाने वाले केदार नाथ सिंह को जानिए |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/states/bihar/rjd-leader-kedarnath-singh-biography-165254.html |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=News Nation |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baniapur Election Results 2020: लोजपा ने बिगाड़ा NDA का खेल, RJD के केदार नाथ की हैट्रिक |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/baniapur-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-tejashwi-yadav-nitish-kumar-rjd-mla-kedar-nath-singh-lbs-1159299-2020-11-10 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baniapur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/baniapur-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He is the brother of former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Prabhunath Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=Baniapur Seat Live Update: RJD के केदारनाथ सिंह जीते, VIP के वीरेंद्र कुमार ओझा को 27789 वोट से हराया |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/saran-bihar-assembly-election-2020-baniapur-seat-result-update-rjd-won-over-vip-nodtg-3268074.html |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saran: बाहुबली प्रभुनाथ सिंह के घर से चार ने आजमाई किस्मत, जीता सिर्फ एक |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/photo/prabhunath-singh-brother-kedarnath-singh-won-elections-from-baniapur-bihar-election-tstb-1160801-2020-11-11 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref>

He has a few criminal charges against him, in one of them recently a charge sheet was filed against him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बाडीगार्ड की हत्‍या के मामले में बढ़ी राजद विधायक की मुश्किलें, छपरा कोर्ट में दाखिल हो गई चार्जशीट |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-rjd-mlas-troubles-increased-in-case-of-bodyguard-murder-chargesheet-filed-in-chapra-court-22275810.html |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=m.jagran.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kedar Nath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Ateli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:56:01Z

Shivam: started article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ateli Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = Ateli Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Haryana]]
| established = 1968
| abolished =
| electors = 2,06,475
| mla = [[Arti Singh Rao]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no = 68
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani–Mahendragarh]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Arti Singh Rao.png
}}

'''Ateli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] of [[Haryana]], a state in northwest [[India]]. Ateli is also part of [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani-Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>[https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/ateli.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Ateli Assembly constituency]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| N. Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
| [[Rao Birender Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Banshi Singh
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|[[Rao Birender Singh]]
|-
| 1980^
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| Nihal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Laxmi Narain
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Banshi Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=2|Narender Singh
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| [[Naresh Yadav Ateli|Naresh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Anita Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Santosh Yadav (politician)|Santosh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Sitaram Yadav
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Arti Singh Rao]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arti Singh Rao]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=57,737 |percentage=39.75% |change={{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=54,652 |percentage=37.63% |change={{increase}}8.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,037 |percentage=20.68% |change={{increase}}13.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aayushi Abhimanyu Rao |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,748 |percentage=1.20% |change={{decrease}}9.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=418 |percentage=0.29% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,085 |percentage=2.12% |change= {{decrease}}12.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,45,240 |percentage=71.55% |change= {{increase}}4.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,06,475 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sitaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=55,793 |percentage=43.97% |change={{decrease}}5.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atar Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=37,387 |percentage=29.46% |change={{increase}}24.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samrat |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=13,191 |percentage=10.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,238 |percentage=7.28% |change={{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naresh Yadav Ateli]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,278 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=2,345 |percentage=1.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Master Sube Singh |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=1,102 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Yadav |party=Swaraj India |votes=956 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neetu Yadav |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=666 |percentage=0.52% |change={{decrease}}11.82 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,406 |percentage=14.50% |change= {{decrease}}22.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,26,900 |percentage=66.74% |change= {{decrease}}9.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,90,134 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Santosh Yadav (politician)|Santosh Yadav]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=64,659 |percentage=49.69% |change={{increase}}28.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=16,058 |percentage=12.34% |change={{decrease}}8.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,361 |percentage=8.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,556 |percentage=6.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anita Yadav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,727 |percentage=5.94% |change={{decrease}}16.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Verma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,779 |percentage=5.21% |change={{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,497 |percentage=3.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naresh Yadav Ateli]] |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=3,922 |percentage=3.01% |change={{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Advocate Deepak Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=3,581 |percentage=2.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep |party=Independent politician |votes=711 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48,601 |percentage=37.35% |change= {{increase}}36.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,30,123 |percentage=76.54% |change= {{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,70,006 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}27.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anita Yadav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,103 |percentage=22.43% |change={{decrease}}13.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Santosh Yadav (politician)|Santosh Yadav]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,130 |percentage=21.52% |change={{increase}}15.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Ajit Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=22,400 |percentage=20.84% |change={{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naresh Yadav Ateli]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,535 |percentage=9.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasmer Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,578 |percentage=7.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=8,168 |percentage=7.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bali Ram Alias Billu |party=Independent politician |votes=5,218 |percentage=4.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,525 |percentage=1.42% |change={{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=882 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumer Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=583 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=973 |percentage=0.91% |change= {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,07,466 |percentage=71.59% |change= {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,50,113 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}15.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naresh Yadav Ateli]] |party=Independent politician |votes=43,396 |percentage=38.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,440 |percentage=35.70% |change={{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Santosh Yadav (politician)|Santosh Yadav]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=16,515 |percentage=14.58% |change={{decrease}}19.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailash Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,351 |percentage=6.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanyogita |party=Independent politician |votes=860 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Parkash |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=772 |percentage=0.68% |change={{decrease}}5.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=751 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabha Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=714 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,956 |percentage=2.61% |change= {{increase}}2.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,275 |percentage=73.97% |change= {{increase}}5.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,131 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,755 |percentage=34.59% |change={{increase}}8.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh D/O Bhagwan Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=31,421 |percentage=34.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naresh Yadav Ateli]] |party=Independent politician |votes=19,855 |percentage=21.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Om Prakash Engineer |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,819 |percentage=6.34% |change={{decrease}}5.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxminarain |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=785 |percentage=0.86% |change={{decrease}}17.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. D. Yadav |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=500 |percentage=0.54% |change={{decrease}}22.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Comrade Balbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=476 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=334 |percentage=0.36% |change= {{decrease}}3.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,792 |percentage=69.47% |change= {{increase}}4.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,33,670 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,114 |percentage=26.14% |change={{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Omprakash Engineer S/O Nand Lal |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=19,270 |percentage=22.78% |change={{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=15,686 |percentage=18.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naresh Yadav Ateli]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,846 |percentage=11.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihal Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=7,534 |percentage=8.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,328 |percentage=3.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. S. Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=1,192 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Yadav |party=Janata Dal |votes=671 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Kumar Lamba |party=Rashtriya Kisan Party |votes=536 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naval Singh S/O Bir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=486 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,844 |percentage=3.36% |change= {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,600 |percentage=66.50% |change= {{increase}}8.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,32,454 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bamshi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,343 |percentage=29.61% |change={{decrease}}16.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=19,277 |percentage=29.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihal Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=14,240 |percentage=21.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxminarain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,449 |percentage=6.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,190 |percentage=4.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=706 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagar Mal |party=Independent politician |votes=672 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=437 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panna Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=391 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=378 |percentage=0.58% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=331 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=66 |percentage=0.10% |change= {{decrease}}3.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,319 |percentage=57.77% |change= {{decrease}}11.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,18,354 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}19.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxminarain |party=Lokdal |votes=35,417 |percentage=49.26% |change={{increase}}48.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kheta Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,842 |percentage=45.68% |change={{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panna Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,980 |percentage=2.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=520 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,575 |percentage=3.58% |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,891 |percentage=67.48% |change= {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,428 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=27,298 |percentage=47.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,105 |percentage=46.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suman |party=Independent politician |votes=884 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramji Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=810 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mool Chand |party=Lokdal |votes=733 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budh Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=470 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=193 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,881 |percentage=63.48% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,246 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=B.Singh |party= |votes=35,243 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L.Narain |party= |votes=7,575 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=6,610 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Murlindhar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,353 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Shyam |party=Independent politician |votes=891 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,668 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Birender Singh]] |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=29,552 |percentage=56.83% |change={{increase}}14.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxman Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=17,053 |percentage=32.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,973 |percentage=5.72% |change={{decrease}}25.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,372 |percentage=2.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=396 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shri Krishan |party=Independent politician |votes=364 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=295 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,499 |percentage=24.03% |change= {{increase}}12.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,005 |percentage=68.22% |change= {{increase}}5.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,524 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= {{increase}}14.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Banshi Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=17,214 |percentage=42.64% |change={{decrease}}16.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nari Der Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,578 |percentage=31.16% |change={{decrease}}8.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onkar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,070 |percentage=22.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shri Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,510 |percentage=3.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,636 |percentage=11.48% |change= {{decrease}}7.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,372 |percentage=63.06% |change= {{decrease}}6.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,760 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Birender Singh]] |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=23,673 |percentage=59.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,937 |percentage=39.78% |change={{decrease}}9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandhar |party=Independent politician |votes=455 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,736 |percentage=19.31% |change= {{increase}}16.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,065 |percentage=69.90% |change= {{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,071 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ateli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,607 |percentage=48.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Jiwan |party=Independent politician |votes=16,640 |percentage=46.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parshada |party=Independent politician |votes=1,851 |percentage=5.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=967 |percentage=2.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,098 |percentage=67.03% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,497 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Ateli]]
* [[Mahendragarh district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Haryana}}

{{coord|28.102|76.255|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Mahendragarh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1968]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Haryana]]

Tezu Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:59Z

Shivam: Made a data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tezu
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 44
| district = [[Lohit district|Lohit]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = ST
| map_image = Tezu Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Mohesh Chai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 20,761
}}
'''Tezu''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Lohit district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2019, it is represented by [[Karikho Kri]], an [[Independent politician]].<ref name=results2019/>{{update after|2024|7}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Nakul Chai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Sobeng Tayang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Nakul Chai
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=2 | [[Karikho Kri]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Mahesh Chai|Dr. Mahesh Chai]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Karikho Kri]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Mahesh Chai|Dr. Mahesh Chai]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tezu<ref name="Tezu Assembly Election Result 2024: Dr Mohesh Chai of BJP wins">{{cite news |title=Tezu Assembly Election Result 2024: Dr Mohesh Chai of BJP wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/tezu-assembly-election-results-2024-tezu-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110635708.cms |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603015806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/tezu-assembly-election-results-2024-tezu-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110635708.cms |archive-date=3 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Tezu">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Tezu |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0244.htm |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607044121/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0244.htm |archive-date=7 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Tezu (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Tezu (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/tezu |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607044248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/tezu |archive-date=7 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahesh Chai|Dr. Mahesh Chai]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,535 |percentage=51.70% |change={{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karikho Kri]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,730 |percentage=34.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badang Tayang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,716 |percentage=10.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeremai Krong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=348 |percentage=2.11% |change={{decrease}}4.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=180 |percentage=1.09% |change={{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,805 |percentage=16.99% |change= {{increase}}16.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,509 |percentage=79.52% |change= {{decrease}}6.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,761 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tezu<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karikho Kri]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,538 |percentage=46.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahesh Chai|Dr. Mahesh Chai]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,383 |percentage=45.29% |change={{decrease}}5.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nuney Tayang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,088 |percentage=6.67% |change={{decrease}}40.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=291 |percentage=1.79% |change={{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=155 |percentage=0.95% |change= {{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,300 |percentage=86.31% |change= {{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,886 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tezu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahesh Chai|Dr. Mahesh Chai]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,147 |percentage=50.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karikho Kri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,666 |percentage=47.55% |change={{decrease}}17.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=206 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=481 |percentage=3.43% |change= {{decrease}}26.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,019 |percentage=84.32% |change= {{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,625 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tezu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karikho Kri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,397 |percentage=64.85% |change={{increase}}29.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nakul Chai |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=4,552 |percentage=35.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,845 |percentage=29.69% |change= {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,949 |percentage=82.75% |change= {{increase}}22.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,649 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tezu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karikho Kri]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,684 |percentage=61.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nakul Chai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,272 |percentage=35.12% |change={{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gofailum Kri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=361 |percentage=3.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,412 |percentage=25.89% |change= {{increase}}23.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,317 |percentage=59.60% |change= {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,540 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tezu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nakul Chai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,313 |percentage=37.58% |change={{decrease}}17.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karikho Kri]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,089 |percentage=35.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khapriso Krong |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,242 |percentage=14.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ojimso Tayang |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=981 |percentage=11.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johnum Manyu |party=Independent politician |votes=191 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=224 |percentage=2.54% |change= {{decrease}}20.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,816 |percentage=67.58% |change= {{decrease}}14.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,526 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tezu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sobeng Tayang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,694 |percentage=55.13% |change={{increase}}9.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sotai Kri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,769 |percentage=32.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nakul Chai |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,051 |percentage=12.34% |change={{decrease}}40.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,925 |percentage=22.61% |change= {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,514 |percentage=80.59% |change= {{increase}}12.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,706 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tezu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nakul Chai |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,850 |percentage=52.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sobeng Tayang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,299 |percentage=45.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geso Chopei |party=Independent politician |votes=136 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=551 |percentage=7.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,285 |percentage=68.09% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,948 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Lohit district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.93|96.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Lohit district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Arti Singh Rao

2026-04-18T22:31:06Z

Shivam: started new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Arti_Singh_Rao.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = [[Second Saini ministry|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]], Government of Haryana
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice =
| 2blankname = [[Second Saini ministry|Additional Ministries and Departments]]
| 2namedata = *Medical Education & Research
*Ayush
| term_start = 17 October 2024
| office6 = Member of
[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency6 = [[Ateli Assembly constituency]]
| term_start6 = 8 October 2024
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 = Sitaram Yadav
| successor6 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|7|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = Near Bhagwat Bhakti Ashram, Rampura, [[Rewari]], Haryana, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| father = [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| mother = Manita Singh
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| children =
| alma_mater = Graduate
| occupation = Politician & International Skeet Shooter
| website =
| education =
| alt = Arti Singh Rao Health Minister Haryana
| relations = [[Rao Birender Singh]] (Grand-father)
}}

'''Arti Singh Rao''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], who is currently serving as the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]] of Haryana. She is a Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Ateli Assembly constituency]] since [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|October 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Ateli, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Arti Singh Rao defeats BSP's Attar Lal with 3085 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/ateli-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612844-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Ateli Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: BJP's Arti Singh Rao A Winner After Close Fight With BSP's Attar Lal |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ateli-election-result-2024-live-update-9077355.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|title=A look at Haryana's 40 first-time MLAs|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|accessdate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=2 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> She is the daughter of [[Rao Inderjit Singh]], who is the current [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]] of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=T. H. S. |date=2024-02-03 |title=Aarti Rao: Raising the election pitch with 'Discrimination against South Haryana' |url=https://en.theharyanastory.com/article/306/aarti-rao-raising-the-election-pitch-with-discrimination-against-south-haryana |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=en.theharyanastory.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Arti Singh Rao was born in royal family of Rewari in 1979. She is a daughter of Indian politician & Union Minister [[Rao Inderjit Singh]] and Manita Singh. She was an International Skeet Shooter and has won multiple medals finishing best with a Gold Medal at the 2005 Asian Games. She started practicing shooting in 1998 and played her first international competition in 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=Arti Singh RAO, ISSF Athletes Database |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/SHINDW0307197901 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=ISSF |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=October 2024}} She is the granddaughter of [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]], the former Chief Minister of Haryana. Her uncles, Rao Ajit Singh and Rao Yaduvendra Singh, are also politicians.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Political career==
Belonging to a well-established political family, her debut in politics was inevitable. Although she was active in the political sphere since the early 2010s, she was denied a ticket to [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] seat earlier by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title='Despite being Rao Inderjit Singh's daughter, I did not get a ticket for 10 years… I am here to work': Arti Singh Rao |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rao-inderjit-singh-daughter-ticket-haryana-assembly-polls-9577016/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> but was offered one from [[Ateli]] constituency in [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]], a constituency in southern Haryana, where Rao Inderjit Singh has a very strong foothold. She defeated the [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] candidate Atar Lal<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Ateli Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: BJP's Arti Singh Rao A Winner After Close Fight With BSP's Attar Lal |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ateli-election-result-2024-live-update-9077355.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and became the member of assembly for the first time. In the [[Second Saini ministry]], she was sworn in as a cabinet minister and allotted Health ministry portfolio. She is also the Minister of Medical Education & Research and the Minister of Ayush.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-21 |title=Haryana's new ministers get portfolios: CM Nayab Singh Saini keeps home, Anil Vij heads energy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryanas-new-ministers-get-portfolios-cm-nayab-singh-saini-keeps-home-anil-vij-heads-energy/articleshow/114409346.cms |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Arti Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Women members of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian sportsperson-politicians]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Raghunathpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:01:57Z

Shivam: Adding data

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raghunathpur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Raghunathpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Raghunathpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
| constituency_no = 246
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Vivekananda Bauri]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 197,720
}}

'''Raghunathpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 246 Raghunathpur Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]] municipality; [[Raghunathpur I (community development block)|Raghunathpur I]], [[Neturia (community development block)|Neturia]] and [[Santuri (community development block)|Santuri]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2011-01-27 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 13 August 2011 }}</ref>

Raghunathpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 36 [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Nepal Bouri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shankar Narayan Singh Deo
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|N. Bauri
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Haripada Bouri
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Unity Centre of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Durgadas Bauri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bijoy Bauri
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Unity Centre of India}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="4"|Natabar Bagdi
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|Uma Rani Bouri
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Purna Chandra Bauri]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Vivekananda Bauri
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Raghunathpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: Raghunathpur <ref name=1vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/raghunathpur-west-bengal-election-result-2021 | title = Raghunathpur Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =22 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25246.htm?ac=246 | title = Assembly Election Result 2021 – West Bengal, Raghunathpur | publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 22 May 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Vivekananda Bauri |votes=95,770|percentage=44.61|change={{increase}}31.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= All India Trinamool Congress |candidate= Hazari Bouri |votes=90,332|percentage= 42.08|change={{decrease}}1.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Ganesh Bouri|votes=14,738|percentage= 6.86|change={{decrease}}28.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)||candidate= Pashupati Roy|votes=3,829|percentage=1.78|change={{decrease}}0.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Independent (politician)|candidate=Sumanta Bouri |votes=2,403|percentage=1.12|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Independent (politician)|candidate=Mihir Bauri |votes=2,354|percentage=1.10|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Bahujan Samaj Party||candidate= Parimal Bouri |votes=1,707|percentage=0.80|change={{decrease}}0.85}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,557|percentage=1.66|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=214,690 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Raghunathpur <ref name=1vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/raghunathpur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency| title= Raghunathpur| work= 2016 Legislative Assembly Election| publisher = Result University |access-date =22 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = http://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/home/state-assembly-constituency/west-bengal-election-result/868-Raghunathpur_(SC)assembly_election_result_2016.html| title = Raghunathpur| work = Assembly Election Result 2016 Live| publisher = InfoElections |access-date = 22 May 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Purna Chandra Bauri]]|votes=83,688|percentage=43.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Satyanarayan Bauri|votes=67,546|percentage=35.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Subhas Chandra Mondal|votes=24,912|percentage=12.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Kista Bauri|votes=4,664|percentage=2.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Gobordhan Bagdi|votes=3,735|percentage=1.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mahadeb Bauri|votes=3,187|percentage=1.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,152
|percentage = 2.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=192,884|percentage=82.31|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Raghunathpur<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25246.htm|title = Raghunathpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results| publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=246| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070531/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=246| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Raghunathpur | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Raghunathpur |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Purna Chandra Bauri]]|votes=78,096|percentage=48.34|change=+12.61#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Dipali Bauri|votes=65,353|percentage=40.46|change=-12.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Subhas Chandra Mondal|votes=7,916|percentage=4.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Barun Bauri|votes=7,055|percentage=4.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mahadeb Bauri|votes=3,123|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=161,543|percentage=81.7|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 25.17#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 state assembly elections, Uma Rani Bouri of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Raghunathpur assembly seat defeating her nearest rivals, Purna Chandra Bouri of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] and Magaram Bouri of Trinamool Congress respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Natabar Bagdi]] of CPI(M) defeated Nabakumar Bouri of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, Gopal Das of Congress in 1991 and 1987, and [[Durgadas Bauri]] of Congress in 1982. Bijoy Bauri of [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUC]] defeated Nepal Bauri of [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp241.htm |title = 241 - Raghunathpur (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-26 }}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Durgadas Bauri of Congress won in 1972. Hari Pada Bouri of SUCI won in 1971 and 1969. N. Bauri of Congress won in 1967. Shankar Narayan Singhadeo of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] Raghunathpur was a joint seat. Shankar Narayan Singhadeo and Nepal Bouri, both of Congress, won in 1957.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Purulia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purulia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

List of governors of the Bengal Presidency

2026-04-09T19:10:16Z

Shivam: stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}

In 1644, [[Gabriel Boughton]] procured privileges for the [[East India Company]] (EIC) which permitted them to build a factory at [[Hooghly district|Hughli]], without fortifications. Various chief agents, ''' Governors''' and presidents were appointed to look after company affairs in the Bengal region. In 1765, the [[Treaty of Allahabad]] granted the ''[[diwani]]'' of [[Bengal Subah]] to the EIC. In 1772, [[Warren Hastings]] was appointed as the [[Governor-General of Fort William in Bengal]] which ended the title of Governor of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=F.C. |author-link=Frederic Charles Danvers |title=Bengal: Its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors |date=22 June 2016 |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=978-1332869954 |pages=–6}}</ref>

The [[Saint Helena Act 1833]] enacted that the Governor-General of India shall also act as the Governor of the Bengal presidency. From this time the Governors-General of India held also the separate office of Governor of Bengal, until the year 1854.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=F.C. |title=Bengal: Its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors |date=22 June 2016 |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=978-1332869954 |pages=21}}</ref>

The Section 56 of Act 16 & 17 Victoria in 1853 empowered the Court of Directors of EIC to declare that the Governor-General of India shall not be Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal, but that a separate Governor shall be appointed for such Presidency. Until then, the Governor-General of India in Council will be directed to appoint a Lieutenant Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. In 1854, [[Frederick James Halliday|F. J. Halliday]] was appointed as the first lieutenant governor of the Bengal presidency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=F.C. |title=Bengal: Its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors |date=22 June 2016 |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=978-1332869954 |pages=21–22}}</ref>

At the [[Delhi Durbar]] on 12 December 1911, King [[George V]] announced the transfer of the seat of the Government of India from Calcutta to Delhi, the reunification of the five predominantly Bengali-speaking divisions into a Presidency (or province) of Bengal under a governor, the creation of a new province of [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]] under a lieutenant-governor, and that [[Assam Province]] would be reconstituted under a chief commissioner. On 21 March 1912, [[Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael|Thomas Gibson-Carmichael]] was appointed the Governor of Bengal. On 22 March the provinces of [[Bengal Presidency#Reorganisation of Bengal, 1912|Bengal]], Bihar and Orissa and Assam were constituted.<ref>Ilbert, Sir Courtenay Peregrine (1922). ''The Government of India'', Third Edition, revised and updated. Clarendon Press. pp. 117–118.</ref>

In 1947, India gained [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]] from the [[British Raj]], and the new [[state of West Bengal]] was formed following the [[partition of India]]. [[C. Rajagopalachari]] was appointed as the first [[List of governors of West Bengal|Governor of West Bengal]]. When the [[constitution of India]] came into effect on 26 January 1950, the office of Governor of West Bengal become a ceremonial position.

==Precursors (1650–1758)==

=== Agents, chiefs and governors (1650-1699) ===
In 1644 [[Gabriel Boughton]], procured privileges for the [[East India Company]] which permitted them to build a factory at [[Hooghly district|Hughli]], without fortifications. In 1650, the factories of Balasor and Hughli were united. On 14 December 1650, James Bridgman was appointed as the chief of the factories. However, in 1653, Bridgman left suddenly and Powle Waldegrave assumed his charge.

On 27 February 1657, the company resolved its holdings into four agencies:- [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], Bantam, Persia, and Hughli. George Gawton was appointed as the Agent of Hughly. Additional three factories in [[Balasore|Ballasore]], [[Cassimbazar|Cassambazar]] and [[Patna district|Pattana]] were put under the Hughly agency. In 1658, Johnathan Trevisa was appointed as the second to Gawton and was meant to succeed him after the latter's death. On 6 February 1661, the company reduced the Hughly agency under the Fort St. George, and then agent Trevisa was made the ''"Chief of Factories in the Bay of Bengal"''.
On 24 November 1681, [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)|William Hedges]] was appointed as the "Agent and Governor for the affairs of the East India Company in the Bay of Bengal". On 21 December 1684, [[William Gyfford]] who was the President and Governor of Fort St. George was given the additional charge of Bengal due to increasing mismanagement. John Beard was appointed as the ''"Agent and Chief in the Bay of Bengal"'' and become the subordinate to Gifford.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |Chief of the factories of Balasore and Hughli
|-
!Name
!Portrait
!Took office
!Left office
!Remarks
|-
|James Bridgman
|
|14 December 1650
|1653
|
|-
|Powle Waldegrave
|
|1653
|1657
|
|-
! colspan="5" |Agent of Hughly Agency
|-
|George Gawton
|
|27 February 1657
|11 September 1658
|
|-
|John Trevisa
|
|11 September 1658
|6 February 1661
|
|-
! colspan="5" |Chief of Factories in the Bay of Bengal
|-
|John Trevisa
|
|6 February 1661
|31 January 1662
|
|-
|William Blake
|
|31 January 1662
|24 January 1668
|
|-
|Shem Bridges
|
|24 January 1668
|7 December 1669
|
|-
|Henry Powell
|
|7 December 1669
|?
|
|-
|[[Walter Clavell]]
|
|~June 1672
|7 August 1677
|Died in office
|-
|[[Matthias Vincent]]
|
|7 September 1677
|~July 1682
(position superseded)
|Deposed in July 1682
|-
! colspan="5" |Agent and Governor
for the affairs of the East India Company

in the Bay of Bengal
|-
| Sir [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)|William Hedges]]
|
|24 November 1681
|~ August 1684
|Deposed in August 1864
|-
! colspan="5" |Agent and Chief in the Bay of Bengal
|-
|John Beard
|
|21 December 1863
|28 August 1865
|Died in office
|-
|[[Job Charnock]]
|
|~ April 1686
|10 January 1693
|Died in office
|-
|[[Francis Ellis (colonial administrator)|Francis Ellis]]
|
|10 January 1693
|January 1694
|
|-
|[[Charles Eyre]]
|
|25 January 1694
|1 February 1699
|Left for England in 1699
|-
|John Beard
|
|1 February 1699
|20 December 1699
(position superseded)
|Second to Eyre
|}

=== President and Governor of Fort William, in Bengal (1699-1705) ===
On 20 December 1699, the Court of Directors (London East India Company) declared Bengal a Presidency, and then Agent [[Charles Eyre]] was made the ''" President and Governor of Fort William, in Bengal".'' The President or Chief in the Bay of Bengal for the English East India Company was Sir [[Edward Littleton (colonial administrator)|Edward Littleton]] in whose commission and instructions, dated 12 January 1698, it was also stated that power had been obtained from his Majesty to constitute him the "Minister or Consul for the English Nation" with all powers requisite thereunto.''"'' Littleton was later deposed by the Court of Directors in 1703.

The union of the two East India Companies took place on 23 July 1702. For united trade in Bengal, a Council was appointed, of which Nathaniel Halsey and [[Robert Hedges (colonial administrator)|Robert Hedges]] were to take chair each in their week alternatively as per the dispatch from United Company on 26 February 1702. In a dispatch of 12 February 1704, it was ordered that if Beard shall die, no one will be appointed as President to succeed him. After the departure of John Beard to Madras, Ralph Sheldon assumed the position of Chief of Council, and his appointment was confirmed in a dispatch of 7 February 1706.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |President and Governor of Fort William, in Bengal
|-
!Name
!Portrait
!Took office
!Left office
!Remarks
|-
|Sir [[Charles Eyre]]
|
|20 December 1699
|7 January 1701
|Left on account of health issues
|-
|John Beard
|
|7 January 1701
|7 July 1705
|Died in Office
|}

=== President in the Bay, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief for Fort William, in Bengal (1705-1774) ===
On 30 December 1709, Anthony Weldon was appointed as the ''"President in the Bay, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief for Fort William, in Bengal"'' for the United East India Company. His appointment was later revoked and was supposed to be succeeded by Sheldon. Since Sheldon had died by the time dispatch arrived in Bengal, John Russell was ordered to succeed as the Governor. By a letter of 8 May 1771, the Court appointed [[Warren Hastings]] to be Governor of Bengal. By Act of Parliament 13 Geo. III., cap. 63, the [[Presidency of Bengal|Presidency of Fort William in Bengal]] will headed by a Governor-General, and Hastings was appointed as the first Governor-General. He assumed the office on 20 October 1774.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="7" |President in the Bay, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief for Fort William, in Bengal
|-
!#
!Name
!Portrait
!Took office
!Left office
!Remarks
!Appointee
|-
|1
|Anthony Weldon
|
|30 December 1709
|4 March 1711
|Appointment revoked by the Court of Directors
Resigned in March 1711
| rowspan="21" |'''[[East India Company|East India Company]]''' [[File:Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg|65px]]
|-
|2
|John Rusell
|
|4 March 1711
|3 December 1713
|Dismissed by the Court
|-
|3
|[[Robert Hedges (colonial administrator)|Robert Hedges]]
|
|3 December 1713
|28 December 1717
|died in office
|-
|4
|[[Samuel Feake]]
|
|12 January 1718
|17 January 1723
|Left for England due to illness
|-
|5
|[[John Deane (colonial administrator)|John Deane]]
|
|17 January 1723
|30 January 1726
|Returned to England
|-
|6
|[[Henry Frankland]]
|
|30 January 1726
|25 February 1732
|Returned to Europe
|-
|7
|[[John Stackhouse (colonial administrator)|John Stackhouse]]
|
|25 February 1732
|29 January 1739
|Resigned
|-
|8
|[[Thomas Broddyll]]
|
|29 January 1739
|4 Feb 1746
|Left for England
|-
|9
|[[John Forster (colonial administrator)|John Forster]]
|
|4 Feb 1746
|March 1748
|Died in office
|-
|10
|[[William Barwell]]
|
|18 April 1748
|1749
|Dismissed by the Court
|-
|11
|[[Adam Dawson (colonial administrator)|Adam Dawson]]
|
|17 July 1749
|1752
|Dismissed by the Court
|-
|12
|[[William Fytche]]
|[[File:Thomas Hudson (attributed) - Portrait of William Fytche of Bengal 1752.jpg|frameless|121x121px]]
|5 July 1752
|8 August 1752
|Died in Office
|-
|13
|[[Roger Drake (colonial administrator)|Roger Drake]]
|
|8 August 1752
|20 June 1758
|Deposed by the Court
|-
|14
|Colonel [[Robert Clive]]
|[[File:Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive by Nathaniel Dance, (later Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, Bt).jpg|frameless|127x127px]]
|27 June 1758
|23 January 1760
|Resigned
|-
|15
|[[John Zephaniah Holwell]]
|[[File:John Zephaniah Holwell.jpg|frameless|140x140px]]
|28 January 1760
|27 July 1760
|Handed over to Vansittart who was appointed on
23 November 1759 to the office
|-
|16
|[[Henry Vansittart]]
|[[File:Henry Vansittart.jpg|frameless|123x123px]]
|27 July 1760
|26 November 1764
|Returned to England
|-
|17
|John Spencer
|
|3 December 1764
|3 May 1765
|
|-
|18
|[[Robert Clive]], 1st Baron Clive
|[[File:Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive by Nathaniel Dance, (later Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, Bt).jpg|frameless|128x128px]]
|3 May 1765
|20 January 1767
|Returned to England
|-
|19
|[[Harry Verelst (colonial governor)|Harry Verelst]]
|
|29 January 1767
|24 December 1769
|Retired from the service
|-
|20
|[[John Cartier]]
|
|26 December 1769
|13 April 1772
|
|-
|21
|[[Warren Hastings]]
|[[File:Warren Hastings by Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpg|frameless|127x127px]]
|13 April 1772
|20 October 1773
(office superseded)
|Appointed as the Governor-General of Fort William
in Bengal in 1773
|}

==List==

{{See also|List of governors-general of India}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="130px" | Portrait
! width="300px" | Name
! width="200px" colspan="2" | Term
! width="150px" | Appointer
|-
| colspan="5" | Before 1773 the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William was named as [[List of governors of Bengal|Governor of Bengal]] (1757–1772).
|-
! colspan="5" | '''Governors General of the Presidency of Fort William (1773–1833)'''
|-
| [[File:Warren Hastings greyscale.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Warren Hastings]]'''<ref group=nb>Originally joined on 28 April 1772</ref>
| 20 October 1773
| 8 February 1785
| rowspan=13 | [[East India Company]] [[File:Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg|90px]] {{small|(1773–1858)}}
|- align=center
| [[File:Captain John Macpherson (1726 - 1792) by anonymous (circa 1772-1792).jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet|John Macpherson]]''' ''(acting)''
| 8 February 1785
| 12 September 1786

|- align=center
| [[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis]]'''<ref group=nb>Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis in 1792.</ref>
| 12 September 1786
| 28 October 1793
|- align=center
| [[File:JohnShore.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]]'''
| 28 October 1793
| 18 March 1798
|- align=center
| [[File:Field Marshal Sir Alured Clarke.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Alured Clarke]]''' ''(acting)''
| 18 March 1798
| 18 May 1798
|- align=center
| [[File:Richard Wellesley 2.JPG|120px]]
| '''[[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley, 2nd Earl of Mornington]]'''<ref group="nb">Created Marquess Wellesley in 1799.</ref>
| 18 May 1798
| 30 July 1805
|- align=center
| [[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis]]'''
| 30 July 1805
| 5 October 1805
|- align=center
| [[File:Sir George Barlow, 1st Bt from NPG crop.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet]]''' ''(acting)''
| 10 October 1805
| 31 July 1807
|- align=center
| [[File:Gilbert Eliot, 1st Earl of Minto by James Atkinson.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Baron Minto]]'''
| 31 July 1807
| 4 October 1813
|- align=center
| [[File:Francis, 1st Marquess of Hastings (Earl of Moira).jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings]]'''<ref group="nb">'''[[Earl of Moira]]''' prior to being created Marquess of Hastings in 1816</ref>
| 4 October 1813
| 9 January 1823
|- align=center
| [[File:John Adam governor general of India.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[John Adam (administrator)|John Adam]]''' ''(acting)''
| 9 January 1823
| 1 August 1823
|- align=center
| [[File:Sir Thomas Lawrence - Lord Amherst - Google Art Project.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|William Amherst, 2nd Baron Amherst]]'''<ref group=nb>Created Earl Amherst in 1826.</ref>
| 1 August 1823
| 13 March 1828
|- align=center
| [[File:William Butterworth Bayley, governor general of India.png|120px]]
| '''[[William Butterworth Bayley]]''' ''(acting)''
| 13 March 1828
| 4 July 1828
|- align=center
! colspan="5" | Governors-General of India (1834<ref name=Keith>[https://archive.org/details/speechesdocument01keituoft/page/268/mode/2up ''Government of India Act 1833''], Keith, Arthur Berriedale, ''Speeches & Documents on Indian Policy, 1750-1921'', see section 41 of the Act</ref>–1858)
|- align=center
| [[File:Bentinck william.png|120px]]
| '''[[Lord William Bentinck]]'''
| 4 July 1828
| 20 March 1835
| rowspan="8" | [[East India Company]] [[File:Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg|90px]] {{small|(1773–1858)}}
|- align=center
| [[File:Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe by George Chinnery.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Sir Charles Metcalfe, 3rd Baronet]]''' ''(acting)''
| 20 March 1835
| 4 March 1836
|- align=center
| [[File:George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland.png|120px]]
| '''[[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|George Eden, 2nd Baron Auckland]]'''<ref group=nb>Created Earl of Auckland in 1839.</ref>
| 4 March 1836
| 28 February 1842
|- align=center
| [[File:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Edward Law, 2nd Baron Ellenborough]]'''
| 28 February 1842
| June 1844
|- align=center
| [[File:William Wilberforce Bird.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[William Wilberforce Bird (governor)|William Wilberforce Bird]]''' ''(acting)''
| June 1844
| 23 July 1844
|- align=center
| [[File:Henryhardinge.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Henry Hardinge]]'''<ref group=nb>Created Viscount Hardinge in 1846.</ref>
| 23 July 1844
| 12 January 1848
|- align=center
| [[File:Dalhousie.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay, 10th Earl of Dalhousie]]'''<ref group=nb>Created Marquess of Dalhousie in 1849.</ref>
| 12 January 1848
| 28 February 1856
|- align=center
| [[File:Lord Viscount Canning.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning, 2nd Viscount Canning]]'''<ref group=nb>Created Earl Canning in 1859.</ref>
| 28 February 1856
| 31 October 1858
|- align=center
! colspan="5" | Viceroys and Governors-General of India (1858–1947)
|- align=center
| [[File:Lord Viscount Canning.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning, 2nd Viscount Canning]]'''<ref group=nb>Created Earl Canning in 1859.</ref>
| 1 November 1858
| 21 March 1862
| rowspan=15 | [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|90px]] {{small|(1837–1901)}}
|- align=center
| [[File:Elgin.png|120px]]
| '''[[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]]'''
| 21 March 1862
| 20 November 1863
|- align=center
| [[File:Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala - Project Gutenberg eText 16528.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Robert Napier]]''' ''(acting)''
| 21 November 1863
| 2 December 1863
|- align=center
| [[File:William Denison 2.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[William Denison]]''' ''(acting)''
| 2 December 1863
| 12 January 1864
|- align=center
| [[File:SirJohnLawrence 16246.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Sir John Lawrence, 1st Baronet]]'''
| 12 January 1864
| 12 January 1869
|- align=center
| [[File:6th Earl of Mayo.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]]'''
| 12 January 1869
| 8 February 1872
|- align=center
| [[File:John Strachey (civil servant) (cropped).jpg|120px]]
| '''Sir [[John Strachey (civil servant)|John Strachey]]''' ''(acting)''
| 9 February 1872
| 23 February 1872
|- align=center
| [[File:FrancisNapier10thLordNapier.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier]]''' ''(acting)''
| 24 February 1872
| 3 May 1872
|- align=center
|[[File:1stEarlOfNorthbrooke.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Thomas Baring, 2nd Baron Northbrook]]'''
|3 May 1872
|12 April 1876
|- align=center
|[[File:Robert Bulwer-Lytton by Nadar.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Robert Bulwer-ytton, 2nd Baron Lytton]]'''
|12 April 1876
|8 June 1880
|- align=center
| [[File:George Robinson 1st Marquess of Ripon.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon]]'''
| 8 June 1880
| 13 December 1884
|- align=center
| [[File:Young Lord Dufferin.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Earl of Dufferin]]'''
| 13 December 1884
| 10 December 1888
|- align=center
| [[File:Marquess of Lansdowne crop.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne]]'''
| 10 December 1888
| 11 October 1894
|- align=center
| [[File:9thEarlOfElgin.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin]]'''
| 11 October 1894
| 6 January 1899
|- align=center
| [[File:George Curzon2.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|The Lord Curzon of Kedleston]]'''<ref group=nb>'''[[Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill]]''' was acting Governor-General in 1904</ref>
| 6 January 1899
| 18 November 1905
|- align=center
| [[File:Earl Minto.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto]]'''
| 18 November 1905
| 23 November 1910
| [[Edward VII]] [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|90px]] {{small|(1901–1910)}}
|- align=center
| [[File:Charles Hardinge01 crop.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]]'''
| 23 November 1910
| 4 April 1916
| rowspan=5 | [[George V]] [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|90px]] {{small|(1910–1936)}}
|- align=center
| [[File:1stViscountChelmsford.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Frederic Thesiger, 3rd Baron Chelmsford]]'''
| 4 April 1916
| 2 April 1921

|- align=center
| [[File:Rufus Isaacs.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Rufus Isaacs, 1st Earl of Reading]]'''
| 2 April 1921
| 3 April 1926
|- align=center
| [[File:1st Earl of Halifax 1947.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|E. F. L. Wood, 1st Baron Irwin]]'''
| 3 April 1926
| 18 April 1931

|- align=center
| [[File:Freeman Freeman-Thomas by Henry Walter Barnett.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Earl of Willingdon]]'''
| 18 April 1931
| 18 April 1936

|- align=center
| [[File:Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]]'''
| 18 April 1936
| 1 October 1943
| [[Edward VIII]] [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|90px]] {{small|(1936)}}
|- align=center
| [[File:Archibald Wavell2.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell, 1st Viscount Wavell]]'''
| 1 October 1943
| 21 February 1947
| rowspan=2 | [[George VI]] [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|90px]] {{small|(1936–1947)}} {{small|(As [[Emperor of India]])}} 
|- align=center
| [[File:Lord Mountbatten 4 Allan Warren.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten, 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]]'''
| 21 February 1947
| 15 August 1947
|- align=center-
! colspan="5" | Governors-General of the '''[[Dominion of India]]''' (1947–1950)
|- align=center-
|[[File:Lord Mountbatten 4 Allan Warren.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]]'''<ref group="nb">Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.</ref>
|15 August 1947
|21 June 1948
| rowspan="2" | [[George VI]] {{small|(1947–1950)}} {{small|(As [[List of heads of state of India#Monarch (1947–1950)|King of India]])}} 
|- align="center"
| [[File:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg|158x158px]]
|'''[[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]'''
| 21 June 1948
| 26 January 1950
|}

== Governors of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal (1834-1854) ==

By an [[Saint Helena Act 1833|Act of 1833]] (3 & 4 William IV., cap. lxxxv., Section lvi.), it was enacted " that the Executive Government of each of the several Presidencies of [[Bengal Presidency|Fort William in Bengal]], [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], and [[Agra]] shall be administered by a Governor and three Councilors, to be styled the Governor-in-Council of the said Presidencies of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St. George, Bombay, and Agra respectively, and that the Governor General of India for the time being shall be Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. From this time the Governors General of India held also the separate office of Governor of Bengal, until the year 1854.<ref name=":0" /> Under the ''Charter Act 1853'' the [[Governor General of India]] was relieved of his concurrent duties as Governor of Bengal and empowered to appoint a lieutenant-governor from 1854.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="6" |'''Governors of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal'''
'''''(ex-officio'' Governor-General of India, 1833–1857)'''
|-
!#
!Name
(birth–death)
! width="100px" |Portrait
!Took office
!Left office
!Appointee
|- align="center"
|1
|Lord [[William Bentick]]
(1774–1839)
|[[File:Bentinck william.png|100px]]
|15 November 1834
(1833)
|20 March 1835
| rowspan="7" |'''[[East India Company|East India Company]]''' [[File:Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg|65px]]
|- align="center"
|style="background:#e6e6aa;"| -
|style="background:#e6e6aa;"|[[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Sir Charles Metcalfe, 3rd Baronet]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Raj Bhavan Kolkata |url=http://rajbhavankolkata.nic.in/writereaddata/PDF/CHAPTERVI.pdf}}</ref>
''(acting)''

(1785–1846)
|style="background:#e6e6aa;"|[[File:Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe by George Chinnery.jpg|100px]]
|style="background:#e6e6aa;"|20 March 1835
|style="background:#e6e6aa;"|4 March 1836
|- align="center"
|2
|[[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|George Eden, 2nd Baron Auckland]] (1784–1849)
|[[File:George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland.png|100px]]
|4 March 1836
|28 February 1842
|- align="center"
|3
|[[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Edward Law, 2nd Baron Ellenborough]] (1790–1871)
|[[File:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|100px]]
|28 February 1842
|June 1844
|- align="center"
|style="background:#e6e6aa;"| -
|style="background:#e6e6aa;"|[[William Wilberforce Bird (governor)|William Wilberforce Bird]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]<ref name=":1" />
''(acting)''

(1784–1857)
|style="background:#e6e6aa;"|[[File:William Wilberforce Bird.jpg|100px]]
|style="background:#e6e6aa;"|June 1844
|style="background:#e6e6aa;"|23 July 1844
|- align="center"
|4
|Sir [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Henry Hardinge]] (1785–1856)
|[[File:Henryhardinge.jpg|100px]]
|23 July 1844
|12 January 1848
|- align="center"
|5
|[[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay, 10th Earl of Dalhousie]] (1812–1860)
|[[File:Dalhousie.jpg|100px]]
|12 January 1848
|1 May 1854
(28 February 1856)
|}

== Lieutenant governors of the Bengal Presidency (1854-1912) ==

=== Lieutenant governors of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal (1854-1912) ===
Under the ''Charter Act 1853'' the [[Governor General of India]] was relieved of his concurrent duties as Governor of Bengal and a separate Governor of Bengal shall be appointed. Until then a Lieutenant Governor will be appointed. [[Frederick James Halliday|F. J. Halliday]] became the first lieutenant governor of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. William Duke served as the last lieutenant governor after which the office was superseded by the Governor of Bengal province in 1912.
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="6" |Lieutenant governors of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal
|-
!#
!Name
!Portrait
!Took office
!Left office
!Governor-General
|-
|1
| [[Frederick James Halliday]]
|[[File:Sir Frederick James Halliday.png|frameless|114x114px]]
| 1854
| 1859
|[[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie]]
|-
|2
| [[John Peter Grant]]
|[[File:Sir John Peter Grant.png|frameless|115x115px]]
| 1859
| 1862
| rowspan="2" |[[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning]]
|-
|3
| [[Cecil Beadon]]
|[[File:Cecil Beadon.jpg|frameless|130x130px]]
| 1862
| 1866
|-
|4
| [[Sir William Grey|William Grey]]
|[[File:William Grey - Grant.jpg|frameless|119x119px]]
| 1867
| 1870
|[[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Sir John Lawrence, 1st Baronet]]
|-
|5
| [[George Campbell (1824–1892)|George Campbell]]
|[[File:George Campbell.jpg|frameless|131x131px]]
| 1870
| 1874
|[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]]
|-
|6
| Sir [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Richard Temple Hart]]
|[[File:Richard Temple 1826-1902.jpg|frameless|145x145px]]
| 1874
| 1877
| rowspan="2" |[[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Thomas Baring, 2nd Baron Northbrook]]
|-
|7
| Sir [[Ashley Eden]]
|[[File:Sir Ashley Eden.png|frameless|148x148px]]
| 1877
| 1882
|-
|8
| [[Sir Augustus Thompson]]
|[[File:Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson.png|frameless|153x153px]]
| 1882
| 1887
|[[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon]]
|-
|9
| Sir [[Steuart Bayley]]
|[[File:Sir Steuart Colvin Bayley.png|frameless|134x134px]]
| 1887
| 1890
|[[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Earl of Dufferin]]
|-
|10
| Sir [[Charles Alfred Elliott]]
|[[File:Charles Alfred Elliott from Bengal under the Lieutenant-Governors Vol 2 (page 341 crop).jpg|frameless|140x140px]]
| 1890
| 1893
| rowspan="2" |[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne]]
|-
|11
| Sir [[Anthony MacDonnell]]
|[[File:Antony MacDonnell.jpg|frameless|117x117px]]
| 1893
| 1895
|-
|12
| Sir [[Alexander Mackenzie (civil servant)|Alexander Mackenzie]]
|[[File:Alexander Mackenzie Bengal.jpg|frameless|157x157px]]
| 1895
| 1897
| rowspan="3" |[[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin]]
|-
|13
| [[Sir Charles Stevens]]
|
| 1897
| 1898
|-
|14
| Sir [[John Woodburn (Bengal governor)|John Woodburn]]
|
| 1898
| 1902
|-
|15
| [[James Bourdillon]]
|
| 1902
| 1903
| rowspan="2" |[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon, 1st Baron Curzon of Kedleston]]
|-
|16
| Sir [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser]]
|[[File:Sir Andrew Fraser LCCN2014683484.jpg|frameless|128x128px]]
| 1903
| 1906
|-
|17
| [[Francis Slacke]]
|
| 1906
| 1908
| rowspan="2" |[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto]]
|-
|18
| Sir [[Edward Norman Baker]]
|[[File:Edward Norman Baker.jpg|frameless|124x124px]]
| 1908
| 1911
|-
|19
| [[William Duke (colonial governor)|Frederick William Duke]]
|
| 1911
| 1912
|[[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]]
|}

=== Lieutenant governors of the Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam (1905-1912) ===
[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the [[Viceroy of India]], proposed the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] on religious lines into Hindu-majority [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and Muslim-majority [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] and put it into effect on 16 October 1905. [[Dhaka|Dacca]] became the capital. The partition stoked controversy among Indian nationalists, who described it as an attempt to "[[divide and rule]]" the Bengali homeland.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite web |date=2014-05-05 |title=Eastern Bengal and Assam - Banglapedia |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam |access-date=2015-09-24 |publisher=En.banglapedia.org}}</ref> Sir [[Bampfylde Fuller]] was the province's first Lieutenant Governor. However, at the [[Delhi Durbar]] in 1911, King [[George V]] announced that the British government had decided to annul the partition. Eastern Bengal was reunited with western Bengali districts, and [[Assam Province|Assam]] was made a Chief-Commissionership.
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="6" |Lieutenant governors of the Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam
|-
!#
!Name
!Portrait
!Took office
!Left office
!Governor-General
|-
|1
|Sir [[Bampfylde Fuller]]
|[[File:Sir Bamfylde Fuller.png|frameless|110x110px]]
|16 October 1905
|20 August 1906
|[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon, 1st Baron Curzon of Kedleston]]
|-
|2
|[[Lancelot Hare]]
|[[File:Lancelot Hare.jpg|frameless|110x110px]]
|20 August 1906
|1911
|[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto]]
|-
|3
|Sir [[Charles Stuart Bayley]]
|
|1911
|21 March 1912
|[[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]]
|}

== Governors of Bengal (1912–1947) ==
On 12 December 1911 at the [[Delhi Durbar]], King [[George V]] announced the transfer of the seat of the [[British Raj|Government of India]] from Calcutta to Delhi and the reunification of the five predominantly Bengali-speaking divisions into a Presidency (or province) of Bengal under a Governor. On 1 April 1912 [[Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael|Thomas Gibson-Carmichael]] was appointed the Governor of Bengal. Sir [[Frederick Burrows]] became the last Governor of the Bengal province following the [[Independence of India]].
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="5" |Governors of Bengal
|-
!Name
!Portrait
!Took office
!Left office
!Appointee
|-
|[[Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael]]
|[[File:Thomas Gibson-Carmichael.jpg|frameless|138x138px]]
|1 April 1912
|26 March 1917
|[[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]]
|-
|[[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Lawrence Dundas, Earl of Ronaldshay]]
|[[File:Lord Zetland.jpg|frameless|145x145px]]
|26 March 1917
|28 March 1922
|[[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Frederic Thesiger, 3rd Baron Chelmsford]]
|-
|[[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton]]
|[[File:Lord Lytton 2nd.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
|28 March 1922
|28 March 1927
|[[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Rufus Isaacs, 1st Earl of Reading]]
|-
|Sir [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Francis Stanley Jackson]]
|[[File:Stanley Jackson MP.jpg|frameless|159x159px]]
|28 March 1927
|28 March 1932
|[[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|E. F. L. Wood, 1st Baron Irwin]]
|-
|Sir [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|John Anderson]]
|[[File:John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley 1943.jpg|frameless|142x142px]]
|29 March 1932
|30 May 1937
|[[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Earl of Willingdon]]
|-
|[[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne]]
|[[File:Study portrait of Lieutenant The Honourable Michael Knatchbull-Hugessen.jpg|frameless|142x142px]]
|30 May 1937
|23 February 1939
| rowspan="2" |[[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]]
|-
|Sir [[John Arthur Herbert]]
|
|1 July 1939
|1 December 1943
|-
|[[Richard Casey, Baron Casey]]
|[[File:Richard Casey 1965.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|14 January 1944
|19 February 1946
| rowspan="2" |[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell, 1st Viscount Wavell]]
|-
|Sir [[Frederick Burrows]]
|[[File:Sir Frederick John Burrows.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|19 February 1946
|15 August 1947
|}

==See also==
* [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency]]
* [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency]]
* [[List of governors of West Bengal]]
* [[List of presidents of Bangladesh]]

== Notes ==
<references group="nb" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Administrators of provinces in British India}}
{{British dependencies governors}}

[[Category:Bengal Presidency|Governors]]
[[Category:British governors of Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Lists of governors and heads of sub-national entities|Bengal]]

M. Narasimham

2026-04-07T23:23:11Z

Shivam: done

{{Short description|Indian banker (1927–2021)}}
{{family name hatnote|Maidavolu|Vijayan|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Narasimham
| order = 13th
| term_start = 2 May 1977
| term_end = 30 November 1977
| predecessor = [[K. R. Puri]]
| successor = [[I. G. Patel]]
| birth_name = Maidavolu Narasimham
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|3 June 1927}}
| birth_place = [[Nellore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])<ref name="Money Life">{{cite web | url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/m-narasimham-father-of-indian-banking-reforms-is-no-more/63600.html | title=M Narasimham, Father of Indian Banking Reforms, Is No More | publisher=Money Life | work=Dr B Yerram Raju | date=21 April 2021 | accessdate=22 April 2021}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|20 April 2021|3 June 1927}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| death_cause = [[COVID-19]] complications
| children = 1
| spouse =
| office = Governor of Reserve Bank of India
| image = M. Narasimham.webp
}}

'''Maidavolu Narasimham''' (3 June 1927{{spnd}}20 April 2021) was an Indian banker who served as the thirteenth [[List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India|Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) from 2 May 1977 to 30 November 1977.<ref name="RBI">{{cite web
|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/governors.aspx#narasim
|title=M Narasimham
|access-date=15 September 2008
|publisher=Reserve Bank of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916083919/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/governors.aspx
|archive-date=16 September 2008 }}</ref> For his contributions to the banking and financial sector in India, he is often referred to as the father of banking reforms in India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=21 April 2021|title=M Narasimham, who passed away Tuesday, was father of banking reforms|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/m-narasimham-who-passed-away-tuesday-was-father-of-banking-reforms-7282730/|access-date=21 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=M Narasimham Was The Doyen Of Banking Reforms In India|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/m-narasimham-was-the-doyen-of-banking-reforms-in-india-6796551.html|access-date=21 April 2021|website=Moneycontrol|date=21 April 2021 }}</ref> Some of the reforms attributed to his recommendations include changes to banking structures, introduction of private sector banks, creation of asset recovery funds, rural banking, changes to capital adequacy and provisioning standards, technology upgradation and modernization of [[Public sector banks in India|public sector banks]], and capital market linked banking reforms.

Narasimham also served as India's executive director at the [[World Bank]] and later at the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[Asian Development Bank]].<ref name=":4" /> He served as the secretary in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], and as the additional secretary of the Department of Economic Affairs as well. He was awarded India's second highest civilian honor, the [[Padma Vibhushan]], in 2000.

== Early life ==
Narasimham was born on 3 June 1927 in Nellore<ref name="Money Life" /> to Padmavati and Maidavolu Seshachelapati.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The International Who's Who, 1990–91|date=1990|isbn=0-946653-58-5|edition=54th|location=London|oclc=22284891|page=[[iarchive:internationalwho0054unse/page/1145/mode/1up|1145]]|publisher=[[Routledge|Europa Publications]]}}</ref> The family hailed from Maidavolu village in [[Guntur district]] of present-day Andhra Pradesh. He completed his education from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], in Madras and went on to study at the [[St John's College, Cambridge]].<ref name=":0" /> He was a budding cricketer and could have been on St. John's College's team with [[Test cricket|Test]]-level players, but he was ineligible because of his [[near-sightedness]]<ref name=":4" />

== Career ==
Narasimham joined the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), India's central bank in 1950 in Bombay (present day Mumbai).<ref name=":0" /> He joined the bank as a research officer in its Economic Department.<ref name="RBI" /> He later joined the government and served as additional secretary of the Department of Economic Affairs.<ref name="RBI" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=M Narasimham, father of banking reforms, dead|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/m-narasimham-father-of-banking-reforms-dead/article34368996.ece|access-date=21 April 2021|website=@businessline|date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He was the first and only Reserve Bank cadre officer to be appointed as governor of the central bank.<ref name=":3" /> He served as the thirteenth [[List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India|Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]] from 2 May 1977 to 30 November 1977.<ref name="RBI" />

After his term as the RBI governor, he served as India's executive director at the [[World Bank]] and later at the [[International Monetary Fund]]. He was also the Vice President of the [[Asian Development Bank]].<ref name=":4" /> Narasimham also served as secretary in the Ministry of Finance between 1982 and 1983.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Saha|first=Anup Roy & Manojit|date=20 April 2021|title='Father of banking reforms': Ex-RBI governor M Narasimham passes away at 94|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/father-of-banking-reforms-narasimham-passes-away-at-94-121042001279_1.html|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> He was awarded India's second highest civilian honor [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Team|first=BS Web|date=20 April 2021|title=Former Reserve Bank governor Maidavolu Narasimham passes away at 94|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/former-reserve-bank-governor-maidavolu-narasimham-passes-away-at-94-121042001004_1.html|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref>

=== Banking reforms ===
Narasimham was the chair of two high-powered committees on banking and financial sector reforms viz Committee on the Financial System (1991) and the Committee of Banking Sector Reforms (1998).<ref name=":2"/> The reforms and recommendations from these committees have become mainstays in the Indian banking and financial sector leading to Narasimham being referred to as the father of banking reforms in India.<ref name=":1" />

==== Bank structures and mergers ====
Bank mergers toward creation of strong public sector mega-banks were first recommended by the Narasimham committee of 1991. India's recent merger of ten public sector banks in 2020 was building on recommendations from this committee.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2020|title=Merger of 10 public sector banks to come into effect from today: 10 points|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/merger-of-10-public-sector-banks-to-come-into-effect-from-today-10-points-11585632469446.html|access-date=21 April 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

==== Asset reconstruction ====
Some of the recommendations around creation of [[Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002|Asset Reconstruction Companies]] as means to securitize bad debt are built on the recommendations from his committee.<ref name=":1" /> His committee also introduced the notion of an asset reconstruction fund to take over bad loans. As a follow-up, six special debt recovery tribunals were set up. This served as the foundation for India's current [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016|Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code]] which was codified in 2016.<ref name=":1" />

==== Rural banking ====
Earlier in 1976, he had also been the author of the Regional Rural Bank report which was the basis for the setup of regional rural banks in India, building on his blueprint and recommendations of having these banks maintain a local appeal while bringing the professionalism from large commercial banks.<ref name=":1" />

==== Capital adequacy ====
The first committee report of 1991 introduced the notion of a capital adequacy ratio while proposing a phased reduction in mandatory bond investment and cash reserve ratios in an attempt to encourage lending. The committee also introduced rules around non-performing assets (NPA) classification and also had the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) requiring banks make provisions for bad loans.<ref name=":1" />

==== Private banks and modernization of public sector banks ====
Some of the other recommendations from Narasimham included creation of new generation private sector banks including [[ICICI Bank]], [[HDFC Bank]], and [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]. His recommendations also had banks raising money from the capital markets. Interest rates were also de-regulated fostering competition between banks.<ref name=":1" /> Amongst the other [[Public sector banks in India|Public sector banks]] (PSB), the committee recommended that the government separate ownership from management and also led to technology upgradation and modernization.<ref name=":1" />

== Published works ==

* {{Cite book|last=Narasimham|first=M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOQtAAAAMAAJ&q=m+narasimham|title=India and the Current Crisis in the International Economy|date=1985|publisher=IMC Economic Research and Training Foundation|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Narasimham|first=M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwp5_2j0_VUC&q=m+narasimham|title=World Economic Environment and Prospects for India|date=1988|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-0769-6|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=System|first1=India Committee on the Financial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVUXAQAAMAAJ&q=m+narasimham|title=The Financial System, Report|last2=Narasimham|first2=M.|date=1992|publisher=Nabhi Publications|isbn=978-81-7274-027-6|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Narasimham|first=M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqRbknpvR7cC|title=Economic Reforms: Development and Finance|date=2002|publisher=U B S P D|isbn=978-81-7476-381-5|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Narasimham|first=M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFgmal-VbWYC|title=From Reserve Bank to Finance Ministry and Beyond: Some Reminiscences|date=2002|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|isbn=978-81-7476-397-6|language=en}}<ref name=":4" />

== Death ==
Narasimham died on 20 April 2021 in Hyderabad from [[COVID-19]] complications. He was aged 94.<ref name=":1" />

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/CR212_1991D7922889FE4042C4BFE3F52A9D293F23.PDF Report of the Committee on the Financial System (1991)]
* [https://sidbi.in/files/publicationreport/narsimham-commmittee.pdf Action Taken Report -- Committee on Banking Sector Reforms (1998)]
{{Governors of Reserve Bank of India}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimham, M}}
[[Category:Governors of the Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in trade & industry]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]

Godfather (2012 film)

2026-03-30T22:55:38Z

Shivam:

{{short description|2012 film by Sethu Sriram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Godfather
| image = Godfather Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Sethu Sriram]]
| producer = [[K. Manju]]
| screenplay = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| story = KS Ravikumar, Rohit Rao
| based_on = ''[[Varalaru]]'' (Tamil)
| starring = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Soundarya Jayamala]] [[Catherine Tresa]]
| music = '''Score:''' [[Rajesh Ramanath]] '''Songs:''' [[A. R. Rahman]] (Reused from ''[[Varalaru]]'', except 1 song)
| cinematography = [[Sethu Sriram]]
| editing =
| studio = K Manju Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2012|7|27|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}}4.5 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2012/politics-behind-upendra-godfather-displacement-098331.html|title=Politics behind Upendra's Godfather displacement!|date=13 August 2012|website=filmibeat.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}7 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/gossips/super-star-upendra-godfather-colletion-prasad-k-manju-067275.html|title=ಗಾಡ್ ಫಾದರ್ ಪ್ರಸಾದ್ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಬಾಯಿಗಿಟ್ಟ ಬಿಸಿತುಪ್ಪ!|date=12 August 2012|website=kannada.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
}}

'''''Godfather''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller|action]]-[[drama film]] directed by cinematographer-turned-director [[Sethu Sriram]] starring [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in a triple role as a father and his two sons, alongside [[Soundarya Jayamala]] and [[Catherine Tresa]].

The film is remake of the 2006 Tamil film''[[Varalaru (film)|Varalaru]]''. [[A. R. Rahman]], who composed music for the original Tamil version, is the composer of the songs, with all songs except one being re-used from the original. [[Rajesh Ramanath]] composed the background score.

The film was released on 27 July 2012 and opened to a large number of highly positive reviews from the critics. Upendra's performance of a [[Bharatha Natyam]] dancer and as an old man bound to his wheelchair was highly acclaimed by critics and is considered one of the best performances of his career.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/god-father-review-upendra-rocks-god-father-review-kannada-15003866.html |title=Movie Review : ''God Father'' review: Upendra rocks God Father |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316111631/http://www.sify.com/movies/god-father-review-upendra-rocks-god-father-review-kannada-15003866.html |archive-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Godfather'' performed moderately well at the box office and was declared a "blockbuster".<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2012/best-kannada-actor-2012-102054.html|title=Who Is The Best Kannada Actor of 2012? Vote|date=18 December 2012|website=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-upendra-my-role-in-kalpana-will-scare-people/20120927.htm|title=Upendra: My role in Kalpana will scare people|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://chitraloka.com/news/1788-kalpana-starts-off-very-well.html |title=Kalpana Starts off Very Well - chitraloka | kannada Movies | Kannada Film | News | Reviews | Interviews | Movie Image | Movie Gallery |website=chitraloka.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002003341/http://chitraloka.com/news/1788-kalpana-starts-off-very-well.html |archive-date=2 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Shivasagar, a [[cripple]]d [[multi-millionaire]], has a son, Vijay who is playful and irresponsible. To teach him a lesson, he sends Vijay to Bhamapura to help the poor. Vijay doesn't want to go, but a local pizza restaurateur convinces Vijay and his friends that the village is one big brothel. In reality, Bhamapura is a sacred village and the restaurateur had purposely deceived Vijay and his friends. Divya and her classmates also visit the village. They come for their social activity course to improve the village's health and hygiene. A large building is reserved for him and the girls are asked to stay in the poor families' houses. Vijay and his friends arrive and start to woo the girls, whom they mistake for Bhamapura's prostitutes. When Divya discovers their plan, she and her friends decide to teach Vijay and his friends a lesson.

Vijay and his friends are wooed by Divya and the other girls. They are led to separate rooms where the girls inject a serum that makes them itch all over. They leave, screaming and scratching. Vijay tells Divya to leave her profession and offers to save her honour by marrying her in the village temple the next day. Divya doesn't come, but Vijay and his friends happen to see her leaving on a bus bearing the name of the girls' college, revealing that they have been duped. When Vijay returns home, Shivsagar discovers that his son has fallen in love. With his influence, Vijay and Divya get engaged. Later, Vijay goes to Divya's house in a drunken state. Her family prevent him from talking to her. This eventually leads to a fight. Vijay then goes to Divya's cousin's house to meet Divya and apologise for his behaviour but suddenly attempts to rape Divya's cousin. Then on the same day at night, Vijay tries to kill Shivasagar, but is luckily stopped by Ko Thanda and is stabbed by Vijay. Disappointed with Vijay's behaviour, Shivasagar sends Vijay to a therapist.

Here enters Ajay, Vijay's [[doppelganger]]. Assuming Vijay's identity, he had taken money from the bank, got drunk and went to Divya's place and attempted to rape Divya's cousin. Ajay hates Shivasagar for leaving him and his mentally-challenged mother (Catherine Tresa). Later, Divya manages to sneak into Vijay's room in the hospital and believes his explanation that he is innocent. She leaves and shortly afterwards, Ajay appears, smuggles and dumps Vijay out of the hospital, takes over his identity and goes to kill Shivasagar. The father notices that it's not his son and gets out of his wheelchair to defend himself. Vijay arrives at the scene, surprised that his father is able to walk and demands an explanation.

Shivasagar tells him that he was a dancer who behaved effeminately due to dancing. His mother had arranged for Shivasagar to marry her friend's daughter (Ajay's mother). He agreed but the girl rejected Shivasagar for being too feminine and insults him in front of the wedding crowd. Unable to bear the embarrassment, Shivasagar's mother died on the spot. Shivasagar, enraged, raped the girl, a deed that resulted in her becoming pregnant. The doctor refused to give her an abortion and so Vijay was born. Shivasagar takes his child from her mother saying the child would be the only hope of his life. Shivasagar says he is ignorant of Ajay's existence and the reason for his resemblance to them.

Ajay escapes and threatens Vijay and Divya's wedding. Shivasagar attempts to stop him when Ajay's grandmother arrives and explains that Ajay is also Shivasagar's son and Vijay's twin and that Ajay's mother went mad when Ajay was about to get hit by a lorry. Ajay realises his mistake. He wants Shivasagar to shoot him, but the police misunderstand and think that Ajay is pointing a gun at Shivasagar and they fire at Ajay. Shivasagar intervenes and is shot instead. Ajay accepts Shivasagar's apology and is then arrested. Ajay's mother does not accept food from anyone, until Vijay comes dressed up as Ajay and feeds her. The film ends with Vijay stating that Shivasagar is the [[godparent|godfather]] of the family.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in a triple role as:
** Shivasagar (Father)
** Vijay and Ajay (Sons)
* [[Soundarya Jayamala]] as Divya
* [[Catherine Tresa]] as Vaani, Shiva Sagar's wife
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Ko-Dhanda (Old man's servant)
* [[Hema Chaudhary]] as Shiva's mother
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] as Restaurant Manager
* [[Padmaja Rao]] as Divya's Friend
* [[Keerthiraj]] as Divya's brother
* [[Satyajit]] as Ajay's Guardian
* [[Kuri Prathap]] as Vijay's Friend
* Shweta as Divya's Friend
* [[Rekha Das]] as Divya's Teacher
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Sujatha
* Siddaraj Kalyankar as Divya's father
* G.B Rangashasai
* [[Suchitra]] as Divya's aunt
* [[K. Sivasankar|Shivashankar]] as Shivasagar's master
* [[Bhumika Chawla]] in a special appearance
}}

==Production==
The film went on floors on 28 April 2009 in Bangalore at Abbaiah Studios. Producer [[K. Manju]] first roped in Upendra and then went on to cast [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] and the daughter actress [[Jayamala]], Soundarya, but Simran opted out after becoming pregnant. Another budding actress, Catherine Tresa was also brought in to reprise the role originally played by [[Kanika Subramaniam]] in the Tamil version.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/catherine-tresa-gush-upendra-godfather-080811.html|title=Catherine Tresa gushes about Upendra's Godfather|date=8 August 2011|website=filmibeat.com}}</ref> It was [[P. C. Sreeram]] who insisted his longtime friend A. R. Rahman compose the music for the movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ar-rahman-to-compose-godfather-s-music-for-rs15-crore-1547770|title=AR Rahman to compose 'Godfather's' music for Rs 1.5 crore|first=Sunayana|last=Suresh|date=26 May 2011|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>

Initial reports wrongly reported that cinematographer [[P. C. Sreeram]] would be the director of the film. Sethu Sriram, who had apprenticed under the veteran cinematographer and independently shot films like [[Dil Se..]], [[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]], [[Desires of the Heart (2013 film)|Desires of the Heart]], [[Shakti: The Power]], [[Tere Naam]], [[Thanmathra]], [[Annavaram]], [[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]], [[Tere Sang]], [[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]], [[Milenge Milenge]], [[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]], [[The Terrorist (1998 film)|The Terrorist]], [[Halo (1996 film)|Halo]], [[Priyasakhi]] andOh My God!, directed the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/glam-sham/first-things-first-982 |title=First things first! |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301125505/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/glam-sham/first-things-first-982 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Music==
{{main|Godfather (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack album consists of songs by A. R. Rahman. The background score of the film was composed by Rajesh Ramanath. The soundtrack consists of eight songs, with all of the compositions, except one, retained from the [[Varalaru|Tamil version]]. "Alapane" was the only fresh song composed for the Kannada version.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/others/news-interviews/Upendras-Godfather-embellished-by-Rahmans-melodies/articleshow/12428067.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711073907/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-27/news-interviews/31244717_1_godfather-rahman-tamil |url-status=live |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=Upendra's 'Godfather' embellished by Rahman's melodies |date= 27 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 March 2012 }}</ref> The audio launch was held in a grand manner in Chancery Hotel, [[Bengaluru]] on 13 June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 June 2012|title=AR Rahman at 'Godfather' Audio Release|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/45346/sandalwood/ar-rahman-at-godfather-audio-release-news-details|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603224644/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/45346/sandalwood/ar-rahman-at-godfather-audio-release-news-details|archive-date=3 June 2012|publisher=Super Good Movies|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref> The soundtrack album became very popular, and received highly positive critical reviews and met with many positive responses from audiences. Rahman got his first nomination in Kannada, by getting nominated in the [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Music Director]] category in the [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2nd SIIMA Awards]].

==Release==
As Upendra played lead roles in two films ''Godfather'' and ''[[Katari Veera Surasundarangi]]'', the producers of those films had discussions over the back-to-back release of two films with the same lead actor. As per reports, the producer pushed the release date of ''Godfather'' to 3 May 2012 from 24 Dec 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Let-them-release-Katari-after-10-weeks-K-Manju/articleshow/12580612.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701172624/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-09/news-interviews/31308805_1_film-chamber-release-munirathna |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2012 |title=Let them release Katari after 10 weeks: K Manju |date= 9 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date= 10 April 2012 }}</ref> However, the mounting spar of the tussle over which film must release first was left unsolved. KFCC, part of [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]] intervened the matter and stated that the film getting censored first would be released first.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-26/news-interviews/31409903_1_starrer-release-godfather |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921191722/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-26/news-interviews/31409903_1_starrer-release-godfather |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2013 |title=Katari Veera has no clash on release |newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|date= 26 April 2012 |accessdate= 28 April 2012 }}</ref> The producer of the film stated the production to be continuing for over 12 months and naturally wanted ''Godfather'' to release before ''[[Katari Veera Surasundarangi]]''. The release was rescheduled in the second week of May 2012. However, after several rounds of discussions, avoiding clashes with Upendra's other films, the release was confirmed for the second week of June 2012 as censoring was pending.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.supergoodmovies.com/44199/sandalwood/god-father-set-for-june-release-news-details |title= 'God Father' Set for June Release |publisher= SuperGoodMovies |date= 6 May 2012 |accessdate= 7 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120508042044/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/44199/sandalwood/god-father-set-for-june-release-news-details |archive-date= 8 May 2012 |url-status= usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250014277 |title= 'Kataari Veera…' to scorch silver screen tomorrow |publisher= [[MSN]] India |date= 10 May 2012 |accessdate= 11 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235328/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250014277 |archive-date= 26 April 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The production house was unsatisfied with promotional activities done before release of the film, and the release date was pushed to 27 July 2012.

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''Godfather'' opened to a large number of highly positive reviews from the critics upon release. ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and stated, "Upendra has once again proved his mettle as the 'Real Star' in Sandalwood with this film. This is one of those films that can be watched by anyone - be it mass or class."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-godfather-kannada-1720864|title=Review: 'Godfather' (Kannada)|first=Y. Maheswara|last=Reddy|date=28 July 2012|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "A brilliant piece of directorial work by S Sriram who has chosen a serious family sentimental story and given it an excellent dramatic treatment which caters to all age groups. It's Upendra's extraordinary triple role that carries the entire story forward. Upendra stands out among others for his amazing performance from the beginning to the end. Enjoy a brilliant Bharatanatyam by Upendra, a highlight of the movie."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-27/movie-reviews/32888775_1_upendra-uppi-soundarya | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126031022/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-27/movie-reviews/32888775_1_upendra-uppi-soundarya | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-01-26 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Godfather }}</ref> S Shyam Prasad, entertainment editor of [[Bangalore Mirror]], gave 3.5 stars out of 5 praising Upendra's performance in the flashbacks and stated that "Upendra alone makes this film a worthwhile watch. He ups the film several notches higher. The film is worth a watch and is a total entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/76/2012072720120727213154923ae68905b/iGodfather-i-Uppi-show-all-the-way.html |title = Godfather: Uppi show all the way, Entertainment - Movie Revie… |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117123833/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/76/2012072720120727213154923ae68905b/iGodfather-i-Uppi-show-all-the-way.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Director Sriram taking the cameraman's role has done a good job at the editing desk, not giving much room to find faults. This is definitely a treat for family goers as Godfather does not have any dialogues with ‘double meaning’, which is otherwise the case with most of the movies starring Upendra".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Jul/30/godfather-belongs-to-upendra-392227.html|title=Godfather belongs to Upendra|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 July 2012}}</ref> Srikanth Srinivasa from [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says "Rajesh Ramanath's background score is below average. A R Rahman has used some of his rejected tunes for his songs in this movie. Sriram's direction is just average. Watch this movie if you are an Upendra fan".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-godfather-is-only-for-upendra-fans/20120727.htm|title=Review: Godfather is only for Upendra fans|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=27 July 2012}}</ref> Vijayasarathy Rajapur from [[News18 India]] wrote "Overall 'Godfather' is a clear winner because of Upendra's striking performance. Go and watch it for Upendra's awesome performance as a Bharathanatyam dancer".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-godfather-is-all-about-upendra-491634.html|title=Kannada Review: 'Godfather' is all about Upendra|work=[[News18 India]]|date=27 July 2012}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Godfather'' witnessed a tremendous opening at the box office on 27 July 2012 in more than 120 screens across Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/article3687941.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Muralidhara | last=Khajane | title=Festival treat for Upendra fans as Godfather is released today | date=27 July 2012}}</ref> The film opened to 80 to 90% occupancy levels all over Karnataka on its release day. On Friday, it raked in above {{INR}} 10 million with an average of 85% occupancy in most of the theaters. However, the collections showed a minor drop on Saturday and it managed to earn around {{INR}} 8.5 million. However, the movie picked up well on Sunday and collected more than {{INR}} 10.5 million and ended the weekend with an impressive gross of {{INR}} 29 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2012/upendra-godfather-box-office-097865.html|title=Godfather off to a flying start at Box Office|first=Prakash|last=Upadhyaya|date=30 July 2012|website=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/upendra-godfather-box-office-report-066953.html|title=ಉಪ್ಪಿ 'ಗಾಡ್ ಫಾದರ್' ಕೈಹಿಡಿದಳೇ ಅಂಬುಜಾಕ್ಷಿ?|date=30 July 2012|website=kannada.filmibeat.com}}</ref> According to distributor Prasad, the film recovered more than half of its budget by collecting almost {{INR}} 30 million during its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/component/content/article/12-interviews/497-god-father-collects-three-crores-in-three-days-prasad.html |title=Archived copy |website=www.chitraloka.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801083122/http://www.chitraloka.com/component/content/article/12-interviews/497-god-father-collects-three-crores-in-three-days-prasad.html |archive-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Producer K Manju announced that the film earned {{INR}} 46 million in its first week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2012/upendra-godfather-first-week-collections-098029.html|title=Upendra's Godfather earns Rs 4.60 cr in first week|first=By: Prakash|last=Upadhyaya|date=3 August 2012|website=filmibeat.com}}</ref> The film grossed more than {{INR}} 75 million in two weeks and fetched a net share of more than {{INR}} 56 million for the distributor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/god-father-is-performing-well-in-theatres/279683-71-205.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811073501/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/god-father-is-performing-well-in-theatres/279683-71-205.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-08-11|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18}}</ref>

The film completed 50 days in release and did moderate business overall, bringing sufficient returns for the distributor through satellite rights<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i1250.photobucket.com/albums/hh534/subashchandragandhi/Prasad_investment_returned_02.jpg |title=Praised investment returned |publisher=i1250.photobucket.com |accessdate=2020-03-25}}</ref> and fetched a profit of {{INR}} 30 million for the producer. The film was declared a "Super Hit".<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> However, the film's box office performance was well expectations and near the expected blockbuster success.

===Accolades===
The film has won & received nominations for the following awards since its release:

'''2013 [[Suvarna Film Awards|6th Suvarna Film Awards 2012]] (India)'''
* Won - [[Suvarna Film Awards|Suvarna Film Award for Best Debut Actress]] – [[Soundarya Jayamala]]

'''2013 [[Filmfare Awards South]]'''
* Nomination – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Catherine Tresa]]

'''2013 [[Bangalore Times|Bangalore Times of India Awards]]'''
* Nomination – [[Bangalore Times|Bangalore Times of India Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]] – [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
* Nomination – [[Bangalore Times|Bangalore Times of India Award for Best Debut Actress]] – Soundarya Jayamala

'''2013 [[Udaya Film Awards]]'''
* Nomination – [[Udaya Film Awards|Best Music Director]] – [[A. R. Rahman]]

'''2013 [[SIIMA Awards]]'''
* Nomination – [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Music Director]] – ''A. R. Rahman''

'''2013 [[South Scope|South Scope Awards]]'''
* Nomination – [[South Scope|South Scope Award for best Album of the Year]] – [[A. R. Rahman]]
* Nomination – [[South Scope|South Scope Award for Best Album (Listener's Choice)]] – A. R. Rahman

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3270104}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]

Department of Transport (Telangana)

2026-03-28T23:56:20Z

Shivam: Creating

{{Short description|None}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Transport
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Ravāṇā Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| image = Ponnam Prabhakar Goud at his Office.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 7 December 2023
| department = Department of Transport
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = T
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]] [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]] [[Telangana Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[Patnam Mahender Reddy]]
| formation = 2 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://transport.telangana.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Department of Transport''' is a cabinet level ministerial post in the [[Government of Telangana]]. First held on 16 December 2014, this ministry has one of the important portfolios in the cabinet in the state. The incumbent Minister for the Department of Transport for the state of Telangana is [[Ponnam Prabhakar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana State Portal Council of Ministers (Present) |url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/government/council-of-ministers |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.telangana.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-16 |title=Six ministers inducted into Telangana Cabinet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Six-new-ministers-inducted-into-AP-Cabinet/article60094153.ece |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-16 |title=66 days with 1 minister, Telangana CM KCR to expand cabinet on February 19 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/66-days-with-1-minister-telangana-cm-kcr-to-expand-cabinet-on-february-19/articleshow/68018145.cms |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[File:Dr. P. Mahender Reddy.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Patnam Mahender Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1963) MLA for [[Tandur Assembly constituency|Tandur]]}}
|16 December 2014
|6 September 2018
|'''{{ayd|16 December 2014|6 September 2018}}'''
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|(1st)}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao I]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Chandrashekar Rao|Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao]]
|
|-
!2
|
|'''[[Puvvada Ajay Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1965) MLA for [[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]}}
|8 September 2019
|3 December 2023
|'''{{ayd|8 September 2019|3 December 2023}}'''
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|[[2nd Telangana Assembly|(2nd)]]}}
|bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao II]]'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-08 |title=KCR expands cabinet with 6 ministers; re-inducts son KTR, nephew Harish Rao |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kcr-expands-cabinet-with-6-ministers-re-inducts-son-ktr-nephew-harish-rao/story-SzNphg4yKVK4eKk8lwh2JN.html |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ponnam Prabhakar]]''' {{small|(born 1967) MLA for [[Husnabad Assembly constituency|Husnabad]]}}
|7 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|7 December 2023|}}'''
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] {{small|[[3rd Telangana Assembly|(3rd)]]}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Revanth Reddy ministry|Reddy]]'''
|[[Revanth Reddy|Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Telangana]]
[[Category:Government departements of Telangana]]

Kajol

2026-03-27T23:55:55Z

Shivam:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1974)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Kajal Mukherjee]]}}
{{Good article}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kajol
| birth_name = Kajol Mukherjee
| image = Kajol snapped promoting Maa (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Kajol in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|08|05}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1992–present
| works = [[Kajol filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ajay Devgn]]|1999}}
| children = 2
| parents = {{ubl|[[Shomu Mukherjee]] (father)|[[Tanuja]] (mother)}}
| family = [[Mukherjee-Samarth family]] [[Devgan family]] (through marriage)
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Kajol|Full list]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2011)
| signature = Signature of Kajol.svg
}}

'''Kajol Devgan''' ({{née}} '''Mukherjee'''; born 5 August 1974), known [[mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Kajol''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈkadʒol|lang}}), is an Indian actress, who appears in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajol Vishal Devgan |url=https://www.thecompanycheck.com/people-profile/kajol-vishal-devgan/associated-company-shares/01606272 |website=The Company Check}}</ref> Described in the media as one of the most successful actresses of Hindi cinema,<ref name="Mint">{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PIrB95Jf8mO76uj5ZLIH7O/Kajol.html |title=Kajol |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=4 May 2013 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116100913/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PIrB95Jf8mO76uj5ZLIH7O/Kajol.html |url-status=live}}</ref> she is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Kajol|numerous accolades]], including seven [[Filmfare Awards]]. In 2011, Kajol received [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award by the [[government of India]].

The daughter of [[Tanuja]] and [[Shomu Mukherjee]], Kajol made her acting debut with ''[[Bekhudi]]'' (1992) while still in school. She subsequently quit her studies and had commercial successes in ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993) and ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'' (1994). Starring roles in the top-grossing romances ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995) and ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998) established her as a leading star in the 1990s, and earned her two Filmfare Awards for Best Actress. She also gained critical appreciation for playing a psychopathic killer in ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]]'' (1997) and an avenger in ''[[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]'' (1998).

After starring in the family drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001), which won her a third Filmfare Award, Kajol took a sabbatical from full-time acting and worked infrequently over the next decades. She won two more Best Actress awards at Filmfare for starring in the romantic thriller ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' (2006) and the drama ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010). Her highest-grossing releases came with the comedy ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015) and the period film ''[[Tanhaji]]'' (2020). She has since starred in the streaming projects ''[[Tribhanga (film)|Tribhanga]]'' (2021), ''[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|The Trial]]'' (2023), and ''[[Do Patti]]'' (2024).

In addition to acting in films, Kajol is a social activist and noted for her work with widows and children. She has featured as a talent judge for the reality show ''[[Rock-N-Roll Family]]'' in 2008 and holds a managerial position at Devgn Entertainment and Software Ltd. Kajol has been married to actor and filmmaker [[Ajay Devgn]] since 1999, with whom she has two children.

== Early life and background ==
Kajol was born in [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay) on 5 August 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/21dinesh.htm |title=Sparkling spitfireTanuja |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |date=21 January 2003 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004852/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/21dinesh.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kajol-birthday-wishes-ajay-devgn-renuka-shahane-6540199/ |title=Kajol turns 46: Ajay Devgn, Renuka Shahane and others wish the Tribhanga actor |last=Kameshwari |first=A. |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 August 2020 |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015080119/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kajol-birthday-wishes-ajay-devgn-renuka-shahane-6540199/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Her mother, [[Tanuja]], is an actress, while her father, [[Shomu Mukherjee]], was a film director and producer.{{Sfn|Dawar|2006|p=62}}<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2008 |title=Kajol's father passed away |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1179762/Kajol%27s+father+passed+away |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126112650/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1179762/Kajol's+father+passed+away |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=12 March 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her younger sister, [[Tanishaa Mukerji|Tanishaa]], is also an actress.<ref name="Tanisha" /> Her maternal aunt was actress [[Nutan]]. Her maternal grandmother, [[Shobhna Samarth]], and great-grandmother, [[Rattan Bai]], were both involved in [[Hindi cinema]]. Her paternal uncles, [[Joy Mukherjee]] and [[Deb Mukherjee]], were film actors,<ref name="Tanisha">{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Kshama |date=19 July 2003 |title=Acting intrigues me: Tanisha |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tanisha/20030719.htm |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209160519/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tanisha/20030719.htm |archive-date=9 February 2012 |access-date=11 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> while her paternal and maternal grandfathers, [[Sashadhar Mukherjee]] and [[Kumarsen Samarth]], respectively, were filmmakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/20130617-ayan-mukerji-bollywood-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-764016-1999-11-30 |title=The Pulp Prodigy: Ayan Mukerji ready to enter the big league of Bollywood |author=Singh, Suhani |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 November 1999 |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831094718/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/20130617-ayan-mukerji-bollywood-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-764016-1999-11-30 |archive-date=31 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="family" /> Kajol's cousins [[Rani Mukerji]],<ref name="family">{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Anuradha |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=In Bollywood, everyone's related! |date=14 June 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/In-Bollywood-everyones-related/etarticleshow/4654411.cms |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219210956/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-14/news-interviews/28162188_1_fardeen-khan-zayed-khan-kajol |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sharbani Mukherjee]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathur |first=Vartika |date=3 September 2009 |title=Identity crisis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Identity-crisis/article16878953.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827082833/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Identity-crisis/article16878953.ece |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Mohnish Bahl]] are also actors;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/04bahl.htm |title=Actor Mohnish Behl's father dies in fire |date=4 August 2004 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040806031152/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/04bahl.htm |archive-date=6 August 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> whereas [[Ayan Mukerji]] is a director.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Mid-Day]] |title=Waking up Ayan |date=12 August 2008 |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/aug/120809-Ayan-Mukerji-Karan-Johar-Wake-up-Sid-Entertainment.htm |access-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403013803/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/aug/120809-Ayan-Mukerji-Karan-Johar-Wake-up-Sid-Entertainment.htm |archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Kajol, Tanuja, Tanisha Mukherjee at Esha Deol's wedding reception 12.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Kajol and Tanuja with their mother Tanuja.|Kajol with her mother [[Tanuja]] (centre) and sister [[Tanishaa Mukerji|Tanishaa]] (right) at actress [[Esha Deol]]'s wedding reception in 2012: Kajol said that Tanuja was her inspiration to be an actress.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/just-in-kajol-may-star-in-this-persons-biopic-29952-1.html |title=Just in! Kajol may star in this person's biopic |date=22 August 2018 |last=Singh |first=Raghuvendra |access-date=8 February 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] }}</ref>]]

Kajol describes herself as being mischievous, stubborn, and impulsive at a young age.<ref>{{cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Anuradha |publisher=iDiva |title=Kajol: A Mother's Role is More Defined |date=13 April 2012 |url=http://idiva.com/news-work-life/kajol-a-mothers-role-is-more-defined/12151 |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609104853/http://idiva.com/news-work-life/kajol-a-mothers-role-is-more-defined/12151 |archive-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> Her parents separated when she was young, but Kajol was unaffected by it, since the matter was never discussed at home.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title=The agony & ecstasy of being Tanuja |date=10 August 2003 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/The-agony-ecstasy-of-being-Tanuja/articleshow/134291.cms |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925030811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/The-agony-ecstasy-of-being-Tanuja/articleshow/134291.cms |archive-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> Kajol was looked after by her maternal grandmother, who "never let me feel that my mother was away and working".<ref name="India Today" /> According to Kajol, her mother inculcated a sense of independence in her since she was young. Growing up between two separate cultures, she inherited her "Maharashtrian pragmatism" from her mother and her "Bengali temperament" from her father.<ref name="India Today" /> As part of tradition, along with the Mukherjee family, Kajol, a practising [[Hindu]], celebrates the [[Durga Puja]] festival in the suburban neighbourhood of [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]] annually.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Archita |publisher=[[CNN IBN|IBNLive]] |title=Rani, Kajol keep spirit of Durga Puja alive |date=22 September 2011 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rani-kajol-keep-spirit-of-durga-puja-alive/50812-8.html |access-date=8 February 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726090058/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rani-kajol-keep-spirit-of-durga-puja-alive/50812-8.html |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.femina.in/fashion/how-to/how-to-rock-the-durga-puja-look-like-bollywood-celebs-63843.html |title=How to rock the Durga Puja look like Bollywood celebs |date=28 September 2017 |work=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |access-date=8 February 2022 |last=Satpathy |first=Kriti Saraswat}}</ref>

Kajol was educated at [[St. Joseph's Convent School, Panchgani]]. Apart from her studies, she participated in extracurricular activities, such as dancing.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 August 2007 |title=When Kajol was head girl |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/reader/20070822.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=12 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607155714/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/reader/20070822.htm |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> In school, she began to form an active interest in reading fiction, as it helped her "through the bad moments" in her life.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Mid-Day]] |title=Kajol shoots for a short film on education and literacy |date=19 April 2012 |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/apr/190412-Kajol-shoots-for-a-short-film-about-education-and-literacy.htm |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630154819/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/apr/190412-Kajol-shoots-for-a-short-film-about-education-and-literacy.htm |archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> In the early 1990s, Tanuja tried to direct a film to launch her as an actress, but it was shelved after a few days of shooting.{{Sfn|Iyengar|2012|pp=246–254}} At 16, Kajol began work on ''[[Bekhudi]]'', which according to her was a "big dose of luck";<ref name="India Today" /> she was cast by him when she visited the studio of photographer [[Gautam Rajadhyaksha]], who also wrote the film's screenplay.<ref name="hitlist" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030615/spectrum/main2.htm |title=Portrait of a portraitist |last=Bose |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Bose |date=15 June 2003 |work=The Tribune |access-date=4 January 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225108/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030615/spectrum/main2.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She intended to return to school after shooting during her two-months summer vacation, but she eventually dropped out to pursue a full-time career in film—though she later regretted the decision.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |author-link=Kaveree Bamzai |work=India Today |title=Return of the natural |date=22 May 2006 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/20060522-kajol-returns-to-unsettle-bollywood-reigning-deities-783023-2006-05-21 |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005183624/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kajol-returns-to-unsettle-bollywood-reigning-deities/1/181245.html |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2013/feb/04/kajol-regrets-ignoring-her-education-447516.html |title=Kajol regrets ignoring her education |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=4 February 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118065159/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2013/feb/04/kajol-regrets-ignoring-her-education-447516.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Film career ==
{{See also|Kajol filmography|List of awards and nominations received by Kajol|l2=awards and nominations}}

=== Early work (1992–1994) ===
Kajol made her acting debut at age 17 in the 1992 romantic drama ''Bekhudi'' alongside another debutant, [[Kamal Sadanah]], and her mother Tanuja.{{Sfn|Dawar|2006|p=62}} Kajol played Radhika, who falls in love with Sadanah's character against her parents' disapproval.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dileep |first1=Lalita |title=Lovers on the run |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pH9lAAAAIBAJ&pg=306%2C1534976 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 July 1992 |page=5 |access-date=6 November 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129003908/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pH9lAAAAIBAJ&pg=306%2C1534976 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film turned out to be a box office flop,<ref name="UMH" /> but Kajol's performance gained positive notice.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/513C91EA3B56F6C565256940004E8814?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214150958/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/513C91EA3B56F6C565256940004E8814?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 February 2008 |title=Marriage no bar |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=14 February 1999 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=29 December 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, she was cast in [[Abbas–Mustan]]'s crime thriller ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993), the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year with revenues of {{INRConvert|182.5|m}}.<ref name="UMH">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/02/01/stories/2008020150240800.htm |title=You, me aur Kajol |date=1 February 2008 |agency=Bollywood News Service |access-date=30 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829164921/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/02/01/stories/2008020150240800.htm |archive-date=29 August 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Co-starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Shilpa Shetty]], the film had Kajol in the role of Priya Chopra, a young woman who falls in love with her sister's murderer, unaware of his identity.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Baazigar' was shot with two endings, reveal Abbas-Mustan |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/baazigar-was-shot-with-two-endings-reveal-abbas-mustan-118111100208_1.html |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=11 November 2018 |work=[[Business Standard]] |location=Mumbai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120005950/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/baazigar-was-shot-with-two-endings-reveal-abbas-mustan-118111100208_1.html |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=22 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol's performance in the film drew critical attention.<ref name="Verma, Sukanya">{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/06slid2.htm |title=Oh Kajol! Unraveling a phenomenon |date=6 December 2001 |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |work=Rediff.com |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119204709/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/06slid2.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com:80/old/20020426/fcover.html |title=Hits and misses |date=26 April 2002 |last=Khatib |first=Salma |work=Screen |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507193752/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020426/fcover.html |archive-date=7 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1994, Kajol appeared in ''[[Udhaar Ki Zindagi]]'' as an orphaned girl who visits her estranged grandparents ([[Jeetendra]] and [[Moushumi Chatterjee]]).<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Live on borrowed time |date=1994 |magazine=Democratic World |publisher=Gulab Singh & Sons |volume=23 |page=25}}</ref> It failed to do well at the box office, however, Kajol was named the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress (Hindi)|Best Actress (Hindi)]] by the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Bengal Film Journalists' Association]].<ref name="BOI 1994">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=200&catName=MTk5NA== |title=Box Office 1994 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=10 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830151924/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=200 |archive-date=30 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184251/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1995 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |publisher=[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] |title=Award Winners – 1995 |access-date=28 August 2020 |url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1995 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was an emotionally draining experience for Kajol, and she later maintained that it had affected her so deeply that after shooting ended, she was on the verge of a crisis. Consequently, she made a deliberate decision to sign up for lighter films in which she would have roles of minimal importance and no intense dramatic efforts, including ''[[Hulchul (1995 film)|Hulchul]]'', ''[[Gundaraj]]'', and ''[[Karan Arjun]]''—all released a year later.<ref name="hitlist">{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Mayank |author-link1=Mayank Shekhar |title=Sit with Hitlist – Kajol: I am not doing movies anymore which require me to cry |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kajol-walks-down-memory-lane-and-gets-candid-with-mayank-shekhar/19804156 |access-date=6 November 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=15 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916155222/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kajol-walks-down-memory-lane-and-gets-candid-with-mayank-shekhar/19804156 |url-status=live}}</ref>

She gained wider public recognition for her role in ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'', a romance produced by [[Yash Raj Films]] and based on the 1953 American play ''[[Sabrina Fair]]''.{{sfn|Viswamohan|Tom|2020|p=17}} She starred as Sapna, a chauffeur's daughter, who becomes a model and catches the interest of the two sons of her father's employers ([[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]]).{{Sfn|McNally|2010|p=216}} A financial success,{{Sfn|McNally|2010|p=216}} ''Yeh Dillagi'' proved to be a breakthrough for Kajol,{{Sfn|Dawar|2006|p=62}} earning her a first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination at the annual [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="Awards">{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8615/index.html |title=Kajol: Awards & nominations |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204151341/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8615/index.html |archive-date=4 December 2009}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' took note of her believable performance,<ref>{{cite news |author1=PR |title=Gentle comedy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nX1lAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 June 1994 |page=6 |language=en |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601115157/https://books.google.com/books?id=nX1lAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' concluded that ''Yeh Dillagi'' had changed her screen persona from a [[girl next door]] to a beauty extraordinaire.<ref name="An enigma">{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/may02/kajol2.htm |title=Kajol: An enigma |date=2 May 1998 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020415082528/http://www.screenindia.com/may02/kajol2.htm |archive-date=15 April 2002 |access-date=17 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Established actress (1995–1998) ===

In 1995, Kajol had two major commercial successes: ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' and ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''.<ref name="BOI 1995" /> The former is an action film by [[Rakesh Roshan]], based on the concept of [[reincarnation]],{{Sfn|Pomerance|2005|p=369}} and it offered her the small part of Sonia Saxena Singh.{{Sfn|Edwards|Bhaumik|2008|p=134}} She explained her minor role in the film, saying that she wanted to be in an ornamental role and admitting she had nothing to do in the film except be glamorous.{{Sfn|Dwyer|2000|p=177}} The film emerged as the second-highest-grossing film of the year in India.<ref name="BOI 1995">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ== |title=Box Office 1995 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=12 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830151926/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201 |archive-date=30 August 2012}}</ref> Kajol's next releases—''[[Taaqat (1995 film)|Taaqat]]'', ''Hulchul'' and ''Gundaraj''—underperformed at the box office;<ref name="BOI 1995" /> the latter two were her earliest collaborations with her future-husband, [[Ajay Devgn]], and trade analysts linked the failure to their chemistry.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ebay.com/itm/FILMFARE-rare-Bollywood-Magazine-DEC-1994-Shahrukh-Amitabh-Juhi-Rekha-Mamta/164556654891? |title=When Love Calls |date=December 1994 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |volume=43 |issue=12 |page=86 |editor-last=Mohamed |editor-first=Khalid |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514081701/https://www.ebay.com/itm/FILMFARE-rare-Bollywood-Magazine-DEC-1994-Shahrukh-Amitabh-Juhi-Rekha-Mamta/164556654891 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ebay.com/itm/Cine-Blitz-Magazine-Bollywood-January-1996-Rekha-Kajol-Raveena-Pooja/164759257316? |title=Ajay Jealous of Shah Rukh??? |date=January 1996 |page=103 |magazine=[[Cine Blitz]] |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418081732/https://www.ebay.com/itm/Cine-Blitz-Magazine-Bollywood-January-1996-Rekha-Kajol-Raveena-Pooja/164759257316 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'', Kajol's final 1995 release, Shah Rukh Khan and she starred as [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|nonresident Indians]] from London who fall in love during a trip across Europe and reunite in India to persuade her conservative father to call off her upcoming arranged marriage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124391503672175543 |title=Bollywood's NRI Reel Finally Gets Real |date=9 June 2009 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |last=Venugopal |first=Arun |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120023916/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124391503672175543 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol spoke of her attachment to the project and her full emotional involvement with her character, Simran.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/im-extremely-possessive-about-ddlj-10888-3.html |title=I'm extremely possessive about DDLJ |last=Chaudhary |first=Anuradha |date=19 October 2015 |orig-date=1996 |work=Filmfare |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121130300/http://www.filmfare.com/features/im-extremely-possessive-about-ddlj-10888-3.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/docs/default-source/aditya-chopra-interviews/Aditya-Chopra-Interviews.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |title=Aditya breaks his silence |date=April 1996 |work=Filmfare |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]] |page=7 |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101044648/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/docs/default-source/aditya-chopra-interviews/Aditya-Chopra-Interviews.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the most successful films of all-time in India,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |title=All Time Earners Inflation Adjusted (Figures in Ind Rs) |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=12 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112114511/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |archive-date=12 January 2008}}</ref> it has been continuously running in Mumbai and, having surpassed 1000 weeks of screening in 2014, became the longest-running Indian film ever.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/ddlj-completes-1000th-week-at-maratha-mandir/article6686035.ece |title=DDLJ completes 1,000th week at Maratha Mandir |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=12 December 2014 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027101237/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/ddlj-completes-1000th-week-at-maratha-mandir/article6686035.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/features/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-the-record-breaking-bollywood-rom-com-celebrating-1000-weeks-in-cinemas |title="Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge": The Record-Breaking Bollywood Rom-com Celebrating 1000 Weeks in Cinemas |last=Harris |first=Scott Jordan |publisher=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116002652/https://www.rogerebert.com/features/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-the-record-breaking-bollywood-rom-com-celebrating-1000-weeks-in-cinemas |url-status=live}}</ref> Equally popular with critics, the film earned ten [[Filmfare Awards]], including a first Best Actress for Kajol.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvhtAAAAMAAJ |title=Seema Biswas bags Best Actress award |date=1996 |magazine=Data India |publisher=[[Press Institute of India]] |page=351 |issue=1–50 |volume=52 |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514081717/https://books.google.com/books?id=rvhtAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L85kAAAAMAAJ |title=Awards: His achievements... |magazine=Screen |publisher=Indian Express Limited |volume=2 |year=2002 |page=172 |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108040321/http://books.google.com/books?id=L85kAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> It has been voted one of the best films ever made in polls by the [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india |title=Top 10 Indian Films |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120160633/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india |archive-date=20 January 2012 |access-date=3 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/DDLJ-is-Bollywoods-most-evergreen-love-story-Survey/articleshow/52078150.cms |title='DDLJ' is Bollywood's most evergreen love story: Survey |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=The Times of India |date=2 May 2016 |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529200300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/DDLJ-is-Bollywoods-most-evergreen-love-story-Survey/articleshow/52078150.cms |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Raja Sen from [[Rediff.com]] thought Kajol was well-cast as Simran, arguing that "the real-as-life actress bringing warmth and credulity to the initially prudish and reluctant Simran".<ref name="ten">{{cite web |title=DDLJ: Ten years, everybody cheers |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm |date=13 May 2005 |author=Sen, Raja |access-date=25 January 2011 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014324/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> 1996 saw her in the poorly received action film ''[[Bambai Ka Babu (1996 film)|Bambai Ka Babu]]''.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== |title=Box Office 1996 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=12 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125141035/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=25 January 2008}}</ref>

In 1997, Kajol's portrayal of Isha Diwan, an obsessive lover turned psychopathic serial killer, in ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]]'', was labelled by critics a turning point.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|Nayak|2005|p=155}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010429/spectrum/main4.htm |title=Much more than masala |last=Sekhon |first=Aradhika |date=29 April 2001 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064058/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010429/spectrum/main4.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The director, [[Rajiv Rai]], said that he "tapped the versatile artistry in Kajol", commending her for the finesse she brought to the part.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Girija |title=A complete change of scene |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/17/stories/0917022a.htm |date=17 August 2001 |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108055627/http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/17/stories/0917022a.htm |archive-date=8 January 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The suspense thriller, also starring [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Manisha Koirala]], was a mainstream success.<ref name="1997 BO">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=203&catName=MTk5Nw== |title=Box Office 1997 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=10 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130538/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=203 |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/awards/bestactr1.htm |title=Best Actress: Kajol |date=1999 |work=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990507233619/http://www.filmfare.com/awards/bestactr1.htm |archive-date=7 May 1999 |access-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' noted Kajol for outpacing her co-stars,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19970714-latest-movie-releases-832542-1997-07-14 |title=Latest movie releases |work=India Today |date=14 July 1997 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514081701/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19970714-latest-movie-releases-832542-1997-07-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote in 2016 that she was "probably the first to have broken her [[wikt:goody two shoes|goody-two-shoes]] image".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/priyanka-katrina-bipasha-super-hot-baddies-of-b-town/photostory/52129993.cms |title=Priyanka, Katrina, Bipasha – Super hot baddies of B-Town |date=5 May 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121164204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/priyanka-katrina-bipasha-super-hot-baddies-of-b-town/photostory/52129993.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2002, Rediff.com included her performance in its listing of best villain performances.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/07vil.htm |title=Good guy, bad guy: The lure |work=Rediff.com |last=Vijayakar |first=Dr. Rajiv |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111165037/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/07vil.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol eventually became the first female actor to be nominated for and win the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |title=The life and times of Kajol |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special-Story.aspx?ID=250&StoryID=ENTEN20090103171 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712061923/http://movies.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special-Story.aspx?ID=250&StoryID=ENTEN20090103171 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2012 |date=29 July 2009 |access-date=31 May 2012 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In later years, Kajol said she accepted the part to avoid [[typecasting]]<ref name="Neelam Gupta interview" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/bollywood-celebrity-kajol-then-and-now-pictures-complete-beauty-evolution |title=In pictures: Kajol's complete beauty evolution |last=Khatib |first=Hasina |date=22 April 2020 |work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013195845/https://www.vogue.in/content/bollywood-celebrity-kajol-then-and-now-pictures-complete-beauty-evolution |url-status=live}}</ref> and expressed her desire to play more roles of the type.<ref name="asked" />

Following a leading role in the reincarnation-based film ''[[Hameshaa]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Nandita |title=Life Minus the Lilt |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/22091997/cinema1.html |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=22 September 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205140900/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/22091997/cinema1.html |archive-date=5 December 2000}}</ref> Kajol replaced [[Madhuri Dixit]] to play the lead opposite [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Arvind Swamy]] in [[Rajiv Menon]]'s [[Tamil cinema|Tamil-language]] romantic musical ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/may02/kajol3.htm |title=Interview with Kajol |date=2 May 1998 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020224152658/http://www.screenindia.com/may02/kajol3.htm |archive-date=24 February 2002 |access-date=17 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kajol found dancing alongside Deva (himself a dance choreographer) difficult and she needed dozens of retakes and rehearsals to get the steps right.<ref name="Dream girl">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04kajl.htm |title=Dream girl |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |work=Rediff.com |date=4 April 1997 |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602230644/http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04kajl.htm |archive-date=2 June 2010}}</ref> She played Priya Amalraj, a convent student who aspires to become a [[nun]], and her voice was dubbed by actress [[Revathi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Exuding-positivity/article16303280.ece |title=Exuding positivity |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=24 May 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120130035/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Exuding-positivity/article16303280.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Indian Express'' reviewed: "Kajol is full of beans and fits into her character with commendable ease. Hers is perhaps one of the most expressive faces of the present".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desai |first=M. S. M. |date=4 May 1997 |title=Film Review — Sapnay: A tangled love triangle |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/film-review-sapnay-a-tangled-love-triangle/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929033308/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/film-review-sapnay-a-tangled-love-triangle/ |archive-date=29 September 2021}}</ref> While the original version was embraced by audiences, the Hindi-dubbed version of the film (titled ''Sapnay'') performed averagely.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofindia.com/150700/15mdel19.htm |title=Can subtitles give dubbing a drubbing? |last=Nair |first=Suresh |date=15 July 2000 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819031853/http://www.timesofindia.com/150700/15mdel19.htm |archive-date=19 August 2000 |access-date=29 December 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her next release was [[Indra Kumar]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Ishq (1997 film)|Ishq]]'', alongside [[Aamir Khan]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and Ajay Devgn.<ref name="1997 BO" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04ajay.htm |title=A passion for action |last=Verma |first=Suparn |author-link=Suparn Verma |date=4 April 1997 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110082516/http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04ajay.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> A commercial success, the film won critical praise for the performances of the four leads.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/rewatchingmovies-1997s-mega-hit-ishq-is-nothing-but-a-classist-cringe-worthy-film-1884567.html |title=#90sMoviesIn2018: 1997 Mega-Hit 'Ishq' is Nothing But a Classist Cringe-Fest |website=[[News18]] |date=21 September 2018 |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027195829/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/rewatchingmovies-1997s-mega-hit-ishq-is-nothing-but-a-classist-cringe-worthy-film-1884567.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19971208-film-review-ishq-starring-aamir-khan-ajay-devgan-juhi-chawla-kajol-831042-1997-12-08 |title=Same old story |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=8 December 1997 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023173347/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19971208-film-review-ishq-starring-aamir-khan-ajay-devgan-juhi-chawla-kajol-831042-1997-12-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Rani Mukerji, Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol at the 20 years celebration of ‘Kuch Kuch Hota Hai’.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|alt=Rani Mukerji, Shah Rukh Khan, and Kajol pose for the camera.|Kajol with [[Rani Mukerji]] (left) and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] at an event for ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' in 2018]]
In 1998, Kajol reinforced her status as a leading actress of Hindi cinema by featuring in the three [[List of Bollywood films of 1998|highest-grossing productions of the year]]: ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]'', ''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]'' and ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'';{{Sfn|Liz|2010|p=22}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/year98.htm |title=The best of 1998: Top actors, actresses & movies |year=1999 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990421051319/http://www.indiafm.com/year98.htm |archive-date=21 April 1999 |access-date=13 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> all of which were nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]], with the lattermost winning it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368676.cms |title=The Nominations – 1998 |publisher=[[Times Internet]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225193802/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368676.cms |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=27 December 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-23055646.html |title='Kuch Kuch Hota Hai' wins all top Filmfare honors |work=[[India Abroad]] |date=26 February 1999 |access-date=27 December 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608083928/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-23055646.html |archive-date=8 June 2014|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref> ''Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya'', where she played a naïve village girl, released first and won her positive feedback.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood bore |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |work=New Straits Times |date=11 April 1998 |page=10}}</ref> She next played twin sisters, Sonia and Naina, in ''[[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]''.<ref name="BOI 1998" /> Revolving around Naina's quest to avenge the murder of Sonia, the film saw Kajol in one of her best-reviewed performances.{{Sfn|Ganti|2012|pp=210–211}}<ref name="top">{{cite news |last1=Rathod |first1=Kinnari |title=Kajol's top 10 performances |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/kajols-top-10-performances-6906-1.html |access-date=20 November 2020 |work=Filmfare |date=5 August 2014 |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018121920/https://www.filmfare.com/features/kajols-top-10-performances-6906-1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Having initially refused the offer due to her lack of comfort shooting the rape scene, she finally accepted it on the condition that a body-double be used in it.<ref name="hitlist" /> The film won her the [[Screen Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="Awards" /> [[Suparn Verma]] noted her for being in "superb form" in both roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon as avenger |last=Verma |first=Suparn |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/jun/04dush.htm |date=4 June 1998 |access-date=1 June 2012 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219061418/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/jun/04dush.htm |archive-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

[[Anees Bazmee]]'s romantic comedy ''Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha'', a remake of the 1995 American film ''[[French Kiss (1995 film)|French Kiss]]'', followed. She played the comic role of Sanjana, a clumsy woman, who travels from [[Paris]] to India in search of her philandering fiancé, but falls for another man (Ajay Devgn).<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Review: Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha |work=Rashtriya Sahara |publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication |year=1998 |volume=6 |issue=1–6 |page=161}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2BDAAAAYAAJ |title=Listless love lore |work=India Today |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=3 August 1998 |volume=23 |pages=69–70 |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514081702/https://books.google.com/books?id=q2BDAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film became a hit<ref name="BOI 1998">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA== |title=Box Office 1998 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=10 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122163707/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA%3D%3D |archive-date=22 January 2008}}</ref> and fetched Kajol another Best Actress nomination at Filmfare that year.<ref name="Awards" /> Deepa Deosthalee from ''The Indian Express'' called ''Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha'' "Kajol's film all the way" and commended her presence that made the film to be worth-watching;<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/film-reviews/ |title=Film Reviews |last=Deosthalee |first=Deepa |date=25 July 1998 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711081717/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/film-reviews/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]] referred to her as "the show's super-saving grace. Bubbly and spontaneous as ever, hers is a perfectly balanced performance, rescuing even the loudest scenes from going over the top."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=Saturday Flight Fever |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/filmrev/film31.htm |access-date=1 May 2020 |work=Filmfare |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |year=1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991009093655/http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/filmrev/film31.htm |archive-date=9 October 1999}}</ref>

The biggest success of 1998 for Kajol was her final release of that year, [[Karan Johar]]'s directorial debut, ''Kuch Kuch Hota Hai''.<ref name="BOI 1998" /> The first Indian feature to be shot in Scotland,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bollywood-moves-to-scotland-1088031.html |title=Bollywood moves to Scotland |last=Sareen |first=Jaideep |date=23 October 2011 |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=27 December 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817060947/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bollywood-moves-to-scotland-1088031.html |url-status=live}}</ref> it emerged as an all-time blockbuster in both India and overseas.<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=26 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222234101/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="overseas">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |title=Overseas Earnings (Figures in Ind Rs) |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=10 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207070143/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-date=7 February 2008}}</ref> Kajol played Anjali Sharma, a tomboyish college student who is secretly in love with her best friend from college (Shah Rukh Khan).{{Sfn|Haiderali|2003|p=32}} The story follows their renewed encounter years later when he is widowed and she has transformed her appearance and is already engaged to marry someone else.{{Sfn|Cunningham|Sinclair|2001|p=177}} Critics considered Kajol's performance bold and convincing, despite an otherwise unrealistic plot.<ref name="Open" /> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] wrote that she is "almost mesmeric" in the part.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |work=The Times of India |title=Friendship or Love |year=1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990502211518/http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/filmrev/kuch.htm |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/filmrev/kuch.htm |archive-date=2 May 1999 |access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=Young, yummy and happening |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/btalkies/bomb36.htm |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=Filmfare |year=1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990909021809/http://www.filmfare.com/site/btalkies/bomb36.htm |archive-date=9 September 1999 |language=en}}</ref> She won her second Best Actress award at the [[44th Filmfare Awards]] and first [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female]] for her work.<ref name="Awards" /> ''[[Filmfare]]'' included Kajol's performances in both ''Dushman'' and ''Kuch Kuch Hota Hai'' in its listing of Indian cinema's "80 Most Iconic performances".<ref name="80 Iconic Performances">{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=954 |title=Filmfare – 80 Iconic Performances 9/10 |access-date=8 July 2013 |date=9 June 2010 |work=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225101342/http://filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performance-910-990.html |archive-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In a year-end column, ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]''{{'s}} Madhur Mittal reported that Kajol had "emerged as the consummate heroine with her excellent emoting and sensational screen presence in each portrayal".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov01/sunday/bolywood.htm |title=Kajol scores a hat-trick |last=Mittal |first=Madhur |date=1 November 1998 |work=The Tribune |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927034055/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov01/sunday/bolywood.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Decrease in workload (1999–2005) ===
Journalists speculated that the supporting role of the [[Mistress (lover)|other woman]] of Ajay Devgn's character in ''[[Dil Kya Kare]]'', Kajol's first release after marriage, would be "the acid test" for her.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Rani: Date-book full sitting and pretty! |date=1999 |magazine=[[Cine Blitz]] |publisher=Blitz Publications |page=48 |issue=2 |volume=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/04D3B1E4CFF0D67D652569400062A39A?OpenDocument |title=Long innings of a winsome performer |last=Rajendran |first=Girja |date=26 November 1999 |work=The Hindu |access-date=29 December 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427183551/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/04D3B1E4CFF0D67D652569400062A39A?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008 }}</ref> She explained that she accepted the role solely "because it had shades of grey".<ref name="DKK">{{cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Anuradha |title=Interview — Kajol |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/march2000/ivw1a.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=March 2000 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725131737/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/march2000/ivw1a.html |archive-date=25 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/thebuzz/april2000/04_2_2000b.htm |title=Kajol: Taking It Easy! |work=Filmfare |date=4 February 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010807210401/http://www.filmfare.com/thebuzz/april2000/04_2_2000b.htm |archive-date=7 August 2001 |access-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film met with largely negative reviews,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=My Vision for the Future: When Giving and Receiving Become One |magazine=[[Manushi]] |date=March–April 2000 |last1=Kishwar |first1=Madhu |author-link1=Madhu Kishwar |last2=Jha |first2=Prem Shankar |author-link2=Prem Shankar Jha |number=116–121 |page=42}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Movie: Dil Kya Kare |url=http://www.india-today.com/moviemasala/archives/reviews/dkk.html |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=4 October 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010508203443/http://www.india-today.com/moviemasala/archives/reviews/dkk.html |archive-date=8 May 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://digitalht.com/bollywood/reviewsdilkyakare.htm |title=Dil Kya Kare |last=Vasudevan |first=R. |year=1999 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000310114638/http://digitalht.com/bollywood/reviewsdilkyakare.htm |archive-date=10 March 2000 |access-date=4 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> though ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' noted her for playing the role with finesse.<ref>{{cite news |title=Right for the family |date=2 October 1999 |page=24 |last=Vijayan |first=K. N. |work=New Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anjoom |first1=Mukhtar |title=Dil Kya Kare (Hindi) |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep26/rev.htm |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=26 September 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000617225911/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep26/rev.htm |archive-date=17 June 2000}}</ref> Commercially too, the film failed to do well.<ref name="Neelam Gupta interview">{{cite news |url=http://www.digitalht.com/bollywood/interviews.htm |title="I can't understand art films": Kajol |last=Gupta |first=Neelam |date=1999 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000301093919/http://www.digitalht.com/bollywood/interviews.htm |archive-date=1 March 2000 |access-date=6 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The drama ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]'', on the other hand, performed well with critics and audiences.<ref name="BOI 1999">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ== |title=Box Office 1999 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=10 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708090437/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205 |archive-date=8 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/23hum.htm |title=Till incompatibility do us part |work=Rediff.com |last=Taliculam |first=Sharmila |date=23 January 1999 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104114835/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/23hum.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Co-starring [[Anil Kapoor]], it gave her experience with "the stereotypical, sacrificing woman role"<ref name="Verma, Sukanya" /> and earned her another Best Actress Filmfare nomination.<ref name="Awards" /> The film generated media coverage for being one of the few woman-centered films to attract viewers in Indian cinemas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Show me the money |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/article1115049.ece |date=21 March 2008 |access-date=1 June 2012 |work=[[Business Line]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222143717/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/article1115049.ece |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> Her final release of the year was ''[[Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya]]''.<ref name="BOI 1999" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/01hote.htm |title=The parting game |last=Taliculam |first=Sharmila |date=1 July 1999 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020095845/https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/01hote.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted her chemistry with [[Jackie Shroff]] but wrote off the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.digitalht.com/bollywood/reviewshotehotepyarhogaya.htm |title=Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya |last=Vasudevan |first=R. |year=1999 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000123042938/http://www.digitalht.com/bollywood/reviewshotehotepyarhogaya.htm |archive-date=23 January 2000 |access-date=4 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The following year, Kajol and her husband starred together in his home-production ''[[Raju Chacha]]'', whose plot revolves on the love story between a conman and a governess of three children belonging to a wealthy family.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1D290542CF28AEFB65256940004D0D6A?OpenDocument |title=Flying high |last=Banerjee |first=Piali |date=31 October 1999 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427183934/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1D290542CF28AEFB65256940004D0D6A?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The children's film, with a production cost of {{INRConvert|300|m}}, was declared as among the most expensive Hindi films at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raju Chacha may be most expensive Bollywood film ever |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/08raju.htm |date=8 November 2000 |access-date=1 June 2012 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221160817/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/08raju.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> [[Dinesh Raheja]] wrote of the lack of imagination in the script, which affected the chemistry between Kajol and Ajay Devgn.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewraju.shtml |title=Raju Chacha – Grimm's Tale Could Do with a Trim |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |date=2000 |work=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010418051924/http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewraju.shtml |archive-date=18 April 2001 |access-date=26 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raju-chacha/critic-review/raju-chacha-movie-review/ |title=Raju Chacha Movie Review |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 December 2000 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812125541/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raju-chacha/critic-review/raju-chacha-movie-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In Rahul Rawail's ''[[Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi]]'' (2001) Kajol played twin sisters who are separated at birth. The film was poorly reviewed as was Kajol's dual role, dismissed as "a double bore".<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon as avenger |last=Someshwar |first=Savera R. |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/19khatti.htm |date=19 January 2001 |access-date=1 June 2012 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112095552/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/19khatti.htm |archive-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/boxoffice/hero.shtml |title=Heroine Kaun |date=2001 |work=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413020418/http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/boxoffice/hero.shtml |archive-date=13 April 2001 |access-date=26 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Roshmila Bhattacharya]] from ''Screen'' defended Kajol's presence and her energetic performance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Roshmila |title=Twintracks and parent traps |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010126/review.htm |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=Screen |date=26 January 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021206125320/http://www.screenindia.com/20010126/review.htm#kuc |archive-date=6 December 2002}}</ref> Both ''Raju Chacha'' and ''Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi'' were flops at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA== |title=Box Office 2000 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=10 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830151941/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206 |archive-date=30 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="BOI 2001" />

Later that year, Kajol played a leading role in Karan Johar's ensemble drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'', which was the top-grossing Indian production of all-time in the overseas market.<ref name="BOI 2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ== |title=Box Office 2001 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=10 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122102503/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ%3D%3D |archive-date=22 January 2008}}</ref> She played Anjali Sharma, a young [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] woman from the [[Chandni Chowk]] area who falls for a wealthy man.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-01-15-0201150013-story.html |title=A big hit for Bollywood |last=Daswani |first=Kavita |date=15 January 2002 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514081703/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-01-15-0201150013-story.html |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hogan|2009|p=167}} She identified herself with the character's noisy nature and found similarities between it and that of [[Hema Malini]] in ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/13kajol.htm |title=Karan did my homework for me |last=Ali |first=Rashmi |date=13 December 2001 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129165120/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/13kajol.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The role required Kajol to speak in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], a language she was not fluent in, and although she struggled at first to master it, she achieved the pronunciation and diction with the help of producer [[Yash Johar]] and some of the crew members.<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare — Print Edition: Best Actress (Kajol) |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/ivw3.html |work=Filmfare |date=April 2002 |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222165709/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/ivw3.html |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> Her comic-dramatic performance and Punjabi dialect met with critical acclaim and won her a third Filmfare Award in the Best Actress category.<ref name="Awards" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Adarsh, Taran |date=11 December 2001 |title=Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham review |url=http://indiafm.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201895 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710041007/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201895 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=3 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ziya Us Salam]], in a review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', asserted: "Kajol steals the thunder from under very high noses indeed. With her precise timing and subtle lingering expression, she is a delight all the way."<ref>{{cite news |author=Us Salam, Ziya |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/12/21/stories/2001122100840203.htm |title=Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham |access-date=14 February 2011 |date=21 December 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125233850/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/12/21/stories/2001122100840203.htm |archive-date=25 November 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?214169 |title=Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=31 December 2001 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107161952/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?214169 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'', Kajol took a sabbatical from full-time acting and declined a number of film roles.<ref name="marriage">{{cite news |last=Pratap-Shah |first=Monisha |title=Getting candid with Kajol! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/Getting-candid-with-Kajol/articleshow/1855615.cms |date=24 February 2002 |access-date=1 June 2012 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018034339/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/Getting-candid-with-Kajol/articleshow/1855615.cms |archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2010|title=Mr Smith, who do you think makes a better Mrs Smith?|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mr-smith-who-do-you-think-makes-a-better-mrs-smith/cid/482087|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200826121238/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mr-smith-who-do-you-think-makes-a-better-mrs-smith/cid/482087|archive-date=26 August 2020|access-date=6 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> She has said that she did so to focus on her marriage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gimme Gold |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/nov2001/ifocus10.html |work=Filmfare |date=November 2001 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109222229/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/nov2001/ifocus10.html |archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> Film observers generally perceived at this time that her career was over.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articleshow/1021707.cms?&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |title=Top 10 – Actresses |date=February 2005 |work=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315072515/http://www.filmfare.com/articleshow/1021707.cms?&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=15 March 2005 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 February 2022 }}</ref>

=== Success with intermittent work (2006–2020) ===
[[Kunal Kohli]]'s romantic thriller ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' (2006) marked Kajol's return to films.<ref name="good">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-m-a-good-person-at-heart-kajol/story-uMOZMCaBNTAALKWGAXKGLM.html |title=I'm a good person at heart: Kajol |date=4 April 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 December 2021 |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221070920/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-m-a-good-person-at-heart-kajol/story-uMOZMCaBNTAALKWGAXKGLM.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/27/movies/27fana.html |title='Fanaa', a film about love and terrorists |author=Lee, Nathan |date=27 May 2006 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519131101/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/27/movies/27fana.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She portrayed Zooni Ali Beg, a blind [[Kashmir]]i woman who unwittingly falls in love with a terrorist (Aamir Khan).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/03/fanaa_preview.shtml |title=Fanaa: Destroyed in Love |last=Gajjar |first=Manish |date=29 October 2014 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204171550/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/03/fanaa_preview.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/theatrical-terror/239258 |title=Theatrical terror |date=16 December 2008 |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |work=Outlook |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601115211/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/theatrical-terror/239258 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was promoted as her comeback, a term she disliked saying that she did not retire but only took a break.<ref name="reveals">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kajol-reveals-all/articleshow/2449724.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707072438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-12/news-interviews/27957746_1_kajol-nysa-fanaa |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=Kajol reveals all |date=12 October 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/fanning-flames-1.238975 |title=Fanning flames |date=30 May 2006 |work=[[Gulf News]] |last=Gill |first=Anusha Samir |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116193721/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/fanning-flames-1.238975 |url-status=live}}</ref> Upon release, the film was a financial success,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Patkar |first=Medha |title=The hit list |date=February 2007 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=24 |issue=1–5 |page=84}}</ref> grossing {{INRConvert|1|b}} against its {{INRConvert|220|m}} budget.<ref name="BOI" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/2006-at-the-movies-106072901025_1.html |title=2006 at the movies |last1=Gupta |first1=Surajeet Das |last2=Osha |first2=Abhilasha |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=14 June 2013 |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627065144/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/2006-at-the-movies-106072901025_1.html |archive-date=27 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Both the film and Kajol's performance were received well.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1194626-fanaa |title=Fanaa (2006) |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018121941/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1194626-fanaa |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sudhish Kamath]] of ''The Hindu'' wrote Kajol is enough of a reason to watch it,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/02/stories/2006060201010200.htm |title=Absolute non-starter — Fanaa |date=2 June 2006 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223030836/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/02/stories/2006060201010200.htm |archive-date=23 February 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[Deepa Gahlot]] believed Kajol's conviction in the part made up for the film's flaws.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=29 May 2006 |title=Fanaa |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/fanaa-review-bollywood-pclvVTcggefbj.html |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201091626/https://www.sify.com/movies/fanaa-review-bollywood-pclvVTcggefbj.html |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=26 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Fanaa'' fetched Kajol a fourth Filmfare Award and second Zee Cine Award for Best Actress.<ref name="Awards" />

Kajol worked intermittently through the rest of the decade. In 2007, she started filming for [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]'s unreleased mythology film ''Ramayana'', based on the [[Ramayana|epic of the same name]], where she played the goddess [[Sita]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bollywood-turns-to-mythology/story-6k3ZAMSyOaJo1v8v8b0IyL.html |title=Bollywood turns to mythology |last=Jain |first=Princy |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 October 2006 |access-date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830084313/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bollywood-turns-to-mythology/story-6k3ZAMSyOaJo1v8v8b0IyL.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Has-Rajkumar-Santoshi-lost-his-midas-touch/articleshow/13145048.cms |title=Has Rajkumar Santoshi lost his midas touch? |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=15 May 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230015602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Has-Rajkumar-Santoshi-lost-his-midas-touch/articleshow/13145048.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She considered her husband's directorial debut ''[[U Me Aur Hum]]'' (2008) a special film in her career.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-31812120080207 |title=Ajay Devgan latest actor to climb aboard director bandwagon |last=Ganguly |first=Prithwish |date=7 February 2008 |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601115154/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-31812120080207 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I will work at my own speed: Kajol |work=Stabroek News |date=6 April 2008 |page=38 |issue=22 |volume=97}}</ref> In it, she starred as Piya Thapar, a woman suffering from [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-doctor-is-in/article16576690.ece |title=The doctor is in! |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=18 February 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601115202/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-doctor-is-in/article16576690.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Although the film underperformed commercially,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/u-me-aur-hum-disappoints-go-for-50-first-dates-instead_436140.html |title=U, Me Aur Hum disappoints; go for 50 First Dates instead |last=Kumar |first=Ashwini |date=11 April 2008 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012073117/https://zeenews.india.com/home/u-me-aur-hum-disappoints-go-for-50-first-dates-instead_436140.html |url-status=live}}</ref> she received another Filmfare nomination for Best Actress for her performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/u_me_aur_hum |title=U, Me Aur Hum (2008) |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028201705/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/u_me_aur_hum |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]''{{'}} Gaurav Malini noted that Kajol's "simmering pace and ... recurring amnesiac spells, rather than getting repetitive, add compelling credibility to the story".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/u-me-aur-hum-movie-review/articleshow/2955521.cms?from=mdr |title=U Me aur Hum: Movie Review |date=16 April 2008 |last=Malini |first=Gaurav |work=The Economic Times |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419013621/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/u-me-aur-hum-movie-review/articleshow/2955521.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:SRK Kajol & Karan.jpg|thumb|upright=1|alt=Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol, and Karan Johar pose for the camera.|Along with [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Karan Johar]] promoting ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' in 2010. Asked by ''[[The Hindu]]'', she described the film as being more intense and different from her earlier projects.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-name-is-Kajol/article16836441.ece |title=My name is Kajol |last=Shah |first=Jigar |date=7 January 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017204701/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-name-is-Kajol/article16836441.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>]]Kajol was next cast opposite Shah Rukh Khan in ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010), based on the discrimination faced by [[Islam in the United States|American Muslims]] after the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 terrorist attacks]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/my-name-is-khan-and-i-am-not-a-terrorist/578718/ |title=My name is Khan and I am not a terrorist |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=13 February 2010 |work=The Financial Express |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419013621/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/my-name-is-khan-and-i-am-not-a-terrorist/578718/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/13/movies/13name.html |title=A Hero Begins His Quest, and Then the Trouble Starts |last=Saltz |first=Rachel |date=12 February 2010 |work=The New York Times |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212163704/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/13/movies/13name.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was the first Indian film distributed by [[Star Studios|Fox Star Studios]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NnF2T44SQ3A3hFOEuTCDaO/Fox-Star-Studios-stays-put-in-Bollywood-reaps-dividends.html |title=Fox Star Studios stays put in Bollywood; reaps dividends |last=Sheikh |first=Aminah |date=17 January 2013 |work=Mint |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111143749/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NnF2T44SQ3A3hFOEuTCDaO/Fox-Star-Studios-stays-put-in-Bollywood-reaps-dividends.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It opened to mixed-to-positive reviews,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/my_name_is_khan/ |title=My Name Is Khan |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=10 November 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025232616/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/my_name_is_khan |archive-date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/my-name-is-khan |title=My Name Is Khan 2010 |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108191110/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/my-name-is-khan |url-status=live}}</ref> and emerged as an international success.<ref name="boiworldwide">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205213224/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> ''My Name Is Khan'' was screened at the [[60th Berlin International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Shedde |first=Meenakshi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/my-name-is-khan-tickets-sold-out-at-berlin-before-dawn/story-ghojkDuuWoXXtMjEmaLkwM.html |date=12 February 2010 |title=My Name is Khan tickets sold out at Berlin before dawn |work=Hindustan Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001131347/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/my-name-is-khan-tickets-sold-out-at-berlin-before-dawn/story-ghojkDuuWoXXtMjEmaLkwM.html |archive-date=1 October 2020 |access-date=19 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]],<ref>{{cite news |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/director-s-cut-of-mnik-at-indian-film-fest-in-la/story-GUusbRPpurEpJM6AANRlBL.html |title=Director's cut of MNIK at Indian Film Fest in LA |date=17 April 2010 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201003131856/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/director-s-cut-of-mnik-at-indian-film-fest-in-la/story-GUusbRPpurEpJM6AANRlBL.html |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=19 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Rome Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Priyanko |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/srks-my-name-is-khan-screened-in-rome/ |title=SRK's My Name is Khan screened in Rome |date=5 November 2010 |work=The Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015081829/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/srks-my-name-is-khan-screened-in-rome/ |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=19 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol's portrayal of Mandira, a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] single mother who marries a Muslim man with [[Asperger syndrome]] was praised by Indian and overseas critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2009/dec/20/kajols-working-woman-look-in-my-name-is-khan-114668.html |title=Kajol's working woman look in 'My Name Is Khan' |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 December 2009 |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=27 December 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601115209/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2009/dec/20/kajols-working-woman-look-in-my-name-is-khan-114668.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Khan-do-no-wrong/article11673434.ece |title=Khan do no wrong |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |work=The Hindu |date=13 February 2010 |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011122416/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Khan-do-no-wrong/article11673434.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] wrote positively of Kajol's sensitive performance,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-review-mnik-is-inherently-sincere/110054-8.html?from=tn |title=Review: My Name Is Khan is inherently sincere |publisher=IBNLive |date=13 February 2010 |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |access-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015133138/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-review-mnik-is-inherently-sincere/110054-8.html?from=tn |archive-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> while the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' found her to be appealing in an emotion-based role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lsquoMy-Name-is-Khanrsquo-makes-record-1.86-million-in-America/article16814677.ece |title='My Name is Khan' makes record $1.86 million in America |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=The Hindu |date=15 February 2010 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014003345/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lsquoMy-Name-is-Khanrsquo-makes-record-1.86-million-in-America/article16814677.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> For the film, Kajol won a record-tying fifth Best Actress award at Filmfare.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity-profile/Kajol.htm |title=Kajol |publisher=Zee News |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226062310/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity-profile/Kajol.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, she was nominated for the Screen Award for Best Actress, the [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Drama]] and the Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/ |title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2011 |date=22 January 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204145957/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/ |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=10 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2011/dabangg-bags-maximum-nominations-for-zee-cine-awards-2011_79689.html |title='Dabangg' bags maximum nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011 |publisher=Zee News |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426105157/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2011/dabangg-bags-maximum-nominations-for-zee-cine-awards-2011_79689.html |archive-date=26 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the same year, Kajol was the protagonist in Siddharth Malhotra's ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]'', an adaptation of the 1998 American drama ''[[Stepmom (1998 film)|Stepmom]]'', alongside [[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Arjun Rampal]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/we-are-family-disappoints-at-box-office/story-OO50Bi0Xw9zczCCVzTgQVO.html |title=We Are Family disappoints at box-office |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 September 2010 |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082148/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/we-are-family-disappoints-at-box-office/story-OO50Bi0Xw9zczCCVzTgQVO.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol played Maya, a character she identified with for being a "control freak" in chase of perfection, and found it largely different from the one played by [[Susan Sarandon]] in the original.<ref>{{cite news |title=My name is Kajol |work=The Telegraph |location=India |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100820/jsp/entertainment/story_12830576.jsp |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |first=Pratim D. |last=Gupta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825173620/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100820/jsp/entertainment/story_12830576.jsp |archive-date=25 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/bollywoodNews/idINIndia-51013420100823 |title=A Minute With: Kajol |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |date=23 August 2010 |work=Reuters |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118001619/https://in.reuters.com/article/bollywoodNews/idINIndia-51013420100823 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Malhotra modelled Maya in part after his grandmother [[Bina Rai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/look-who-inspired-kajol-s-character-in-waf/story-4VOq1gCK4lAMME3uzCUPAI.html |title=Look who inspired Kajol's character in WAF |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=4 September 2010 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112222042/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/look-who-inspired-kajol-s-character-in-waf/story-4VOq1gCK4lAMME3uzCUPAI.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mayank Shekhar]] singled out Kajol's performance as being better than Sarandon's,<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-We-Are-Family/Article1-595316.aspx |title=Mayank Shekhar's Review: We Are Family |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 September 2010 |access-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121095223/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-We-Are-Family/Article1-595316.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> and Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' commented that "her naturalism gives the movie a genuine emotional kick".<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Mom-Stepmom Two Step |author=Saltz, Rachel |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/movies/06weare.html |date=5 September 2010 |access-date=2 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625232922/http://movies.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/movies/06weare.html |archive-date=25 June 2012}}</ref> Kajol's next release that year, ''[[Toonpur Ka Super Hero]]'' featured her as Priya Kumar, a woman stuck in a cartoon world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/toonpur-ka-superhero-to-release-on-december-17/ |title=Toonpur Ka Superhero to release on December 17 |last=Sahgal |first=Geety |date=3 September 2010 |work=The Indian Express |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117090401/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/toonpur-ka-superhero-to-release-on-december-17/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol spoke of the challenge and difficulty dubbing for the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/91950/ajay-and-i-dont-agree-on-scripts-easily-kajol/ |title=Ajay and I don't agree on scripts easily: Kajol |date=20 December 2010 |work=The Express Tribune |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330082651/http://tribune.com.pk/story/91950/ajay-and-i-dont-agree-on-scripts-easily-kajol/ |archive-date=30 March 2014}}</ref> Dubbed the first Hindi [[live-action animated film]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Bollywoods-hits-vs.-flops/article15589272.ece |title=Bollywood's hits vs. flops |last=Udasi |first=Harshikaa |date=11 December 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120004150/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Bollywoods-hits-vs.-flops/article15589272.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-31713520080201 |title=Ajay Devgan, Kajol in Bollywood's first live action animation film |work=Reuters |date=1 February 2008 |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082148/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-31713520080201 |url-status=live}}</ref> the film polarised critics and failed to attract an audience.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Toonpur-Ka-Superhero-Like-a-childs-scrawl/article11643993.ece |title=Toonpur Ka Superhero: Like a child's scrawl |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=25 December 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117203219/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Toonpur-Ka-Superhero-Like-a-childs-scrawl/article11643993.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/tmk-opens-well-toonpur-is-slow-starter/ |title=TMK opens well, Toonpur... is slow starter |last=Kumar |first=Rinky |date=31 December 2010 |work=The Indian Express |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082151/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/tmk-opens-well-toonpur-is-slow-starter/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Her role was dismissed as not having provided her with scope to perform.<ref>{{cite news |last=Malani |first=Gaurav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Movie-Review-Toonpur-Ka-Superhero-is-a-Golmaal-of-cartoons/articleshow/7150308.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707011056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-23/news-interviews/28224378_1_animation-film-ajay-devgn-animated-characters |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=Movie Review: Toonpur Ka Superhero is a Golmaal of cartoons |date=23 December 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> She followed it with a second hiatus upon the birth of her son in 2010 although she provided voiceover to the opening credits of the Hindi version of the fantasy film ''[[Eega]]'', which released in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kajol-works-on-losing-postpregnancy-flab/726390/ |title=Kajol works on losing post-pregnancy flab |last=Sarkar |first=Priyanko |work=The Indian Express |date=19 December 2010 |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910115510/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kajol-works-on-losing-postpregnancy-flab/726390/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kajol-in-Makkhi/articleshow/16640824.cms |title=Kajol in Makkhi |date=15 January 2017 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kajol-in-Makkhi/articleshow/16640824.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following a five-year absence, Kajol teamed with Shah Rukh Khan for the seventh time in [[Rohit Shetty]]'s action romance ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2015/dec/12/comeback-queen-856819.html |title=Comeback Queen |last=Bhagat |first=Shama |date=12 December 2015 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082206/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2015/dec/12/Comeback-Queen-856819.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She portrayed Meera Dev Malik, the daughter of a mafia don who falls for a man from the rival family.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kajols-daughter-nysa-convinced-her-to-do-dilwale/ |title=Kajol's daughter Nysa convinced her to do 'Dilwale' |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=10 December 2015 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=6 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109034329/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kajols-daughter-nysa-convinced-her-to-do-dilwale/}}</ref> Reviewers were varied in their opinions about the film;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dilwale_2015 |title=Dilwale |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=6 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225154426/https://rottentomatoes.com/m/dilwale_2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Dilwale-Heart-attack/article13975204.ece |title=Dilwale: Heart attack |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=18 December 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108111255/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Dilwale-Heart-attack/article13975204.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' declared it as the "most tiresome film of the year".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rHsVfRQcF8RONFyiHFnkLJ/A-new-style-resume.html |title=A new style resume |last=Vasudev |first=Shefalee |date=4 February 2016 |work=Mint |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720144125/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rHsVfRQcF8RONFyiHFnkLJ/A-new-style-resume.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol's performance drew positive comments despite a lesser character; in the words of Suhani Singh of ''India Today'', "Kajol is a radiant presence on the screen and delivers what's expected out of her—which is not much."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/dilwale-review-the-film-struggles-to-make-its-way-into-the-audiences-hearts-277874-2015-12-18 |title=Dilwale review: The film struggles to make its way into the audience's hearts |last=Singh |first=Suhani |work=India Today |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=28 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226072734/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dilwale-review-the-film-struggles-to-make-its-way-into-the-audiences-hearts/1/550338.html |archive-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> ''Dilwale'' emerged as a major commercial success, grossing more than {{INRConvert|3.8|b}} worldwide, and ranks among of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Bollywood films]] of all time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107113404/http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kajol's performance garnered Best Actress nominations at various award ceremonies, including Filmfare.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |work=Filmfare |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413161505/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

Later that year, she made her debut as a producer with the Marathi period drama ''[[Vitti Dandu]]'', co-produced by Ajay Devgn and Leena Deore, and exploring the relationship between a grandfather and his grandson. The film won the Best Marathi Film trophy at the [[Screen Awards]] and was well received by critics.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/marathi-and-the-award-goes-to/ |title=And the award goes to... |date=30 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213024707/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/marathi-and-the-award-goes-to/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Kajol starred opposite [[Dhanush]] in ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'', a sequel to the 2014 [[masala film]] ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' and her second Tamil-language film after ''Minsara Kanavu''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vip-2-producers-ink-pact-with-hike-messenger/article19459778.ece |title=VIP 2 producers ink pact with Hike Messenger |date=10 August 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 February 2022 |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-thing-about-kajol/article24716187.ece |title=The thing about Kajol |date=17 August 2018 |work=The Hindu |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |access-date=6 February 2022 }}</ref> She was cast as Vasundhara Parameshwar, the chairwoman of the construction company Vasundhara Constructions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/26/people-expect-more-when-it-is-a-sequel-soundarya-rajinikanth-on-velai-illa-pattadhari-2-1633747.html |title=People expect more when it is a sequel: Soundarya Rajinikanth on Velai Illa Pattadhari 2 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 July 2017 |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811075418/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/26/people-expect-more-when-it-is-a-sequel-soundarya-rajinikanth-on-velai-illa-pattadhari-2-1633747.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol was somewhat apprehensive about doing the film but eventually accepted the role due to her faith in Dhanush and director [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]], citing them for giving the bravery she needed to acting in a non-Hindi-language film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/030417/i-was-initially-apprehensive-about-vip-2-says-kajol.html |title=Exclusive: I was initially apprehensive about VIP 2, says Kajol |last=Ramasubramanian |first=Uma |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=3 April 2017 |access-date=1 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703040940/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/030417/i-was-initially-apprehensive-about-vip-2-says-kajol.html |archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/was-very-nervous-to-do-tamil-film-vip-2-kajol/1084622 |title=Was very nervous to do Tamil film 'VIP 2': Kajol |agency=Press Trust of India |date=26 June 2017 |work=Outlook |access-date=16 December 2020 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914210656/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/was-very-nervous-to-do-tamil-film-vip-2-kajol/1084622 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Velaiilla Pattadhari 2'' opened to a negative critical reception but succeeded financially.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-s-vip-2-rocks-the-box-office-despite-bad-reviews/story-UkKjYpokEG8CInfvrvAMXI.html |title=Dhanush's VIP 2 rocks the box-office despite bad reviews |last=Acharya |first=Sandeep |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 August 2017 |access-date=1 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-s-vip-2-rocks-the-box-office-despite-bad-reviews/story-UkKjYpokEG8CInfvrvAMXI.html |archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> [[File:Kajol promoting Tanhaji (1) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Kajol promoting ''Tanhaji'' in 2020]]In 2018, Kajol portrayed a [[helicopter parent]] with an aspiration to be a singer who enrolls at her son's ([[Riddhi Sen]]) college to complete her education in the drama ''[[Helicopter Eela]]'',<ref name="asked">{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/0AmKMJ0xPZ848iNUv42YCK/Kajol-I-am-always-asked-why-Im-not-doing-more-movies.html |title=Kajol: I am always asked why I'm not doing more movies |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=24 August 2018 |work=Mint |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033309/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/0AmKMJ0xPZ848iNUv42YCK/Kajol-I-am-always-asked-why-Im-not-doing-more-movies.html |url-status=live}}</ref> based on [[Anand Gandhi]]'s Gujarati play ''Beta, Kaagdo''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kajol-back-in-the-spotlight/articleshow/62595782.cms |title=Kajol back in the spotlight |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=25 January 2018 |date=25 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134818/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kajol-back-in-the-spotlight/articleshow/62595782.cms |archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> She was particularly drawn to the role for its colourful personality and her relationship with her son.<ref name="Helicopter Eela">{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/890331/kajol-interview-every-time-i-do-a-film-its-my-comeback-but-where-did-i-ever-go |title=Kajol interview: 'Every time I do a film, it's my comeback – but where did I ever go?' |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=16 August 2018 |website=Scroll.in |access-date=27 December 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108075232/https://scroll.in/reel/890331/kajol-interview-every-time-i-do-a-film-its-my-comeback-but-where-did-i-ever-go |url-status=live}}</ref> The feature failed commercially, but the performances were appreciated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/helicopter_eela |title=Helicopter Eela |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924124344/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/helicopter_eela |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/helicopter-eela-box-office-collection-day-3-kajols-film-earns-rs-3-crore-1932551 |title=Helicopter Eela Box Office Collection Day 3: Kajol's Film Earns Rs 3 Crore |last=Bhowal |first=Tiasa |date=15 October 2018 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019235641/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/helicopter-eela-box-office-collection-day-3-kajols-film-earns-rs-3-crore-1932551 |url-status=live}}</ref> The same year she dubbed the character [[Helen Parr (The Incredibles)|Helen Parr]] in the animated superhero film ''[[Incredibles 2]]''{{'s}} Hindi version.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kajol-joins-the-incredible-2-family-as-the-voice-of-elastigirl-28551.html |title=Kajol joins the Incredible 2 family as the voice of Elastigirl |last=Singh |first=Raghuvendra |work=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082151/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kajol-joins-the-incredible-2-family-as-the-voice-of-elastigirl-28551.html |archive-date=14 May 2021 |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=28 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By 2020, Kajol said she preferred to consider the importance of character rather than its length.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kajol-give-me-three-scenes-i-can-create-magic/1753009 |title=Kajol: Give me three scenes, I can create magic |last=Banerjee |first=Arundhuti |date=5 March 2020 |work=Outlook |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112205601/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kajol-give-me-three-scenes-i-can-create-magic/1753009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/kajol-on-being-a-part-of-tanhaji/cid/1733268 |title=Kajol on being a part of Tanhaji... |last=Upadhyay |first=Karishma |date=5 January 2020 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107140037/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/kajol-on-being-a-part-of-tanhaji/cid/1733268 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her first release of the year was the period drama ''[[Tanhaji]]'', co-starring Ajay Devgn and [[Saif Ali Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ajay-devgn-saif-ali-khan-kajol-s-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-in-trouble-petition-to-be-heard-on-december-19-2805475 |title=Ajay Devgn-Saif Ali Khan-Kajol's 'Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' in trouble, petition to be heard on December 19 |last=Irani |first=Shaheen |date=13 December 2019 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105111448/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ajay-devgn-saif-ali-khan-kajol-s-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-in-trouble-petition-to-be-heard-on-december-19-2805475 |url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the life of [[Tanaji Malusare]], it went onto become the highest-grossing film of the year, earning {{INRConvert|3.67|b}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2020&pageId=16 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2020 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160557/https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2020&pageId=16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/weekend-collection-report-of-ajay-devgns-tanhaji-and-deepika-padukone-chhapaak-movie/articleshow/73222694.cms |title=Ajay Devgn's Tanhaji moves the masses while Chhapaak fails to make a splash |last=Soni |first=Preeti |date=13 January 2020 |website=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120013253/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/weekend-collection-report-of-ajay-devgns-tanhaji-and-deepika-padukone-chhapaak-movie/articleshow/73222694.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She played Tanhaji's wife Savitribai whom she called a strong character which she found similar to herself.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/the-kajol-interview-you-must-read/20200110.htm |title=The Kajol Interview You Must Read! |last=Romeshwar |first=Savera R. |date=10 January 2020 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=27 December 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022235304/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/the-kajol-interview-you-must-read/20200110.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Critics were appreciative of her turn despite her limited screen time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tanhaji---the-unsung-warrior-review-a-well-crafted-film-review-bollywood-ubkjMTbbbdihc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110073048/https://www.sify.com/movies/tanhaji---the-unsung-warrior-review-a-well-crafted-film-review-bollywood-ubkjMTbbbdihc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji – The Unsung Warrior review: A well-crafted film |date=28 January 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |last=Chakravorty |first=Vinayak |author-link=Vinayak Chakravorty |access-date=9 January 2022 }}</ref> Later in the year, she was seen in her first short film, ''[[Devi (2020 film)|Devi]]'', a suspense drama about nine women who stay in one room sheltered from the outer world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/mar/03/devi-film-review-13-minutes-nine-women-and-one-stark-reality-2111623.html |title=Devi short film review: 13 minutes, nine women and one stark reality |last=Bhandarkar |first=Neha |date=3 March 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111142820/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/mar/03/devi-film-review-13-minutes-nine-women-and-one-stark-reality-2111623.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kajol-shruti-haasan-neha-dhupia-neena-kulkarni-among-others-star-short-film-titled-devi/ |title=Kajol, Shruti Haasan, Neha Dhupia, Neena Kulkarni among others star in short film titled Devi |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 January 2020 |access-date=2 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117151319/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kajol-shruti-haasan-neha-dhupia-neena-kulkarni-among-others-star-short-film-titled-devi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was reviewed positively by critics,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/devi-movie-review-kajol-s-13-minute-film-is-the-finest-piece-of-cinema-you-ll-watch-today/story-6ax0hjf5tcNV5srOBZysEL.html |title=Devi movie review: Kajol's 13-minute film is the finest piece of cinema you'll watch today |last=Bawa |first=Jyoti Sharma |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 March 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111124747/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/devi-movie-review-kajol-s-13-minute-film-is-the-finest-piece-of-cinema-you-ll-watch-today/story-6ax0hjf5tcNV5srOBZysEL.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Kajol was singled out for leading the diverse ensemble.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/devi-review-kajol-leads-a-diverse-ensemble-in-a-short-film-that-skillfully-makes-room-for-endless-empathy-8111901.html |title=Devi review: Kajol leads a diverse ensemble in a short film that skillfully makes room for endless empathy |last=Sharma |first=Devansh |date=4 March 2020 |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110193415/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/devi-review-kajol-leads-a-diverse-ensemble-in-a-short-film-that-skillfully-makes-room-for-endless-empathy-8111901.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2021 onwards ===
Kajol's next project was [[Renuka Shahane]]'s social drama ''[[Tribhanga (film)|Tribhanga]]'' (2021), which marked her first collaboration with [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/asia/kajol-tribhanga-india-drama-netflix-1203365682/ |title=Kajol to Star in 'Tribhanga' Indian Drama for Netflix |last=Frater |first=Patrick |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=9 October 2019 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117173237/https://variety.com/2019/film/asia/kajol-tribhanga-india-drama-netflix-1203365682/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It revolves around the [[Generation gap|intergenerational conflict]] between three women from one family (Kajol, [[Mithila Palkar]] and [[Tanvi Azmi]]), with Kajol starring as headstrong [[Odissi]] dancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tribhanga-trailer-watch-out-for-kajol/20210104.htm |title=Tribhanga trailer: Watch out for Kajol! |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Moumita |date=4 January 2021 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=14 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122040630/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tribhanga-trailer-watch-out-for-kajol/20210104.htm}}</ref> She found resemblance between the relationship of the three leading characters and her own with her mother and daughter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kajol-on-why-she-wants-a-comedy-film-and-more/cid/1803575 |title=Kajol: Judgment never bothered me |last=Roy |first=Priyanka |date=13 January 2021 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=14 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114033052/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kajol-on-why-she-wants-a-comedy-film-and-more/cid/1803575}}</ref> The film and Kajol's performance received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tribhanga_tedhi_medhi_crazy |title=Tribhanga: Tedhi Medhi Crazy |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=9 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/984036/tribhanga-review-a-dance-between-imperfect-mothers-and-difficult-daughters |title='Tribhanga' review: A dance between imperfect mothers and difficult daughters |date=15 January 2021 |website=Scroll.in |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |access-date=9 February 2022 }}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] from [[NDTV]] praised her for providing the thrilling atmosphere the film needs "to keep trundling along at an even pace";<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tribhanga-review-genteel-ode-to-women-starring-kajol-merits-three-cheers-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2352929 |title=Tribhanga Review: Genteel Ode To Women Starring Kajol Merits Three Cheers |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=15 January 2021 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=15 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115081409/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tribhanga-review-genteel-ode-to-women-starring-kajol-merits-three-cheers-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2352929}}</ref> Stutee Ghosh of ''[[The Quint]]'' found Azmi and Kajol's strong performances to have "a stunning hold and it's difficult to focus on anyone else when they are in the frame".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tribhanga-film-review-kajol-tanvi-azmi-renuka-shahane-mithila-palkar |title=Tribhanga is a Film of the Women, by the Women, for the Women |last=Ghosh |first=Stutee |date=15 January 2021 |work=[[The Quint]] |access-date=15 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115083037/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tribhanga-film-review-kajol-tanvi-azmi-renuka-shahane-mithila-palkar}}</ref> At the [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|2nd Filmfare OTT Awards]], her performance was nominated in the Best Actress category.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2021 |title=My Glamm Filmfare OTT Awards 2021: Final Nominations List |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/web-stories/my-glamm-filmfare-ott-awards-2021-final-nominations-list/articleshow/88049328.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204082808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/web-stories/my-glamm-filmfare-ott-awards-2021-final-nominations-list/articleshow/88049328.cms |archive-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, Kajol starred in [[Revathi]]'s ''[[Salaam Venky]]'', a drama about [[euthanasia]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bollywood actress Kajol starts work on her new film 'Salaam Venky' with Revathy|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-actress-kajol-starts-work-on-her-new-film-salaam-venky-with-revathy-1.1644574811972|access-date=11 February 2022 |agency=[[Asian News International]]|work=Gulf News |date=11 February 2022|language=en}}</ref> The film and her performance were well received,<ref>{{cite web|title=Salaam Venky|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/salaam_venky|website=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> but the film emerged as a box office bomb.<ref>{{cite news|title=Salaam Venky box office collection Day 3: Kajol's film seems to be a dud, hardly finds an audience|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salaam-venky-box-office-collection-day-3-kajols-film-seems-to-be-a-dud-hardly-finds-an-audience-2308042-2022-12-12|work=India Today|accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> The following year, Kajol starred in a segment of the Netflix anthology film ''[[Lust Stories 2]]'' and in [[Disney+ Hotstar]]'s legal drama series, ''[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|The Trial]]'', an adaptation of the American show ''[[The Good Wife]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/lust-stories-2-teaser-neena-gupta-kajol-tamannaah-bhatia-vijay-verma-mrunal-thakur-8647966/|title=Lust Stories 2 teaser: Neena Gupta, Kajol, Tamannaah Bhatia, Vijay Verma, Mrunal Thakur to star in anthology|work=The Indian Express|date=6 June 2023 |access-date=9 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Patrick Frater, Naman |last2=Frater |first2=Patrick |last3=Ramachandran |first3=Naman |date=2022-09-08 |title=Kajol Stars in 'The Good Wife' Adapted Series for Disney+ Hotstar – First Look Image (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/global/news/kajol-the-good-wife-series-1235364181/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Reviewing the latter, Divya Nair of Rediff.com found her "brilliant" and was appreciative of her chemistry with her co-stars.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nair |first=Divya |title=The Trial Review: Kajol Is Brilliant! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-trial-review/20230714.htm |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |date=14 July 2023}}</ref> In ''[[Do Patti]]'' (2024), Kajol played a [[Bihari culture|Bihari]] police officer investigating a domestic abuse case involving twin sisters ([[Kriti Sanon]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-07-05 |title=Kajol, Kriti Sanon, Kanika Dhillon Team on Netflix Mystery Thriller 'Do Patti' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/asia/kajol-kriti-sanon-kanika-dhillon-netflix-do-patti-1235661139/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Variety}}</ref> Kartik Bhardwaj of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' dismissed her role and accent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |date=2024-10-26 |title='Do Patti' movie review: Kajol and Kriti labour in this K-serial of a thriller |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Oct/26/do-patti-movie-review-kajol-and-kriti-labour-in-this-k-serial-of-a-thriller |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The following year, Kajol led the mythological horror film ''[[Maa (2025 film)|Maa]]'' (2025), a spinoff to her husband's 2024 film ''[[Shaitaan (2024 film)|Shaitaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=Maa trailer: Kajol steps into the 'world of Shaitaan' to fight evil and save her daughter. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/maa-trailer-kajol-steps-into-the-world-of-shaitaan-to-fight-evil-and-save-her-daughter-watch-10036073/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> For her role as a protective mother, she drew upon her own experiences with her children.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-20 |title=Kajol: Ajay and I have tried our best to protect our children (Exclusive) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kajol-opens-up-about-parenting-challenges-and-upcoming-horror-film-maa/articleshow/121969998.cms |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Critics felt that, despite her best efforts, the film's poor writing had constrained Kajol's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Review: Kajol Show All The Way But Film Falls Flat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/maa-review-kajol-show-all-the-way-but-film-falls-flat-2-stars-8775157 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-06-27 |title='Maa' review: A feeble and dull battle between mothers and monsters |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1083731/maa-review-a-feeble-and-dull-battle-between-mothers-and-monsters |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> It performed moderately at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2025-07-25 |title=Bollywood Box Office Collection & Verdicts 2025 |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/hits-flops/bollywood-box-office-collection-verdicts-2025/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> She next starred opposite [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in the thriller ''[[Sarzameen]]'', for [[JioHotstar]] which was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-14 |title=The mysterious case of Ibrahim Ali Khan' Sarzameen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-mysterious-case-of-ibrahim-ali-khans-sarzameen/articleshow/118237820.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Kajol will next lead the action film ''[[Maharagni: Queen of Queens]].''<ref>{{Cite web
|date=2024-05-25
|title=Kajol to pull off action in her next film with Prabhu Deva, Naseeruddin
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== Off-screen work ==
[[File:Kajol at Women's Wellness launch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Kajol and Mandira Bedi smile at the camera.|Kajol with [[Mandira Bedi]] at the launch of the Women's Wellness event in 2016]]
In 1998, Kajol participated in concert tour "Awesome Foursome" alongside Shah Rukh Khan, Juhi Chawla, and Akshay Kumar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/King-Khan-goes-down-the-memory-lane/Article1-651398.aspx |title=King Khan goes down the memory lane |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 January 2011 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121071847/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/King-Khan-goes-down-the-memory-lane/Article1-651398.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |last2=Abreu |first2=Robin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19980914-zee-sponsors-awesome-foursome-starring-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-kajol-juhi-chawla-827067-1998-10-13 |title=The big gig |work=India Today |date=14 October 1998 |access-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725220926/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/zee-sponsors-awesome-foursome-starring-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-kajol-juhi-chawla/1/264941.html |archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> After travelling across the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States, Kajol refused to participate in any more world tours, unable to handle the stress.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Khanna, Kavita |author2=Parekh, Sejal |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/oct/02kaj.htm |title=An interview with Kajol |work=Rediff.com |date=2 October 1998 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831201301/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/oct/02kaj.htm |archive-date=31 August 2015}}</ref> In 1999, following the launch of Ajay Devgn's production company, Devgan Films (renamed as Devgn Entertainment and Software Ltd.), Kajol worked towards building a website: "I'm computer savvy. Or at least I know more about computers than those around me. So I should be of some help there."<ref name=" DKK" /><ref name="Neelam Gupta interview" />

In 2000, she launched the filmmaking-related online portal Cineexplore for the company, working as the supervisor.<ref name="Filmfare">{{cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Anuradha |title=Lights! Action! Kajol! |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/dec2000/cs1.html |work=Filmfare |date=December 2000 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109165736/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/dec2000/cs1.html |archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> Devgn established another company, [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]], in 2009. Kajol clarified she was not involved in its production aspect, but participated in the supervising and overseeing.<ref>{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |title=I am selfish and lazy: Kajol |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-selfish-and-lazy-Kajol/articleshow/13601252.cms |date=29 March 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114010948/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-29/news-interviews/31886869_1_kajol-fitness-karan-johar |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> She featured as a talent judge with husband Ajay Devgn and mother Tanuja in [[Zee TV]]'s 2008 reality show ''[[Rock-N-Roll Family]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_ajay-devgan-kajol-join-reality-show-bandwagon_1156225 |title=Ajay Devgan, Kajol join reality show bandwagon |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=16 March 2008 |access-date=4 June 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012032835/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ajay-devgan-kajol-join-reality-show-bandwagon-1156225 |url-status=live}}</ref> which she found to be a much tougher experience than that of in films.<ref name="direct">{{cite news |last=Sinha Walunjkar |first=Somashukla |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-wont-ever-direct-a-film-Kajol/articleshow/2909220.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103115054/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-29/news-interviews/27780984_1_kajol-ajay-devgan-toonpur-ka-super-hero |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=I won't ever direct a film: Kajol |date=29 March 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> She was named a part-time member of the public broadcaster [[Prasar Bharati]] in 2016.<ref name="kajolparttime2021">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/02/20/kajol-prasar-bharti-board_n_9280420.html |title=Kajol named part-time member of Prasar Bharati board |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=20 February 2016 |access-date=23 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222211148/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/02/20/kajol-prasar-bharti-board_n_9280420.html |archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170522/page/7 |title=Kajol may lose Prasar Bharati membership |date=22 May 2017 |work=The Hindu |page=7 |access-date=12 November 2020 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082155/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170522/page/7 |url-status=live}}{{subscription required|via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> In 2019, she wrote the foreword of a biography on the actress [[Sridevi]], entitled ''[[Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kajol-writes-foreword-sridevi-biography-book-the-eternal-screen-goddess-6028837/ |title=Kajol writes foreword of book on Sridevi's life |agency=Press Trust of India |work=The Indian Express |date=25 September 2019 |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105151619/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kajol-writes-foreword-sridevi-biography-book-the-eternal-screen-goddess-6028837/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kajol has been actively involved in several philanthropic endeavours related to women and children.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/every-child-deserves-education-says-kajol-172153707.html |title=Every child deserves education, says Kajol |publisher=Yahoo! Today |date=10 December 2011 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018215728/https://in.news.yahoo.com/every-child-deserves-education-says-kajol-172153707.html |archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> She is involved with Shiksha, a [[non-governmental organisation]] for children's education, and in 2009 she launched a campaign to support the cause.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/education-is-important-says-kajol-news-bollywood-kkfv5Tdadea.html |title=Kajol says education is important |website=[[Sify]] |date=11 April 2005 |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209002945/http://www.sify.com/movies/education-is-important-says-kajol-news-bollywood-kkfv5Tdadea.html |archive-date=9 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3034379 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103222657/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3034379 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Kajol, Shiney Ahuja launch Shiksha 2009 |publisher=[[MSN]] |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> In 2011, Kajol participated in a fashion show organised by the Cancer Patients Aid Association, to generate funds for the organisation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/specials/lifestyle_photos.aspx?cp-documentid=5224273 |title=Celebs at the Pidilite-CPAA charity fashion show |publisher=MSN |date=21 June 2011 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812045456/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/specials/lifestyle_photos.aspx?cp-documentid=5224273 |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> and as the international goodwill ambassador and patron of [[The Loomba Trust]] (a charity organisation devoted to supporting widows and their children around the world, particularly in India).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ajay-devgn-kajol-charity-event-in-london-attended-by-kajol-british-deputy-prime-minister-146691-2011-11-23 |title=Ajay and Kajol attend charity event with Cherie Blair in UK |work=India Today |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125223932/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ajay-devgn-kajol-charity-event-in-london-attended-by-kajol-british-deputy-prime-minister/1/161324.html |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5668845 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712100325/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5668845 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2012 |title=Widows are still considered a blight in society: Kajol |publisher=MSN |date=11 December 2011 |access-date=22 March 2012}}</ref> In 2012, Kajol was appointed as the brand ambassador of Pratham, a charity organization for children, and she featured in a short film on education and literacy, with the Hanuman Basti Primary School's students in Mumbai, to support it.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/eye-on-england-21-10-2012/cid/368716 |title=Eye on England |date=21 October 2012 |last=Roy |first=Amit |work=The Telegraph |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111084619/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/eye-on-england-21-10-2012/cid/368716 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3292 |title=Kajol shoots for a short film with school kids |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018215728/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3292 |archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> Also that year, she made a documentary about protection of the girl child as a part of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]'s campaign "Save the Girl Child".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kajol-ajay-devgn-in-film-on-protection-of-girl-child-102749-2012-05-20 |title=Kajol-Ajay Devgn in film on protection of girl child |last=Joshi |first=Sonali |date=20 May 2012 |work=India Today |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114150501/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kajol-ajay-devgn-in-film-on-protection-of-girl-child-102749-2012-05-20 |url-status=live}}</ref> For her contribution in social service, Kajol was awarded the Karmaveer Puraskar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811251380.htm |title=Kajol to be awarded for social work |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=25 November 2008 |work=The Hindu |location=New Delhi, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103131609/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811251380.htm |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kajol began dating actor Ajay Devgn in 1994, while filming ''Gundaraj''.<ref name="India Today" /> Members of the media, however, labelled them as an "unlikely pair" due to their contrasting personalities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-happiest-marriages-in-bollywood/20110523.htm |title=The Happiest Marriages in Bollywood |work=Rediff.com |date=23 March 2011 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702014419/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-happiest-marriages-in-bollywood/20110523.htm |archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Devgn explained their relationship by saying, "We never resorted to the usual 'I love you' routine. A proposal never happened. We grew with each other. Marriage was never discussed, but it was always imminent".<ref>{{cite news |work=The Tribune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030427/spectrum/main5.htm |title=Bonding of the bubbly belle & the brooder |date=27 April 2003 |access-date=3 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614055723/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030427/spectrum/main5.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012}}</ref> The couple married on 24 February 1999 in a traditional Maharashtrian ceremony at Devgn's house.<ref>{{cite web |last=Srnivasan |first=V.S. |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/feb/25kaj.htm |title=Quietly were they wed |work=Rediff.com |date=25 February 1999 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308010447/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/feb/25kaj.htm |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/news12.htm |title=Ajay Devgan & Kajol tie the knot |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=February 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990419185830/http://www.indiafm.com/news12.htm |archive-date=19 April 1999 |access-date=13 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The wedding was subject to wide media scrutiny, as certain members of the media criticised Kajol's decision to settle down at the pinnacle of her career.<ref name="Roshmilla">{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmilla |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-tab3-02/Kajol-Ajay-the-perfect-couple/515850/H1-Article1-513911.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125065853/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-tab3-02/Kajol-Ajay-the-perfect-couple/515850/H1-Article1-513911.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Kajol, Ajay the perfect couple |date=28 February 2010 |access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> Kajol, however, maintained that she would not quit films, but would cut down on the amount of work that she did.<ref name="marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rakhee |work=The Tribune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010222/main8.htm#1 |title=Kajol decides to 'phase out' |date=22 February 2001 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109170636/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010222/main8.htm#1 |archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>

Following her marriage, Kajol moved in with Devgn and his parents at the latter's ancestral house in [[Juhu]].<ref name=" India Today" /> Tabloids have often romantically linked Devgn with other Bollywood actresses, and reported an imminent divorce. Dismissing the rumors as gossip, Kajol attested to not paying attention to such talk.<ref name="Filmfare" />
Kajol prefers not to talk much about her personal life and dislikes being interviewed, considering it "a waste of time".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/may97/kajol.htm |title=Frank talk with Ms K |date=May 1997 |last=Choudhary |first=Anuradha |work=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990503043402/http://www.filmfare.com/site/may97/kajol.htm |archive-date=3 May 1999 |access-date=26 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dream girl" /> She gave birth to a daughter, Nysa, on 20 April 2003.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Kajol-delivers-baby-girl/articleshow/43996894.cms |title=Kajol delivers baby girl |date=20 April 2003 |access-date=4 June 2012 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109171342/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-20/news-interviews/27274297_1_baby-girl-kajol-first-child |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Seven years later, on 13 September 2010, she gave birth to a son, Yug.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Kajol-Ajay-welcome-baby-boy/articleshow/6545239.cms |title=Kajol, Ajay welcome baby boy |date=13 September 2010 |access-date=4 June 2012 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109180258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-13/news-interviews/28265481_1_baby-boy-ajay-devgn-congrats-ajay |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kajol-ajay-devgn-name-their-son/story-4fldUxWqsIuhCCOh3MHR6K.html |title=Kajol, Ajay Devgn name their son |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=15 September 2010 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814074806/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kajol-ajay-devgn-name-their-son/story-4fldUxWqsIuhCCOh3MHR6K.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She described motherhood as "fab" and added that her kids brought out "the best in her".<ref name="Mum">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Mums-listen-to-your-kids-Kajol/articleshow/5906615.cms |title=Mums, listen to your kids! |date=9 May 2010 |access-date=4 June 2012 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110111245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-09/news-interviews/28298139_1_kajol-mother-s-day-top-priority |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kajol-dramatic-in-real-life-too/725917/0 |title=Kajol 'dramatic' in real life too |author=Periera, Priyanka |date=17 December 2010 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=21 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221095219/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kajol-dramatic-in-real-life-too/725917/0 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol has used Devgan as her surname since 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.asianage.com/bollywood/kajol-takes-husband-s-name-first-time-321 |title=Kajol takes husband's name for the first time |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=22 November 2015 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112192450/https://www.asianage.com/bollywood/kajol-takes-husband-s-name-first-time-321 |url-status=live}}</ref> She speaks [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and can understand [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="hitlist" /> Her son Yug made his debut with the Hindi dub of ''[[Karate Kid: Legends]]'' alongside his father Ajay Devgn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajol's son's debut | date=13 May 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-devgns-son-yug-debuts-with-dad-in-karate-kid-legends-but-theres-a-catch-101747131314740.html#:~:text=Ajay%20Devgn%20and%20Kajol's%20son,Daniel%20LaRusso%20in%20lead%20roles.}} </ref> In January 2020, Kajol revealed that she suffered two consecutive miscarriages, the first having occurred in 2001, when [[K3G|Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Ghum]] released.<ref>{{cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B7D4qsEp2Ee/?igsh=MWJsOTNxYXB1Y2N2NA== }}</ref>

== Screen persona and reception ==

Kajol is acknowledged for her natural acting prowess. ''The Hindu'' stated she "does not act out her scenes and deliver her lines; she inhabits her characters."<ref name="UMH" /> After portraying leading roles in a series of [[family drama]]s, Kajol showed her acting versatility with ''Gupt: The Hidden Truth'' (1997),<ref>{{cite news |last=Kothari |first=J |work=The Telegraph |title=She's got the look |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080329/jsp/entertainment/story_9072180.jsp |date=29 March 2008 |access-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601001538/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080329/jsp/entertainment/story_9072180.jsp |archive-date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="IT98">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Nandita |title=Free Spirit |url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/06071998/arts.html |work=India Today |date=6 July 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018215728/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/06071998/arts.html |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref> for which she was noted as being one of the first actresses of her era to play female anti-hero characters and becoming more popular than the male actors.<ref name="Open" /> She was also praised for her lively and spirited nature on-screen.<ref name="top" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ddlj-should-never-be-remade-kajol/story-i0T4AQr2foIpmD2qlrlooM.html |title=DDLJ should never be remade: Kajol |date=12 December 2014 |last=Ghosh |first=Debasmita |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129012202/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ddlj-should-never-be-remade-kajol/story-i0T4AQr2foIpmD2qlrlooM.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Rajiv Menon credited Kajol as representing the ''[[joie de vivre]]'' of the 1990s,<ref name="Mint" /> and Khalid Mohammed described her as "a great packet of talent".<ref name="IT98" /> According to ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]'', her spontaneity brought "a unique energy" to her films, and Karan Johar said, "I would call 'action' on a shoot and expect a little atom bomb explosion on set every time Kajol was around because that is who she was. She kept us all on our toes."<ref name="Open">{{cite news |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/just-kajol/ |title=Just Kajol |last=Unny |first=Divya |date=21 November 2018 |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082156/https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/just-kajol/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The scholar [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] observed that she was the actress "around whom a script can be written and a film made".<ref name="IT98" /> Film distributor [[Ramesh Sippy]] stated that she added prospects to films she starred in.<ref name="An enigma" />

Unlike most of her contemporaries, Kajol has had a successful career post-marriage and motherhood,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/in-india-female-actor-is-less-appealing-after-marriage-because-she-is-taken-kajol-22679.html |title="In India, female actor is less appealing after marriage because she is taken." – Kajol |date=30 July 2017 |work=Filmfare |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220030447/https://www.filmfare.com/news/in-india-female-actor-is-less-appealing-after-marriage-because-she-is-taken-kajol-22679.html |url-status=live}}</ref> for which she was characterised as "the archetypal [[New Age]] woman".<ref name="India Today" /> On breaking the stereotype, she opined: "Perceptions have changed a lot in the last few years. Married actresses don't necessarily have to play character roles in films. Filmmakers are experimenting and this is truly the best time for actresses like us."<ref name="desired">{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |title=Kajol most desired mom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kajol-most-desired-mom/articleshow/10137715.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103105840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-27/news-interviews/30207928_1_kajol-sonali-bendre-commercials |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |date=27 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref> Following her marriage, journalists speculated it would be the ending point of her career.<ref name="Roshmilla" /> She continued to work in films but has been more selective, attributing it to the lack of worthy offers and her unwillingness to see herself in "films that are absolutely meaningless".<ref name="UMH" /><ref name="asked" />

== In the media ==
[[File:Kajol Vogue cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Kajol smiles away from the camera.|Kajol at the ''Vogue'' Beauty Awards in 2012. As one of her most distinctive physical features, Kajol's hazel eyes and unibrow have been identified by the media as her trademark.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/kajols-minimal-makeup-will-take-you-under-10-minutes-to-recreate |title=Kajol's minimal makeup will take you under 10 minutes to recreate |last=Sachar |first=Anjana |date=4 October 2018 |work=Vogue India |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112204351/https://www.vogue.in/content/kajols-minimal-makeup-will-take-you-under-10-minutes-to-recreate |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Known for her impulsive and stubborn nature, Kajol has been described by commentators to have a striking personality.<ref name="Mint" /><ref name="Roshmilla" /> [[Sukanya Verma]] wrote, "Think Kajol, think emotions. Either she is the firebrand or the emotional sensitive type. And sometimes she is pure, wicked fun."<ref>{{cite web |work=Rediff.com |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=What do Sridevi, Kajol and Preity have in common? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/02corner.htm |date=2 December 2004 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517173328/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/02corner.htm |archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> While interviewing her for the ''Hindustan Times'' in 2008, the journalist Hiren Kotwani took note of her straightforwardness when she was answering the given questions.<ref name="good" /> ''India Today'' presumed that her outspoken behaviour have contributed in helping her winning film awards,<ref name="Chowdhury, Nandita, Jain, Madhu & Abreu, Robin" /> and further commented, "There is a sparkling spontaneity to Kajol ... Film brats are rapidly tutored on the conventional wisdom of the industry, the line to success that needs to be toed. Maybe Tanuja never taught it, maybe Kajol never listened, for she has abandoned the predictable."<ref name="IT98" />

Kajol has been criticised for her lack of interest in maintaining her appearance.<ref name="fashion">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=Kajol's 15-minute role |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article2840880.ece?css=print |date=29 January 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525202711/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article2840880.ece?css=print |archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2005|p=159}} Gautam Rajadhyaksha stated she was apathetic of hairstyles and clothes, and would be really happy if she was allowed to wear jeans, a white shirt, and a scarf every day.<ref name="An enigma" /> The journalist [[Kaveree Bamzai]] elaborated, "She hardly looks into the mirror, barely even glances at the set monitor, usually the crutch of every insecure actor, puts on make-up only under extreme duress, and ... never watches her old movies."<ref name="India Today" /> Comparing her to [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Smita Patil]], the producer [[Mahesh Bhatt]] observed that Kajol "may not have [their] earthy sensuality but she has that extra sparkle in her eyes and a kind of energy she generates on screen which make her incredible".<ref name="An enigma" /> ''Filmfare'' however labelled her an "unconventional beauty", adding that she "set her own rules in the '90s".<ref name="Chowdhury, Nandita, Jain, Madhu & Abreu, Robin">{{cite news |url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/01031999/arts.html |title=Babes in Bollywood |date=1 March 1999 |work=India Today |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Nandita |last2=Jain |first2=Madhu |last3=Abreu |first3=Robin |access-date=8 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034414/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/01031999/arts.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Filmfare |title=50 Most Beautiful Indian Faces |url=http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/50-most-beautiful-indian-faces/11401/16 |date=9 March 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419121912/http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/50-most-beautiful-indian-faces/11401/16 |archive-date=19 April 2012}}</ref>

Kajol was listed in Box Office India's "Top Actresses" for five consecutive years (1995–1999), topping the list in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Box Office India |title=Top Actresses |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |access-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104144753/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> In 2001 and 2006, Kajol featured in Rediff.com's annual "Top Bollywood Actresses" listing.<ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |work=Rediff.com |title=Top Bollywood actresses of 2001 |date=29 December 2001 |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/29heroin.htm |access-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022013015/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/29heroin.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Rediff.com |title=Top Bollywood actresses of 2006 |date=18 December 2006 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2006/dec/18yrsld5.htm |access-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221936/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2006/dec/18yrsld5.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Rediff.com also featured her in other lists: "Best Bollywood Actresses Ever",<ref>{{cite web |author=Sen, Raja |work=Rediff.com |title=Bollywood's best actresses. Ever. |date=6 March 2007 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/women07/2007/mar/06wslid8.htm |access-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309121441/http://specials.rediff.com/women07/2007/mar/06wslid8.htm |archive-date=9 March 2007}}</ref> "Best Dressed Woman"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/02sld6.htm |title=Bollywood's best dressed women |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=2 May 2007 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117013436/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/02sld6.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and "Top 10 Actresses of 2000–2010".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-10-bollywood-actresses-of-the-decade/20110105.htm#1 |title=How The Decade Has Treated These Actresses |date=5 January 2011 |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |work=Rediff.com |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620082159/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-10-bollywood-actresses-of-the-decade/20110105.htm#1 |url-status=live}}</ref> She peaked the fifth position as "the all-time favorite female star" in a 2008 poll conducted by ''Outlook''.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Starship Enterprise |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=13–19 May 2008 |magazine=Outlook |page=31 |volume=48 |issue=20}}</ref> In 2012, Kajol was placed at the fourth position by NDTV in the listing of "The Most Popular Actress of All Time", behind [[Madhuri Dixit]], Sridevi and [[Meena Kumari]], and [[Yahoo!]] featured her as "one of the ten most iconic beauties of Hindi cinema".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/photos/10-iconic-and-eternal-beauties-of-bollywood-slideshow/actress-photo-1339137399.html |title=10 iconic and eternal beauties of Bollywood |date=8 June 2012 |publisher=Yahoo! India Lifestyle |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611035908/http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/photos/10-iconic-and-eternal-beauties-of-bollywood-slideshow/actress-photo-1339137399.html |archive-date=11 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/photos/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-slideshow/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-photo-1339488684.html |title=Most popular actresses of all time |date=12 June 2012 |publisher=Yahoo! India Movies |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615214012/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/photos/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-slideshow/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-photo-1339488684.html |archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Kajol was included on ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'}}s "Celebrity 100", a list based on the income and popularity of India's celebrities, in 2012, 2013 and 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile/kajol/1439/114 |title=Kajol |work=Forbes India |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117193924/https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile/kajol/1439/114 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all |title=2017 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162711/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2002, Kajol was presented with the Rajiv Gandhi Awards by the Mumbai Pradesh Youth Congress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/shahrukh-aishwarya-and-kajol-get-rajiv-gandhi-awards_54596.html |title=Shahrukh, Aishwarya and Kajol get Rajiv Gandhi Awards |date=19 August 2002 |publisher=Zee News |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113133009/https://zeenews.india.com/home/shahrukh-aishwarya-and-kajol-get-rajiv-gandhi-awards_54596.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She was one of the four Bollywood actors, alongside [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Hrithik Roshan]] and Shah Rukh Khan, whose miniature dolls were launched in the United Kingdom, under the name of "Bollywood Legends" in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Akanksha |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kajol-hrithik-on-london-streets/21700-8.html |title=Kajol, Hrithik on London streets |publisher=IBNLive |date=16 September 2006 |access-date=25 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104001800/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kajol-hrithik-on-london-streets/21700-8.html |archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/872242.its-a-doll-but-not-as-we-know-it/ |title=Bollywood legends to go 'on sale' in UK |agency=Press Trust of India |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 July 2006 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120050131/https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/872242.its-a-doll-but-not-as-we-know-it/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol and Khan also became the first Indian actors to be invited by [[NASDAQ]] to open the [[NYSE American]] for promoting their film, ''My Name Is Khan'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/SRK-Kajol-ring-the-NASDAQ-bell/article16811739.ece |title=SRK, Kajol ring the NASDAQ bell |agency=Press Trust of India |date=1 February 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118123622/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/SRK-Kajol-ring-the-NASDAQ-bell/article16811739.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/SRK-and-Kajol-to-ring-the-NASDAQ-bell/article16840560.ece |title=SRK and Kajol to ring the NASDAQ bell |agency=Press Trust of India |date=30 January 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121021301/http://www.thehindu.com/news/srk-and-kajol-to-ring-the-nasdaq-bell/article97383.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> In the next year, the [[Government of India]] honoured her with the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian honour of the country, for her contribution to India's cinema.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Padma-awards-go-filmy/Article1-680510.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125110518/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Padma-awards-go-filmy/Article1-680510.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Padma awards go filmy |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 April 2011 |access-date=12 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Padma-Awards-presented-to-64/article14666936.ece |title=Padma Awards presented to 64 |date=2 April 2011 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909092730/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Padma-Awards-presented-to-64/article14666936.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]] honoured her with the Swabhimani Mumbaikar Awards.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/ajay-devgn-kajol-preity-zinta-honoured-at-swabhimani-mumbaikar-awards-2834157/ |title=Ajay Devgn, Kajol, Preity Zinta honoured at Swabhimani Mumbaikar Awards |date=4 June 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113130906/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/ajay-devgn-kajol-preity-zinta-honoured-at-swabhimani-mumbaikar-awards-2834157/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kajol unveiled her wax statue at Singapore's [[Madame Tussauds]] museum in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/05/25/bollywood-actress-kajol-unveils-wax-figure-at-madame-tussauds-singapore.html |title=Bollywood actress Kajol unveils wax figure at Madame Tussauds Singapore |date=25 May 2018 |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116034932/https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/05/25/bollywood-actress-kajol-unveils-wax-figure-at-madame-tussauds-singapore.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, Kajol was placed 36th on [[IMDb]]'s List of 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars.<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=29 August 2024 |title=Deepika Padukone, Shah Rukh Khan Top IMDb's List of Most Viewed Indian Stars |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122092159/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |archive-date=22 November 2024 |website=Variety |date=29 May 2024 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Anjaria |first=Ulka |date=4 March 2021 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |title=Understanding Bollywood: The Grammar of Hindi Cinema |isbn=978-1-00-034729-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHwSEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saXtCwAAQBAJ |title=Reading 'Bollywood': The Young Audience and Hindi Films |date=2006 |last=Banaji |first=S. |isbn=978-0-230-50120-1 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Shantanu Ray |last2=Nayak |first2=Prashanto Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztpkAAAAMAAJ |title=Icons from Bollywood |year=2005 |publisher=[[Puffin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-333491-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Shohini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOXoeyesZOIC |title=Contemporary World Cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia And South Asia |year=2005 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7486-1799-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Stuart |last2=Sinclair |first2=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVLmHk-_VbYC&q=Kuch+Kuch+Hota+Hai+tomboy |title=Floating Lives: The Media and Asian Diasporas |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7425-1136-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Dawar |first=Ramesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC |title=Bollywood Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow |date=2006 |publisher=Star Publications |isbn=978-1-905863-01-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Dwyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6VlAAAAMAAJ |title=All You Want is Money, All You Need is Love: Sexuality and Romance in Modern India |year=2000 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]] |isbn=978-0-304-70321-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Bhaumik |first2=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjJwIr0qUMC |title=Visual Sense: A Cultural Reader |date=15 December 2008 |publisher=[[Berg Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-84520-740-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Haiderali |first=Karim |date=1 June 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWlMnPIeGIQC&q=Kuch+Kuch+Hota+Hai+tomboy |title=The Media of Diaspora |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-27930-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA210 |title=Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry |date=16 February 2012 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-5213-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Hogan |first=Patrick Colm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1yubyUWGuMC |title=Understanding Indian Movies: Culture, Cognition, and Cinematic Imagination |date=3 June 2009 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-77955-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Viswamohan |first1=Aysha Iqbal |last2=Tom |first2=Liza |editor1-last=Viswamohan |editor1-first=Aysha Iqbal |editor2-last=Wilkinson |editor2-first=Clare M. |title=Stardom in Contemporary Hindi Cinema: Celebrity and Fame in Globalized Times |date=3 January 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-0191-3 |pages=15–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfbHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Iyengar |first1=Niranjan |author-link1=Niranjan Iyengar |editor1-last=Patel |editor1-first=Bhaichand |title=Bollywood's Top 20 Superstars of Indian Cinema |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-08572-9 |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Liz |first=Gogerly |editor-last=Adams |editor-first=Julia |url=https://archive.org/details/bollywoodstars0000goge/page/22/mode/2up?q=Kajol |title=21st Century Lives: Bollywood Stars |year=2010 |publisher=Wayland |location=Sydney Australia |isbn=978-0-7502-6206-4}}
* {{cite book |last=McNally |first=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAOzV2hJri8C |title=Billy Wilder, Movie-Maker: Critical Essays on the Films |date=16 December 2010 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-4211-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Pomerance |first=Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1p8UXcwm2lkC&q=Karan+Arjun+1995+reincarnation |title=Where the Boys Are: Cinemas of Masculinity and Youth |date=18 January 2005 |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8143-3666-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Vasudevan |first=Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_JkAAAAMAAJ |title=Making Meaning in Indian Cinema |year=2000 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-564545-3}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0004418}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|kajol}}

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Nirmala Sitharaman

2026-03-27T05:17:50Z

Shivam: cleanup layout further and fixed typos for accuracy

{{short description|Indian economist and politician (born 1959)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nirmala Sitharaman
| image = Am 11. April 2025 empfing Außenministerin Beate Meinl-Reisinger die indische Finanzministerin Nirmala Sitharaman in Wien (54445397025) (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Sitharaman in April 2025
| office = 30th [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] 32nd [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Corporate Affairs]]
| president = {{ubl|[[Ramnath Kovind]]|[[Droupadi Murmu]]}}
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 30 May 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| successor =
| office2 = 28th [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| president2 = Ramnath Kovind
| primeminister2 = Narendra Modi
| term_start2 = 3 September 2017
| term_end2 = 30 May 2019
| predecessor2 = Arun Jaitley
| successor2 = [[Rajnath Singh]]

{{Collapsed infobox section begin
| last = yes
| Other ministerial positions
| titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;
}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes

| office3 = [[Minister of State]] (''Independent Charge'') for [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]]
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start3 = 26 May 2014
| term_end3 = 3 September 2017
| predecessor3 = [[Anand Sharma]]
| successor3 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]

| office4 = [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]]
| primeminister4 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister4 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| term_start4 = 26 May 2014
| term_end4 = 9 November 2014
| predecessor4 = [[Shripad Naik]]
| successor4 = [[Jayant Sinha]]

| office5 = [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]]
| primeminister5 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister5 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| term_start5 = 26 May 2014
| term_end5 = 9 November 2014
| predecessor5 = ''Office established''
| successor5 = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
}}

{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start6 = 1 July 2016
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 = [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]]
| successor6 =
| constituency6 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]]
| term_start7 = 26 June 2014
| term_end7 = 21 June 2016
| predecessor7 = [[N. Janardhana Reddy]]
| successor7 = Suresh Prabhu
| constituency7 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|08|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Madras State]], India {{small|(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]])}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Parakala Prabhakar]]|12 September 1986}}
| children = 1
| alma_mater = [[Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]])
| residence = {{ubl|15, [[Safdarjung Road]], [[New Delhi]]}}
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| website = {{URL|https://nirmalasitharaman.in/}}
}}
'''Nirmala Sitharaman''' (born 18 August 1959) is an Indian [[economist]] and [[politician]] who is serving as the [[Minister of Finance (India)|minister of finance]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|corporate affairs]] since 2019. Prior to that, she served as the [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]]. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), she was elected as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|member]] of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]] in July 2016.

Born in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] family in 1959 at [[Madurai]], Sitharaman obtained her [[Bachelor of Arts]] in Economics from [[Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College]] in 1980, and a [[Master of Arts]] in Economics and [[Master of Philosophy]] from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in 1984. She briefly worked in various roles in the United Kingdom, before returning to India. In 2003, she was appointed as a member of the [[National Commission for Women]] from 2003, and served till 2005.

Sitharaman joined the BJP in 2008 and served as a national spokesperson for the party from 2010 to 2014. In May 2014, she was appointed as the [[minister of state]] with an independent charge of the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|ministry of commerce and industry]] in the [[First Modi ministry]], and held the position till September 2017. She also held the role of minister of state in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|finance]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|corporate affairs]] ministries briefly from May to November 2014. After assuming office, she got elected to the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] in June 2014. On 3 September 2017, she was appointed as the 28th defence minister.

On 30 May 2019, Seetharaman was appointed as the minister of finance and corporate affairs in the [[Second Modi ministry]]. After serving for five years, she was reappointed to the position in the [[Third Modi ministry]] in June 2024, after the [[National Democratic Alliance]] won the [[2024 Indian general election]]. She is the first woman to hold the positions of minister of defence and minister of finance full-time.{{efn|name=Indira|[[Indira Gandhi]], who was the [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]], held additional responsibilities as the minister of finance in 1970, and the minister of defence from 1980 to 1982.}} In July 2025, she became the longest continuous serving Indian finance minister surpassing [[C. D. Deshmukh]]. In February 2026, she became the first Indian finance minister to present the [[Budget of India|union budget]] for nine consecutive times.

==Early life and education==
Sitharaman was born into a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Iyengar]] family in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], to Savitri and Narayanan Sitharaman.<ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Chaudhuri |first=Shatarupa |date=24 September 2025|title=Nirmala Sitharaman |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Nirmala-Sitharaman |access-date=24 September 2025 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nirmala Sitharaman Biography: Age, Family, Education, Political Career, Recognitions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/nirmala-sitharaman-1587988863-1 |work=[[Jagranjosh]] |date=1 February 2026 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nirmala Sitharaman |work=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/minister/smt-nirmala-sitharaman |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Her father worked with the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="HT">{{cite web |date=5 July 2019 |title=Nirmala Sitharaman’s parents watch her first budget speech in Parliament |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/budget/budget-2019-nirmala-sitharaman-s-parents-watch-her-first-budget-speech-in-parliament/story-FSFYMAS6Q44ooWifF6gESL.html |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[ The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="DH">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnatakas-representative-in-union-cabinet-nirmala-sitharaman-3059465|title=Karnataka's representative in Union Cabinet: Nirmala Sitharaman profile|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=10 June 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> She studied at Sacred Heart Convent Anglo-Indian School in [[Viluppuram]] and then at the Vidyodaya School in [[Chennai]]. She passed her [[SSLC]] at St. Philomena’s School and the [[higher secondary]] at Holy Cross School in [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{cite web|date=20 February 2025|title=Budget 2025: FM Nirmala Sitharaman educational qualification - Impressive journey from academics to politics|url=https://www.etnownews.com/budget/budget-2025-fm-nirmala-sitharaman-educational-qualification-impressive-journey-from-academics-to-politics-article-117814179|access-date=1 June 2025|work=ET Now|last=Mitra|first=Arnab}}</ref><ref name="BS">{{cite web|last1=Phadnis|first1=Aditi|title=The rise and rise of Nirmala Sitharaman: From spokesperson to defence minister|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/rise-of-nirmala-sitharaman-from-spokesperson-to-defence-minister-117090400030_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=4 September 2017|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906121736/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/rise-of-nirmala-sitharaman-from-spokesperson-to-defence-minister-117090400030_1.html|archive-date=6 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sitharaman obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in economics from the [[Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College]], Tiruchirapalli, in 1980, and a [[Master of Arts]] degree in economics and a [[Master of Philosophy]] from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.myneta.info/affidavits/rajsab09aff/631/Nirmala%20Sitharaman.pdf|title=Rajya Sabha Affidavits: Nirmala Sitharaman|date=30 May 2016|page=7|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422141053/http://docs.myneta.info/affidavits/rajsab09aff/631/Nirmala%20Sitharaman.pdf|url-status=live|work=[[Parliament of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nirmala Sitharaman appointed Finance Minister in Modi govt 2.0 as Arun Jaitley retreats |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/nirmala-sitharaman-appointed-finance-minister-in-modi-govt-2-0-as-arun-jaitley-retreats/1594251/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601011218/https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/nirmala-sitharaman-appointed-finance-minister-in-modi-govt-2-0-as-arun-jaitley-retreats/1594251/ |archive-date=1 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> She later enrolled in a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] program in economics at the university but later left this program and then moved to [[London]], [[U.K.]], when her husband secured a scholarship at [[London School of Economics]].<ref name="BS"/><ref>{{cite news|date=26 May 2014|title=Nirmala has her roots in Tiruchi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nirmala-has-her-roots-in-tiruchi/article6051210.ece|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Non-political career==
After moving to London, Sitharaman initially worked as a salesperson at Habitat, a home decor store in [[Regent Street]]. She later served as an assistant to an economist at the [[Agricultural Engineers Association]]. She has also worked as a senior manager of [[Research and development|R&D]] at [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] and at the [[BBC World Service]] briefly.<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="BS"/><ref name="HP">{{cite news |date=3 September 2017 |title=In Nirmala Sitharaman, India Gets Its Second Woman Defence Minister After Indira Gandhi |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/09/03/in-nirmala-sitharaman-india-gets-its-second-woman-defence-minis_a_23195198/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183454/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/09/03/in-nirmala-sitharaman-india-gets-its-second-woman-defence-minis_a_23195198/ |archive-date=13 September 2017 |access-date=13 September 2017 |work=[[Huffington Post]]}}</ref> After returning to India in 1991, she served as the deputy director of the Centre for Public Policy Studies in [[Hyderabad]]. In 2004, she was one of the founding directors of Pranava, a private [[co-educational school]] in Hyderabad.<ref name="Brit"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=5 September 2017 |title=Nirmala Sitharaman's rise from activist to Defence Minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/delhi/story/nirmala-sitharaman-defence-minister-cabinet-reshuffle-sushma-swaraj-1038180-2017-09-05 |access-date=24 September 2025 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> She was appointed as a member of the [[National Commission for Women]] in 2003, and served in the position till 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nirmala Sitharaman and the Budget: A lady's day out |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nirmala-sitharaman-and-the-budget-a-ladys-day-out/articleshow/73803594.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=1 February 2020 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610180917/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nirmala-sitharaman-and-the-budget-a-ladys-day-out/articleshow/73803594.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Political career==
Sitharaman joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 2006 and was appointed to its national executive committee in 2008.<ref name="Brit"/> She was appointed as a national spokesperson of the party in 2010, and served in the role till 2014.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mohua |last=Chatterjee |date=21 March 2010 |title=BJP gets a JNU product as its woman spokesperson |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-gets-a-JNU-product-as-its-woman-spokesparson/articleshow/5706871.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055312/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-21/india/28136255_1_nirmala-sitharaman-bjp-spokesperson-nitin-gadkari |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Minister of state ===
After the BJP won the [[2014 Indian general election]], [[Narendra Modi]] was sworn in as the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Narendra Modi appointed PM, swearing-in on May 26|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/swearing-in-of-modi-govt-on-may-26/|access-date=20 May 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 May 2014|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520152512/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/swearing-in-of-modi-govt-on-may-26/|archive-date=20 May 2014}}</ref> On 26 May 2014, Modi inducted Sitharaman in his [[First Modi ministry|first cabinet]] as the [[minister of state]] with an independent charge of the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|ministry of commerce and industry]].<ref name="DH"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-corner/women-cabinet-ministers-india/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706231039/http://www.elections.in/political-corner/women-cabinet-ministers-india/|title=Women Cabinet Ministers in India|work=Elections.in|date=1 July 2014|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> She also held additional portfolios of minister of state in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|finance]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|corporate affairs]] ministries briefly from May to November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|first=Pheroze|last=L. Vincent|title=21 new Ministers inducted into Modi Cabinet|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modis-union-cabinet-expansion/article6580375.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109134655/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modis-union-cabinet-expansion/article6580375.ece|access-date=9 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 November 2014|archive-date=9 November 2014}}</ref> As mandated by the [[Constitution of India]],{{efn|name=Constitution|As per the [[Constitution of India]], a union minister should be a member of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]]. If they are not a member during their appointment, then they must get elected within a period of six months from the date of appointment.}} she was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]], from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]], in June 2014.<ref name="RS">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirmala-elected-to-rajya-sabha/article6152636.ece|title=Nirmala elected to Rajya Sabha|date=27 June 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 January 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812153452/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirmala-elected-to-rajya-sabha/article6152636.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2016, she was one of the 12 candidates nominated by the BJP to contest the Rajya Sabha elections on 11 June.<ref>{{cite news|title=Naidu, Naqvi, Goyal among 12 in BJP's RS list|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/naidu-naqvi-goyal-among-12-in-bjps-rs-list-352440|access-date=30 May 2016|work=ABP Live|date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152104/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/naidu-naqvi-goyal-among-12-in-bjps-rs-list-352440|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> She successfully contested her seat from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]] and re-elected to the parliament.<ref name="RS2">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-wins-3-rajya-sabha-seats-from-karnataka-bjp-gets-1-1418017 |title=Nirmala Sitharaman Wins Rajya Sabha Seat From Karnataka, Congress Gets 3 |accessdate=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611214036/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-wins-3-rajya-sabha-seats-from-karnataka-bjp-gets-1-1418017 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

===Cabinet minister===
[[File:Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman taking charge as the Union Minister for Defence, in New Delhi on September 07, 2017.jpg|thumb|Sitharaman taking charge as defence minister on 7 September 2017]]

On 3 September 2017, Sitharaman was appointed as the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|minister of defence]], being only the second woman after [[Indira Gandhi]] to hold the post, and the first full-time female defence minister.{{efn|name=Indira}}<ref>{{cite news |date=4 September 2017 |title=India new defence minister hails progress for women |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41144546 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> During her tenure, the [[Indian Armed Forces]] conducted the [[2019 Balakot airstrike|Balakot airstrike]] inside Pakistan on 26 February 2019, in response to the earlier [[2019 Pulwama attack|attack]] on an [[Indian Army]] convoy on 14 February.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar |last2=Haidar |first2=Suhasini | date=26 February 2019 |title=India bombs Jaish camp in Pakistan’s Balakot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-strikes-hit-balakot-in-pakistan-initial-assessment-100-hit-sources/article61538217.ece |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sitharaman later said that the attack targeted militant camps and no civilian was harmed, while not giving details on the damages and number of deaths caused by the strikes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rohit|first=T. K.|date=5 March 2019|title=Govt stand on death toll in IAF Pak. strike same as one given by Foreign Secretary: Nirmala Sitharaman|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/balakot-air-strike-was-not-a-military-action-says-defence-minister-nirmala-sitharaman/article26437080.ece|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

After BJP won a majority in the [[2019 Indian general election]], Seetharaman was appointed as the [[Minister of Finance (India)|minister of finance]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|corporate affairs]] in the [[Second Modi ministry]] on 30 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=31 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602015648/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html|archive-date=2 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the second woman to hold the position after Indira Gandhi, and India's first full-time female finance minister.{{efn|name=Indira}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Narendra Modi Cabinet: Amit Shah gets Home and Nirmala Sitharaman is India's first full-time woman Finance Minister|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-cabinet-ministers-and-portfolios/article27375561.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 May 2019|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531093401/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-cabinet-ministers-and-portfolios/article27375561.ece|archive-date=31 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She presented her [[2019 Union budget of India|maiden budget]] in the Indian parliament on 5 July 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Key Highlights of Union Budget 2019–20|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1577423|access-date=5 July 2019|date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705133516/http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx%3FPRID%3D1577423|archive-date=5 July 2019|url-status=live|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2019 |title=Nirmala’s maiden Budget is all about incremental measures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/nirmalas-maiden-budget-is-all-about-incremental-measures/article28299867.ece |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], she was in-charge of the [[COVID-19 Economic Response Task Force]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/coronavirus-impact-fm-led-economic-task-force-takes-stock-of-key-ministries/story/398804.html|title=Coronavirus in India: Economic task force yet to be formed; no decision on relief package|date=20 March 2020|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|access-date=20 March 2020|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519200151/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/coronavirus-impact-fm-led-economic-task-force-takes-stock-of-key-ministries/story/398804.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/government-forms-covid-19-economic-response-task-force-pm-modi/articleshow/74716284.cms|title=Covid 19 Economic Task Force: Government forms Covid-19 economic response task force, says PM Modi|date=19 March 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 March 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507052311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/government-forms-covid-19-economic-response-task-force-pm-modi/articleshow/74716284.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[2024 Indian general election]], she was reappointed as the finance minister in the [[Third Modi ministry]] in June 2024.<ref>{{cite press release |date=10 June 2024 |title=Press Communique 18 |url=https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/index.php/press_releases/press-communique-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610175433/https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/index.php/press_releases/press-communique-18 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2024 |title=Modi 3.0: Amit Shah, Rajnath Singh, Nirmala Sitharaman, S Jaishankar — 10 ministers retain Cabinet berths |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/modi-cabinet-amit-shah-rajnath-singh-home-defence-portfolio-allocation-9383703/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610175650/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/modi-cabinet-amit-shah-rajnath-singh-home-defence-portfolio-allocation-9383703/ |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In June 2025, a Delhi court issued a notice to her in connection with a criminal defamation plea filed by Lipika Mitra, the wife of former [[Aam Aadmi Party]] minister [[Somnath Bharti]].<ref>{{cite news|date=23 May 2023|title=Notice issued to Sitharaman over defamation plea by Bharti’s wife|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/notice-issued-to-sitharaman-over-defamation-plea-by-bhartis-wife/articleshow/121346123.cms|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In July 2025, she became the longest continuous serving Indian finance minister surpassing [[C. D. Deshmukh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-longest-serving-finance-minister-of-india-1737978429-1|title=List of longest serving finance minister of India|work=[[Jagran Josh]]|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref> During her tenure as the finance minister, India became the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|fifth largest economy]] in the world in 2022,<ref>{{cite web|date=26 September 2022|title=India becomes fifth largest economy in the world|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/india-uk-fifth-largest-economy-world/|access-date=5 July 2023|work=[[World Economic Forum]]|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705053223/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/india-uk-fifth-largest-economy-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=All promises made in 2014, 2019 enforced: Nirmala Sitharaman on nine years of NDA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/tax-upliftment-poor-backward-nirmala-sitharaman-modi-govt-9th-anniversary-8634687/ |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705053224/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/tax-upliftment-poor-backward-nirmala-sitharaman-modi-govt-9th-anniversary-8634687/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the fourth largest in 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-is-now-fourth-largest-economy-says-govt/article70454619.ece|title=India is now fourth largest economy, says govt.|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 December 2025|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> In February 2026, she presented the union budget for the ninth consecutive year, became the first Indian finance minister to do so.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 February 2025|title=Nirmala Sitharaman creates history with 8th consecutive Union Budget|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/nirmala-sitharaman-creates-history-with-8th-consecutive-union-budget/article69167323.ece|access-date=1 February 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Who has presented the most number of Budgets?|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/union-budget/union-budget-2025-who-has-presented-the-most-number-of-budgets-3374697|access-date=30 January 2025|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
{| class="wikitable" text-align: center;"
! Position
! colspan="2" |Party
! State/UT
! From
! To
! Tenure
! {{Reference column heading}}
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1st Term)
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 26 June 2014
| 17 June 2016
| {{ayd|2014|6|26|2016|6|17}}
| <ref name="RS" />
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2nd Term)
| rowspan="2"|[[Karnataka]]
| 1 July 2016
| 30 June 2022
| rowspan="2"|{{ayd|2016|7|1}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="RS2" />
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (3rd Term)
| 1 July 2022
| ''present''
|}

== Awards and honours ==
The Jawaharlal Nehru University conferred her the distinguished alumni award in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sitharaman-and-jaishankar-to-get-jnus-distinguished-alumni-award/article27891307.ece|title=Nirmala Sitharaman, Jaishankar to get JNU's Distinguished Alumni Award|author=Staff Reporter|date=12 June 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 December 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002718/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sitharaman-and-jaishankar-to-get-jnus-distinguished-alumni-award/article27891307.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025, ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked her 24th among the [[Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|100 most powerful women in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/nirmala-sitharaman/|title=Nirmala Sitharaman|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=11 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213113350/https://www.forbes.com/profile/nirmala-sitharaman/|archive-date=13 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This was her seventh consecutive time on the list, after being placed 34th in 2019, 41st in 2020, 37th on the list in 2021, 36th in 2022, 32nd in 2023 and 28th in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 December 2022|title=Nirmala Sitharaman, 5 other Indians among Forbes World’s 100 Most Powerful Women|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/finance-minister-sitharaman-5-other-indians-among-forbes-worlds-100-most-powerful-women/article66235006.ece|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 December 2023|title=The World's Most Powerful Women 2023|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205122317/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/|archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> She was awarded the business reformer of the year at the [[Economic Times Awards]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 May 2022|title=ET Business Reformer of the Year 2021: Nirmala Sitharaman-Life support and recovery, forged in the crucible of a pandemic|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/et-business-reformer-of-the-year-2021-nirmala-sitharaman-life-support-and-recovery-forged-in-the-crucible-of-a-pandemic/articleshow/90481527.cms|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sitharaman met [[Parakala Prabhakar]], who hailed from [[Narsapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], while studying at the Jawaharlal Nehru University.<ref name="BS"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://doe.gov.in/minister/meet-union-finance-minister|title=Meet the Union Finance Minister|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812120051/https://doe.gov.in/minister/meet-union-finance-minister|archive-date=12 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> They married in 1986 and have a daughter Vangmayi, a journalist.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 September 2013|title=Vangmayi Parakala|url=https://jlflitfest.org/colorado/speaker/vangmayi-parakala|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208190118/https://jlflitfest.org/colorado/speaker/vangmayi-parakala|archive-date=8 December 2021|access-date=10 June 2024|work=[[Jaipur Literature Festival]], Colorado}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=6 June 2024|title=Meet Vangmayi Parakala, the daughter of Nirmala Sitharaman; Know about her education, career, and more|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-who-is-vangmayi-parakala-the-low-profile-daughter-of-nirmala-sitharaman-know-about-her-education-career-and-more-3511232/|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref> Prabhakar served as the communications advisor to the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] from 2014 to 2018.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2018|title=AP govt advisor and Nirmala Sitharaman's husband Parakala Prabhakar quits, blames Jagan|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ap-govt-advisor-and-nirmala-sitharaman-s-husband-parakala-prabhakar-quits-blames-jagan-83322|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120092942/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ap-govt-advisor-and-nirmala-sitharaman-s-husband-parakala-prabhakar-quits-blames-jagan-83322|archive-date=20 November 2018|access-date=22 June 2018|work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of female defence ministers]]
*[[List of female finance ministers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://doe.gov.in/smt-nirmala-sitharaman Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, Government of India:] on Doe.gov.in
* [http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/nirmala-sitharaman.html Nirmala Sitharaman – Biography] on Elections.in
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anand Sharma]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]|years=2014–2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Suresh Prabhu]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[Arun Jaitley]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]|years=2017–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rajnath Singh]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]|years=31 May 2019 – present}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Corporate Affairs]]|years=31 May 2019 – present}}
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{{commons category|Nirmala Sitharaman}}

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Thirunarayanapuram

2026-03-25T21:51:07Z

Shivam: further enhanced layout as per guidelines and added references for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Thirunarayanapuram''' is a [[Vaishnavite]] ''KshEthram'', a sacred Vaishnavite shrine. overlooking Kaveri valley in the Southern Indian State of [[Karnataka]].

Melukote Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple is one of the srivishnava kshetram.

<ref>{{cite web|title=Thirunarayanapuram Temple|url=http://www.karnataka.com/mysore/melukote-thirunarayanapuram-temple/}}</ref>

==Nomenclature==
The temple is more commonly known as [[Melukote]], taking the name from the hill on which it is situated. It is also called Yadugiri by the local people.

==Situation==
There are many ponds (called koLa in Kannada) even today people of the town uses water from these ponds for washing clothes, taking bath etc., One of the important pond is called Akka Tangi koLa. Water for the temple is taken from this koLa to the temple.

The temple itself is large and breathes history. It is very ancient – Vishnu is said to have worshipped here before his incarnations known as the Dasavataram. Rama too offered prayers here. The main deity Mulavar is Thirunarayanan, Utsavar is called Cheluvanarayana, Sampath Kumaran, Selva Pillai, Ramapriya. The Goddess is Yadugiri Nachiyar or "Goddess of the Hill". Ramanujacharya sannidhi is one of the important one, all the srivaishnava's will visit Ramanuja before taking darshan of Mulava, utsavar and Yadugiri Nacchiyar.<ref>https://prtraveller.blogspot.com/2009/10/thiru-narayana-perumal-in.html</ref> Outside the temple are shrines to Vedanta Desika, Manavala Mamuni and other Acharyas. On a hill overlooking the town is a separate Yoganarasimha temple of great antiquity. It is quite a climb on worn steps to reach that temple. Kulasekarar (Cheraman II) gave up his kingdom to his son during 798 AD and started visiting temples and singing praises about them. He is believed to have visited the temple and spent his last days here.<ref>{{cite journal|title=CHERAMAN PERUMAL II ALIAS KULASEKARA, ALWAR ALIAS KULASEKARA PERUMAL III (Born 730 A.D.—Ascended the throne 754 A. D.—Left the throne 798 A. D.—Died 800 A.D.)|last=A.|first=Chidambaram|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=10|year=1947|publisher=Indian History Congress|pages=271|jstor=44137144}}</ref>

==Festival==
Only once a year, during the famous Vairamudi Seva, do crowds congregate in Melukote. This festival, when the "utsavar" is adorned with a diamond-encrusted tiara, takes place every year in the month of April. Thirunarayanapuram, with its serene and sacred atmosphere, is a temple one does not want to leave.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mandya district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Karnataka]]

{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Tripura

2026-03-25T10:33:34Z

Shivam: added info

{{Short description|State in northeastern India}}
{{other uses}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Tripura
| image_skyline = {{photomontage
| photo1a = Tripura State Museum Agartala Tripura India.jpg
| photo2a = Unakoti 1.jpg
| photo2b = Tripura Sundari Temple.JPG
| photo3a =
| photo3b = Neer Mahal, the water palace of Tripura 02.jpg
| photo4a =
| size = 300
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = white
}}
| image_caption = (clockwise from top) [[Ujjayanta Palace]]; [[Tripura Sundari Temple]]; [[Neermahal palace]]; rock-cut sculptures at [[Unakoti]]
| type = State
| image_seal = Emblem of Tripura.svg
| etymology = See {{sectionlink|#Etymology}}
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] 
(Truth alone triumphs)
| image_map = IN-TR.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|23.84|91.28|region:IN-TR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = Northeast India
| before_was = [[Tripura (princely state)|Princely state of Tripura]]
| formation_date = 15 October 1949<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tripura.gov.in/history | title=Historical Background | Tripura State Portal | access-date=25 March 2023 | archive-date=12 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212025134/http://tripura.gov.in/history | url-status=live}}</ref>
| formation_date1 = 1 November 1956
| formation_date2 = formation1
| formation_date4 = 21 January 1972
| capital = Agartala
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Tripura|8]]
| Governor = [[Indrasena Reddy]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=R. Ravikanth |title=Telangana BJP leader Indrasena Reddy appointed as Tripura Governor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-bjp-leader-indrasena-reddy-appointed-as-tripura-governor/article67437027.ece |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=19 October 2023 |language=en-IN |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020014214/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-bjp-leader-indrasena-reddy-appointed-as-tripura-governor/article67437027.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Chief_Minister = [[Manik Saha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Chief_secretary = J.K. Sinha<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tripura.gov.in/cs-profile | title=CS Profile | Tripura State Portal | access-date=25 March 2023 | archive-date=25 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325035540/https://tripura.gov.in/cs-profile | url-status=live }}</ref>
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 60 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| lok_sabha_seats = 2 seats
| judiciary = [[Tripura High Court]]
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Know Tripura {{!}} Tripura State Portal |url=https://tripura.gov.in/know-tripura |website=tripura.gov.in |access-date=23 December 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103073240/https://tripura.gov.in/know-tripura |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 10491
| area_rank = 28th
| length_km = 178
| width_km = 131
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 930
| elevation_max_point = [[Betlingchhip]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Betalongchhip - Peakbagger.com |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=53272 |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=www.peakbagger.com |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324202745/https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=53272 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 15
| elevation_min_point = [[Gumti River (transboundary river)|Gumti River]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book | url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/population-projections-for-india-and-states-2011-2036/ | title=Population Projections for India and States, 2011–2036 | date=July 2020 | access-date=25 March 2023 | archive-date=13 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313055356/https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/population-projections-for-india-and-states-2011-2036/ | url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 4,222,000
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_rank = 23rd
| population_density = auto
| population_urban = 41.45%
| population_rural = 58.85%
| population_demonym = Tripuran
| 0fficial_Langs = {{hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Kokborok language|Kokborok]]}}<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 79–84 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2016 }}</ref>
| official_script = {{hlist|[[Bengali–Assamese script]]|[[Latin script]]|}}
| GDP_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |last=Pajnoo |first=Shirin |date=8 April 2025 |title=Tripura Budget Analysis 2025-26 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/tripura/2025/Tripura_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf |website=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} $11.86 billion (nominal) {{Increase}} $49.95 billion (PPP)
| GDP_year = 2025–2026
| GDP_rank = 24th
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|198379|lk=r}} (nominal) {{Increase}} $11,803 (PPP)
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 21st
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.664 {{color|Orange|medium}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_rank = 29th
| literacy = 95.6%<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tripura becomes India's third fully literate state after Mizoram and Goa with 95.6% literacy rate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/tripura-becomes-indias-third-fully-literate-state-after-mizoram-and-goa-with-95-6-literacy-rate/articleshow/122040465.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=24 June 2025 |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2025
| literacy_rank = 3rd
| sex_ratio = 974[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2025
| sexratio_rank = 2nd
| iso_code = IN-TR
| registration_plate = TR
| website = tripura.gov.in
| footnotes = {{ref|cap|†}}It was elevated from the status of Union territory by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971.
| foundation_day = Tripura Day
| mammal = [[Phayre's leaf monkey]]
| bird = [[Green imperial pigeon]]
| fish = [[Ompok bimaculatus|Pabda]]
| flower = [[Mesua ferrea|Indian rose chestnut]]
| tree = [[Aquilaria malaccensis|Agarwood]]
| fruit = [[Pineapple|Queen pineapple]]
| image_highway = SH IN-TR.png
}}

'''Tripura''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɪ|p|ʊr|ə|,_|-|ər|ə}})<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |publisher=Longman |year=2008 |isbn=9781405881180 |edition=3rd}}</ref> is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in northeastern [[India]]. The [[List of states and union territories of India by area|third-smallest state]] in the country, it covers {{Convert|10491|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; and the seventh-least populous state with a population of 3.67 million.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tripura – History, Map, Population, & Facts |encyclopedia=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tripura-state-India |access-date=22 January 2022 |last=Lodrick |first=Deryck |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127035417/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tripura-state-India |url-status=live }}</ref> It is bordered by [[Assam]] and [[Mizoram]] to the east, and by [[Bangladesh]] to the north, south and west.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohingya crisis: Security tightened along India-Myanmar border |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rohingya-crisis-security-tightened-along-india-myanmar-border/articleshow/60526163.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915082041/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rohingya-crisis-security-tightened-along-india-myanmar-border/articleshow/60526163.cms |archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> Tripura is divided into [[List of districts of Tripura|eight districts]] and 23 sub-divisions, where [[Agartala]] is the capital and the largest city in the state. Tripura has 19 different tribal communities<ref>{{Cite web |title=people {{!}} Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |url=https://ttaadc.gov.in/people#:~:text=Tripura%20has%20rich%20cultural%20heritage,Garo,%20Khasia,%20and%20Lepcha. |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=ttaadc.gov.in}}</ref> with a majority [[Bengalis|Bengali]] population. [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kokborok]], and [[Indian English|English]] are the state's official languages.<ref name=nclmanurep2010/>

The area of modern Tripura — ruled for several centuries by the [[Manikya Dynasty]] — was part of the [[Tripuri Kingdom]] (also known as Hill Tippera). It became a [[princely state]] under the [[British Raj]] during its tenure, and acceded to independent India in 1947. It merged with India in 1949 and was designated as a 'Part C State' ([[union territory]]).<ref name="Sajal Nag">{{citation |editor1=Sajal Nag |editor2=Tejimal Gurung |editor3=Abhijit Choudhury |title=Making of the Indian Union: Merger of princely states and excluded areas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3UMAQAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Akansha Pub. House |isbn=978-81-8370-110-5 |pages=317, 321}}</ref> It became a full-fledged [[List of states and union territories of India by area|state]] of India in 1972.

Tripura lies in a geographically isolated location in India, as only one major highway, [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]], connects it with the rest of the country. Five mountain ranges — [[Hathai Kotor (Baramura)]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-19 |title=Tripura: On Kokborok Day, CM Biplab Deb renames Baramura Hill range |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-on-kokborok-day-cm-biplab-deb-renames-baramura-hill-range-6224822/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>, [[Atharamura|Hachuk Berem (Atharamura)]], [[Longtharai]], [[Shakhan]] and [[Jampui Hills]] — run north to south, with intervening valleys; [[Agartala]], the capital, is located on a plain to the west. The state has a [[tropical savanna climate]], and receives seasonal heavy rains from the [[southwest monsoon|south west monsoon]].

Forests cover more than half of the area, in which [[bamboo]] and [[cane (grass)|cane]] tracts are common. Tripura has the highest number of [[primate]] species found in any Indian state. Due to its geographical isolation, economic progress in the state is hindered. Poverty and unemployment continue to plague Tripura, which has a limited infrastructure. Most residents are involved in agriculture and allied activities, although the service sector is the largest contributor to the state's gross domestic product.

According to the 2011 census, Tripura is one of the most literate states in India, with a literacy rate of 87.75%. Mainstream Indian cultural elements coexist with traditional practices of the ethnic groups, such as various dances to celebrate religious occasions, weddings and festivities; the use of locally crafted musical instruments and clothes; and the worship of regional deities. The sculptures at the archaeological sites [[Unakoti]], [[Pilak, Tripura|Pilak]] and [[Devtamura]] provide historical evidence of artistic fusion between organised and indigenous religions.

==Etymology==
[[File:Tripura Sundari Temple, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tripura Sundari Temple]] in [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]]]]
The name Tripura is linked to the Hindu goddess [[Tripura Sundari]], the presiding deity of the [[Tripura Sundari Temple]] at [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]], one of the 51 ''[[Shakta pithas]]'' (pilgrimage centres of ''[[Shaktism]]''),<ref name="hr name"/><ref name="Debbarma1996"/> and to the legendary tyrant king Tripur, who reigned in the region. Tripur was the 39th descendant of [[Druhyu]], who belonged to the lineage of [[Yayati]], a king of the [[Lunar Dynasty]].<ref name="Acharjya1979">{{cite book|last=Acharjya|first=Phanibhushan|title=Tripura|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489119|year=1979|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=1|asin=B0006E4EQ6}}</ref>

There are alternative theories regarding the origin of the name Tripura, such as a possible [[folk etymology|etymological reinterpretation]] to [[Sanskrit]] of a Tibeto-Burman ([[Kokborok]]) name. Variants of the name include ''Tipra'', ''Tuipura'' and ''Tippera'', which can all denote the indigenous people inhabiting the area.<ref name="hr name"/> A Kokborok etymology from ''tüi'' (water) and ''pra'' (near) has been suggested; the boundaries of Tripura extended to the [[Bay of Bengal]] when the kings of the Tipra Kingdom held sway from the [[Garo Hills]] of [[Meghalaya]] to [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], the present Rakhine State of [[Burma]]; so the name may reflect vicinity to the sea.<ref name="hr name">{{cite book|title=Human rights and indigenous peoples|last=Das|first=J.K.|pages=208–9|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7648-243-1|chapter=Chapter 5: old and new political process in realization of the rights of indigenous peoples (regarded as Tribals) in Tripura}}</ref><ref name="Debbarma1996">{{cite book|last=Debbarma|first=Sukhendu|title=Origin and growth of Christianity in Tripura: with special reference to the New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society, 1938–1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyfrzVvJNxUC&pg=PA20|year=1996|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-038-5|page=20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429233857/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyfrzVvJNxUC&pg=PA20|archive-date=29 April 2016}}</ref><ref>Prakash (ed.), ''Encyclopaedia of North-east India'', vol. 5, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2272 p. 2272] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424123659/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2272 |date=24 April 2016 }}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Tripura}}

{{see also|Twipra Kingdom|Tripura (princely state)|Kings of Tripura|Insurgency in Tripura}}
[[File:Unakoti 5.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|200x200px|Rock-cut sculpture of [[Shiva]] at [[Unakoti]]]]
Although there is no evidence of [[Lower Paleolithic]] or [[Middle Paleolithic]] settlements in Tripura, [[Upper Paleolithic]] tools made of fossilised wood have been found in the [[Haora River|Haora]] and [[Khowai River|Khowai]] valleys.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the stone age to the 12th century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA77|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|page=77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723031915/https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA77|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> The Indian epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]''; ancient religious texts, the ''[[Purana]]s''; and the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] – stone pillar inscriptions of the Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]] dating from the third century [[Common Era|BC]] – all mention Tripura.<ref name="Acharjya1979"/> An ancient name of Tripura (as mentioned in the Mahabharata) is ''Kirat Desh'' (English: "The land of Kirat"), probably referring to the [[Kirata Kingdom]]s or the more generic term [[Kirata]].<ref name="Tripura gazet 1975">{{cite book|title=Tripura district gazetteers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6oJAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Educational Publications, Department of Education, Government of Tripura|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504071510/https://books.google.com/books?id=N6oJAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 May 2016}}</ref>{{rp|155}} However, it is unclear whether the extent of modern Tripura is coterminous with ''Kirat Desh''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rahman|first1=Syed Amanur|last2=Verma|first2=Balraj|title=The beautiful India – Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mcwAQAAIAAJ|date=5 August 2006|publisher=Reference Press|isbn=978-81-8405-026-4|page=9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617004122/https://books.google.com/books?id=-mcwAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> The region was under the rule of the Twipra Kingdom for centuries, but when this dynasty began is not documented. The ''[[Rajmala]]'', a chronicle of Tripuri kings which was first written in the 15th century,<ref name="Gazetteer 118">{{cite journal | title = Hill Tippera – history | journal = [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] | year = 1909 | volume = 13 | page = 118 | url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_124.gif | format = GIF | access-date = 27 October 2011 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607142251/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_124.gif | archive-date = 7 June 2011}}</ref> provides a list of 179 kings, from antiquity up to Krishna Kishore Manikya (1830–1850),<ref name="Bera2010">{{cite book| first=Gautam Kumar|last=Bera |title=The land of fourteen gods: ethno-cultural profile of Tripura|year=2010|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-333-9}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name="rajmala book">{{cite book|url=http://www.tripura.org.in/rajmala4.htm|title=Sri rajmala volume – IV|editor-last=Sen|editor-first=Kali Prasanna|language=bn|publisher=Tribal Research Institute, Government of Tripura|year=2003|access-date=10 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606013645/http://www.tripura.org.in/rajmala4.htm|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacharyya1930">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Apurba Chandra|title=Progressive Tripura|year=1930|publisher=Inter-India Publications|page=179|oclc=16845189}}</ref> but it is not a reliable source.<ref name="sircar1979">{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=D.C.|title=Some epigraphical records of the mediaeval period from eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-O18xhA_BXUC&pg=PA89|year=1979|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-096-9|page=89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528181614/https://books.google.com/books?id=-O18xhA_BXUC&pg=PA89|archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Neermahal192.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Neermahal|Neermahal Palace]] is the royal palace built by [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman]] of the [[Tripura (princely state)|Kingdom of Tripura]].]]

The boundaries of the kingdom changed over the centuries. At various times, the borders reached south to the jungles of the [[Sundarbans]] on the Bay of Bengal; east to Burma; and north to the boundary of the [[Kamarupa]] kingdom in [[Assam]].<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> There were [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|several Muslim invasions]] of the region from the 13th century onward,<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> which culminated in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal dominance]] of the plains of the kingdom in 1733,<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> although their rule never extended to the hill regions.<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> The Mughals had influence over the appointment of the Tripuri kings.<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/>
[[File:Maharani kanchan prabhadevi.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Queen [[Kanchan Prava Devi|Kanchan Prabha Devi]] who signed the [[instrument of accession]] to India as president of the Council of Regency]]

Tripura became a [[princely state]] during [[British Raj|British rule in India]]. The kings had an estate in British India, known as ''Tippera district'' or [[Chakla (administrative division)|Chakla]] Roshanbad (now the [[Comilla District|Comilla district]] of Bangladesh),<ref name="theodora.com">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Hill Tippera | volume= 13 | page = 469 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianculture.gov.in/survey-and-settlement-roshanbad-estate-districts-tippera-and-noakhali-1892-99 | title=Survey and settlement of the Roshanbad estate in the districts of Tippera and Noakhali, 1892–99 | access-date=29 November 2022 | archive-date=29 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129141804/https://indianculture.gov.in/survey-and-settlement-roshanbad-estate-districts-tippera-and-noakhali-1892-99 | url-status=live }}</ref> in addition to the independent area known as ''Hill Tippera'', roughly corresponding to the present-day Tripura state.<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> Udaipur, in the south of Tripura, was the capital of the kingdom, until the king Krishna Manikya moved the capital to [[Agartala|Old Agartala]] in the 18th century. It was moved to the new city of Agartala in the 19th century. [[Bir Chandra Manikya]] (1862–1896) modelled his administration on the pattern of [[British India]], and enacted reforms including the formation of Agartala Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=AMC at a glance|url=http://agartalacity.nic.in/about_amc1.htm|publisher=Agartala Municipal Corporation|access-date=8 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006034328/http://agartalacity.nic.in/about_amc1.htm|archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref>

===Post-independence (1947–present)===
Following the [[independence of India]] in 1947, Tippera district – the estate in the plains of British India – became [[Comilla]] district of [[East Pakistan]], and Hill Tippera remained under a regency council until 1949. The [[Maharani|Maharani Regent]] of Tripura signed the [[Tripura Merger Agreement]] on 9 September 1949, making Tripura a [[Part C state]] of India.<ref name="hdrchap1">{{cite book|title=Tripura human development report 2007|chapter-url= http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf|access-date=19 March 2012|publisher= Government of Tripura|chapter= The state of human development|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120425/http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref>{{rp|3}} It became a [[Union Territory]], without a legislature, in November 1956 and an elected ministry was installed in July 1963.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|3}} Full statehood was conferred in 1971 by the [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]]. The [[partition of India|geographic partition]] that coincided with the independence of India resulted in major economic and infrastructural setbacks for the state, as road transport between the state and the major cities of the newly independent India had to follow a more circuitous route, around East Pakistan. The road distance between [[Kolkata]] and Agartala before the partition was less than {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and increased to {{convert|1700|km|mi|abbr=on}}, as the route now avoided East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news | last = Abdi | first = S. N. M. | title = Kolkata-Agartala bus link gets a major push forward |location = Kolkata | publisher = DNA India| date = 13 March 2006| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1017981 | access-date = 23 June 2021
| archive-date = 7 June 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607123643/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1017981 | url-status = live}}</ref> The geopolitical isolation was aggravated by an absence of rail transport.<ref name="General1967">{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961: Tripura|year=1967|publisher=Office of the Registrar General General. Government of India|page=980}}</ref><ref name="Chakraborty2006">{{cite book|editor-last=Chakraborty|editor-first=Kiran Sankar|url=http://www.mittalbooks.com/products/Entrepreneurship-and-Small-Business-Development.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020174651/http://www.mittalbooks.com/products/Entrepreneurship-and-Small-Business-Development.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2013|title=Entrepreneurship and small business development: with special reference to Tripura|year=2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-125-0}}</ref>{{rp|93}}

After the partition of India, many [[Bengali Hindus]] migrated to Tripura as refugees fleeing religious persecution in Muslim-majority East Pakistan, especially after 1949.<ref name="hdrchap1" />{{rp|3–4}} Settlement by Hindu Bengalis increased during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971. Parts of the state were shelled by the [[Pakistan Army]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. Following the war, the Indian government reorganised the North East region to ensure effective control of the international borders – three new states came into existence on 21 January 1972:<ref name="Wolpert2008">{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0wAQAAIAAJ|title=A new history of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-533756-3|pages=390–1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501083356/https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0wAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura.<ref name="Wolpert2008"/> Before Tripura's merger with the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], majority of the population composed of [[Tripuri people]].<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|9}} Ethnic strife between the indigenous Tripuri tribe and the predominantly immigrant Bengali community led to scattered violence,<ref name="Kumāra2007">{{cite book|last=Kumāra|first=Braja Bihārī|title=Problems of ethnicity in the North-East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTCJTIBHJHEC|access-date=11 July 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-464-6|pages=68–9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514231036/http://books.google.com/books?id=QTCJTIBHJHEC|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> and [[Insurgency in Tripura|an insurgency]] spanning decades, including occasional massacres such as the 1980 [[Mandai massacre]].<ref>{{cite news |title=350 Bengalis Are Massacred in Indian Village |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19800616&id=3E4NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zm0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3736,2460642 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=16 June 1980 |access-date=15 July 2012 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609205608/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19800616&id=3E4NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zm0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3736,2460642 |url-status=live }}</ref> This gradually abated following the establishment of a [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|tribal autonomous district council]] and the use of strategic [[counter-insurgency]] operations.<ref name="hindu 19 Sep 11">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2465348.ece |title=How Tripura overcame insurgency |last=Sahaya |first=D.N. |author-link=Dinesh Nandan Sahay |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925060944/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2465348.ece |archive-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tripura remains peaceful, as of 2016.<ref name="satp 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/index.html |title=Tripura assessment – year 2013 |work=South Asia terrorism portal |publisher=Institute for Conflict Management |access-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011104183152/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/index.html |archive-date=4 November 2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In retaliation for the [[2021 Bangladesh communal violence|communal violence]] against the Hindu minority in neighbouring Bangladesh, mosques in several areas in Tripura were attacked from 19 to 26 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tripura mosque attacks: Ground report on what really happened during those 8 days in October |url=https://theprint.in/india/tripura-mosque-attacks-ground-report-on-what-really-happened-during-those-8-days-in-october/767110/ |last=Chakrabarti |first=Angana |date=18 November 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |work=[[ThePrint]] |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213045301/https://theprint.in/india/tripura-mosque-attacks-ground-report-on-what-really-happened-during-those-8-days-in-october/767110/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The influx of refugees from erstwhile East Pakistan and present day Bangladesh leads to minoritisation of the indigenous peoples of Tripura.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Debbarma |first=Marconi |date=26 March 2024 |title=A Study on the Causes of Separate State Demand in North East Indian State of Tripura |url=https://saapjournals.org/index.php/tjmdr/article/view/564 |journal=The Journal of Multidisciplinary Research |pages=29–34 |doi=10.37022/tjmdr.v4i1.564 |issn=2583-0317|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Tripura (37).JPG|thumb|Rice is grown on Tripura's [[alluvial plain]]s, which include ''lungas'', the narrow valleys that are found mainly in the west of the state.|alt=Green agricultural field, with a hill range far in the background.]]
Tripura is a [[landlocked country|landlocked]] state in [[Northeast India|North East India]], where the seven contiguous states – [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]] and Tripura – are collectively known as the [[Seven Sister States]]. Spread over {{convert|10491.69|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, Tripura is the third-smallest among the 28 [[States and territories of India|states in the country]], behind [[Goa]] and [[Sikkim]]. It extends from 22°56'N to 24°32'N, and 91°09'E to 92°20'E.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|3}} Its maximum extent measures about {{convert|178|km|mi|abbr=on}} from north to south, and {{convert|131|km|mi|abbr=on}} east to west. Tripura is bordered by the country of Bangladesh to the west, north and south; and the Indian states of Assam to the north east; and Mizoram to the east.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|3}} It is accessible by [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] passing through the [[Karimganj district]] of Assam and [[Mamit district]] of Mizoram.<ref name="highway list">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |title=National highways and their length |publisher=National Highways Authority of India |access-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906234553/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Topography===
The physiography is characterised by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The state has five [[anticline|anticlinal]] ranges of hills running north to south, from [[Baramura]] in the west, through [[Atharamura]], [[Longtharai]] and [[Shakhan]], to the [[Jampui Hills]] in the east.<ref name="gsi report">{{Cite report| title= Geology and mineral resources of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura| url= http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf| publisher= Geological Survey of India, Government of India| series= Miscellaneous publication No. 30 Part IV| volume= 1| year= 2011| issue= 2| access-date= 10 July 2012| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130510091749/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf| archive-date= 10 May 2013}}</ref>{{rp|4}} The intervening [[syncline]]s are the Agartala–Udaipur, Khowai–Teliamura, Kamalpur–Ambasa, Kailasahar–Manu and Dharmanagar–Kanchanpur valleys.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|4}} At an altitude of {{convert|939|m|ft|abbr=on}}, [[Betlingchhip|Betling Shib]] in the Jampui range is the state's highest point.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} The small isolated hillocks interspersed throughout the state are known as ''tillas'', and the narrow fertile alluvial valleys, mostly present in the west, are called ''Doóng/lungas''.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} A number of rivers originate in the hills of Tripura and flow into Bangladesh.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} The Khowai, [[Dhalai River|Dhalai]], [[Manu River, Tripura|Manu]], [[Juri River|Juri]] and [[Longai River|Longai]] flow towards the north; [[Sumli]] to the north west; the {{ill|Bijoy|bn|বিজয়_নদী|vertical-align=sup}}; [[Gumti River (Tripura)|Gumti]] to the west; and the [[Muhuri River|Muhuri]] and [[Feni River|Feni]] to the south west.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73}}

The [[lithostratigraphy]] data published by the [[Geological Survey of India]] dates the rocks, on the [[geologic time scale]], between the [[Oligocene]] [[epoch (geology)|epoch]], approximately 34 to 23 million [[Before Present|years ago]], and the [[Holocene]] epoch, which started 12,000 years ago.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73–4}} The hills have red [[laterite]] soil that is porous. The [[flood plain]]s and narrow valleys are overlain by alluvial soil, and those in the west and south constitute most of the agricultural land.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], on a scale ranging from {{nowrap|I to V}} in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the state lies in [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone V]].<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite map|publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Seismic zoning map |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |access-date=19 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603143951/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |archive-date=3 June 2014 }}</ref>

===Climate===
The state has a [[tropical savanna climate]], designated ''Aw'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The undulating topography leads to local variations, particularly in the hill ranges.<ref name="gov agri land">{{cite web|url=http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/land.htm|title=Land, soil and climate|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura| access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420091358/http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/land.htm|archive-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> The four main seasons are winter, from December to February; pre-monsoon or summer, from March to April; monsoon, from May to September; and post-monsoon, from October to November.<ref name="gov agri climate">{{cite web|url=http://agritripura.nic.in/links/ASP_11_12.pdf|title=Annual plan 2011–12|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura|access-date=30 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215123728/http://agritripura.nic.in/links/ASP_11_12.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> During the monsoon season, the [[southwest monsoon|south west monsoon]] brings heavy rains, which cause frequent floods.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}}<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73}} The average annual rainfall between 1995 and 2006 ranged from {{convert|1979.6|to|2745.9|mm|inch|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rainfall">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/ABSTRACT-2007_complete.pdf|title=Monthly and yearly quinquennial average rainfall in Tripura|work=Statistical abstract of Tripura – 2007|publisher=Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=30 October 2012|page=13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127234822/http://destripura.nic.in/ABSTRACT-2007_complete.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> During winter, temperatures range from {{convert|13|to|27|C|F}}, while in the summer they fall between {{convert|24|and|36|C|F}}.<ref name="gov agri climate"/> According to a [[United Nations Development Programme]] report, the state lies in "very high damage risk" zone from wind and cyclones.<ref name=cycloneundp>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts|access-date=23 August 2006|work=National capacity building project in disaster management |publisher=[[UNDP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|collapsed=
|open= yes
|metric first=yes
|single line= yes
|location= Agartala, the capital of Tripura

|temperature colour= 


|Jan high F= |Jan high C=25.6
|Feb high F= |Feb high C=28.3
|Mar high F= |Mar high C=32.5
|Apr high F= |Apr high C=33.7
|May high F= |May high C=32.8
|Jun high F= |Jun high C=31.8
|Jul high F= |Jul high C=31.4
|Aug high F= |Aug high C=31.7
|Sep high F= |Sep high C=31.7
|Oct high F= |Oct high C=31.1
|Nov high F= |Nov high C=29.2
|Dec high F= |Dec high C=26.4
|year high F= |year high C=

|Jan low F= |Jan low C=10
|Feb low F= |Feb low C=13.2
|Mar low F= |Mar low C=18.7
|Apr low F= |Apr low C=22.2
|May low F= |May low C=23.5
|Jun low F= |Jun low C=24.6
|Jul low F= |Jul low C=24.8
|Aug low F= |Aug low C=24.7
|Sep low F= |Sep low C=24.3
|Oct low F= |Oct low C=22
|Nov low F= |Nov low C=16.6
|Dec low F= |Dec low C=11.3
|year low F= |year low C=

|precipitation colour= 

|Jan precipitation inch= |Jan precipitation cm= |Jan precipitation mm=27.5
|Feb precipitation inch= |Feb precipitation cm= |Feb precipitation mm=21.5
|Mar precipitation inch= |Mar precipitation cm= |Mar precipitation mm=60.7
|Apr precipitation inch= |Apr precipitation cm= |Apr precipitation mm=199.7
|May precipitation inch= |May precipitation cm= |May precipitation mm=329.9
|Jun precipitation inch= |Jun precipitation cm= |Jun precipitation mm=393.4
|Jul precipitation inch= |Jul precipitation cm= |Jul precipitation mm=363.1
|Aug precipitation inch= |Aug precipitation cm= |Aug precipitation mm=298.7
|Sep precipitation inch= |Sep precipitation cm= |Sep precipitation mm=232.4
|Oct precipitation inch= |Oct precipitation cm= |Oct precipitation mm=162.5
|Nov precipitation inch= |Nov precipitation cm= |Nov precipitation mm=46
|Dec precipitation inch= |Dec precipitation cm= |Dec precipitation mm=10.6
|year precipitation inch= |year precipitation cm= |year precipitation mm=

|source 1=<ref name="IMD agartala">{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |title=Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901–2000 data |publisher=India Meteorology Department |page=6 |access-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020426/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref>
}}

===Flora and fauna===
{{see also|Tourism in North East India}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''State symbols of Tripura'''<ref name="wiisymbols">{{cite web|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070615001645/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2007 |title=State animals, birds, trees and flowers |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |access-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| '''State animal''' || [[Phayre's leaf monkey]]
|-
| '''State bird''' || [[Green imperial pigeon]]
|-
| '''State tree''' || [[Aquilaria malaccensis|Agarwood]]
|-
| '''State flower''' || [[Mesua ferrea]]
|-
| '''State fruit''' || [[Pineapple|Queen pineapple]]
|}
Like most of the Indian subcontinent, Tripura lies within the [[Indomalayan realm]]. According to the [[Biogeographic classification of India]], the state is in the "North-East" biogeographic zone.<ref name="biogeo zone">{{cite map |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |title=Biogeographic classification of India: zones |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/HtmlPages/biozonemap.htm |scale=1 cm=100 km |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615041736/http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/HtmlPages/biozonemap.htm |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> In 2011 forests covered 57.73% of the state.<ref name="fsitripforest 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/tripura.pdf|title=Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: Tripura|work=India state of forest report 2011|publisher=Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India|access-date=1 April 2012|pages=225–9|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523232013/http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/tripura.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> Tripura hosts three different types of ecosystems: mountain, forest and freshwater.<ref name="soe report bd">{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/bioderversity.htm|title=Biodiversity|work=State of environment report of Tripura – 2002|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|access-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113164053/http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/bioderversity.htm|archive-date=13 November 2007}}</ref> The [[evergreen forest]]s on the hill slopes and the sandy river banks are dominated by species such as ''[[Dipterocarpus]]'', ''[[Artocarpus]]'', ''[[Amoora]]'', ''[[Elaeocarpus]]'', ''[[Syzygium]]'' and ''[[Eugenia]]''.<ref name="soe report forest">{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/forest.htm|title=Forest|work=State of environment report of Tripura – 2002|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|access-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125142/http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/forest.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Two types of [[Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests|moist deciduous forests]] comprise the majority of the vegetation: moist deciduous mixed forest and Sal (''[[Shorea robusta]]'')-predominant forest.<ref name="soe report forest"/> The interspersion of [[bamboo]] and [[Arundo|cane]] forests with deciduous and evergreen flora is a peculiarity of Tripura's vegetation.<ref name="soe report forest"/> [[Grassland]]s and [[swamp]]s are also present, particularly in the plains. [[Herbaceous plant]]s, shrubs, and trees such as ''[[Albizia]]'', ''[[Barringtonia]]'', ''[[Lagerstroemia]]'' and ''[[Macaranga]]'' flourish in the swamps of Tripura. Shrubs and grasses include ''[[Schumannianthus dichotoma]]'' (''shitalpati''), ''[[Phragmites]]'' and ''[[Saccharum]]'' (sugarcane).<ref name="soe report forest"/>

According to a survey in 1989–90, Tripura hosts 90 land mammal species from 65 genera and 10 orders,<ref name="gupta 2000 fauna">{{cite journal |last=Gupta |first=A.K.|s2cid=153323209|date=December 2000 |title= Shifting cultivation and conservation of biological diversity in Tripura, Northeast India |journal=Human Ecology |volume= 28 |issue=4 |pages=614–5|issn=0300-7839 |doi=10.1023/A:1026491831856 |bibcode=2000HumEc..28..605G }}</ref> including such species as elephant (''Elephas maximus''), bear (''Melursus ursinus''), binturong (''[[Arctictis binturong]]''), wild dog (''[[Cuon alpinus]]''), porcupine (''[[Artherurus assamensis]]''), barking deer (''[[Muntiacus muntjak]]''), sambar (''[[Cervus unicolor]]''), wild boar (''[[Sus scrofa]]''), gaur (''[[Bos gaurus]]''), leopard (''[[Panthera pardus]]''), clouded leopard (''[[Neofelis nebulosa]]''), and many species of small cats and primates.<ref name="gupta 2000 fauna"/> Out of 15 free ranging primates of India, seven are found in Tripura; this is the highest number of primate species found in any Indian state.<ref name="gupta 2000 fauna"/> The wild buffalo (''[[Bubalus arnee]]'') is extinct now.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010). The vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation, Guwahati, India, 184pp.</ref> There are nearly 300 species of birds in the state.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010). Recent ornithological records from Tripura, north-eastern India, with an annotated checklist. ''Indian Birds'' 6(3): 66–74.</ref>

[[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|Wildlife sanctuaries]] of the state are [[Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary|Sipahijola]], [[Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary|Gumti]], [[Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary|Rowa]] and [[Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary|Trishna]] wildlife sanctuaries.<ref name="tripura pa">{{cite web|url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/protected-area-network.pdf|title=Protected area network in India|page=28|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|access-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307203800/http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/protected-area-network.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> [[National park of India|National parks]] of the state are [[Clouded Leopard National Park]] and [[Rajbari National Park]].<ref name="tripura pa"/> These protected areas cover a total of {{convert|566.93|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tripura pa"/> Gumti is also an [[Important Bird Area]].<ref>{{cite journal|last= Choudhury|first= Anwaruddin|date= July–September 2009|title= Gumti –Tripura's remote IBA|journal= Mistnet|volume= 10|issue= 3|pages= 7–8|publisher= Indian Bird Conservation Network|url= http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2009-Mistnet-July_Sept.pdf|access-date= 6 April 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160339/http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2009-Mistnet-July_Sept.pdf|archive-date= 2 February 2014}}</ref> In winter, thousands of migratory waterfowl throng Gumti and Rudrasagar lakes.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Choudhury|first= Anwaruddin|date= April–June 2008|title= Rudrasagar – a potential IBA in Tripura in north-east India.|journal= Mistnet|volume= 9|issue= 2|pages= 4–5|publisher= Indian Bird Conservation Network|url= http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2008-Mistnet-Apr_June.pdf|access-date= 6 April 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160318/http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2008-Mistnet-Apr_June.pdf|archive-date= 2 February 2014}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{See also|List of districts of Tripura}}[[File:1487239146-tripura-assembly-fb.jpg|thumb|left|Tripura Assembly]]
[[File:Tripura-district-map.svg|thumb|right|200px|Tripura district map]]
In January 2012, major changes were implemented in the administrative divisions of Tripura. There had previously been four districts – [[Dhalai]] (headquarters [[Ambassa]]), [[North Tripura]] (headquarters [[Kailashahar]]), [[South Tripura]] (headquarters [[Udaipur, Tripura]]), and [[West Tripura]] (headquarters [[Agartala]]). Four new districts were carved out of the existing four in January 2012 – [[Khowai district|Khowai]], [[Unakoti district|Unakoti]], [[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]] and [[Gomati district|Gomati]].<ref name="ibnlive divisions">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/876579.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126032522/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/876579.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Four new districts, six subdivisions for Tripura|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=26 October 2011|access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> Six new subdivisions and five new blocks were also added.<ref name="TelegraphIndia">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111027/jsp/northeast/story_14670582.jsp |title=Four new districts for Tripura — plan for six more subdivisions to decentralise administration |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=27 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419053133/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111027/jsp/northeast/story_14670582.jsp |archive-date=19 April 2012 }}</ref> Each is governed by a [[district collector]] or a district magistrate, usually appointed by the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The subdivisions of each district are governed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|sub-divisional magistrate]] and each subdivision is further divided into blocks. The blocks consist of ''[[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]''s (village councils) and town municipalities. As of 2012, the state had eight districts, 23 subdivisions and 58 development blocks.<ref name="tripurainfo">{{cite news | url=http://tripurainfo.com/ATripura/administrative/dist_sbdiv_blocks.html | title=New districts, sub-divisions and blocks for Tripura | work=tripurainfo | date=28 December 2011 | access-date=11 August 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107100456/http://tripurainfo.com/ATripura/administrative/dist_sbdiv_blocks.html | archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> National census and state statistical reports are not available for all the new administrative divisions, as of March 2013. [[Agartala]], the capital of Tripura, is the most populous city. Other major towns with a population of 10,000 or more (as per 2015 census) are [[Sabroom]], [[Dharmanagar]], [[Jogendranagar]], [[Kailashahar]], [[Pratapgarh, Tripura|Pratapgarh]], [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]], [[Amarpur, Tripura|Amarpur]], [[Belonia, India|Belonia]], [[Gandhigram, Tripura|Gandhigram]], [[Kumarghat]], [[Khowai]], [[Ranirbazar]], [[Sonamura]], [[Bishalgarh]], [[Teliamura]], [[Mohanpur, Tripura|Mohanpur]], [[Melaghar]], [[Ambassa]], [[Kamalpur, Tripura|Kamalpur]], [[Bishramganj]], [[Kathaliya]], [[Santirbazar]] and [[Baxanagar]].

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Government of Tripura|Tripura Legislative Assembly}}

{{see also|Political parties in Tripura}}
[[File:Agartala Palace, Tripura.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Facade of a Ujjayanta Palace, used earlier as the state's Legislative Assembly|[[Ujjayanta Palace]], built in the 19th century as a replacement for a former royal palace destroyed in an earthquake, was used until 2011 as the meeting place of Tripura's State Legislative Assembly.]]
Tripura is governed through a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]], a feature it shares with other Indian states. [[Universal suffrage]] is granted to residents. The Tripura government has three branches: executive, legislature and judiciary. The [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] consists of elected members and special office bearers that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in case of Speaker's absence. The Assembly is [[unicameral]] with 60 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref name=60mla>{{cite web| url = http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm| title = Tripura Legislative Assembly| access-date = 21 April 2007| work = Legislative Bodies in India| publisher = National Informatics Centre| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070513185344/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm| archive-date = 13 May 2007}}</ref> The members are elected for a term of five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. The [[judiciary]] is composed of the [[Tripura High Court]] and a system of lower courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tsu.trp.nic.in/highcourt/ |title=About us |publisher=Tripura High Court |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328121134/http://tsu.trp.nic.in/highcourt/ |archive-date=28 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New Chief Justices for Manipur, Meghalaya & Tripura high courts|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-Chief-Justices-for-Manipur-Meghalaya-Tripura-high-courts/articleshow/19163853.cms|access-date=24 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 March 2013|last1=Sharma|first1=K Sarojkumar|last2=Das|first2=Manosh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430042306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-Chief-Justices-for-Manipur-Meghalaya-Tripura-high-courts/articleshow/19163853.cms|archive-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> [[Executive (government)|Executive authority]] is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the [[Chief Minister of Tripura|Chief Minister]]. The Governor, the titular [[head of state]], is appointed by the [[President of India]]. The leader of the party or a coalition of parties with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor. The Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.

[[File:NE_Autonomous_divisions_of_India.svg|thumb|[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]], pictured, encompasses much of the state.]]
Tripura sends two representatives to the [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[lower house]] of the [[parliament of India]]) and one representative to the [[Rajya Sabha]] (parliament's [[upper house]]). In the [[2019 Indian general election in Tripura|2019 Indian general election]], both parliament lower house seats were won by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=mapindiaelectionresult>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/tripura/|title=Tripura General Election Results|work=Maps of India|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329194154/http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/tripura/|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Panchayats'', ([[Local self-government in India|local self-governments]]) elected by local body elections operate in many villages for self-governance. Tripura also has a unique tribal self-governance body, the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]].<ref name="ttadc">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.nic.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/sdadmin15.pdf |title=State and district administration: fifteenth report |publisher=Second Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of India |page=267 |year=2009 |access-date=18 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123171129/http://darpg.nic.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/sdadmin15.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref> This council is responsible for some aspects of local governance in 527 villages with high density of the scheduled tribes.<ref name="ttadc"/><ref name="ttadc self">{{cite web|url=http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/introduction.htm|title=About TTAADC|publisher=Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008102341/http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/introduction.htm|archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>

The main political parties are the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]], the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] and [[Indian National Congress]] along with regional parties like the [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]] and [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra|INPT]]. Until 1977, the state was governed by the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Bhattacharyya1986">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Banikantha|title=Tripura administration: the era of modernisation, 1870–1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmgrZgspJbIC|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|asin=B0006ENGHO|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424201343/https://books.google.com/books?id=WmgrZgspJbIC|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|255–66}} The Left Front was in power from 1978 to 1988, and then again from 1993 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/manik-sarkarled-cpim-wins-tripura-assembly-elections-for-the-fourth-straight-time/375648-3-224.html|title=Manik Sarkar-led CPI(M) wins Tripura Assembly elections for the fifth straight time|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=28 February 2013|access-date=28 March 2013|quote=The Left Front has been in power since 1978, barring one term during 1988 to 1993.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302213708/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/manik-sarkarled-cpim-wins-tripura-assembly-elections-for-the-fourth-straight-time/375648-3-224.html|archive-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> In 1988–93, the Congress and [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]] were in a ruling coalition.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tripura-terror-outfit-suffers-vertical-split/articleshow/7155989.cms| title= Tripura terror outfit suffers vertical split| last= Paul| first= Manas| date= 24 December 2010| access-date= 28 March 2013| quote= ATTF was an off shoot of All Tripura Tribal Force formed during the Congress-TUJS coalition government-1988-1993 in Tripura| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130503001415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-24/india/28246658_1_attf-tiger-force-coup| archive-date= 3 May 2013| url-status= live| newspaper= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In the [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]], the Left Front won 50 out of 60 seats in the Assembly.<ref name=result2013>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/assembly-elections/news/-cpi(m)-win-in-tripura-reflects-reemergence-of-left-parties-/1081250|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411044332/http://www.indianexpress.com/assembly-elections/news/-cpi(m)-win-in-tripura-reflects-reemergence-of-left-parties-/1081250|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=CPI(M) win in Tripura reflects re-emergence of Left Parties|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 February 2013|access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> The [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018 assembly election]] resulted in loss for the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]]; the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won an overall majority in the state, resulting in the end of the Communist Party's uninterrupted twenty-five year rule.<ref name="hindu2018election">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/bjp-stuns-left-in-tripura/article22921787.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|title=BJP stuns Left in Tripura|last=Karmakar|first=Rahul|date=4 March 2018|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055356/http://www.thehindu.com/elections/bjp-stuns-left-in-tripura/article22921787.ece|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[BJP]] won 44 out of 60 seats in the Assembly by coalition with the [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]]. The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] only got 16 seats and [[Indian National Congress]] lost by huge margins in all constituencies.

The [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023 assembly election]] resulted in re-election of the BJP government,which won 33 out of 60 seats in the Assembly by coalition with the [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]]. The TMP emerged as the second largest party and the Left Front won just 11 seats and was pushed to third place.

Communism in the state had its beginnings in the pre-independence era, inspired by freedom struggle activities in [[Bengal]], and culminating in regional parties with communist leanings.<ref name="Chadha2005">{{cite book|last=Chadha|first=Vivek|title=Low intensity conflicts in India: an analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC&pg=PA362|year=2005|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-3325-0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428022258/https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC&pg=PA362|archive-date=28 April 2016}}</ref>{{rp|362}} It capitalised on the tribal dissatisfaction with the mainstream rulers,<ref name="Chadha2005"/>{{rp|362}} and has been noted for connection with the "sub-national or ethnic searches for identity".<ref name="Mitra2004">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Harihar|editor=Mitra, Subrata Kumar|title=Political Parties in South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA88|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96832-8|pages=88–9|chapter=Communist party of India (Marxist): from rebellion to governance|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512180355/https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA88|archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, there has been an ongoing [[Tripuri nationalism|irredentist]] [[Tripura rebellion]], involving militant outfits such as the [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] and the [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (ATTF); [[terrorism in India|terrorist]] incidents involving the ATTF claimed a recorded number of 389 victims in the seven-year period from 1993 to 2000.<ref>"Secessionist Movements of Tripura" in Prakash, ''Terrorism in India's North-east'' vol. 1, 2008, [books.google.ch/books?id=Sb1ryB8CVvIC&pg=PA955 955ff.]</ref> The [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]] (AFSPA) was first enforced in Tripura on 16 February 1997 when terrorism was at its peak in the state. The Act, as per its provisions, was subsequently reviewed and extended every six months. However, in view of the improvement in the situation and fewer terrorist activities being reported, the Tripura government in June 2013 reduced operational areas of the AFSPA to 30 police station areas. The last six-month extension to AFSPA was approved in November 2014, and after about 18 years of operation, it was repealed on 29 May 2015.<ref name="hindu2018election"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/afspa-removed-in-tripura-after-18-years-heres-why-it-was-enforced-and-why-its-gone-now-2266770.html | title=AFSPA removed in Tripura after 18 years: Here's why it was enforced and why it's gone now | work=Firstpost India | date=29 May 2015 | agency=Firstpost | access-date=20 June 2015 | author=Anshu Lal | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702141647/http://www.firstpost.com/india/afspa-removed-in-tripura-after-18-years-heres-why-it-was-enforced-and-why-its-gone-now-2266770.html | archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>

==Economy==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''{{abbr|GSDP|Gross State Domestic Product}} at Constant Prices (2004–05 base)<ref name="nedfi gsdp"/>'''
figures in [[crore]]s [[Indian rupee]]
|-
! Year || {{abbr|GSDP|Gross State Domestic Product}}
|-
| 2004–05 ||   8,904
|-
| 2005–06 ||   9,482
|-
| 2006–07 || 10,202
|-
| 2007–08 || 10,988
|-
| 2008–09 || 11,596
|-
| 2009–10 || 12,248
|-
| 2010–11 || 12,947
|}
Tripura's gross state domestic product for 2022–23 was {{INRConvert|640|b}} at constant price (2022–23),<ref name="nedfi gsdp">{{cite web|url=http://databank.nedfi.com/content/gross-state-domestic-product-tripura|title=Gross state domestic product of Tripura|publisher=North Eastern Development Finance Corporation|access-date=3 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423034247/http://databank.nedfi.com/content/gross-state-domestic-product-tripura|archive-date=23 April 2012}}{{subscription required}}</ref> recording 10.38% growth over the previous year. In the same period, the GDP of India was {{INRConvert|277520|b}}, with a growth rate of 8.55%.<ref name="nedfi gsdp"/> Annual per capita income at current price of the state was {{INRConvert|157752|nolink=yes}}, compared to the national per capita income {{INRConvert|197280|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="ecorev 2010 9">{{cite web|url=http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2022–23|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=4 April 2012|page=9|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513052757/http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> In 2009, the [[tertiary sector of the economy]] (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 53.98 per cent of the state's economy compared to 23.07 per cent from the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector]] (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 22.95 per cent from the [[Secondary sector of the economy|secondary sector]] (industrial and manufacturing).<ref name="ecorev 2010 9"/> According to the Economic Census of 2005, after agriculture, the maximum number of workers were engaged in retail trade (28.21% of total non-agricultural workforce), followed by manufacturing (18.60%), public administration (14.54%), and education (14.40%).<ref name="ecorev 2011 77-82">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=77–82|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref>

Tripura is an agrarian state with more than half of the population dependent on agriculture and allied activities.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=8–10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> However, due to hilly terrain and forest cover, only 27% of the land is available for cultivation.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/> Rice, the major crop of the state, is cultivated in 91% of the cropped area.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/> According to the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Tripura, in 2009–10, potato, [[sugarcane]], [[Roselle (plant)|mesta]], [[pulse]]s and [[jute]] were the other major crops cultivated in the state.<ref name="glance 2010 agri">{{cite web|url=http://destripura.nic.in/tripuraGlance2010.pdf|title=Tripura at a glance – 2010|at=Section: Agriculture 2009–10|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=4 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021105116/http://destripura.nic.in/tripuraGlance2010.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> [[Jackfruit]] and pineapple top the list of horticultural products.<ref name="glance 2010 agri"/> Traditionally, most of the indigenous population practised ''[[Jhum cultivation|jhum]]'' method (a type of [[slash-and-burn]]) of cultivation. The number of people dependent on ''jhum'' has declined over the years.<ref name="hdrchap2">{{cite book
|title = Tripura human development Report 2007
|chapter-url = http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf
|access-date = 19 April 2012
|publisher = Government of Tripura
|chapter = The economy
|year = 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120425/http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf
|archive-date = 2 May 2013
}}</ref>{{rp|37–9}}

[[File:Tripurarice (44).JPG|thumb|left|alt=Green paddy field with a few huts at a distance|Rice is the major crop in Tripura and accounts for 91 per cent of the land under cultivation.]]
[[Fish farming]] has made significant advances in the state. At the end of 2009–10, the state produced a surplus of 104.3 million [[Juvenile fish|fish seeds]], primarily [[Catla|carp]].<ref name="ecorev 2011 133-138">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=133–8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Rubber and tea are the important cash crops of the state. Tripura ranks second to Kerala in the production of natural rubber in the country.<ref name="ecorev 2011 14-16">{{cite web|url=http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=14–6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513052757/http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> The state is known for its [[handicraft]], particularly hand-woven cotton fabric, wood carvings, and bamboo products. High quality timber including [[Sal tree|sal]], [[Dipterocarpus|garjan]], [[teak]] and [[Gmelina arborea|gamar]] are found abundantly in the forests of Tripura. Tata Trusts signed a pact with Government of Tripura in July 2015 to improve fisheries and dairy production in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/31726/tripura-gets-tata-backed-development-programs-tata-trust-signs-mou-with-tripura-govt-towards-sustainable-development.html |title=Tata Trust signs MoU with Tripura Govt. for sustainable development |publisher=Tripura Infoway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711024952/http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/31726/tripura-gets-tata-backed-development-programs-tata-trust-signs-mou-with-tripura-govt-towards-sustainable-development.html |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFFF31; text-align:center;" | '''Per Capita Income with 2004–05 Base'''
|-
! Year !! Tripura
|-
| 2004–05 || 24,394
|-
| 2005–06 || 26,668
|-
| 2006–07 || 29,081
|-
| 2007–08 || 31,111
|-
| 2008–09 || 33,350
|-
| 2010–11 || 33,493
|-
|2011–12
|47,079
|-
|2012–13
|52,434
|-
|2013–14
|61,570
|-
|2014–15
|69,474
|-
|2015–16
|83,680
|-
|2016–17
|90,827
|-
|2017–18
|100,477
|-
|2018–19
|113,102
|-
|2019–20
|139,512
|-
|2020–21
|147,501
|}
The industrial sector of the state continues to be highly underdeveloped – [[Brick#Methods of manufacture|brickfields]] and tea industry are the only two organised sectors.<ref name="ecorev 2011 77-82"/> Tripura has considerable reservoirs of natural gas.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|78–81}} According to estimates by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC), the state has 400 billion metres3 reserves of natural gas, with 16 billion metres3 is recoverable.<ref name="ecorev 2011 14-16"/> ONGC produced 480 million metres3 natural gas in the state, in 2006–07.<ref name="ecorev 2011 14-16"/> In 2011 and 2013, new large discoveries of natural gas were announced by ONGC.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2013/03/22/ONGC-makes-three-oil-gas-discoveries/UPI-51311363951261/ ONGC makes three oil, gas discoveries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120929/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2013/03/22/ONGC-makes-three-oil-gas-discoveries/UPI-51311363951261/ |date=2 April 2015 }} UPI (March 2013)</ref> Tourism industry in the state is growing – the revenue earned in tourism sector crossed {{INRConvert|10|m}} for the first time in 2009–10, and surpassed {{INRConvert|15|m}} in 2010–11.<ref name="ecorev 2011 228-230">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=228–30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Although Bangladesh is in a [[trade deficit]] with India, its export to Tripura is significantly more than import from the state; a report in the newspaper ''The Hindu'' estimated Bangladesh exported commodities valued at about {{INRConvert|3.5|b}} to the state in 2012, as opposed to "very small quantity" of import.<ref name="hindu 5 march 2013"/> Alongside legal international trade, unofficial and informal cross-border trade is rampant.<ref name="bus standard feb 2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tripura-bangladesh-border-fencing-to-boost-trade-111020900013_1.html |title=Tripura-Bangladesh border fencing to boost trade |last=Dey |first=Supratim |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202180102/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tripura-bangladesh-border-fencing-to-boost-trade-111020900013_1.html |archive-date=2 February 2014 }}</ref> In a research paper published by the [[Institute of Developing Economies]] in 2004, the dependence of Tripura's economy on that of Bangladesh was emphasised.<ref name="ide 2004 tripura">{{cite web|title=Sub-regional relations in the eastern South Asia: with special focus on India's North Eastern region|url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_11.pdf|last=Saha|first=Arunadoy|access-date=9 May 2013|editor1-last=Murayama|editor1-first=Mayumi|editor2-last=Inoue|editor2-first=Kyoko|editor3-last=Hazarika|editor3-first=Sanjoy|year=2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120132512/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_11.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>{{rp|313}}

The economy of Tripura can be characterised by the high rate of poverty, low capital formation, inadequate infrastructure facilities, geographical isolation and communication bottlenecks, inadequate exploration and use of forest and mineral resources, slow industrialisation and high unemployment. More than 50% of the population depends on agriculture for sustaining their livelihood.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tripurainfo.com/info/ | title=tripurainfo | access-date=20 June 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619002557/http://www.tripurainfo.com/Info/ | archive-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> However agriculture and allied activities contribution to Gross State Domestic Production (GSDP) is only 23%, this is primarily because of low capital base in the sector. Despite the inherent limitation and constraints coupled with severe resource shortages for investing in basic infrastructure, this has brought consistent progress in the quality of life and income of people across all sections of society. The state government through its Tripura Industrial Policy and Tripura Industrial Incentives Scheme, 2012, has offered heavy subsidies in capital investment and transport, preferences in government procurement, waivers in tender processes and fees, yet the impact has not been much significant beyond a few industries being set up in the [[Bodhjungnagar Industrial Growth Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tidc.in/G_introduction.html|title=Industrial Growth Centers|publisher=Tripura Industrial Development Corporation Limited, Government of Tripura|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101061459/http://www.tidc.in/G_introduction.html|archive-date=1 January 2014|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>

The [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] estimates the poverty rate of all North East Indian states by using headcount ratio of Assam (the second largest state in North East India after Arunachal Pradesh). According to 2001 Planning Commission assessment, 22 per cent of Tripura's rural residents were below the poverty line. However, the Tripura government's independent assessment, based on consumption distribution data, reported that, in 2001, 55 per cent of the rural population was below the poverty line.<ref name="ecorev 2011 77-82"/> Geographic isolation and communication bottlenecks coupled with insufficient infrastructure have restricted economic growth of the state.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/> High rate of poverty and unemployment continues to be prevalent.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/>

== Transport==
===Air===
[[File:Mbb airport.jpg|thumb|[[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]]]]
[[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]], located 12 km northwest of Agartala at Singerbhil, is the second busiest airport in northeast India after Guwahati. There are direct flights to [[Kolkata]], [[Imphal]], [[Delhi]], [[Shillong]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bangalore]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Aizawl]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]]. The major airlines are [[FlyBig|flybig]], [[Air India]], [[Akasa Air]], [[Spicejet]] and [[IndiGo]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=Tripura seeks help from Centre after SpiceJet announces suspension of operation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-seeks-help-from-centre-after-spicejet-announces-suspension-of-operation/article24412293.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 July 2018 |language=en-IN |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021025434/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-seeks-help-from-centre-after-spicejet-announces-suspension-of-operation/article24412293.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Passenger helicopter services are available between the capital and major towns (Kailashahar, Dharmanagar) as well as to more remote areas such as Kanchanpur, Belonia and Gandacherra.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/>

===Railway===
[[File:AGARTALA MAIN STATION.jpg|thumb|[[Agartala Railway Station]]]]
Agartala was connected to India's railway network with the advent of the railways in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] in 1853 but the link was broken when India was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] in 1947. Railway services were established in Tripura in 1964 by constructing {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} track from [[Lumding]] in Assam to [[Dharmanagar]] and [[Kailasahar]] in Tripura but the track did not reach Agartala. Rail transport was absent in the state until 2008–09 when the railway track was extended to the capital Agartala.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> The metre gauge rail track was connected to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] at Lumding. The major railway stations in this line are in Agartala, [[Dharmanagar]], and [[Kumarghat]]. This metre gauge track was converted to {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge in 2016 and now trains run from Agartala to [[Kolkata]] and [[Delhi]]. The total length of this railway track in Tripura state is 153 km. It is a single line without electrification. The Agartala sabroom line was coupled and became fully operational from 2019.

A new railway line is being laid westwards from [[Agartala]] to [[Akhaura]] in [[Bangladesh]]. This will reduce the distance between [[Agartala]] and [[Kolkata]] by over 1000 km and provide rail access to the [[Port of Chittagong]].

Some major Express trains that operate from [[Agartala]] are –
[[Agartala–Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express|Agartala – Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express]]

* [[KSR Bengaluru –Agartala Humsafar Express|Agartala – KSR Bengaluru Humsafar Express]]
* [[Tripura Sundari Express|Agartala – Firozpur Cantonment Tripura Sundari Express]]
* [[Sealdah–Agartala Kanchanjunga Express|Agartala – Sealdah Kanchanjunga Express]]
* [[Deoghar–Agartala Weekly Express|Agartala – Deoghar Weekly Express]]
* Agartala – Rani Kamlapati(Bhopal) Weekly Express
* Agartala – Secunderabad Superfast Special
* Agartala – Jiribam Janshatabdi Express

===Road===
[[File:IBC Post.jpeg|thumb|The border post between Bangladesh and India in [[Akhaura]]]]
Only one major road, the [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]] (NH-8), connects Tripura to the rest of India.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=195–201|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Starting at [[Sabroom]] in southern Tripura, it heads north to the capital Agartala, turns east and then north-east to enter the state of Assam. Locally known as "Assam Road", the NH-8 is often called the lifeline of Tripura.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> However, the highway is single lane and of poor quality; often landslides, rains or other disruptions on the highway cut the state off from its neighbours.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73}}<ref name="hdrchap2"/>{{rp|8}} Another National Highway, [[National Highway 8A (India)|NH 108]], connects the town of Panisagar in northern Tripura with [[Aizawl]], Mizoram.<ref name="highway list"/> The [[Tripura Road Transport Corporation]] is the government agency overlooking public transport on road. A hilly and land-locked state, Tripura is dependent mostly on roads for transport.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> The total length of roads in the state is {{convert|16931|km|mi|abbr=on}} of which national highways constitute {{convert|88|km|mi|abbr=on}} and state highways {{convert|689|km|mi|abbr=on}}, as of 2009–10.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> Residents in rural areas frequently use waterways as a mode of transport.<ref name="Bareh2001"/>{{rp|140}}

Tripura has an {{convert|856|km|mi|abbr=on}} long international border with Bangladesh, of which {{convert|777.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} is fenced, as of 2012.<ref name="mha border">{{cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/India/document/papers/BM_MAN-IN-BANG-270813.pdf|title=Management of Indo-Bangladesh border|pages=1–2|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116192934/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/India/document/papers/BM_MAN-IN-BANG-270813.pdf|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Several locations along the border serve as bilateral trading points between India and Bangladesh, such as Akhaura near Agartala, Raghna, Srimantpur, Belonia, Khowai and Kailasahar.<ref name="hindu 5 march 2013">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-violence-hits-border-trade-in-tripura/article4478949.ece| title=Bangladesh violence hits border trade in Tripura| newspaper=The Hindu| last=Ali| first=Syed Sajjad| date=5 March 2013| access-date=7 May 2013| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511032205/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-violence-hits-border-trade-in-tripura/article4478949.ece| archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> A [[Transport between India and Bangladesh|bus service]] exists between Agartala and [[Dhaka]], the capital of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://tripuratourism.nic.in/Bus.htm| title= How to reach Tripura by international bus service| publisher= Tripura Tourism Development Corporation, Government of Tripura| access-date= 7 May 2013| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130709235623/http://tripuratourism.nic.in/Bus.htm| archive-date= 9 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="toi 2003 bus">{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-09/india/27172877_1_bus-service-bangladesh-road-transport-corporation-visa-applications| title= Dhaka-Agartala bus service agreement signed| last= Paul| first= Manas| date= 9 September 2003| access-date= 7 May 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-09/india/27172877_1_bus-service-bangladesh-road-transport-corporation-visa-applications| archive-date= 3 December 2013| url-status= dead| newspaper= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2013, the two countries signed an agreement to establish a {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} railway link between Agartala and [[Akhaura Upazila#Railways and transportation|the Akhaura junction]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="et nov 2013">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-26/news/44487253_1_bangladesh-delegation-rail-link-chittagong-port |title=Progress of Akhaura-Agartala rail link to be reviewed on December 4 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 November 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130054700/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-26/news/44487253_1_bangladesh-delegation-rail-link-chittagong-port |archive-date=30 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Citizens of both countries need [[visa (document)|visa]] to legally enter the other country; however, illegal movement and smuggling across the border are widespread.<ref name="ide 2004 tripura"/>{{rp|314}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-29/india/27846695_1_phensedyl-cough-syrup-bangladesh-rifles|title=Drug smuggling rampant on Tripura-Bangla border|last=Soondas|first=Anand|date=29 April 2005|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-29/india/27846695_1_phensedyl-cough-syrup-bangladesh-rifles|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Media and communication==
[[Doordarshan]] (DD) has a television station in Agartala. Other full-time based channels are Headlines Tripura,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.headlinestripura.net |title=Tripura Homepage |website=Headlinestripura.net|access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129235205/http://headlinestripura.net/ |archive-date=29 January 2014 }}</ref> Kok Tripura, News Vanguard, PB 24, Prime Television Network, Chini Khorang, Swrangchati News and many more.

As of 2014, 56 daily and weekly newspapers are published in Tripura.<ref name="tripura papers">{{cite web|url=http://tripuraica.in/List_News.htm|title=List of newspapers categorized by the state Government as per advertisement guidelines – 2009|date=13 June 2012|access-date=10 August 2012|publisher=Department of Information, Cultural Affairs and Tourism, Government of Tripura|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319063744/http://www.tripuraica.in/List_News.htm|archive-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> Most of the newspapers are published in Bengali, except for one Kokborok daily (''[[Hachukni Kok]]''), one Manipuri weekly (''[[Marup (newspaper)|Marup]]''), two English dailies and three bilingual weeklies.<ref name="tripura papers"/> Notable dailies include ''[[Ajkal Tripura]]'', ''[[Daily Desher Katha]]'', ''[[Dainik Sambad]]'' and ''[[Syandan Patrika]]''.<ref name="tripura papers"/> In a study by [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] in 2009, 93% of the sampled in Tripura rated television as very effective for information and mass education.<ref name="iimc sample">{{cite web|url=http://www.iimc.nic.in/Ex-summary-Media-penetration.pdf|title=Impact and penetration of mass media in North East and J and K regions|publisher=Indian Institute of Mass Communication|date=March 2009|access-date=10 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105080733/http://www.iimc.nic.in/Ex-summary-Media-penetration.pdf|archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> In the study, 67% of the sampled listened to radio and 80–90% read newspaper.<ref name="iimc sample"/> Most of the major Indian telecommunication companies are present in the state, such as [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Vodafone Idea Ltd|Vi]], [[Jio]] and [[BSNL]]. Mobile connections outnumber landline connections by a wide margin. As of 2011, the state-controlled BSNL has 57,897 landline subscribers and {{formatnum:325279}} GSM mobile service connections.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> There are 84 telephone exchanges (for landlines) and 716 post offices in the state, as of 2011.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/>

===Electricity===
Till 2014, Tripura was a power deficit state. In late 2014, Tripura reached surplus electricity production capacity by using its recently discovered [[natural gas]] resources, and installing high efficiency gas turbine power plants. The state has many power-generating stations. These are owned by Tripura State Electricity Corporation (TSECL), natural gas-powered [[thermal power station]]s at Rokhia and Baramura, and the [[ONGC Tripura Power Company]] in Palatana.<ref name="indexp palatala">{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/president-inaugurates-ongc-tripura-power-plant/1132373/| title= President inaugurates ONGC Tripura power plant| date= 22 June 2013| access-date= 22 July 2013| last= Iqbal| first= Naveed| newspaper= The Indian Express| archive-date= 21 October 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211021025432/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/president-inaugurates-ongc-tripura-power-plant/| url-status= live}}</ref> The ONGC plant has a capacity of 726.6 MW, with the second plant's commissioning in November 2014.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-palatana-power-project-tripura-northeast-visit-centre-projects-229379-2014-12-01 PM Modi inaugurates second unit of Palatana power project in Tripura] India Today</ref><ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-17/news/56175010_1_tripura-power-palatana-gas-turbine-generator BHEL commissions second gas-based power plant in Tripura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218033906/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-17/news/56175010_1_tripura-power-palatana-gas-turbine-generator |date=18 December 2014 }} BHEL, The Economic Times (November 2014)</ref> It is the largest individual power plant in the northeast region.<ref>[http://www.otpcindia.in ONGC Tripura Power Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209124400/http://www.otpcindia.in/ |date=9 February 2014 }} (2014)</ref>

The state also has a [[Hydroelectricity|hydro power]] station on the Gumti River. The combined power generation from these three stations is 100–105 [[Megawatt|MW]].<ref name="ecorev 2011 190-192">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=190–2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> The [[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|North Eastern Electric Power Corporation]] (NEEPCO) operates the 84 MW Agartala Gas Turbine Power Plant near Agartala.<ref name="ecorev 2011 190-192"/> As of November 2014, another thermal power plant is being built at Monarchak.<ref name="et neepco">{{cite news|url= http://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/bhel-commissions-363-mw-power-project-in-tripura-114111900352_1.html|title= Commissioning of Monarchak power project uncertain: NEEPCO|date= 18 November 2014|access-date= 1 December 2014|newspaper= Business Standard|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204213517/http://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/bhel-commissions-363-mw-power-project-in-tripura-114111900352_1.html|archive-date= 4 December 2014|url-status= live}}</ref>

With the newly added power generation capacity, Tripura has with enough capacity to supply all seven sister states of northeast India, as well export power to neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh.<ref>[https://archive.today/20141201214035/http://www.morungexpress.com/regional/125334.html PM dedicates power plant in Tripura] The Morung Express (1 December 2014)</ref> With recent discoveries, the state has abundant natural gas reserves to support many more power generation plants, but lacks pipeline and transport infrastructure to deliver the fuel or electricity to India's national grid.

===Irrigation and fertilizers===
As of 2011, {{convert|255241|ha|sqmi|0|lk=in}} of land in Tripura cultivable, of which {{convert|108646|ha|sqmi|0}} has the potential to be covered by irrigation projects. However, only {{convert|74796|ha|sqmi|0}} is irrigated.<ref name="ecorev 2011 193-195">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=16 October 2012|pages=193–5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> The state lacks major irrigation projects; it depends on medium-sized projects sourced from Gumti, Khowai (at Chakmaghat) and Manu rivers, and minor projects administered by village-level governing bodies that utilise [[tube well]]s, water pumps, tanks and [[lift irrigation]].<ref name="ecorev 2011 193-195"/>

ONGC and Chambal Fertilizers & Chemicals are jointly building a fertiliser plant to leverage ONGC's natural gas discoveries in Tripura.<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-15/news/50598134_1_khobal-ongc-monarchak Urea plant to become operational in Tripura in 3 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221071910/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-15/news/50598134_1_khobal-ongc-monarchak |date=21 December 2014 }} The Economic Times (June 2014)</ref> Expected to be in operation by 2017, the 1.3 million tonnes per year plant will supply the northeastern states.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ongc-sets-sight-on-bangladesh-for-fertiliser-sale-from-tripura-113060800454_1.html ONGC sets sight on Bangladesh for fertiliser sale from Tripura] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812005139/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ongc-sets-sight-on-bangladesh-for-fertiliser-sale-from-tripura-113060800454_1.html |date=12 August 2014 }} Business Standard (June 2014)</ref>

===Drinking water===
Drinking Water and Sanitation (DWS) wing] of Public Works Department manages the [[drinking water]] supply in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dwstripura.in |url=http://www.dwstripura.in/dws/Index.aspx |website=www.dwstripura.in |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172416/http://www.dwstripura.in/dws/Index.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Schools and Anganwadi Centers have been specifically targeted to improve drinking water supply as well as attendance to these institutions. Many areas of Tripura have the problem of excessive iron content in groundwater requiring the installation of Iron Removal Plants (IRP). Tripura State has received the best State Award for Water & Sanitation under the category of Small States in the IBN7 Diamond State Award function for doing commendable work to provide drinking water supply to the people with the sparsely distributed tribal population in hamlets of hilly regions of the State. However, a study by the DWS Department found a depleting water table and excessive contamination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/tripura-land-water-no-more |title=Land of water, no more |publisher=India Water Portal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214094604/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/tripura-land-water-no-more |archive-date=14 February 2014 }}</ref> Still, packaged drinking water under brands "Tribeni", "Eco Freshh", "Blue Fina", "Life Drop" and "Aqua Zoom" among others is manufactured and sold in the state. Filters of many types and brands, in addition to locally manufactured ceramic type filters, are sold in the state although their acceptance in rural areas is less.

==Education==
{{main|Education in Tripura}}

{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Tripura}}
[[File:Tripura-school294.jpg|thumb|right|Classrooms built of [[bamboo]] in a school. In 2010–11, Tripura had 4,455 schools run by the state government or private organisations.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=232–3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Instruction is mainly in English or [[Bengali language|Bengali]].|alt=Classrooms made of bamboo in a school]]

As per [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], the literacy rate of Tripura was 87.75 per cent, the fourth-highest in India (which had a national literacy rate of 74.04 per cent).<ref name="litrate">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Tripura-beats-Kerala-in-literacy/articleshow/22416019.cms|title=Tripura beats Kerala in literacy|date=8 September 2013|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Tripura-beats-Kerala-in-literacy/articleshow/22416019.cms|archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref> A state government survey in 2013 announced that Tripura has the highest literacy rate in India at 94.65 per cent.<ref name="litrate"/> Schools in Tripura are run by the state government, TTAADC or private organisations, which include religious institutions. Instruction in schools is mainly in Bengali or English, though [[Kokborok]] and other regional languages are also used. Some of the special schools include [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]], residential schools run by Tripura Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society (TTWREIS),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twdtripura.in/TTWREIS.htm/ |title=Tripura Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society (TTWREIS) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822143140/http://twdtripura.in/TTWREIS.htm |archive-date=22 August 2015 }}</ref> missionary organisations like St. Paul's,
St. Arnold's, Holy Cross, Don Bosco, and St. John's. The schools are affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE), the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS) or the [[Tripura Board of Secondary Education]].<ref name="goi mhrd boards">{{cite web|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/recognized_boards |title=Boards of secondary & senior secondary education in India |publisher=Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320234548/http://mhrd.gov.in/recognized_boards |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref> Under the [[Education in India#10+2+3 pattern|10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]] or in a higher secondary school affiliated either to the Tripura Board of Secondary Education or to other central boards. Students choose from one of the three streams—[[liberal arts]], commerce or science.<ref name="goi mhrd boards"/> As in the rest of India,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Y.K.|last2=Nath|first2=R.|title=History of Indian education system|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT5_MYv_rbkC&pg=PA83|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-932-4|pages=174–5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501130534/http://books.google.com/books?id=OT5_MYv_rbkC&pg=PA83|archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> after passing the [[Higher Secondary Examination]] (the grade 12 examination), students may enroll in general degree programs such as [[bachelor's degree]] in arts, commerce or science, or professional degree programs such as engineering, law or medicine.

According to the Economic Review of Tripura 2010–11, Tripura has a total of 4,455 schools, of which 2,298 are primary schools.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33"/> The total enrolment in all schools of the state is 767,672.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33"/> Tripura has one [[Central University, India|Central University]] ([[Tripura University]]), one State University ([[Maharaja Bir Bikram College|M. B. B. University]]) and one private university (a branch of the [[Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India]]). There are 15 general colleges, three engineering colleges ([[Tripura Institute of Technology]], [[National Institute of Technology, Agartala]] and [http://agartala.nielit.gov.in/ NIEILT, Agartala]), two medical colleges ([[Agartala Government Medical College]] and [[Tripura Medical College]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agmc.gov.in |title=Agartala Government Medical College website |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704040013/http://www.agmc.gov.in/ |archive-date=4 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tmc.nic.in/ |title=Tripura Medical College and Hospital website |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505045352/http://www.tmc.nic.in/ |archive-date=5 May 2013 }}</ref> three nursing or paramedical colleges, three polytechnic colleges, one law college, one [http://www.sdmgovtmusiccollege.in/home/ Government Music College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701075402/http://www.sdmgovtmusiccollege.in/home/ |date=1 July 2015 }}, one [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502025825/http://cofcau.nic.in/welcome.html College of Fisheries], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150701002129/http://www.iasetripura.in/IASE/Index.aspx/ Institute of Advance Studies in Education], one [http://yas.tripura.gov.in/rcpe-panisagar/ Regional College of Physical Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905031450/http://yas.tripura.gov.in/rcpe-panisagar |date=5 September 2015 }} at Panisagar and one art college.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/professional-degree-colleges/ |title=List of Professional Colleges in Tripura |publisher=Tripura University |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701033837/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/professional-degree-colleges/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
{{main|Healthcare in Tripura}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''Health indices as of 2010'''<ref name="eco rev p 251">{{cite web |title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11 |url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 |access-date=20 April 2012 |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura |page=251}} These data are based on [[Sample Registration System]] of Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.</ref>
|-
! Indicator !! Tripura !! India
|-
|[[Birth rate]] || 14.9 || 22.1
|-
|[[Death rate]] || 5.0 || 7.2
|-
| [[Infant mortality rate]]|| 27|| 47
|-
| [[Total fertility rate]] || 2.2 || 2.7
|-
| [[Rate of natural increase|Natural growth rate]]||9.9 || 14.9
|}

Healthcare in Tripura features a [[universal health care]] system run by the [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (Tripura)|Ministry of Health & Family Welfare]] of the [[Government of Tripura]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/portal/aboutTripura/health%20care.aspx|title=Health care centres of Tripura|publisher=Government of Tripura|access-date=31 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117014941/http://tripura.nic.in/portal/aboutTripura/health%20care.aspx|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> The health care infrastructure is divided into three tiers – the primary health care network, a secondary care system comprising district and sub-divisional hospitals and tertiary hospitals providing speciality and super speciality care. As of 2010–11, there are 17 hospitals, 11 rural hospitals and community health centres, 79 primary health centres, 635 sub-centres/dispensaries, 7 blood banks and 7 blood storage centres in the state.<ref name="ecorev 2011 254-5">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=254–5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> [[Homeopathy|Homeopathic]] and [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] styles of medicine are also popular in the state.<ref name="ecorev 2011 254-5"/> The National Family Health Survey – 3 conducted in 2005–06 revealed that 20% of the residents of Tripura do not generally use government health facilities, and prefers the private medical sector.<ref name="nfhs3 438">{{cite web|url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/FRIND3-Vol1AndVol2.pdf|author=International Institute for Population Sciences and Macro International|title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS – 3), 2005–06|date=September 2007|access-date=5 October 2012|publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|page=438|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208112913/http://measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/FRIND3-Vol1AndVol2.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> This is overwhelmingly less than the national level, where 65.6% do not rely on government facilities.<ref name="nfhs3 438"/> As in the rest of India, Tripura residents also cite poor quality of care as the most frequent reason for non-reliance over the public health sector. Other reasons include distance of the public sector facilities, long waiting time, and inconvenient hours of operation.<ref name="nfhs3 438"/> As of 2010, the state's performance in major public health care indices, such as birth rate, infant mortality rate and total fertility rate is better than the national average.<ref name="eco rev p 251"/> The state is vulnerable to epidemics of [[malaria]], [[diarrhoea]], [[Japanese encephalitis]] and [[meningitis]]. In summer 2014 the state witnessed a major malaria outbreak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/malaria-deaths-put-tripura-on-alert/article6109984.ece|title=Malaria deaths put Tripura on high alert|work=The Hindu|date=13 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706005859/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/malaria-deaths-put-tripura-on-alert/article6109984.ece|archive-date=6 July 2014|last1=Ali|first1=Syed Sajjad}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{Historical populations
| 1871 | 65,334
| 1881 | 95,637
| 1891 | 137,442
| 1901 | 173,325
| 1911 | 229,613
| 1921 | 304,437
| 1931 | 382,450
| 1941 | 513,010
| 1951 | 639,029
| 1961 | 1,142,005
| 1971 | 1,556,342
| 1981 | 2,053,058
| 1991 | 2,757,205
| 2001 | 3,199,203
| 2011 | 3,673,917
|source=Census of India<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=18 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripura.org.in/pophistory.htm |title=Population history of Tripura |website=Tripura.org.in |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111213028/http://www.tripura.org.in/pophistory.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A – 2 DECADAL VARIATION IN POPULATION SINCE 1901 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43333/download/47002/00%20A%202-India.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher= |access-date=1 August 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054818/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43333/download/47002/00%20A%202-India.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Tripura ranks second to Assam as the most populous state in [[Northeast India|North East India]]. According to the provisional results of [[2011 census of India]], Tripura has a population of 3,671,032 with 1,871,867 males and 1,799,165 females.<ref name="prov pop paper 2">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/tripura/paper%202-Data%20Sheet.pdf|title=Provisional population totals paper 2 of 2011: Tripura|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=20 April 2012|archive-date=13 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113190329/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/tripura/paper%202-Data%20Sheet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It constitutes 0.3% of India's population. The sex ratio of the state is 961 females per thousand males,<ref name="prov pop paper 2"/> higher than the national ratio 940. The population density is 350 persons per square kilometre.<ref name="pop glance pap 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tripura.html |title=Provisional population totals at a glance figure : 2011 – Tripura |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021520/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tripura.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 }}</ref> The literacy rate of Tripura in 2011 was 87.75%,<ref name="prov pop paper 2"/> above the national average of 74.04%, and third highest among all the states.

Tripura ranked sixth in [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] (HDI) among 35 states and union territories of India, according to the 2006 estimate by India's [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]; the HDI of Tripura was 0.663, better than the all-India HDI of 0.605.<ref name="wcd 2006 hdi">{{cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/publication/GDIGEReport/Part2.pdf|title=HDI and GDI estimates for India and the states/UTs: results and analysis|work=Gendering human development indices: recasting the gender development index and gender empowerment measure for India|publisher=Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India|year=2009|pages=30–2|access-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316160655/http://wcd.nic.in/publication/GDIGEReport/Part2.pdf|archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2011, the police in Tripura recorded 5,803 [[cognisable offence]]s under the [[Indian Penal Code]], a number second only to Assam (66,714) in North East India.<ref name=ncrb2011p246>{{cite web |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2011 |title=Crime in India-2011 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.13.pdf |page=246 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215324/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.13.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The crime rate in the state was 158.1 per 100,000 people, less than the all-India average of 192.2.<ref name=ncrb2011p200>{{cite web |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2011 |title=Crime in India-2011 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.6.pdf |page=200 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192832/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.6.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> However, 2010 reports showed that the state topped all the states for crime against women, with a rate of 46.5 per 100,000 people, significantly more than the national rate of 18.<ref name=ncrb2010p81>{{cite web |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2010 |title=Crime in India-2010 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2010/cii-2010/Chapter%205.pdf |page=81 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419002342/http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2010/cii-2010/Chapter%205.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2013 }}</ref>

===Ethnic groups===
[[File:Tripuri 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] children preparing for a dance performance<ref name="Kumāra2007"/><ref name="st 2001 hl"/>|alt=Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance]]
According to the 2001 census of India, [[Bengalis]] represented almost 65 per cent of Tripura's population while the [[scheduled tribe]] population (including the [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]]) amounted to a little over 30 per cent, with rest belonging to other minorities including [[Hindi]] speakers.<ref name="st 2001 hl">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_tripura.pdf|title=Tripura data highlights: the scheduled tribes|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=20 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303210236/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_tripura.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tripura|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10223/download/13335/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX|website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311145639/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX|archive-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> The state's "[[List of Scheduled Tribes#Tripura|scheduled tribes]]", recognised by the country's constitution, consist of 19 ethnic groups and many sub-groups,<ref name="19 st">{{cite web|url=http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1067.pdf|title=State wise scheduled tribes: Lo Tripura|publisher=[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)|Ministry of Tribal Affairs]], Government of India|access-date=22 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124214944/http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1067.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2011}}</ref> with diverse languages and cultures. In 2001, the largest such group were [[Kokborok]]-speaking [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]], who had a population of 543,848, representing 17.0 per cent of the state's population and 54.7 per cent of the "scheduled tribe" population.<ref name="st 2001 hl" /> The other major groups, in descending order of population, were the [[Reang]] (16.6), [[Jamatia]] (7.5 per cent), [[Chakma people|Chakma]] (6.5 per cent), [[Halam tribe|Halam]] (4.8 per cent), [[Mog people|Mog]] (3.1 per cent), [[Munda people|Munda]] (1.2 per cent), [[Kuki people|Kuki]] (1.2 per cent), [[Garo people|Garo]] (1.1 per cent) and a sizeable [[Meitei people in Tripura|Meitei]] population.<ref name="st 2001 hl" />

There are approximately 35,000–40,000 members of the Bru ([[Reang]]) tribe in the state, who came as refugees from Mizoram after the [[1997 ethnic violence and displacement of Bru-Reang|1997 ethnic violence]].<ref name="eurasia">{{Cite web |last1=South Asian Terrorism Portal |last2=Nayak |first2=Deepak Kumar |date=27 September 2016 |title=India: Brus Still Delayed Homecoming – Analysis |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/27092016-india-brus-still-delayed-homecoming-analysis/ |work=Eurasia Review |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Tripura}}

{{Pie chart
|caption=Languages of Tripura (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tripura|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10223/download/13335/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX|website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311145639/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX|archive-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
|label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1=63.43 |color1=red
|label2=[[Tripuri language|Tripuri]] |value2=25.88 |color2=deepskyblue
|label3=[[Chakma language|Chakma]] |value3=2.29 |color3=yellow
|label4=[[Mogh language|Mogh]] (Marma) |value4=0.97 |color4=green
|label5=[[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri) |value5=0.64 |color5=orange
|label6=[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Halam]] |value6=0.62 |color6=purple
|label7=[[Bishnupriya Manipuri]] |value7=0.60 |color7=lightgreen
|label8=Others |value8=5.53 |color8=maroon
}}
The official languages of the state are [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]] and [[Kokborok language|Kokborok (Tripuri)]].<ref name="nclm 2001 table"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=North East|date=17 June 2021|title=Tripura: TTAADC Initiates Official Use Of Kokborok|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/06/17/tripura-ttaadc-initiates-official-use-of-kokborok/|access-date=15 July 2021|website=Northeast Today|language=en-US|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715223747/https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/06/17/tripura-ttaadc-initiates-official-use-of-kokborok/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali is the most widely spoken language,<ref name="nclm 2001 table"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-nrc-echo-reached-tripura-5411738/|title=How NRC echo reached Tripura|date=22 October 2018|access-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025759/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-nrc-echo-reached-tripura-5411738/|archive-date=8 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Kokborok]] is the most prominent language among the Tripuri people.<ref name="nclm 2001 table"/> Other minority languages such as [[Arakanese language|Mog]], [[Meitei language in Tripura|Manipuri]], [[Falam language|Halam]] (old [[Kukish languages|Kuki]]), [[Garo language|Garo]] and [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bishnupriya language|Bishnupriya]], belonging to Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan families are spoken in the state.<ref name="nclm 2001 table">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|title=Report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], Government of India|year=2011|pages=116–21|access-date=13 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> [[Thadou language|Thadou]], a nearly extinct language, was spoken by only four people in one village as of 2012.<ref name="Saimar hindu">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |title= Just 4 people keep a language alive |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 18 July 2012 |access-date= 7 April 2013 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130103122507/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |archive-date= 3 January 2013}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Religion in Tripura (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date = 25 August 2015}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| color1 = darkorange
| value1 = 83.4
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| color2 = Green
| value2 = 8.6
| label3 = [[Christianity]]
| color3 = Dodgerblue
| value3 = 4.35
| label4 = [[Buddhism]]
| color4 = Gold
| value4 = 3.41
| label5 = Other or not stated
| color5 = Grey
| value5 = 0.24
}}

According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the majority religion in the state, followed by 83.40% of the population.<ref name="2011 Census religion state">{{cite web | title = Census of India – Religious Composition | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | access-date = 11 December 2017 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | archive-date = 13 September 2015 }}</ref> Muslims make up 8.60% of the population, [[Christians]] 4.35%, and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] 3.41%.<ref name="2011 Census religion state"/> Christianity is chiefly followed by members of the [[Kuki people|Kuki]] tribes ([[Halam (ethnic group)|Halam]], [[Ranglong]], [[Hrangkhol people|Hrangkhol]], [[Lushai]], [[Darlong people|Darlong]], [[Thadou people]] etc. also known as [[Old Kukis]]) and as per 2011 census has 159,882 adherents.<ref name="census2011"/><ref name="Bareh2001">{{cite book|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC|year=2017|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-795-5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723031609/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref>{{rp|135–6}}

===By geography===
{{See also|Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council}}
Most of the area of Tripura is part of the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|TTAADC]] area, which is an Autonomous Region within Tripura under [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|6th schedule of the Indian Constitution]] and the western part of Tripura is called the General ward area, where [[Bengalis]] formed the overwhelming majority of the population.<ref name="TTAADC Basic Statistics">{{Cite web |url=http://ttaadc.gov.in/Basic-Statistic |title=TTAADC Basic Statistics |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107154055/https://ttaadc.gov.in/Basic-Statistic |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|266x266px|right|thumb|Autonomous councils in North East India]]
The total area of the TTAADC is about 7,132.56 km2, which covers about 68% of the total area (10,491 km2) of Tripura respectively. It's a thinly populated area of the state with vast area.<ref name="TTAADC Basic Statistics"/>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Ethnicity in TTAADC area (2011 Census)<ref name="TTAADC Basic Statistics"/>
| label1 = [[Tripuri people|Scheduled Tribes]]
| value1 = 83.4
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Bengalis]]
| value2 = 16
| color2 = Red
| label3 = Others
| value3 = 0.6
| color3 = Yellow
}}

The population of the TTAADC area is 1,216,465 out of which the Native Scheduled Tribes (Tripuris) are 1,021,560, constituting an overwhelming 83.4% of the region's population.<ref name="TTAADC Basic Statistics"/> While the population of General ward area of Tripura is 2,457,452 but out of total 10,491 km2 state area, the General region have a total area of only 3,358.44 km2, which covers only about 32% of the total area of the state.

Out of the total population of 3,673,917 (as per 2011 [[census]]) the population of [[Scheduled Tribes]] is 1,166,813 (31.76% of the state population).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://trci.tripura.gov.in/tribal_population |title=trci.tripura.gov.in/tribal_population |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201748/https://trci.tripura.gov.in/tribal_population |url-status=live }}</ref> Therefore, the number of Scheduled Tribes of the state who reside in the TTAADC area is 87.55% of the total Indigenous population of Tripura as a whole, while small segments of the native Tribes population also reside in General ward area.

===Arrival of Bengali refugees===
[[File:Bangladeshi.refugee.jpg|thumb|[[East Bengali refugees]] coming to Tripura during [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh liberation war]]]]

During the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1947, hundreds of thousands of [[East Bengali refugees|Bengali refugees]] fled from [[East Bengal]] into India's Tripura following the Partition of India. It is estimated that between the years 1947–51, around 610,000 [[Bengali Hindus|Bengalis]] — a figure almost equal to the state's total population poured into the state leading to a profound demographic change during this first phase.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece|title=Tripura, where demand for Assam-like NRC widens gap between indigenous people and non-tribal settlers|first=Rahul|last=Karmakar|date=27 October 2018|access-date=11 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Again during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]] of 1971, in the second phase of migration, around 1.038 million [[Bengalis]] (most being [[Bengali Hindus|Hindus]]) moved into various parts of Tripura as refugees with most of them settling down permanently afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Indira Gandhi said: Refugees of all religions must go back – Watch video|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462|access-date=27 October 2021|website=Timesnownews.com|language=en|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123092721/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462|url-status=dead}}</ref> Until Bangladesh liberation war, Tripura had sheltered around 1.3 million refugees. The number of the refugees was almost equal to the indigenous population and the majority of them were rehabilitated and permanently settled in Tripura, altering the demography which became the basis of changes in resource distribution, economy, culture, polity, society and a cause of conflicts between the immigrants and the indigenous peoples.<ref>{{harvcol|Debbarma|2022|pp=335–336}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''Annual Arrival of Bengali refugees in Tripura''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghoshal |first1=Anindita |title=Changing Mentality of the Bengalee Refugees: The Story of Tripura (1946–1971) |url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rw%20files/RW39_40/2.pdf |access-date=13 May 2024 |page=25 (8 of 17) |date=4 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=510 Subir Bhaumik, Disaster in Tripura|url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2002/510/510%20subir%20bhaumik.htm|access-date=27 October 2021|website=India-seminar.com|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810015249/https://www.india-seminar.com/2002/510/510%20subir%20bhaumik.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Year
! Numbers
|-
| 1946 ([[Noakhali riots|riot year]])
| 3,327
|-
| 1947 ([[Partition of Bengal (1947)|year of Partition]])
| 8,124
|-
| 1948
| 9,554
|-
| 1949 (communal disturbance)
| 11,575
|-
| 1950 ([[1950 East Pakistan riots|serious communal riots]])
| 67,151
|-
| 1951
| 184,000
|-
| 1952 ([[Bengali language movement|serious riots]])
| 233,000
|-
| 1953
| 80,000
|-
| 1954
| 4,700
|-
| 1955
| 17,500
|-
| 1956
| 50,700
|-
| 1957
| 57,700
|-
| 1958
| 3,600
|-
| 1964–65 ([[1964 East Pakistan riots|serious riots]])
| 100,340
|-
| 1965–66
| 13,073
|-
| 1966–67
| 1,654
|-
| 1967–68
| 12,229
|-
| 1968–69
| 3,120
|-
| 1969–70
| 4,334
|-
| 1970–71 (to 24 March)
| 5,774
|-
| '''From (1946–71)'''
| '''Total – (871,455)'''
|}

==Culture==
{{see also|Culture of Tripura|Tripuri culture|Bengali culture}}
[[File:Durga Puja DS.jpg|thumb|left|[[Durga Puja]] is the major festival of Tripura.]]
The diverse ethno-linguistic groups of Tripura have given rise to a composite culture.<ref name="comp book">{{cite book|title=Human rights and indigenous peoples| last=Das|first=J.K|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7648-243-1|page=215}}</ref><ref name="nkc compos">{{cite web|url=http://www.knowledgecommission.gov.in/downloads/documents/nkc_northEast.pdf|title=Tripura: a composite culture|work=Glimpses from the North-East|last=Chaudhury|first=Saroj|publisher=[[National Knowledge Commission]]|year=2009|pages=55–61|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911012156/http://www.knowledgecommission.gov.in/downloads/documents/nkc_northEast.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2010}}</ref> The major Tripuri clans are: Tripura, [[Debbarma]], [[Jamatia]], [[Reang]], [[Noatia]], and [[Murasing]]. And there are tribal groups such as Chakma, [[Halam (ethnic group)|Halam]](old [[Kuki people|kuki]]), Garo, Kuki, [[Mizo people|Mizo]], [[Uchoi]], Dhamai, Roaza, Mag, [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Oraon people|Oraon]] and [[Santhal people|Santhal]] who migrated in Tripura as tea labourers.<ref name="19 st" /> Bengali people represent the largest ethno-linguistic community of the state. Bengali culture, as a result, is the main non-indigenous culture. The Tripuri Maharajas were great patrons of Bengali culture, especially literature;<ref name="Paul2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC|title=The eyewitness: tales from Tripura's ethnic conflict|last=Paul|first=Manas|date=19 April 2010|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-935501-15-2|page=104|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514222457/http://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bengali language]] replaced [[Kokborok]] as the language of the court.<ref name="Boland-CreweLea2002">{{cite book|last1=Boland-Crewe|first1=Tara|last2=Lea|first2=David|title=The territories and states of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrNCaYCriicC|date=15 November 2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-148-3|page=238|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514220600/http://books.google.com/books?id=JrNCaYCriicC|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Elements of Bengali culture, such as [[Bengali literature]], [[Bengali music]], and [[Bengali cuisine]] are widespread, particularly in the urban areas of the state.<ref name="Sircar2006">{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=Kaushik|title=The consumer in the north-east: new vistas for marketing|year=2006|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-0023-5}}</ref>{{rp|110}}<ref>Prakash (ed.), ''Encyclopaedia of North-east India'', vol. 5, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2268 p. 2268] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502180050/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2268 |date=2 May 2016 }}</ref>

Tripura is noted for bamboo and cane handicrafts.<ref name="nkc compos" /> Bamboo, wood and cane are used to create an array of furniture, utensils, hand-held fans, replicas, mats, baskets, idols and interior decoration materials.<ref name="Chakraborty2006"/>{{rp|39–41}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/han3.htm|title=Handicrafts|publisher=Government of Tripura|access-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410083950/http://www.tripura.nic.in/han3.htm|archive-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> Music and dance are integral to the culture of the state. Some local musical instruments are the ''[[Sarinda (instrument)|sarinda]]'', ''[[Musical instruments of Tripura#Chongpreng|chongpreng]]'' (both string instruments), and ''[[sumui]]'' (a type of [[flute]]).<ref name="Tripura gazet 1975"/>{{rp|344–5}} Each indigenous community has its own repertoire of songs and dances performed during weddings, religious occasions, and other festivities. The Tripuri and Jamatia people perform [[goria dance]] during the [[Goria puja]]. [[Jhum dance]] (also called tangbiti dance), [[lebang dance]], [[mamita dance]], and [[mosak sulmani dance]] are other Tripuri dance forms.<ref name="ttaadc culture">{{cite web|url=http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf |title=The folk dance and music of Tripura |publisher=Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |access-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402002735/http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2013 }}</ref> Reang community, the second largest scheduled tribe of the state, is noted for its [[hojagiri dance]] that is performed by young girls balanced on earthen pitchers.<ref name="ttaadc culture"/> [[Bizhu dance]] is performed by the Chakmas during the Bizhu festival (the last day of the month of ''[[Chaitra]]'' in [[Hindu calendar]]). Other dance forms include [[wangala]] dance of the Garo people, [[hai-hak dance]] of the Halam branch of Kuki people, and [[sangrai dance]] and [[owa dance]] of the Mog.<ref name="ttaadc culture"/> Alongside such traditional music, mainstream Indian musical elements such as [[Indian classical music]] and [[Indian classical dance|dance]], [[Rabindra Sangeet]] are also practised.<ref name="Hazarika2000">{{cite book|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|title=Rites of passage: border crossings, imagined homelands, India's east and Bangladesh|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-100422-8|page=169}}</ref> [[Sachin Dev Burman]], a member of the royal family, was a maestro in the [[filmi]] genre of Indian music.<ref name="Ganti2004">{{cite book|last=Ganti|first=Tejaswini|title=Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema|date=24 August 2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-28853-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/109 109]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/109}}</ref>

Hindus believe that ''[[Tripura Sundari]]'' is the [[patron god]]dess of Tripura and an aspect of ''[[Shakti]]''.<ref name="Bera2010"/>{{rp|30}} [[Durga Puja]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Holi|Dolyatra]], Ashokastami and the worship of the [[Chaturdasha Temple|''Chaturdasha'' deities]] are important festivals in the state. Some festivals represent confluence of different regional traditions, such as [[Ganga puja]], [[Garia puja]], [[Kharchi puja]] and [[Ker puja]].<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=A.P.|title=Famous festivals of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRgD7cga54EC|publisher=Pinnacle Technology|isbn=978-1-61820-288-8|chapter=Tripura festival|date=8 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514223300/http://books.google.com/books?id=VRgD7cga54EC|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/cul3.htm|title=Fairs and festivals|publisher=Government of Tripura|access-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204193132/http://tripura.nic.in/cul3.htm|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> [[Unakoti]], [[Pilak, Tripura|Pilak]] and [[Devtamura]] are historic sites where large collections of stone carvings and rock sculptures are noted.<ref name="nkc compos"/><ref name="herald rock">{{cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul252008/national2008072580863.asp?section=updatenews |title=Tripura sculptures, rock images speak of glorious past |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=25 July 2008 |access-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105122533/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul252008/national2008072580863.asp?section=updatenews |archive-date=5 January 2015 }}</ref> Like [[Neermahal]] is a cultural Water Palace of this state. Sculptures are evidence of the presence of Buddhist and [[Brahmin|Brahmanical]] orders for centuries, and represent a rare artistic fusion of traditional organised religions and tribal influence.<ref name="Chauley2007">{{cite book|first=G. C.|last=Chauley|title=Art treasures of Unakoti, Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwxuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 September 2007|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7320-066-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514223719/http://books.google.com/books?id=FwxuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Session2003">{{cite book|author=North East India History Association. Session|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDluAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=The Association|page=13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514230310/http://books.google.com/books?id=eDluAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="ChaudhuriChaudhuri1983">{{cite book|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Saroj|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Bikach|title=Glimpses of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyUuAAAAMAAJ|volume=1|year=1983|publisher=Tripura Darpan Prakashani|page=5|asin=B0000CQFES|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514231214/http://books.google.com/books?id=pyUuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>

===Performing arts===
[[File:Tripuri dance Mamita.jpg|thumb|Tripuri dance]]
Tripura had a wide collection of notable art and cultural displays.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barma |first1=Aloy Deb |title=Cinema as art & popular culture in Tripura: An Introduction |last2=Debroy |first2=Prajapita |publisher=[[Tribal Research and Cultural Institute]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-958995-0-0 |location=Tripura |language=en |ol=44969662M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 January 2021|title=Enthralling performances mark folk dance show at Tagore Theatre|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/enthralling-performances-mark-folk-dance-show-at-tagore-theatre/story-mYqfcwJI7BrVtKSS6vjQ6K.html|access-date=23 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123204545/https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/enthralling-performances-mark-folk-dance-show-at-tagore-theatre/story-mYqfcwJI7BrVtKSS6vjQ6K.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural heritage of the ethnic people of Tripura|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/intangible-cultural-heritage/social-practices-rituals-and-festive-events/cultural-heritage-ethnic|access-date=23 November 2021|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123204936/https://indianculture.gov.in/intangible-cultural-heritage/social-practices-rituals-and-festive-events/cultural-heritage-ethnic|url-status=live}}</ref>

* ''[[Mamita dance]]'': A Tripuri dance form performed during Mamita occasion, which is after the harvesting of year's first crops and to worship ''Ama Mailuma''.
* ''[[Goria dance]]'': Tripuri dance performed during Goria puja.
* ''[[Hojagiri dance]]'': A divine Tripuri dance form. The dance is performed on the occasion of Hojagiri festivals or Laxmi Puja, held in the following full moon night of Durga Puja. generally after 3rd day of Dashera. The Goddess Mailuma (Tipra Indigenous Goddess) is worshipped on this day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2018|title=5 facts you should know about the attractive Hojagiri dance of Tripura!|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/5-facts-you-should-know-about-the-attractive-hojagiri-dance/cid2538038.htm|access-date=23 November 2021|website=thenortheasttoday.com|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123205308/https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/5-facts-you-should-know-about-the-attractive-hojagiri-dance/cid2538038.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Lebang dance]]'': A Tripuri dance form.
* ''Mosak Sulmani dance'': A Tripuri dance form.
* ''Jadu Kolija'': A Tripuri folk-classical song.
* ''Dangsa Mwsamung'': A type of Tripuri play performed on stage.<ref name="ttaadc culture" />

Other dance forms of minority groups include [[Sangrai dance]] and [[Owa dance]] of Mog, Hai-hak dance of Halam, Wangla dance of Garo, Bizhu dance of Chakma.<ref name="ttaadc culture"/> Alongside such traditional music, mainstream Indian musical elements such as [[Indian classical music]] and [[Indian classical dance|dance]] are also practised.<ref name="Hazarika2000" /> [[Sachin Dev Burman]], a member of the Tripuri royal family, was a maestro in the [[filmi]] genre of Indian music.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barma |first=Aloy Deb |date=1 April 2025 |title=Singing Kokborok, dancing Bollywood: Neo-Bollywoodized Tripuri identities and indigenizing the global in contemporary Kokborok music videos |url=https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/safm_00094_1 |journal=Studies in South Asian Film & Media |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–41 |doi=10.1386/safm_00094_1 |issn=1756-4921|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Ganti2004" />

Local musical instruments are:
* ''[[Sarinda (instrument)|sarinda]]'': A Tripuri string instrument.
* ''[[chongpreng]]'': Tripuri string instrument.
* ''[[sumui]]'': Tripuri flute.<ref name="Tripura gazet 1975"/>{{rp|344–5}}

==Sports==
[[association football|Football]] and [[cricket]] are the most popular sports in the state. The state capital Agartala has its own club football championships every year in which many local clubs compete in a league and knockout format. The [[Tripura cricket team]] participates in the [[Ranji Trophy]], the Indian domestic cricket competition. The state is a regular participant of the Indian National Games and the North Eastern Games.<ref name="nat game">{{cite news|url=http://ranchiexpress.com/national-games/tripura.html|title=34th National Games medal tally|newspaper=Ranchi Express|year=2011|access-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110063815/http://ranchiexpress.com/national-games/tripura.html|archive-date=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="ne games">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsnis.org/tournaments.htm#NORTH_EASTERN_REGION|title=Northeastern games|publisher=[[Sports Authority of India]]|access-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611023051/http://www.nsnis.org/tournaments.htm#NORTH_EASTERN_REGION|archive-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>

Tennis player [[Somdev Devvarman]], who won the gold medal in the [[Tennis at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's Singles|Men's Singles]] event at the [[2010 Asian Games]], has family roots in Tripura.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patwardhan |first1=Deepti |title=Somdev Devvarman: An Indian unafraid to play game of attrition |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ZdVcIjdtIZZixB1ib2OZmN/Somdev-Devvarman-An-Indian-unafraid-to-play-game-of-attriti.html |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=Mint |date=4 January 2017 |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127142857/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ZdVcIjdtIZZixB1ib2OZmN/Somdev-Devvarman-An-Indian-unafraid-to-play-game-of-attriti.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the first Indian to win a gold medal in the men's singles tennis event of the [[Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 2010|title=Asian Games: Somdev Devvarman wins seventh gold for India|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-news/asian-games-somdev-devvarman-wins-seventh-gold-for-india/articleshow/6974595.cms|access-date=9 April 2021|archive-date=24 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124183731/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-news/Asian-Games-Somdev-Devvarman-wins-seventh-gold-for-India/articleshow/6974595.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Dipa Karmakar]] from Agartala became the first ever female gymnast from India to qualify for the Olympics when she qualified for the women's [[artistic gymnastics]] event of [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/dipa-karmakar-becomes-1st-indian-woman-gymnast-to-qualify-for-rio-olympics/articleshow/51872891.cms|title=Dipa Karmakar becomes 1st Indian woman gymnast to qualify for Rio Olympics|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=19 April 2016|access-date=21 April 2016|agency=Press Trust of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421031905/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/dipa-karmakar-becomes-1st-indian-woman-gymnast-to-qualify-for-rio-olympics/articleshow/51872891.cms|archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref> Other notable gymnasts from Tripura include [[Mantu Debnath]], [[Kalpana Debnath]], and [[Bishweshwar Nandi]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Choudhury|first=Omkar Prasad|date=19 August 2014|title=Leap to gold|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/leap-to-gold/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190054/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/leap-to-gold/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==People==
{{Further|Category:People from Tripura}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Tipraland]]
* [[Habugra]]
* [[List of cities and towns in Tripura]]
* [[Tripura Industrial Development Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Debbarma |first=Mousumi |date=29 July 2022 |chapter=Tripura's nuanced history to the present |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003157816-14/tripura-nuanced-history-present-mousami-debbarma |title=Northeast India Through the Ages |language=en |pages=332–354 |doi=10.4324/9781003157816-14 |isbn=9781003157816 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104043358/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003157816-14/tripura-nuanced-history-present-mousami-debbarma |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web| url=http://www.oocities.org/the_agony_of_tripura/| title=The Agony of Tripura|last=Mandal|first=J. D.| year=2003}}
* {{cite book|last=Gan-Chaudhuri|first=Jagadis|title=An anthology of Tripura|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Inter-India Publications|oclc=568730389}}
* {{cite book|last=Roychoudhury|first=Nalini Ranjan|title=Tripura through the ages: a short history of Tripura from the earliest times to 1947 A.D.|year=1977|publisher=Bureau of Research & Publications on Tripura|oclc=4497205}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Pravas Ranjan|title=Economic transition in Tripura|year=1993|publisher=Vikas Pub. House|isbn=978-0-7069-7171-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Palit|first=Projit Kumar|title=History of religion in Tripura|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Kaveri Books|isbn=978-81-7479-064-4}}
* {{cite book|last=DebBarma|first=Chandramani|title=Glory of Tripura civilisation: history of Tripura with Kok Borok names of the kings|year=2006|publisher=Parul Prakashani|oclc=68193115}}
* {{cite book|last=Jain|first=Sandhya|year=2010|title=Evangelical intrusions: Tripura, a case study. |location=New Delhi|publisher=[[Rupa Publishers|Rupa & Co.]]}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Barma |first1=Aloy Deb |title=Cinema as art & popular culture in Tripura: An Introduction |last2=Debroy |first2=Prajapita |publisher=[[Tribal Research and Cultural Institute]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-958995-0-0 |location=Tripura |language=en |ol=44969662M}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Hill Tippera}}
{{Wikiquote}}
'''Government'''
* [http://tripura.gov.in/ Tripura Government]
* [http://tripuratourism.gov.in/ Tripura Tourism]
* [http://tpsc.nic.in/ Public Service Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507014935/https://tpsc.nic.in/ |date=7 May 2021 }}
* [http://ceotripura.nic.in/ Election Department]

'''General information'''
* {{OSM relation|2026458}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Tripura
|North = [[Sylhet Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Northeast = [[Assam]]
|East = [[Mizoram]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Chittagong Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Southwest =
|West = [[Chittagong Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Northwest =
}}

{{Tripura topics}}
{{North East India|state=collapsed}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Subject bar |portal1= India |commons= y |commons-search= Category:Tripura |n= y |wikt= y |wikt-search= Tripura |b= y |s= y |v= y |voy= y |voy-search= Tripura }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tripura| ]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Bengali is an official language]]

Rai Sahra Langah

2026-03-23T19:25:28Z

Shivam: Adding new info

{{more citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
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'''Rai Sahra Langah''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: راۓ سہرا لنگاہ) was a chief of Langah clan and the founder of the [[Langah Sultanate]]. He assumed the title of Sultan Qutb-ud-din Mahmud Langah.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

==Reign==
After the invasion of [[Timur|Emir Timur]] in 1398, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] greatly weakened and the city of [[Multan]] became independent of the Sultanate of Delhi. The inhabitants chose Shaikh Yousaf Qureshi, a descendant of the famous Sufi [[Bahauddin Zakariya|Baha-ud-din Zakariya]], as ruler in 1438.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Umar Kalam Khan |url=https://archive.org/details/prKO_multan-langah-daur-mein-urdu-umar-kalam-khan/page/n30/mode/1up |title=Multan Langah Daur Mein Urdu Umar Kalam Khan}}</ref><ref name=":4">Baloch, N. A. (1998). "The Rulers of Sind, Baluchistan and Multan (750–1500)". The Regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting (PDF). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV. UNESCO. p. 305. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2016</ref> He was a mild and inexperienced ruler. In 1445, Rai Sahra, chief of the Langah, attacked the city at night with the help of his tribesmen, arrested Sheikh Yousaf and proclaimed himself sultan. In this way [[Multan]] passed to the Langah clan, thus establishing the [[Langah Sultanate]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ahmad Khwajah Nizamuddin |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2533/page/n842/mode/1up |title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Vol-iii |date=1939}}{{source-attribution}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Maclagan |first=E. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181748/page/n118/mode/1up?q=Langah |title=Gazetteer Of The Multan District (1901-02) |date=1902}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URdCAQAAMAAJ&dq=Rai+sahra&pg=PA5 |title=Indian Antiquary |date=1884 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book | editor1-last =Majumdar | editor1-first = R. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/246/mode/1up?q=Rai+sahra |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate |date=1967 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

When Rai Sahra seized the Shaikh, he had the public prayers read, and the coins struck in his own name. As the people of [[Multan]] were satisfied with his government, and rendered allegiance to him; he sent the Shaikh by the gate which was in the north, and near the tomb, which was therecipient of rays of refulgence of the Shaikh-ul-Islam [[Bahauddin Zakariya|Shaikh Baha’ud-din Zakariya]], and gave him leave to go to Dehli; and gave orders that the gate should be blocked up with burnt bricks. They also say, that to this day, which is the that gate has been kept blocked up. He then raised the standard of sovereignty; and occupied himself with the work of government.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

When Shaikh Yusuf arrived at [[Delhi|Dehli]], [[Bahlul Khan Lodi|Sultan Bahlul]] received him with great courtesy and honour; and united his daughter in the bond of marriage with the son of the Shaikh. Sultan Qutb-ud-din ruled independently in the [[Multan]] till his death.The period of the rule of Sultan Qutb-ud-din was prolonged to twenty four years and he died in 1469.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1469 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]

Hazratbal

2026-03-21T20:00:34Z

Shivam: done

{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hazratbal
| native_name = Dargah
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Hazratbal 2014-08-23 10-56.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Dargah
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = Ancient
| founder = Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah
| named_for = Holy Relics
| government_type = Nagar panchayat
| governing_body = Government of India
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal Code
| postal_code = 190006
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{coord|34.131|74.842|display=title,inline}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Hazratbal''' is a notified area situated in the [[Srinagar district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is about {{cvt|10|km}} from the [[Lal Chowk|Srinagar city center]]. The area became famous after the construction of [[Hazratbal Shrine]], where hundreds of thousands of people visit every year because many relics related to the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] are believed to be there.

The word ''Hazrat'' in [[Urdu]] gives an indication of "respect" and ''bal'' in Kashmiri means "place"''.'' Thus, the word ''Hazratbal'' means the place which is highly respected among the people. The [[Dal Lake]] and its houseboats in the vicinity made the city a tourist spot, and the area's economy depended on tourism.

The grave of [[Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah]] is situated in the area.

The postal code of the area is 190006.<ref name="getpincode">{{cite web|url=http://www.getpincode.info|title=GetPincode - Indian pincode search engine|publisher=getpincode.info|access-date=2014-08-07}}</ref>

==Divisions==
The areas that come under the constituency of Hazratbal are as under:
* Hazratbal town
* [[Naseem Bagh]]
* Mallabagh srinagar
* Usmaan Abad Malabagh
* Batpora
* Zukura
* Ishber
*Habak
* Sadiribal
* Gulab Bagh
* Molvi Stop
* Bota Kadal
* Lal Bazar Hazratbal Main Road
* Pari Chowk, Lal Bazar, Hazratbal Main Road
* Tailbal

==Education==
There are three educational institutions in the area.
* [[Kashmir University]]
*[https://jobmiles.in/cucet-online-application-form-2020/ College of Engineering - University of Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605015014/https://jobmiles.in/cucet-online-application-form-2020/ |date=5 June 2020 }}, also known as "Zukura Campus"
* [[National Institute of Technology, Srinagar]]
Due to this reason, it is considered as higher education centre in [[Kashmir Valley]]. Students from different parts of the state study [[Art]], [[Humanities]], [[Science]], [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Engineering]] in these institutions.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Kashmir Valley}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Srinagar]]

Johan Nieuhof

2026-03-19T08:46:06Z

Shivam: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Dutch explorer, writer, sinologist (1618–1672)}}
[[File:Nieuhof Joan.jpg|thumb|250px|Joan Nieuhof]]
'''Johan Nieuhof''' (22 July 1618 – 8 October 1672) was a Dutch traveler who wrote about his journeys to [[Brazil]], [[China]]<ref name="LachKley1998">{{cite book|author1=Donald F. Lach|author2=Edwin J. Van Kley|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 4: East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0fBhqb1kdkC&q=admiral+pei+pei+hsien&pg=PA1689|date=1 December 1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46769-6|pages=1689–}}</ref> and [[India]]. The most famous of these was a trip of {{convert|2,400|km|mi|sp=us}} from [[Guangzhou|Canton]] to [[Peking]] in 1655-1657, which enabled him to become an authoritative Western writer on China. He wrote ''[[An Embassy from the East-India Company]]'' about the journey.

==Biography==
Johan Nieuhof was born in Uelsen, a town in the [[Grafschaft Bentheim|county of Bentheim]], Lower Saxony, sitting just on the Dutch side of the Dutch-German border. His father (originally from [[Zwolle]]) was mayor of the town, and was later succeeded by one of Johan's brothers and a brother-in-law.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bodel Neijenhuis|first=Johannes (1864)|title=Johan Nieuhof|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/bvgo/#page=40&accessor=toc&source=02_03|publisher=Nijhoff|access-date=7 May 2014}}</ref> By the grace of [[Cornelis Jan Witsen]], a leading figure within the [[Dutch West India Company]] (or "WIC"), Nieuhof left for [[Dutch Brazil]] in 1640 as a reserve officer-candidate. From then on, barring two short family visits in 1658 and 1671, he spent all the rest of his life abroad.

Nieuhof was employed in Brazil to explore the regions between [[Maranhão]] and the [[São Francisco River]]s, made a particular study of the neighborhood of [[Captaincy of Pernambuco|Pernambuco]]. He left Brazil in 1649, after the Portuguese victory in the [[Second Battle of Guararapes]]. Upon his return, Nieuhof joined the service of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (or "VOC"). In the service of the VOC, he resided several years in [[Jakarta|Batavia]], and then was appointed in 1654 steward of an embassy to the relatively new Qing emperor of China under Peter de Goyer and Jacob de Keyser, which aimed to gain trading rights on China's southern coast.

He remained in China until 1657. In 1663, he operated as an ambassador in [[Quilon]], after the occupation of the [[Malabar Coast]] by [[Rijckloff van Goens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vocwarfare.net/thesis/4/siege-cochin |title=The second siege of Cochin |publisher=VOC Warfare |date= |access-date=2012-02-01}}</ref><ref>Wouter Schouten (1676) Oost-Indische voyagie; vervattende veel voorname voorvallen en ongemeene oreemde geschiedenissen, bloedige zee- en landtgevechten tegen de Portugeesen en Makassaren, p. 201, 310.</ref> During this period, he visited several chiefs of indigenous tribes to secure trade relations with them. Afterwards, he was offered a post on [[Ceylon]] where he was stationed between 1663 and 1667. He was imprisoned for seven months because of illegal trade in pearls.<ref>Heniger, J. (1986) Hendrik Adriaan van Reede tot Drakenstein (1636--1691) and Hortus Malabaricus -- A contribution to the history of Dutch colonial botany, p. 22.</ref> Nieuhof was sent to Batavia by [[Hendrik van Rheede]] and fired by the Dutch East India Company.

On returning to the Indies from a trip home in 1672, he stopped on the isle of [[Madagascar]]. On October 8, 1672, Nieuhof traveled inland along with the first mate, in search of the local tribes in order to trade with them, as well as secure water for his crew. Upon hearing several gunshots, the captain sent a second ship towards the island in order to await Nieuhof's return. After three days of waiting, the captain presumed Nieuhof and his company to be murdered and sailed onwards towards [[Mauritius]]. On order of the governing council in Amsterdam, a ship was sent from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to retrieve Nieuhof and his fellows, but no trace of them could be found.

==China memoirs==
[[File:Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665 0748-2.tif|thumb|left|220px|The "Old Viceroy" of [[Guangdong]], [[Shang Kexi]], probably drawn by Johan Nieuhoff himself in [[Guangzhou]] in 1655.]]
{{main|An Embassy from the East-India Company}}
In the first half of the 17th century, the VOC tried to break the Portuguese monopoly position on trade to [[Macau]]. When they did not succeed, they sent six embassies to Peking between 1655 and 1685. Their aim was to convince the Qing emperor to open up trade relations on the southern coast, in favor of the VOC, although they ultimately failed. Nieuhof was appointed to the position of steward on one of these embassies by [[Joan Maetsuycker]], which traveled from Canton to Peking between 1655 and 1658. They were the second embassy to try and gain the emperor's favor, the first was led by [[Zacharias Wagenaer]]. Nieuhof's duties as part of the embassy primarily consisted of ceremonial matters as well as securing lodgings. He was, however, specifically appointed to illustrate any and all of the cities, palaces, temples, rivers and other noteworthy buildings in their true to nature form.

On March 17, 1656, after months of negotiations and discussions of tributes to be paid to the Chinese emperor and viceroy, the embassy left Canton by barge, to travel towards Peking. The embassy arrived at the emperor's court in Peking on July 18 the same year. The hired the [[Society of Jesus|jesuit]] scholar [[Johann Adam Schall von Bell]] to be their translator, who warned them of the possible dangers and required ceremonies to approach the emperor. On September 24, the embassy was received by the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]. As dictated by their translator, the party performed the traditional [[kowtow]], as failing to do so would most likely result in immediate refusal by the emperor. As a result, the emperor allowed Dutch embassies to visit the court once every eight years, in parties consisting of no more than 100 men. Any trading rights were not discussed nor granted at this point. On October 16 the embassy was asked to leave the city of Peking within two hours. Their return trip took three months; putting the entire length of the embassy at 20 months and 6 days.

At his homecoming in 1658, he had entrusted his notes and annotations to his brother Hendrik, whom Johan thanked when finally (in 1665) Hendrik produced an ample study of China, with many images, text and explanation of the latest events. The work was published by [[Jacob van Meurs]] in 1665, titled ''Het Gezandtschap der Neêrlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie, aan den grooten Tartarischen Cham, den tegenwoordigen Keizer van China: Waarin de gedenkwaerdigste Geschiedenissen, die onder het reizen door de Sineesche landtschappen, Quantung, Kiangsi, Nanking, Xantung en Peking, en aan het Keizerlijke Hof te Peking, sedert den jaren 1655 tot 1657 zijn voorgevallen, op het bondigste verhandelt worden. Beneffens een Naukeurige Beschrijvinge der Sineesche Steden, Dorpen, Regeering, Weetenschappen, Hantwerken, Zeden, Godsdiensten, Gebouwen, Drachten, Schepen, Bergen, Gewassen, Dieren, et cetera en oorlogen tegen de Tartar : verçiert men over de 150 afbeeltsels, na't leven in Sina getekent.''<ref>{{cite web|last=Nieuhof|first=Johan (1665)|title=Het gezantschap der Neêrlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie, aan den grooten Tartarischen Cham, den tegenwoordigen keizer van China : waar in de gedenkwaerdighste geschiedenissen, die onder het reizen door de Sineesche landtschappen, Quantung, Kiangsi, Nanking, Xantung en Peking, en aan het keizerlijke hof te Peking, sedert den jare 1655 tot 1657 zijn voorgevallen, op het bondigste verhandelt worden : befeffens een naukeurige Beschryving der Sineesche steden, dorpen, regeering, wetenschappen, hantwerken, zeden, godsdiensten, gebouwen, drachten, schepen, bergen, gewassen, dieren, &c. en oorlogen tegen de Tarters : verçiert men over de 150 afbeeltsels, na't leven in Sina getekent|year=1665|url=https://archive.org/details/gezantschapderN00Nieu|publisher=Jacob van Meurs|access-date=7 May 2014}}</ref> Hendrik dedicated the work to [[Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel|Hendrik Spiegel]] and Cornelis Jan Witsen ([[Nicolaes Witsen]]'s father), administrators of the East and West India Companies respectively. Translations into French (1665), German (1666), Latin (1668) and English (1669) were also published, each going into at least two editions. More of Nieuhoff's material, on Chinese ships, appeared in Nicolaes Witsen's "Scheepsbouw" (1671).

The reports from these embassies and the reports of the [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuits]] formed the only reliable source of information on China available in Western Europe. As mentioned, being the purser of the VOC embassy to [[Peking]], Johan Nieuhof in 1655 had special instructions to observe all "farms, towns, palaces, rivers, ... [and other] buildings" that he might pass by, drawing them "in straight form and figure", as well as remains of the historical victory of the "Tartars" ([[Manchus]]) that brought an end to the reign of the [[Ming dynasty]]. The inclusion of approximately 150 illustrations in the book marked the first time that literature on China contained images that were true to nature. In previously published works, belonging to the imaginative 'fantastic tradition' where fact and fiction were hardly discernible, the Chinese were depicted as creatures of fantasy. Nieuhof's illustrations, as opposed to these previous works, depicted the Chinese and their culture as they were observed by the illustrator himself, without fanciful additions.

The 150 illustrations of the Nieuhoffs' book were one inspiration for [[chinoiserie]], which became especially popular in the 18th century. Many artists and architects based their designs on the pictures in the book. The original drawings were rediscovered in 1984 in the collection of prince [[Roland Bonaparte]], an anthropologist who collected material about Madagascar, Lapland and the Native Americans.

==Works==
[[File:Cochin angel.JPG|thumb|220px|A drawing depicting the city of [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] published in 1682.]]
* {{Citation |publisher = Jacobum Meursium |location = Amstelodami |title = Legatio batavica ad magnum Tartariæ chamum Sungteium, modernum Sinæ imperatorem; Historiarum narratione, quæ legatis in provinciis Quantung, Kiangsi, Nanking, Xantung, Peking, & aula imperatoriâ ab anno 1655 ad annum 1657 obtigerunt ... |author = Johannes Nieuhof |date = 1668 |oclc = 2134985 |ol = 23411529M |url=https://archive.org/details/Legatio-Batavica-ad-magnum-Tartariae-Chamum-Sungteium-modernum-Sinae-imperatorem-PHAIDRA_o_360495/page/n3/mode/2up}}
* '' {{lang|nl|Het gezantschap der Neêrlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie, aan den grooten Tartarischen Cham, den tegenwoordigen keizer van China : waar in de gedenkwaerdighste geschiedenissen, die onder het reizen door de Sineesche landtschappen, Quantung, Kiangsi, Nanking, Xantung en Peking, en aan het keizerlijke hof te Peking, sedert den jare 1655 tot 1657 zijn voorgevallen, op het bondigste verhandelt worden : befeffens een naukeurige Beschryving der Sineesche steden, dorpen, regeering, wetenschappen, hantwerken, zeden, godsdiensten, gebouwen, drachten, schepen, bergen, gewassen, dieren, &c. en oorlogen tegen de Tarters : verçiert men over de 150 afbeeltsels, na't leven in Sina getekent}}''. Amsterdam: Jacob van Meurs, 1665. Title in English: ''[[An embassy from the East-India Company]]'' (1669).
* ''{{lang|nl|Zee- en Lant-Reise door verscheide Gewesten van Oostindien, behelzende veele zeldzaame en wonderlijke voorvallen en geschiedenissen. Beneffens een beschrijving van lantschappen, dieren, gewassen, draghten, zeden en godsdienst der inwoonders: En inzonderheit een wijtloopig verhael der Stad Batavia}}''. Amsterdam: de Weduwe van Jacob van Meurs, 1682. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SEZnAAAAcAAJ Google books]
* ''{{lang|nl|Gedenkweerdige Brasiliaense Zee- en Lant-Reise und Zee- en Lant-Reize door verscheide Gewesten van Oostindien}}''. Amsterdam: de Weduwe van Jacob van Meurs, 1682.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Blussé, L. & R. Falkenburg (1987) ''Johan Nieuwhofs beelden van een Chinareis, 1655-1657''. Middelburg.
* Nieuhof, J. (1988) ''Voyages & Travels to the East Indies 1653-1670''. Oxford University Press (facsimile reprint).
* Sun, Jing (2013) ''The illusion of verisimilitude: Johan Nieuhof’s images of China'', PhD dissertation Leiden University [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/20937/dissertation.pdf?sequence=5 pdf]
* Ulrichs, F. (2003) ''Johan Nieuhofs Blick auf China (1655-1657). Die Kupferstiche in seinem Chinabuch und ihre Wirkung auf den Verleger Jacob van Meurs'', Sinologica Coloniensia 21, Harrossowitz Verlag Wiesbaden. {{ISBN|3-447-04708-9}}
* {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Nieuwhof, Johann Jacob|year=1900}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nieuhof, Johan}}
[[Category:1618 births]]
[[Category:1672 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Dutch explorers]]
[[Category:Dutch draughtsmen]]
[[Category:Dutch sinologists]]
[[Category:Explorers of China]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
[[Category:Explorers of South America]]
[[Category:Dutch East India Company people]]
[[Category:People from Bentheim]]

P. Chandra Mohan

2026-03-18T17:23:19Z

Shivam: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''P. Chandra Mohan''' is an Indian politician who is the chairman of the Gurudeva Trust, Erickavu. He is also the [[Kerala|Kerala State]] Vice President of Human Rights Protection Mission.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hrpmindia.org/html/who_we_are.html |title=HRPM |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005045613/http://www.hrpmindia.org/html/who_we_are.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He had participated in the Kerala Panchayath Election - Local Body Election 2015 for [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] party at [[Kumarapuram]] Panchayath in [[Alappuzha district]] and has been elected as Member of [[Panchayati raj|Panchayath]] of ward 13 of Kumarapuram.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smarchives.org/result/e-a-l-p-s-ward-election-result-2015-5032.html |title=E A L P S Ward Election Result 2015 |website=www.smarchives.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530115919/http://www.smarchives.org/result/e-a-l-p-s-ward-election-result-2015-5032.html |archive-date=2016-05-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, P. Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Lakshmi Baramma

2026-03-17T19:41:52Z

Shivam: expanded content

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
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| creator =
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| language = Kannada
| num_seasons = 6
| num_episodes = 2125
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Prakash Jayaram
| editor = Sujit Raj
| location = [[Bengaluru]]
| cinematography = Kumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 07:30 PM
| company = Shree Jaimatha Combines
| network = [[Colors Kannada]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|03|04}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|01|25|df=y}}
| related = ''Lakshmi Baramma 2''
}}

'''Lakshmi Baramma''' is a [[Kannada]] serial that aired on [[Colors Kannada]] (previously '''ETV Kannada''').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-lakshmi-baramma-crosses-2000-episodes/articleshow/70326680.cms|title='Lakshmi Baramma' crosses 2000 episodes; the cast celebrates by cutting a cake - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It premiered on 4 March 2013 and is the second longest running Kannada series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/amp/more-spellbinding-soap-gathas/300602|title=More-spellbinding-soap-gathas|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ETV Kannada Launches Lakshmi Baaramma|url=http://www.atdesigns.in/sara/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79:february-25-2013-etv-launches-new-serial-lakshmi-baramma-release-for-mysore-mangalore-belgaum-gulbarga-hubli-and-shimoga&catid=5:newsroom&Itemid=88|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002210/http://www.atdesigns.in/sara/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79:february-25-2013-etv-launches-new-serial-lakshmi-baramma-release-for-mysore-mangalore-belgaum-gulbarga-hubli-and-shimoga&catid=5:newsroom&Itemid=88|url-status=dead}}</ref> The second season of the series, ''Lakshmi Bharamma 2'' aired on Colors Kannada From 13 March 2023. It starrs Tanvi Rao, Shamanth Gowda, Bhumika Ramesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=Lakshmi Baramma fame Bhoomika Ramesh to make her silver screen debut soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/lakshmi-baramma-fame-bhoomika-ramesh-to-make-her-silver-screen-debut-soon/articleshow/97527855.cms |access-date=2024-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
Laxmi is an innocent village girl. She was an orphan and was raised by her grandmother. She had an evil step mother and her two sons. However, she had a good bonding with Nanjundi, her youngest stepbrother.

After marrying Chandan realises that her husband was in love with his girlfriend Shruthi. She wishes not to be an obstacle in his path and runs away from him. But the situation lands her to the house of Shruthi. On the other hand, Shruthi unknowing the truth about Laxmi accepts her as her younger sister and names her Chinnu much against the wishes of her mother.

The twist in the tale arrives when Shruthi is Chandan's girlfriend and their marriage fixed. Knowing this truth she consoles herself and decides to look into the marriage arrangements. At this time her marriage truth is discovered by Parvathi, her mother-in-law. Ranjith his uncle also aware of this truth. Kumudha, Chandan's evil aunt along with her secret husband Manoj tries to acquire the whole property in her name. The family is unaware of her evil plans. Kailash, Shruthi's father discovers Kumudha's truth but he was beaten to death by her husband. He was timely saved by Laxmi. Kumudha who is furious at Laxmi is furious and learns of her marriage secret. Now she plays a mind game with her. Kailash slowly recovers and then he warns Kumudha. Later even he gets to know the truth of Laxmi. Parvathi and Kailash decide to tell this truth to Shruthi and finally, everybody knows the truth.

Shruthi's mother Kalpana develops hatred against her. Using this Kumudha plays mind games with the family. Finally, Kumudha is exposed by Kailash, Ranjith and Laxmi. In the meantime Shruthi was pregnant. Her child is believed to be dead. Later they get another baby through ''in vitro'' fertilization (IVF) process and Laxmi becomes the surrogate mother. Later the earlier baby which was presumed to be dead was alive and it was captured and raised by Kumudha. After much hardship, the elder baby is back with the family and it was named Siri. The second child with Laxmi as a surrogate mother was named Adhya.

At this time a new character enters the lives of this joint family named Aniruddh. He gains the trust of the family and later he kidnaps Shruthi and makes her forget her past and convinces her that she is Shravya. On the other hand, the family believes Shruthi has died. Laxmi discovers Shruthi is alive and she is now identified as Shravya. She is not believed and she leaves the house to return with her sister.

Chandu's family disguises themselves as the Chakravarthi family, a wealthy business family from London and enter Bhargavi Devi's house. Ramachandra Rayaru disguises as Vasanth Chakravarthy, the eldest member of the family, his wife Sulochana as Shalini Chakravarthi, their daughter Kalpana as Sumalatha Chakravarthi and her husband Kailash as Amarnath Chakravarthi (S/O Shalini and Vasanth Chakravarthi). Ramu disguises as Sudeep Chakravarthi (S/O Sumalatha and Amarnath) and Chandu as car driver, Yuvraj Singh, Shveta as Sushma - daughter of Shalini and Vasanth. Ranjith disguises as Shvetananda Swamiji. The rest of the plot revolves around how Laxmi, Chandan along with the family bringing Shruthi back into their lives and remind her of the past.

==Cast==
* Chandan Kumar / Akarsh Byramudi / [[Shine Shetty]] / Chandan Gowda as Chandan / Chandu / Yuvraj Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/tv/Will-second-marriage-bring-bad-luck-to-Chandan/articleshow/45067264.cms|title=Will second marriage bring bad luck to Chandan? - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Who-will-replace-Chandan-in-Lakshmi-Baramma/articleshow/45534811.cms|title=Who will replace Chandan in Lakshmi Baramma? - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Kavitha Gowda]]/[[Rashmi Prabhakar]] as Lakshmi / Lacchi / Chinnu
* Neha Gowda as Shruthi / Gombe / Shravya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/041018/imagination-runs-wild-on-tv.html|title=Imagination runs wild on TV|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Leading-two-lives-in-one/article14380383.ece|title=Neha Gowda of Lakshmi Baramma talks about playing the much-loved character of Gombe|website=The Hindu|date=2 June 2016}}</ref>
* [[Vijay Suriya]] as Siddharth / Siddu
* Deepa Ravishankar as Parvathi, Chandu's mother
* Bhagyashri Rao as Kumudha, Shruti's aunt
* Anikha sindya as Kumudha, Shruti's aunt<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/lakshmi-baramma-kummuda-chikki-aka-actress-anika-makes-a-comeback/articleshow/70158530.cms|title=Kummuda chikki aka actress Anika makes a comeback- Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Jeevan Neenasam as Ranjith / Shvetananda Swamiji
* Vijay as Ramu / Sudeep Chakravarthi
* Navya gowda as Shwetha / Sushma
* Lakshmi Siddaiyya as Kalpana / Sumalatha Chakravarthi
* Jayabalu as Sulochana / Shalini Chakravarthi
* Dattanna as Ramachandra Rayaru / Vasanth Chakravarthi
* Rohith Nagesh as Manoj
* Hmt Vijay as Boregowda
* Vikram Vasudeva Rao as Nanjundi
* Vasanth Kumar as Kailash / Amarnath Chakravarthi
* Niranjan Kumar as Basava
* Chi Bharath as Giri
* Kamalashri as Thathamma
* Lakshmi Sanjay as Revathi
* Ramaswamy as Yeshwanth
* Baby Monisha as Siri
* Anil Kumar Tiptur
* Rohith Rangaswamy as Anirudh / Arun - Bhargavi Devi's brother
* [[Roopesh Kumar]] as Guru - Bhargavi Devi's brother
* Nandini guru as Bhargavi Devi
* Soumya Bhat as Medha - Bhargavi Devi's daughter
* Sagar Gowda as Vasu - Bhargavi Devi's servant

==Crossover==
The serials ''Kulavadhu'' and ''Lakshmi Baramma'' were interconnected for months together in the quest to find the missing daughter of the character Gombe. The girl who was missing was being taken care of by the family in Kulavadhu serial and finally, the important characters from both serials come together for a while till the missing girl's episode gets over.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/050418/serials-merge-for-a-common-cause.html|title=Serials merge for a common cause!|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=5 April 2018}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c;"| Network
! style="background:#7b0c0c;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c;"| Notes
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Lakshmi Baramma]]'' ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ ಬಾರಮ್ಮಾ
| 4 March 2013
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 25 January 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| ''Laxmi Sadaiv Mangalam'' લક્ષ્મી સદૈવ મંગલમ
| 29 January 2018
| [[Colors Gujarati]]
| 17 April 2021
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Vandhal Sridevi]]'' வந்தாள் ஸ்ரீதேவி
| 11 April 2018
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 28 June 2019
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Lakshmi Sadaiv Mangalam'' लक्ष्मी सदैव मंगलम्
| 14 May 2018
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 25 May 2019
|-
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| ''Mizhi Randilum'' മിഴി രണ്ടിലും
| 2 January 2023
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 11 August 2024
|-
| [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]
| ''[[Mishri]]'' मिश्री
| 3 July 2024
| [[Colors TV]]
| 3 November 2024
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Thirumangalyam'' திருமாங்கல்யம்
| 3 November 2025
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| Ongoing
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]

Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal

2026-03-08T11:24:31Z

Shivam: quick enhanced article based on references further and fixed typos to improve readability

{{short description|Indian born UK-based orthopedic surgeon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bihar]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Orthopedic surgeon
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Mohan Tibrewal
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Pride of India Gold Award
}}
'''Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal''' is an Indian born UK-based orthopedic surgeon. He is a Research Fellow at [[University of Oxford]] and an Honorary Senior Lecturer at [[King's College London GKT School of Medical Education]].<ref name="NRI Awards Banquet 2004 at Radisson Portman Hotel">{{cite web | url=http://www.indialink-online.com/index.php?id=131 | title=NRI Awards Banquet 2004 at Radisson Portman Hotel | publisher=India Link | date=2004 | access-date=December 27, 2015}}</ref> Born to Mohan Tibrewal, he graduated in medicine in 1973 from [[Ranchi University]].<ref name="View IMR Details">{{cite web | url=http://www.mciindia.org/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=192548 | title=View IMR Details | publisher=Medical Council of India | date=2015 | access-date=December 27, 2015}}</ref>

Tibrewal, who is listed in the [[Marquis Who's Who]],<ref name="Marquis Who's Who">{{cite web | url=http://bios.marquiswhoswho.com/sheo_bhagwan_tibrewal/orthopedic_surgeon_consultant/4842484 | title=Marquis Who's Who | publisher=Marquis Who's Who | date=2015 | access-date=December 27, 2015}}</ref> is associated with several hospitals in London, including the [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London]], as a consultant.<ref name="Doctoralia profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.doctoralia.co.uk/consultant/sheo+bhagwan+tibrewal-12181185 | title=Doctoralia profile | publisher=Doctoralia | date=2015 | access-date=December 27, 2015}}</ref> He is also associated with the Advanced Medicare and Research Institute, Kolkata, as a mentor.<ref name="AMRI to set up new Multi-Discipline Super Specialty Medicare">{{cite web | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/04/21/amri-to-set-up-new-multi-discipline-super-specialty-medicare-1177140864.html | title=AMRI to set up new Multi-Discipline Super Specialty Medicare | publisher=One India | date=21 April 2007 | access-date=December 27, 2015}}</ref> The NRI Institute, a London-based organization of Indian expatriates in the UK awarded him the Pride of India Gold Award in 2004.<ref name="NRI Awards Banquet 2004 at Radisson Portman Hotel" /> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2007, for his contributions to Medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref>

{{Portal|United Kingdom|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://ww.itimes.com/video/president-pratibha-patils-visit-to-uk-cyprus-interview-of-dr-sb-tibrewal | title=Interview of Dr. S. B. Tibrewal | publisher=iTimes | work=Web video | date=6 June 2015 | access-date=December 27, 2015}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tibrewal, Sheo Bhagwan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Ranchi University alumni]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Indian orthopaedic surgeons]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century British surgeons]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]
{{India-med-bio-stub}}

D. K. Shivakumar

2026-03-03T15:30:50Z

Shivam:

{{short description|9th Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Indian name|Shivakumar|Doddalahalli Kempegowda}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = D. K. Shivakumar
| image = DK Shivkumar.png
| caption = Shivakumar in 2023
| office = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
| governor = [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| 4blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 4namedata = * Water Resources Department (Major and medium irrigation)
* Bengaluru City Development ([[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]], [[Bangalore Development Authority|BDA]], [[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board|BWSSB]], [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority|BMRDA]], [[Namma Metro|BMRCL]], [[Greater Bengaluru Authority|GBA]]) including Urban Local Bodies in the Bengaluru Urban district.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/deputy-cms-portfolios-modified/article70097642.ece</ref>
| term_start = 20 May 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Laxman Savadi]]|[[C. N. Ashwath Narayan]]|[[Govind Karjol]]}}
| successor =
| office1 = 28th [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| 1blankname1 = [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] President
| 1namedata1 = * [[Sonia Gandhi]] (until 2022)
* [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] (from 2022)
| term_start1 = 2 July 2020
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Dinesh Gundu Rao]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[First Siddaramaiah ministry|Cabinet Minister]] in [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka]]
| governor2 = {{ubl|[[H. R. Bhardwaj]]|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|[[Vajubhai Vala]]}}
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] Siddaramaiah
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = * Water Resources
* Medical Education
* Energy
| term_start2 = 11 July 2014
| term_end2 = 23 July 2019
| predecessor2 = {{ubl|[[M. B. Patil]] ({{small|Water Resources}})|[[Sharan Prakash Patil]] ({{small|Medical Education}})|[[K. S. Eshwarappa]] ({{small|Energy}})}}
| successor2 = {{ubl|[[Ramesh Jarkiholi]]|[[E. Tukaram]]}}
| office3 = [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|Working President of Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start3 = 2008
| term_end3 = 2010
| predecessor3 = ''Office established''
| successor3 = [[Eshwara Khandre]] (2018)
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[Kanakapura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]]
| term_start4 = 15 May 2008
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = P. G. R. Sindhia
| successor4 =
| constituency5 = [[Sathanur Assembly constituency|Sathanur]]
| term_start5 = 30 November 1989
| term_end5 = 10 May 2008
| predecessor5 = [[K. L. Shivalinge Gowda]]
| successor5 = ''Constituency abolished''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|05|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kanakapura]], [[Mysore State]], India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Usha Shivakumar
| children = 3
| relatives = [[D. K. Suresh]] (brother)
| occupation = Politician
| residence = {{ubl|Sadashivanagar, [[Bengaluru]]}}
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Doddalahalli Kempegowda Shivakumar''' (born 15 May 1962) is an Indian politician and businessman who has served as the [[List of deputy chief ministers of Karnataka| Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]] since 2023. He has also held the portfolios of the [[Minister (government)|ministry]] of [[Water resources]], Bengaluru Development and Town Planning, and [[Bengaluru Urban]] District In-charge since 20 May 2023. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He is also the President of the [[Karnataka PCC]] since 2020 and was the Working President from 2008 to 2010. He was the cabinet minister in the [[Government of Karnataka]] from 2014 to 2019. He represented the [[Kanakapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] constituency in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] since 2008 and from [[Sathanur Assembly constituency]] from 1989 to 2008.

==Personal life==
Shivakumar was born to Kempegowda and Gouramma<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shivakumars-father-passes-away/article5523618.ece|title=Shivakumar's father passes away|date=2014-01-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103215825/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shivakumars-father-passes-away/article5523618.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Kanakapura]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dk-shivakumar-sathanur-1027920-2017-08-04|title=DK Shivakumar: The man called tiger of Sathanur|date=August 4, 2017|first=Rohini|last=Swamy|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07|archive-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920042716/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dk-shivakumar-sathanur-1027920-2017-08-04|url-status=live}}</ref> near [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. He belongs to the [[Vokkaliga]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-02 |title=D K Shivakumar: Congress's trusted Vokkaliga strategist-strongman |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/d-k-shivakumar-congress-s-trusted-vokkaliga-strategist-strongman/story-ULEFOaMOQQdtT7b8YdcIaP.html |access-date=2019-09-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901213855/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/d-k-shivakumar-congress-s-trusted-vokkaliga-strategist-strongman/story-ULEFOaMOQQdtT7b8YdcIaP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He has a younger brother [[D. K. Suresh]] who's also a politician.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shivakumar-likely-to-be-k-taka-cong-chief/story-U73ycWE4Se33w5wTFUrYJI.html|title=DK Shivakumar likely to be Karnataka Congress chief|date=2020-02-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220195701/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shivakumar-likely-to-be-k-taka-cong-chief/story-U73ycWE4Se33w5wTFUrYJI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shivakumar married Usha in 1993 and has two daughters, Aishwarya and Aabharana, and a son Aakash with her. His elder daughter is married to Amartya, son of [[Café Coffee Day]] founder [[V. G. Siddhartha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/feb/08/vvips-from-delhi-to-land-in-bengaluru-for-wedding-of-dk-shivakumars-daughter-2261012.html |title=VVIPs from Delhi to land in Bengaluru for wedding of DK Shivakumar's daughter- the New Indian Express |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302040420/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/feb/08/vvips-from-delhi-to-land-in-bengaluru-for-wedding-of-dk-shivakumars-daughter-2261012.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He is one of the richest politicians in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/apr/19/d-k-shivakumar-declares-total-assets-of-rs-840-crore-a-staggering-jump-from-rs-251-crore-in-2013-1803791.html |title= D.K.Shivakumar Assets |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>

==Political career==

Shivakumar started his political career in the early 1980s as a student leader and gradually rose through the ranks of the Congress party. He won his first election in 1989 when he was elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from the Sathanur constituency in the Mysuru district. He was just 27 years old at the time and contested the election on a Congress ticket.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhu |first=Nagesh |date=2023-04-22 |title=D.K. Shivakumar {{!}} Congress's man for all seasons |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/dk-shivakumar-congresss-man-for-all-seasons/article66766314.ece |access-date=2023-05-04 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504183100/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/dk-shivakumar-congresss-man-for-all-seasons/article66766314.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Shivakumar went on to win re-election from the same constituency in the subsequent assembly elections in 1994, 1999 and 2004. He won from [[Kanakapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] constituency in 2008, 2013, 2018 and 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="resultuniversity.com" /><ref name="elections.in" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], during his tenure as [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], worked closely with Shivakumar when he faced the [[motion of no confidence]] in 2002. Shivakumar hosted the Maharastra legislators in his resort located on the outskirts of Bangalore for a week until the date of the vote. This saved Deshmukh's government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=Rohini |date=2020-03-11 |title=Why DK Shivakumar is the Congress' choice to lead the party out of a hole in Karnataka |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-dk-shivakumar-is-the-congress-choice-to-lead-the-party-out-of-a-hole-in-karnataka/352360/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504183059/https://theprint.in/politics/why-dk-shivakumar-is-the-congress-choice-to-lead-the-party-out-of-a-hole-in-karnataka/352360/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Just before his election to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2017 from [[2017 Indian Rajya Sabha elections#Gujarat|Gujarat]], he assisted his party leadership to move 42 Gujarat Congress MLAs into his resort in Bengaluru to avoid them moving to another political party. Subsequently, this helped [[Ahmed Patel]] to win the election.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/karnataka-assembly-election/dk-shivakumar-the-man-who-saved-congress/articleshow/64240047.cms|title=DK Shivakumar: The man who saved Congress|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=2018-07-16|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194915/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/karnataka-assembly-election/dk-shivakumar-the-man-who-saved-congress/articleshow/64240047.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dk-shivakumar-man-who-checkmated-amit-shah-karnataka-81608|title=DK Shivakumar: The man who checkmated Amit Shah in Karnataka|date=2018-05-20|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-07-16|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903091401/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dk-shivakumar-man-who-checkmated-amit-shah-karnataka-81608|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is credited with playing a critical role in the formation of the [[coalition government]] of [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] in Karnataka following the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 election]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cong's D K Shivakumar man of the match |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congs-d-k-shivakumar-man-of-the-match/articleshow/64240718.cms |access-date=2018-07-16 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225213724/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congs-d-k-shivakumar-man-of-the-match/articleshow/64240718.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

He is also a close confidante of party leaders [[Rahul Gandhi]] and [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/who-is-karnataka-minister-dk-shivakumar-i-t-dept-has-raided-one-of-the-wealthiest-ministers-in-country-3884235.html|title=Who is DK Shivakumar? Karnataka power broker is also one of India's richest ministers|website=Firstpost|access-date=2018-07-17|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214190957/https://www.firstpost.com/india/who-is-karnataka-minister-dk-shivakumar-i-t-dept-has-raided-one-of-the-wealthiest-ministers-in-country-3884235.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shivakumar is among the richest politicians in India. While filing his nomination for election in 2018, he declared total assets of {{INR}}840 crore.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/apr/19/d-k-shivakumar-declares-total-assets-of-rs-840-crore-a-staggering-jump-from-rs-251-crore-in-2013-1803791.html |title=D K Shivakumar declares total assets of Rs 840 crore, a staggering jump from Rs 251 crore in 2013 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2018-04-19 |access-date=2018-07-30 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920122425/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/apr/19/d-k-shivakumar-declares-total-assets-of-rs-840-crore-a-staggering-jump-from-rs-251-crore-in-2013-1803791.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 July 2020, Shivakumar officially took charge as Karnataka PCC president succeeding [[Dinesh Gundu Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=D K Shivakumar takes charge as KPCC president|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/d-k-shivakumar-takes-charge-as-kpcc-president/article31969273.ece|date=2020-07-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802095042/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/d-k-shivakumar-takes-charge-as-kpcc-president/article31969273.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 May 2023, Shivakumar became the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]] following the victory of the Congress party in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023 election]].

===Positions held===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Position
! Ref

|-
| 1989–1994
| Member, [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* Minister of Prisons and Homeguards ({{small|17 October 1990 – 19 November 1992}})
|<ref name="news18">{{cite web |title=Meet DK Shivakumar, Congress' Last 'Resort' for Tricky Trust Votes |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/dk-shivakumar-a-man-hated-and-loved-in-equal-measure-is-congress-man-for-all-seasons-1753439.html |website=News18 |accessdate=6 August 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806145637/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/dk-shivakumar-a-man-hated-and-loved-in-equal-measure-is-congress-man-for-all-seasons-1753439.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1994–1999
| Member, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|<ref name="news18"/>
|-
| 1999–2004
| Member, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
* Minister of Urban Development ({{small|11 October 1999 – 20 May 2004}})
|<ref name="resultuniversity.com">{{cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sathanur-karnataka-assembly-constituency |title=Sathanur Assembly Constituency Election Result |publisher=resultuniversity.com |accessdate=25 Oct 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804172801/https://resultuniversity.com/election/sathanur-karnataka-assembly-constituency |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2004–2008
| Member, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|<ref name="resultuniversity.com"/>
|-
| 2008–2013
| Member, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
* [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|KPCC]] Working President ({{small| 2008 – 2010}})
|<ref name="elections.in">{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/kanakapura.html |title=Kanakapura (Karnataka) Assembly Constituency Elections |publisher=elections.in |accessdate=25 Oct 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028172739/https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/kanakapura.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2013–2018
| Member, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
* Minister of Energy ({{small|11 July 2014 – 19 May 2018}})
|<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Shiva Kumar and Roshan Baig sworn-in as ministers in Karnataka Cabinet|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shiva-kumar-and-roshan-baig-sworn-in-as-ministers-in-karnataka-cabinet/articleshow/28244074.cms|work=The Times of India|date=1 Jan 2014|accessdate=25 Oct 2021|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415115401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shiva-kumar-and-roshan-baig-sworn-in-as-ministers-in-karnataka-cabinet/articleshow/28244074.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2023
| Member, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
* Minister of Major Irrigation and Medical Education ({{small|23 May 2018 – 23 July 2019}})
* [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]] President ({{small|2 July 2020 – present}})
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=D K Shivakumar takes charge as KPCC president|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/dk-shivakumar-is-new-kpcc-president/article31040005.ece|work=The Hindu|date=11 Mar 2020|accessdate=25 Oct 2021|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160451/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/dk-shivakumar-is-new-kpcc-president/article31040005.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–
| Member, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
* [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]] ({{small|20 May 2023 – present}})
|}

==Electoral statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Election
!Constituency Name
!Party
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
!Margin
!Ref
|-
|[[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] || [[Sathanur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sathanur]] || [[Indian National Congress| INC]] ||{{Lost}}|| 29,809 || 38.78% || 15,803 ||<ref name="resultuniversity.com"/>
|-
|[[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] || [[Sathanur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sathanur]] || [[Indian National Congress| INC]] ||{{Won}}|| 44,595 || 49.77% || 13,650 ||<ref name="resultuniversity.com"/>
|-
|[[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] || [[Sathanur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sathanur]] || [[Independent politician|IND]] ||{{Won}}|| 48,270 || 46.08% || 568 ||<ref name="resultuniversity.com"/>
|-
|[[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] || [[Sathanur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sathanur]] || [[Indian National Congress| INC]] ||{{Won}}|| 56,050 || 54.64% || 14,387 ||<ref name="resultuniversity.com"/>
|-
|2002 (bypoll)|| [[Lok Sabha]] || [[Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] || [[Indian National Congress| INC]] ||{{lost}}|| 529,133 || 37.61% || 52,576 |||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/byeDetail/170 |title=PC Bye Election: Kanakapura 2002|publisher= indiavotes.com |accessdate= 11 Sep 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] || [[Sathanur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sathanur]] || [[Indian National Congress| INC]] ||{{Won}}|| 51,603|| 47.91% || 13,928 ||<ref name="resultuniversity.com"/>
|-
|[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] || [[Kanakapura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] || [[Indian National Congress| INC]] ||{{Won}}|| 68,096 || 48.34% || 7,179 ||<ref name="elections.in"/>
|-
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] || [[Kanakapura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] || [[Indian National Congress| INC]] ||{{Won}}|| 100,007 || 56.77% || 31,424 ||<ref name="elections.in"/>
|-
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] || [[Kanakapura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] ||[[Indian National Congress| INC]] ||{{Won}}|| 127,552 || 68.52% || 79,909 ||<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/kanakapura-assembly-elections-ka-184/ |title=KANAKAPURA ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS (2018) |publisher=oneindia.com |accessdate=25 Oct 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815210340/https://www.oneindia.com/kanakapura-assembly-elections-ka-184/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] || [[Kanakapura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] || [[Indian National Congress| INC]] ||{{Won}}|| 143,023 || 75.00% || 122,392 ||<ref name=" elections.in"/>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7433 D.K Shivakumar My neta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190926014924/https://www.dkshivakumar.com/ Official website]
{{Current Indian deputy chief ministers}}
{{Indian National Congress|state=Karnataka}}
{{Deputy Chief Ministers of Karnataka}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivakumar, D. K}}
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Presidents of Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]]

List of Scheduled Castes in Rajasthan

2026-02-22T18:01:26Z

Shivam:

{{short description|None}}
{{morefootnotes|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

This is a list of the castes in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/SC14/SC-08-00-14-DDW-2011.XLS 2011 Census] censusindia.gov.in {{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> As per 2011 census of India, Rajasthan has 59 registered Scheduled Caste communities (counted with their sub-groups) with poulation of around 12.2 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Rajasthan - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42889 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251109012433/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42889 |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Scheduled Caste
! rowspan="2" | Population
|-
!SC Code
!Caste
|-
|01
| [[Ad-Dharmi|Ad Dharmi]]
| 412
|-
|02
| [[Aheria]]
| 5,567

|-
|03
| [[Badi (caste)|Badi]]
| 15,833
|-
|04
| [[Bagri people|Bagri]], [[Bagdi]]
|64,334
|-
|05
| [[Berwa]], Bairwa
| 1,260,686

|-
|06
| [[Bazigar|Bazgar]]
|911
|-
|07
| [[Balai]]
| 708,518
|-
|08
| [[Bansphor]]
|9,187
|-
|09
| [[Berwa|Barwa]]
| 402,513
|-
|10
| [[Bargi (caste)|Bargi]]
|12,096
|-
|11
| [[Bawaria]]
| 62,585
|-
|12
| [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]], Beria
| 4,833
|-
|13
| [[Bhand]]
| 25,714
|-
|14
| [[Valmiki caste|Balmiki]], [[Bhangi]], [[Chuhra|Chura]], Mehtar, Olgana, Rukhi, Malkana, [[Halalkhor]], [[Lal Begi|Lalbegi]], Valmiki, Korar, Zadmalli
|466,313
|-
|15
| [[Bidakia]]
| 456
|-
|16
| [[Bola (caste)|Bola]]
|2,397
|-
|17
| [[Chamar]], [[Bhambi]], [[Jatav]], [[Mochi (Hindu)|Mochi]], [[Ravidassia|Raidas]], [[Regar]], [[Ramdasia]], [[Chambhar]], Chamgar, Haralayya, Harali, [[Bhambi Khalpa|Khalpa]], Machigar, Mochigar, Madar, Madig, Telegu Mochi, Kamati Mochi, Ranigar, Rohit, Samgar
| 2,491,551
|-
|18
| [[Chandala|Chandal]]
|1,415
|-
|19
| [[Dabgar]]
| 3,169
|-
|20
| [[Dhanuk]]
|114,159
|-
|21
| [[Dhankia]]
| 1,447
|-
|22
| [[Dhobi]]
| 190,273
|-
|23
| [[Dholi (caste)|Dholi]]
| 134,287
|-
|24
| [[Domba|Dome]], Dom
|4,507
|-
|25
| [[Gandia (caste)|Gandia]]
| 382
|-
|26
| [[Garancha (caste)|Garancha]]
|11,566
|-
|27
| [[Garo (caste)|Garo]], [[Garoda (caste)|Garoda]], Garuda
| 52,652
|-
|28
| [[Gavara|Gavaria]]
|90,741
|-
|29
| [[Godhi]]
| 438
|-
|30
| [[Jingar]]
|53,540
|-
|31
| [[Kalbelia]], Sapera
| 131,911
|-
|32
|
Kanmeniya, Kamar
| 11,871
|-
|33
| [[Kanjar]], Kunjar
| 53,816
|-
|34
| [[Sansi people|Kapadia Sansi]]
| 2,600
|-
|35
| [[Khangar (community)|Khangar]]
| 10,263
|-
|36
|[[Koli people|Koli]], [[Kori (caste)|Kori]]
|539,920
|-
|37
| [[Khatik]]
|381,447

|-
|38
| [[Kuchband]]
|2,921
|-
|39
| [[Kokna (tribe)|Koria]]
| 1,770
|-
|40
| [[Madari]], Taral, Dhegumegu
| 43,860
|-
|41
| [[Mahar]]
| 1,980
|-
|42
| [[Mahyavanshi]], [[Dhedh]], [[Vankar]], [[Maru Vankar]]
| 1,289
|-
|43
| [[Mazhabi Sikh|Mazhabi]]
| 158,698
|-
|44
| [[Mang (caste)|Mang]]
| 2,089
|-
|45
| [[Mang Garodi]]
| 55
|-
|46
| [[Meghwal]], Megh
| 3,060,418
|-
|47
| [[Mehar (caste)|Mehar]]
| 79,689
|-
|48
| [[Nat caste|Nat]], Nut
| 65,904
|-
|49
| [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]
|4,025
|-
|50
| [[Rawal (caste)|Rawal]]
| 28,651
|-
|51
| [[Royal Salvi (caste)|Salvi]]
|85,719
|-
|52
| [[Sansi people|Sansi]]
| 86,514
|-
|53
|[[Santia (caste)|Santia]], Satia
| 12,330
|-
|54
|[[Sarbhangi]]
| 563
|-
|55
|Sargara
|138,917
|-
|56
| [[Singiwala]]
| 15,879
|-
|57
|Bavariya, [[Thori caste|Thori]]
| 839,204
|-
|58
| [[Tirgar]], Tirbanda
| 5,273
|-
|59
|[[Turi (caste)|Turi]]
| 4,963
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130207163453/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html Tables on Individual Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) ]

[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan|*]]
[[Category:Rajasthan-related lists|Scheduled castes]]
[[Category:Lists of Scheduled Castes by state|Rajasthan]]

Roshni Walia

2026-02-22T11:30:22Z

Shivam:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 2001)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roshni Walia
| image = Roshni Walia at pre-awards party of 22nd Indian Television Awards (cropped).jpg
| caption = Walia in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|09|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap|Maharana Pratap]]'' ''[[Tara From Satara]]''
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Roshni Walia''' (born 20 September 2001<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tara from Satara's Roshni Walia gifts herself a car on her birthday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tara-from-sataras-roshni-walia-gifts-herself-a-car-on-her-birthday/articleshow/71207708.cms|access-date=9 November 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television. She is best known for her portrayal of [[Ajabde|Ajabde Punwar]] in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' and Tara Mane in ''[[Tara From Satara]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Maharana Pratap actress Roshni Walia - Remember these famous child actors?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/remember-these-famous-child-actors-they-have-grown-up-to-be-hotties/maharana-pratap-actress-roshni-walia-is-all-grown-up-this-is-how-she-looks-now/photostory/64546089.cms|access-date=13 August 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Roshni Walia opts for a 100% makeup look in Tara from Satara - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/roshni-walia-opts-for-a-100%-makeup-look-in-tara-from-satara/articleshow/70014061.cms|access-date=13 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Her notable films include ''[[Hindi film series|My Friend Ganesha 4]]'' (2012) and ''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular child actors who are now all grown up: Check out what are they up to these days|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/article/popular-child-actors-who-are-now-all-grown-up-check-out-what-are-they-up-to-these-days/790272|access-date=13 August 2021|website=timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Roshni Walia was born on 20 September 2001<ref name="zee-b-day-gift-from-god-roshni">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/yeh-vaada-raha-best-b-day-gift-from-god-roshni-walia_1718556.html|title=' Yeh Vaada Raha' best B-day gift from god: Roshni Walia|work=Zee News|access-date=18 September 2015|date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="express-b-day-gift-from-god-roshni">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/yeh-vaada-raha-best-b-day-gift-from-god-roshni-walia|title='Yeh Vaada Raha' best B-day gift from god: Roshni Walia|date=9 September 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. She currently resides in [[Mumbai]]. Her mother is Sweety Walia,<ref name="Walia-in-Deeparajs-next">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Roshini-Walia-in-Deeparajs-next/articleshow/12144120.cms|title=Roshini Walia in Deeparaj's next|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> and she has an older sister named Noor Walia.<ref name="walia-and-her-sister">{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-raksha-bandhan-special-maharana-pratap-fame-roshni-walia-and-her-sister-tie-rakh-5096496-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918073057/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-raksha-bandhan-special-maharana-pratap-fame-roshni-walia-and-her-sister-tie-rakh-5096496-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2015|title=Raksha Bandhan Special: 'Maharana Pratap' fame Roshni Walia and her sister tie rakhi to each other|work=Daily Bhaskar|access-date=18 September 2015|date=27 August 2015}}</ref> Walia's maternal grandfather was an army officer.<ref name="young-girls-big-roles">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140614/entertainment-tvmusic/article/young-girls-big-roles|title=Young girls in big roles|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=18 September 2015|date=15 June 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Roshani Walia Spotted At Andheri.png|thumb|Walia in 2022]]

Walia began her career in the entertainment industry with television commercials. Her first advertisement was for Nutree's Nuggets, where she earned 7,000 rupees at the age of seven.

Her television debut was in 2012 with the [[Life OK]] drama series ''[[Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki]]'', where she portrayed the character Jiyana. In the same year, she appeared in the film ''[[My Friend Ganesha|My Friend Ganesha 4]]'' as Lucky.

In 2013, Walia portrayed Maitri in the Indian horror TV series ''[[Khauff Begins... Ringa Ringa Roses]]'', which aired on Life OK from 30 November 2013 to 19 January 2014. Her character, Maitri, believed her father to be a superhero who combats supernatural forces, contributing to the show's storyline of action, horror, and thriller elements.

Walia played the role of young Ganga Singh in the Indian drama series ''[[Balika Vadhu – Kacchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte]]''. Her character, Ganga, was portrayed during her childhood years in the show, which aired from 2013 to 2014. Ganga was the daughter of Ratan Singh and later became involved in significant storylines within the series.

Walia portrayed the role of young Sati in the mythological drama series ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''. In the show, she depicted the childhood of Sati, the daughter of Daksha and Prasuti.

In 2014, Walia gained popularity for her role in the acclaimed television series ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', where she portrayed young Maharani Ajabde Punwar, the first wife of Maharana Pratap opposite [[Faisal Khan (dancer)|Faisal Khan]]. She appeared in episodes 168 to 289, marking a significant period in her acting career. This performance earned her a nomination for Best Child Actor - Female at the 13th [[Indian Telly Awards]].

In 2015, Walia portrayed Young Survi in the television drama series ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]'', which aired on [[Zee TV]] from 2015 to 2017. Her role contributed to the show's narrative focused on romance, drama, and family dynamics set in Maharashtra.

in 2019, Walia portrayed the main character, Tara Mane, in the Indian family drama television series ''[[Tara From Satara]]'', which premiered on 19 August 2019 on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. In the series, she plays a young girl from Satara who is passionate about Bollywood dance, despite her father's opposition.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Hindi film series|My Friend Ganesha 4]]''
|Lucky
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Machhli Jal Ki Rani Hai]]''
| Guddi
|-
|2016
|''Gangs of Littles''
|Benjir Kaif
|-
|2017
| ''[[Firangi]]''
|Nimmo
|-
|2019
|''I Am Banni''
|Banni
|-
|2025
|''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]''
|Saba / Simran
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki]]''
| Jiyana
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| ''[[Balika Vadhu – Kacchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte]]''
| Young Ganga
|-
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| Teenage Sita
|-
| ''[[Khauff Begins... Ringa Ringa Roses]]''
| Maitri
|-

| 2014
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
|Young Ajabde Purwar
|-

| 2015
| ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]''
| Survi
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Tara From Satara]]''
| Tara Mane
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
|-
| 2018
| ''Zero KMS''
| Alia
|-
| 2024
| ''Naam Namak Nishan''
| Nia
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|''Kudi Badi Cutie''
|Yolo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kudi Badi Cutie (feat. Ankit Chauhan & Roshni Walia) - Single by Yolo |date=2022-05-03 |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/kudi-badi-cutie-feat-ankit-chauhan-roshni-walia-single/1622031290 |language=en-AU |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Silli Silli''
|[[Rochak Kohli]], Danish Sabri
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silli Silli by Rochak Kohli and Danish Sabri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-the-latest-hindi-music-video-for-silli-silli-by-rochak-kohli-and-danish-sabri/videoshow/104695932.cms |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Dil Paagal''
|Laqshay Kapoor
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2024 |title=Dil Paagal featuring Roshni Walia sung by Laqshay Kapoor |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYVEsIW0FxY |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=T-Series}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''FOMO''
|Jordan Sandhu
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bptF-ilf50Q |title=Jordan Sandhu: FOMO {{!}} Roshni Walia {{!}} Desi Crew {{!}} New Punjabi Songs 2025 {{!}} Latest Punjabi Songs 2025 |date=2025-02-05 |last=Speed Records |access-date=2025-08-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Recipient
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| 2014
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Child Actor - Female
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap|Maharana Pratap]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref name="tellyawardsnominees-2014">{{cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2014 - Popular |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/popular |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121135/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/popular |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="tellyawardswinners-2014">{{cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2014 - Nominees |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914102910/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners |archive-date=14 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{IMDb name|5104697}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walia, Roshni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

Kanishka Casket

2026-02-20T22:32:52Z

Shivam: done

{{short description|Buddhist reliquary in Peshawar Museum, Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox artefact
| name = Kanishka casket
| image = [[File:Kanishka casket, Asia, G33 South Asia.jpg|250px]]
| image_caption = The "Kanishka Casket", dated to [[AD 127|127 CE]], with the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] surrounded by [[Indra]] and [[Brahma]]. Kanishka appears in the lower part among the scrolls, [[British Museum]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myer |first1=Prudence R. |title=Again the Kanishka Casket |journal=The Art Bulletin |date=1966 |volume=48 |issue=3/4 |pages=396–403 |doi=10.2307/3048396 |jstor=3048396 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3048396 |issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| material =
| size =
| writing =
| created = 2nd century CE
| discovered =
| location = [[Peshawar Museum]], [[Pakistan]] (a copy is in [[British Museum]], [[London]])
| id =
| registration =
| map =
{{Location map|Pakistan#Gandhara
|width =
|float = center
|border =
|caption =
|alt =
|relief = yes
|AlternativeMap=
|overlay_image =
|label = Kanishka stupa
|label_size =
|position = right
|background =
|mark =
|marksize =
|link =
|lat_deg = 33
|lat_min = 59
|lat_sec = 58
|lat_dir = N
|lon_deg = 71
|lon_min = 35
|lon_sec = 30
|lon_dir = E
}}
}}
[[File:KanishkaBuddhaDetail2.JPG|thumb|Detail of the Buddha, surrounded by [[cherubs]], with devotee or [[bodhisattava]]]]
The '''Kanishka casket''' or '''Kanishka reliquary''', is a [[Buddhist]] [[reliquary]] made in gilded copper, and dated to the first year of the reign of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] emperor [[Kanishka]], in 127 CE. It is now in the [[Peshawar Museum]] in the historic city of Peshawar, Pakistan.

==History and description==
It was discovered in a deposit chamber under the monumental [[Kanishka stupa]] (described by Chinese pilgrims in the 7th century as the tallest stupa in all India), during the archeological excavations in 1908-1909 in Shah-ji-Dheri on the outskirts of [[Peshawar]]. It is said to have contained three bone fragments of the Buddha,<ref>Spooner, D. B. (1908-9): "Excavations at Shāh-ji-Dherī." ''Archaeological Survey of India'', p. 49.</ref> which were forwarded to [[Burma]] by the British following the excavation,<ref>Marshall, John H. (1909): "Archaeological Exploration in India, 1908-9." (Section on: "The stūpa of Kanishka and relics of the Buddha"). ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', 1909, pp. 1056-1061.</ref> where they still remain. The reception and subsequent display of the relics was organized by the Burmese hermit [[U Khandi]].<ref>[[Ludu Daw Amar]] (1999): ''Kyama do Mandalay-ka Mandalay Taung'' (English: ''Our Mandalay Hill of Mandalay''), Mandalay: Kyipwa Yay Press.</ref>

The casket is today at the [[Peshawar Museum]], and a copy is in the [[British Museum]]. The casket is dedicated in [[Kharoshthi]]. The inscription reads:

{| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Inscription of the Kanishka casket<ref>Baums, Stefan. (2012). ''Catalog and Revised Text and Translations of Gandhāran Reliquary Inscriptions''. Gandhāran Buddhist Reliquaries. D. Jongeward. Seattle, University of Washington Press</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Organ |first1=R.M. |title=The Restoration of the Relic Casket from Shāh-jī-kī-ḍherī |journal=[[British Museum Quarterly|The British Museum Quarterly]] |date=1964 |volume=28 |issue=1/2 |pages=46–51 |doi=10.2307/4422850 |jstor=4422850 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4422850 |issn=0007-151X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Translated by B. N. Mukherjee. ''BMQ'', Vol. XXVIII, pp. 41-43. Quoted in: Dobbins, K. Walton. (1971): ''The Stūpa and Vihāra of Kanishka I''. The Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Vol. XVIII. Calcutta.</ref>
|-
!Inscription
!Original ([[Kharosthi|Kharosthi script(Read from right to left)]])
!Transliteration
!English translation
|-
| '''Line 2'''
| {{big|𐨐𐨞𐨁𐨮𐨿𐨐𐨤𐨂𐨪𐨅 𐨞𐨒𐨪𐨅 𐨀𐨩𐨎 𐨒𐨢𐨐𐨪𐨎𐨜𐨅 𐨨𐨱𐨪𐨗𐨯 𐨐𐨞𐨁‎}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Kaṇiṣkapure ṇagare ayaṃ gadhakaraṃḍe maharajasa Kaṇi-}}
| In Kaṇiṣkapura city, this incense box is the great king [[Kanishka I|Kanishka]]'s
|-
| '''Line 4'''
| {{big|𐨮𐨿𐨐𐨯 𐨬𐨁𐨱𐨪𐨅 𐨨𐨱𐨯𐨅𐨣𐨯 𐨯𐨎𐨓𐨪𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨁𐨟𐨯 𐨀𐨒𐨁𐨭𐨫𐨣𐨬𐨐𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨁𐨀𐨣}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|ṣkasa vihare Mahasenasa Saṃgharakṣitasa agiśalanavakarmiana}}
| monastery's superintendents of construction of the fire hall, Mahasena's and Saṃgharakṣita's,
|-
| '''Line 3'''
| {{big|𐨡𐨅𐨩𐨢𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨅 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨯𐨟𐨿𐨬𐨣 𐨱𐨁𐨟𐨯𐨂𐨱𐨪𐨿𐨠 𐨧𐨬𐨟𐨂}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|deyadharme sarvasatvana hitasuhartha bhavatu}}
| donation. May it be for the benefit and pleasure of all living beings.
|-
| '''Line 1'''
| {{big|𐨀𐨕𐨪𐨿𐨩𐨣 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨬𐨟𐨁𐨣 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨁𐨒𐨿𐨪𐨱𐨅}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|acaryana sarvastivatina pratigrahe}}
| In the possession of the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādin]] teachers.
|}

Originally it was believed, that the text is signed by the maker, a Greek artist named ''Agesilas'', who oversaw work at Kanishka's [[stupa]]s (caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date: "The servant ([[dasa]]) Agisalaos, the superintendent of works at the vihara of Kanishka in the monastery of Mahasena" ("dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kaniskasa vihara mahasenasa sangharame"). However, a recent cleaning of the casket had shown that the old reading was not accurate. Instead, the name is to be read ''agnisala'', which is the [[refectory]] of the monastery.<ref>Prudence R. Myer: ''Again the Kanishka Casket'', In: ''The Art Bulletin'', Vol. 48, No. 3/4 (Sep.–Dec., 1966), pp. 396–403 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3048396]</ref>

The lid of the casket shows the Buddha on lotus pedestal, and worshipped by [[Indra]] and [[Brahma]].

The edge of the lid is decorated by a frieze of flying geese, or [[Hamsa bird|hamsa]], symbolizing the travel of departing souls and the removal from [[samsara]]. Some of the geese have a wreath of victory in their beak.

The body of the casket represents a Kushan monarch, probably Kanishka in person, with the Iranian [[Sun god]] and [[Moon god]] at his side. On the sides are two images of a seated Buddha, worshiped a royal figures, possibly a [[bodhisattava]].

A garland, supported by [[cherubs]] goes around the scene in typical Hellenistic style.

The relics themselves were forwarded to [[Burma]] by the British in 1910 in order to safeguard them. They are today visible in [[Mandalay]], in a museum at the base of [[Mandalay Hill]].<ref>{{Cite Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Peshwar+Buddha+Relics+%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E2%80%8B%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA/@22.0068232,96.1040742,20z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x30cb6dd5153564e5:0x2ebb884204f3e1c!8m2!3d22.0068977!4d96.1039852!16s%2Fg%2F11j6ybkdhn?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDIxOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D|title=Peshwar Buddha Relics|access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref> The three fragments of bone are believed to be [[Relics associated with Buddha|true relics of Gautama Buddha]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:TrilogyDetail.JPG|Detail of the Indra, Buddha, [[Brahma]] trilogy.
Image:KanishkaDetail.JPG|Detail of Kanishka, surrounded by the Sun-God and the Moon-God.
File:Kanishka in the Kanishka Casket.jpg|Kanishka in the Kanishka Casket (detail)
Image:GooseDetail.JPG|Detail of the flight of sacred geese, or hamsa.
Image:Buddha relics.JPG|Buddha relics from Kanishka's [[stupa]] in Peshawar, Pakistan, sent by the British to [[Mandalay]], Burma in 1910.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Cetiya]]
* [[Bimaran reliquary]]
* [[Rukhuna reliquary]]
* [[Silver Reliquary of Indravarman]]
* [[Bajaur casket]]
* [[Kushan art]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Baums, Stefan. 2012. "Catalog and Revised Texts and Translations of Gandharan Reliquary Inscriptions." In: David Jongeward, Elizabeth Errington, Richard Salomon and Stefan Baums, ''Gandharan Buddhist Reliquaries'', p. 246, Seattle: Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project (Gandharan Studies, Volume 1).
*Baums, Stefan, and Andrew Glass. 2002– . [https://gandhari.org/catalog ''Catalog of Gāndhārī Texts''], no. [https://gandhari.org/catalog/cki0145 CKI 145]
* Fenet, Annick (2020): « "In other words, authentic relics of the Buddha himself !" La fouille du stūpa de Kanishka à Shāh-jī-kī-Dherī (février-mars 1909) », in S. Alaura (ed.), Digging in the archives. From the history of oriental studies to the history of ideas, Roma (Documenta Asiana XI), 2020, p. 63-90

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090109171953/http://www.trincoll.edu/classes/relg254pics/relg254pics/class3/if000000.htm Photograph of the Kanishka casket]
{{Gandhara|state=expanded}}
{{British Museum}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanishka Casket}}
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]
[[Category:Asian objects in the British Museum]]
[[Category:Kanishka]]
[[Category:Peshawar]]
[[Category:Buddhist reliquaries]]
[[Category:Kushan art]]
[[Category:Gandhara art]]

Ramesh Chandra Jha

2026-02-18T05:36:26Z

Shivam: enhance article per sources and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Indian poet, novelist and freedom fighter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ramesh Chandra Jha
| image = Freedom Fighter & Poet - Ramesh Chandra Jha.jpg
| imagesize =
| nationality = {{flagicon|india}} [[Indian people|Indian]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|5|08}}
| birth_place = [[Motihari]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]] (now in [[Motihari]], [[Bihar]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1994|04|07|1928|5|08}}
| death_place = [[Motihari, Bihar]], India
| occupation = Poet, novelist, journalist, freedom fighter
| language = [[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Sanskrit]]
| period = 1950s–1970s
| notableworks= यह देश है वीर जवानों का, स्वागतिका, वत्सराज, मुरलिका, प्रियंवदा
| subject =
| spouse = Suryamukhi Devi
| parents = Laxminarayan Jha [Freedom Fighter]
| children = Vinayak Jha, Rita Devi
| relatives = [[Sanjeev K Jha]] (mat. grandson) [[Anuranjan Jha]] (Brother's grandson)
}}

'''Ramesh Chandra Jha'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/web-stories/independence-day-2023-indian-freedom-fighter-and-poet-ramesh-chandra-jha-in-hindi/1824038/|title= Indian Freedom fighter and poet Ramesh Chandra Jha|work= Zee News|date= 14 August 2023|accessdate=16 December 2024}}</ref>(8 May 1928 – 7 April 1994) was an Indian [[poet]], [[novelist]] and [[freedom fighter]]. Son of a senior [[Gandhians|Gandhian]] and freedom fighter Lakshmi Narayan Jha,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/unsung-heroes-of-freedom-movement-from-a-man-who-saved-gandhi-life-to-elderly-woman-who-died-hoisting-tricolour-news-219093?utm_source=chatgpt.com|title= An Unsung Hero From Bihar Who Saved Gandhi's Life During Freedom Struggle|work= Outlook India|date= 18 January 2024|accessdate=21 August 2025}}</ref> who also contributed in [[Indian independence movement|Indian Freedom Struggle]] from [[Bihar]]. His maternal grandson [[Sanjeev K Jha]] is a well-known [[screenwriter]] who is working in [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jabariya-jodi-writer-sanjeev-k-jha-5840483/|title= Jabariya Jodi writer Sanjeev K Jha|website=The Indian Express|date= 29 July 2019|accessdate=29 July 2022}}</ref> Ramesh Chandra Jha's poems, [[ghazal]]s and stories often evoke [[patriotism]] and human values.{{Example needed|date=January 2025}} Romanticism and struggle of life are also important aspects of his writing. His poetry expresses concerns of people's life struggle, their dreams and hopes.<ref>[https://www.ijamsr.com/issues/6_Volume%208_Issue%201/20250218_070921_8011.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com/ IJAMSR (International Journal for Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research)]</ref>

His research based books including ''Champaran Ki Sahitya Sadhana'' (चम्पारन की साहित्य साधना) (1958), ''Champaran: Literature & Literary Writers'' (चम्पारन: साहित्य और साहित्यकार) (1967) and ''Apne Aur Sapne: A Literary Journey Of Champaran'' (अपने और सपने: चम्पारन की साहित्य यात्रा) (1988) meticulously document the rich literary heritage and history of [[Champaran]], [[Bihar]]. These seminal books continue to serve as foundational reference points for researchers, scholars, Ph.D. students, and journalists alike. Jha's exploration and preservation of Champaran's historical and literary legacy have solidified his place as a cornerstone in the field of literary research.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ApneAurSapneALitereryJourneyOfChamparanByRameshChandraJha/ Apne Aur Sapne : Online PDF book at Archive.org]</ref>

==Life history==
Ramesh Chandra Jha was born on 8 May 1928 in Fulwariya village of [[Sugauli]] in [[East Champaran district]], known as [[Motihari]], [[Bihar]]. His father, Laxmi Narayan Jha, was a patriot and freedom fighter who fought against [[British Raj|British rule]] and was arrested many times, including on 15 April 1917 when [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Champaran for his [[Satyagrah]] movement. Influenced by these events, Ramesh Chandra Jha became active in nationalist activities from an early age. At the age of 14, he was convicted of robbery in connection with the movement. While imprisoned, he frequently caused disturbances and became a source of difficulty for the British officers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav-champaran-satyagraha-and-revolution-confluence-srn|title= चंपारण सत्याग्रह और क्रांति का संगम|website=Prabhat Khabar|date= 2 July 2022|accessdate=12 July 2022}}</ref>

==Life as Freedom Fighter==

[[File:Tamra Patra honoured by Smt. Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Tamra Patra honoured by Smt. Indira Gandhi]]
Ramesh Chandra Jha went to jail many times during British rule because of his involvement in the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gCnRzJwcqSQC Bihar Through the Ages : Ritu Chaturvedi, S.R.Bakshi 2007]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mf4p-Ll5w6sC Champaran to Quit India Movement : Mittal Publication 2002]</ref> At that time, he was a student of Hazarimal High School, [[Raxaul]]. He was entrapped into several cases of the robbery at police stations during freedom struggle. In his school days he led student protest and was later thrown out from the school.

S. R. Bakshi and Ritu Chaturvedi in his research based book have said that {{blockquote|At his phulwariya village in great hardship, Gokul Thakur ordered Ramesh Chandra and Rama Kant Jha to go to Sugaon and to take account of the articles were removed and also the condition of imposed collective fines. Since both these persons view of prematured age, there was not much possibility of their being arrested. But both of them were arrested happily and imprisoned for two years under the Section 38(v) of the Indian safety act...<ref>Bihar Through The Ages</ref>}}

Renowned [[Intellectual|litterateur]] [[Kanhiyalal Prabhakar Mishra]] writes about Ramesh Chandra Jha in the preface to a book, "The history of Ramesh Chandra Jha and his family is like laughing aloud in the face of ruin during the freedom struggle. He is among those who themselves put handcuffs to break the shackles of slavery. He also enjoyed the life of a dreaded absconder and is among those who did not get freedom but earned it."<ref>{{cite web |title=An Unsung Hero From Bihar|date=26 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/unsung-heroes-of-freedom-movement-from-a-man-who-saved-gandhi-life-to-elderly-woman-who-died-hoisting-tricolour-news-219093 |access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref>

While serving his jail term, he was drawn to reading Indian and world literature. After coming out of prison, he became a poet and author instead of joining any political party.

==Works and literature==

[[File:Acharya Shivpujan Sahay's letter to Ramesh Chandra Jha.png|thumb|250px|left|Acharya Shivpujan Sahay's letter to R.C.Jha]]

Ramesh Chandra Jha worked across various literary genres and forms. While his body of work is diverse, it predominantly reflects themes of patriotism, Chhayavad (Romanticism or Shadowism), and historical or period narratives.

The eminent poet and freedom fighter [[Rambriksh Benipuri]], who were very close the Ramesh Jha once wrote:<ref name="Outlook">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Arunesh |title=Ramesh Chandra Jha in the eyes of hindi poets |url=https://outlookhindi.com/country/general/ramesh-chandra-jha-in-the-eyes-of-hindi-poets-75907/ |work=Outlook}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"With Dinkar, a new wave of poets emerged in Bihar, but its fate turned out to be quite peculiar. One searches for the new sprouts that were expected to follow. Occasionally, a few fresh buds seem to peek through the dense layers of the earth. Ramesh is one such bud, and he belongs to my home—he is one of us. Affection and favoritism, I hear, often go hand in hand, yet even so, affection cannot be forsaken, nor can the bonds of love be broken! Favoritism it may be, but without hesitation, I will say that I have always deeply appreciated Ramesh’s works."}}

==Honours and awards==

* 15 August 1972, on the 25th anniversary of [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], [[Indira Gandhi]] awarded him with Tamra Patra for his participation in the Indian freedom struggle.
* Awarded by Dr Uday Narayan Tiwari Award on 2 October 1993 at the National Bhojpuri Language Summit in [[Raniganj]], [[West Bengal]].
* Ramesh Chandra Jha’s Bhojpuri poem has been included in the textbook of Bhojpuri by the Bihar government.<ref name="Beyond Headlines">{{cite news |last1=Ranjan |first1=Shashi |title=Ramesh Chandra Jha: A Poet of People and Patriot of Champaran |url=https://beyondheadlines.in/2023/05/ramesh-chandra-jha/ |work=Beyondheadlines.in}}</ref>

==Ramesh Chandra Jha Memorial Award==
On 04-5 March 2016 on the occasion of completing 200 years of [[Treaty of Sugauli]] BHOR Organization had conducted '''Sugauli Sandhi Samaroh''' 2016. In this festival an important historical book about Sugauli and its past, ''Swadheenta Samar Mein Sugauli'', had been launched and the ''Ramesh Chandra Jha Smriti Samman'' for writer and journalist had been awarded.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241208004716/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/east-champaran-13565351.html Dainik Jagran, 10 February 2016]</ref>

On 4 March 2016 the journalist Arvind Mohan, ex-DGP ([[Uttar Pradesh]]) and the former Vice-Chancellor of [[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Vibhuti Narain Rai]], along with many other special guests, launched Ramesh Chandra Jha's historical book titled ''Swadheenta Samar Mein Sugauli''.<ref>[http://www.outlookhindi.com/art-and-culture/diary/bhor-literature-festival-6993/ Outlook Hindi, March 12, 2016]</ref>

Bhor Charitable Trust conducted 2nd Bhor Literature Festival 2017 on the occasion of 100 Years of famous Gandhi's Champaran Satyagrah. This event was held at historical Phulwaria village (Birth Place of Ramesh Chandra Jha) of Champaran on 15–16 April 2017, during the festival '''2nd Ramesh Chandra Jha Smriti Samman''' was given to [[Laxmi Shankar Bajpai]]. Bhor has Started ''Guruvar Dinesh Chandra Jha'' Bhor Rural olympiad. BRO for rural school children. In the year 2017 it has given to 12 students of Champaran region. ''Guruvar Dinesh Chandra Jha'' was the renowned teacher and younger brother of Ramesh Chandra Jha.

==Major literary works==

'''Poetry Collection''' '''(काव्य-संग्रह)'''

*Murlika, (मुरलिका)
*Priyamvada (प्रियंवदा-खण्ड काव्य),
*Swagatika, (स्वगातिका)
*Megh-geet, (मेघ-गीत)
*Aag-phool, (आग-फूल)
*Bharat Desh Humara, (भारत देश हमारा)
*Jawaan Jagte Raho, (जवान जागते रहो)
*Marichika, (मरीचिका)
*Jai Bharat Jai Gandhi, (जय भारत जय गांधी)
*Jai Bolo Hindustan Ki, (जय बोलो हिन्दुस्तान की)
*Priyadarshni (प्रियदर्शनी-श्रद्धा काव्य)
*Deep Jalta Raha, (दीप चलता रहा)
*Challo-Dilli, (चलो-दिल्ली)
*Neel Ke Daag (नील के दाग)

'''Historical Novel''' '''(ऐतिहासिक उपन्यास)'''

*Durg Ka Ghera (दुर्ग का घेरा) [प्र० व०- 1958,सुभाष पुस्तक मंडल, बनारस]
*Majaar Ka Diya,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webopac.puchd.ac.in/w21OneItem.aspx?xC=249396 |title=Item Details |accessdate=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130801135643/http://webopac.puchd.ac.in/w21OneItem.aspx?xC=249396 |archivedate=1 August 2013 }}</ref> (मजार का दीया) [प्र० व०- 1962, चौधरी एंड संस, बनारस]
*Mitti Bol Uthi (मिट्टी बोल उठी) [प्र० व०- 1962, चौधरी एंड संस, बनारस]
*Rao-Hammir, (राव हम्मीर) [प्र० व०- 1963, सुभाष पुस्तक मंडल, बनारस]
*Vatsraj,<ref>https://hindidada.com/ | Hindi Dada</ref>
*Kunvar Singh, (कुंवर सिंह)
*Kaling Ka Lahu (कलिंग का लहू)

'''Patriotic Work''' '''(राष्ट्रीय साहित्य)'''

*Yah Desh Hai Veer Jawanon Ka (Poetry Collection)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webopac.puchd.ac.in/w21OneItem.aspx?xC=261143 |title=Item Details |accessdate=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130801135740/http://webopac.puchd.ac.in/w21OneItem.aspx?xC=261143 |archivedate=1 August 2013 }}</ref> (यह देश है वीर जवानों का)
*Swadheenta Samar Mein:Sugauli (Prose) (स्वाधीनता समर में:सुगौली)

'''Social-Political Novel''' '''(सामाजिक-राजनीतिक उपन्यास)'''

*Dharti Ki Dhool (धरती की धुल)
*Jeevan-Daan (जीवन-दान) [प्र० व०- 1955, चौधरी एंड संस, कलकत्ता]
*Roop Ki Rakh (रूप की राख)
*Paas Ki Duri (पास की दूरी)
*Meera Nachi Re (मीरा नाची रे)
*Kaante Aur Kaliyan (काँटे और कलियाँ) [सुभाष पुस्तक मंडल, बनारस]

'''Children's Literature''' '''(बाल साहित्य)'''

*Sone Ka Kangan (सोने का कंगन)
*Chanda Ka Doot (चंदा का दूत)
*Bandar Lala (बन्दर लाला)
*Kehte Chalo Sunte Chalo (कहते चलो सुनते चलो)
*Inse Sikho Inse Jano (इनसे सीखो इनसे जानो)
*Kavita Bhari Kahaani (कविता भरी कहानी)
*Naya Desh Nai Kahani (नया देश नई कहानी)
*Gata Chal Bajata Chal (गाता चल बजाता चल)
*Kaisi Rahi Kahaani (कैसी रही कहानी)
*Aao Suno Kahaani (आओ सुनो कहानी)
*Ek Samay Ki Baat(Novel) (एक समय की बात)
*Aage Kadam Badhao (आगे कदम बढाओ)
*Bachho Suno Kahaani (बच्चो सुनो कहानी)
*Aao Padhte Jao (आओ पढ़ते जाओ)

'''Autobiographical Novel''' '''(आत्मकथात्मक उपन्यास)'''

*Vidyapati (विद्यापति)
*Bharat Putri (भारत-पुत्री)

'''Research Work''' '''(शोध कार्य)'''

*Champaran Ki Sahitya Sadhana (चम्पारन की साहित्य साधना) (1958)
*Apne Aur Sapne:A Literary Journey Of Champaran (अपने और सपने: चम्पारन की साहित्य यात्रा) (1988)
*Champaran:Literature & Literary Writers (चम्पारन: साहित्य और साहित्यकार) (1967)

'''Bhojpuri Novel''' '''(भोजपुरी उपन्यास)'''

*Surma Sagun Bichare Na (भोजपुरी का पहला धारावाहिक उपन्यास)

==See also==

* [[List of Indian poets]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Bihari literature]]
* [[List of people from Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://outlookhindi.com/country/general/ramesh-chandra-jha-in-the-eyes-of-hindi-poets-75907/ आउटलुक : हिंदी कवियों की नजर में रमेश चंद्र झा]
* [https://outlookhindi.com/country/general/ramesh-chandra-jha-birth-anniversary-special-article-75905/ आउटलुक : चंपारण के इतिहास में रमेशचंद्र झा का हिस्सा]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjgQCevmEoY&t=2s/ ALL INDIA RADIO OFFICIAL]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JH4Djn8sDC8/ उन्नीस सौ बयालीस का बाग़ी : Short Documentary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160710191456/http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE Ramesh Chandra Jha Bhojpuri Ghazal on Kavita Kosh]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tB70wBaOW44/ Ministry of Information & Broadcasting : 'Saga Of Freedom Struggle: Remembering Freedom Fighter Ramesh Chandra Jha']
* [https://archive.org/details/ Apne Aur Sapne : A Literery Journey Of Champaran]

{{authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Ramesh Chandra}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from East Champaran district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 3

2026-02-17T01:18:57Z

Shivam: started data

{{short description|Reality TV game show – Telugu language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = Bigg Boss Telugu Season 3.png
| image_alt =
| bgcolor = #DAA520
| caption = Season 3 eye logo
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] (Week 1–5, 7–15) [[Ramya Krishnan]] (Week 6)
| num_days = 105
| num_housemates = 17
| winner = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| runner_up = [[Sreemukhi]]
}}
| num_episodes = 106
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|7|21|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|11|3|df=y}}
}}

'''''Bigg Boss 3''''' is the third season of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language version of the Indian reality television series ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''. It premiered on 21 July 2019 on [[Star Maa]]. [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] was the host of the season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-3-nagarjuna-akkineni-to-host-the-show/articleshow/69992928.cms|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 3: Nagarjuna Akkineni to host the show|website=The Times of India|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> [[Ramya Krishnan]] was guest host for Week 6 instead of [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] who was then in Spain for celebrating his 60th birthday.

The season concluded on 3 November 2019 after 105 days with [[Rahul Sipligunj]] winning the title along with {{INR}}{{formatnum:5000000}} prize money while [[Sreemukhi]] emerged as the first runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 3 Grand Finale Highlights: Rahul Sipligunj wins the trophy : Nagarjuna signs off thanking guest Chiranjeevi, audiences and the contestants for the memorable journey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-3-grand-finale-live-updates-who-will-be-the-winner-tonight/liveblog/71877399.cms|access-date=2021-01-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 3 Grand Finale Highlights: Rahul Sipligunj wins the trophy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-3-grand-finale-live-updates-who-will-be-the-winner-tonight/liveblog/71877399.cms|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-05|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 3's runner up Sreemukhi gets emotional as she receives grand welcome post grand finale; WATCH|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/watch-bigg-boss-telugu-3s-runner-sreemukhi-gets-emotional-she-receives-grand-welcome-post-grand-finale-483933|access-date=2021-12-27|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227043443/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/watch-bigg-boss-telugu-3s-runner-sreemukhi-gets-emotional-she-receives-grand-welcome-post-grand-finale-483933|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Production ==
===''Bigg Boss 3 Buzzz''===
'''''Bigg Boss 3 Buzzz''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] Television talk show about the reality television series ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss Telugu]]''. The host [[Tanish]] conducts the talk show with the evicted contestants of ''Bigg Boss 3'' on every Monday, the show premiered on 22 July 2019 onwards on Star Maa Music. The unseen portions of episodes that were not aired on television are streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and aired on Star Maa Music as ''[[Bigg Boss 3 Buzzz]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 3 Buzz: యాంకర్‌గానూ తనీష్ అట్టర్ ఫ్లాప్.. డిస్ లైక్స్ మోత|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/hero-tanish-unfit-for-bigg-boss-3-buzz-anchor-netizens-trolling-badly-in-social-media/articleshow/70863814.cms|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}</ref>

===Reception===
The launch of season 3 opened with 17.9 TVR, which is bigger than the previous seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 3 launch ratings: Samantha Akkineni hails host Nagarjuna – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-3-launch-ratings-samantha-akkineni-hails-host-nagarjuna/articleshow/70495608.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The grand finale of season 3 of duration four and half hours scored 18.29 TVR being the highest ever rating achieved by the ''Bigg Boss Indian'' franchise. The last hour of telecast, featuring [[Chiranjeevi]] as chief guest, alone garnered 22.4 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finale of Bigg Boss 3 Telugu hits 18.29 TRP ratings, Chiranjeevi episode 22.4 ratings|url=https://www.tollywood.net/finale-of-bigg-boss-3-telugu-hits-18-29-trp-ratings-chiranjeevi-episode-22-4-ratings/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.tollywood.net|date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

===Bigg Boss 3 Voting Process===
As the ''Bigg Boss 3'' Telugu vote online process has been started, viewers can vote for their favorite contestant through [[Disney+ Hotstar]] or by giving a missed call.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Housemates status==


{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#DAA520; color:#000;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#DAA520; color:#000;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#DAA520; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#DAA520; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#DAA520; color:#000;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Rahul
| Day 1
| Day 105
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Sreemukhi
| Day 1
| Day 105
| {{runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Baba
| Day 1
| Day 105
| style="background:#7FFFD4;"|{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
| 4
| Varun
| Day 1
| Day 105
| style="background:#DDA0DD;"|3rd Runner-up
|-
| rowspan="2" | 5
| rowspan="2" | Ali
| Day 1
| Day 49
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 68
| Day 105
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |4th Runner-up
|-
| 6
| Jyothi
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 7
| Vithika
| Day 1
| Day 91
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Mahesh
| Day 1
| Day 84
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Punarnavi
| Day 1
| Day 77
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Ravi
| Day 1
| Day 70
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Himaja
| Day 1
| Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Shilpa
| Day 43
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Ashu
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Rohini
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Tamanna
| Day 7
| Day 21
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 16
| Jaffar
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 17
| Hema
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

==Housemates==
The participants in the order of appearance and entered in house are:

===Original entrants===
* Shiva Jyothi – Presenter.
* [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]] – Television actor.
* Ashu Reddy – [[Internet celebrity]].
* Jaffar – Journalist.
* [[Himaja]] – Actress.
* [[Rahul Sipligunj]] – singer.
* Rohini Noni – Television Actress.
* [[Baba Bhaskar]] – Choreographer & director.
* [[Punarnavi Bhupalam]] – Actress.
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema Vani]] – Actress.
* [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]] – Actor & model.
* Mahesh Vitta – Actor.
* [[Sreemukhi]] – Actress & Television presenter.
* [[Varun Sandesh]] – Film actor
* [[Vithika Sheru]] –Actress.

===Wild Card entrants===
* Tamanna Simhadri – Actress and activist<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-30|title=Tamanna Simhadri, the first trans woman contestant of Bigg Boss Telugu|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tamanna-simhadri-first-trans-woman-contestant-bigg-boss-telugu-5862930/|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* Shilpa Chakravarthy – Television presenter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-03|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 3: TV anchor Shilpa Chakravarthy to step into the show as a wild card entry|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigg-boss-telugu-3-tv-anchor-shilpa-chakravarthy-step-show-wild-card-entry-471337|access-date=2021-12-27|website=PINKVILLA|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bigg Boss Telugu}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) seasons|03]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]

Umrapur, West Bengal

2026-02-08T13:03:58Z

Shivam: Made article

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox place
| name = Umrapur
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|35|11|N|87|53|17|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Suti II]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| area_total_km2 = 13.11
| elevation_m = 22
| population_total = 19855
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731222
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03485
| registration_plate = WB-65
}}'''Umrapur''' is a village in [[Suti II|Suti-II Block]], [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad District]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is located on the state border with [[Jharkhand]], approximately 66 kilometres northwest of the district capital [[Berhampore]], and 15 kilometres west of the block capital [[Aurangabad, West Bengal|Aurangabad]]. In the year 2011, the village has a population of 19,855.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
[[File:Umrapur in Murshidabad, West Bengal 01.jpg|left|thumb|Umrapur bazar]]

== Geography ==
Umrapur is located on the south of [[Farakka Feeder Canal]]. It is bounded by Bahagalpur in the north, Amadaul in the east, Kadoa in the south, and Kismat Kadamsai in the west. Its average elevation is 22 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umrapur topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-84479m/Umrapur/?center=24.58022,87.92843 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the village has a total of 3,500 households. Out of the 19,855 inhabitants, 9,936 are male and 9,919 are female. The overall literacy rate is 26.15%, with 2,833 of the male residents and 2,359 of the female residents being literate. The census location code is 313945.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Murshidabad district]]

Taluqdar

2026-01-31T01:18:31Z

Shivam: added references

{{Short description|Aristocrats of ancient India}}
{{See also|Taluqdar (surname)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa}}
'''Taluqdars''' or '''Talukdar''' ({{langx|bn|তালুকদার}}, [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{lang|hi|तालुक़दार}}/{{lang|ur|{{nq|تعلقدار}}}}{{transliteration|hi|tāluqdār}}; ''[[taluq]]'' {{langx|ar|تعلق}} "estate" + ''[[wikt:دار#Persian|dar]] {{langx|fa|دار}}'' "owner") were [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrat]]s who formed the ruling class during the [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Bengal Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire]], and [[British Raj]]. They were owners of a vast amount of land, consistently hereditary,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/talukdar |title=Talukdar Meaning | Best 1 Definitions of Talukdar |website=yourdictionary.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/glossary/t.htm |title=The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies |first=Stephen |last=Luscombe |website=britishempire.co.uk}}</ref> and had revenue and judicial powers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Muttalib |first=M. A. |year=1988 |title=Administration of Justice Under the Nizams, 1724-1948 |publisher=State Archives, Andhra Pradesh |page=170 |oclc=22242042}}</ref>

Being powerful [[peerage|peers]], similar to those of Europe in the [[Middle Ages]], after the decline of the Mughal state the Taluqdaris were to withstand the revenue collectors of the [[Colonial India|Colonial Powers]] while also bringing given number of villages under their dominion, and thus, according to many historians, the rapid development and enhancing power and wealth of the Taluqdaris during the early 19th century caused tremendous difficulties and concerns to the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].<ref group=note>{{cite book |last=Zastoupil |first=Lynn |title=John Stuart Mill and India |year=2006 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=California, USA |isbn=978-0804766173}}</ref> The majority of the Taluqdaris constructed themselves enormous mud [[Fortification|fortified towers]] throughout [[tropical forest]]s and maintained immense bodies of armed [[Affinity (medieval)|affinities]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Gautam |title=1857 The Uprising |publisher=8123022994}}</ref>

The Taluqdars of Oudh were [[baronial]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of the Sepoy war in India, 1857-1858. Vol. 3 |author=Sir John William Kaye |author-link=John William Kaye |publisher=[[W. H. Allen & Co.]] |year=1876 |page=423 |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorysepoywa00kayegoog/page/423}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Life and Work in Benares and Kumaon, 1839-1877 |author=James Kennedy |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=1993 |page=218 |isbn=9788120607514 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foU19IDhYacC&pg=PA218}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Princes and Peasants; or, The Rent Difficulty in Oudh |publisher=[[Thacker's Indian Directory]] |year=1865 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyJYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA32}}</ref> with some representing the ancient families.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Caste Ties, Allodial Rights and Colonial. Administration in Oudh During Summary Settlement and After 1858: The Taluqdar Association and the British Policies Upto 1870s |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=74 |year=2013 |jstor=44158846 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158846 |last1=Chanana |first1=Priyanka |pages=458–469}}</ref> In other cases, the historical equivalent in Britain is similar to a member of the landed aristocracy, or perhaps a [[lord of the manor]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=A chronic inability of taluqdars to meet the revenue demands |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=II |year=1997}}</ref> In contemporary usage, the term is often regarded as a noble tribe and clan,<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sisson |editor1-first=Richard |editor1-link=John Richard Sisson |editor2-last=Wolpert |editor2-first=Stanley |editor2-link=Stanley Wolpert |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase |publisher=University of California Press |page=408 |isbn=978-0-520-06041-8 |quote=taluqdar: large landlord in UP}}</ref> although it may convey some diverse meanings in different parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Talukdar |volume=26 |page=386}}</ref> It is mentioned that throughout Oudh till Bihar, there was a presence of large numbers of [[Rajput]] Taluqdars, and they played an important role in [[1857]] in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1970 |pages=299 |author=Thomas R.Metcalf |date=8 December 2015 |isbn=9781400876648 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByTWCgAAQBAJ&dq=Rajput+Taluqdars&pg=PA299}}</ref>

==Types of Taluqdars==
(1) A hereditary owner of one or more Taluqas (land-tax jurisdictions)<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Britain: Volume III |author=Sir Simon Michael Schama |author-link=Simon Michael Schama |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=2012 |page=262 |isbn=978-1409018353 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4RABT9O1uQC&pg=PT262}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=An Illustrated Historical Album of the Rajas and Taaluqdars of Oudh |author=Darogah Haji Abbas Ali |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press |year=1880 |pages=4–5 (List of Taaluqdars of Oudh arranged by districts) |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00alid/page/n39/mode/2up}}</ref> or an imperial tax collector<ref>{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Oude |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1858-05-14/debates/ea948242-96ad-40ec-9420-55c887bd91da/Oude |house=House of Commons |date=14 May 1858 |column=729 |speaker=Colonel Sykes |position=Member of Parliament for Aberdeen}}</ref> with administrative power over a district of several villages in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[East Bengal]] (presently [[Bangladesh]]), and the rest of [[North India]]/[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]. These kinds of Taluqdars were [[manorial]] and often had both [[forts]] and military forces of their own, especially in [[Oudh State|Oudh]],<ref>{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Indian Reinforcements — The National Defences |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1859-08-05/debates/f4014a28-b5a9-4760-b367-4693103523ef/CommonsChamber |house=House of Commons |date=5 August 1859 |column=1062 |speaker=Sir George de Lacy Evans |position=Member of Parliament for Westminster}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=East India Mutinies |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1858-03-18/debates/effff027-f07f-4cc2-9765-15d959f45bb1/EastIndiaMutinies |house=House of Commons |date=18 March 1858 |column=371 |speaker=Mr. Mangles |position=Member of Parliament for Guildford}}</ref> where they were known as barons. Before the British annexation of the [[Kingdom of Oudh]], the larger Taluqdars of this type in the region had occupied a position that amounted to virtual independence.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Indian Statutory Commission Volume One Survey |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Stationery Office]] |year=1930 |page=64 |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/conferencing-the-international/documents/official-documents/pre-conference/report-of-the-indian-statutory-commission.-volume-i-survey.pdf}}</ref>

(2) An official and civil servant in [[Hyderabad State]] during the British colonial era, equivalent to a magistrate and tax collector.

(3) A landholder with peculiar tenures in various other parts of [[British India]].

(4) Independent rulers of smaller states who exercised [[sovereign]] authority over their subjects despite being surrounded by princes. They were a few hundred in number, with hundreds of thousands of people under their jurisdiction. Such taluqdars were [[autocrats]] and said to be the heads of [[despotic]] states.<ref>{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Clause 1—(Attachment Of States) |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1944-03-14/debates/61a0d7b0-78bf-42e4-9491-4807ca9d93e7/CommonsChamber |house=House of Commons |date=14 March 1944 |column=187, 188, 186, 183, 195 |speaker=Mr. Amery, Mr. Maxton, Mr. Sorensen |position=Members of Parliament}}</ref>

==Taluqdaris==
The district or estate ruled by a Taluqdar was known as '''talukdari''' or '''taluqdari'''. According to the Punjab settlement report of 1862, great landholders were appointed taluqdars over a number of villages during the [[Mughal era]]. That taluq, or district, usually comprised over 84 villages and a central town. The talukdar was required to collect taxes, maintain law and order, and provide military supplies/manpower to the provincial government (similar to the role of feudal lords in Europe). In most cases the talukdars were entitled to keep one-tenth of the collected revenue. However, some privileged Talukdars were entitled to one quarter and hence were called [[Chaudhry]], which literally means owner of the fourth part.

In [[Rajasthan]], [[Kathiawar]], and [[Bengal]], a talukdar was next only to a raja in extent of land control and social status, but in Punjab and the United Provinces, talukdars were much more powerful and were directly under the provincial governor.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} During a British parliamentary debate in 1858, Sir C. Wood brought to light the fact that Taluqdar oppression in Oudh was carried to an unthinkable extent. He mentioned that they had been taking over the lands of the remaining rajas all over Oudh. Colonel Sleernan recalled the following act of war by a taluqdar against a Raja: <blockquote>They plundered the town of Boondee, and pulled down all the houses of the rajah and those of his relatives and dependents, and after plundering all the other villages, brought in 1,000 captives of both sexes and all ages, who were subjected to all manner of torture till they paid.<ref>{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Oude |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1858-05-17/debates/dc4797d3-1313-4718-800d-576e6d8304c9/Oude |house=House of Commons |date=17 May 1858 |column=778 |speaker=Sir C. Wood |position=Member of Parliament for Halifax}}</ref></blockquote>

Similarly, in northern Punjab, the talukdars of [[Chakwal Tehsil|Dhanni]], Gheb, and Kot were extremely powerful.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Eighteenth-century Bengal witnessed the rise of great territorial landholders at the expense of smaller landholders, who were reduced to the status of dependent taluqdars, required to pay their revenue to the government through the intermediary of the great landlords called [[rai (title)|Rai]]s, [[rana (title)|Rana]]s, [[Babu (title)|Babus]], [[Raja]]s, and [[Maharaja]]s. However, many old taluqdars paid revenues to the government directly, like [[Raja Farzand Ali Khan]] of [[Jahangirabad Raj]], Raja Jung Bahadur of Nanpara Estate, and were as powerful as the rajas. Some taluqdars, like Thakur Ameer Haider Zaidi of estate Bahuwa, Thakur Ghulam Haider of estate Bahuwa, Chowdhury Ali Akhtar of Bilwa, Ramzan Ali Khan of Unnao, Raja Azam Ali Khan of Deogaon, and Thakur Roshan Zama Khan of Usmanpur, were very close to the government and played an important role in tax collection in the region of Awadh.

==Hyderabad State==
During the rule of the [[Nizams]] in [[Hyderabad State]], the top of the administrator / tax revenue collector hierarchy was the [[Subedar]], who had responsibility for the largest divisions of the country, i.e., the Princely [[State of Hyderabad]], of which there were five. Below this rank, the official title of the lower division (i.e., subdivisions of the five above) post holder was [[Tehsildar]], and below that the rank of Taluqdar, so in effect it could be equated to the three-tier ranking from province administrator to county administrator to district administrator in size from the largest to smallest. These are further divided into villages, under a village officer.

Today, the names Talukdar and Choudhry (with variations in spelling) are common in India and in Indians settled overseas among the descendants of those who held this rank or role in times past.

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Examples of feudalism]]
* [[Feudalism in India]]
* [[Feudalism in Pakistan]]
* [[Tribe]]
* [[Zamindar]]
* [[Ghatwals and Mulraiyats]]
* [[Lord]]
* [[Taluqa]]
* [[Tehsil]]
* [[Tehsildar]]
* [[Chaudhary]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Medieval history of India]]
[[Category:Government of British India]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Feudalism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Feudalism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslim surnames]]

Veronica Rodrigues

2026-01-28T06:21:57Z

Shivam: Made page

{{short description|Kenyan-born Indian biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Veronica Rodrigues
| image =
| fields = [[developmental biology]], [[genetics]], [[neuroscience]]
| website = https://www.ncbs.res.in/former-faculty/veronica
| doctoral_advisor = [[Obaid Siddiqi]]
| birth_date = 1953
| birth_place = [[Nairobi]], Kenya
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|11|10|1953|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
*[[Trinity College Dublin]]
*[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
}}
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
*[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai
*[[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], Bengaluru
}}
}}

'''Veronica Filomena Rodrigues''' (1953–2010) was a Kenyan-born Indian biologist. Veronica completed a B.A with honors in Microbiology from [[Trinity College Dublin]]. After being inspired by the work of [[Obaid Siddiqi]] and his co-workers, she moved to India to pursue her Ph.D.<ref name="ncbs_news">{{Cite web |url=http://news.ncbs.res.in/story/veronica-rodrigues-1953-2010 |title=Veronica Rodrigues 1953-201 |last1=VijayRaghavan |first1=K |author1-link=K. VijayRaghavan |website=[[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] |access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> While doing her PhD, considering her exceptional work, she was offered a permanent faculty position at TIFR.<ref name="science_obit">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1200787 |title=Obituary of Veronica Rodrigues 1953-2010 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=10 December 2010 |volume=330 |issue=6010 |pages=1493 |doi=10.1126/science.1200787 |access-date=2019-03-02 |last1=VijayRaghavan |first1=K |author1-link=K. VijayRaghavan |last2=Bate |first2=Michael |pmid=21148383 |s2cid=29823699|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She also served as a senior professor at the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], Bangalore. In 2004 she received the Senior National Woman Bioscientist Award.<ref name="ias.ac.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/DBT_yng_04.html |title=Women in Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009094252/https://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/DBT_yng_04.html |archive-date=2011-10-09 |url-status=unfit |website=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref> She died in 2010 after suffering from breast cancer for five years.<ref name="ncbs_news" />

== Life ==

=== Early life ===

Veronica was born in a Goan immigrant family living in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] in 1953. She completed her school education in Nairobi and then entered [[Makerere University]] in [[Kampala]] for higher education but due to turmoil in the region moved to [[Trinity College Dublin]].<ref name="science_obit" />

=== Education and career ===
Veronica had to leave Makerere University in Uganda owing to turmoil in the country. She eventually ended up getting a scholarship to study at Trinity College Dublin. She obtained a B.A. with Honours in Microbiology in 1976. She moved to India to pursue her PhD from [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), Mumbai in 1977 under the supervision of Dr [[Obaid Siddiqi]].<ref name="ncbs_news" /> Veronica describes why she decided to come to TIFR for her PhD:

{{Blockquote
|text=In our microbiology course at Trinity we were taught the paper of Sarathy and Siddiqi in J. Molecular Biology on bacterial recombination. I was really impressed by the elegance of the paper.... Before reading the paper, I had never heard of TIFR, nor did I seriously think of returning to India. Actually, I didn’t even think there was much science going on in India. I actually thought the PI was Sarathy and wrote to him. I was very impressed by the ‘Indians’ when I got a letter from Siddiqi, fairly promptly and the letter seemed positive. I remember talking to my teachers and friends in Ireland and we were very impressed that my admission could be discussed as Prof Siddiqi said (among his colleagues) with no red tape and necessity for interview etc. It was this flexibility that once existed in TIFR that made it a special place...
}}

She completed her PhD in 1981 and then went on to obtain post-doctoral training from [[Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics]], Tuebingen, Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/vrlab/pi.html|title=Veronica Rodrigues|website=[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|TIFR]] |access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> where she pioneered the study of coding of olfactory information in the brain.<ref name="ncbs_news" />

After her post-doc, she came back and worked for the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) <ref name="ias.ac.in" /> and subsequently became a fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P03-1343 |title=INSA:Deceased Fellow Detail |website=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226092531/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P03-1343 |archive-date=2020-02-26}} </ref> With her experience in neurobiology and behavior alongside her expertise in genetics and development she brought together a group of influential and intellectual researchers to create an olfactory circuitry. This group pioneered the research into chemosensory biology. The field still heavily relies on her standard behavioral and electrophysiological assays to measure adult and larval responses to gustatory and olfactory cues. With the development of new genetic and molecular tools to study the neural circuitry underlying behavior patterns, these assays have seen a major resurgence.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1200787 | doi=10.1126/science.1200787 | title=Veronica Rodrigues (1953–2010) | date=2010 | last1=Vijayraghavan | first1=K. | last2=Bate | first2=Michael | journal=Science | volume=330 | issue=6010 | page=1493 | pmid=21148383 | bibcode=2010Sci...330.1493V | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

She also assumed many leadership roles in her career — first at the Department of Biological Sciences (earlier the Molecular Biology Unit) at TIFR and later, she became the Chair of the Department of Biological Sciences in TIFR Mumbai. Veronica frequently worked with pupils who had no prior knowledge of experimental biology. These inexperienced interns under her guidance developed into mature, self-assured researchers who went out to join the global network of scientists who started their careers in the Rodrigues lab. Her contribution in fostering the importance of science among youth is not only limited to the city of Mumbai. Through her leadership and tutoring skills, she also ran a biennial course in neurobiology at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste. This course made a significant impact on the next generation of people, especially from Africa. <ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1200787 | doi=10.1126/science.1200787 | title=Veronica Rodrigues (1953–2010) | date=2010 | last1=Vijayraghavan | first1=K. | last2=Bate | first2=Michael | journal=Science | volume=330 | issue=6010 | page=1493 | pmid=21148383 | bibcode=2010Sci...330.1493V | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Personal life ===
When Veronica moved to India for work, she was not an Indian citizen. She applied for Indian citizenship but only got it with much effort and difficulty twenty years after having moved to the country.<ref name="ncbs_news" />

== Causes ==
She was passionate about gender equality in the world of sciences. In 1990, she wrote a letter to then Dean Dr R Vijayaraghavan against the usage of titles for women scientists including 'Smt', 'Kum', or 'Ms'. She emphasized that until usage of 'Shri' and 'Kum' for male scientists became a norm, usage of similar titles for women scientists was unnecessary and unacceptable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Archives_NCBS/status/1094605734535356416 |title=Veronica Rodrigues' letter to the Dean at #TIFR, where she protests against the {{sic|assymetric|nolink=y}} use of personal titles for #WomenScientists in official correspondence. #GenderNeutrality #WomenInScience #Archives_Ncbs (ID: NI001-2-2-1-9) pic.twitter.com/NnECsoc12C |last=Rodrigues |first=Veronica |date=10 February 2019 |orig-year=Letter dated 11 February 1990 |publisher=Archives_NCBS |access-date=7 March 2019 |via=Twitter}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Veronica}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:Kenyan biologists]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Women geneticists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]

Debi Singh Tewatia

2026-01-25T00:39:50Z

Shivam: Bio - done

{{Short description|Indian justice}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
'''Debi Singh Tewatia''' ( 30 June 1930 - November, 2017) was a Chief justice of [[Calcutta High Court]] and former [[Advocate General]] of Punjab and Haryana.

==Career==
Tewatia was born in the village of Kondal, [[Haryana]]. After completion of study from [[Lincoln's Inn]] he started his [[lawyer]] career at [[Gurgaon district]] Court in 1955.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://advocategeneralhry.gov.in/justice_devi_singh_tewatia|title=Justice Devi Singh Tewatia|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012726/http://advocategeneralhry.gov.in/justice_devi_singh_tewatia|archive-date=9 May 2018|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> After two years, he shifted to the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] and was elected as the secretary of the High Court Bar Association in 1965. He was appointed Advocate General of [[Haryana]] in 1969. Tewatia was elevated to the Bench of the same High Court in February, 1970. He became the Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court in 1987 from where he resigned in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/former_cj.htm|title=Former Chief Justices|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Calcutta High Court|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019095258/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/former_cj.htm|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/nation/for-cj-tewatia-principles-outweighed-position/502646.html|title=For CJ Tewatia, principles outweighed position|last=|first=|date=|website=tribuneindia.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> After resignation, he practiced in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=":0" /> He died in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/campus-buzz/news/punjab-and-haryana-high-court-condoles-demise-of-former-chief-justice-debi-singh-tewatia-70500.aspx|title=Punjab and Haryana High Court condoles demise of former Chief Justice Debi Singh Tewatia|last=|first=|date=|website=punjabnewsexpress.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>

==Books==
* {{cite book|author=Debi Singh Tewatia|title=A Journey Less Travelled|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIIwAwEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Universal Law Publishing Company|isbn=978-93-5035-046-1}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIIwAwEACAAJ|title=A Journey Less Travelled|last=Debi Singh Tewatia|website=|year=2011|isbn=9789350350461|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewatia, Debi Singh}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Martin Crowe

2026-01-20T03:27:11Z

Shivam: quick improved citations after review and updated info as per guidelines

{{short description|New Zealand cricketer (1962–2016)}}
{{for|the Australian Olympic athlete|Martin Crowe (athlete)}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Martin Crowe
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|MBE|size=100%}}
| image = File:Martin Crowe 2011.jpg
| caption = Crowe batting in a charity game in 2011
| fullname = Martin David Crowe
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|09|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Henderson, New Zealand|Henderson]], New Zealand
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|3|3|1962|09|22|df=y}}
| death_place= [[Auckland]], New Zealand
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightm =
| heightinch =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Middle order|Middle-order batsman]]
| family = [[Lorraine Downes]] (wife) [[Dave Crowe]] (father) [[Jeff Crowe]] (brother) [[Russell Crowe]] (cousin) {{nowrap|[[Francis Jervis]] (great-grandfather)}}
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1982–1995
| country = New Zealand
| testcap = 150
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testdebutdate = 26 February
| testdebutyear = 1982
| lasttestagainst = India
| lasttestdate = 12 November
| lasttestyear = 1995
| odicap = 40
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odidebutdate = 13 February
| odidebutyear = 1982
| lastodiagainst = India
| lastodidate = 26 November
| lastodiyear = 1995
| odishirt =
| club1 = [[Auckland cricket team|Auckland]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1979/80–1982/83}}
| club2 = [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|1983/84–1989/90}}
| club3 = [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]
| year3 = 1984–1988
| club4 = [[Wellington cricket team|Wellington]]
| year4 = {{nowrap|1990/91–1994/95}}
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 77
| matches2 = 143
| matches3 = 247
| matches4 = 261
| runs1 = 5,444
| runs2 = 4,704
| runs3 = 19,608
| runs4 = 8,740
| bat avg1 = 45.36
| bat avg2 = 38.55
| bat avg3 = 56.02
| bat avg4 = 38.16
| 100s/50s1 = 17/18
| 100s/50s2 = 4/34
| 100s/50s3 = 71/80
| 100s/50s4 = 11/59
| top score1 = 299
| top score2 = 107[[not out|*]]
| top score3 = 299
| top score4 = 155[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 1,377
| deliveries2 = 1,296
| deliveries3 = 7,921
| deliveries4 = 3,994
| wickets1 = 14
| wickets2 = 29
| wickets3 = 119
| wickets4 = 99
| bowl avg1 = 48.28
| bowl avg2 = 32.89
| bowl avg3 = 33.69
| bowl avg4 = 28.87
| fivefor1 = 0
| fivefor2 = 0
| fivefor3 = 4
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/25
| best bowling2 = 2/9
| best bowling3 = 5/18
| best bowling4 = 4/24
| catches/stumpings1 = 71/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 66/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 226/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 115/–
| source = http://content.cricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/36622.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 30 May
| year = 2009
}}

'''Martin David Crowe''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of the British Empire|MBE]]}} (22 September 1962 – 3 March 2016) was a New Zealand [[cricket]]er, Test and ODI captain as well as a commentator. He played for the [[New Zealand national cricket team]] between 1982 and 1995, and is regarded as one of the country's greatest [[batsmen]].<ref>Stephen Hewson (3 March 2016). [http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/sport/298029/martin-crowe-nz's-greatest-batsman "Martin Crowe: NZ's greatest batsman"] – Radio New Zealand. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref>

Crowe made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Auckland cricket team|Auckland]] aged of 17, and his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut for New Zealand aged 19. He was named a [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year]] in 1985, and was credited as one of the "best young batsmen in the world".<ref name="cricpro">{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/36622.html|title=Player Profile: Martin Crowe|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Crowe was appointed New Zealand's [[Captain (cricket)|captain]] in 1990, and led the team until 1993. In a Test against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in 1991, he scored 299 runs, breaking the record for the highest score by a New Zealander. In the same match, he also set a new record for the highest [[Partnership (cricket)|partnership]] in Test cricket, putting on 467 runs with [[Andrew Jones (New Zealand cricketer)|Andrew Jones]]. At the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]], which New Zealand co-hosted with Australia, Crowe was named the player of the tournament, and led his team to a semi-final. By the time he finished his international career in 1995, he held the records for the most Test and [[One Day International]] (ODI) runs scored for New Zealand.

After retiring from playing, Crowe remained involved in cricket as a writer and commentator. He was diagnosed with [[lymphoma]] in 2012, but was declared cancer-free the following year. However, the disease returned in 2014, and eventually led to his death in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/32680286|title=Martin Crowe: Ex-New Zealand captain dies of cancer at 53|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> He was also one of the drivers behind the [[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]] concept which was initially proposed in 2009, but did not eventuate until 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crowe unveils plans to save Tests |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/crowe-unveils-plans-to-save-tests-426001 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC calls meeting with MCC to discuss proposed World Test Championship|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/5973170/ICC-calls-meeting-with-MCC-to-discuss-proposed-World-Test-Championship.html|access-date=2021-06-24|website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC considers Test Championship plan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/aug/05/icc-considers-test-championship-plan-74914.html|access-date=2021-06-24|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Early life==
Crowe was born in [[Henderson, New Zealand|Henderson]], a suburb of [[Auckland]], to a family of cricketers.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1668/1668.html |title = Martin Crowe |publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> His father, [[Dave Crowe]], played first-class cricket for [[Canterbury cricket team|Canterbury]] and [[Wellington cricket team|Wellington]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Players/10/10846/10846.html | title = Dave Crowe|publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> and his older brother, [[Jeff Crowe]], played Test cricket.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1697/1697.html |title = Jeff Crowe | publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> He was also the great-grandson of All Black [[Francis Jervis]] (his mother's maternal grandfather). One of the brothers' first cousins is actor [[Russell Crowe]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/sport/league/cancer-hit-martin-crowe-lauds-cousin-russell-s-greatest-victory-6099055 |title = Cancer-hit Martin Crowe lauds cousin Russell Crowe's 'greatest victory' |publisher = TV New Zealand |access-date = 3 March 2016 |archive-date = 8 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210608095157/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/sport/league/cancer-hit-martin-crowe-lauds-cousin-russell-s-greatest-victory-6099055 |url-status = dead }}</ref> In 1968, Martin Crowe joined his father and brother at the [[Cornwall Cricket Club]], with which he maintained a lifelong connection.<ref name=herald>{{Cite web | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11356680 | title=How a young Martin Crowe caught the Herald's eye |work=New Zealand Herald| date = 3 March 2016| access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newshub.co.nz/sport/cricketing-youth-honour-martin-crowe-2016030419|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101740/http://www.newshub.co.nz/sport/cricketing-youth-honour-martin-crowe-2016030419|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|title=Cricketing youth honour Martin Crowe|website=[[Newshub]]|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> At [[Auckland Grammar School]], which he attended from 1976 to 1980, he was deputy [[head boy]] in his final year. He captained the school's cricket team, and also played [[rugby union]], as a [[Wing (rugby union)|wing]].<ref name=herald/>

==Domestic career==
Crowe made his first-class debut in January 1980, playing for [[Auckland cricket team|Auckland]] against [[Canterbury cricket team|Canterbury]].<ref name="fc">{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Players/1/1668/First-Class_Matches.html |title = First-class matches played by Martin Crowe| publisher= CricketArchive| access-date= 3 March 2016}}</ref> Aged 17 at the time, he scored 51 runs in his first innings, which was his team's highest score.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39908.html | title =Auckland v Canterbur, Shell Trophy 1979/80| publisher = CricketArchive |access-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> In 1981, having been named New Zealand's Young Cricketer of the Year, Crowe was given the opportunity to spend six months on the ground staff of [[Lord's]], simultaneously playing for the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]].<ref name=herald/> Returning to New Zealand for the 1981–82 domestic season, he scored a maiden first-class century, making 150 runs against Canterbury.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42001.html | title = Central Districts v Auckland, Shell Trophy 1981/82| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Crowe switched to [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]] after the 1982–83 season. His career for Central Districts was limited by his international duties, but in 32 first-class appearances (from 1983 to 1990), he averaged 68.72, with 13 centuries.<ref name="teambat">{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1668/f_Batting_by_Team.html | title = First-class batting and fielding for each team by Martin Crowe| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date= 3 March 2016}}</ref> Crowe's highest score for the team (and in all New Zealand domestic cricket) was 242, made against [[Otago cricket team|Otago]] in January 1990.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/52/52300.html| title =Central Districts v Otago, Shell Trophy 1989/90 | publisher = CricketArchive| date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> That season was his last for Central Districts, as he transferred to [[Wellington cricket team|Wellington]] prior to the 1990–91 season. In five seasons for Wellington, Crowe made only nine first-class appearances, the last of which came during the 1994–95 season.<ref name="fc"/>

In 1984, Crowe signed to play English [[county cricket]] with [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]].<ref name="fc"/> He had great success in his first [[County Championship]] season, finishing second behind [[Vic Marks]] in Somerset's averages and placing sixth for overall runs scored.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Britannic_Assurance_County_Championship_1984/Batting_by_Runs.html | title = Batting and fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1984 (ordered by runs)| publisher = CricketArchive| date= 3 March 2016}}</ref> However, Crowe did not return to the county until the [[1987 English cricket season|1987 season]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Players/1/1668/all_teams.html | title =Teams Martin Crowe played for| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> In that year's County Championship, he placed third in the overall averages (behind teammate [[Steve Waugh]] and [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]]'s [[Roger Harper]]), and also placed third for overall runs scored (behind [[Graeme Hick]] and [[Graeme Fowler]]).<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Britannic_Assurance_County_Championship_1987/Batting_by_Runs.html | title =Batting and fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1987 (ordered by runs) | publisher= CricketArchive| date= 3 March 2016}}</ref> Against [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] in the 1987 [[Benson & Hedges Cup]] (a [[Limited-overs cricket|limited-overs]] competition), he scored 155 not out from 119 balls, which was the highest one-day score of his career.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/48/48548.html | title = Hampshire v Somerset, Benson and Hedges Cup 1987 (Group C) | publisher =CricketArchive| date =3 March 2016}}</ref> Crowe returned for a final season at Somerset in 1988, but was able to play only a handful of matches.<ref name="fc"/> From 48 matches for Somerset, he finished with a first-class batting average of 59.46.<ref name="teambat"/>

==International career==

===Early years===
Crowe made his international debut for New Zealand in February 1982, in a [[One Day International]] (ODI) game against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] played at Auckland's [[Eden Park]].<ref name="odi">[https://cricketarchive.com/Players/1/1668/ODI_Matches.html ODI matches played by Martin Crowe] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> He made his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut at the end of the month, playing against the same team at [[Wellington]]'s [[Basin Reserve]].<ref name="test">[https://cricketarchive.com/Players/1/1668/Test_Matches.html ODI matches played by Martin Crowe] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> At the time, only six New Zealanders had made their Test debuts at a younger age.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/NewZealand/Test/Players/Youngest_Players_on_Debut.html Youngest players on debut for New Zealand in Test matches] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> At the [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983 World Cup]] in England, Crowe played in all six of his team's matches, with only [[Geoff Howarth]] scoring more runs. His highest score was 97, made in the opening game against [[England cricket team|England]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Prudential_World_Cup_1983/New_Zealand_Batting.html Batting and fielding for New Zealand, Prudential World Cup 1983] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> In January 1984, [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 1983–84|when England toured]], Crowe scored his first Test century – 100 runs exactly.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/44/44356.html New Zealand v England], England in New Zealand and Pakistan 1983/84 (1st Test) – CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref>

In 1985, Crowe made two scores of 188. The first came on a mid-year [[New Zealand cricket team in the West Indies in 1984–85|tour of the West Indies]], with Crowe at the crease for 462 balls and over nine hours.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/45/45764.html West Indies v New Zealand], New Zealand in West Indies 1984/85 (2nd Test) – CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> The second came in an end-of-year [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 1985–86|tour of Australia]], in a match that was better known for [[Richard Hadlee]]'s 15-wicket haul.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/46/46581.html Australia v New Zealand], New Zealand in Australia 1985/86 (1st Test) – CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> In a Test [[West Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1986–87|against the West Indies]] in February 1987, Crowe and [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]] put on 241 runs for the third wicket, setting a new third-wicket record for New Zealand.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?class=1;id=5;type=team Records / New Zealand / Test matches / Highest partnerships by runs] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> Later in the year, Crowe played in the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 World Cup]] in India. He finished as New Zealand's leading run-scorer, making three half-centuries from six matches, although his team struggled (winning only against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]]).<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Reliance_World_Cup_1987-88/New_Zealand_Batting.html Batting and fielding for New Zealand, Reliance World Cup 1987/88] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref>

===Captaincy and 1992 World Cup===
Crowe was first appointed captain of New Zealand for [[New Zealand cricket team in Pakistan in 1990–91|a tour of Pakistan]] in October and November 1990.<ref name="auto">[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=1;id=5;type=team Records / New Zealand / Test matches / List of captains] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> Before that point, he had been regarded as "captain designate" to [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]], who was nearing the end of his international career.<ref>[[Gideon Haigh]] (3 March 2016). [http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/890241.html "Martin the invincible"] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> Crowe's second series as captain came in early 1991, [[Sri Lankan cricket team in New Zealand in 1990–91|when Sri Lanka toured]]. In the first Test of the series, played in Wellington, Crowe scored 299 runs in his team's second innings, setting a new record for the highest score by a New Zealander.{{Efn|Crowe was only the second player to score 299 in a Test, after [[Don Bradman]], who scored 299 not out for Australia against South Africa in 1932.}}{{Efn|Crowe's New Zealand record was broken in February 2014, when [[Brendon McCullum]] scored 302 against India.}}<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=1;id=5;type=team Records / New Zealand / Test matches / High scores] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> He was at the crease for 523 balls and over ten hours, and scored 29 fours and three sixes.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/53/53944.html New Zealand v Sri Lanka], Sri Lanka in New Zealand 1990/91 (1st Test) – CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> Crowe and [[Andrew Jones (New Zealand cricketer)|Andrew Jones]] (who scored 186) put on 467 runs for the third wicket, setting a new record for the highest [[Partnership (cricket)|partnership]] in Test cricket.{{Efn|Crowe and Jones's overall record was broken in August 1997, when [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] and [[Roshan Mahanama]] put on 576 runs for Sri Lanka against India. Their third-wicket record was broken in July 2006, when [[Kumar Sangakkara]] and [[Mahela Jayawardene]] put on 624 runs for Sri Lanka against South Africa (also setting a new overall record).}}<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283573.html Records / Test matches / Partnership records / Highest partnerships for any wicket] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> The pair helped New Zealand, behind by 323 runs on the first innings, to score 671/4 at the end of the final day's play, which at the time was the highest score in the third innings of a Test.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283966.html Records / Test matches / Team records / Highest innings totals] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref>

At the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]], which New Zealand co-hosted with Australia, Crowe finished as the tournament's leading run-scorer with 456 runs, and was named player of the tournament. One of his highlights was an innings of 100 not out in the opening match against Australia, which New Zealand won by 37 runs.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65118.html Benson & Hedges World Cup, 1st Match: New Zealand v Australia at Auckland, Feb 22, 1992] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> In the tournament's group stages, New Zealand lost only a single game, against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. They topped the table, qualifying for a home semi-final against the same team (their first finals appearance since the [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979 tournament]]). Crowe chose to bat first, and scored 91 runs from 83 balls to help his team to a total of 262/7. However, when Pakistan batted, he chose to stay off the field and rest an injured hamstring, with John Wright taking over on the field. Pakistan won the match by four wickets.<ref>Nagraj Gollapudi (15 January 2015). [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wctimeline/content/story/820725.html "Crowe's fatal gamble"] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> Crowe largely blamed himself for his team's loss, and in a 2014 article said that his decision not to take the field was "a curse that had tormented me for over two decades".<ref>Martin Crowe (18 February 2014). [http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/720283.html "How McCullum helped me let go"] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref>

Crowe's last series as captain of New Zealand came [[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 1992–93|when Australia toured]] in February and March 1993. He had struggled with injuries for several years, and was replaced by [[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Ken Rutherford]] to allow him to concentrate on his form. However, he returned as captain for one final match in November 1993, the first game of [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 1993–94|a series against Australia]].<ref name="test"/> In total, Crowe captained New Zealand in sixteen Tests, winning only two.<ref name="auto"/> He had a much better record in ODIs, with the team winning 21 out of 44 matches under his captaincy.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=2;id=5;type=team Records / New Zealand / One-Day Internationals / List of captains] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> Crowe was described by broadcaster [[Bryan Waddle]] as a "proactive rather than reactive" leader, who was "always prepared to be innovative".<ref>Marc Higginson (3 March 2016). [https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/32420388 "Martin Crowe: New Zealander was a cricketing 'genius'"] – BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> He had a troubled relationship with the media throughout his captaincy, in one case using a press conference to confront a journalist who had published an article implying he had [[AIDS]].<ref>Arunabha Sengupta (19 January 2016). [http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/do-you-think-i-am-a-homosexual-martin-crowe-asks-journalist-382937 "Do you think I am a homosexual? : Martin Crowe asks journalist"] – Cricket Country. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref>

===Later years===
In his first series after giving up the captaincy, [[New Zealand cricket team in England in 1994|a 1994 tour of England]], Crowe scored consecutive centuries, making 142 at [[Lord's]] and 115 at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]].<ref name="test"/> His series tally of 380 runs was the second-highest of his career.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_series.html?class=1;id=5;type=team Records / New Zealand / Test matches / Most runs in a series] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> Crowe continued playing for several more seasons, eventually retiring after [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 1995–96|a tour of India]] in October and November 1995.<ref name="test"/> He scored his final international hundred in the first ODI of the tour, aged 33.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/61/61298.html India v New Zealand], New Zealand in India 1995/96 (1st ODI) – CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> Crowe finished with 5,444 Test runs and 4,704 ODI runs, both New Zealand records at the time.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=1;id=5;type=team Records / New Zealand / Test matches / Most runs] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=2;id=5;type=team Records / New Zealand / One-Day Internationals / Most runs] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> At the time of his retirement, only Sir Richard Hadlee had played more Tests for New Zealand.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_career.html?class=1;id=5;type=team Records / New Zealand / Test matches / Most matches] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> Crowe held the record for the most Test centuries by a New Zealander at the time, finishing with seventeen (including one against every Test-playing team but [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]).<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=1;id=5;type=team Records / New Zealand / Test matches / Most hundreds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122173224/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=1%3Bid%3D5%3Btype%3Dteam |date=22 November 2016 }} – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref>

In the [[1992 New Year Honours (New Zealand)|1992 New Year Honours]], Crowe was appointed a [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]], for services to cricket.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52768 |date=31 December 1991 |page=30 |supp=2}}</ref> On 28 February 2015, Crowe was inducted into the [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]]. He was inducted in a ceremony during the lunch break of New Zealand's win against Australia during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015 World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/video_audio/840251.html|title =Martin Crowe| access-date= 28 February 2015| publisher = ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

=== International centuries ===
[[File:Martin Crowe Graph.png|right|thumb|250px|Martin Crowe's Test performance graph]]
Crowe made 21 [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] in international cricket, 17 in Tests and 4 in One Day Internationals. He scored his first Test century against [[England cricket team|England]], also at the Basin Reserve on 20 January 1984, scoring 100.<ref name="1st Test 100">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16923/scorecard/63361/new-zealand-vs-england-1st-test-england-tour-of-new-zealand-1983-84|title=1st Test, England tour of New Zealand at Wellington, Jan 20-24 1984|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref> He scored his final Test century, also against England at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]] on 30 June 1994,<ref name="last Test 100">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16345/scorecard/63648/england-vs-new-zealand-3rd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-england-1994|title=3rd Test, New Zealand tour of England at Manchester, Jun 30 - Jul 5 1994|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref> scoring 115. He played his final Test match against [[India national cricket team|India]] at the [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]] on 8 November 1995,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16252/scorecard/63696/india-vs-new-zealand-3rd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-india-1995-96|title=3rd Test, New Zealand tour of India at Cuttack, Nov 8-12 1995|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref> having played 77 matches. His highest score in Tests is 299, scored against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at the Basin Reserve on 31 January 1991.<ref name="Test high score">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16552/scorecard/63549/new-zealand-vs-sri-lanka-1st-test-sri-lanka-tour-of-new-zealand-1990-91|title=1st Test, Sri Lanka tour of New Zealand at Wellington, Jan 31 - Feb 4 1991|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>

He scored his first ODI century against [[England cricket team|England]], also at Eden Park, scoring 105 [[not out]].<ref name="1st ODI 100">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16923/scorecard/64224/new-zealand-vs-england-3rd-odi-england-tour-of-new-zealand-1983-84|title=3rd ODI, England tour of New Zealand at Auckland, Feb 25 1984|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref> He scored his final ODI century against [[India national cricket team|India]] at the [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]] on 15 November 1995,<ref name="last ODI 100">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16252/scorecard/64502/india-vs-new-zealand-1st-odi-new-zealand-tour-of-india-1995-96|title=1st ODI, New Zealand tour of India at Jamshedpur, Nov 15 1995|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref> scoring 107 [[not out]], his highest score in ODIs. He played his final ODI in the final game of the same series against India at the [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]] on 26 November 1995,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16252/scorecard/64505/india-vs-new-zealand-5th-odi-new-zealand-tour-of-india-1995-96|title=5th ODI, New Zealand tour of India at Nagpur, Nov 26 1995|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref> having played 143 matches.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Test centuries<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics / Statsguru / MD Crowe / Test matches / Hundreds|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/36622.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
! No.
! Score
! Opponent
! Venue
! Date
! Ref
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | 100
|| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1984|January|20}} || <ref name="1st Test 100"/>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | 188
|| {{cr|WIN}} || [[Bourda]], [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1985|April|6}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16861/scorecard/63400/west-indies-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-west-indies-1984-85|title=2nd Test, New Zealand tour of West Indies at Georgetown, Apr 6-11 1985|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | 188
|| {{cr|AUS}} || [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1985|November|8}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16841/scorecard/63415/australia-vs-new-zealand-1st-test-new-zealand-tour-of-australia-1985-86|title=1st Test, New Zealand tour of Australia at Brisbane, Nov 8-12 1985|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | 137
|| {{cr|AUS}} || [[Lancaster Park]], [[Christchurch]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1986|February|28}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16825/scorecard/63422/new-zealand-vs-australia-2nd-test-australia-tour-of-new-zealand-1985-86|title=2nd Test, Australia tour of New Zealand at Christchurch, Feb 28 - Mar 4 1986|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | 106
|| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Lord's]], London || {{dts|format=dmy|1986|July|24}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16789/scorecard/63435/england-vs-new-zealand-1st-test-new-zealand-tour-of-england-1986|title=1st Test, New Zealand tour of England at London, Jul 24-29 1986|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | 119
|| {{cr|WIN}} || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|February|20}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16754/scorecard/63457/new-zealand-vs-west-indies-1st-test-west-indies-tour-of-new-zealand-1986-87|title=1st Test, West Indies tour of New Zealand at Wellington, Feb 20-24 1987|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope="row" | 104
|| {{cr|WIN}} || [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|February|27}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16754/scorecard/63458/new-zealand-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-west-indies-tour-of-new-zealand-1986-87|title=2nd Test, West Indies tour of New Zealand at Auckland, Feb 27 - Mar 3 1987|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | 137
|| {{cr|AUS}} || [[Adelaide Oval]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|December|11}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16721/scorecard/63474/australia-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-australia-1987-88|title=2nd Test, New Zealand tour of Australia at Adelaide, Dec 11-15 1987|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate= 4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" | 143
|| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1988|March|3}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16710/scorecard/63479/new-zealand-vs-england-3rd-test-england-tour-of-new-zealand-1987-88|title=3rd Test, England tour of New Zealand at Wellington, Mar 3-7 1988|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | 174
|| {{cr|PAK}} || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1989|February|10}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16667/scorecard/63501/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-1988-89|title=2nd Test, Pakistan tour of New Zealand at Wellington, Feb 10-14 1989|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 11
! scope="row" | 113
|| {{cr|IND}} || [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1990|February|22}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16614/scorecard/63525/new-zealand-vs-india-3rd-test-india-tour-of-new-zealand-1989-90|title=3rd Test, India tour of New Zealand at Auckland, Feb 22-26 1990|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope="row" | 108 [[not out]]
|| {{cr|PAK}} || [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1990|October|18}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16573/scorecard/63538/pakistan-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-pakistan-1990-91|title=2nd Test, New Zealand tour of Pakistan at Lahore, Oct 18-23 1990|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 13
! scope="row" | 299
|| {{cr|SL}} || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1991|January|31}} || <ref name="Test high score"/>
|-
| 14
! scope="row" | 140
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Harare Sports Club]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|November|7}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16472/scorecard/63585/zimbabwe-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-zimbabwe-1992-93|title=2nd Test, New Zealand tour of Zimbabwe at Harare, Nov 7-12 1992|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 15
! scope="row" | 107
|| {{cr|SL}} || [[Singhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground|Sinhalese Sports Club]], [[Colombo]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|December|6}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16466/scorecard/63596/sri-lanka-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-sri-lanka-1992-93|title=2nd Test, New Zealand tour of Sri Lanka at Colombo, Dec 6-9 1992|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 16
! scope="row" | 142
|| {{cr|ENG}} ||[[Lord's]], London || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|June|16}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16345/scorecard/63647/england-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-england-1994|title=2nd Test, New Zealand tour of England at London, Jun 16-20 1994|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 17
! scope="row" | 115
|| {{cr|ENG}} ||[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|June|30}} || <ref name="last Test 100"/>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+One Day International centuries<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/36622.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statistics / Statsguru / MD Crowe / One-Day Internationals / Hundreds|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=3 March 2019}}</ref>
!No.
!Score
!Opponent
!Venue
!Date
!Ref
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | 105 [[not out]]
|| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1984|February|25}} || <ref name="1st ODI 100"/>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | 104
|| {{cr|IND}} || [[Carisbrook]], [[Dunedin]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1990|March|1}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8540/scorecard/65933/new-zealand-vs-india-1st-match-rothmans-cup-triangular-series-1989-90|title=1st Match, Rothmans Cup Triangular Series at Dunedin, Mar 1 1990|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | 100 [[not out]]
|| {{cr|AUS}} || [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|February|22}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/65118/new-zealand-vs-australia-1st-match-benson-&-hedges-world-cup-1991-92|title=1st Match, Benson & Hedges World Cup at Auckland, Feb 22 1992|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | 107 [[not out]]
|| {{cr|IND}} || [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|November|15}} || <ref name="last ODI 100"/>
|}

==Later life==

===Coaching===
After his retirement, Crowe helped develop a local variation of cricket, called "[[Short form cricket#Cricket Max|Cricket Max]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/67577.html|title=Cricket Max – The Game Invented By Martin Crowe|date=2 February 1996|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 May 2009}}</ref> and became a television commentator and pundit. He was a board member of the [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]] Rugby League Football Club of which [[Russell Crowe]] is part owner. He was roped in as the CEO of the management team of [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], a team in the [[Indian Premier League]]. Midway through the season the owner [[Vijay Mallya]] expressed displeasure over the team and its performance in the league by sacking its bowling coach [[Venkatesh Prasad]] and mentor [[Charu Sharma]] blaming them for dismal team performance. Later in October of the same year, Crowe parted ways with the team and brought in [[Ray Jennings]], the former coach of the South African National Cricket Team as the head coach of the team. Sources suggested that Mallya was unhappy with the team he had and held Crowe and his management team responsible for the debacle.<ref name="crowe">{{cite web|url=http://sports.in.msn.com/cricket/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3141001|work=[[Stuff.co.nz]]|author=Raghav Ramaiah|title=Martin Crowe leaves RCB, Jennings brought in|date=24 October 2008|access-date=18 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827191810/http://sports.in.msn.com/cricket/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3141001|archive-date=27 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has also mentored current New Zealand batsmen, [[Martin Guptill]], [[Ross Taylor]] and [[Kane Williamson]]. In 2014, he predicted and named Kane Williamson, [[Virat Kohli]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] and [[Joe Root]] in the young Fab Four list for test cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Test cricket's young Fab Four|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/martin-crowe-test-cricket-s-young-fab-four-774705|access-date=2021-06-24|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

===Attempted comeback===
On 19 May 2011, Crowe commented on [[Twitter]] that he wanted to improve his fitness by setting a goal to play first-class cricket again. He cited that he was only 3 first-class matches away from 250 matches, and 392 runs short of 20,000 runs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Martin Crowe returning to first class cricket?|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10726761|work =New Zealand Herald| access-date=20 May 2011|first=Dylan|last=Cleaver|date=20 May 2011}}</ref>

Crowe took his first step to playing first-class cricket by playing at club level at the age of 49 (he was due to debut much earlier, but was delayed due to a groin injury). He played for the Cornwall reserve grade team, captaining them and batting at No.3 against Papatoetoe in a second-division club match in [[Auckland]],<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://cricketnext.in.com/news/martin-crowe-to-begin-comeback-in-club-match/61281-13.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111105080915/http://cricketnext.in.com/news/martin-crowe-to-begin-comeback-in-club-match/61281-13.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 November 2011 |title =Martin Crowe to begin comeback in club match | publisher= CricketNext | access-date = 4 November 2011}}</ref> the same club where his father played grade cricket.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28Y1BC5EzEQ| title = Martin Crowe Tribute| publisher = YouTube}}</ref>

===Illness and death===
On 15 October 2012, it was revealed that Crowe had been diagnosed with [[lymphoma]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Martin Crowe diagnosed with lymphoma|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10840737|access-date=15 October 2012 | work=New Zealand Herald|date=15 October 2012}}</ref> He blamed the illness on a failing immune system, which had been weakened by various illnesses during certain tours, including salmonella poisoning in Sri Lanka in 1984.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/martin-crowe-blames-cancer-on-touring-ills-587154]</ref>

On 5 June 2013, Crowe announced that he was free of cancer on ''[[Campbell Live]]'', but he would cut his ties with cricket, as he was a self-proclaimed "recovering addict to cricket, much like an alcoholic".<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.3news.co.nz/Martin-Crowe-on-life-cricket-and-cancer/tabid/367/articleID/300401/Default.aspx | title = Campbell Live – Martin Crowe on life, cricket and cancer | publisher = 3News | access-date = 3 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131215152548/http://www.3news.co.nz/Martin-Crowe-on-life-cricket-and-cancer/tabid/367/articleID/300401/Default.aspx | archive-date = 15 December 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Crowe says he wore a 'mask' from the age of 22, due to high expectations, but at the age of 51 was happy to 'look at the real me'.<ref>{{Cite web | title= The masks we wear | first = Martin | last = Crowe | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/693959.html| publisher = ESPNcricinfo | access-date = 3 March 2016 | date = 28 November 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, Crowe announced that the lymphoma had returned and subsequently indicated that his chances of survival beyond 12 months were less than 5% and also of his wish to see the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]]<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://cnewsworld.com/watch/vE39EJCg9pg/cnewsworld-martin-crowes-moving-nzc-awards-interview.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160629030410/http://cnewsworld.com/watch/vE39EJCg9pg/cnewsworld-martin-crowes-moving-nzc-awards-interview.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 29 June 2016| access-date = 3 March 2016| title = CNews World: Martin Crowe's moving NZC Awards interview – HD Videos| publisher = CNews}}</ref> in February and March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=A year of triumph and disaster|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/810679.html|access-date=21 December 2014| work=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 December 2014}}</ref> He also attended the [[2015 Cricket World Cup Final]] between Australia and New Zealand at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] which in fact was his last public appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Timeline - The many colours of Crowe|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/career-timeline-the-many-colours-of-martin-crowe-978069|access-date=2021-06-24|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

Crowe died of complications from the disease in Auckland on 3 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/story/977963.html|title = Martin Crowe dies aged 53| publisher = ESPNcricinfo| access-date= 3 March 2016 | date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> His funeral was held in Holy Trinity Cathedral in a Christian ceremony in [[Parnell, New Zealand|Parnell]], [[Auckland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newshub.co.nz/sport/crowes-funeral-to-be-held-next-friday-2016030317|title=Crowe's funeral to be held next Friday|website=[[Newshub]]|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100717/http://www.newshub.co.nz/sport/crowes-funeral-to-be-held-next-friday-2016030317|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1991, Crowe married Simone Curtice, an interior designer. They separated five years later, in 1996, and Crowe later entered into a relationship with Suzanne Taylor, with whom he had one daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date =5 November 2006 | url =http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10409244| title=Martin Crowe - winner in the game of life | work = [[New Zealand Herald]]| access-date =26 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date =11 March 2016 | url =http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/77808239/martin-crowe-remembered-as-wonderful-father-husband-and-friend| title=Martin Crowe remembered as wonderful father, husband and friend | work = [[Stuff.co.nz]]| access-date =26 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date =13 December 2008 | url =http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/entertainment/759299/Wedding-bells-for-Crowe-and-Downes| title=Wedding bells for Crowe and Downes| work = [[The Sunday Star-Times]]| access-date =3 March 2016}}</ref> He and Taylor separated in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/property/news/article.cfm?c_id=8&objectid=10354769 | title = Roseneath: Crowe's nest| work = New Zealand Herald| access-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> In 2009, Crowe married for a third time, to [[Lorraine Downes]], a former [[Miss Universe]]. They remained married until his death.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Milne| first= Rebecca |date=15 February 2009 |url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/auckland-region/news/article.cfm?l_id=117&objectid=10556833 | title = One flew into Crowe's nest| work= New Zealand Herald| access-date = 19 January 2013}}</ref>

==Playing style==

=== Batting ===
A 2012 article by [[Mark Nicholas]] described him as "upright, orthodox and immensely strong" at the wicket, and praised the "speed and grace of the footwork" and "perfect head position". Nicholas thought the elegance of Crowe's batting was at odds with his physical size – he was "a big man in a small man's game".<ref>{{Cite web |first = Mark | last= Nicholas |date=18 October 2012| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/587012.html | title = Go well, Martin | publisher = ESPNcricinfo| access-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> Writing in his retirement, Crowe emphasised the importance of instinct in batting, and the need to avoid premeditating a shot.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/799737.html | title = The perils of premeditation | publisher = ESPNcricinfo | date = 3 March 2016| access-date = 19 November 2014| first = Martin | last = Crower}}</ref>
=== Captaincy and all-round skills ===
During his early career, Crowe was also often used as a "bits and pieces bowler", with his "lively in-swingers" faring especially well in English conditions.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/154457.html | title = Cricketer of the Year 1985: Martin Crowe| work =[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]| publisher = ESPNcricinfo | access-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> He was regarded as an "outstanding" fieldsman,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | url = http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/38314/martin-crowe | title = Martin Crowe (2nd of 3)| encyclopedia = [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] | access-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> and against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 World Cup]] dismissed [[David Houghton (cricketer)|David Houghton]] with an outstretched diving catch that was said to have won New Zealand the game.<ref>{{Cite web | first = Arunabha | last = Sengupta | date = 10 October 2012 | url = http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/world-cup-1987-dave-houghtons-near-miracle-that-ended-with-martin-crowes-unbelievable-catch-18683 | title = World Cup 1987: Dave Houghton's near miracle that ended with Martin Crowe's unbelievable catch| publisher = Cricket Country | access-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> As a captain, Crowe was known for his use of innovative techniques, most notably opening the bowling with a spinner, [[Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958)|Dipak Patel]], at the 1992 World Cup. He often had highly developed bowling and fielding plans, regularly rotating his bowlers and changing his fields to put pressure on opposing batsmen.<ref>{{Cite web | date =3 March 2016 | access-date = 3 March 2016 | url = http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2016/03/03/martin-crowe-new-zealands-finest-batsman | title = Martin Crowe, New Zealand's finest batsman| publisher =[[SBS News]]}}.</ref> Former Pakistan captain [[Rameez Raja]] described Crowe as "an imaginative leader who maximised his team's potential and resources by thoughtful captaincy and out-of-the-box tactics".<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.cricinfo.com/talk/content/multimedia/282529.html|title = 'People carried us away on their shoulders into a motorcade' | date = 17 February 2011| access-date= 3 March 2016 | publisher = ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Crowe was inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame in 2015<ref>{{Cite web |last=icc |title=International Cricket Council Hall of Fame |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/hall-of-fame/hall-of-famers/hall-of-famer-martin-crowe |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=icc |language=en}}</ref> and the NZC Hall of Fame in 2024 as one of the First XI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Cricket Hall of Fame |url=https://www.nzc.nz/corporate/new-zealand-cricket-hall-of-fame/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=NZC |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Upon his death, Crowe was eulogised in ''[[The Guardian]]'' as "not just one of New Zealand’s greatest ever cricketers, but one of the most elegant batsmen the world has yet seen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Peter |date=3 March 2016 |title=Martin Crowe obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/mar/03/martin-crowe-obituary |access-date=3 March 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In their tributes following his death, former Pakistan international [[Wasim Akram]] called him the best batsman he ever bowled to, former Australia fast bowler [[Craig McDermott]] compared him to [[Greg Chappell]], calling him "a beautiful, elegant batsman and a terrific stroke player", while former India international [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] called him his favourite batsman and wrote that "[[Sachin Tendulkar|Sachin]] & me actually copied him."<ref>{{Cite web |last=ESPNcricinfo staff |date=3 March 2016 |title='The best I ever bowled against' - Akram |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/what-they-said-about-martin-crowe-977969 |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=36622}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Peter Blake (sailor)|Peter Blake]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Halberg Awards|New Zealand's Sportsman of the Year]] | years=1991}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Danyon Loader]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before =--}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|World Cup Player of the Series]] | years=1992}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]}}
|-
{{s-sports}}
{{succession box|
before=[[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]]|
title=[[New Zealand national cricket captains|New Zealand national cricket captain]] |
years=1990/1–1992/3 |
after=[[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Ken Rutherford]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{New Zealand Test Cricket Captains}}
{{New Zealand ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{New Zealand Squad 1983 Cricket World Cup}}
{{New Zealand Squad 1987 Cricket World Cup}}
{{New Zealand Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Player of the Series in ICC Cricket World Cup}}
{{ICC Cricket Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crowe, Martin}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:New Zealand cricketers]]
[[Category:New Zealand One Day International captains]]
[[Category:New Zealand One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:New Zealand Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:New Zealand Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Auckland cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Districts cricketers]]
[[Category:Somerset cricketers]]
[[Category:Wellington cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:People educated at Auckland Grammar School]]
[[Category:Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World]]
[[Category:New Zealand national cricket team selectors]]
[[Category:Deaths from lymphoma in New Zealand]]
[[Category:New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Man of the Tournament in ODI Worldcup]]
[[Category:New Zealand cricket commentators]]
[[Category:New Zealand cricket coaches]]
[[Category:M Parkinson's World XI cricketers]]
[[Category:D. B. Close's XI cricketers]]
[[Category:North Island cricketers]]
[[Category:Crowe family (New Zealand)|Martin]]
[[Category:New Zealand people of Welsh descent]]

Akshay Anantapadmanabhan

2026-01-17T13:21:14Z

Shivam: started entry

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshay Anantapadmanabhan
| image = Akshay Anantapadmanabhan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = Musician
| title = [[Mridangam]] artist
| term =
| predecessor =
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| known for =
| boards =
| spouse =
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}}
'''Akshay Anantapadmanabhan''' is an [[Carnatic music|carnatic]] [[mridangam]] artist, composer and multi-percussionist.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anand |first1=Lakshmi |title=Akshay Anantpadmanabhan — at home in any genre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/akshay-anantpadmanabhan-at-home-in-any-genre/article31638317.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=21 May 2020}}</ref>

==Musical career==
In unique demonstrations of South Indian percussion, he has collaborated with rock, Latin jazz, American jazz, [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]], and jazz performers. He is an A-Grade artist of [[All India Radio]], Chennai and a key component of the popular Indian Classical fusion groups "Carnatic 2.0 Reloaded" and "The Thayir Sadam Project." In his most recent solo project, "Re-imagining Indian Rhythms," Akshay explores the frontiers of Indian rhythms by fusing digital loopers and interactive graphics with traditional instruments like the mridangam, [[kanjira]], [[konnakol]], and [[Bharatanatyam|bharathanatyam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=His Father's Voice - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/his_fathers_voice_2019 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en |date=19 April 2019}}</ref> He has given master lectures at [[New York University Abu Dhabi|NYUAD]] (Abu Dhabi), NYU, and CUNY (New York) on an introduction to Konnakol and Indian rhythm.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshay Anantapadmanabhan – Cross-Disciplinary and multicultural perspectives on Musical Rhythm |url=https://wp.nyu.edu/nyurhythmproject/akshay/ |website=wp.nyu.edu |publisher=[[New York University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=These musicians got Mylapore hip-hop to Carnatic music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/these-musicians-got-mylapore-hip-hop-to-carnatic-music/articleshow/70910068.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 August 2019}}</ref>

==Discography==
*"Mylapore-Rap" In 2010, Akshay created a contemporary music video using ‘Konnakol’ (Indian vocal percussion) and re-contextualizing it as a hip-hop/rap genre.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paitandy |first1=Priyadarshini |title=Check out Carnatic 2.0's new video 'Mylapore Rap' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/check-out-carnatic-20s-new-video-mylapore-rap/article29289509.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=29 August 2019}}</ref>
*"Konnakol Playhouse" He worked with over 1000 kids across Bangalore, India to create a contemporary music video in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Konnakol Playhouse: Teaching rhythm in fun way |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/konnakol-playhouse-teaching-rhythm-in-fun-way/articleshow/69266601.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 May 2019}}</ref>
*"His Father's Voice" He performed mridangam in several tracks, including a solo track ‘Weapons of Love,’ for this feature film premiered in Hollywood in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Abhirami |title='His Father's Voice': A story of life, love and the arts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/his-fathers-voice-a-story-of-life-love-and-the-arts/article28178690.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=27 June 2019}}</ref>
*"Re-Imagining Indian Rhythms" In this avant-garde solo production, He focuses on the ideas of Indian rhythm that can be connected to ideas of Indian culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Music Experience (IME) Workshop |url=https://ismir2022.ismir.net/satellites/ime/ |website=ismir2022.ismir.net}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar|Ustad Bismillah khan yuva puraskar]] 2023 from the Sangeet Natak Akademi, Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar for the year 2023 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/feb/doc2024228314601.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anantapadmanabhan, Akshay}}
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Mridangam players]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]

Aniket Pote

2026-01-16T14:05:46Z

Shivam: started post

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Aniket Bhagwan Pote''' (born 7 November 1996)<ref>https://mkka.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/50_senior_national_campionship_2016-17.pdf Page 7 player list with DoB</ref> is an Indian kho kho player from [[Maharashtra]]. He plays for the [[India men's national kho kho team]] as an all-rounder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> He was part of the Indian men's team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025. He plays for [[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]] in the [[Ultimate Kho Kho]], a franchise based league tournament. In the first season, he played for [[Mumbai Khiladis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aniket Bhagwan Pote Profile 181 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/players/aniket-bhagwan-pote-profile-181 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pote is from [[Bandra]] East, Mumbai, Maharashtra. He is the son of late Bhagwan, is a bus driver and his mother Chhaya, who works as a house maid. His elder brother, Rupesh, is a driver in a private company while his younger brother, Swapnil, works as an office boy, also in a private firm. His father died of throat cancer. The family lives in a one-room rented house.<ref name="mid-day">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2020 |title=Kho-kho champ's prize money, Fixed Deposits gone treating dad for COVID |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/kho-kho-champion-aniket-potes-prize-money-fixed-deposits-gone-in-treating-dad-for-covid19-22893233 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> He started playing kho kho in 2006. He played for local club Mahatma Gandhi Sports Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho champ Aniket Pote misses late dad who wished to see him play on TV |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/ultimate-kho-kho-champ-aniket-pote-misses-late-dad-who-wished-to-see-him-play-on-tv-23242215 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> He is studying BA. He bagged employment with India Post, Maharashtra in sports quota.<ref>https://img2.freejobalert.com/news/2025/03/result-for-india-post-sports-quota-67c29acd20fb048600956.pdf Serial Number 91</ref>

== Career ==
In January 2025, Pote was part of the Indian team that won the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup at New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women's Captain Priyanka Ingle Gears Up For Kho Kho World Cup {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/india-womens-captain-priyanka-ingle-gears-up-for-kho-kho-world-cup-7462836 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team were placed in Group A and defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]], [[Brazil]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=India edge closer to Kho Kho World Cup knockouts after outclassing Brazil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/india-outclass-brazil-kho-kho-world-cup-edge-closer-to-knockouts-2664829-2025-01-14 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Peru]] and [[Bhutan]] in the group stages. In the quarterfinals, India defeated [[Sri Lanka men's national kho kho team|Sri Lanka]] and beat [[South Africa men's national kho kho team|South Africa]] 62–42 in the semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Feel blessed": India's Gowtham MK after reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 final |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final20250119134404/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Feel Blessed': India's Gowtham MK & Sachin Bhargo Expressed There Feelings After Reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 Final |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-sachin-bhargo-expressed-there-feelings-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> In the finals, India defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 54–36 to lift their maiden World Cup.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |date=20 January 2025 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian men's team crowned champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-mens-team-crowned-champion/articleshow/117382218.cms |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

His first major championship was the under 14 Nationals in 2008.<ref name="mid-day.com">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2025 |title=How India's Kho Kho World Cup wins have made Indians dive onto the global stage |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/how-indias-kho-kho-world-cup-wins-have-made-indians-dive-onto-the-global-stage-23471927 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> He was part of the Indian team that won the 3rd Asian Kho-Kho Championship in 2016. He also played the 4th Asian Championship in 2023. He played international matches in [[London]]. He played five Senior National Kho Kho Championships for Maharashtra and has a gold and a silver medal. He took part in four Federation Cup tournaments.<ref name="mid-day"/>

=== Awards ===

* Pote received [[Shiv Chhatrapati Award]] in 2018.
* Maharashtra government promised Rs.2.25 crore and a government job for all the world Cup winners from Maharashtra.<ref name="mid-day.com"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.instagram.com/khokho_lover_aniket/?hl=en Pote's Instagram]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pote, Aniket}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Bandra]]

61st Cavalry (India)

2026-01-16T06:46:27Z

Shivam: revised

{{Short description|Active Indian Army horse cavalry unit}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 61st Cavalry
| image = 61st Cavalry.svg
| caption = 61st Cavalry Insignia
| dates = 1953–present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance = India
| branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
| type = [[Cavalry]]
| role =
| size = Regiment
| command_structure =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto = अश्व-शक्ति यशोबल "Ashva Shakti Yashobal" (Horse Power is Supreme Strength)
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment = Horse

| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations = [[Padma Shri]] 1 [[Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak]] 1 [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] 6 [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]] Commendation Card 53 [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|CNS]] Commendation Card 51 [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|VCOAS]] Commendation Card 7 Army Commander's Commendation Card 152 [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff|CISC]] Commendation Card 7
| battle_honours = [[Battle of Haifa (1918)|Haifa]]
| notable_commanders =

| identification_symbol = 61 Cav
| identification_symbol_label = Abbreviation

| Past Commanders =
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment = [[General (India)|General]] [[Manoj Pande]] {{Resize|90%|[[PVSM]] [[AVSM]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]}} <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/coas-col-regt-61-cavalry-presented-accruements-regt/|title=COAS, Col of the Regt 61 Cavalry Presented With Accruements of the Regt|date=2017-06-14|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref> 
Lt Gen Dhiraj Seth<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Officers of the Jodhpur Lancers (Photo 24-157).jpg|thumb|305x305px|Officers of the Jodhpur Lancers in [[Linghem]], France, 1915|alt=|right]]
[[File:Indian lancers in Haifa 1918.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Indian lancers in Haifa, 1918|alt=|right]]

[[File:Teenmurtidelhi.jpg|thumb|305x305px| Teen Murti Memorial in New Delhi, built 1922|alt=|right]]
[[File:Mysore Lancers Memorial (Closeup), Bangalore.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Mysore Lancers Memorial, Bangalore|alt=|right]]The '''61st Cavalry Regiment''' is a horse-mounted [[cavalry]] regiment of the [[Indian Army]]. It is notable for being one of the largest, and also one of the last, operational non mechanised horse-mounted cavalry units in the world. Formerly deployed into active conflict, the 61st Cavalry is currently employed on ceremonial occasions, though it can be deployed for [[internal security]] or provide [[military aid to the civil power]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dallal|first=Henry|title=Horse warriors: India's 61st Cavalry|date=2008|publisher=Henry Dallal|isbn=9780954408312|series=Pageantry & performance series|location=Great Britain}}</ref>

The regiment is presently based in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-05-18|title=Explainer: Why Is the Indian Army’s 61 Cavalry Regiment Being Downsized?|url=https://thewire.in/security/explainer-indian-army-61-cavalry|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref> The 61st Cavalry regiment and the [[President's Bodyguard]] parade in full [[dress uniform]] for the [[Delhi Republic Day parade]] each year, in what is probably the largest assemblage of traditional cavalry still to be seen in the world.

==Modern role==
The 61st Cavalry regiment is one of the few non-mechanised horse mounted cavalry regiments in the world, alongside such units as the [[Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment]] of the [[British Army]], the Presidential Cavalry Escort Battalion of the [[Kremlin Regiment]] of the [[Federal Protective Service (Russia)|Federal Protective Service]] and the 4th Mountain Cavalry Regiment of the Argentinean Army.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.hu/TRANSCRIPTS/0203/10/sm.23.html ''Cossack Cavalry Acting in Russian Films''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104513/http://edition.cnn.hu/TRANSCRIPTS/0203/10/sm.23.html |date=21 July 2011 }}. CNN (transcript), Aired 10 March 2002 - 11:58ET</ref> While a number of armies still maintain mounted units for parade and other ceremonial purposes, only the [[People's Liberation Army]] maintains an operational squadron-sized mounted cavalry unit for frontier duties.<ref>''Global Times'' 20 November 2009 and ''Xinhua News Agency'' 22 August 2011</ref>

==History==
[[File:The 61 Cavalry contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 62nd Republic Day Parade-2011, in New Delhi on January 26, 2011.jpg|thumb|305x305px|The 61 Cavalry contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 62nd Republic Day Parade-2011, in New Delhi on 26 January 2011|alt=|right]]

=== Formation ===
At the time of [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence]] in 1947, the only mounted cavalry remaining in service were the [[Governor General's Bodyguard]] and several units that had formed part of the [[Imperial Service Troops|Imperial Service State Forces]], provided by the [[Princely state|Indian Princely States]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url= https://thewire.in/security/explainer-indian-army-61-cavalry|title=Explainer: Why Is the Indian Army’s 61 Cavalry Regiment Being Downsized?|date=2020-05-18|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref> Upon the integration of the State Forces into the [[Indian Army]] in 1951, the remaining horsed cavalry units were reorganized and reconstituted into the [[Gwalior State|Gwalior Lancers]], the [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]/Kachhawa Horse, the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] Lancers, and B Squadron, 2nd [[Patiala State|Patiala]] Lancers.

In May 1953 it was decided to amalgamate these separate horsed cavalry units into a single regiment. On 1 October 1953 the "New Horsed Cavalry Regiment" was established at [[Gwalior]], with Lieutenant Colonel Phulel Singh of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir State]] Forces as its first Commandant. The new regiment was re-designated as the "61st Cavalry Regiment" in January 1954.

The following cavalry regiments were amalgamated to form the 61st Cavalry:

* Gwalior Lancers, formed by amalgamation of 1st and 2nd Gwalior Lancers
* Jodhpur/Kachhawa Horse, formed by amalgamation of Dungal Lancers, Mangal Lancers, Jodhpur Lancers, Kachhawa Horse, Mewar Lancers, Rajendra Lancers and Sardar Rissalia
* Mysore Lancers
* B Squadron, 2 Patiala Lancers
* Saurashtra Horsed Cavalry Squadron

=== Deployments ===
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], 61st Cavalry was deployed as part of the 67th Infantry Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Bant Singh, to cover approaches to [[Sri Ganganagar|Ganganagar]], under then-Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Thakur Govind Singh. The area of responsibility was nearly a {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} of semi-desert terrain. While armed police detachments manned border outposts to mark sovereignty, 61st Cavalry carried out intensive night patrols on horseback. No enemy infiltration or penetration was reported.<ref name="IX1">{{cite web|last=Bajwa|first=Mandeep Singh|date=2020-05-22|title=Military Digest: 61st Cavalry rides into the sunset|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/military-digest-61-cavalry-indian-army-ins-jalashwa-operation-samudra-setu-6421839/|access-date=2020-12-05|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Praval|first=KC|title=Indian Army After Independence|date=2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1935501107}}</ref>

In 1970, Lieutenant General [[Mohinder Singh Wadalia]], the regiment's long-standing colonel, retired. During this time, when the Indian Army was being pruned, it was suggested that the unit's future depended on having a strong, energetic successor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Depinder|title=Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw Soldiering with Dignity|date=2002|publisher=Natraj Publishers|isbn=978-8185019024}}</ref> In a strategic move it was decided to invite the then-Army Chief, General [[Sam Manekshaw]], to be the next colonel of the 61st Cavalry.<ref>{{cite web|date=1971-02-20|title=Gazette of India, 1971, No. 8|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1971/O-1354-1971-0008-60722.pdf|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref> Manekshaw realised that the 61st Cavalry needed a change in role, otherwise the military and civilian bureaucracy would mechanise it. In the prelude to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], Manekshaw moved the regiment to Delhi to guard the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]], ensure the internal defence of Delhi, and conduct dismounted ceremonials. The 61st Cavalry presented the first guard of honour to [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] on his release from a Pakistani prison in January 1972.<ref name="IX1" /><ref name="auto">{{cite web|date=2020-05-24|title=Polo, touch of royalty & chivalry, WW-I – 61st cavalry’s new role snaps link with history|url=https://theprint.in/defence/polo-touch-of-royalty-chivalry-ww-i-61st-cavalrys-new-role-snaps-link-with-history/426335/|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref>

In 1974, the [[K. V. Krishna Rao|Krishna Rao]] Committee, in its report on the Army's reorganisation, recommended a cutdown in the 61st Cavalry's strength. Consequently, a whole sabre squadron was disbanded along with specialist troops for [[mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[medium machine guns]], [[light machine guns]], and signals communication. One sabre squadron was permanently stationed at Delhi for performing ceremonial duties.<ref name="IX1" /><ref>{{cite web|date=2020-05-15|title=Rechristening of 61st Cavalry would sever link between past and present|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rechristening-of-61st-cavalry-would-sever-link-between-past-and-present/592428|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref>

In 1977, the regiment participated in the Military Tattoo at [[Pune]] and the [[Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo]] in Scotland to commemorate the [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II]].<ref name="auto"/>

The regiment has taken part in several combat operations, including [[Operation Pawan]], [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir#Operation Rakshak|Operation Rakshak]], [[Kargil War|Operation Vijay]], and [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Parakram]].<ref name="IX1" />

=== Possible mechanisation and disbandment ===
Based on the recommendations of the 2016 [[D. B. Shekatkar|Shekatkar]] Committee report, the Indian Army reportedly initiated a move in mid-2020 to mechanise the 61st Cavalry and create a new armoured regiment. The move plans to bring together three independent squadrons of other regiments under the headquarters of 61st Cavalry to form the new armoured regiment. The move is being initiated to cut costs and draws from a proposal to change the regiment's role to an active armoured regiment.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|date=2020-05-16|title=Cavalry isn’t just a ceremonial Army regiment, it played key role in Pakistan standoff too|url=https://theprint.in/defence/61-cavalry-isnt-just-a-ceremonial-army-regiment-it-played-key-role-in-pakistan-standoff-too/422948/61|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref>

==Battle honours==
The 61st Cavalry has 39 battle honours passed on from its predecessors, including "[[Boxer Rebellion|China, 1900]]", "[[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Cambrai, 1917]]", "[[North-West Frontier (military history)#1914–1918 (First World War)|Waziristan, 1917]]", "[[Western Front (World War I)|France and Flanders 1914-1918]]", "[[First Suez Offensive|Suez Canal – Egypt, 1917-1918]]", "[[Gaza (Battle honour)|Gaza]]", "[[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo]]", "[[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Sharon]]", "[[Capture of Damascus (1918)|Damascus]] and [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Palestine]], 1917-1918", "Afghanistan, 1919", and "[[Battle of Haifa (1918)|Haifa]]-[[Battle of Aleppo (1918)|Aleppo]], 1919".<ref>{{cite book|last=David |first= Altaf Alfroid |title= Know Your Armed Forces|date=1969|publisher= Army Educational Stores}}</ref>

==Cenotaph==
The Teen Murti Memorial is a [[cenotaph]] memorializing soldiers from the [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]], from the princely states of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], and [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], who fought and died under British command while taking part in the [[Battle of Haifa (1918)|Battle of Haifa]] on 23 September 1918, during [[World War I]]. The capture of Haifa and its port allowed the Allies to send supplies closer to the front.<ref>{{cite news|date=2017-07-06|title=Delhi's Teen Murti Memorial's Connection With Israel's Haifa|publisher=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhis-teen-murti-memorials-connection-with-israels-haifa-1453995.html|access-date=2020-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2020-05-18|title=The Last Gallop|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-last-gallop/|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref>

23 September is remembered annually in India as Haifa Day, commemorating the 15th Cavalry Brigade's actions during the Battle of Haifa.<ref name="auto2"/>

== Regimental insignia ==
The regimental insignia is adapted from the [[Gandaberunda]] of the Mysore Lancers. It consists of the two headed eagle and a scroll below with the words 'Sixty First Cavalry'. The shoulder title consists of "61C" in brass. The motto of the regiment is अश्व-शक्ति यशोबल (Ashva Shakti Yashobal) which translates to ‘"Horse Power is Supreme Strength".

==Recruitment==
The regiment recruits [[Rajput]]s, [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]], and [[Qaimkhani]]s in equal numbers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gautam|first=PK|title= Indigenous Historical Knowledge: Kautilya and His Vocabulary, Volume III|date=2016|publisher= IDSA/Pentagon Press |isbn= 978-81-8274-909-2|page=153}}</ref> This ratio was established on Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s instructions.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://thewire.in/security/explainer-indian-army-61-cavalry|title= Explainer: Why Is the Indian Army’s 61 Cavalry Regiment Being Downsized?|date=2020-05-18|access-date=2022-09-25}}</ref>

==Sports==
The regiment has a strong [[polo]] tradition, producing some of India's best polo players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=ehgWjh0tu7cAonYsGBioDw==&ParentID=xN+m2Ebx4sDsMS+7sBUzug==|title=Mounted Cavalry| access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2017/mar16-17/h16.htm|title= 61 Cavalry Bags the Army Polo Championship|date=2017-03-16| access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref> Members of the regiment have won 12 [[Arjuna Award|Arjuna awards]]—India's highest award for outstanding sportsmen—five times for polo and seven times for equestrian events.<ref>{{cite news|title=Subedar Sawant gets Arjuna Award for tent pegging|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/subedar-sawant-gets-arjuna-award-for-tent-pegging/article32438930.ece#:~:text=Subedar%20Ajay%20Anant%20Sawant%20from,prior%20background%20in%20equestrian%20sports.|access-date=26 August 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.uniindia.com/capt-rajpurohit-bags-gold-61-cavalry-team-silver-in-delhi-horse-show/sports/news/1551451.html|title= Capt Rajpurohit bags gold; 61 Cavalry team silver in Delhi Horse Show|date=2019-04-04|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref>

==Notable servicemen==
*[[V. P. Singh (Brigadier)|Brigadier Virendra Pal Singh]], a former commandant was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1975, one of the earliest polo players to be honoured with the distinction.
*[[H. S. Sodhi|Colonel Harinder Singh "Billy" Sodhi]], {{small|[[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]}} - a former commandant and [[Arjuna Award]] recipient.
*[[R. K. S. Kalaan|Colonel Rajinder Kumar Singh "Raj" Kalaan]] - a former commandant and leading polo player.
*[[R. S. Sodhi|Colonel Ravinder Singh "Pickles" Sodhi]], a former commandant and [[Arjuna Award]] recipient.
*[[R. S. Brar|Colonel Rupinder Singh "R. S." Brar ]], a former commandant, [[Arjuna Award]] recipient and Gold Medalist at the [[1982 Asian Games]].
*Captain Manjinder Singh Bhinder, who died off-duty during the 1997 [[Uphaar cinema fire]] while attempting to guide theatregoers to safety.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://salute.co.in/the-horsemen-of-the-army/|title= The horsemen of the army|date=2014-07-11| access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref>
*Colonel [[Ravi Rathore]], an Indian polo player and an Arjuna awardee. He has been the commandant of the 61st Cavalry and is the highest handicapped polo player in the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lost son, refused pension|author=Rajendra Sharma|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov09/head6.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|date=9 November 1999|access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=An officer and a gentleman |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970615/16650283.html|access-date=7 September 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express (PTI Report)|date=15 June 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|title=Veterans, war widows battle for benefits|author=Chander Suta Dogra|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/veterans-war-widows-battle-for-benefits/article6432853.ece|date=22 September 2014|access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]]
*[[Battle of Haifa (1918)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQvzWBJEoE8 ''61st Cavalry - India's Horse Warriors''] History Channel Documentary
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090703113133/http://www.indiapolo.com/Polopedia/Genesis/Indian_Army/61st_Cavalry/61st_cavalry.html ''61st Cavalry''] at IndiaPolo.com

{{Indian Army Armoured Corps}}

[[Category:Armoured and cavalry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1954]]

Raninagar, Jalpaiguri

2026-01-10T14:28:08Z

Shivam: Adding pg

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raninagar
| native_name =
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri]]
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735133<ref>{{cite web | url =https://jalpaiguri.gov.in/public-utility/patkata-branch-post-office/ | title = Patkata Branch Post Office | publisher = District administration |accessdate =14 June 2025 }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
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| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Siliguri]]
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| footnotes =
}}
'''Raninagar''' is an industrial town in the suburb of [[Jalpaiguri]] of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JALPAIGURI|work= [[2011 census of India]], DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS WEST BENGAL|url= https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_A/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf|access-date= 14 June 2025}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Raninagar Industrial Park|work= West Bengal Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation|url= https://wbiidc.wb.gov.in/raninagar |access-date= 14 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Brief Industrial Profile of JALPAIGURI DISTRICT WEST BENGAL|work= MSME-Development Institute Kolkata (Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India)|url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/JALPAIGURI.pdf |access-date= 14 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= 2 unused plots given to new investors for setting up units at Raninagar industrial estate|publisher= [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/2-unused-plots-given-to-new-investors-for-setting-up-units-at-raninagar-industrial-estate/cid/1976759|date=1 November 2023|access-date= 14 June 2025}}</ref>

==Education==
*'''Jalpaiguri Institute of Technology''', was established in 2015. This college approved by [[AICTE]] and affiliated by [[West Bengal State Council of Technical and Vocational Education and Skill Development]]. This college offers [[Diploma in Engineering|Diploma in Engineering & Technology]] courses(10+3) in Civil Engineering, Computer Science & Technology, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering with 60 intake capacity of each stream.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jitpolytech.in/| title = Jalpaiguri Institute of Technology| publisher = JIT|access-date = 10 January 2026}}</ref>
*[[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan|Kendriya Vidyalaya BSF Raninagar]], was established in 2010. Under the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] Board.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://bsfraninagar.kvs.ac.in/| title = KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BSF RANINAGAR| publisher =KVS|access-date = 10 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jalpaiguri district}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raninagar, Jalpaiguri}}
[[Category:Jalpaiguri district]]

{{Jalpaiguri-geo-stub}}

B. Jayant Baliga

2025-12-28T23:00:08Z

Shivam: small changes

{{short description|Indian electrical engineer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox scientist
| image = Professor Jayant Baliga.jpg
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]]
| awards = [[Global Energy Prize]]
}}

'''Bantval Jayant Baliga''' (born {{Birth date|year=1948|month=4|day=28|df=yes}}) is an Indian [[electrical engineer]] best known for his work in [[power semiconductor device]]s, and particularly the invention of the [[insulated gate bipolar transistor]] (IGBT).<ref name="electronicdesignbaliga2010">{{cite news
| url = https://electronicdesign.com/analog/b-jayant-baliga-designing-insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor
| title = B. Jayant Baliga: Designing The Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor
| last = Edwards
| first = John
| date = 22 November 2010
| newspaper = [[Electronic Design (magazine)|Electronic Design]]
| access-date = 16 January 2017
}}</ref><ref name="invent">{{cite web |title=NIHF Inductee Bantval Jayant Baliga Invented IGBT Technology |url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/bantval-jayant-baliga |website=[[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>

In 1993, Baliga was elected as a member into the [[National Academy of Engineering]] for contributions to power semiconductor devices leading to the advent of smart power technology, and in 2024, won the Finnish [[Millennium Technology Prize]] for his invention of the IGBT.<ref name=MTP2024>{{cite web |url=https://millenniumprize.org/winners/revolutionizing-global-electrification/ |title=Revolutionizing global electrification Bantval Jayant Baliga |work=Millennium Technology Prize |date= |access-date=September 17, 2024 |quote=technological innovations for a better life. The winning innovations are globally accessible and are based upon ethically sound academic and scientific research. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Hasan |date=2024-09-05 |title=Meet the professor who just won the Millennium Technology Prize — and $1.1 million |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/millennium-technology-prize-baliga-semiconductor-invention-igbt-changed-world-2024-9 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Baliga grew up in [[Jalahalli]], a small village near [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. Jayant studied at [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School|Bishop Cotton Boys' School, Bangalore]]. He received his B.Tech in Electrical Engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] in 1969, and his MS (1971) and PhD (1974) in Electrical Engineering from the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]].<ref name="electronicdesignbaliga2010" /> Bantwal Vittal Manjunath Baliga, was one of India's first electrical engineers in the days before independence and founding President of the Indian branch of the [[Institute of Radio Engineers]], which later became the [[IEEE]] in India. Baliga's father played pivotal roles in the founding of Indian television and electronics industries.<ref name="electronicdesignbaliga2010" /><ref name="forbes">{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=Shishir |date=25 February 2012 |title=Jayant Baliga's invention is a power saver |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/innovation-special/jayant-baligas-invention-is-a-power-saver/32328/1 |access-date=16 January 2017 |newspaper=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref> During his childhood his father inspired him a lot. Baliga remembers reading IEEE proceeding during his high school days which were brought home by his father. He graduated from high school in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oral-History:B. Jayant Baliga |date=14 April 2022 |url=https://ethw.org/Oral-History:B._Jayant_Baliga}}</ref>

== Career ==
He worked 15 years at the [[General Electric]] Research and Development Center in [[Schenectady, New York]]. In the early 1980s, he invented the [[insulated gate bipolar transistor]] that combines sciences from two streams: Electronics engineering and Electrical engineering. It is a transistor switch that was immediately put into production once invented.

This has resulted in cost savings of over $15 trillion for consumers, and is forming a basis for smart grid. This device is in use in many machines and devices using electricity, from kitchen appliances, medical devices, and electric cars to the electric power grid itself.

He joined [[North Carolina State University]] in 1988 as a Full Professor. He was promoted to Distinguished University Professor in 1997. He continues to innovate in electronics, even as an emeritus professor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.ncsu.edu/2024/09/nc-states-jayant-baliga-wins-millennium-technology-prize/ |title=NC State's Jayant Baliga Wins Millennium Technology Prize |work=NC State University News |date=September 4, 2024 |first=Matt |last=Shipman |access-date=September 17, 2024 }}</ref>

He has founded three companies that made products based on semiconductor technologies.<ref name="forbes" /><ref name="thehindunegativefootprint">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Man-with-a-huge-'negative'-carbon-footprint/article14581996.ece
| title = Man with a huge 'negative' carbon footprint
| last = Desikan
| first = Shubashree
| date = 21 August 2016
| newspaper = The Hindu
| access-date = 16 January 2017
}}</ref><ref name="theeconomictimesigbtsicarb">{{cite news
| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/meet-jayant-baliga-the-inventor-of-igbt-who-is-working-to-kill-his-own-invention/articleshow/53424523.cms
| title = Meet Jayant Baliga - the inventor of IGBT who is working to kill his own invention
| last = Pulakkat
| first = Hari
| date = 28 July 2016
| newspaper = The Economic Times
| access-date = 16 January 2017
}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
*Baliga is a Member of the [[National Academy of Engineering]] (1993) and the European Academy of Sciences (2005), as well as an [[IEEE Fellow]] (1983).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/chronology/fellows_1983.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802204233/http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/chronology/fellows_1983.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2012 |title=Fellow Class of 1983 |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date=2012-01-25}}</ref>
* He received the 1991 IEEE Newell Award, 1993 [[IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award]], 1998 IEEE [[J J Ebers Award]], and 1999 [[IEEE Lamme Medal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IEEE Lamme Medal Recipients |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/lamme_rl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629015627/http://www.ieee.org/documents/lamme_rl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |publisher=IEEE |access-date=2012-01-25}}</ref>
* He holds 120 U.S. patents.<ref name="ncsubaliga">{{cite web
| url = https://www.ece.ncsu.edu/people/bjbaliga
| title = Dr. Jayant Baliga
| publisher = [[North Carolina State University]]
| access-date = 16 January 2017
}}</ref>
* In 1997, Scientific American magazine included him among the 'Eight Heroes of the Semiconductor Revolution' when commemorating the 50th anniversary of the invention of the transistor.<ref name="ncsubaliga" /><ref name="sciamsolidstatecentury">{{cite journal
| editor1-first = John
| editor1-last = Rennie
| first1 = Glenn
| last1 = Zorpette
| title = Fifty Years of Heroes and Epiphanies
| url = https://www.scribd.com/document/254621069/Scientific-american-special-edition-1997-12-Solid-State-Century
| year = 1997
| journal = [[Scientific American]]
| volume = 8
| issue = 1
| page = 7
| access-date = 16 January 2017
| issn = 1048-0943
| quote = And it may not be too soon to identify a few new candidates for hero status—people such as the quantum-well wizard Federico Capasso of Lucent Technologies (which includes Bell Labs) and B. Jayant Baliga, the inventor of the IGBT, who describes his transistor in this issue
}}</ref>
* In 2011, he was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]], the highest award for an engineer in USA by US President [[Barack Obama]].<ref name=forbes/><ref name=WhiteHousePressRelease>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/27/president-obama-honors-nation-s-top-scientists-and-innovators President Obama Honors Nation’s Top Scientists and Innovators], 27 September 2011, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, whitehouse.gov</ref>
* In 2014, he was awarded the [[IEEE Medal of Honor]], "For the invention, implementation, and commercialization of power semiconductor devices with widespread benefits to society."<ref>{{cite web|title=IEEE 2014 Medals and Awards Recipients|url=http://theinstitute.ieee.org/people/achievements/recipients-of-the-2014-medals-and-awards|publisher=[[IEEE]]|access-date=2014-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224000716/http://theinstitute.ieee.org/people/achievements/recipients-of-the-2014-medals-and-awards|archive-date=24 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* In 2015, he received the [[Global Energy Prize]] for invention, development and commercialization of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, which is one of the most important innovations for the control and distribution of energy.<ref name="thehindunegativefootprint" /><ref name="theeconomictimesigbtsicarb" /><ref name="gep2015">{{cite web
| title = 2015
| author =
| date =
| url = https://globalenergyprize.org/en/laureates/2015
| publisher = Global Energy Association
| access-date = 16 January 2017
}}</ref>
* In 2016, Baliga was inducted into the [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]].<ref name="forbesnihf">{{cite news
| url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/frederickallen/2016/05/06/the-man-with-the-worlds-largest-negative-carbon-footprint-along-with-15-other-geniuses-honored/#4a85e4e84a13
| title = The Man With The World's Largest Negative Carbon Footprint And 15 Other Geniuses Honored
| last = Allen
| first = Frederick E.
| date = 6 May 2016
| newspaper = [[Forbes]]
| access-date = 16 January 2017
}}</ref><ref name="invent"/>
* He was the Chief Guest for the 53rd Convocation at [[IIT Madras]] held on 22-07-2016. He was awarded Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) in the ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|title=IIT Madras 53rd Convocation|url=http://web.iitm.ac.in/convocation/node/3|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226025432/http://web.iitm.ac.in/convocation/node/3|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*In September 2024, it was announced that Baliga won the million Euro [[Millennium Technology Prize]], supported by the Republic of Finland. The award ceremony is held on October 30, 2024 in Finland. He was honored for his invention in the 1980s of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), which has dramatically increased the efficiency of devices using electricity, allowing precise digital switching of electricity. The device is used in wind and solar technology, in electric cars, in devices for maintaining or investigating human health, in kitchen appliances and more.<ref name=MTP2024 /><ref name=LiWired2024>{{cite magazine |url=https://wired.me/technology/igbt-semiconductor-transistor/?fbclid=IwY2xjawFHgYtleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHR62QcPDu8th7TaOssKekFav9rrNUX9issiT0zLfm9K2KHGl7y0ODa36rA_aem_YY5tNBH-ZfezoSnU5n0cUQ |title=This semiconductor transistor is the hidden technology that offsets 82 gigatons of CO2 |magazine=Wired |date=September 4, 2024 |first=Yunqi |last=Li |access-date=September 17, 2024 }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Title
!Publisher
!Year
![[ISBN]]
|-
|1
|Epitaxial Silicon Technology
|Academic Press Inc
|1986
|9780120771202
|-
|2
|Modern Power Devices
|John Wiley & Sons
|1987
|9780471819868
|-
|3
|Power Semiconductor Devices
|Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc
|1995
|9783030067656
|-
|4
|Silicon Carbide Power Devices
|World Scientific Publishing Company
|2006
|978-981-256-605-8
|-
|5
|Fundamentals of Power Semiconductor Devices
|Springer
|2018
|978-3319939872
|-
|6
|The IGBT Device: Physics, Design and Applications of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
|Elsevier
|2022
|978-0323999120
|-
|7
|Modern Silicon Carbide Power Devices
|World Scientific Publishing Company
|2023
|978-9811284274
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://www.ece.ncsu.edu/people/bjbaliga NCSU biography]
* [https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/findingaids/mc00568 Guide to the B. Jayant Baliga Papers 1984-2002]
* [http://www.apnatriangle.com/Inspirational-Triangle-Indians/drjayanthbaliga ApnaTriangle.com interview with Dr Jayant Baliga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203061623/http://www.apnatriangle.com/Inspirational-Triangle-Indians/drjayanthbaliga |date=3 February 2015 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baliga, B. Jayant}}
[[Category:American electrical engineers]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni]]
[[Category:North Carolina State University faculty]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:General Electric people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Bangalore Rural district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:IEEE Lamme Medal recipients]]
[[Category:American people of Kannada descent]]
[[Category: Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]

C. R. Ramaswamy

2025-12-28T16:41:02Z

Shivam: slightly enhanced page per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox_politician
| name =
| constituency1 =[[Mylapore (state assembly constituency)|Mylapore ]]
|term=1952–1957
|term1=1957–1962
|party= [[Indian National Congress]]
| constituency =[[Mylapore (state assembly constituency)|Mylapore ]]
| office = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| office1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
}}
'''C. R. Ramaswamy''' was an [[India]]n politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Mylapore (State Assembly Constituency)|Mylapore constituency]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in [[1952 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1952]], and [[1957 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1957]] elections.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf |title= Statistical Report On General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras |website= eci.nic.in |publisher= [[Election Commission of India]] |place= New Delhi |url-status= dead |url-access= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181231/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf |archive-date= 2016-03-03 |access-date= 2025-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |title= Statistical Report On General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras |website= eci.nic.in |publisher= Election Commission of India |place= New Delhi |url-status= dead |url-access= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120114094256/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date= 2012-01-14 |access-date= 2025-12-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaswamy, C. R.}}
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Nisha Ganesh

2025-12-21T02:14:15Z

Shivam: Adding entry

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nisha Ganesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Nisha Krishnan
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2013–2018; 2020–present
| homepage =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ganesh Venkatraman]]|2015}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Nisha Ganesh''' is an Indian film and television actress who has appeared in Tamil films and serials. After making her breakthrough portraying [[Draupadi]] in the TV series ''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]'' and hosting shows such as ''Surya Vanakkam'' on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], she has gone on to appear in supporting roles in feature films.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera/article7092849.ece |title=Etcetera |work=The Hindu |date=11 April 2015 |accessdate=15 November 2015 |last1=Raghavan |first1=Nikhil}}</ref>

==Career==
Nisha started her acting as a college student in Vijay TV's Kana Kannum Kalangal Kalloriyin Kadhai and later appeared in [[Saravanan Meenatchi]] as Thenmozhi. Nisha Krishnan made her breakthrough portraying [[Draupadi]] in the TV series ''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]'' and subsequently went on to host shows such as ''Surya Vanakkam'', ''[[Kitchen Galatta]]'' and ''[[Sun Singer]]'' ''(Season- 2)'' and appeared in the TV series [[Deivamagal]] as Ragini on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nisha-ganesh-is-elated-to-host-a-tv-show-again/articleshow/66364215.cms |title=Nisha Ganesh is elated to host a TV show again|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

As a media student, she was actively involved in short film-making during her education and collaborated with them when making the films ''[[Bench Talkies - The First Bench]]'' (2015) and ''[[Chennai Ungalai Anbudan Varaverkirathu]]'' (2015). She has also gone on to appear in supporting roles in feature films, notably portraying roles in ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' (2013) and ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/actress-nisha-krishnan-talks-about-vil-ambu-and-her-other-projects.html |title=Actress Nisha Krishnan talks about Vil Ambu and her other projects |website=Behindwoods.com |date=25 April 2015 |accessdate=15 November 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nisha Krishnan got engaged to actor [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] in February 2015, and the pair got married on 22 November 2015. In June 2019 she gave birth to their first child Samaira.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/ganesh-venkatramans-wedding-date-is-fixed-for-the-22nd-november.html |title=Ganesh Venkatraman's wedding date is fixed for the 22nd November |website=Behindwoods.com |date=4 November 2015 |accessdate=15 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/wedding-bells-for-ganesh-venkatraman-tamil-news-125051.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202015853/http://www.indiaglitz.com/wedding-bells-for-ganesh-venkatraman-tamil-news-125051.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2015 |title=Wedding bells for Ganesh Venkatraman - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=9 February 2015 |accessdate=15 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ganesh-Venkatrams-filmy-proposal-to-Nisha/articleshow/46174048.cms |title=Ganesh Venkatram's filmy proposal to Nisha |work=The Times of India |date=10 February 2015 |accessdate=15 November 2015}}</ref> On 3 October 2023, the couple had their second child, a boy named Amar.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
|-
||2013 || ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' || Gunasekharan's friend ||rowspan="6"| [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || Meera's friend
|-
| ''[[Enna Satham Indha Neram]]'' || Journalist
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Bench Talkies - The First Bench]]'' || Zara
|-
| ''[[Chennai Ungalai Anbudan Varaverkirathu]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vil Ambu]]'' || Kavya
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|Krishnudiki Vaarasudu}} || || [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|}

== Television ==
;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Language
|-
|2011–2013
|''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal (2006 TV series)|Kana Kanum Kalangal Kallooriyin Kadhai]]''
|Divya
| rowspan="3" |[[Star Vijay]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013–2014
|''[[Office (2013 series)|Office]]''
|Nisha
|-
|''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 2)|Saravanan Meenatchi]]''
|Thenmozhi
|-
|''[[Deivamagal]]''
|Ragini
| rowspan="2" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2013–2016
|''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]''
|[[Draupadi]]
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Thalayanai Pookal]]''
|Vedavalli Nagaraj
|[[Zee Tamizh]]
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]''
|Sathya
|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2020 || ''Thirumagal'' || Herself (Special Appearance) || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2021 || ''Sreemantudu'' || Sathya || [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] || [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Abhi Tailor]]'' || Herself (Special Appearance) || [[Colors Tamil]] || rowspan="2" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Sembaruthi]]''
| [[Advocate|Adv.]] Geetha Subramaniam (Special Appearance)
| [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
| 2023 || ''Kolangal-2'' || Mohini || [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] || [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
| 2025 ||''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe (TV series)|Mounam Pesiyadhe]]''|| Lawer Anbukkarasi|| [[Zee Tamil]] || [[ Tamil(language)|Tamil]]
|}
;Shows
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Channel
!Language
|-
|2013
|''[[Sun Singer]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|rowspan="8"|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2013–2015
|''Surya Vanakkam''
|-
|2014–2015
|''Vendhar Veetu Kalyanam''
|[[Vendhar TV]]
|-
|2015
|''[[Kitchen Galatta]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2018
|''Star Singer''
|[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2021
|''Rowdy Baby''
|-
|2022
|''Namma Veettu Kalyanam''
|[[Star Vijay|Vijay Music]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesh, Nisha}}
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Odalarevu

2025-12-01T17:44:08Z

Shivam: Adding a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Odalarevu
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Odalarevu beach.jpg
| image_caption = Odalarevu beach
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.4247|81.9707}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| area_total_km2 = 
| population_total = 
| population_as_of = 
| population_density_km2 = 
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 533210
| area_code = 
| website = 
| subdivision_type3 = Mandal
| subdivision_name3 = [[Allavaram mandal|Allavaram]]
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Malladi Mangayamma <ref>{{cite web | url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 | title=Gram Panchayat Development Plan Campaign }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
}}
'''Odalarevu''' (also spelled as '''Vodalarevu''') is a village located in the [[Allavaram mandal]], [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]] of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Development Plan Campaign |url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref> Situated in the coastal region of the state, the village is bounded by the [[Godavari River]] on one side and the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the other.<ref name="ccrf">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-21 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Coconut coir recycling factory gutted in fire in Konaseema district, no {{as written|casa|ulty [sic]}} |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-coconut-coir-recycling-factory-gutted-in-fire-in-konaseema-district-no-casaulty/article66764368.ece |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In terms of distance, Odalarevu is approximately {{Convert|13|km|abbr=on}} away from the mandal headquarters, [[Allavaram]]. Additionally, it is around {{Convert|23|km|abbr=on}} away from the district headquarters, [[Amalapuram]].

== Geography ==
Odalarevu village enjoys a unique geographical advantage as it is situated between the Godavari River and the Bay of Bengal. These natural boundaries make it a destination for tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Places of Tourist {{!}} Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema District {{!}} India |url=https://konaseema.ap.gov.in/places-of-tourist-2/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2020-11-20 |title=బీచ్‌లంటేనే భయం..భయం |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2020/andhra-pradesh/east-godavari/beach-182452.html |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>
== Economy ==

=== Agriculture ===
Agriculture forms the backbone of Odalarevu's economy. The region is known for its fertile soil and favorable climate, making it suitable for cultivating a variety of crops. Farmers in the village primarily grow paddy, coconut, banana, and other fruits and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-16 |title=River erosion on the rise in Konaseema |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/river-erosion-on-the-rise-in-konaseema/article3781329.ece |access-date=2023-06-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many farmers rely on traditional farming methods, while some have adopted modern techniques to improve productivity.<ref name="ccrf"/> As Odalarevu is located near the coast and is prone to heavy rainfall,<ref>{{Cite web |title=అకాల వర్షం.. అన్నదాతల కలవరం |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Konaseema/711/122090442 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> the area is susceptible to flooding, especially during monsoon seasons or in the event of cyclones.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2022-07-13 |title=Amalapuram: 1,015 people sent to rehabilitation centres |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/amalapuram-1015-people-sent-to-rehabilitation-centres-753147 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=వణుకుతున్న కోనసీమ |url=https://prajasakti.com/vanaukautaunana-kaoonasaiima |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Prajasakti |language=en}}</ref>

=== Fisheries ===
Odalarevu is also known for its fishing industry. The village is situated near the Bay of Bengal, providing easy access to marine resources. Fishing activities, including both traditional and mechanized fishing, contribute significantly to the local economy. Fishermen engage in activities such as trawling, gill netting, and crab and prawn farming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=iDreamPost News |title=అగ్రగామిగా ''కోనసీమ'' జిల్లా |url=https://idreampost.com/all-resorces-are-availble-in-konaseema-district/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=idreampost.com |language=en}}</ref>

In recent years, Odalarevu has faced environmental challenges related to fisheries waste and illegal prawn farms, leading to pollution of the ocean. Improper waste disposal practices and the presence of unauthorized prawn farms have resulted in the release of pollutants into the marine ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఆక్వా వ్యర్థం.. అల్లాడుతోంది తీరం |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/East-Godavari/3/122077671 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

=== ONGC Oil and Gas Terminal ===
The [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC) oil and gas [[Natural-gas processing|terminal]] in Odalarevu which comes under [[Krishna Godavari Basin]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-12 |title=PM Modi opens onshore facilities of ONGC's U-field in KG block |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/pm-modi-opens-onshore-facilities-of-ongcs-u-field-in-kg-block/articleshow/95472069.cms |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> plays a crucial role in the extraction and processing of oil and gas resources.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-14 |title=Boosting KG Basin output: ONGC invites buyers for gas from KG-DWN 98/2 block |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/boosting-kg-basin-output-ongc-invites-buyers-for-gas-from-kg-dwn-98-2-block-7273160/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=GAIL, GSPL fight over who will transport ONGC's gas from KG basin - ET EnergyWorld |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/gail-gspl-fight-over-who-will-transport-ongcs-gas-from-kg-basin/59942235 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref> ONGC is a prominent public sector undertaking involved in the exploration and production of hydrocarbons. The terminal serves as a major hub for storing, refining, and transporting these valuable resources. The presence of this facility contributes to the economic growth of the region and provides employment opportunities to the local population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2018-01-01 |title=Odalarevu village is major beneficiary of ONGC's social welfare programmes |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Amaravati-Tab/2018-01-01/Odalarevu-village-is-major-beneficiary-of-ONGCs-social-welfare-programmes/349141 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2020 and February 2021 [[National Green Tribunal (India)|National Green Tribunal]] joint committee, consisting of representatives from various organizations, conducted site visits and found that oil leakage in the pipelines of the Odalarevu GGS (group gathering station) was causing damage to farming land and affecting water bodies. They recommended that Odalarevu GGS pay an environmental compensation of {{INRConvert|56850000|}} to the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] for violating environmental norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NGT panel flags environmental violations by ONGC, GAIL in Krishna-Godavari basin |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/ngt-panel-flags-environmental-violations-by-ongc-gail-in-krishna-godavari-basin-76524 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[State Highway 294 (Andhra Pradesh)|State Highway 294]] passes through the village, connecting it to the district headquarters Amalapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=STATE HIGHWAYS NUMBERS with URBAN LIMITS- (R&B) DEPARTMENT |url=https://www.randb.ap.gov.in/docs/TABS/State-Highways/SH-Road-List-With-PCU-04.04.2019.xlsx |website=R&B Department Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Government }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] of Amalapuram depot operates the O021 Pallevelugu service from Amalapuram to Odalarevu with 14 trips a day, providing a reliable transportation schedule for commuters. The first bus from Odalarevu to Amalapuram departs at 05:00, and the initial bus from Amalapuram to Odalarevu starts at 06:10 in the morning, with subsequent trips scheduled throughout the day. The last trip from Odalarevu to Amalapuram leaves at 18:10 in the evening, and the final bus from Amalapuram to Odalarevu departs at 22:00 in the evening.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalapuram - 141 Timings Of O021 Service |url=http://apsrtcinfo.in/opdnew/ser141.php?action=&depot=AMALAPURAM&serno=O021 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=apsrtcinfo.in}}</ref>

== Education ==
BVC (Bonam Venkata Chalamayya) Engineering College located in Odalarevu offers undergraduate programs in various fields of engineering and technology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-09-13 |title=30 students of BVC selected for training in Amalapuram |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/30-students-of-bvc-selected-for-training-in-amalapuram-563655 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Konaseema district}}
[[Category:Villages in Allavaram mandal]]
[[Category:ONGC oil and gas fields]]

Niz Juluki

2025-11-28T01:46:08Z

Shivam: Adding new post

{{Short description|Village in Baksa district, Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Niz Juluki<ref>{{cite web |title=Niz Juluki Population, Village in Barama Block |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Assam/Baksa/Barama_Pt/Niz_Juluki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713152844/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Assam/Baksa/Barama_Pt/Niz_Juluki |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 July 2022 |website=IndiaGrowing.com |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
| other_name = Nij-Juluki
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.514986|91.358757|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Barama
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3064
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781346
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03623
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 304451
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Baksa district]]
| area_total_ha = 311.22
| registration_plate = AS-28
}}
'''Niz Juluki''', also known as '''Nij-Juluki''', is a village in Barama [[Tehsil]] of [[Baksa district]] (earlier [[Nalbari district]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1=Samudra Gupta |title=Assam's 'secret killings': Tarun Gogoi plays 15-yr-old hand again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/assams-secret-killings-tarun-gogoi-plays-15-yr-old-hand-again/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref>), [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Niz-Juluki, BARAMA, BAKSA, ASSAM - Hindustan Search |url=https://www.hindustansearch.com/india/village/niz-juluki-barama-baksa-assam/304451 |website=hindustansearch.com |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> As per [[2011 Census of India]], Niz Juluki village has a population of 3,064 people with an 80.29% literacy rate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Niz - Juluki village, Baksa, Assam, India |url=https://vill.co.in/assam/baksa/barama-pt-324021420/niz-juluki-021423044510/ |website=vill.co.in |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Assam - District Baksa - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6515/download/9592/DDW_PCA1825_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720210908/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6515/download/9592/DDW_PCA1825_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Ram Kinkar Upadhyay

2025-11-07T16:24:52Z

Shivam: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date = January 2015}}
'''Pt. Ram Kinkar Upadhyay''' (1924–2002) Born in [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh, though his ancestral village was in Barainin, Near Bhatauli Bridge,[[Mirzapur]], Uttar Pradesh was a noted scholar on [[India]]n [[scriptures]] and a recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1999. He was born on 1 November 1924 and died in 2002.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM CONDOLES THE DEATH OF PT. RAMKINKAR UPADHYAYA |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/raug2002/10082002/r100820023.html |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>

== Publications ==
*''Manas Charitavali''
*''Manas Muktavali''
*''Sugreev aur Vibhishan''
*''krodh''
*''Vijay, Vivek aur Vibhooti''
*''Premmurti Bharat''
*''Krupa''
*''Parashuram Samvad''
*''Bhagwan Shriram Satya ya Kalpana''
*''Navdha Bhakti''
*''Manas Pravachan''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.ramkinker.com

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyay, Ram Kinkar}}
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in other fields]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}